&EPA
                                   PROTECTION
                                    AGENCV
                                  DALLAS. TEXAS
United States     Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental EPA'600/6-87/002c
Environmental Protection Monitoring and Quality Assurance  June 1987
Agency       Washington DC 20460           »
Research and Development
The Total Exposure
Assessment
Methodology
(TEAM) Study:

Selected
Communities in
Northern and Southern
California: Volume II

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                                                                                r
                                                     EPA/600/6-87/002c
                                                             June 1987
            TOTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (TEAM STUDY):
         SELECTED COMMUNITIES IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
RTI/2391/00 - 03 F
                                VOLUME III

                               FINAL REPORT

                                  PART I


                                    by

       E. D. Pellizzari, K. Perritt, T. D. Hartwell, L. C. Michael,
              R. Whitmore, R. W. Handy, D. Smith and H. Zelon
                        Research Triangle Institute
                           Post Office Box 12194
               Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27709
                              Project Officer

                                L. Wallace
          Air, Toxics, and Radiation Monitoring Research Division
            Office of Monitoring, System and Quality Assurance
                   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                    OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND -DEVELOPMENT
                           WASHINGTON, DC  20460

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                                DISCLAIMER

    This report was prepared  under  contract   to   an   agency  of  the  United
States Government.   Neither the  U.S.   Government  nor  any  of its  employees,
contractors,  subcontractors,   or  their   employees   makes  any   warranty,
expressed or implied,  or assumes any legal  libability  or responsibility for
any third party's  use  or  the  results of  such use of any information,
apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents  that
its use by such third  party would not infringe on  privately owned rights.
    Publications of the data  in  this  document   does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the  joint  or  separate  views and policies of
each sponsoring agency.  Mention of trade names or commercial  products  does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                    ii

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                                 CONTENTS
                                                                     Page
Figures	   v
Tables	xii
Acknowledgments	xxv
Sections
    1   Introduction 	   1
    2   Recommendations	   3
    3   Summary and Conclusions	   8
    4   Statistical Sample Design and Weighting	31
    5   Survey Operations	81
    6   Chemical  Sampling and Analysis 	  94
    7   Quality Assurance	124
    8   Statistical Analysis of Data	186
    9   Comparison of Results	454
References	460

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                                  FIGURES
Number                                                               Page
  1      Weighted median concentrations of m,p_-xylene (MPXY),
              1,1,1-trichloroethane (111TRI), tetrachloroethylene
              (PERC), benzene (BENZ),  a-octane (NOCT), m,&-
              dichlorobenzene (MPDI),  and styrene (STYR) for
              breath in Los Angeles winter (LI), Los Angeles sum-
              mer (L2) and Contra Costa (CC)	    22
  2      Weighted median concentrations of m,n-xylene (MPXY),
              1,1,1-trichloroethane (111TRI), tetrachloroethylene
              (PERC), benzene (BENZ),  n-octane (NOCT), m,{i-
              dichlorobenzene (MPDI) and styrene (STYR) for daytime
              personal air in Los Angeles winter (LI), Los Angeles
              summer  (L2) and Contra Costa (CC)	    23
  3      Weighted median concentrations of m.R-xylene (MPXY), 1,1,1-
              trichloroethane (111TRI), tetrachloroethylene  (PERC),
              benzene  (BENZ), a-octane  (NOCT), m,p_-dichlorobenzene
              (MPDI), and styrene  (STYR) for daytime outdoor air  in
              Los Angeles winter  (LI),  Los Angeles summer  (L2)  and
              Contra  Costa (CC)	    24
  4      Unweighted median concentrations of m,&-xylene  (MPXY),
              1,1,1-trichloroethane (111TRI), tetrachloroethylene
              (PERC), benzene (BENZ), ethyl benzene (ETHYL), a-
              octane  (NOCT), m,p--dichlorobenzene (MPDI), a-pinene
              (APIN),  trichloroethylene (TCE) and styrene  (STYR)
              for overnight  personal and outdoor air  in  Los
              Angeles winter	    28
                                    IV

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                              FIGURES CONT'D.
Number                                                                Page
  5      Unweighted median concentrations of m,p_-xy1ene (MPXY),
              1,1,1-trichloroethane (111TRI), tetrachloroethylene
              (PERC), benzene (BENZ), ethylbenzene (ETHYL), n-
              octane (NOCT), m,p_-dichlorobenzene (MPDI), a-pinene
              (APIN), trichloroethylene (TCE) and styrene  (STYR)
              for overnight personal and outdoor air in Los Angeles
              summer	    29
  6      Summary of Household Screening report for Torrance, CA and
              vicinity at conclusion of primary field screening
              activities	    85
  7      Summary of field summary activities	    88
  8      Letter sent to first season respondents	    90
  9      Final status report for household screening in Antioch/
              Pittsburg, CA	    92
 10      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for chloroform -
              Los Angeles first season	   213
 11      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for trichloro-
              ethylene - Los Angeles first season	 .  .   214
 12      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for ni,p_-dichloro-
              benzene - Los Angeles first season	   215
 13      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for o_-xylene -
              Los Angeles first season	   216
 14      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              25th and 7th percentiles for n-undecane - Los Angeles
              first season	   217
 15      1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Los Angeles first season  . .  . .  .   226
 16      Benzene - Los Angeles first season	   227
 17      Tetrachloroethylene - Los Angeles first season 	   228
 18      Styrene - Los Angeles first season  	   229
 19      Ethylbenzene - Los Angeles first season	   230
                                    v

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                              FIGURES CONT'D.
Number                                                                Page
 20      m,p_-Xylene - Los Angeles first season	   231
 21      n-Decane - Los Angeles first season	   232
 22      n-Octane - Los Angeles first season	   233
 23      1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Los Angeles first season 	   234
 24      Benzene - Los Angeles first season 	   235
 25      Tetrachloroethylene - Los Angeles first season 	   236
 26      Styrene - Los Angeles first season 	   237
 27      Ethyl benzene - Los Angeles first season	   238
 28      m,p-Xylene - Los Angeles first season	   239
 29      n-Decane - Los Angeles first season	   240
 39      n-Octane - Los Angeles first season	   241
 31      1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Los Angeles first season 	   242
 32      Benzene - Los Angeles first season 	   243
 33      Tetrachloroethylene - Los Angeles first season 	   244
 34      Styrene - Los Angeles first season 	   245
 35      Ethyl benzene - Los Angeles first season	   246
 36      m.R-Xylene - Los Angeles first season	   247
 37      n-Decane - Los Angeles first season	   248
 38      n-Octane - Los Angeles first season	   249
 39      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for benzene  -
              Los Angeles second season 	   276
 40      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 7th percentiles for m,p-dichloro-
              benzene - Los Angeles second season  	   277
 41      Box plots for weighted arithemtic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for o_-xylene -
              Los Angeles second season 	   278
 42      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 7th percentiles for n-undecane -
              Los Angeles second season 	   279
 43      1,1,1-Trichloroethane  - Los Angeles  second season	   286
 44      Benzene  - Los Angeles  second  season	   287
 45      Tetrachloroethylene  -  Los Angeles  second  season	   288
                                     VI

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                              FIGURES CONT'D.
Number                                                                 Page
 46      Styrene - Los Angeles second season	    289
 47      Ethyl benzene - Los Angeles second season	    290
 48      ffl,p_-Xylene - Los Angeles second season	    291
 49      a-Decane - Los Angeles second season 	    292
 50      n-Octane - Los Angeles second season 	    293
 51      1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Los Angeles second season	    294
 52      Benzene - Los Angeles second season	    295
 53      Tetrachloroethylene - Los Angeles second season	    296
 54      Styrene - Los Angeles second season	    297
 55      Ethyl benzene - Los Angeles second season	    298
 56      m,p.-Xylene - Los Angeles second season	    299
 57      n-Decane - Los Angeles second season	    300
 58      n-Octane - Los Angeles second season	    301
 59      1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Los Angeles second season	    302
 60      Benzene - Los Angeles second season	    303
 61      Tetrachloroethylene - Los Angeles second season	    304
 62      Styrene - Los Angeles second season	    305
 63      Ethylbenzene - Los Angeles second season 	    306
 64      m,p_-Xylene - Los Angeles second seaosn	    307
 65      n-Decane - Los Angeles second season 	    308
 66      n-Octane - Los Angeles second season 	 .....    309
 67      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, medians, 25th  and
              75th percent!les for benzene - Contra Costa 	    339
 68      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, medians, 25th  and
              75th percenti les for tetrachloroethylene  - Contra
              Costa	    340
 69      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for styrene  -
              Contra Costa	    341
 70      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percenti les for g_-xylene -
              Contra Costa	    342
 71      1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Contra Costa ....  	    350
 72      Benzene - Contra Costa	    351
                                     VJLl

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                             FIGURES CONT'D.
                                                                     Page
73      Tetrachloroethylene - Contra Costa 	   352
74      Styrene - Contra Costa	   353
75      Ethylbenzene - Contra Costa	   354
76      m,p_-Xylene - Contra Costa	   355
77      n-Decane - Contra Costa	   356
78      n-Octane - Contra Costa	   357
79      1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Contra Costa 	   358
80      Benzene - Contra Costa	   359
81      Tetrachloroethylene - Contra Costa 	   360
82      Styrene - Contra Costa	   361
83      Ethylbenzene - Contra Costa	   362
84      m,p_-Xylene - Contra Costa	   363
85      a-Decane - Contra Costa	   364
86      n-Octane - Contra Costa	   365
87      1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Contra Costa 	   366
88      Benzene - Contra Costa	   367
89      Tetrachloroethylene - Contra Costa 	   368
90      Styrene - Contra Costa	   369
91      Ethylbenzene - Contra Costa	   370
92      m,P--Xylene - Contra Costa	   371
93      n-Decane - Contra Costa	   372
94      a-Octane - Contra Costa	   373
95      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
             medians, 25th and 75th percent!les for benzene for
             breath, daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air
             by  season - Los Angeles	   404
96      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
             medians, 25th and 75th percent!les for benzene for
             overnight personal air and overnight outdoor air by
             season - Los Angeles	   405
97      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
             medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for m,p_-dichloro-
             benzene for breath, daytime personal air and daytime
             outdoor air by  season -  Los Angeles	   406
                                   Vlll

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                              FIGURES CONT'D.
Number                                                                Page
 98      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for m,p_-dich1oro-
              benzene for overnight personal air and overnight
              outdoor air by season - Los Angeles	   407
 99      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for o_-xylene for
              breath, daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air
              by season - Los Angeles	   408
100      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for o_-xylene for
              overnight personal air and overnight outdoor air by
              season - Los Angeles.	   409
101      Box plots of weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th and 75th percentiles for n-undecane
              for breath, daytime personal air, and daytime outdoor
              air by season - Los Angeles	   410
102      Box plots for weighted arithmetic means, geometric means,
              medians, 25th adn 75th percentiles for n-undecane  for
              overnight personal air and overnight outdoor air by
              season - Los Angeles	   411
103      1,1,1-Trichloroethane for breath -  Los Angeles  ......   416
104      Tetrachloroethylene for breath - Los Angeles .  .  	   417
105      Styrene for breath - Los Angeles	   418
106      Ethylbenzene for breath - Los Angeles	   419
107      m,p_-Xylene for breath - Los Angeles	   420
108      n-Decane for breath - Los Angeles	   421
109      n-Octane for breath - Los Angeles	   422
110      1,1,1-Trichloroethane for overnight personal air  - Los
              Angeles 	 .............   423
111      Tetrachloroethylene for overnight personal air  -  Los
              Angeles 	 ..............   424
112      Styrene for overnight personal air  -  Los Angeles	   425
113      Ethylbenzene for overnight personal air - Los Angeles.  .  .   426
114      m,p_-Xylene for overnight personal air - Los Angeles. .  .  .   427
                                   IX

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                              FIGURES CONT'D.
Number                                                                Page
115      n-Decane for overnight personal  air - Los Angeles	   428
116      n-Octane for overnight personal  air - Los Angeles	   429
117      1,1,1-Trichloroethane for daytime personal air - Los
              Angeles	   430
118      Tetrachloroethylene for daytime personal  air - Los
              Angeles	   431
119      Styrene for daytime personal air - Los Angeles 	   432
120      Ethylbenzene for daytime personal air - Los Angeles. . .  .   433
121      ni,p_-Xylene for daytime personal  air - Los Angeles	   434
122      n-Decane for daytime personal air - Los Angeles	   435
123      n-Octane for daytime personal air - Los Angeles	   436
124      1,1,1-Trichloroethane for overnight outdoor air - Los
              Angeles	:	   437
125      Tetrachloroethylene for overnight outdoor air - Los
              Angeles	   438
126      Styrene for overnight outdoor air - Los Angeles	   439
127      Ethylbenzene for overnight outdoor air -  Los Angeles  .  .  .   440
128      m,&-Xylene for overnight outdoor air - Los Angeles  ....   441
129      n-Decane for daytime outdoor air - Los Angeles	   442
130      n-Octane for overnight outdoor air - Los  Angeles	   443
131      1,1,1-Trichloroethane for daytime outdoor air - Los
              Angeles	   444
132      Tetrachloroethylene for daytime outdoor air - Los Angeles.   445
133      Styrene for daytime outdoor air - Los Angeles	   446
134      Ethylbenzene for daytime outdoor air - Los Angeles  ....   447
135      m,p_-Xylene for daytime outdoor air - Los  Angeles	   448
136      n-Decane for daytime outdoor air - Los Angeles	   449
137      n-Octane for daytime outdoor air - Los Angeles 	   450
138      Chloroform for water - Los Angeles	   451
139      Bromodichloromethane for water - Los Angeles  	   452
140      Dibromochloromethane for water - Los Angeles  	   453

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                                  -TABLES
Number                                                                Page
  1      Summary of Response Rates Specific to Sample Stages	   10
  2      Summary of Overall Response Rates by Sample Stages 	   11
  3      Target Compounds Sorted by Weighted Percent Measurable in
              Breath and Air Samples by Site and Season 	   15
  4      Target Compounds Sorted by Weighted Percent Measurable in
              Water by Site and Season	   16
  5      Sample Size Ranges by Site, Seasons and Media	   16
  6      Weighted Medians  (/jg/m3) for Air and Breath Concentrations
              of Organic Compounds in Los Angeles and Contra Costa. .   19
  7      Weighted Medians  (ng/mL) of Organic Compounds in Drinking
              Water in Los Angeles and Contra Costa	   20
  8      Ratio of Daytime Personal Air to Daytime Outdoor Air
              Weighted Medians for Los Angeles and Contra Costa ...   20
  9      Ratio of Winter to Summer Weighted Medians for Those
              Participating in Both Seasons in Los Angeles for Breath,
              Daytime Personal and Outdoor Air	   21
 10      Ratio of Los Angeles Summer to Contra Costa Weighted Medians
              for Breath,  Daytime Personal and Outdoor Air	   21
 11      Unweighted Medians (/jg/m3) for Those Persons Having Over-
              night Personal and Outdoor Air by Site and Season ...   26
 12      Ratio of Overnight Personal to Overnight Outdoor Air
              Unweighted Medians and Maximum Levels For Those Persons
              Having Air Monitors Outside Their Homes by Site and
              Season	   27
 13      Spearman Correlations Between Concentrations and Preceding
              Daytime 12-Hour Personal Exposures to Compounds by
              Site and Season	   30
 14      First Stage Sampling Strata	   35
                                    XI

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                                                                 Page
 15      Allocation of the Los Angeles Housing Unit Sample to Sample
              Segments	   39
 16      Allocation of the Antioch/Pittsburg Housing Unit Sample to
              Sample Segments 	   40
 17      Occupational Status Codes	   43
 18      Frequencies for Occupational Exposure Categories 	   45
 19      Allocation of the Los Angeles First Season Sample to Strata
              and Sample Segments	   46
 20      Allocation of the Antioch/Pittsburg Sample to Strata
              and Sample Segments	   47
 21      Serpentine Frame Ordering for Selection of People for
              Monitoring	   49
 22      Allocation of the Los Angeles Second Season Sample to Strata
              and Sample Segments	   51
 23      Household Screening Results	   62
 24      Weighting Classes for Los Angeles Screener Weights  	   65
 25      Weighting Classes for Antioch/Pittsburg Screener Weights  .  .   66
 26      First Season Person-Level Sample Results  	   70
 27      Weighting Classes for First Season Los Angeles Nonresponse
              Adjustment	   71
 28      Weighting Classes for Antioch/Pittsburg Nonresponse Adjust-
              ment	   70
 29      Second Season  Person-Level  Sample Results	   76
 30      Weighting Classes for Second Season  Nonresponse Adjustment  .   78
 31      Samples Collected from  Each  Participant	   95
 32      Target Compounds Selected  for Monitoring  in Environmental
              Media	   96
 33      Pretrip Water  Samples	   97
 34      Schedule  for Collecting Study Samples	   99
 35      Permeation  Tube Stability  -  Phase 3  Studies	102
 36      Limits of Detection  for Volatile Organics  in Water  	   104
 37      Summary of  Sites and  Locations of Fixed-Site Daytime
              Ambient Air Samples	106

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                   ,                                              Page
 38      Selected Compounds Identified in Prescreening Ambient Air
              Monitoring	 . . . .	109
 39      Chemicals Identified in Drinking Water from Torrance and
              Vicinity, CA and Antioch/Pittsburg, CA	112
 40      Single Control Cartridge Loading Results (Raw Area Counts) -
              Permeation System Plus Flash Evaporation System ....  114
 41      Method Detection Limits Calculated form the Standard Devia-
              tion and 99% Confidence Interval	116
 42      Sample Collection Results for Los Angeles County - Season 1.  118
 43      Representative Instrumental Limits of Detection for Mass
              Spectral Analysis 	  119
 44      Sample Collection Results for Los Angeles County - Season 2.  121
 45      Sample Collection Results for Contra Costa County	122
 46      Approved SOPs for Phase III TEAM Study	125
 47      Los Angeles 1 - Analytical Sampling Staff Assignments and
              Experience	127
 48      Los Angeles 1 - Sample Collection Schedule Partial Listing .  129
 49      Los Angeles 1 - Completeness of Sample Collection and
              Analysis	130
 50      Sample Receipt Report	131
 51      Los Angeles 1 - Relative Response Factor (RRF) Values Used
              to Calculate Volatile Organic Content on Tenax
              Cartridges	134
 52      Los Angeles 1 - Personal Air Field QC Samples	137
 53      Los Angeles 1 - Breath Field QC Samples	138
 54      Los Angeles 1 - Fixed Site Air Field QC Samples	139
 55      Los Angeles 1 - Water Field QC Samples	140
 56      Los Angeles 1 - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV) Percent
              Relative Standard Deviation  (%RSD) for F/D Results.  . .  141
 57      Los Angeles 1 - Duplicate Samples (AV, Br, XV) Percent
              Relative Standard Deviation  (%RSD) for F/Q Results.  . .  142
 58      Los Angeles 1 - Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD)
              for F/D  Results of Duplicate Water Samples	143
                                   xin

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                                                                 Page
 59      Los Angeles 1 - Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD)
              for F/Q Results of Duplicate Water Samples	144
 60      Los Angeles 1 - Performance Audit Sample Results, Volatile
              Organics	146
 61      Los Angeles 1 - Performance Audit Sample Results, Volatile
              Organics on Tenax, Independent Laboratory 	  147
 62      Los Angeles 1 - Performance Audit Sample Results - Water
              Analysis	148
 63      Los Angeles 2 - Sample Collection Schedule Partial Listing  .  150
 64      Los Angeles 2 - Completeness of Sample Collection and
              Analysis	151
 65      Los Angeles 2 - Sample Receipt Report	152
 66      Los Angeles 2 - Relative Response  Factor (RRF) Values Used
              to Calculate Volatile Organics Content on Tenax
              Cartridges	154
 67      Los Angeles 2 - Personal Air Field QC Samples	156
 68      Los Angeles 2 - Breath Field QC Samples	157
 69      Los Angeles 2 - Fixed Site Air Field QC Samples	159
 70      Los Angeles 2 - Water Field QC Samples	160
 71      Los Angeles 2 - Duplicate Samples  (AV,  BR, XV) Percent  Rela-
              tive  Standard  Deviation (%RSD) for F/D Results	161
 72      Los Angeles 2 - Duplicate Samples  (AV,  BR, XV) Percent
              Relative Standard Deviation  (%RSD) for F/Q  Results.  .  .  162
 73      Los Angeles 2 - Percent Relative Standard Deviation  (%RSD)
              for F/D Results on Duplicate  Water Samples	163
 74      Los Angeles 2 - Percent Relative Standard Deviation  (%RSD)
              for F/D Results on Duplicate  Water Samples	164
 75      Los Angeles 2/Contra Costa - Performance Audit Sample
              Results -  Volative Organics  	  165
 76      Contra  Costa -  Sample Collection Schedule - Partial  Listing.  167
 77      Contra  Costa -  Completeness of Sample Collection and
              Analysis	169
 78      Contra  Costa Sample Receipt Report 	  170
                                    xiv

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                                                                 Page
 79      Contra Costa - Relative Response Factor (RRF) Values Used to
              Calculate Volatile Organic Content on Tenax Cartridges.  172
 80      Contra Costa - Personal Air Field QC Samples 	  174
 81      Contra Costa - Breath Field QC Samples 	  175
 82      Contra Costa - Fixed Site Air Field QC Samples	176
 83      Contra Costa - Water Field QC Samples. 	  178
 84      Contra Costa - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV) Percent Rela-
              tive Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/D Results	179
 85      Contra Costa - Duplicate Samples (AV, BR, XV) Percent Rela-
              tive Standard Deviation (%RSD) for F/Q Results	180
 86      Contra Costa - Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD)
              for F/D Results on Duplicate Water Samples	181
 87      Contra Costa - Percent Relative Standard Deviation (%RSD)
              for F/Q Results on Duplicate Water Samples	182
 88      Contra Costa/Los Angeles 2 - Performance Audit Sample
              Results - Water Analysis	183
 89      Comparison of Deuterated and Nondeuterated Benzene, Chloro-
              benzene and Ethyl benzene Spiked Onto Tenax Cartridges .  185
 90      Household Questionnaire - Los Angeles	188
 91      24-Hour Screener - Los Angeles - First Season	192
 92      Data Available for Statistical Analysis by Media Los Angeles
              First Season.	  195
 93      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable for
              Breath Samples (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles First Season  ...  197
 94      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable for
              Overnight Personal Air Samples  (/tfj/m3) - Los Angeles
              First Season	198
 95      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable  for
              Daytime Personal Air Samples  (/;g/m^) - Los Angeles
              First Season.	199
 96      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable  for
              Overnight Outdoor Air Samples (/jg/m3) - Los Angeles
              First Season	200
                                    xv

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                                                                 Eafl£
 97      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Daytime Outdoor Air Samples (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles
              First Season	201
 98      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percent Measurable for
              Water Samples (ng/mL) - Los Angeles First Season. ...  202
 99      Weighted Percent Measurable by Media - Los Angeles First
              Season	203
100      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for Breath
              Los Angeles First Season	205
101      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Personal Air (/
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                              TABLES CONT'D.
110      Spearman Correlations Between Water and The Other Media
              For All Amounts of Selected Compounds - Los Angeles
              First Season. . . ...................  222
111      Spearman Correlations Between Media for Measurable Amounts
              Only of Selected Compounds - Los Angeles First Season .  223
112      Spearman Correlations Between Water and the Other Media
              for Measurable Amounts Only of Selected Compounds -
              Los Angeles First Season ................  225
113      Unweighted Percent of Concentrations Measurable For Those
              Persons Having Both Overnight Personal A1r and Over-
              night Outdoor A1r - Los Angeles First Season ......  250
114      Unweighted Summary Statistics (/tg/m3) For Those Persons
              Having Both Overnight Personal A1r and Overnight
              Outdoor Air - Los Angeles First Season .........  251
115      Summary of Medians, Maximum Concentrations and Their Ratios
              for Those Persons Having Overnight Personal A1r and
              Overnight Outdoor Air - Los Angeles First Season. ...  252
116      24-Hour Screener - Los Angeles - Second Season .......  256
117      Data Available for Statistical Analysis by Media - Los
              Angeles Second Season .................  258
118      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Breath Samples  (^g/m3) - Los Angeles Second Season.  .  .  259
119      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Overnight Personal Air Samples  (^g/m3) - Los Angeles
              Second Season  .....................  260
120      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Daytime Personal Air Samples  (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles
              Second Season  .....................  261
121      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Overnight Outdoor Air Samples (/
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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                                                                 Page
122      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Daytime Outdoor Air Samples (/;g/m3) - Los Angeles
              Second Season 	  263
123      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Water Samples (ng/mL) - Los Angeles Second Season .  .  .  264
124      Weighted Percent Measurable by Media - Los Angeles Second
              Season	265
125      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Breath (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles Second Season	267
126      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Personal Air (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles Second
              Season	268
127      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for Day-
              time  Personal Air  (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles  Second  Season  .  269
128      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Outdoor  air  (/jg/m3) - Los Angeles Second
              Season	270
129      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Daytime Outdoor Air  (/Kj/m3) - Los  Angeles  Second Season  271
130      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Water (ng/mL) - Los  Angeles Second Season  	  272
131      Medians and Their  Ratios  Comparing Daytime  Personal  Air  To
              Daytime Outdoor Air  and  Daytime Outdoor  Air to  Breath  -
              Los Angeles Second Season	273
132      Summary of the Magnitude  of Selected Compound Levels Com-
              pared to The  Median  Quantifiable Limits  for Breath
              and Air Samples -  Los Angeles Second  Season	275
133      Summary of the Magnitude  of Selected Compound Levels Com-
              pared to the  Median  Quantifiable Limits  for Water  -
              Los Angeles Second Season  	  275
134      Spearman Correlations  Between Media for All Amounts  of
              Selected Compounds - Los Angeles Second  Season	280
                                    XVlll

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number
135      Spearman Correlations Between Water and the Other Media
              for All Amounts of Selected Compounds - Los Angeles
              Second Season .	282
136      Spearman Correlations Between Media for Measurable Amounts
              Only of Selected Compounds - Los Angeles Second Season.  283
137      Spearman Correlations Between Water and the Other Media
              for Measurable Amounts Only of Selected Compounds -
              Los Angeles Second Season 	  285
138      Unweighted  Percent of Concentrations Measurable for Those
              Having Both Overnight Personal Air and Overnight Out-
              door air - Los Angeles Second Season	311
139      Unweighted  Summary Statistics  (/K}/m3) For Those Persons
              Having Both Overnight Personal Air and Overnight Out-
              door Air - Los Angeles Second Season	312
140      Summary of  Medians, Maximum Concentrations and Their Ratios
              For Those Persons Having Overnight Personal Air And
              Overnight Outdoor air - Los Angeles Second Season .  .  .  313
141      Household Questionnaire - Contra Costa 	  316
142      24-Hour Screener - Contra Costa	320
143      Data Available for Statistical Analysis by Media - Contra
              Costa	322
144      Summary of  Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Breath Samples  (/jg/m3) - Contra Costa	323
145      Summary of  Quantifiable Limits and Percentages Measurable
              for Overnight Personal Air Samples (/zg/m3) - Contra
              Costa	324
146      Summary of  Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Daytime Personal Air Samples  (/jg/m3) - Contra Costa  .  .  325
147      Summary of  Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Overnight Outdoor Air Samples (/jg/m3) - Contra Costa.  .  326
148      Summary of  Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Daytime Outdoor Air Samples (/ig/m3) - Contra Costa.  ,  .  327
                                    XIX

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                                                                 Page
149      Summary of Quantifiable Limits and Percents Measurable for
              Water Samples (ng/mL) - Contra Costa	328
150      Weighted Percent Measurable by Media - Contra Costa	330
151      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Breath (/jg/m3) - Contra Costa	331
152      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Personal Air (^g/m3) - Contra Costa 	  332
153      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Daytime Personal Air  (/*g/m3)  - Contra Costa	333
154      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Outdoor air  (/ig/m3) - Contra Costa	334
155      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Daytime Outdoor Air  (/tfj/m3) - Contra Costa	335
156      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Water  (ng/mL) - Contra Costa	336
157      Medians and Their  Ratios Comparing Daytime Personal Air to
              Daytime Outdoor Air and Daytime Outdoor Air  to Breath  -
              Contra Costa	337
158      Summary of the Magnitude of Selected Compound Levels  Com-
              pared to the  Median Quantifiable Limits for  Breath and
              Air Samples - Contra  Costa	343
159      Summary of the Magnitude of Selected Compound Levels  Com-
              pared to the  Median Quantifiable Limits for  Water -
              Contra Costa	343
160      Spearman Correlations  Between Media for All Amounts of
              Selected Compounds -  Contra Costa  	  344
161      Spearman Correlations  Between Water and the Other Media For
              All Amounts of Selected Compounds - Contra Costa.  .  .  .  346
162      Spearman Correlations  Between Media for Measurable Amounts
              Only of Selected  Compounds -  Contra Costa 	  347
163      Spearman Correlations  Between Water and the Other Media for
              Measurable Amounts Only of Selected Compounds -
              Contra Costa	349
                                     xx

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
                                                                       Page
164      Unweighted Percent of Concentrations Measurable for Those
              Persons Having Both Overnight Personal  Air and Over-
              night Outdoor Air - Contra Costa.	375
165      Unweighted Summary Statistics (/*g/m3) For Those Persons Having
              Both Overnight Personal Air and Overnight Outdoor Air -
              Contra Costa	376
166      Summary of Medians, Maximum Concentrations and Their Ratios
              For Those Persons Having Overnight Personal Air and
              Overnight Outdoor Air - Contra Costa	377
167      Data Available for Statistical Analysis by Media for Those
              Persons Having Both First and Second Season Los Angeles
              Samples	379
168      Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits of
              Breath Samples For Those Persons With First and Second
              Season Los Angeles Data	379
169      Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits of
              Overnight Personal Air Samples For Those Persons With
              First and Second Season Los Angeles Data	380
170      Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits of
              Daytime Personal Air Samples for Those Persons With
              First and Second Season Los Angeles Data	381
171      Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits of
              Overnight Outdoor Air Samples for Those Persons
              With First and Second Season Los Angeles Data 	  382
172      Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits of
              Daytime Outdoor Air Samples for Those Persons With
              First and Second Season Los Angeles Data	383
173      Unweighted Summary Statistics for Quantifiable Limits of
              Water Samples For Those Persons With First and Second
              Season Los Angeles Data . . „	  .  383
174      Weighted Percent of Concentrations Above the Maximum Quanti-
              fiable Limit for Those with First and Second Season
              Los Angeles Data by Media	384
                                    xxi

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                                                                  Page
175      Weighted Percent Measurable For Those with First and Second
              Season Los Angeles Data by Media	387
176      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Breath (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles First Season	389
177      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Breath (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles Second Season	390
178      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Personal Air (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles First
              Season	391
179      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Personal Air (/*g/m3) - Los Angeles Second
              Season	392
180      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Daytime  Personal Air  (/ig/m3)  - Los Angeles First Season   393
181      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Daytime  Personal Air  (/*g/m3)  - Los Angeles Second
              Season	394
182      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Outdoor  Air (/ig/m3)  -  Los Angeles First
              Season	395
183      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Overnight Outdoor  Air (/ig/m3)  -  Los Angeles Second
              Season	396
184      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Daytime  Outdoor  Air  (/ig/m3)  - Los  Angeles First
              Season	397
185      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds for
              Daytime  Outdoor  Air  (/*g/m3)  - Los  Angeles Second
              Season	398
186      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds  for
              Water (ng/mL) -  Los  Angeles  First  Season	399
187      Weighted Summary Statistics for Selected Compounds  for
              Water (ng/mL) -  Los  Angeles  Second Season 	   400
                                      xxn

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                              TABLES CONT'D.
Number                                                                 Page
188      Ratios of First Season Medians to Second Season Medians by
              Media - Los Angeles	402
189      Spearman Correlations Between Individuals Sampled in the
              First and Second Season Los Angeles for All Amounts
              of Selected Compounds 	  412
190      Spearman Correlations Between Individuals Sampled in the
              First and Second Season Los Angeles for Measurable
              Amounts Only of Selected Compounds	413
191      Spearman Correlations Between First and Second Season
              Los Angeles Water Samples for All Amounts and Measurable
              Amounts Only for Selected Compounds 	  414
                                   XXlll

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                              ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    Local  and state officials in  California gave  essential  support to this
study.   The South  Coast  Air  Quality  Management District  provided useful
information on emissions and the  best  seasons  to  sample  in the LA area.
The Bay Area Air Quality Department did the same for the Contra Costa area.
EPA's Region 9 provided helpful press  relations.    We are most indebted to
the  hundreds  of  citizens  in  who  conscientiously  wore   monitors, kept
diaries, and answered questions about their activities.
                                   xxiv

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                                   SECTION 1
                                 INTRODUCTION

     Our attention has previously focused on the conduct of personal exposure
studies along the Eastern part of the United States.  In the process of perform-
ing these studies the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) program had
undergone significant evolution from its inception (Phase I) through Phase II.
The results of  Phase  II  (see Vol. I)  included  a  set of recommendations  for
consideration when implementing another field personal exposure study.
     The opportunity arrived to conduct another field study and the West Coast
was selected because it potentially offered different environmental challenges
to our TEAM program and  a complimentary set  of personal exposure  data to our
Eastern study.  The West  Coast TEAM Study was performed in  two specific areas.
One area constituted several communities in Southern California, specifically,
El Segundo, Manhattan  Beach,  Redondo  Beach,  Torrance, Hermosa Beach, Carson,
Lomita, and  Dominquez.  This area  was chosen  for  its  industrial activity,
photochemical smog, and deep well (containing brominated chemicals) and surface
water supplies (depending on seasons).
     The second area was  in Northern California, specifically in Anitoch, and
Pittsburg.  The presence  of industrial  activity, the unique  bay area meterolo-
gical conditions  and  the conduct of an epidemiological study by the National
Cancer Institute attracted our interests to this area.
     This report  describes  a  personal  exposure study conceptually similar to
the Eastern TEAM  Study in that personal air,  fixed-site air, drinking water
and breath were  examined from a probability  based  sample  of individuals in
these  two  areas.   In  Southern  California,  117 individuals  participated in
personal exposure monitoring  during the Winter season  and  a  subsample of 52
individuals from the original group participated again during the early Summer
season of 1984.  In Northern California 71  people  provided  personal monitoring
information during  the summer of 1984.  Finally,  a complete  set  of standard

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operating procedures (47) for all aspects of the chemical sampling and analysis
was prepared in support of the West Coast TEAM Study.

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                                   SECTION 2
                              ,  RECOMMENDATIONS

STATISTICAL SAMPLE DESIGN
     The statistical sample design employed for the Phase III TEAM studies was
basically sound.  The primary purpose of the TEAM studies was to estimate the
distributions of personal exposure to certain organic compounds via air.  Since
these distributions  were  expected to have heavy right tails, the statistical
samples were designed to overrepresent the individuals whose  potential for high
exposure appeared to be greatest.  This  also enabled more precise estimation of
upper percentiles of the exposure distributions.
     The Phase III TEAM sample design, with certain refinements, is recommended
for future  studies  similar to TEAM that monitor  personal  exposure  and body
burden.  Modifications of the design would be necessary for future studies that
have different  target  chemicals  and/or  different  study objectives.  The Phase
III TEAM sample design could be refined, based upon analysis  of the Phase I and
Phase  II  TEAM data,  to  developing more efficient stratification variables.
However, it would still be desirable to  keep the household screening instrument
short to facilitate  high response rates at  the household  screening  stage of
sample selection.
     Another  refinement  of the  TEAM survey methodology would  be to  sample
person-days rather  than  to sample people.  If the purpose of a study is to
monitor the average daily personal exposures of people performing their usual
activities, person-day sampling may  be necessary whenever  an individual's
exposure is highly dependent upon the day on which the person is monitored.  In
studies of this type, bias could be introduced if sample subjects were allowed
complete freedom  of  choice in selecting a day to be monitored.  For example,
many subjects might  choose to be monitored  on days  when they expect to be
inactive or staying  at home.  Ideally,  a  specific day should be randomly selected
for each  individual to be monitored.   Such  a  procedure may  be, of course,

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impractical; the response rate would be affected very adversely.  Methodology
for person-day sampling was  tested in the EPA's CO personal exposure monitoring
study.1  Further methodology development is  recommended for future studies that
seek information utilizing person-day sampling.
     The household screening data for the  Phase  III  TEAM studies were manually
edited by the sampling staff to ensure that all individuals suspected of having
a potential  for exposure  were identified as such for  stratification.  Such
manual editing of screening  data is likely to be needed in future TEAM studies
that use occupation  as  a  basis for oversampling. However,  if the population
subgroups to  be oversampled  can  be prespecified (e.g.,  double  the  sample
selection probabilities for  individuals in homes with gas  stoves),  then the
selection of  individuals  could be done in the  field concurrently with house-
hold screening.  This would  eliminate the  need  to recontact the households to
identify the sample subjects and would almost surely  increase response rates.
     The database that resulted from Phase II and Phase III TEAM samples could
also be  used  to derive on optimum  sample  survey design for comparable moni-
toring  studies.  For example,  sample sizes for  the  household screening and
exposure monitoring  which minimize  survey costs with  respect to  specific
precision constraints  (e.g.,  specified precision  for upper  percentiles  of
exposure distributions) could  be  derived.  The optimal sample size allocation
with respect to suspected exposure strata could also be derived.  Regardless of
such optimal allocations the expected precision  estimates  for  important popula-
tion parameters should be examined for alternative sample  survey designs before
finalizing the design of a future study.
SURVEY OPERATIONS
     Two procedural  changes might  assist survey staff  directly during  the
performance  of  the  study.   First the samples were  clustered.  Use of compact
clustering  of sample homes would  create greater efficiency in all field acti-
vities.  This would  impact  positively  on chemical sampling  also.  Second,  the
necessity  for an optimal  size of incentives paid  to  respondents should  be
reviewed.   Incentives cannot  be  eliminated without an  effect on  response
 1Whitmore, R. W. ,  Jones,  S. M. , and Rozenzweig,  M. S. (1983).  Final Sampling
 Report for  the Study of Personal CO Exposure, Report No.  RTI/2390/02-01F,
 Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.

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rate, even though  this  would give considerable savings.  Conversely,  an inc-
rease in incentive might  result in an increased response rate and,  therefore
allow a  reduction in size of the previous sample stages.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
     Although there has been extensive analysis of the California data,  consider-
able additional analysis could be undertaken,  including:
     1.    The questionnaire data collected from each participant has not been
          fully explored.   This includes not only the household questionnaire
          but also  the 24-hour exposure screener which  the participants completed
          for activities during the 24-hour monitoring period.  In particular
          stepwise  regression analysis of questionnaire variables selected to
          predict breath and air  volatile  organic  levels could be performed.
          After selection of significant variables,  analysis of variance and
          detailed  investigation of the resultant means could be done.  Also, a
          detailed  evaluation of the relationship between various questionnaire
          variables and observed  levels of  target compounds  in  indoor air
          remains to be done.  Such an  evaluation would assess whether differen-
          ces in VOC  levels in indoor  air vs.  outdoor air could be explained by
          the questionnaire data.
     2.    The weighted percents  of concentrations measurable and summary statis-
          tics for  averaged daytime and nighttime VOC concentration  samples in
          air  should be calculated (i.e.,  only statistics  for  12-hour air
          exposures have been computed).
     3.    The  relationships  between compounds in  a  given  medium  should be
          examined. In particular, Spearman correlations between compounds and
          principal components  analysis could  be done.   Principal  components
          analysis  would indicate whether a few linear  combinations of compounds
          within a  medium account for the observed variability in VOC  concentra-
          tions .
     4.    Volatile  organic compound levels  in air,  breath, and water samples
          collected at  the various sampling sites should be compared.  That is,
          comparisons  of VOC levels in Los Angeles County, CA; Contra  Costa
          County, CA; Bayonne and Elizabeth, NJ; Devils Lake, ND; and  Greensboro,
          NC  have not been reported.  These  analyses are difficult to interpret

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          due to seasonal differences between  sample  sites but are certainly
          worth investigating.  This  type  of  analysis  could be  very useful  in
          comparing TEAM locations by taking into  account  the  VOC  levels  for
          all compounds  simultaneously  rather  than analyses done  on single
          compounds.
     5.    Detailed multivariate analysis of  the  TEAM  data  base has  not been
          undertaken.   In particular, multivariate analysis to organize the
          VOCs into groups  should  be  done  (using principal components analysis)
          followed by an examination of  the  success of prediction  of the VOC
          group concentrations by the questionnaire  data.  This type of analysis
          would be extremely useful in planning future surveys.  In addition,
          the multivariate  analysis of variance could  be used to determine  if
          VOC levels are significantly different by  site and season.
     6.    The effects of meteorological conditions on indoor  and outdoor VOC
          levels should  be  investigated.   For example,  the effects of wind
          direction and temperature on  indoor levels of various compounds might
          be contrasted with the  effects of these meteorological variables on
          the outdoor  fixed-site VOC levels.
     7.    Detailed analysis of the blank and control samples collected during
          the study should  be done.  This  involves  using multivariate analysis
          techniques  to  determine when measured levels  of volatile organic
          compounds are outliers compared with the fortified VOC  levels.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
     The following recommendations  are proposed  for  similar  work  in the future.
     1.    Institute a formal training program for the  sample collection staff.
          Although the on-the-job  training approach was generally adequate, it
          would be preferable  to  present  a complete explanation of the field
          operation to the  staff  and require them to demonstrate a  command of
          the sampling  techniques  before  they  leave for the site.  A similar
          orientation for these chemists involved in actual sample  analysis is
          probably not as important since their duties are  carried  out on-site
          at the laboratory.  However, there  are  advantages to having the staff
          demonstrate that  they clearly  understand  and can  competently perform
          their respective project  assignments.

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Develop  a  computerized sample  tracking system.  Samples would be
logged in when collected at the site and appropriate entries made at
other crucial stages; e.g., receipt at RTI, storage, analysis, data
processing, data entry, and data review.  Ideally,  programming would
be available  to  generate  appropriate status summaries at  any time
during the study.
Procedures should be  developed  which would show a  linkage between
sample analytical results and specific QA/QC data.   The system would
allow individual  results  to be  expressed in terms  of  a  confidence
interval or assigned an overall code which would indicate the level
of data quality achieved for a particular sample  or group of samples.
The QA officer should know the amount of target compound present in
performance audit  samples.   Having this  information,  it would be
possible to state at the time of analysis that the analytical perfor-
mance was satisfactory or that some other factor  was adversely affect-
ing accuracy.  In the  latter  case,  appropriate corrective measures
could be instituted before committing the system to sample analysis.

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                                   SECTION 3
                            SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

STATISTICAL SAMPLE DESIGN
     The primary purpose of the TEAM sample design was to stratify the sample
of people  selected  for  personal exposure and body-burden monitoring so as to
overrepresent the rare subpopulation of individuals with unusually high exposure
levels.  This stratification was accomplished primarily by oversampling those
individuals suspected of having high occupational exposure.  This stratification
was successful;  the  analyses  in Section  VIII show that most  people with high
exposure levels were occupationally exposed.   Successful  overrepresentation of
the rare  subpopulation  of  individuals  with unusually high  exposure  levels
increased  the precision with  which upper percentiles of  the  distributions of
exposure and body-burden could be estimated (see  Section VIII).
     Although stratification by  occupation successfully overrepresented indivi-
duals with unusually high exposure levels  in the  Phase III TEAM studies,  analysis
of the Phase II and Phase III  TEAM  data should be used to  develop more efficient
stratification variables for future studies that monitor personal exposure to
organic compounds.  Otherwise, the statistical sample design  of the Phase III
TEAM  samples  could  serve  as a prototype  for  future  monitoring studies.  The
sample survey designs were completely nested within  the  stage units,  which
facilitates valid estimation  of sampling variances.   Noncompact clusters  of
sample housing units were  selected with equal probabilities,  which eliminates
loss of precision due to unequal weighting and minimizes  the  decrease in preci-
sion due to intracluster correlation.   The method of  allocation of the Antioch/
Pittsburg  sample of people selected  for monitoring  resulted  in identically
equal initial sampling weights within the person-level sample  selection  strata.
Hence,  there  are only  two initial Antioch/Pittsburg  person-level sampling
weights - one for each of the suspected occupational exposure strata. Moreover,
the only loss in precision due to unequal weighting is that which results from

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the difference in sample selection probabilities for the two strata.  When this
methodology is applied  in  future monitoring studies, the  optimum household-
level and person-level sample sizes that minimize survey costs, while achieving
specific precision constraints, should be derived.
     The response rates for the Phase III TEAM samples are  summarized in Tables
1 and 2.  In Southern California  117 and 52 persons participated in the winter
and summer seasons personal monitoring, respectively,  while 71 persons partici-
pated in Northern California exposure monitoring study in the summer of 1984.
Table 1 displays the response rates specific to the individual sample stages,
e.g., personal exposure and body-burden data were collected from 68.4 percent
of the eligible individuals selected for the Los Angeles second season sample.
The overall response rates  (obtained as products of the  response rates in Table
1) are displayed for each sampling stage in Table 2, e.g.,  38.4 percent of the
eligible members of the target population were represented by the Los Angeles
second season participants.  The  overall response rates  are rather low, especi-
ally  for  the second  season  sample.  Low response  rates are  anticipated in
studies that monitor personal exposure and body-burden because of their unusually
high respondent burden.  Nonresponse results in bias  to the extent that exposure
levels are related to willingness to participate.  Hence, the nonresponse bias
due to a given response rate may not be as severe for a  monitoring study as it
would be  for  an  investigation of personal opinions and attitudes.  Moreover,
nonresponse weight  adjustments reduce  the potential bias  to the extent that
respondents and nonrespondents are more alike within weight adjustment clsses
than in the  overall target population.
SURVEY OPERATIONS
     As reported previously,  this study has demonstrated that it is possible to
conduct a survey using a stratified random sample of the population in an area
of interest.  Using standard survey research techniques, a multistage process
was followed.  The selection of sampling units was followed by household screen-
ing in an attempt to identify individuals with the characteristics of interst,
including routes of potential exposure.  After the screening was completed, a
sample was  selected  to  be  contacted and  recruited  for  the study.  While the
potential burden of the sampling  (amount of time involved and inconvenience of
the sampling equipment) caused a  lower response rate than is normally seen in

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          TABLE 1.   SUMMARY OF RESPONSE RATES SPECIFIC TO SAMPLE STAGES
Study Area
Household
Screening
First
Season
Second
Season
Los Angeles

Antioch/Pittsburg
  87.2%

  89.5%
 64.3%

 64.0%
 68.4%

  NA

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           TABLE 2.  SUMMARY OF OVERALL RESPONSE RATES BY SAMPLE STAGES
Study Area
Household
Screening
First
Season
Second
Season
Los Angeles

Antioch/Pittsburg
  87.2%

  89.5%
 56.1%

 57.3%
 38.4%

  NA
                                      11

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questionnaire-only data collection,  it  was  still demonstrated that  standard
survey techniques could be utilized in the  conduct of this type of  study involv-
ing environmental and biological sampling.
CHEMICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
     Drinking water, breath,  personal  air  and fixed-site air samples  were
collected during  two  seasons  in  Los Angeles  county,  CA and one season  in
Contra Costa county, CA.   Each study participant provided two personal air, two
water and one breath  sample over a  twenty-four hour period.  Fixed-site  air
samples were  collected  from  each primary  sampling  unit.  Data  quality was
assessed through the use of field controls  and blanks and through the collection
of duplicate samples.
     As in Phase II of this program, selected volatile organic compounds were
isolated from ambient air by pumping the sample through a cartridge packed with
Tenax GC.   Breath samples were  collected in  Tedlar bags using  a  custom-
designed spirometer.  Subsequently,  the  sample was  pumped through Tenax GC
cartridges to concentrate the analytes.   Tenax GC cartridges  were analyzed by
capillary GC/MS/COMP.  Water  samples  were collected  from each participant's
primary drinking water source in 2 oz. bottles and analyzed by purge and trap
GC/HECD.  In  total,  241  participants were  sampled,  yielding 1388  Tenax  GC
samples and 697 water samples for subsequent  analysis.
     Prior to any project activities relating to sample collection or analysis
in Phase III, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) were drafted  and subjected
to rigorous review.  These documents were  derived from the extensive experience
in sampling  and  analysis  gained during  previous phases of the study and were
intended to provide rigid and uniform guidelines for  the sample  collection and
analysis processes.
     Method detection limits  for  target compounds collected on  Tenax GC were
determined by replicate analysis of cartridges loaded with the target compounds
at five times the historical instrumental limit of detection.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
     A  quality  control/quality  assurance (QC/QA) program was  carried out
during Phase  III  of the  TEAM study.  The  results of  these procedures will be
presented and will address  the following subject areas:  (1) sample and data
collection  during  field  operations,  (2)  monitoring  chemical analysis,  (3)
                                     12

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determination of analyte recovery and contamination (background) based on the
analysis of field control and blank samples,  (4) precision
estimates based on duplicate sample analysis, and (5) accuracy assessment based
on target compound measurement in performance audit samples.  This information
was evaluated and summary statements are presented on (1) field operations, (2)
completeness, (3) precision, and (4) accuracy for  each sampling trip to Califor-
nia.  The first trip consisted of sample and data collection in the greater Los
Angeles area, and the second trip involved a repeat visit to Los Angeles and a
sample/ data collection in Contra Costa county.
Field Operations
     The sample and  data  collection activities at the  study sites  proceeded
without serious problems.  Standard  operating  procedures  were developed and
utilized during this  sampling.  Another factor which was responsible for the
relatively smooth collection operations was the increased experience  of all the
analytical field sampling staff.
Completeness
     Completeness was defined  as  the percent of samples originally  scheduled
for collection for which analytical results were  reported (either not detected,
trace, or measurable).  The completeness  of field samples  from all  sampling
trips was greater  than  90%.   The  comparable completeness  figure  for  D-  and  Q-
type duplicates was greater than 80%.
Precision
     Precision estimates were  based on the analytical  results for duplicate
sample pairs, although the  observed variability included contributions  from
both the collection and analysis.  The agreement between duplicate concentration
values for target compounds was expressed as a percent relative standard devia-
tion  (%RSD).  These data were  evaluated and compared with  respect to sample
matrix and target compound.
     In general, the  agreement between duplicate sample pairs was excellent.
For most target compounds  on Tenax, the median %RSD was  less than  25  to 30% and
the 75 percentile %RSD,  less than 50 to 55%. Air and  breath samples  from the
first Los Angeles sampling trip showed poorest precision for o-dichlorobenzene,
n-undecane, and chlorobenzene.  Duplicate samples from the second Los Angeles
                                     13

-------
trip, which also included Contra Costa county,  exhibited poorest precision for
styrene, trichloroethylene,  and benzene.
     The agreement found  between  water duplicates was better  than  the Tenax
results. For most target compounds,  the median %RSDs were less than 10%.
Accuracy
     Two criteria  were used  in  assessing method accuracy:   (1)  the blank-
corrected  recovery  of target compounds  from field control  samples  and (2)
results of  performance audit samples.
     In  general,  the  field control  samples  associated personal air samples
collected on the  first trip to  Los Angeles  gave  recoveries  of 80 to  120%.
However, 5 targets did exhibit  excessively high recoveries  (130-150%).  With
the exception of  trichloroethylene  and benzene, the performance audit sample
results  indicated an analytical  bias of less than 25%.  The  target compounds
on Tenax field  controls from the second  LA  trip  were characterized by  low
recoveries.  This observation was particularly true for the breath and fixed-
site air controls; personal air controls gave  satisfactory  recoveries.   The
Contra Costa field  controls exhibited better target  recoveries  although the
control  cartridges for fixed-site air collected did indicate ten target com-
pounds  with  excessively high recoveries  (130-160%).   The performance  audit
samples analyzed at this time gave average target recoveries of 80-85%.
     In  general,  the water  field control and performance audit data indicate
target  recoveries between 30 and  75%.  Only the second trip performance audit
results gave  recoveries in the 80 to  130%  range.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Introduction
     During the  first half of 1984, exposure and  body burden data were collected
from a  probability  sample of individuals on twenty-six volatile organic com-
pounds (see Tables 3 and 4 for a list of compounds) in Los Angeles and Contra
Costa  County.   Two  visits  were  made  to  Los Angeles  while one was  made  to
Contra Costa.  The first visit to Los Angeles in February and March  collected
breath,  overnight  personal air,  daytime  personal air, overnight fixed  site
outdoor air,  daytime fixed site outdoor air,  and water samples on 117 people.
The second visit  to  Los Angeles  in  May and June monitored the same  media for
                                     14

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TABLE 3.  TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY WEIGHTED PERCENT MEASURABLE IN
             BREATH AND AIR SAMPLES BY SITE AND SEASON

Ubiquitous Compound
m,£-Xylene
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzene
o-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Often Present
n-Octane
m,£-Dichlorobenzene
0-Pinene
n-Undecane
n-Decane
Trichloroethylene
Styrene
Occasionally Found
Chloroform
n-Dodecane
Carbon Tetrachloride
1 ,4-Dioxane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
o-Dichlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
1,1, 1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane

Los
Winter

100
99-100
97-100
95-100
91-100
82-100

81-99
79-100
62-98
56-99
53-96
50-97
47-100

36-99
30-96
12-100
8-70
4-68
13-59
1-12
0-10
0-4
0-3
Range of % Measurable
a
Angeles Contra Costa
Summer

100
89-100
99-100
79-100
57-100
70-100

59-94
61-87
47-92
48-74
25-81
4-66
37-94

31-80
17-45
11-100
3-21
0-23
0-19
0-8
1-18
0-13
0-12
Summer

84-100
49-100
58-100
82-100
58-100
64-100

20-96
0-75
0-85
8-88
48-100
0-72
56-91

12-79
0-77
14-96
5-25
0-30
0-19
0-18
0-18
0-2
0-18
 Range over four air media and breath.
                               15

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TABLE 4.  TARGET COMPOUNDS SORTED BY WEIGHTED PERCENT MEASURABLE  IN
                     WATER BY SITE AND SEASON



Ubiquitous Compounds
Chloroform
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochloromethane
Broraoform
Occasionally Found
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Trichloroethylene

Los
Winter

94
93
89
69

48
22
13
8
% Measurable
Angeles
Summer

86
96
85
90

14
19
5
12

Contra Costa
Summer

94
96
85
69

10
94
6
66
      TABLE 5.  SAMPLE SIZE RANGES BY SITE, SEASONS AND MEDIA

Breath
Overnight Personal Air
Daytime Personal Air
Overnight Outdoor Air
Daytime Outdoor Air
Water
Population Estimate:
Los Angeles
Winter 1984
112-115
110-114
110-114
24-25
23-25
117
359,500
Los Angeles
Summer 1984
51
50-51
50-51
23
24
52
332,600
Contra Costa
Summer 1984
66-69
69-70
66-68
10
9-10
71
90,700
                               16

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52 people previously studied in the first trip.  In June,  71 people in Contra
Costa County were monitored for the same media as Los Angeles.
     The same size ranges for the various sites and seasons are given by media
in Table 5.  There  was  some  variation in  sample size due to missing data.   The
sample sizes  for outdoor air were smaller because  outdoor air monitors were
mounted one per sample segment rather than one per household.
     The data were examined  for percent measurable,  concentration levels,
comparisons  of  outdoor versus indoor  levels,  comparisons between sites and
seasons, and correlations between media.   Since a probability sample was used
to select the participants,  the weighted  results apply to  the target population
(see Table  5) of  the  areas   (see Section  4 for a  detailed description  of the
sampling procedures).
Percent Measurable
     The twenty six compounds analyzed in breath,  air and water samples can be
sorted into three categories based on weighted percent of samples with concen-
trations measurable (i.e., exceeding the  quantifiable  limit).  For breath and
air samples, the first category,  ubiquitous  compounds (more than 50% measurable
inmost sample types), included m,£-xylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloro-
ethylene, benzene, o-xylene, and ethylbenzene  (see Table 3).  Those compounds
often  found were  n-octane,   m,p_-dichlorobenzene,  Of-pinene, n-undecane,  n-
decane, trichloroethylene, and styrene.  Chloroform,  n-dodecane,  carbon tetra-
chloride, 1,4-dioxane,  1,2-dichloroethane,  o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene,
1,2-dibromoethane, and  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane  were occasionally found  in
air and  breath  samples.   The percentages  measurable in Los Angeles tended  to
be higher in the winter.
     Fewer  target  chemicals  were  studied in  drinking water.   Chloroform,
bromodichloromethane,  dibromochloromethane,  and bromoform were found in 70% or
more of  the samples (see  Table 4).  Tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene
were found  in less  than 25% of  the water samples  for  Los Angeles  and  66%  or
more of  the Contra  Costa samples,  while  1,1,1-trichloroethane was found in
almost half  of  the  winter samples  of  Los Angeles  and less than 15% of  the
summer samples for Los  Angeles  or Contra Costa.  Chlorobenzene  was  found  in
less than 15% of all water samples.
                                     17

-------
Concentrations
     Daytime air, breath and  water  weighted median concentrations are  given
for Los Angeles and Contra  Costa in  Tables 6 and 7.  The  medians  are  given for
only those compounds which  had relatively high percents measurable and suffi-
ciently high  levels  to  warrant further investigation.  Overnight air will be
examined later.  All median estimates  in Tables  6  and  7 are  weighted  and apply
to the target populations of 359,500 for winter and 332,600  for summer in Los
Angeles and 90,700 for summer in Contra Costa.  For  almost all  compounds,  the
daytime personal air median was higher than that for daytime outdoor  air (see
Table 8).  Also, daytime personal air levels  tended to be higher than breath
levels for both  sites  and  seasons.   In winter,  the  outdoor  air levels tended
to be much higher than the  breath levels in Los Angeles, while  in summer this
trend does not appear.   This was due to relatively high outdoor air levels in
Los Angeles in winter.
     For water only, chloroform, bromodichloromethane and dibroraochloromethane
had consistently non-negligible concentrations with levels higher in summer
than winter for Los Angeles and relatively high levels of chloroform  in Contra
Costa (see Table  7).
Comparisons Between Seasons for Los  Angeles
     For  the  fifty one people who  participated  in  both seasons of  the Los
Angeles study, Table 9 compares the  weighted median concentrations for breath,
daytime personal air and daytime outdoor air.   Generally, the medians showed a
slight tendency  to  be  higher in winter  for breath.   This  trend appears more
pronounced for daytime personal air, while for daytime outdoor air many chemi-
cals had medians over three times larger in winter.   These  trends can also be
seen in Figures 1 through 3.
Comparisons Between Sites for Summer
     The summer median concentrations for air and breath samples  in Los Angeles
and Contra Costa are compared in Table 10.  While breath and daytime  personal
air concentrations  tended  to be slightly higher  in Los  Angeles, the daytime
outdoor medians were often two or more times larger in Los Angeles than Contra
Costa.  These trends can be readily seen in Figures 1 through 3.
                                     18

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 TABLE 7.   WEIGHTED MEDIANS (ng/mL)  OP ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN
               DRINKING WATER IN LOS ANGELES
                      AND CONTRA COSTA
                                Los Angeles     Contra Costa
Compounds	     Winter   Summer      Summer

Chloroform                      14       33          49
Bromodichloromethane            12       24          17
Dibromochloromethane            11       32           6.4
Bromoform                        0.5      3.0         0.6

Sample Size                     117      52          71
TABLE 8.  RATIO OF DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR TO DAYTIME OUTDOOR
           AIR WEIGHTED MEDIANS FOR LOS ANGELES
                     AND CONTRA COSTA
Compounds
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzene
o-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
n-Octane
nitp-Dichlorobenzene
£-Pinene
n-Undecane
n-Decane
Trichloroethylene
Styrene
Los
Winter
1.1
1.4
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.1
2.2
2.3
7.6
2.3
2.0
4.8
1.2
Angeles
Summer
2.7
2.1
2.0
2.3
1.8
3.2
6.4
2.3
5.3
2.4
3.6
40
2.4
Contra Costa
Summer
8.3
2.5
9.2
4.8
9.7
7.2
10
6.1
19
2.8
0.3
4.6
4.6
                         20

-------
 TABLE 9.  RATIO OF WINTER TO SUMMER WEIGHTED MEDIANS FOR
          THOSE PARTICIPATING IN BOTH SEASONS IN
         LOS ANGELES FOR BREATH, DAYTIME PERSONAL
                      AND OUTDOOR-AIR
Compounds
m,p-Xylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzene
£-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
n-Octane
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
a-Pinene
ri-Undecane
n-Decane
Trichloroethylene
Styrene

Sample Size:
                             Ratio of Winter to Summer
Breath

  1.7
  1.5
  1.4
  0.7
  1.8
  1.5
  0.7
  0.8
  1.2
  1.2
  1.2
  1.0
  1.0

 49-51
  Daytime
Personal Air

    1.2
    2.2
    2.4
    1.8
    2.4
    1.4
    1.2
   " 1.9
    1.4
    2.1
    1.4
    1.8
    1.6

   49-50
  Daytime
Outdoor Air

    3.1
    3.8
    5.3
    4.5
    3.5
    3.7
    3.8
    2.1
    0.9
    2.1
    2.2
   17
    3.0

   22-24
TABLE 10.  RATIO OF LOS ANGELES SUMMER TO CONTRA COSTA
           WEIGHTED MEDIANS FOR BREATH, DAYTIME
PERSONAL AND


Compounds
m,p-Xylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzene
o-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
n-Octane
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
a-Pinene
n-Undecane
n-Decane
Trichloroethylene
Styrene
Ratio

Breath
1.3
44
2.0
2.3
1.3
1.2
1.5
0.7
2.8
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.3
OUTDOOR AIR
Los Angeles to
Daytime
Personal Air
1.8
2.0
1.6
1.1
1.1
2.1
1.4
1.0
1.6
1.0
1.8
2.4
1.8

Contra Costa
Daytime
Outdoor Air
5.6
2.4
7.1
2.4
6.1
4.8
2.3
2.7
5.9
1.1
0.2
0.2
3.6
                         21

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24

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Outdoor Versus Indoor Levels
     In order to compare indoor and outdoor air concentration levels, Table 11
gives unweighted medians for overnight personal air and overnight outdoor air
by site and  season for the people who  had air monitors  outside their homes.
Table 12 also presents ratios of these medians.  The personal and outdoor air
levels were  highest  in Los Angeles in the winter and lowest in Contra Costa.
For Contra Costa, almost all of the compounds had significantly higher medians
in personal  air  than outdoor air  (see  Table  12).   For Los  Angeles in summer
(see Figure  5 and  Table  12),  while  all  but one compound  (styrene)  showed
higher medians in  personal air,  only about half were  significantly higher.
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higher than  those  for personal air.   This was because the  outdoor levels in
winter were particularly high in Los Angeles.
     Table 12 also gives the ratios for the maximum concentration levels.  For
most compounds over  both  sites and seasons, the ratios of overnight personal
air to overnight  outdoor  air were higher  for the maximum levels than for the
medians.   This indicates that not only did personal air concentrations tended
to be greater than outdoor air concentrations  but  at  the higher  levels  of
exposure the  concentrations were sometimes much greater.
Correlations
     For Los  Angeles,  eleven of  the  thirteen prevalent  compounds  in breath
were significantly correlated (at the .05  level) with the previous twelve-hour
personal air  exposures  (see  Table 13).   However, with the exception of 1,1,1-
trichloroethane,  trichloroethylene, and m,p_-dichlorobenzene,  these correlations
were less  than  .5.   The correlations between breath and  daytime  outdoor air
and between  daytime  personal air and daytime outdoor air tended to be lower.
Generally, the  correlations between overnight personal  air and  overnight
outdoor air were higher than those between daytime personal and daytime outdoor
air.
                                     25

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      TABLE 13.  SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BREATH
               CONCENTRATIONS AND PRECEDING
            DAYTIME 12-HOUR PERSONAL EXPOSURES
              TO COMPOUNDS BY SITE AND SEASON
                                Los Angeles     Contra Costa
 Compounds                     Winter   Summer      Summer
m,2-Xylene                     .42*     .44*        .25*
1,1,1-Trichloroethane          .57*     .60*        .25*
Tetrachloroethylene            .32*     .30*        .46*
Benzene                        .20*     .32*        .07
o-Xylene                       .40*     .41*        .17
Ethylbenzene                   .45*     .36*        .06
n-Octane                       .16      .23        -.09
m,p-Dichlorobenzene            .69*     .38*        .49*
£-Pinene                       .21*     .12         .24
n-Undecane                     .19      .02         .13
n-Decane                       .25*     .10         .27*
Trichloroethylene              .68*     .60*        .38*
Styrene                        .20*     .18        -.00

Sample Size Range:           105-112   49-50       63-65
*  Significantly different from zero at .05 level.
                         30

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                                   SECTION 4
                    STATISTICAL SAMPLE DESIGN AND WEIGHTING

INTRODUCTION
     Phase III of the TEAM study was conducted at  two purposively chosen target
areas in California:  an area in Southeast Los  Angeles  County and  the Antioch/
Pittsburg area northeast of San Francisco.  Technically,  the Los Angeles  study
area consists of the union of the following geographic areas as defined by the
U.S. Bureau of the Census for the 1980 Decennial Census:
     (1)  All of the  following  Places:  El Segundo, Manhattan Beach, Hermosa
          Beach, Redondo Beach,  Torrance, Lomita, Carson,  and West Carson.
     (2)  Tract 6023.02 in Hawthorne.
     (3)  Tract 6040 in Lawndawn.
     (4)  Tract 6032 in Gardena.
     (5)  Tracts 2913, 2921,  2931, 2932.01, 2932.02, and 2933 in Los Angeles.
     (6)  Tracts 2921, 5435.01,  6023.02,  and  6214 in the unincorporated por-
          tion of Los  Angeles county.
Likewise, the Antioch/Pittsburg study area is  technically defined  as the union
of the  following Census-defined geographic areas:
     (1)  All of the following Places:  Antioch, Pittsburg, and West Pittsburg.
     (2)  Tracts 3050 and 3120 in the unincorporated portion  of Contra Costa
          County.
     (3)  Blocks 101,  102, and 319 in Tract 3060 in the unincorporated portion
          of Contra  Costa County.
     (4)  All of Tract 3090 in the unincorporated portion of Contra Costa
          County except Blocks 425, 925, and 926.
     (5)  Blocks 504 and  911 in Tract 3142 in the unincorporated portion of
          Contra Costa County.
     (6)  Block 201  in Tract 3110 in the unincorporated portion of Contra
          Costa County.
                                     31

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     In more general terms, the Los Angeles study area may be described as a
Northwest to Southeast corridor bounded roughly by Los Angeles International
Airport on the north, the Pacific Ocean on the west,  Los Angeles Harbor on the
south, and the city of Long Beach on the east.  Alternatively, this area may
also be described as the city of Torrance, California and the adjoining cities
immediately to the east and west of Torrance.   This corridor was chosen for
monitoring personal exposure and body-burden with regard to organic chemicals
partly because of the presence of chemical and petrochemical plants as well as
the international airport in the area.   The location of the Los Angeles study
area is shown on the map in Appendix A.
     The Antioch/Pittsburg study area may be described as the cities of
Antioch, Pittsburg, and West Pittsburg plus the neighboring suburban areas.
The location of the Antioch/Pittsburg study area is shown on the map in Appen-
dix B.
     Two seasons of personal exposure and body-burden monitoring were con-
ducted in the Los Angeles study area.  The first season monitoring was con-
ducted during January and February 1984.  A subsample of the individuals who
participated in the first season study was selected for the second season of
monitoring, which was conducted during May and June 1984.
     Only one season of monitoring was conducted at the Antioch/Pittsburg
study area.  The Antioch/Pittsburg monitoring was conducted during June of
1984.
     For each target area of the Phase III TEAM study, the statistical sample
design may be summarily described as a stratified three stage sample survey
design.  The first stage sampling units (FSUs) were blocks or combinations
thereof as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the 1980 Decennial
Census.  A stratified sample of the FSUs was selected with probabilities
proportional to the occupied housing count for the FSU from a 1980 Census data
tape.  A noncompact cluster of housing units was selected at the second stage
within each selected FSU.  A short screening interview was conducted for each
participating sample household.  The purpose of the screening interview was to
collect data from a knowledgeable adult household member concerning the age,
sex, smoking status, and occupation of all household members.  These data were
used to stratify the third stage sample of individuals selected for personal
                                     32

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exposure and body-burden monitoring.  In addition to stratification by age,
sex, and smoking status, the occupation data were used to stratify by poten-
tial for occupational exposure to the organic chemicals being monitored.  The
primary purpose of this stratification was to oversample people with poten-
tially high exposure levels to facilitate more accurate estimation of the
population distribution of exposure.  Since analysis of the Phase II TEAM
database had indicated that high exposures were often occupation-related,
individuals suspected of having high potential for occupational exposure were
oversampled for monitoring.
     Probability sampling methods have been used so that the data collected
can be used to make strictly valid statistical inferences concerning the
populations sampled.  Hence, sampling weights have been computed that reflect
the procedures used for sample selection.  The weight of a sample unit can be
viewed as the number of units in the target population that the sample unit
represents.  The initial sampling weight for a unit is calculated as the
reciprocal of either the probability of selection or the expected frequency of
selection when sampling with replacement.  The initial sampling weights have
been adjusted to reduce the potential bias caused by nonresponse.  The final
analysis weights, adjusted sampling weights, serve to differentially weight
the sample data to reflect the level of disproportionality in the final sample
relative to the population of interest.
TARGET POPULATION
     The target populations for the first season Phase III TEAM studies consist
of those individuals who satisfy the following criteria:
     (1)  Primary place of residence was in the study area (Based on the
          boundaries of 1980 Census geographic units) when the household
          screening was conducted.
     (2)  Aged 7 years or older at the time of the household screening.
     (3)  Not living in group quarters1 or on a military reservation.
     (4)  Present in the study area at the time of personal exposure, body-
          burden, and fixed-site monitoring.
XA group quarters is any living quarters, including houses or individual units
 in an apartment complex, in which ten or more unrelated persons reside.  Group
 quarters include dormitories, barracks, prisons,  etc.
                                     33

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The target population for the Los Angeles second season study is that subset
of the first season target population members who were residing in and present
in the study area at the time that second season personnel exposure and body-
burden monitoring was conducted.
FIRST STAGE SAMPLE OF AREA SEGMENTS
     The first stage sampling units for the Phase III TEAM samples were con-
structed from 1980 Decennial Census geographic units.  All enumeration district
(ED) and block records were extracted from the 1980 Census Summary Tape File
IB (STF IB) for the geographic areas containing the target population.  None
of the records extracted were ED records; they were all block-level records.
The first stage sampling units (FSUs) were then defined to be individual
blocks or combinations thereof.  For each study site the block-level records
were combined as necessary to form FSUs that each had at least a fixed requi-
site 1980 Census count of occupied housing units.  A minimum of 55 occupied
housing units was required for each Los Angesles FSU, and 65 occupied housing
units was required for each Antioch/Pittsburg FSU.  The reason for this differ-
ence is that a sample of 25 FSUs with an average of 50 sample housing units
per FSU was planned for Los Angeles.  For Antioch/Pittsburg, a sample of 10
FSUs with an average of 60 sample housing units pwer FSU was planned.
     The first stage sampling frame for each study site was stratified geogra-
phically and by socioeconomic status as shown in Table 14.  The purpose of the
geographic stratification was to guarantee representation of geographic subdivi-
sions of the study areas because personal exposure and body burden could vary
geographically for the organic chemicals being monitored.  Moreover, an index
of socioeconomic status was defined and used as the second dimension of strati-
fication for the first stage sample, which would increase the precision of
exposure and body-burden statistics if the monitored levels were related to
socioeconomic status.
     Stratification with regard to potential point sources of the organic
chemicals being monitored was considered but not implemented.  Fixed-site air
monitoring was performed in the vicinity of potential point sources.  The
levels observed for the organic chemicals being monitored were not considered
                                     34

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                  TABLE 14.  FIRST STAGE SAMPLING STRATA
                                            Socioeconomic     Sample
 Study Site             Geoegraphic Area       Status          Size


Los Angeles            East of Torrance          Low            4
                                                 High           3
                       Torrance and Lomita       Low            5
                                                 High           5
                       West of Torrance          Low            4
                                                 High           4
                       SUBTOTAL                                25

Antioch/Pittsburg      Pittsburg                 Low            3
                                                 High           2
                       Antioch                   Low            2
                                                 High           3
                       SUBTOTAL                                10
                                   35

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to be sufficiently high to validate the existence of point sources.   Hence,  no
stratification by potential point sources was performed.
     Three geographic strata were defined for the Los Angeles study area.
These strata were:  (1) the cities of Torrance and Loraita; (2) the portion of
the target area to the east of Torrance and Lomita; and (3) the portion of the
target area to the west of Torrance and Lomita.   Likewise, two geographic
strata were defined for the Antioch/Pittsburg study area  as follows:  (1)  the
city of Antioch and adjacent unincorporated portions of the target area; and
(2) the cities of Pittsburg and West Pittsburg plus the adjacent unincor-
porated portions of the target area.
     Socioeconomic stratification of the first stage sample was based on an
index of socioeconomic status computed from the Census STF IB data records
used to define the first stage sampling units.  The algorithm used to compute
this index has been used by RTI for several years for socioeconomic stratifi-
cation of area household samples.  The Census STF IB data records were used to
compute the following statistics for each FSU on the sampling frame:  (1)
median property value of owner-occupied dwelling units; (2) median rent for
renter-occupied dwelling units; and (3) the proportion of occupied dwelling
units that do not have complete plumbing facilities (hot and cold running
water and private toilet).  Each FSU was assigned a rank with respect to each
of these socioeconomic measures.  The socioeconomic index was then computed
for each FSU as the weighted average of these three ranks using the number of
housing units upon which each measure was based as the weight.  This procedure
yields an index which is a continuous measure roughly between unity and the
Census count of housing units represented by the first stage frame.  The low
end of the scale identifies those FSUs with the greatest number of disadvan-
taged individuals relative to other units in the target area.
     The values of the socioeconomic index were computed separately within
each geographic stratum of the first stage sample.  Within each stratum, each
FSU was placed in the high or low socioeconomic stratum based on a high or low
value of the socioeconomic index, respectively.  The division into high and
low socioeconomic strata was performed in such a way that approximately half
of the housing units were placed in the high socioeconomic stratum and half
                                      36

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were placed in the low socioeconomic stratum within each geographic stratum,
based upon the 1980 Census count of occupied housing units.
     A sample of 25 FSUs was selected for the Los Angeles study area, and 10
FSUs were selected for the Antioch/Pittsburg area.  For each target area the
sample size was first allocated to the explicit strata shown in Table 14 in
proportion to the total 1980 Census count of occupied housing units repre-
sented by the stratum.  These proportional allocations were then randomly
 ounded2 to integral values so that exact proportional allocation was achieved
in expectation.  The rounded integral sample sizes are presented for each
stratum in Table 14.
     Given the stratum sample sizes, the first stage units were selected
within each stratum with probabilities proportional to size as measured by the
1980 Census count of occupied housing units.  A sequential minimum probability
replacement algorithm (1,2) was used to select the FSUs within each stratum.
The frame records were serpentine ordered by Census Tract and size within each
stratum.3  Since the sample was sequentially selected from an ordered sampling
frame, the sample was proportionaly allocated to the implicit strata defined
by Census Tract and size of FSU.  This additional stratification resulted in
greater geographic dispersion of the sample FSUs and increased the likelihood
that at least one small FSU would be selected.
     In order to facilitate selection of a probability sample of housing units
from each sample FSU, or sample segment, a list of all housing units in each
segment was prepared as described in Section 5.  For the Antioch/Pittsburg
study area, a considerable amount of new construction had occurred in two of
the sample segments.  Each of these segments was divided into subsegments that
 ontained 65 or more housing units based upon a quick field count of the
housing units.  One subsegment was then selected within each segment with
probability proportional to size as measured by the field count of housing
units.
2
 For example, an allocation of 2.25 units would be rounded to 3 units with prob-
 ability 0.25 and rounded to 2 units with probability 0.75.
3Small to large in the first Tract, large to small in the second Tract, small
 to large in the large Tract, etc. See (1) for further examples of serpentine
 ordering.
                                     37

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     The locations of the ultimate sample segments are shown on the maps in
Appendices A and B for the Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg study areas,
respectively.
SECOND STAGE SAMPLE OF HOUSING UNITS
     The second stage in selection of the Phase II TEAM samples was selection
of a noncompact cluster of housing units from each sample segment, i.e., from
each FSU selected into the first stage sample.   The housing units in each
sample segment were listed by field staff as described in Section 5.  A sample
of 1250 housing unit listings was selected for the Los Angeles sample, and 600
housing unit listings were selected for the Antioch/Pittsburg sample.
     These housing unit sample sizes were allocated to the sample segments in
proportion to the product of the number of listed housing units multiplied by
the first stage sampling weights to facilitate equal overall selection prob-
abilities for the sample housing units.  Since the first stage units were
selected with probabilities proportional to size, these proportional alloca-
tions tended to be approximately equal allocations to the segments.  Signifi-
cant departures from equal allocation occured when the first stage size measure
differed greatly from the number of housing units listed.  For the two Antioch/
Pittsburg segments that had to be subsegmented due to growth, the proportional
allocation exceeded the number of listed housing units.  Hence, all listed
housing units (195 housing units) were selected into the second stage sample
for these two segments.  The remainder of the sample, 405 housing unit list-
ings, was proportionally allocated to the other eight Antioch/ Pittsburg
sample segments.  All 1250 sample housing unit listings were proportionally
allocated to the 25 sample segments in the Los Angeles sample.  Finally, the
proportional allocations were randomly rounded to integral values so that the
exact proportional allocations were achieved in expectation.  These final
allocations of the housing unit samples to the sample segments are shown in
Tables 15 and 16 for the Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg sample sites,
respectively.
     The average numbers of housing unit listings selected from each of the
Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg sample segments were 50 and 60, respective-
ly.  These cluster sizes are relatively large compared to the cluster sizes
usually employed for standard area household surveys (e.g., 5 to 25).  These
                                     38

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  TABLE 15.   ALLOCATION OF THE LOS ANGELES HOUSING UNIT SAMPLE
                      TO SAMPLE SEGMENTS
Segment
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Number of HU Listings
67
95
132
148
56
60
67
61
402
77
69
566
408
346
108
102
363
182
140
100
70
93
101
96
80
Number of Sample Listings
57
42
50
54
46
52
48
46
61
51
48
51
48
49
49
50
53
50
47
50
47
50
49
54
48
TOTAL
3989
1250
                             39

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TABLE 16.  ALLOCATION OF THE ANTIOCH/PITTSBURG HOUSING UNIT SAMPLE
                        TO SAMPLE SEGMENTS
Segment
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
TOTAL
Number of HU Listings
80
79
116
292
84
168
460
104
74
74
1531
Number of Sample Listings
52
79
116
56
49
49
56
46
48
49
600
                               40

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large cluster sizes were considered appropriate for the Phase III TEAM samples
for the following reasons.  First, the number of households to be screened was
several times greater than the number of people to be selected for personal
exposure and body-burden monitoring.  Second, in order to maintain reasonable
field costs it was necessary to keep the number of sample segments relatively
small.
These goals were satisfied by screening a relatively large number of
households within each sample segment.  Moreover, a high household screening
rate was necessary in order to identify a sufficient number of individuals
with relatively rare characteristics, e.g., people suspected of having high
occupational exposure to the organic chemicals being monitored.
     Given the cluster sizes allocated to the sample segments, a sequential
sample selection algorithm (1,2) was used to select an equal probability
sample of housing units from each sample segment.  Due to the proportional
allocation of the sample size to the segments described above, all households
in the Los Angeles sample have exactly the same overall selection probability
and initial sampling weight.  Likewise, all housing units in the eight Antioch/
Pittsburg sample segments that received a proportional allocation have identi-
cally the same overall selection probability and initial sampling weight.
Each of the two Antioch/Pittsburg sample segments that had to be subsampled
has its own overall household selection probability and initial sampling
weight.  Thus, the Antioch/Pittsburg sample has three overall household selec-
tion probabilities and initial sampling weights depending upon the sample
segment in which the household is located.
     A half-open interval technique was used during the field operations to
guard against undercoverage of the target population due to failure to count
and list eligible housing units.  That is, each listed sample housing unit was
considered to be linked to all missed housing units between the listed sample
housing unit and the next listed housing unit.  Each such missed housing unit
was hence included in the sample with the same selection probability as the
housing unit to which it was linked.
THIRD STAGE SAMPLE OF PERSONS SELECTED FOR MONITORING
     A short screening interview was attempted for each household selected
into the second stage sample.  The purpose of this interview was to collect
information with regard to the age, sex, smoking status, and occupation of
                                     41

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each household member.   These data were then used to stratify the third stage
sample of people selected for personal exposure and body-burden monitoring.
Sample selection strata were defined by age, sex, smoking status, and sus-
pected potential for occupational exposure.   The primary purposes of this
stratification were:  (a) to oversample those individuals who appeared to have
greater potential for high exposure levels;  and (b) to insure representation
of as many of the population subgroups defined by the stratification variables
as possible.
     Stratification of the person-level sample was facilitated by defining the
following stratification variables from the  household screening data:  AGE,
SEX, EXPOSE, and SMOKE.  The variables AGE and SMOKE were defined directly
from the screening data as follows:

               1 if Age < 7
       AG£ =   2 if 7 < Age < 17,
               3 if 17 < Age < 65 or Age missing,
               4 if Age > 65.
               1 if smoker,
     SMOKE =
               2 if nonsmoker or unknown smoking status.

     Whenever the sex of a household member was missing on the household
screener, a logical imputation based upon the first name was performed if
possible (e.g., Male for John and Female for Mary).  If a logical imputation
could not be accomplished, the sex item was left blank.  The stratification
variable SEX was then defined as follows:

               1 if Male,
     SEX =
               2 if Female or missing.
     The occupations reported in the household screening data were first
classified into the 24 categories shown in Table 17.  The occupational coding
data on each household screener were manually edited to insure accuracy of
coding and to identify additional occupations with suspected high potential
for exposure to the organic chemicals being monitored.  The frequency of
occurrence of the occupational categories in the TEAM Phase III samples is
                                     42

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                 TABLE 17.  OCCUPATIONAL STATUS CODES
Code                          Description
             HIGH SUSPECTED OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

    01       Painter or employee in a paint factory or paint shop
    02       Service station employee, gasoline dispenser
    03       Auto or airplane mechanic or garage worker
    04       Furniture repair, refinishing, or stripping worker
    05       Chemical plant worker
    06       Petroleum plant worker
    07       Dry cleaning worker
    08       Plastics plant worker
    09       Textile mill worker
    10       Paper mill or wood processing worker
    11       Household cleaning worker
    12       Photo developer
    13       Landscape worker, gardener
    14       Pesticide or herbicide applicator
    15       Taxi/bus/truck/crane/heavy equipment operator
    17       Maintenance worker or custodian
    24       Chemistry lab technician or chemist
    25       Toll collector
    26       Other exposed (Aviation fuel dispenser,  airport ground crew
             worker, plumber)

             LOW SUSPECTED OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

    16       Other unexposed occupation
    20       Retired/disabled
    21       Unemployed
    22       Housewife/Househusband
    23       Full-time student
                                  43

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shown in Table 18 for the age-eligible sample members (Age ^> 7).  The occu-
pational categories were collapsed to two levels of suspected occupational
exposure (High and Low) and encoded as follows:

               1 if high suspected occupational exposure,
     EXPOSE =
               2 if low suspected occupational exposure,

where the high and low suspected occupational exposure categories are defined
as shown in Tables 17 and 18.  Also, individuals for whom the occupation code
was missing after manual editing of the screening data were placed in the low
suspected occupational exposure category.
     Preliminary analysis of the Phase II TEAM data indicated that suspected
occupational exposure was the most important stratification variable when
selecting people for personal exposure and body-burden monitoring.  Hence, the
two-level exposure variable, EXPOSE, was used for explicit stratification of
the Phase III TEAM samples so that individuals with high suspected occupational
exposure could be oversampled.  As shown in Tables 19 and 20, a sample of 40
individuls with high suspected occupational exposure was selected for each
Phase III study area.  In addition, 150 individuals with low suspected occupa-
tional exposure were selected for the Los Angeles study, and 81 for the
Antioch/Pittsburg study.  These sample sizes were then allocated to the sample
segments (first stage units selected into the sample) so that an independent
third stage sample could be selected within each first stage unit.  This
independent selection of third stage sample units within different first stage
units results in a nested sample design which facilitates variance estimation.
The software for estimation of sampling variances for estimates based upon a
complex sample survey often assumes a nested sample survey design.
     The sample size for the k-th explicit person-level stratum (k=l for high
suspected occupational exposure; k=2 for low suspected occupational exposure)
was allocated to the sample segments in proportion to a measure of the size of
the segment for the k-th stratum.  The size measure for Los Angeles sample
segments was the number of age-eligible (Age >_ 7) screener respondents belong-
ing to the stratum.  For the Antioch/Pittsburg sample, the size measure was
the weighted estimate of the number of target population members belonging to
                                     44

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          TABLE 18.  FREQUENCIES FOR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE CATEGORIES
Codea
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
24
25
26
16
20
21
22
23
TOTAL
Eligibles Screened
Suspected Exposure
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low

Los Angeles
19
7
34
2
7
8
2
13
0
1
10
5
13
1
34
20
22
1
12
1598
231
93
269
230
2632
Antioch/Pittsburg
7
3
19
0
21
20
2
0
1
6
5
2
11
2
27
15
5
0
5
771
76
51
132
108
1289
aSee Table 17.
                                     45

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         TABLE 19.   ALLOCATION OF THE LOS ANGELES FIRST SEASON SAMPLE TO
                         "  STRATA AND SAMPLE SEGMENTS
Segment
Number
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
EXPOSE=HIGH
Screened
4
9
5
8
13
7
8
7
7
8
6
5
1
6
13
7
3
11
13
8
10
13
16
17
5
Sampled
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
0
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
1
EXPOSE=LOW
Screened
70
76
95
80
103
122
115
66
82
96
109
48
75
71
113
94
84
55
142
134
138
76
145
132
101
Sampled
5
4
6
5
6
8
7
4
5
6
6
3
5
5
7
6
5
4
9
8
8
4
9
8
7
TOTAL
Screened
74
85
100
88
116
129
123
73
89
104
115
53
76
77
126
101
87
66
155
142
148
89
161
149
106
Sampled
6
6
7
6
9
9
8
5
6
8
7
4
5
6
10
7
6
6
11
10
10
7
11
12
8
TOTAL
210
40
2422
150
2632
190
                                      46

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         TABLE 20.  ALLOCATION OF THE ANTIOCH/PITTSBURG SAMPLE TO STRATA
                               AND SAMPLE SEGMENTS
Segment
Number
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
EXPOSE=HIGH
Screened
17
18
33
18
11
9
7
15
12
11
Sampled
3
4
12
5
2
2
2
4
3
3
EXPOSE=LOW
-Screened
119
152
144
120
115
83
144
116
71
74
Sampled
7
10
16
8
7
6-
10
7
5
5
TOTAL
Screened
136
170
177
138
126
92
151
131
83
85
Sampled
10
14
28
13
9
8
12
11
8
8
TOTAL
151
40
1138
81
1289
121
                                      47

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the k-th stratum of the segment based on the housing unit weights adjusted for
nonresponse.  These size measures were used to facilitate equal overall selec-
tion probabilities for the members of each stratum.   The size measure used for
the Antioch/Pittsburg sample was considered most appropriate for this purpose
but could not be used for the Los Angeles sample because there was not suffi-
cient time between the household screening and selection of people for moni-
toring to compute the Los Angeles nonresponse-adjusted household screening
weights.  The proportional allocations were randomly rounded to integral
values so that the exact proportional allocations were achieved in expecta-
tion.  The resulting allocation of the stratum sample sizes to the sample
segments is shown in Tables 19 and 20 for the Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg
samples, respectively.
     Given the allocation of stratum sample sizes to segments shown in Tables
19 and 20, independent sample was selected from the age-eligible individuals
screened in each stratum within each segment.  For each segment, a sequential
sample selection algorithm (1,2) was used to select an equal probability
sample from the age-eligible individuals screened for each stratum.  The
sampling frame for each stratum within each segment was serpentine ordered by
the variables SMOKE, AGE, and SEX, as shown in Table 21.  Sequential selection
of the sample from this ordered sampling frame resulted in proportional alloca-
tion of the sample to the implicit strata defined by levels of the ordering
variables.  This implicit stratification helped to insure selection of a
representative sample with respect to the implicit stratification variables.
     The Los Angeles sample was fielded in two waves to insure coming as close
as possible to the desired 125 participants.  Careful control of the sample
size was considered necessary for two reasons.  First, the expense of chemical
analyses precluded going much over the target sample size.  Second, as large a
sample as possible was needed to maximize the precision of survey statistics.
     The Antioch/Pittsburg sample was fielded in a single wave because of time
constraints.  Based on previous field experience with the TEAM sampling proce-
dures, the sample fielded was expected to yield the desired 75 participants.
SECOND SEASON SAMPLE OF PERSONS SELECTED FOR MONITORING
     A sample of 81 of the 117 first season Los Angeles participants for whom
personal exposure and body-burden data were collected was selected for a
                                     48

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TABLE 21.  SERPENTINE FRAME ORDERING FOR SELECTION OF
               PEOPLE FOR MONITORING
Smoke
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Age
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
Sex
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
                       49

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second season of monitoring.   All 22 first season participants in the high
suspected occupational exposure stratum were selected into the second season
sample because of special interest in this stratum.   A sample of 59 first
season participants from the low suspected occupational exposure stratum was
allocated to the sample segments so that independent samples could be selected
within the sample segments, preserving the nested structure of the sample
survey design.
     The low suspected exposure stratum sample size  of 59 was allocated to the
segments in proportion to the number of age-eligible stratum members screened
in the segment, subject to the restriction that the  allocation to a segment
not exceed the number of first season stratum participants in the segment.
The proportional allocations were randomly rounded to achieve exactly propor-
tional allocation in expectation.  The resulting allocations are presented in
Table 22.  These allocations facilitated equal initial second season sampling
weights when segments were used as the weighting classes for first season
nonresponse adjustments.
     Given the allocation of the low suspected exposure stratum sample size to
segments shown in Table 22, an independent sample of low suspected exposure
stratum first season participants was selected within each segment.  For each
segment, a sequential sample selection algorithm (1,2) was used to select an
equal probability sample from the first season low suspected exposure stratum
participants.
     The first season implicit stratification variables, SMOKE, AGE, and SEX,
were not used to stratify the second season sample.   The low suspected expo-
sure stratum sample sizes allocated to the segments  were so small that no fur-
ther stratification could be accomplished.
OVERVIEW OF SAMPLE SURVEY WEIGHTING
     Probability sampling methods are used in sample surveys so that the data
can be used to make inferences regarding the target  population.  To achieve
this objective, sampling weights are computed which reflect the procedures
used for sample selection.  The weight of a sample unit can be interpreted as
the number of units in the target population that the sample unit represents.
The initial sampling weight for a unit is usually calculated as the reciprocal
of the probability of selection of the unit or the expected frequency of
                                     50

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       TABLE 22.   ALLOCATION OF THE LOS ANGELES SECOND SEASON SAMPLE TO
                           STRATA AND SAMPLE SEGMENTS
Segment
Number
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
TOTAL
EXPOSE=HJGH
Frame
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
22
Sampled
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
22
EXPOSE=LOW
a
Frame
3
3
3
4
4
8
4
2
3
4
4
2
2
5
3
5
3
2
4
5
7
3
6
2
4
95
Sampled
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
3
2
2
1
3
4
3
2
4
2
2
59
TOTAL
Frame
4
3
4
5
5
8
5
2
3
5
4
3
2
6
5
6
3
3
5
6
9
4
8
4
5
117
Sampled
3
2
3
3
3
3
4
2
2
4
3
2
2
3
5
3
2
2
4
5
5
3
6
4
3
81
Number of first season respondents.
                                      51

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selection when sampling with replacement.   This initial sampling weight is
usually adjusted in later steps to reduce  the potential bias caused by non-
response.  The final analysis weights,  adjusted sampling weights, serve to
differentially weight the data to reflect  the level of disproportionality in
the final sample relative to the population of interest.
     Both initial sampling weights and adjusted analysis weights have been
computed for the Phase III TEAM samples.   The first season samples for the Los
Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg study areas  were affected by two levels of
nonresponse:  household-level nonresponse  to the household screening survey
and person-level nonresponse by individuals selected for personal exposure and
body-burden monitoring.  The sampling weights have been adjusted to reduce the
potential bias due to each of these sources of nonresponse.  In addition, the
sampling weights for the second season sample for the Los Angeles study area
have been adjusted to reduce the potential bias due to nonresponse of people
selected for a second season of personal exposure and body-burden monitoring.
INITIAL SAMPLE SURVEY WEIGHTS
First Stage Sample of Area Segments
     The first stage sampling units (FSUs) for the Phase III TEAM study areas
were geographic areas defined by U.S. Bureau of the Census geographic vari-
ables (i.e., Census blocks and/or combinations thereof).  For each study site
a stratified sample of FSUs was selected with probabilities proportional to
size using a sequential minimum probability replacement sample selection
procedure (1,2).  For each sample, the FSU size measure was the 1980 Census
count of occupied housing units.  Six explicit strata were used for the Los
Angeles area sample, and four explicit strata were used for the sample for the
Antioch/Pittsburg study area.
     The strata and sampling units for the Phase III first stage samples can be
represented by the following indices:
     1.   Let h=l,2,...H denote the explicit strata for the first stage sample
          (H=6 for the Los Angeles study site; H=4 for the Antioch/Pittsburg
          study site).
     2.   Let i=l,2,...,N(h) denote all first stage units (FSUs) on the sam-
          pling frame for stratum h.
                                     52

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A sample of n  FSUs was allocated to the strata (n  = 25 for Los Angeles;
n  = 10 for Antioch/Pittsburg) in proportion to the stratum sizes as measured
by the 1980 Census count of occupied housing units in the stratum.  This
proportional allocation was randomly rounded so that the exact proportonal
allocation was achieved in expectation.  Hence, the expected value of the
number of selections, n.. (h), allocated to stratum h is given by

                   N(h)          H  N(h)
     E[n (h)] = n   I  S(h,i) /  I   I  S(h,i),                       (1)
                   i=l          h=l i=l
where S(h,i) is the size measure (1980 Census count of occupied housing units)
for the i-th FSU in stratum h.
     Within each stratum h, a sequential minimum probability replacement algo-
rithm (1,2) was used to make n1(h) FSU selections with probabilities propor-
tional to size.  Hence, the conditional expected number of selections, m(h,i),
of the i-th FSU in stratum h, given the stratum h allocation, n1(h), is given
by
                                      N(h)
     E[m(h,i) n (h)] = n (h) S(h,i) /  I  S(h,i).                     (2)
                                      i=l
Therefore, the unconditional expected number of selections of the i-th FSU in
stratum h is given by

     E[m(h,i)] = E{E[m(h,i) n^h)]}
                              H  N(h)
               = n  S(h,i) /  I   1  S(h,i).                          (3)
                             h=l i=l
     However, two FSUs in the sample for the Antioch/Pittsburg study area were
found to contain considerably more housing units than indicated by the 1980
Census count.  These two sample FSUs, or sample segments, were divided into
subsegments that each contained at least 65 housing units based upon a quick
field count of the housing units.  One subsegment was then selected within
each segment with probability proportional to size as measured by the field
count of housing units.  The affected segments were the segments numbered'202
and 203.  The numbers of housing units counted for the complete segments were
665 and 4l6 for segments 202 and 203, respectively.  The numbers of housing
                                     53

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units counted for the subsegments selected into the sample were 79 and 110 for
segments 202 and 203, respectively.   Selection of subsegments was technically
an additional stage within the first stage sample selection process.  Hence,
the unconditional expected value of the number, m (h,i), of selections of the
i-th ultimate FSU (segment or subsegment) in stratum h is the product of the
expected number of selections of the i-th original frame unit given by equa-
tion (3) times the subsegment selection probability.  That is, the uncondi-
tional expected value of the number, m (h,i), of selections of the i-th ulti-
mate FSU in stratum h is given by

                                      H  N(h)
     E[m (h,i)] = n. P(h,i) S(h,i) /  I   I  S(h,i),                  (4)
        u          L                 h=l i=l
where
                  79/665 for segment 202,
                 110/416 for segment 203,
                    1    otherwise.

     Since the FSUs were selected with replacement, the initial sampling
weight for each (ultimate) sample FSU is the reciprocal of the expected fre-
quency of selection of the FSU given by equation (4).  Hence, the initial
sampling weight for the i-th FSU selected from stratum h is given by

                H  N(h)
     W.Ch.i) =11  S(h,i) / n  P(h,i) S(h,i),                     (5)
      1        h=l i=l
where P(h,i) is the subsegment selection probability for the Phase II TEAM
samples as defined for equation (4).
Second Stage Sample of Housing Units
     The second stage of sampling for each Phase III TEAM sample was selection
of a sample of housing units from each FSU selected into the sample, i.e.,
each sample segment.  Selection of the sample housing units was facilitated by
listing all housing units in each sample segment.  A sample of n_ housing unit
listings was then allocated to the segments  (n_ = 1250 for Los Angeles;
n? = 600 for Antioch/Pittsburg) in proportion to the product of the number,
                                     54

-------
M(h,i), of housing units listed for the segment multiplied by the first stage
sampling weight for the segment given by equation (5).
     This allocation process was necessarily subject to the restriction that
the allocation to the i-th FSU in stratum h not exceed the number, M(h,i), of
housing units listed for stratum h in the i-th segment.  For the two Antioch/
Pittsburg sample segments that had to be subsegmented (segments 202 and 203),
this restriction resulted in the allocation to these segments being fixed at
the number of listed housing units, M(h,i).  The remainder of the Antioch/
Pittsburg sample (405 sample housing unit listings) was then proportionally
allocated to the other sample segments for this study area.
     The proportional allocations of the Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg
housing unit sample sizes to the sample segments were randomly rounded to
integral values to achieve allocations exactly proportional to the product of
M(h,i) and the sampling weight given by equation (5).  Hence, the expected
value of the number, n (h,i), of sample housing units to be selected from the
i-th FSU of stratum h is given by

                    M(h,i)                       for segments 202 and 203,

                  / n2F
     E[n2(h,i)] = < -j£	   otherwise,           (6)
                     I   I   [M(h,i) / S(h,i)]
                    h=l ieSlp
                    *
where n   is the housing unit sample size that was proportionally allocated
(n   = 1250 for Los Angeles; n p = 405 for Antioch/Pittsburg), and S p denotes
the set of first stage units to which the sample size n p was proportionally
allocated.  For Los Angeles, S   includes all 25 sample segments.  However,
S   contains all segments in the Antioch/Pittsburg sample except the two
segments that had to be subsegmented (segments 202 and 203).
     Given the number, n_(h,i), of housing units to be selected from the i-th
FSU of stratum h, the requisite number of housing units was selected from the
M(h,i) housing unit listings with equal probabilities using a sequential
sample selection algorithm (1,2).  The conditional probability of selecting
the j-th housing unit listing within the i-th FSU of stratum h, given that the
FSU was in the first stage sample (i.e., ieS ), is then given by
                                     55

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     P2(h,i,jlieS1) = E[n2(h,i)]

               1
          = <
                            for segments 202 and
                            203,
                                         (7)
                              H
               n2p / (S(h,i)  Z   I   [M(h,i) / S(h,i)]} otherwise.
                             h=l ii
Combining this result with the expected frequency of selection of the i-th FSU

into the first stage sample, given by equation (5), the unconditional prob-

ability of selection of the j-th housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h is

given by

                                       H  N(h)
                    n  P(h,i) S(h,i) /I   I  S(h,i) for segments 202 and 203,
                     1                h=l i=l

                                                                      (8)
                              H  N(h)           H
                    n n   / [ I   I   S(h,i)] { I   I   [M(h,i) / S(h,i)]}
                     J- ^-t    .,	^  ,	^            |	n _, ^f^
                                                      'IP

                                                     otherwise.
h=l i=
h=l ieS,
     The initial sampling weight for a household is the reciprocal of the

probability of selection, given by equation (8).  Hence, the initial sampling

weight for the j-th sample housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h is given
by

                H N(h)
                I   I  S(h,i) / [n  P(h,i) S(h,i)] for segments 202 and 203,
               h=l i=l
                                                                       (9)
                H  N(h)          H
              [ I   I  S(h,i)] { I   I   [M(h,i) / S(h,i)]} / [n  n  ]
               h=l i=l          h=l ieSlp
                                                   otherwise.


It is important to note that this initial sampling weight is identically the

same for all sample housing units within segments receiving a proportional

allocation of the housing unit sample.  Therefore, all housing units in the

Los Angeles sample have identically the same sampling weight.  For the Antioch/
Pittsburg sample all sample housing units except those in segments 202 and 203
                                     56

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receive exactly the same sampling weight.  Such equally weighted samples
achieve maximum possible precision for sample statistics, given other features
of the sample survey design.
First Season Sample of Persons Selected for Monitoring
     Data collected during the household screening interviews were used to
stratify the third stage sample o-f individuals selected for personal exposure
and body-burden monitoring.  Potential for occupational exposure was used to
define two explicit strata for the Phase III TEAM samples:  (1) high suspected
occupational exposure, and (2) low suspected occupational exposure.  The
person-level strata and sampling units for the the Phase III third-stage sam-
ples can be represented by the following indices:
     1.   Let k = 1,2 denote the two occupational exposure strata (1 = high,
          2 = low).
     2.   Let £ = 1,2,...,N(h,i,j,k) denote the members of stratum k for whom
          screening data were collected in the j-th housing unit of the i-th
          FSU in stratum h.
     A sample of n~(k) individuals was selected from the age-eligible members
of stratum k for personal exposure monitoring.  This sample size was allocated
to the i-th sample FSU in proportion to a measure, S_(h,i,k), of the stratum k
                                                    J
size of the i-th FSU in stratum h.  For the Los Angeles sample, this size
measure was the number,  N«(h,i,k), of age-eligible members of stratum k that
were successfully screened in the i-th FSU of stratum h.  For the Antioch/
Pittsburg sample, the size measure was the weighted estimate of the number of
target population members belonging to the k-th stratum of the i-th FSU in
stratum h based on the housing unit weights adjusted for nonresponse.  Hence,
the size measure used for allocation of the stratum k sample size, n«(k), to
                                                                    o
the i-th FSU of stratum h was
     S3
!N~(h,i,k)           for Los Angeles,
 J                                                (10)
W (h,i,j) N (h,i,k) for Antioch/Pittsburg,
where VL is defined in equation (16).
     The proportional allocation of the stratum k sample size, n_(k), was
randomly rounded so that the exact proportional allocation was achieved in
expectation.  Hence, the expected value of the number of stratum k selections,
n_(h,i,k), to be allocated to the i-th FSU of stratum h was given by
                                     57

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     E[n3(h,i,k)] =
             H
S (h,i,k) /  Z   Z  S (h,i,k),
            h=l ieS
                                                                      (ID
where S. is the set of FSUs in the first stage sample.   The conditional prob-
ability of selection of the £-th member of stratum k who belongs to the j-th
housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h, given that the i-th FSU was in the
sample (i.e., ieS ) and screening data were collected for the j-th housing
unit (i.e., j£R ), is then given by

     P3(h,u,j,k,£lieS1,jeR2) = E[n3(h,i,k)]/N3(h,i,k)
                   H
                                                  for Los Angeles,
                                                                      (12)
          n (k) /  Z   Z  N (h,i,k)
                  h=l ieSj
                             H
          n3(k) W5(h,i,j) /  Z   Z  W5(h,i,j)  N3(h,i,k)
                            h=l ieS                for Antioch/Pittsburg.

     The reciprocal of the probability of selection given by equation (12) is
the third stage weight component.  Hence, the  third stage weight component for
the first season sample is given by
W3(h,i,j,k,£lieS1,jeR2) =
                             H
                             Z   Z  N (h,i,k) / n^(k)  for Los Angeles,
                            h=l ir"  J           d
                                                                      (13)
                             H
                             Z   Z  W (h,i,j) N (h,i,k) / [n (k) W (h,i,j)]
                            h=l i£S1 3         *            J     5
                           V.                           for Antioch/Pittsburg.
Since the third stage sample of people selected for personal exposure and
body-burden monitoring was a subsample of the respondents to the second stage
household screening survey, the initial sampling weight for the individuals
selected for personal exposure monitoring is the product of the third stage
weight component given by equation (13) and the second stage weight given by
equation (9) after adjusting for second stage nonresponse to the household
screening survey.
                                     58

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Second Season Sample of Persons to be Monitored
     A subsample of the Los Angeles area first season respondents for whom
personal exposure and body-burden data were collected was selected for a
second season of personal exposure and body-burden monitoring.  All 22 first
season participants in the high suspected occupational exposure stratum were
selected into the second season sample.  For the low suspected occupational
exposure stratum, a sample of size 59 was allocated to the segments in propor-
tion to the number of first season exposure stratum participants in the seg-
ment.  This proportional allocation was randomly rounded.  Therefore, the
exact proportional allocation could have been used as the basis for weighting
the second season sample.  However, this weighting procedure would have caused
the estimated size of the first season target population based upon the second
season sample members to differ slightly from that based upon the first season
participants.  Hence, the rounded second season sample allocations to the
segments were used to define the second season weight components.
     Given the stratum k sample size allocated to the i-th FSU of stratum h,
the conditional probability of selection of the £-th member of stratum k who
belonged to the j-th housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h (given that the
i-th FSU was in the sample, the j-th housing unit responded to the screening
survey, and the £-th individual was a first season respondent (i.e., JfceR_) is
given by
     P4(h,i,j,k,£|ieS1,jeR2,keR3) = n^Ch.i.k) / N4(h,i,k),            (14)

where     n,(h,i,k) = Stratum k second season sample size allocated to the
                      i-th FSU of stratum h,
          N,(h,i,k) = Total number of stratum k members of the i-th FSU of
                      stratum h for whom personal exposure and body-burden
                      data were collected during the first season of moni-
                      toring.
     The reciprocal of the conditional probability of selection given by
equation (14) is the second season weight component.  Hence, the second season
weight component is
     W4(h,i,j,k,£ | ieS1, jeR2, H&R^ = N4(h,i,k) / n4(h,i,k).        (15)
of course, this second season weight component is identically unity for the
high suspected occupational exposure stratum (k = 1) for which all first
                                     59

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season participants were selected into the second season sample.   Since the
second season sample was a subsample of the first season participants, the
initial second season sampling weight was calculated as the product of the
second season weight component given by equation (15) and the nonresponse-
adjusted first season weight.
ADJUSTED ANALYSIS WEIGHTS
     Initial sampling weights  are usually adjusted to reduce the  potential
bias due to nonresponse.  There are two types of weight adjustment procedures
that are commonly employed:  (1) Post-stratification adjustments  and (2)
Weighting class adjustments.   The properties of each of these procedures will
be described briefly.  Their application for TEAM nonresponse adjustments will
then be discussed.
     The two types of nonresponse adjustment procedures share many common
features.  The basic concept of each is to adjust the sampling weights of the
survey respondents so that they sum to specified totals.  Both procedures
require that the respondents be classified uniquely into categories or cells
such that the respondents are representative of the entire target population
within cells with respect to survey responses and/or propensity to respond.
Thus, preliminary data analysis can indicate which variables are  useful for
defining these cells.  For person-level adjustments, the variables age, race,
and sex are often useful for defining these cells.  Smoking status and poten-
tial for occupational exposure may also be useful for the TEAM study.
     The weight adjustment cells for both post-stratification and weighting
class nonresponse adjustments are usually required to contain a minimum of 20
respondents, as a rough rule-of-thumb.  This minimum number of respondents is
needed because the weight adjustments use the sample members in each weight
adjustment cell to estimate the number of population members in the cell.
These estimates would be very unstable, which would produce unstable adjust-
ment factors and decrease the precision of survey statistics, if  smaller
numbers of respondents were generally allowed to represent the weight adjust-
ment cells.
     The post-stratification adjustment of sampling weights is based upon
population totals for the weighting cells or post-strata.  These  cell totals
are assumed to be known essentially without sampling error.  The  sum of the
                                     60

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unadjusted sampling weights for all sample members of a post-stratum, both
responding and nonresponding, is an unbiased estimate of the number of members
of the population that belong to the post-stratum.  Suppose that the number of
members of the population that belong to the post-stratum is, in fact, known.
The idea of the post-stratification procedure is then to multiply the sampling
weight of each sample respondent in the post-stratum by a common factor so
that the sum of the sampling weights for the survey respondents is precisely
the known number of population members belonging to the post-stratum.  If the
known population totals are based upon a source that has better coverage of
the target population than does the sampling frame, this procedure simulta-
neously reduces the bias due to both undercoverage of the target population by
the sampling frame and nonresponse of sample members.
     The weighting-class adjustment for nonresponse is identical to the post-
stratification adjustment procedure except that estimated population cell
totals are used, rather than essentially known population totals.  If the
survey respondents and nonrespondents can both be classified into weighting-
class cells, the sum of the unadjusted sampling weights for both the cell
respondents and nonrespondents provides an estimate of the number of individ-
uals in the target population that belong to the cell.  This estimated post-
stratum population size can then be used in place of the essentially known
post-stratum size to reduce the bias resulting from nonresponse.
     Nonresponse occurred at two levels for the TEAM first season samples.
Some eligible housing units failed to respond to the household screener.
Second, some of the individuals selected for personal exposure and body-burden
monitoring did not participate.  Weighting class adjustment procedures were
used to compensate for household nonresponse to the screening interview and
again to adjust for nonresponse of individuals selected for personal exposure
and body-burden monitoring.
Household Screener Response
     The total numbers of housing unit listings selected into the Phase III
TEAM samples, including missed housing units, were:  1,260 for the Los Angeles
study site and 604 for the Antioch/Pittsburg study site.  The distribution of
the final household screening status for these sample listings is presented in
Table 23.  Some of the sample listings were classified as ineligible due to
                                     61

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                    TABLE 23.  HOUSEHOLD  SCREENING RESULTS
          Final Results
                                                Frequency
Los Angeles
Antioch/Pittsburg
Ineligible Unit

  Vacant
  Not a Housing Unit
  Temporary/Vacation Home

Eligible Unit

  Refusal
  No One Home
  Language Barrier
  Other
  Screening Completed

TOTAL
     41

     32
      6
      3

   1219

    100
     44
      5
      7
   1063

   1260
      43

      27
      15
       1

     561

      41
      17
       1
       0
     502

     604
                                      62

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being vacant, nonresideritial, or not a permanent residence.  Household screen-
ing data were collected for 1,063 of the 1,219 eligible housing units in Los
Angeles and for 502 of the 561 eligible housing units in the Antioch/Pittsburg
sample.  Therefore, the household response rates were 87.2 percent for the Los
Angeles study area and 89.5 percent for the Antioch/Pittsburg study area.
Adjustment for Nonresponse of Households Selected for Screening
     Post-stratification of the initial housing unit weights to counts of per-
sons or housing units in the target areas based upon the 1980 Decennial Census
was considered but rejected.  The main reason that such post-stratification
was not implemented is that the Phase III TEAM surveys were conducted four
years after the Decennial Census.  It is likely that the populations of the
target areas, especially the Antioch/Pittsburg area, increased during those
four years.  Hence, the Census data could best be used as a benchmark for
comparison.  Moreover, the appropriate Census data are not available in pub-
lished form because the definitions of the target areas were based upon Census
tracts and Census blocks, not Census Places alone.
     The sample segments, i.e., sample first stage units (FSUs), were defined
to be weighting classes for the housing unit nonresponse adjustment.  It can
be seen from Tables 24 and 25 for the Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg study
sites, respectively, that the number of responding housing units exceeded 30
in every sample segment and the response rate varied considerably between
segments.  Hence, the sample segments were ideal weighting classes.
     Since the initial housing unit weight given by equation (9) was identi-
cally the same for all sample housing units within a sample segment, the
weight adjustment factor for each segment was simply the ratio of the number of
eligible sample housing units in the segment divided by the number of respond-
ing housing units in the segment.  Hence, the adjusted analysis weight for the
j-th sample housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h is given by
                           ne(h,i) / nr(h,i),                        (16)
where
     n (h,i) = Number of eligible sample housing units in the i-th FSU
               of stratum h, and
     n (h,i) = Number of responding housing units in the i-th FSU of
               stratum h.
                                     63

-------
The analysis weights given by equation (16) and the factors thereof are dis-
played in Tables 24 and 25 for the Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg samples,
respectively.  These analysis weights should be used for all analysis of
household screening data, both household-level data and person-level data.
These weights were also used for development of the sampling weights for
individuals selected for personal exposure and body-burden monitoring because
they were necessarily selected from the members of responding households.
Response of Persons Selected for First Season Monitoring
     A total of 311 people was selected for personal exposure and body-burden
monitoring in the Phase III TEAM studies:  190 for the Los Angeles study area
and 121 for Antioch/Pittsburg.  The distribution of the final monitoring
status for these sample subjects is shown in Table 26.  For the purposes of
computing nonresponse adjustments and response rates, all sample members are
regarded as eligible for the survey except those who moved out of the target
area and those who were never in the target area during the time that monitor-
ing was conducted.  The few sample members who were physically or mentally
unable to participate were treated as survey-eligible so that such individuals
would not be excluded from the target population.  Those sample members who
could not be contacted after five or more attempts were also treated as eligi-
ble for the survey because a major effort had been made to identify and pro-
perly classify individuals who were not in the target area during the monitor-
ing phase of the study, soliciting information from neighbors if necessary.
     Since personal exposure and body-burden data were collected for 117 of
182 eligible members of the Los Angeles sample and 71 of 111 eligible members
of the Antioch/Pittsburg sample, the person-level response rate was 64.3
percent for Los Angeles and 64.0 percent for Antioch/Pittsburg.  Multiplying
these person-level response rates by the household screening response rates of
87.2 percent and 89.5 percent produces overall response rates of 56.1 percent
and 57.3 percent for the Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg study areas, re-
spectively.
     These response rates are reasonably good for studies that monitor per-
sonal exposure and body-burden because such studies have an unusually high
respondent burden.  Nonresponse produces bias in the results of monitoring
studies to the extent that exposure levels are related to whether or not a
                                       64

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          TABLE 24.  WEIGHTING CLASSES FOR LOS ANGELES SCREENER WEIGHTS
Segment
Number
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Initial Eligible
Weight Housing Units
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
126.052
50
40
49
53
48
52
49
43
59
48
48
50
47
51
49
49
51
47
46
49
45
48
48
52
48
Responding Adjustment
Housing Units Factor
42
37
44
46
45
51
46
37
52
37
40
34
37
42
43
45
44
37
45
45
44
40
45
46
39
1.1905
1.0811
1.1136
1.1522
1.0667
1.0196
1.0652
1.1622
1.1346
1.2973
1.2000
1.4706
1.2703
1.2143
1.1395
1 . 0889
1.1591
1.2703
1.0222
1.0889
1.0227
1.2000
1.0667
1.1304
1.2308
Final
Weight0
150.061
136.272
140.376
145.233
134.455
128.523
134.272
146.492
143.020
163.526
151.262
185.370
160.120
153.063
143.640
137.256
146.105
160.120
128.853
137.256
128.916
151.262
134.455
142.493
155.140
 See Equation (9).

 Ratio of eligible  housing unit count divided by responding housing unit count.
p
 See Equation (16).
                                     65

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     TABLE  25.  WEIGHTING  CLASSES FOR ANTIOCH/PITTSBURG  SCREENER WEIGHTS
Segment
Number
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
Initial Eligible
Weight Housing Units
62.148
72.925
102.092
62.148
62.148
62.148
62.148
62.148
62.148
62.148
51
75
99
55
46
47
53
45
45
45
Responding Adjustment
Housing Units Factor
50
74
87
48
43
37
46
43
35
40
1.0200
1.0135
1.1379
1.1458
1.0698
1.2703
1.1522
1.0465
1.2857
1.1250
Final
Weight0
63.391
73.911
116.174
71.211
66.484
78.945
71.605
65.038
79.904
69.916
 See Equation (9).
 Ratio of eligible  housing unit count divided by responding housing unit count.
CSee Equation (16).
                                     66

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67

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person is willing to participate in the study.   Hence, the effect of high
nonresponse may not be as severe for a monitoring study as it would be for a
study that measures personal attitudes and opinions.   Moreover, nonresponse
weight adjustments reduce this potential bias to the extent that respondents
and nonrespondents are more alike within weighting classes than in the overall
population.
Adjustment for Nonresponse of Persons Selected for First Season Monitoring
     Since the sample of persons selected for the first season of personal
exposure and body-burden monitoring was a subsample of the household screener
respondents, the initial sampling weights for the persons selected for per-
sonal exposure and body-burden monitoring are the product of the screener
weights adjusted for household nonresponse, given by equation (16), and the
person-level weight component, given by equation (13).  In order to simplify
the notation, the j-th housing unit in the i-th FSU of stratum h will be
referred to henceforth as the hij-th housing unit.  Likewise, the A-th sample
subject selected from person-level stratum k will be referred to as the k£-th
sample subject.  Hence, the initial sampling weight for the kJH-th sample
subject selected from the hij-th housing unit can be expressed as
     W6(hij,k£) =
            H
 W (h,i,j)  I   I  N (h,i,k) / n~(k) for Los Angeles,
           h=l i£S  J
                                                  (17)
 H
 I   I   W,.(h,i,j) N^(h,i,k) / n^(k) for Antioch/Pittsburg,
h=l ii
from equations (13) and (16).  The advantage of the sample size allocation
procedure used for the Antioch/Pittsburg study area is apparent in this result.
In particular, there are only two distinct initial person-level sampling
weights for the Antioch/Pittsburg sample:  one for the high suspected occu-
pational exposure stratum (k=l) and one for the low suspected occupational
exposure stratum (k=2).  The initial person-level weights for the Los Angeles
sample are nonetheless approximately equal within each stratum.  The final
person-level analysis weights were computed by adjusting the initial weights
given by equation (14) to compensate for the potential bias due to nonresponse
of individuals selected for monitoring.
                                      68

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     Because of the nature of the definition of the target population for the
TEAM Phase III studies, it was not possible to obtain an independent estimate
of the population size, e.g., from the U.S. Bureau of the Census.  Hence, a
weighting class nonresponse adjustment procedure was used instead of post-
stratification.  Use of weighting class adjustment procedures requires that
every respondent and nonrespondent be classified into a unique weighting
class.  The population members of a weighting class should be relatively
homogeneous with respect to response variables and/or propensity to respond.
Moreover, each weighting class should generally contain 20 or more respon-
dents.  These criteria were used to define first season nonresponse weighting
classes shown in Tables 27 and 28 for the Los Angeles and Antioch/Pittsburg
study areas, respectively.
     Response rate differentials were considered for many potential weighting
classes based upon suspected occupational exposure, first stage geographic
strata, respondent age, and respondent sex.  The weighting classes shown in
Tables 27 and 28 were chosen to maximize the response rate differential between
strata subject to the constraint of having at least 20 respondents per weighting
class.  In general, the index r, where
     r = 1,2,...,R,
will be used to denote the weighting classes for each sample site (R=5 for the
Los Angeles study site; R=3 for the Antioch/Pittsburg study site).
     Computation of the weighting class nonresponse adjustment factors was
facilitated by defining indicators of response and eligibility status for all
sample members.  These indicators were defined in terms of the Final Status
Coded (FSCs) shown in Table 26 for the first season samples.  The indicator of
respondents for whom both personal exposure and body-burden data were collec-
ted was defined for the k£_th sample member from the hij-th housing unit as
follows:
                    !1 if FSC =111 for the k£-th person,
                                                                     (18)
                    0 otherwise.
Analyses that involve only questionnaire data can be based on the larger set
of all sample members who responded to the study questionnaire, irrespective
of whether or not monitoring data were successfully collected.  The indicator
variable that identifies all respondents for whom questionnaire data were
                                     69

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collected was defined for the k£-th sample  member  from the  hij-th housing unit
as
                  •r
                   (0 o
                      if FSC = 111 or 112 for the k£-th person,
     I   (hij,k£) =<                                                 (19)
       32          (0 otherwise.
     As discussed earlier, sample members who had moved out of the target  area
or were never in the target area  during the time period when monitoring was
being conducted were classified as ineligible for the study because they were
no longer target population members.   All other sample members were treated as
survey-eligible for computation of nonresponse adjustments and response rates.
The indicator of eligible sample  members was defined for the k£-th sample
member from the hij-th housing unit as follows:

                    !1 if FSC ^ 150, 160, or 170 for the k£-th person,
                                                                     (20)
                    0 otherwise.
     The weighting class nonresponse adjustment procedure ratio adjusts the
weights of the sample respondents so that they sum to a sample estimate of the
number of population members in each weighting class.  For the Phase II first
season TEAM samples the number of population members belonging to weighting
class r was estimated as

     N(r) = Ir W6(hij,k£) I£(hij,k£),                                 (21)
where 2  denotes summation over all sample members who belong to the r-th
weighting class, and W- is the initial weight for sample members given by
equation (17).
     The weighting class ratio adjustment factor was computed for the parti-
cipants for whom personal exposure and body-burden data were collected as
follows:
     A31(r) = N(r) / [Zr Wfi(hij ,kA) IR  (hij,k£)].                    (22)
                                      O i.
Likewise, for all participants for whom study questionnaire data were collected,
the weighting class ratio adjustment factor was computed as
            = N(r) / [Zr W6(hij,k£) IR  (hij,k£)].                    (23)
                                     72

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In each case, the symbol "Z " denotes summation over all sample members who
belong to weighting class r.  Examination of these weight adjustment factors
in Tables 27 and 28 reveals that nonresponse was greatest among the elderly
and those people in the high suspected occupational exposure stratum.
     The weight adjustment factors (22) and (23) were multiplied by the initial
weights given by equation (17) to obtain the analysis weights adjusted for
nonresponse and ineligibility.  The adjusted weights for the kJi-th sample
member from the hij-th housing unit are defined by
                     (W,(hij,k2) A_(r)      if     -.
     W?1(hij,k£,r) =]  b          ^                J1               (24)
                     (o                      otherwise,
                     |W6(hij,k£) A32(r)      if
                                             otherwise,
W79(hij,k£,r) =•[  "          ^                -"•               (25)
 1              to
where R.  is the set of participants for whom personal exposure and body
burden data were collected and R_. is the set of all participants for whom
questionnaire data were collected.  The summation of each set of adjusted
analysis weights, W_  and W_~, over all sample members who belong to weighting
                   / X      / £                              *•
class r is, by definition, the estimated population total, N(r), for that
weighting class.
Truncation and Smoothing of First Season Weights
     After all nonresponse adjustments have been applied to any set of sampling
weights, a few adjusted weights are sometimes much larger than all the others.
The presence of a few extremely large analysis weights can substantially
increase sampling variances and decrease precision of estimates.  Hence, when
there are a few outlier weights, these weights are sometimes truncated (i.e.,
reduced to a value more comparable to the rest of the weights).  The truncation
is usually performed to reduce only the effect of unequal weighting resulting
from nonresponse adjustments, not that resulting from unequal sample selection
probabilities.  Finally, truncated weights must be smoothed (ratio adjusted)
within weighting classes so that the final weights sum to the same estimated
population totals as the adjusted analysis weights.
     The distributions of the adjusted first season person-level weights, W?1
and W  , were examined with regard to the potential need for weight truncation
for each Phase III TEAM sample.  One statistic that is often used to measure
                                     73

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the loss in precision due to the presence of unusually large weights is the
estimated design effect due to unequal weighting.   The design effect for an
estimate is defined as the ratio of the variance of that estimate for the
design employed divided by an estimate of the variance that would have been
achieved by a simple random sample of the same size.   The estimated design
effect due to unequal weighting is typically calculated as
     DEFF =IW2/[n(2W)2],                                   (26)
where W is the analysis weight and n is the number of positive weights in the
summation.  The estimated design effect due to unequal weighting was calcu-
lated for each Phase III sample.
     The estimated unequal weighting design effects for the person-level
analysis weights, W  , were quite small:  1.11 for the Los Angeles area sample
and 1.17 for the Antioch/Pittsburg sample.  These samples were specifically
designed to produce nearly equal analysis weights, and no weight truncation
was needed.  Therefore, the adjusted analysis weights, W?1 and W7_, are the
final person-level analysis weights for the first season samples.  The weight
W71 is used for analyses based on those sample members for whom personal
exposure and body-burden data were collected.  For those analyses based en-
tirely on the study questionnaire data, the analysis weight W7_ may be used;
all participants who provided study questionnaire data, including those for
whom personal exposure data were not collected, would then be used in the
analyses.
     The final Los Angeles weights depended upon both the sample segment (i)
and the weighting class (r).  However, there were only three distinct final
weights for the Antioch/Pittsburg sample; one for each weighting class (r).
The overall unequal weighting design effect was slightly greater, however, for
the Antioch/Pittsburg sample because of a higher rate of oversampling for the
Antioch/Pittsburg high suspected occupational exposure stratum.  This higher
oversampling rate was a direct consequence of the relatively smaller size of
the Antioch/Pittsburg household screening sample.
Response of Persons Selected for Second Season Exposure Monitoring
     A sample of 81 first season participants for whom personal exposure and
body-burden data were collected was selected for a second season of monitoring
in the Los Angeles study area.  The distribution of final monitoring status

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for the second season sample members is shown in Table 29.   For the purposes
of computing nonresponse adjustments and response rates, all sample members
are regarded as eligible for the survey except those who moved out of the
target area and those who were never in the target area during the time period
when second season monitoring was being conducted.
     Personal exposure and body-burden data were collected for 52 of the 76
eligible sample members, which yields a person-level response rate of 68.4
percent for the second season of monitoring.  Multiplying this second season
person-level response rate by the overall first season response rate of 56.1
percent for the Los Angeles study area produces an overall second season
response rate of 38.4 percent.
Adjustment for Nonresponse of Persons Selected for Second Season Monitoring
     Since the second season sample of persons selected for personal exposure
body-burden monitoring was a subsample of the Los Angeles study first season
participants, the initial second season weight was calculated as the product
of the first season weight adjusted for nonresponse and the second season
weight component, given by equation (15).  However, the second season sample
for the low suspected occupational exposure stratum was allocated to the
segments in proportion to the number of age-eligible members of the stratum
that were screened in each segment.  As a result, variability in the initial
second season weights for this stratum were minimized by using segments as
first season weighting classes, rather than the weighting classes shown in
Table 27.  Using segments as weighting classes was advantageous for reducing
nonresponse bias, also, because the response rate varied considerably between
segments.
     Hence, for members of the low suspected occupational exposure stratum, a
special-purpose, nonresponse-adjusted, first season weight was computed.  The
only purpose of this weight was to enable computation of more appropriate and
less variable initial second season sampling weights.  These special-purpose
weights were computed exactly as described above, except that the weighting
classes were indexed by r', where
     r1 = 1, 2, ..., 25,
indexes the sample segments.  Hence, the special purpose first season adjusted
weight for the k£-th sample member from the hij-th housing unit can be ex-
pressed as
                                     75

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                         !W,(hij,kJJ) A. (r1) if k£eR   and EXPOSE=2
                         0        otherwise
where A_ (r!) is defined exactly shown in Equation (22) except that each
summation, Z , over members of the r-th weighting class is replaced by the
summation, Z ,, over members of weighting class r'.
     Hence, the initial second season sampling weight for the k£-th sample
member selected from the hij-th housing unit is given by
                         !W  (hij,k£,l)                       if EXPOSE=1,
                                                                     (28)
                         Wg(hij,kje,r') N4(h,i,k) / n4(h,i,k) if EXPOSE=2,
where W   and W0 are the adjusted first season weights given by equations (24)
       71      o
and (27), respectively.
     The initial second season sampling weight, W , was adjusted for nonres-
ponse and ineligibility of members of the second season sample in exactly the
same way that the initial first season weight, W,, was adjusted to produce the
                                                o
adjusted weight variable, VL-.   Only the definition of the weighting classes
had to be revised for application of this procedure to the second season
weights.
     The second season weighting classes were defined by the two levels of
suspected occupational exposure, as shown in Table 30.  Let the index s, where
     s = 1,2,
denote the second season weighting classes.  The second season person-level
adjusted weights for the k£-th sample member from the hij-th housing unit can
then be expressed as
                         !W (hij,k£,rf) A  (s) if
                                        J1                           (29)
                         0                    otherwise,
where R, denotes the set of second season participants, and the weight adjust-
ment factor, A» (s), is defined exactly as shown in equation (22) except that
each summation, Z , over members of the r-th weighting class is replaced by
the summation, Z ,  over members of weighting class s.
                S
Truncation and Smoothing of Second Season Weights
     The distributions of the adjusted second season weights, W  ,  were ex-
amined for the two second season weighting classes, high and low suspected
                                     77

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  TABLE  30.   WEIGHTING  CLASSES FOR  SECOND SEASON NONRESPONSE ADJUSTMENT
EXPOSE
Sample Size
 Number of
Respondents
 Weight
Adjustment
  Factor3
High

Low

TOTAL
    22

    59

    81
     15

     37

     52
 1.4375

 1.4665
   in Equation (29).
                                 78

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occupational exposure.  Based upon this investigation, it appeared that trun-
cation of the  second  season weights would not be appropriate.  The estimated
unequal weighting design effect for the second season sample was 1.25.  Hence,
the adjusted  analysis weights,  W  ,  given by  equation (29)  are  the final
analysis weights for the second season sample.
QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR  SAMPLING WEIGHTS AND DESIGN
     All sampling weight files produced by RTI's Center for Survey Statistics
(CSS) are routinely subjected  to a prescribed  regimen  of  quality assurance
checks.  These quality assurance checks have been performed for all the Phase
III TEAM sampling weights.  These quality assurance checks have been reviewed
by a  senior member  of the CSS  staff,  and the weights have  been approved  for
release to the  EPA for analyses.
     A copy of the Quality Assurance Check List that was used as the basis for
these quality assurance checks is reproduced in Appendix C.   The weight checks
primarily test for agreement of certain weight totals from one stage of samp-
ling to the next stage of sampling and from sampling weights to nonresponse-
adjusted weights.
                                                                          *
     Unfortunately,  there are many ways that errors can be made in computation
of the weights that can go undetected when these quality assurance checks are
applied, especially with regard to the initial sampling  weights.  Most notably,
some types of  computer programming errors are difficult to detect.  After the
Phase III TEAM sampling weights were initially computed, some computer program-
ming errors were detected and corrected.   These errors were not detected by
the standard quality  assurance checks.   Instead,  they were usually  detected
when the weight  computations  were being reviewed in detail for documentation
purposes.
     Appendix D provides further documentation on sampling design.
VARIANCE ESTIMATION
     The sampling design for each Phase III first season TEAM target area was
a stratified three-stage design.  Geographic area segments were selected with
replacement at  the first  stage of selection using probabilities proportional
to the Decennial Census  housing unit count.  Clusters of housing  units were
selected at the second stage and screening data were collected for all members
                                     79

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of responding  households.   Finally, a  stratified  sample of individuals was
selected for personal exposure and body-burden monitoring  at the third stage.
The stratum sample sizes for the third stage sample of individuals was specifi-
cally allocated to the sampled first stage units, an independent samples were
selected within the first  stage units.   Hence,  the survey  design  was a com-
pletely nested  design.   The sample  survey design was completely  nested to
facilitate  use  of the  usual  sample survey variance formulas  that assume  a
nested design and with-replacement sampling at the first stage.
     The usual  variance estimation  formulas that  assume  nested design and
with-replacement sampling at the first stage have been used  to compute sampling
variances for all  Phase III TEAM samples.  The sampling variances are based
upon the variability between first stage units  (FSUs)  within strata.  The FSUs
for each Phase III sample were selected from an ordered samling frame using a
sequential, minimum  probability replacement sampling  technique (1,2).  Six
explicit first stage strata were used for the Los Angeles study area, and four
explicit strata were  used  for the Antioch/Pittsburg study  area as shown in
Table 23.  Hence,  estimates of sample precision (variances and standard errors)
were computed from differences between first stage sampling units within first
stage  strata.   RTI's  special-purpose  software  for estimating the  sampling
variances of statistics calculated from complex sample survey data was used to
perform these computation  (3,4).  This  software computes estimated  sampling
variances using the Taylor Series linearization method  (5) assuming a nested
design and sampling with replacement at the first stage.
                                     80

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                                   SECTION 5
                               SURVEY OPERATIONS

INTRODUCTION
     This chapter describes  the  survey operation activites, both  onsite  and
offsite, before, during,  and after all phase of  field  activities  associated
with the  Total Expense Assessment Methodology (TEAM)  Study in California.
These activities took place in the fall of 1983 and into the Winter and Spring
of 1984, and involved activities in two sites; Los Angeles County,  and Contra
Costa County.  As was  the case in the previous  phase of this study,  reported
elsewhere, the  study  involved  the collection of environmental and biological
specimens, and questionnaire data from random samples of individuals in order
to investigate exposure to various chemicals found  in  the environment, subsequent
body burden of these chemicals and any relationship between these levels.  This
report  discusses  the  various  activities  undertaken during  this  study, and
includes variations in process.  The activites which  occurred before field data
collection included selection of the areas to be studied and revision of data
collection  instruments and  training materials.  Field  activities included
recruiting,  hiring, and training of field interviewing staffs, counting  and
listing of selected segments, completing of household  screening, and accomplish-
ing field survey data  collection.   The field activites were  followed  by  the
standard in-house activities at RTI, which included data receipt,  editing  and
coding, data  entry,  data validation,  dealing with refusals, and monitoring
field survey activities.  Details of all activities are provided in the following
sections.
Los Angeles  County - Season One
In-House Activities—
     This section describes in-house activities that  were performed in the  Fall
of 1983 as preparation for, and in support of, field survey activities.

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     All forms, questionnaires and  letters  necessary for the  conduct  of the
TEAM Study were written, reviewed,  finalized and duplicated prior to the start
of data collection.  Copies of these  survey instruments are included as Appendix
E.  Revisions of survey  instruments  and the submission of  the  required OMB
materials were completed  prior to the  beginning of work on this phase  of the
study.  Also, documentation and approval by the RTI Human Rights Committee is
given in Appendix F.
     The Field  Interviewer's Training  Manual  was  completed  on December 9,
1983, and distributed to the TEAM Study Field Interviewers at the beginning of
field training on December 12, 1983. This manual provided a complete,  compre-
hensive set of field procedures to be followed by the field staff.  A copy of
the Table of Contents of the manual is displayed in Appendix G.
     During household  screening, biweekly  reports were prepared  to  show the
current  status  of household screening.  These  reports  were made  possible
through regular contacts with the Field Interviewers by the local Field Supervi-
sor.  Once  gathered by the local Field Supervisor,  this  information on the
status of each segment being worked was  compiled by interviewer and was provided
to the  survey operations  Survey  Manager for review on  a regular basis.  The
status  reports enabled RTI study personnel to monitor and support the effort
being made by the Field Interviewers.
     During  December,  other activites  were undertaken to  prepare  for  the
subsequent  phases of  field survey efforts.   These  activities  included  final
revision and  duplication of documents,  preparation of a Spanish translation of
the Consent form, and discussion with other project staff of the field support
needed in the next phase.
Field Activities--
     Field  activities  for the TEAM Study in the Los Angeles, California area
(Torrance, etc.) began in November 1983.
     Preparatory Activities—As  RTI's  permanent Field Supervisor  in the Los
Angeles  area, Mr. Durham was contacted and requested to recruit and retain a
Field  Interviewer  staff.   Two Field  Interviewers were hired immediately to
assist  in  conducting  the counting and listing activities; eight Field Inter-
viewers were  retained for the conduct of the household screening phase of the
field data collection.   Shortly after being hired, one Field Interviewer
                                      82

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resigned.  A  replacement,  however, was  found  immediately and was retained.
All field  personnel being  used  in the  Los Angeles  area were experienced,
professional Field Interviewers who had worked on numerous studies for RTI and
for other survey research organizations.
     On  November  17,  1983  RTI's  survey statisticians  forwarded to  survey
operations personnel materials necessary for the completion of  counting and
listing  in  the  Los  Angeles area.   The materials for  each of the twenty-five
selected segments included a Segment Sketch and an Area Map.   List of Housing
Units forms, List Unit Information Sheets,  and miscellaneous supplies (pencils,
clipboards, etc.) were added to these materials by survey research personnel.
After a  careful review,  these materials were forwarded  to  the  local Field
Supervisor for distribution to the Field Interviewers.  Prior to the start of
counting and  listing,  the  Field  Supervisor conducted a  thorough review of
general  and  project specific  counting and listing procedures with  the two
Field Interviewers who assisted him.
     Counting and listing began on November 20th and was completed by November
26.  There were no  major  problems during this phase  of  data collection.  On
November 30th,  all  counting and  listing materials were  received at  RTI, and
after a  thorough check  for completeness and accuracy, were forward to survey
operations personnel for the selection of Sample Housing Units.
     Field verification of  counting  and listing was  completed by the Field
Supervisor, and included the following procedures:  1) the first segment that
was counted and listed was completed as a team by the Field Supervisor and two
Field Interviewers.   The work  of  the  Field Interviewers during this  exercise
was excellent;  2)  the first  segment  completed  independently by each  Field
Interviewer was counted and listed again by the Field Supervisor.  No errors
were found;  3)  All  additional  segments were done independently with a  thorough
review of materials  by the Field Supervisor  before they were submitted to  RTI.
     Field Interviewing Training—Formal Field  Interviewer training was conduc-
ted by the survey operations Survey Manager, in Los Angeles on December  12 and
13, 1983 with the Field Supervisors assistance. During  the  training  sessions,
all aspects of  field  survey data  collection were  covered.   In  addition, the
Field Interviewers were required  to participate in mock interviews and training
exercises to  become familiar with the various situations  that  they might
                                     83

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encounter.  All Field Interviewers  attended  the  training and  at  its  completion
felt comfortable with all aspects of survey  data collection.  At  the conclusion
of training,  the Field  Interviewers  were given  their  household screening
assignments.  Assignments  were  made  based  on segment  size,  location, and
language capabilities of  the Interviewers.
     On the afternoon  of the  second day of training, the  Field Interviewers
were divided into two groups, led by the trainers, and began household screening.
During this less formal training period,  the Field Interviewers  were observed
conducting  household  screening,  and  were provided with immediate  feedback.
The Field Interviewers were thus able to  further refine  their household screen-
ing skills and to develop uniformity.
     Press Conference--0n December 16, 1983, the Survey  Operations Manager and
the EPA Project  Officer  participated in  a press conference held in Torrance,
California. The local press and city managers from the  cities and towns where
the TEAM study was conducted were invited to attend. " The purpose of the press
conference was to  inform the local population about  the intent of the study
and  the  field procedures  involved.   It  was  further  hoped that  this press
conference would enhance the acceptance of the study and the eventual response
rate.  A copy  of materials provided to the press is attached as  Appendix F.
     Household Screening--Household Screening began on  December  14,  1983, and
progressed through the end of 1983 without any  major problems.
     Household Screening continued during January.  Progress  reports continued
to be  taken twice  a week.   The  final report was  received on  January 16th  and
reflected final activities for the screening phase.  A copy of the summary of
the final report is provided in Figure 6.  Since the final response was not as
good as expected,  conversations  were held with  one of  RTI's permanent Field
Supervisors who  has  had  traditionally good success with telephone  conversion
of refusal  cases.  Photocopies  of refusal cases and  other nonresponses were
sent to her for a final  attempt.  This activity yielded  20  additional  completed
cases.
     A 12% sample was selected by survey operations personnel for verification
of household  screening.  All verifications were conducted by  the Field Supervi-
sor, and no errors or irregularities were  discovered.
                                     84

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                                                   htruKi os of  KATE
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                         ::i2/18/83 !12/21/83 112/25/33 !12/28/S3 J01/01/84  I01/04/34 '.01/03/84 iOl/11/84 '.01/14/84 !,'
1. SEGMENT STATUS

  a. Assigned
  b.coftpiste
  c.In Progress
 o:
2S!
25!
 o:
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25!
 o:
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                 25!
                  o:
         25!
          o:
         23!
                         23!
                          i:
                         24!
                                          201
                                                          25!
                                                          n:
                                                          14!
                                                                                                  25!!
                                                                                                  23::
                                                                                                  01!
2, ASSIGNMENT STATUS

  a.Prelisted SHUs
  b.SHUs Added
  n. Total SHUs (otb)
                              1250!
                                 4!
                              1256!
       1250!
         7.'
       12S7!
       1250!
         7.'
       1257!
       1250!
         9.'
       1259!
           >

       1250!
         10!
       1260!
                        1250!
                          JO!
                        1240!
                                        1250!
                                          10!
                                        12405
                                                         1230!
                                                           10.'
                                                         1240!
                                                                                                1250:
                                                                                                  10.'.'
                                                                                                1240!!
ttt unuttttnniuttutt tut : : mmm : m*ttt« : tmttnt : tuutttt :»>»»»; tttttttti : tmmu : tttmm : »*«««» : :
                        it        *        »        *       »        »        i        »        •       t»
3. SCREENING STATUS         !!       t        !        !        !        !       !        !        !        !!
  a.No Action Taken         I!
  b.In Progress            !!
  c.Cokplete              !!
  d.Results of Completed     I!
    HSQS:                 ::
    01 - Vacant            !!
    02 - Not an HU         II
    03 - Te»porary/vacation  !!

    04 - Refusal           !!
    05 - No One At Hoie     :!
    04 - No Eligible Resp.   !!
    07 - Language Barrier    ::
    08 - Other             !!

    09 - Screening cosplete  !!

    Total  (tust equal 3.c)   i:
534!
409!
2931
192!
422!
439!
121!
408!
528!
 33!
588!
447!
                 0!
                442!
                798!
                                349!
                                891!
                                                  0!       0!
                                                 218!      83!
                                                1042!    1177!
                                                                                                  o::
                                                                                                  o::
                                                                                                1240::
s:
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!
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;
284!
J
293!
10!
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424!
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439!
12!
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512!
!
328!
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1
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o:
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;
447!
21!
4:
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771!
;
798!
24!
3!
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J
829!
*
891!
30!
5!
o:
t
is:
4!
o:
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930 1
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1042!
29!
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1
97!
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1020!
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1177!
28::
3!!
i::
* t
119::
48::
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4;:
3::
;;
1050::
* *
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1240! !
Figure  6.    Summary of  Household Screening  Report for  Torrance,  CA
                 and vicinity  at  conclusion of primary field  screening
                 activities.
                                                85

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Field Activities
     The primary  field activity during  January was  the  completion  of  the
household screening.  All activities were completed by the fifteenth with all
segment material provided  to  the  Field Supervisor by  the  next  day.  Before
cases were designated as final, certain minimal requirements were met.  These
included attempts by the supervisor, or another  interviewer to convert refusals,
at least six  attempts  to contact  chronic not-at-homes, and  reassignment of
cases to other  interviewers with  language skills necessary to deal with non-
English speaking households.  The  field supervisor was required to complete a
random sample validation set,  as well as validating any case finalized as out
of sample.  These validations were  completed and the forms  are stored in CSR by
segment.
     An additional activity undertaken during this period  was the receipt and
processing of all screening data.   As each batch was received,  it was checked
for completeness and the various components of the segment package separated.
The segment maps  and  listing  material were placed in file folders along with
the validation forms.   The screeners were batched with the original copy of the
Segment Summary/Batch Header  Sheet  used as the batch  control  document.   The
second copy of this form was placed in the segment folder  and updated as events
occurred and  were  recorded on the original.  All  screeners  were edited for
completeness and legibility by survey operations staff and then given to survey
statisticians for  review.  After this review, batches  were  delivered to Data
Entry  for  processing.   Prior  to the  delivery  of  the first batches,  a  test
keying was held  to use real data  to check the programming.  After one slight
modification, training was held for the keying staff and work begun.  All data
was 100% key verified and a data file produced for the next phase of sampling.
After keying,  all batches were returned to survey research personnel for storage.
     After the  sample was  selected by the  sampling  statistician,  the "EPA
signed" lead letter was mailed, and sample assignments prepared for delivery to
the field concurrent with the retraining session.   The sample was allocated to
interviewers  by  segment, with  segments  grouped by clustering,  proximity  to
interviewer's residence,  and by previous assignment to interviewer.
     During February 1984, survey research staff were involved in training and
supporting the  survey  field staff in the  completion  of the second phase  of
                                     86

-------
field activities, the  field  survey data collection.  A training  session was
held for the  six interviewers retained from the first phase,  and was used to
review all aspects of the work to be undertaken and to distribute the assign-
ments.   The  initial  distribution  of  175 cases was made  after  the training
session on Thursday,  February 2 and the interviewers were instructed to begin
immediately.  Each interviewer was assigned specific days  on which to schedule
appointments  for  environmental and biological sampling.   The first day  was
Monday, February 6 and the last appointments began on Wednesday, February 29.
Status reports were taken twice a week by the on-site  supervisor and summarized
and reported  to  survey research staff.  Figure 7 displays a summary of field
survey activities for the entire period.  A random sample  of cases was designa-
ted for early completion, and based on  the results for these cases,  a supplemen-
tal batch of  15  cases  was fielded on February 19th.  All  non-interview cases
were returned to the  supervisor for validation, or attempts at conversions of
refusals.    All  post-appointment field  refusals were also  reworked by  the
supervisor.   Case control sheets, displaying assignment activity and validations
were returned to the field supervisor  for  review and return to  the  survey
research staff.
     All questionnaires  from  the  117  Los Angeles Season  I  respondents were
returned to  survey research  staff by the analytical  chemistry  Site Adminis-
trator's.   As groups  of  forms were received, the forms were  scan-edited for
completeness, legibility, and consistency of dates and Participant ID numbers.
All consent forms were  placed in locked  storage in  the survey director's
office.  The Study Questionnaries  and  Exposure/Activity Screeners  were grouped
into batches  of  30 and Batch Header Sheets were created.   Batch numbers were
assigned and  entered into  the automated data  control  system, along with the
date of the  data receipt.
Los Angeles  - Season  Two
     During   the  Spring and  Summer of 1984, planning  and implementation of
activities for a second season visit to Los Angeles  respondents were intermixed
with activites  involved with  sampling  in a second California  site (Contra
Costa County).  This  section describes survey activites in Los Angeles, while
the next section  describes Contra Costa County activities.
                                     87

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RERORT NAME: FIELD STATUS SUHMARY REPORT - FILE NAHEIFDCSTATI
CREATED BY: H. ZELON
CREATEIC FEM]ARY,1984
mmmmimmmnmmmmwmntwmmwmmmmmmmimmmmmmm:
REPORTING CATEGORY
mmmmmmmtm

tmmmmmmmm
ft, ASSIGNMENT
1. INITIAL CASES
2.CASES IN
3, CASES OUT
4.TOTAL ASSIGNfiENT
mmmmmmmm*
B, PENDING CASES
00. NOT ATTEMPTED
Ol.ftPPT. MADE FOR INT.
02, REFUSAL
03, NO CONTACT
04. OTHER
TOTAL
mmmmmmmtm
C.FIHAL INTERVIEW STATUS
11. COMPLETED INTERVIEW
12, REFUSAL
13, PERMANENT INCAPACITY
14, NO CONTACV/5 VISITS
15.HOVED-OUT OF AREA
la.MOVED-CAN'T LOCATE
17. NOT AT HOME ALL FDC
18. OTHER
mmmtmmmmm
D, TOTAL(BtC=A4)
tmmmtmmtmms
E, FINAL STATUS
I, COMPLETE
II, FIELD REFUSAL
III, OTHER
itimmmmmmms
mimmmimtmmt
REPORT DATE (AS OF) :
»l»j;*j:»»t«tlt««t*»tn»l«l>n»>:»:»*UW»»««»W**Ui
2/5/84 2/8/84 2/12/84 2/15/84 2/19/84 2/22/84 2/26/845
mmnmmmmmmmmtmmmmmmtmmmm
<
175 175 175 175 175 175 175!
1 1 1 1 Id 16 16t
1 1 1 1-1 1 H
175 175 175 175 190 190 190!
w*w$wmm$«w*w«mwtw*w*Mttwmmmt«
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58 56 29 14 15 5 55
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31 56 81 96 103 120 126'.
0 5 11 17 18 32 421
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mmmnimmitmmmmmimmmmmimmmmmxmm;
            Figure  7.   Summary  of field  survey  activities.
                                       88

-------
     The sampling statisticians  provided a sample of  Los  Angeles,  Season I
respondents for recontact for enrollment into Season II.  A letter (Figure 8)
was sent to each of these respondents requesting they call RTI (toll-free) and
schedule an appointment.  By  the end of April, twenty-five out of sixty-five
selected had  called in.  Twenty-two  had scheduled  appointments,  while  the
other three were  refusals  due to medical problems.  All remaining cases were
contacted by phone  or  in person to  complete  the  scheduling for the late May
sampling.
     During early May,  the  unscheduled or no-contact  cases  were  sent to the
local field supervisor, who attempted to contact all the cases not responding
to the  initial  mailing and for whom  a  telephone  number was available. After
completing this  activity,  the  remaining cases were  assigned to  two field
interviewers for  in-person  contacts.  Based on interim,  semiweekly,  progress
reports, the original sample of 65 cases was not going to yield the desired 50
respondents.   A supplemental  sample  of  16 cases  was  selected and  was sent to
the local field supervisor, along with telephone numbers and times of initial
contacts.  These cases were also worked by telephone first, and then no-contact,
or no-phone  number  cases  were  given to the  field  interviewers.   The field
staff was instructed to work all cases to completion, and that more than fifty
respondents could be  scheduled.   The overscheduling was to  allow for field
refusals and to provide extra samples.  The  appointments  for second season
respondents began on May 21 and continued through early June.
     All field  survey  activities  in the Los  Angeles area  were completed by
June 3.
     As   all  data  was  received  from  the  field,  the various  documents were
separated,  scanned  for  completeness,  and batched  for  further processing.
Consent   forms and incentive  receipts were delivered to the survey director's
office  for immediate secured  storage. The Study Questionnarie  and  Exposure/
Activities  Screener  were then  sent  for complete edit and  coding,  and were
prepared for delivery to Data Entry.
Contra Costa County
     At  the same time as activites in Los Angeles were  being conducted, activi-
ties in  Contra  Costa  County were underway with environmental and biological
                                     89

-------
March 30,  198A
I would like to express my thanks to you for your cooperation in the
TEAM Study during the first round of data collection in the Los Angeles
area.  As was explained to you during your initial participation in this
important EPA-sponsored study, a small portion of respondents in the
first round were to be selected to participate again.  You are among
this randomly selected group.

Your participation during this second phase will be similar to the first
phase.  You will be visited three times (evening, morning, and afternoon)
by the chemistry team, and will be asked to wear the same air sampling
devices, and to provide water and breath samples, as before.  You will
be asked to provide information for only one questionnaire; the one
administered by the chemists at the end of the twenty-four hours of
monitoring.  You will once again receive the fifteen dollar incentive
payment as an expression of our thanks.

While your continued participation remains voluntary, your willingness
to cooperate during this second round of the study is important.  The
data that we collect will allow us to explore changes in potential
exposure as they relate to changes in weather condition over time.  We
will be in Los Angeles collecting data during the last two weeks in
April, starting on April 16th.  To schedule an appointment for your
participation, please call RTI's toll-free number 1-800-334-8571 and ask
to speak to me; I will schedule your appointments and answer any questions
you may have.  If for some reason you are unable to participate, please
call me at the number shown above so that you will not be contacted on
further occasions.

Once again, thanks for your continued cooperation, and I look forward to
speaking to you during the next few days.
Sincerely,
Harvey S. Zelon
Study Field Director

HSZ:sbf


          Figure 8.  Letter sent to first season respondents.
                                  90

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sampling scheduled to  be  done immediately after activities were completed in
Los Angeles.
     Segment materials for the ten Contra Costa sounty Segments were provided
to survey research staff by the sampling statisticians. This material was sent
to the California area Field Supervisor who traveled to Contra Costa to super-
vise the count  and  list process.  During the  same  week,  he interviewed and
hired the interviewing  staff  to be used in  the  screening and main phases of
the study.   Count and list material were returned to survey research personnel,
reviewed and provided  to  the  statisticians.   After the screening  sample  was
created, and labels were generated, the material was  returned to survey research
staff for use in the field.
     During the  last week in  March, the five  field interviewers retained in
Contra Costa, were trained by the survey field director,  who also supervised
their initial efforts.   While  in California,  he also participated in the local
press conference held to coincide with the initiation of the screening phase.
     During the first two weeks of April, the five field interviewers completed
the household screening  in the 10 segments  selected  in  Contra Costa County.
Figure 9 displays progress by reporting period, and the final status.  A final
response rate  of 89.5% was  obtained,  calculated by dividing  the  number of
completed screeners  (502)  by the number eligible for  screening (561) .
     After the  screening  was  complete, all forms were shipped to RTI and the
data receipt and preparation process begun.  All segment materials and screeners
were  logged-in  and  batched.  Documentation  of all  processes undertaken was
begun.  All  survey  data  collected  were reconciled  against expectations and
were edited.  These  edited data were sent to  the  statisticians  for review and
then  sent for  data  entry.  All validations,  comprising both  the designated
sample, and all sample drops,  were completed by survey research staff with no
abnormalities noted.
     Activities for Contra Costa County during May consisted of receiving the
sample material from CSS,  preparing and mailing the lead letter, and preparing
the field assignments and other training material.  The five interviewers  used
during  the  screening process  were recontacted  and four  were  available  to
participate  in  the  next  phase.   One of the  four later became unavailable.
Plans were made  for a training session on June 4 in Concord, CA.
                                     91

-------
mmmmmmmmmmmimmmmmmmmmtmmmtttmmmmmmwmm***
   'Suwary'                 !
                           !         TOTAL AS/OF
    Report Category          !	                    	
                           ! 3/28/84~ 4/1/844/4/844/8/844/11/84" 4/12/84         FINAL TOT
1,  Segment Status
 a.Segments Assigned
 b.Segients in Progress
 c.Segments Completed
                                  10      10      10      10      10      10               10
                                   7      10      10       7       6       0                0
                                   0       0       0       3       4      10               10
wwmmmwwwwmwmmnmwmmmmmmwmwwmmmmmmmwm
2. Assignsent Status         !!
 a.Pre-listed SHUs
 b.SHUs Added This Veek
 c.SHUs Added To Date
 d. Total SHUs (ok)
600
3
3
603
600
1
4
604
600
0
3
603
600
0
3
603
600
0
4
604
600
0
4
604
                                                                                         600
                                                                                          0
                                                                                          4
                                                                                         604
mmmmmmmmmmmmwmwmmmmwmmttmmmwmmmmmmmm
3. Screening  Status
 a, No Action  Taken                 250       0       0       0       0       0               0
 b.In Progress                     215     219     128      59      44       0               0
 c. Completed                 !!     138     385     475     544     560     604              604
4. Coipleted Case Results
 a, Vacant (01)
 b.Not An HU (02)
 C.Tetp. /Vacation Hone (03)
 d, Refusal (04)
 e.No One At Note (05)
 f.No Eligible Resp.  (06)
 g. Language Barrier (07)
 h, Other (08)
 i.Coipleted Screener (09)
 Total (Must equal 3.O
8
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
127
138
16
11
0
2
0
0
0
0
356
385
21
13
0
2
0
0
0
0
439
475
25
14
1
13
3
0
0
0
488
544
26
15
1
13
3
0
1
0
501
560
27
15
1
41
17
0
1
0
502
604
                                                                                          27
                                                                                          15
                                                                                           1
                                                                                          41
                                                                                          17
                                                                                           0
                                                                                           1
                                                                                           0
                                                                                         502
                                                                                         604
tmmmmmmmmmmtmmmmtmmmmmmmttmmmmmmmtmmmtmt
           Figure 9.   Final status  report for  household  screening  in
                        Antioch/Pittsburg,  CA.
                                            92

-------
     Field data collection activities in Contra Costa County began on Monday,
June 4,  1984, immediately after completion of activities in Los Angeles County.
One hundred and twenty-one cases were divided among the interviewers and were
worked during the next three weeks.  All interviewing and appointment creation
was completed by June 23,  with final appointments scheduled for the 24th.  For
the  82  respondents interviewed who  had scheduled appointments, 71  complete
sets  of  data were  obtained.   Eleven appointments became  field refusals or
broken appointments which were unable to be rescheduled.
     Questionnaires and other  data collection forms were  returned  to survey
research staff by the analytical chemistry staff who  executed the environmental
and biological  sampling.
     Based on  the  documents  returned from the  field and the interim status
code  reports taken  from  the interviewer, a  final  interview status  code was
assigned to each case fielded.   For each case coded as a  completed interview,
a final monitoring status code was assigned to indicate completed data collec-
tion and broken appointments or field refusals.
     All batches of data,  having been scan-edited during the batching process,
were submitted for the final edit and code steps.  All batches  were  processed
using the  edit  instructions  previously compiled and the code lists  developed
during earlier  rounds of TEAM activities.  New codes were  appended to the
previous list.   The codes and  edit specifications will be  provided to the
statistical analysts as needed.
     The completed  batches  of  Exposure/Activity Screeners were taken to data
entry after all batches had been processed.  A brief  training session was held
for  the  keying staff and processing begun.  Eleven  batches,  containing 240
cases were  keyed,  and 100% key-verified without  major problems.  The Study
Questionnaires were submitted  next  and were processed  in  the  same manner.
Nine batches contained 187 cases.  The difference between the number of cases
is due to  the  repeat visits in Los Angeles which generated Exposure/Activity
Screeners but no questionnaires.  One case in Contra  Costa yielded an Exposure/
Activity Screener by no Study Questionnaire.
     After all data was  entered,  the tapes were  prepared  for  analysis, and
then hard copy data placed in storage.
                                     93

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                                   SECTION 6
                        CHEMICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

GENERAL COMMENTS
     Personal air, fixed-site air,  drinking water and breath samples were
collected during three sampling efforts in California as part of the Phase III
Total Exposure Methodology Study (TEAM).   This phase involved two sampling
trips to the Los Angeles county area and a single trip to the Contra Costa
county (San Francisco Bay) area.  Table 31 list the samples collected from each
participant.  The target compounds selected for each sample type are shown in
Table 32.  Preliminary water samples were collected from five California water
sources (Table 33) and analyzed to assist in the selection of water targets.
The results of these analyses are discussed under "Water Volatiles".  Fixed-
site air samples were collected from each Primary Sampling Unit (PSU),  generally
on the property of a study participant.  Field control and field blank samples,
equal to 10% of the field samples of that sample type, were exposed in the
field.  Similarly, duplicate samples, equal to 10% of the total number of
samples, were collected for each matrix.   Prior to actual field work, a schedule
for collecting, exposing, preparing, and shipping of field, blank and control,
and duplicate samples was prepared.  An example of this schedule is presented
in Appendix I.  This schedule was strictly adhered to during field chemical
sampling.
     Prior to any project activities relating to sample collection in Phase
III, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) were drafted and subjected to a
rigorous review process.  These documents, derived from the extensive experience
in sampling and analysis gained during previous phases of the TEAM study, are
presented as a separate volume  (Vol. IV) to this report.  In summary, it was
the intent of the SOPs to provide rigid and uniform guidelines for the collection
and analysis of all samples collected.  Thorough familiarity with,all details
of the procedures was required of each member of the analytical sampling staff
                                     94

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   TABLE 31-  SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM EACH PARTICIPANT





Sample Type               Number Collected/Participant





Personal Air                              2




Water                                     2




Breath                                    1
                          95

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      TABLE 32.  TARGET COMPOUNDS SELECTED FOR MONITORING IN
                        ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA
Matrix:  Personal and Fixed-Site Air

          Chloroform
          1,1,1-Trichloroethane
          Benzene
          Carbon tetrachloride
          Trichloroethylene
          Tetrachloroethylene
          n-Decane
          Dodecane
          1,4-Dioxane
          1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
          Of-Pinene

Matrix:  Drinking Water

          Chloroform
          Trichloroethylene
          Dibromochloromethane
          Chlorobenzene

Matrix:  Breath

          Bromodichloromethane
          Dibromochloromethane
          Chloroform
          1,1,1-Trichloroethane
          Benzene
          Carbon tetrachloride
          Tetrachloroethylene
          n-Decane
          Dodecane
          1,4-Dioxane
          1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
          Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
£,m,£-Dichlorobenzenes
Ethylbenzene
o,m,£-Xylenes
1,2-Dibromoethane
Undecane
n-Octane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Bromodichloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
o,m,£-Di Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o,m,£-Xylenes
Trichloroethylene
1,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Undecane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
a-Pinene
                               96

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            TABLE 33.  PRETRIP WATER SAMPLES
Torrange Municipal Water Dependent




     Source:  Groundwater




California Water Service Co.




     Source:  Groundwater




Los Angeles City Water Works District




     Source:  M.W.D. (Metropolitan Water District) - surface




Dominquez Water Co.




     Source:  Groundwater




Antioch Water Treatment Plant




     Source:  Surface water
                          97

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prior to departure to the field.   Quality assurance audits of the sampling
practices were made to assess adherence to the procedures.  In rare and isolated
cases, revisions to the procedures were required.   These revisions were made
only after formal documentation of the rationale for the change and technical
and administrative approvals had been granted.  The following brief descriptions
of collection and analysis are distillations of the actual SOPs.
     A schedule of events, and approximate times,  is shown in Table 34.
Actual sampling times were scheduled, in as much as was possible, to minimize
burden on the participant.  Under this regimen, an analytical sampling team
(consisting of two chemists) was able to initiate  sampling on three participants
per day.  During Phase III of the TEAM study, two  sampling teams operating
simultaneously were able to sample an average of 5 respondents per day.  As in
previous phases of this study, the sampling teams  were supervised by a Site
Administrator.
     A center of operations was set up at each of the sampling sites.  This
generally consisted of a conference-type room with additional work tables.  All
sampling equipment, with the exception of the spirometers, were contained in
this room.  Furthermore, all sampling preparation activities and sampling media
storage (e.g. Tenax cartridges) were conducted in this room.
     Water, air and breath samples were inventoried and shipped from the field
site by express air carrier to the analytical laboratory at regular intervals
(generally weekly) where they were again inventoried, examined for contamination
and breakage and stored at either -20°C (air and breath) or 4°C (water) awaiting
analysis.  Selected samples were shipped to independent (QA) laboratories for
analysis.  Personal air, fixed-site air, and breath QA samples were analyzed by
PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH.  Water QA samples were analyzed by
the University of Miami, Division of Chemical Epidemiology.
Air Volatiles
     Volatile organic compounds were collected by pulling air through a 6.0 x
1.3 cm i.d. bed of Tenax GC contained in a glass tube using a constant flow
pump (DuPont Model P125A).  Preparation of these cartridges followed an extre-
mely rigorous procedure (described in detail in the SOP) to ensure minimal
background from the sampling device.  Pump flows were adjusted to provide for
sampling approximately 20 liters of air over the anticipated sample collection
                                     98

-------
TABLE 34.  SCHEDULE FOR COLLECTING STUDY SAMPLES
Day
1
Time
7 - 9 PM 1) Set up
Function
personal and fixed-site air
                  sampling equipment.
              2)  Explain sampling procedures to participant.
              3)  Collect presampling questionnaires.

6 - 9 AM      1)  Collect personal and fixed-site air  samples.
              2)  Expose second set of personal and fixed-site
                  air samples.
              3)  Collect water sample.

3 - 6 PM      1)  Collect second set of personal and fixed-
                  site air samples
              2)  Collect second water sample.
              3)  Administer exposure questionnaire.
              4)  Collect breath sample.
              5)  Present incentive.
                      99

-------
period.  Glass fiber filters (Gelman, 25 mm) were attached to the inlet end of
the Tenax cartridge to remove particulates from the sampled air.  For personal
air sampling, the pump and cartridge were carried by the participant with the
inlet of the sample cartridge located in the subject's breathing zone.  A
sampling vest was designed to provide for this location and to minimize parti-
cipant inconvenience during sampling.  For fixed-site air sampling, the pump
and cartridge were placed inside a metal box for protection, with only the
inlet end of the sample cartridge protruding.  Tenax GC cartridges were stored
in a helium-isolation environment at all times, except during actual sample
collection.
     Accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated by analyzing field and
laboratory control samples.  Controls were Tenax cartridges fortified with
approximately 200 ng of each target compound prior to sampling.  Some control
cartridges were stored in the laboratory (lab controls), others were transported
to the field sampling site and treated as field samples (field controls).
Blank and control cartridges were exposed with field samples at a frequency
equal to 10% of the field samples transporting unopened into the participants
house along with the sample cartridges and then returning to sealed storage.
Exposed Tenax GC cartridges were analyzed by thermal desorption - injection
capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.  In brief, volatile organics
were thermally desorbed from the Tenax GC at 260°C with a nominal helium flow
and into a liquid nitrogen-cooled nickel-capillary trap (1-3).  The condensed
vapors were then introduced into a high resolution fused silica capillary
chromatography column by balistic heating of the nickel trap to 250°C (2,4).
Sample constituents were characterized and quantitated by electron impact mass
spectrometry by measuring the intensity of the extracted ion current profile
(2,5,6).
     During Phases I and II of this study, the method of relative molar response
(RMR) was used to quantitate compounds of interest found on sample cartridges.
In Phase III, an alternate approach (detailed in the Phase III Work Plan) was
used.  This procedure involved the use of relative response factors (RRF).  At
the start of each day of analysis, an RRF cartridge was analyzed, which contained
known amounts of all of the analytes (plus the quantitation standards,
                                     100

-------
perfluorobenzene and perfluorotoluene) loaded via a permeation system.  Where
permeation tubes were not available the flash evaporation loading process was
used.
     The method of calculating RRFs was as follows:
                             A -   /g
                              anal  anal
                  anal/std
          where:  A = system response (integrated peak area)
                  g - number of grams of analyte present
               anal = analyte
                std = standard
     The value of the RRF was determined from at least five independent analy
     uring analysis of samples (1).  Sa
per cartridge was then calculated from:
ses during analysis of samples (1).  Sample mass (g   , ) of volatile organics
                                                   ana J.
                       A   ,  x g
                        anal
                anal   A . , x RRF   , , . .
                        std      anal/std

     Since the volume of air collected for a given sample was accurately known
and the quantity of substance per cartridge was determined, the level in
ambient air could be calculated from:
          ,„
          (3)
                       m  x volume sampled (L) x rec
          where:  rec = the recovery factor obtained from analysis of field
                        control samples.

     Control and RRF cartridges were prepared using permeation and flash
evaporation techniques to encompass all target compounds.  Permeation tubes
were regularly calibrated to insure accurate loading.  Calibration results for
Phase III are shown in Table 35.  The percent relative standard deviations
during the periods of use never exceeded 10% and were generally less than 5%,
indicating a high degree of tube stability.
                                     101

-------
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Water Volatiles
     Water samples were collected in the morning and in the evening from the
kitchen tap (or alternate primary drinking water source) in each respondent's
home.  The tap was turned on and allowed to run for 20 seconds prior to sampling.
Samples were collected without "headspace in 64 mL amber glass bottles with
sodium thiosulfate added to quench residual chlorine, if present.  The bottles
were quickly sealed, cooled in ice and refrigerated until analysis.
     Details of the analytical procedure are presented in the project Work
Plan.  In brief, a 5 mL water sample was introduced into the purging apparatus
and the volatile organic compounds partitioned from the aqueous phase with
helium and swept onto a Tenax GC trap.  The trapped compounds were thermally
desorbed from the trap, transported to the chromatography column (1.8 m x 2 mm
i.d. glass column packed with 1% SP-1000 on Carbopack B) with carrier gas and
separated under temperature programmed conditions.  These conditions success-
fully separated all analytes.  The column effluent was split between a Hall
electrolytic conductivity detector (HECD) and a flame ionization detector
(FID).  This extraction/concentration procedure enhances the sensitivity over
direct injection by a factor of approximately 1000.  All calibration data was
processed using a polynomial regression approach due to slight non-linearity of
the calibration.
     The analysis of control samples was conducted to obtain recovery factors
for each analyte.  Each target compound was fortified into pre-purged, distilled-
deionized water (25 mL).  A portion of the control samples were stored at 4°C
at RTI during the field sampling activities (lab controls), and a portion was
transported to the field sampling site and exposed according to the Sample
Collection Schedule.  Limits of detection for water samples are presented in
Table 36.
Breath Volatiles
     Breath samples were collected from each participant using the procedure
and apparatus presented in the SOP for this function.  Tedlar bags used in this
operation, both inhale and exhale, were "rinsed" once and then stored (full)
with helium until needed for sample collection.  Similarly, Teflon spirometer
mouthpieces were stored in methanol when not in use.  Immediately prior to
collection of a breath sample, the helium was expelled from the bag and the
                                     103

-------
  TABLE 36.  LIMITS OF DETECTION FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS IN WATER3





                                          Sampling Site - Season
 Expressed in
                                 LA-1            LA-2            CC
Chloroform                       1.5             1.5             1.5




1,1,1-Trichloroethane            0.1             0.05            0.05




Carbon tetrachloride




Trichloroethylene                0.1             0.05            0.05




Bromodichloromethane             0.3             0.05            0.05




Dibromochloromethane             0.2             0.3             0.3




Tetrachloroethylene              0.05            0.05            0.05




Chlorobenzene                    0.2             0.05            0.05




Bromoform                        0.6             0.3             0.3
                               104

-------
mouthpiece was removed from the alcohol.  In this collection procedure, the
subject exclusively inhales humidified ultrapure air and subsequently exhales
through a valved mouthpiece of a spirometer into a 40 L Tedlar bag.  The breath
sample is then pumped through two parallel Tenax cartridges to adsorb and
concentrate the organic cmpounds for later analysis.  The distribution of flows
through these two cartridges was established so as to provide a 20 L sample on
one of the cartridges.  These cartridges were analyzed identically to those
containing air samples.
Computer Software for Data Reduction—
     The computer programs described in Volume II of this report were employed
for data reduction.  Slight software modifications were required to change the
target compounds.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES
California Prescreening Study
Fixed-Site Ambient Air Monitoring—
     A survey was made of the Los Angeles and Contra Costa county areas to
collect ambient air samples.  These samples were analyzed for site-specific
pollutants.  The prescreening study was designed to sample ambient air at
fixed-sites in two areas in Los Angeles county (Torrance; Carson/Dominquez) and
two areas in Contra Costa county (Richmond; Antitoch/Pittsburg/Clyde).   Several
sites within each of these areas were identified as potential point source.
Three daytime sampling periods were employed to minimize the effect of sudden
changes in wind direction.  Samples were collected simultaneously at each of
the downwind monitors for a period of three hours (total volume collected = 18-
21 L @ 105-115 mL/min).
     Table 37 summarizes the locations of the fixed-site daytime ambient air
samples.  A total of 97 individual ambient air samples were collected for
analysis.  All of these samples were analyzed by GC/MS/COMP according to the
appropriate SOP.  From this group of 97 samples, 22 were selected for compre-
hensive, qualitative interpretation.  These samples were selected based on
empirical observations made during sampling.  Meteorological conditions and
olfactory observations were considered in making these selections.
     The results of the comprehensive interpretations, shown in Table 38, were
used to assist in selecting target compounds for the Phase III study.
                                     105

-------








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             TABLE  38.   SELECTED  COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN
                 PRESCREENING AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
                                                                 .a
    Coopound             Al,Sl.L2b  A1.S2.L2  A2.Sl.Ll A2.S2.L3 A2.S3.L2 A3,SI,LI  A3,$2,1,1  A3.S4.12




Chloroform               XX                          X                 X




1,2-Dichloroethaae



1,1,1-Trichloroethan*     XXX        XXX        XX              X



Benzene                  XX      XX      XX     XX     XX     XX     XX     XX



Carbon tetrachloride                  XX                X                 X



Bronodichloro*«tb*ae




Trichloroethylene         X         XXXXXX              XXXX        X



g-Dioxane



Chlorodibroaoaethane



l,2-Dibro>oethane



n-Octane                 XXXXX       X        XX                 X



Tetrachloroethylene       XX      XX              XX        X     XX      XXXX



Chlorobenzene



1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane




Ethylbenzene



Bronoforn



g-Xylene




Styrene



o-Xylene



1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane



o-Pinene
                                                                                       X  X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X


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X
X

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X

X

X
X
X
X

X X
X
X
X

X X
X
X
X X

X
X

X

X
X
X
X
•-Dichlorobenzene
g-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzenc
n-Undecaoe
n-Dodecane
X

X

X
X


X
X
X
X
X

X X
X
X X
X
X

X

X
X


X

X
X
X

X

X
X


X
X
X
X
X

X X
X
X X
X X


X

X
X


X

X
X
X

X

X
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X
X
                                                                    (continued)
                                         109

-------
                     TABLE 38 (cont'd.)
Compound A3.S4.L2 AS,S1,L4C A4,S1,L4C
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane X
Benzene XX X X
Carbon tetrachloride X X
Bromodichlorome thane
Trichloroethylene X X
£-Dioxane
Chlorodibromooethane
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane X
Tetrachloroethylene XX X X
Chlorobenzene X
1,1,1 , 2-Tetrachloroethane
Ethylbenzene XX X X
Bromoform
£-Xylene XX X
Styrene X X
o-Xylene XX X
1,1 ,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
cr-Pinene
m-Dichlorobenzene X X
£-Di chlorobenzene
n-Decane XX X X
o-Di chlorobenzene
n-Undecane XXX
n-Dodecane X
A4,S2,il A4.S3.L2 Frequency
X XX 7
0
10
XX XX 22
X 7
0
XX IS
0
0
0
X X 12
XX XX 19
1
1
XXX 19
0
XXX 17
XX K
XXX 17
0
0
XX 10
3
X X 20
X 5
XX XX 21
14
 Duplicate samples.
3Area 1,  Site 1,  Location 2 (see Table 37).
"Single sample.
                              110

-------
Drinking Water Source Sampling--
     Precleaned glass bottles (64 ml) were shipped to each of the locations
identified in Table 33.  Samples were collected by on-site municipal employees,
cooled to approximately 4°C, and returned to RTI by express air carrier.  Upon
return, the samples were analyzed by purge and trap GC/MS/COMP.
     Compounds identified are shown in Table 39.  The prominence of brominated
chemicals (even at levels exceeding chloroform) was evident.  These compounds
were added to the target list for quantitation during Phase III.
Comparison of Control Cartridge Preparation Procedures
     In all previous sampling efforts, two cartridges were loaded for control
samples, since two independent mechanisms were required for incorporating all
of the target cmpounds.  These two procedures utilized a permeation system and
a flash evaporation system.  In the former case, the compounds permeate from a
tube containing the neat material into a gas stream which subsequently passes
through a Tenax GC cartridge.  In the second approach, small quantities of
dilute solutions of the compounds in methanol are injected into a heated chamber
where they are swept onto the cartridge with a small volume of gas.  Historically,
the two mechanisms had been required because not every target compound could be
incorporated into a permeation tube.  Since a single control cartridge would
reduce cartridge preparation time/cost, as well as analysis effort, a study was
conducted to assess the feasibility of preparing a single control cartridge.
     Seven compounds, covering a wide range of breakthrough volumes, were
selected from the target list and were loaded onto cartridges.  Three cart-
ridges were loaded with compounds from the permeation system, three were loaded
with compounds from the flash evaporation system, and three were loaded with
compounds from both permeation and flash evaporation systems.  To minimize
potential problems with compound breakthrough, compounds were loaded from the
flash evaporation system prior to those loaded from the permeation system.
This also allows for removal of the solvent since methanol has an extremely low
breakthrough volume on Tenax.  Approximately 600 mL of helium were used for
flash system loading, followed by 300 mL for permeation system loading.  All
cartridges were analyzed by capillary GC/FID with electronically integrated
detector response.
                                     Ill

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     The results, shown in Table 40, illustrate no observable differences
between amounts determined on separate permeation and flash system cartridges,
and on the cartridges loaded with both systems.  Even compounds with relatively
low breakthrough volumes (e.g. vinylidene chloride; 1,1,1-trichloroethane) were
unaffected by single cartridge labeling.  Based on these results, single
control cartridges were used on subsequent sampling trips in California.
Method Detection Limit Study
     A study was performed to determine method detection limits for the target
compounds by GC/MS/COMP using the "Calculation of Data Quality Indicators"
approach.  Method detection limits are defined as the minimum concentration
of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the
true value, corresponding to a single measurement, is not zero.  This study
was conducted in two phases, where the first phase revealed the analyte concen-
trations which should be used to actually determine the method detection
limits in the second phase.
     In Phase 1, a group of 18 cartridges was loaded with the target compounds
at 3, 5, 10, and 20 times the historical LOD.  These cartridges were transported
by commercial passenger airline to Washington DC and returned.  The results of
the analysis of these cartridges by GC/MS/COMP revealed that the most appropri-
ate concentration (on the basis of data precision) to perform the actual MDL
study (Phase 2) was five times the instrumental LOD.  In Phase 2, a group of
14 cartridges was loaded with target compounds at approximately fives times
the historical limit of detection for the Finnigan 3300 GC/MS system.  These
cartridges were shipped to the field sampling site and were treated, in all
aspects of the sampling and analysis schemes, as field controls.
     Seven cartridges were analyzed on each of the GC/MS/COMP systems.  Percent
recoveries and percent relative standard deviations were computed for each
target on each instrument.  Method detection limits were calculated from the
equation:
          (4)  MDL = S(t( 99))

          where:      S = standard deviation
                 t,  q. = student's t value at the 99% confidence level for
                          6 degrees of freedom  .
                                     113

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-------
Table 41 illustrates the MDLs for the two systems.  Recoveries in excess of
100% reflect the fact that subtraction of endogenous cartridge background
interferences was not performed.  In general, the calculated MDL exceeded the
historical LOD by approximately a factor of three.  From tabulated t-values,
this approach suggests that reported concentrations at this LOD would have an
80% confidence that the true value were above zero.  This apparent disparity,
however, does not necessarily ascribe greater credibility to one value over the
other since precision associated with replicate determinations is known to be
dependent upon concentration.  In essence, these data show that there are two
different techniques for assessing a reliable concentration threshold, each
having arguable merit.  The decision to use the LOD approach during Phase 3 was
based essentially on a desire to preserve continuity with Phases I and II.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
First Season
Introduction--
     During the period February 3 through March 2, 1984, 117 people from Los
Angeles County, CA participated in the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology
Study.  These individuals were residents of Torrance, Carson, Hermosa Beach,
Redondo Beach, Manhattan Beach, Lawndale, El Nido, Lraita, Harbor City, Walteria,
Hollywood Riviera and Victoria Park, CA.  Table 42 summarizes the environmental
and biological sample collection results.  Missing samples were accounted for
in all cases and were generally due to accidental sample container breakage,
pump malfunction or improper collection by study participants.  At the conclusion
of sampling, the majority of the sampling equipment was stored in a commercial
storage facility for use during the second season.
Air Volatiles—
     All aspects of the sample collection procedure proceeded smoothly.  No
difficulties were encountered with sampling pump flow irregularities, as had
been experienced in previous studies.  Loss of samples due to actual pump
failure was negligible.
     Instrumental limits of detection were calculated for each of the mass
spectrometers used during the analysis.  Representative values for the target
compounds are listed in Table 43.
                                     115

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 TABLE 43.  REPRESENTATIVE INSTRUMENTAL LIMITS OF DETECTION FOR
                     MASS SPECTRAL ANALYSIS3

Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Broraodichlororae thane
Trichloroethylene
p_-Dioxane
Chlorodibromome thane
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
1,1, 1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
Ethylbenzene
Bromoform
]3-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1 , 1 ,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
ct-Pinene
m-Dichlorobenzene
£-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane

LA-1
1
1
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Sampling Site-Season
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1
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1
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1
1
4
1
4
5

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2
1
1
4
1
1
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Calculated for the Finnigan 3300 (ng/cartridge).
                              119

-------
Water Volatiles--
     Water sample collection was simple, rapid and free of notable problems.
Breath Volatiles--
     No problems accured during collection of breath samples.
Second Season
Introduction—
     The second season Los Angeles county study was conducted on 52 participants
during the period May 21 through June 2, 1984.  The sample collection results
are summarized in Table 44.  Participants in this second season study had all
participated in the first season study and consequently were familiar with the
sample collection procedure.
Air Volatiles—
     No major problems were encountered in the collection of personal and
fixed-site air samples.  Performance of sampling equipment was satisfactory.
     The results of calculation of instrumental imits of detection for each of
the mass spectrometers employed for analysis of Tenax cartridges are shown in
Table 43.
Water Volatiles--
     Water samples were collected without notable difficulty.  Sample analysis
was performed using the procedure outlined in the SOP.
Breath Volatiles—
     No difficulties were encountered in the collection of breath samples.
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY
Introduction
     Residents of Contra Costa county, CA participated in the TEAM study
during the period June 8 through June 25, 1984.  These 71 respondents were
residents of Antioch and Pittsburgh, CA.  Environmental and biological sample
collection results are summarized in Table 45.  Sample collection procedures
were as described in the SOPs.
Air Volatiles--
     Saraple collection proceeded smoothly.  As in previous studies, instrumental
LODs were calculated for each of the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometers used
for sample analysis.  Representative values are shown in Table 43.
                                     120

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Water Volatiles—
     Water samples were collected without notable difficulty.
Breath Volatiles—
     No problems were encountered with collection of breath samples.
PROBLEMS/IMPROVEMENTS
     Strict adherence to Standard Operating Procedures confined difficulties
with sampling and analysis to a minimum.
                                     123

-------
                                   SECTION 7
                               QUALITY ASSURANCE

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPs)
     A total of forty-seven SOPs were prepared for use during Phase III of the
TEAM study.  These documents covered every project activity and are listed in
Table 46.  The initial  draft was prepared by the  staff member(s)  who had the
most "hands-on" experience with the particular operation.  The draft received
extensive peer review,  was  revised when required, and finally administrative
approval.
     Several different SOP formats were  evaluated, and the one containing the
best features of  several  different styles was finally  selected.   All of the
TEAM SOPs are given in Volume IV.
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
First Trip
Field Operations--
     The first collection of TEAM samples in the greater Los Angeles area was
performed between February 6 and March 1,  1984.  Sampling supplies and equipment
were sent  to  the  site by  air freight and stored in a  workroom at  the Holiday
Inn in Torrance,  California. A system audit  was performed at the sampling site
by the RTI QA Officer between February 8 and February 14, 1984.
     The  description of the field activities presented below is based on the
results  of  this  audit  and personal interviews with members of the analytical
sampling staff.  A complete audit report  is presented in Appendix J.
     Environmental and  biological  sample collection was accomplished  by six
two-person teams.  Two teams were at the site during  each of the three sampling
periods  (see Table 47).  Each team was made up of  one  individual experienced in
TEAM sampling techniques.   One of the two experienced samplers was designated
as the Site Administrator  (SA) for that sampling period.  The SA was  responsible
for the  successful execution of the day-to-day sampling efforts and the overall
                                     124

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         TABLE 46.  APPROVED SOPs FOR PHASE III TEAM STUDY
RTI/ACS-SOP No,
                  SOP Title
    320-001
    322-001
    331-001
    331-002
    332-001
    337-001
    340-001
    350-001
    350-002
    361-001

    367-002

    410-001

    431-001 (Air)
    432-001 (Water)
    437-001 (Breath)
    461-001 (Air)
    432-001 (Water)
    467-001 (Breath)
    470-001

    482-001
    481-001 (Air)
    487-001 (Breath)
    512-001

    533-001
    533-002
    612-001
Tenax Cleanup and Preparation
Cleanup of Water Collection Bottles
Collection of Personal Air Samples
Collection of Fixed Site Air Samples
Collection of Water Samples
Collection of Breath Samples
Shipment of Field Sampling Equipment
Site Workroom Procedures and Rules
Maintenance and Use of the Van
Calibration of DuPont P-125A Constant
Flow Samples
Calibration of Nutech Model 221 Gas
Sampler with a Dry Gas Meter
Using Sampling Protocol/Chain-of-Custody
Sheet in the Field
Storage of Samples at the Field Sampling
Site
Shipment of Samples from the Field to
RTI
Receipt of Air, Breath, and Water Samples
at RTI
Storage of Water Samples at RTI
Storage of Tenax Samples at RTI

Analysis of Drinking Water by Purge Trap
Gas Chromatography
Analysis of Organic Compounds
Tenax Using the Finnigan 3300
System
Analysis of Organic Compounds
Tenax Using the Finnigan 4021
System
Collected on
GC/MS/COMP

Collected on
GC/MS/COMP
Preparation of Purge and Trap Calibration
Solutions
               (continued)
                               125

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                        TABLE 46 (cont'd.)
RTI/ACS-SOP No.
              SOP Title
    630-001


    630-002



    630-003



    630-004


    712-001


    711-001 (Air)
    717-001 (Breath)

    790-001



    810-001


    812-001


    860-001


    862-001
    861-002 (Air)
    862-002 (Water)
    867-002 (Breath)
    861-003 (Air)
    862-003 (Water)
    867-003 (Breath)

    881-001 (Air)
    882-001 (Water)

    887-001 (Breath)
Preparing Relative Molar Response Tenax
Cartridges Using a Permeation System

Preparing Relative Molar Response and
Column Performance Evaluation Tenax Cart-
ridges Using a Flash Evaporation System

Loading External Standards on Tenax Cart-
ridges Via Injection Using a Permeation
System

Loading Deuterium Standards on Tenax
Cartridges Using a Permeation System

Quantitation of Volatile Organic Compounds
in Water

Quantitation of Volatile Organic Compounds
in Tenax Samples

Preparation and Submission of Data Summary
Sheets to the Center for Computer Applica-
tion/Data Entry (CCA/DE)

Preparation and Handling of QA Performance
Audit Samples on Tenax for GC/MS Analysis

Conducting a QA System Audit of Sample and
Data Collection in the Field

Preparing Quality Control Samples on Tenax
Cartridges

Preparation of Water Blanks and Controls
Shipment of QC Samples to the Field Sampling
Site
Exposure of QC Samples
Submission of QA Samples to and Receipt of
Data from a QA Laboratory
                               126

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TABLE 47.  LOS ANGELES 1 - ANALYTICAL SAMPLING STAFF
            ASSIGNMENTS AND EXPERIENCE
Team
1A
IB
2A
2B
3A
3B
aNJ:
GB:
ND:
No. Member
Site Adm.
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
Site Adm.
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
Site Adm.
Inexp .
Exp.
Inexp .
Northern New Jersey -
Greensboro, NC
Devils Lake. ND.
Dates Scheduled
for Sampling
2/6 -
2/6 -
2/6 -
2/6 -
2/12
2/12
2/12
2/12
2/24
2/24
2/24
2/24
Trip No.
2/12
2/12
2/12
2/12
- 2/24
- 2/24
- 2/2"4
- 2/24
- 3/1
- 3/1
- 3/1
- 3/1

Sampling Experience
NJ-1
None
NJ-2
None
NJ-1
None
NJ-1
NJ-1
NJ-1
NJ-2
NJ-1
NJ-1

,2; GB; ND

,2,3; GB; ND
,2,3; GB; ND
,2
,2,3; GB; ND
,2; GB
,2

                       127

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adherence to the  study  protocol.   The experience and sampling assignment for
each team is shown in Table 47.
     The participant identification numbers reserved for this Los Angeles study
were 41251 through  41375.  Each  number was followed by  a  computer-generated
check digit.  The first  two  numbers  indicate that the sampling was conducted
during the first trip of the fourth year of the study.   The last three digits
were unique and  descriptive  for  this sampling trip  and  were  utilized as the
participant identification number.
     A sample collection schedule (Table 48) was  prepared at the start of the
study.  The schedule identified  the  participants from whom D-type and Q-type
duplicates were to be collected.   It  also indicated the time to expose matrix
field controls  and  blanks (QC sets).  Both  sample collections of a  D-type
duplicate set were analyzed at RTI.  One of the samples of a Q-type duplicate
set were  analyzed at an independent laboratory.   The  frequency of duplicate
collections and QC set exposure were based on guidelines issued by the Project
Director and incorporated into the schedule such that the additional burden on
the participant and  sample collector was minimal.
     The  study participants  were  selected from twenty-five primary sampling
units.  One set (2 approximately  12 hour samples) of fixed  site  air collections
were scheduled at the  household  of the first sampled participant residing in
each unit.  Duplicate collections  were scheduled at three locations; quality
assurance samples (Q-duplicates) were obtained at  three  additional residences.
     Projections for the Los Angeles study included the  recruitment and sampling
of one  hundred  and  twenty-five participants.  However,  only  one hundred and
seventeen  individuals,  or 93.6%  of  the projected number,  were enlisted as
respondents and  utilized for sampling  purposes.  The corresponding completion
figures  for sample  collection  and analysis are  shown  in Table 49.  A sample
receipt report is shown  in Table 50.
     The  methodology employed  during the field operations was described in a
series of standard operating procedures (SOPs) (Table 46).  It was ascertained
from the on-site audit and staff interviews that the approved SOPs were properly
implemented at the collection site.
                                     128

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TABLE 48.  LOS ANGELES 1 - SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE PARTIAL LISTING

Participant No.
41251
41252
41253
41254
41255
41256
41257
41258
41259
41260
41261
41262
41263
41264
41265



41361
41362
41363
41364
41365
41366
41367
41368
41369
41370
41371
41372
41373
41374
41375
TOTALS
AV (Batch No.)
F D Q QC
2 2
2
2 2D 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
2
2 2D
2
2



2 2
2
2 2D 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
2
2 2D
2
2
250 26 26 20
BR (Batch No.)
F D Q QC
1
1
1
1
1
1 ID 1
1
1
1 ' ' 1
1
1
1
1
1
1



1
1
1 ID 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
125 13 13 11

F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2



2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
250
WV
D Q QC


2

2 1







2

2 1





2

2

la


1


2

2
26 26 14
alndicated QC set will be sent to the QA Lab.
 "D" indicates use of cartridge(s) spiked with deuterated compounds.
 All Tenax duplicates will be collected on deuterated cartridges.
                               129

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         TABLE 49.  LOS ANGELES 1 - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE
                      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS


                            Samples Scheduleda/Collected (%)

Sample Type  Personal Air    Fixed Air       Breath         Water


Field        250/234 (94%)  50/50 (100%)  125/117 (94%)  250/234 (94%)

D-Duplicate   26/24 (92%)    6/6 (100%)    13/12 (92%)    26/24 (92%)

Q-Duplicate   26/24 (92%)    6/6 (100%)    13/11 (85%)    26/24 (92%)


                                             a
                            Samples Scheduled /Analyzed (%)

Sample Type  Personal Air    Fixed Air       Breath         Water


Field        250/227 (91%)  50/50 (100%)  125/116 (93%)  250/228 (91%)

D-Duplicate   26/24 (92%)    6/6 (100%)    13/12 (92%)    26/24 (92%)

Q-Duplicate   26/24 (92%)    6/6 (100%)    13/11 (85%)    26/24 (92%)
a
 Based on projected 125 participants.
                               130

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                 TABLE 50.  SAMPLE RECEIPT REPORT
Prepared by:

Date:

Sampling Trip:
Karen Brady

March 14, 1984

Los Angeles - 1
                          A.  Sample Loss
Sample Code

BR
41289-0 BR-F
41348-4 BR-F

AV
41333-6 AV-F2
41348-4 AV-F2
WV
41348-4 WV-F3
41289-0 WV-F2
41297-3 WV-F3
41327-8 WV-F2
41361-7 WV-F2
                         Explanation
          Respondent confined to a wheelchair
          Respondent not home for final appointment
          Pump stopped during sampling
          Cartridge broken during collection.  Respon-
          dent left pump outside home on table.  No
          indication of how long it had been there.
          Respondent not home for final appointment
          Broken in shipment
          Broken in shipment
          Broken in shipment
          Broken in shipment
                        B.  Other Comments

BR
41281-7 BR-F   Cartridge cracked at void end:  ANALYZABLE
Deviations from sampling schedule
41259-6 BR-D   Rescheduled    41260-1
41276-7 BR-D   Rescheduled    41275-9
41279-1 BR-Q   Rescheduled    41280-9
41289-0 BR-Q   Rescheduled    41290-8

XV
41295-7 XV-F2  Cap read AV-F2.  Assuming caps switched when cartridges
               were collected.
Deviations from sampling schedule:
Fixed Site #14 (PSU 110) 41289-9 XV-Q2 & Q3  Rescheduled #13 (PSU 120)
     41279-1
Fixed Site #14 XV-FB/FC-03  Rescheduled #13 (PSU 120) 41279-1
                               131

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                        TABLE 50 (cont'd.)

AV
41295-7 AV-F2  Cap reads XV-F2.  Assuming caps switched when cartridges
               were collected.
41362-5 AV-52  Cartridge cracked:  ANALYZABLE
Deviations from sampling schedule:
41291-6 AV-Q1 & 2  Rescheduled because pump stopped on Qa collection.
     41296-5.
413070-0 AV-FB/FC-11  Rescheduled 41303-9
41341-9 AV-Q1 & 2     Rescheduled 41346-8

WV
Deviations from sampling schedule:
41285-8 WV-FB/FC-05 SP Sheet labeled 41283-3, however the 41283-3 water
     samples were collected on the same day by the same team as 41285-8.
41355-9 WV-FB/FC-13  Rescheduled.  Exposed the following day with 41362-5.
                      C.  QA of SP/COC Sheets

                              2

"Noncomputation errors       13
Computational Errors          2         (Total Time Calculation)
a.
 The majority of these errors occurred when an individual put different
 collection times on the front (SP) and back (COC).  Times differed by
 only a few minutes.
                               132

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Sample Analysis--
     Tenax Cartridges—The air and breath  collected during the first trip to
Los Angeles were  analyzed by capillary column gas chroraatography/mass spectrome-
try/computer (GC/MS/COMP) employing procedures  described in SOP No.  533-001
and 002.  All matrix types were analyzed on the  Finnigan 3300 quadrupole mass
spectrometer on 41 analysis days between March I and April 23, 1984.   Some of
the personal air collections  were analyzed on the  Finnigan  4021  quadrupole
system on 19 analysis days between April 2 and April 26, 1984.
     Prior  to  sample analysis,  relative  response  factors  for each  target
compound were established by analyzing a minimum of  seven cartridges containing
known amounts of all the targets plus perfluorobenzene  and  perfluorotoluene
(RRF cartridge).  Based on  this  data,  average RRF values were calculated and
used to quantitate the volatile organic levels in samples collected from this
sampling trip.  This operation was carried out on each analytical system used
(Finnigan 3300 and 4021 GC/MS/COMP).
     An additional RRF  cartridge was  run during each sample analysis day and
the agreement with the previously determined RRF value recorded.  Note that the
daily RRF was not used to quantitate target levels but only served as a check
on the  constancy of instrument performance.  The RRF values used during this
study and their variability are listed in Table 51.  In addition, the instrument
time was checked by measuring the intensity of perfluorotoluene (PFT) fragment
ions relative to the base peak.   The performance of  the  gas chromatography
column was monitored for peak resolution and symmetry.
     The PFT instrument tune was within the  acceptable  range on both instruments
during the analysis period.   Peak resolution and symmetry were also acceptable
on both systems.
     Water Samples—Water samples collected  during the first trip  to  Los
Angeles were analyzed by purge and trap gas chromatography between February 24
and March 30, 1984 during 25 analysis days.  Samples were stored  three to four
weeks between collection and analysis.
     Four multi-point calibration curves were generated periodically to give
three  composite  curves  which  were  used to  quantitate target compounds  in
samples analyzed during each time interval.
                                     133

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TABLE 51.  LOS ANGELES 1 - RELATIVE RESPONSE FACTOR (RRF) VALUES
          USED TO CALCULATE VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTENT ON
                        TENAX CARTRIDGES
Finnigan 3300
3/1/84
Target Compound
1 ,2-Dichloroetbane
1 , 1 , ]-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetracbloride
Trichloroethylene
Chloroform
Bromodichlorome thane
£-Dioxane
Dibromodichlorome thane
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
Tetrachloroethylene
n-Octane
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Broooform
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 1 ,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
•/5
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
83
85
83
129
58
88
127
129
107
109
164
166
57
85
114
77
112
114
91
106
173
91
106
104
91
106
117
131
133
83
166
168
RRF
.304
.090
.127
.516
.356
1.315
.575
.532
.579
.812
.707
.485
.371
.703
.132
.153
.530
.091
.105
.098
.097
.326
.461
.078
.177
.031
.172
.409
.137
.012
.189
.205
.801
.349
.442
1.122
.544
-
.461
.041
.049
%CV
14.6
15.3
12.8
11.0
11.8
12.7
13.1
13.7
9.5
8.7
8.5
11.6
12.5
15.4
17.9
16.4
13.2
22.2
22.2
30.7
28.4
9.3
9.8
32.4
16.6
13.9
13.0
18.5
20.2
14.6
14.2
19.9
17.7
15.9
11.7
16.4
18.3
-
20.0
12.8
11.3
3/2 - 4/23/84
RRF
.229
.073
.111
.414
.283
1.028
.346
.335
.438
.520
.485
.606
.449
.547
.085
.145
.368
.250
.297
.444
.450
.522
.706
.277
.557
.090
.719
1.637
.553
1.618
.718
.399
1.514
.916
1.726
1.301
.758
-
.540
.054
.064
XCV
7.2
6.5
6.2
4.5
5.2
12.1
6.4
5.2
30.0
27.5
28.6
6.6
8.2
24.2
22.5
36.2
24.0
18.7
16.8
25.1
27.1
10.1
11.7
11.4
14.6
18.1
16.8
18.3
20.2
11.9
14.5
8.6
6.5
8.5
24.8
8.6
8.5
-
9.4
7.3
8.6
Finnigan 4021
4/2 -
RRF
.679
.219
.335
.734
.475
2.321
.578
.566
.806
.858
.809
.952
.622
.775
.085
.490
.495
.590
.729
1.045
.966
.670
.819
.978
1.020
.192
1.469
2.760
.880
3.469
1.333
.538
2.913
1.642
2.736
2.393
1.366
.513
.577
.539
1.444
.105
.130
4/25/84
%CV
18.2
18.5
25.5
22.0
22.1
24.1
22.9
22.6
18.2
17.8
17.8
4.9
4.5
18.6
18.2
27.3
23.2
21.7
21.3
20.7
21.0
19.8
19.8
15.9
16.6
17.6
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.7
12.2
20.3
14.9
13.8
12.2
12.1
12.3
20.6
20.9
20.9
20.9
19.3
19.6
                                                          (continued)
                                 134

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                                TABLE 51  (cont'd.)
Target Compound
                                                          Finnigan 3300
                                                   3/1/84
                                    n/z
                                               RRF
                                                          %CV
                                                                      3/2 - 4/23/84
                                                                     RRF
Finnigan 4021




 4/2  - 4/25/84
                                                                                           RRF
           XCV
o-Pinene


p-Dichlorobenzene

o-Di ch 1 o robenzene

n-Undecane


n-Dodecane


93
121
136
146
148
146
148
57
85
156
57
85
170
.287
.040
.020
.451
.273
.558
.334
.225
.123
.028
.250
.150
.206
16.3
12.4
16.9
11.2
11.9
10.2
11.0
21.5
15.3
10.0
20.4 .
15.1
14.2
.828
.108
.072
1.273
.829
1.033
.698
.772
.390
.079
.800
.464
.066
12.6
15.0
14.1
6.6
6.3
7.6
5.4
7.7
.49
11.0
9.8
9.7
9.1
1.826
.225
.185
1.869
1.165
1.754
1.085
2.676
.694
.167
2.720
.786.
-
12.3
13.2
13.0
21.3
21.2
13.9
13.6
14.3
13.5
13.6
14.4
13.6
-
                                                 135

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     Power failures resulted in the loss of data from 2 samples and one QC set.
Field Control and Blank QC Saraples--
     Tenax Cartridges--In general, the  field  control  samples associated with
the personal  air  collections  gave blank-corrected recoveries of  80  to 120%.
However, five target  compounds  were  recovered in excessive  amounts  (130% to
150% of spike added) from Tenax batch number 74:  chloroform; 1,2-dichloroethane;
1,1,1-trichloroethane; benzene; and trichloroethylene.  A significant number of
benzene-contaminated  field blanks were observed (22, 28 ng).  These personal
air quality  control  results  are shown in  Table 52.   Similar  quality  control
data for breath and  fixed site air matrices  are  listed in Tables 53 and  54,
respectively.
     Water Samples—Of the seven  target  compounds loaded in  field controls,
five exhibited recoveries between 78% and 88% (Table 55).  Chlorobenzene (65%)
and chlorodibromomethane (46%) recoveries were less.  Only chloroform (persis-
tently ubiquitous) was found in field blanks.
Duplicate Sample Analysis—
     Tenax Cartridges--The agreement between duplicate sample pairs is summari-
zed in Table 56 for the 20 target compounds found occasionally or  frequently in
measurable amounts  in both  the field  (F)  and  corresponding duplicate (D)
sample  are listed.  The  percent relative standard deviation  (%RSD) for those
sample pairs was calculated,  and the median,  75th percentile, and  the maximum
tabulated.
     The agreement  between  duplicate  pairs was very  good.   In  nearly every
case, the median %RSD was less than 30% and the 75th percentile value was less
than 50%.
     Except  for chlorobenzene  in personal  air,  o-  dichlorobenzene  and n-
undecane  in  breath,   and  o-dichlorobenzene in  fixed-site air  samples,  the
precision of the remaining duplicate results was  satisfactory.
     Table 57 summarizes  the  interlaboratory  precision between field  samples
and the corresponding Q-duplicates analyzed by  the  independent laboratory.
     Water Samples—Water F/D  sample  pairs  also gave  good precision data
(Table 58).  Of the six target compounds found in measurable  amounts, bromoform
and 1,1,1-trichloroethane exhibited the  highest variability.  The  independent
laboratory results for Q-duplicates are shown in Table  59.
                                     136

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     TABLE  52.  LOS  ANGELES  1  - PERSONAL AIR FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls (Tenax Batch 74/79)
Field Blanks (Tenax Batch 74/79)
Recovery*
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichlorome thane
Trichloroethylene
£-Dioxane
Chlorodibromome thane
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Bromoform
£-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Of-Pinene
£-Di chlorobenzene
m-Di chlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Da chlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1,1 , 2-Tetrachloroe thane
N
6/12
5/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
NAC
6/12
6/10
NA
NA/5
6/10
6/12
6/12
6/10
NA
6/10
6/10
6/10
6/12
6/10
6/10
NA
6/9
6/10
6/10
6/10
NA
Mean
140/100
150/120
140/120
130/110
110/88
-
130/100
120/86
-
-/82
120/97
120/96
110/85
110/93
-
110/96
86/86
120/96
120/19
110/85
97/81
-
93/92
110/95
110/86
110/94
-
tRSD
6/10
7/16
4/14
12/20
23/17
-
25/18
23/44
-
-/I6
20/15
19/18
23/29
13/18
-
18/17
14/24
14/16
17/26
17/23
17/15
-
17/16
16/18
21/27
20/16
-
N
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
NA
6/12
6/12
NA
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
NA
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/11
-
NA
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
Background, ng
Mean
4/2
ND/NDb
3/7
22/28
ND/ND
-
ND/ND
ND/ND
-
ND/ND
ND/
ND/ND
ND/ND
ND/ND
-
3/3
3/8
2/2
ND/ND
•ND/ND
6/8
-
-
3/4
4/4
2/3
ND/ND
XRSD
78/57
-
85/143
48/69
-
-
-
-
'
-
-/
-
-
-
-
-
30/68
-
-
-
146/114
-
-
117/82
58/72
-
-
 Corrected for background.
 ND = Not detected.
"NA = Not analyzed.
                                137

-------
           TABLE 53.   LOS  ANGELES  1  -  BREATH  FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Field Blanks (Splrometer)
Recovery
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Di chloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Bromod 1 chl oromethane
Trlchloroethylene
£-01oxane •
Chlorodl bromorae thane
1,2-Dlbromoethane
n_-0ctane
Tetrachloroethyl ene
Chl oro benzene
Ethyl benzene
Bromoform
£-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
£-P1nene
j>-D1chlorobenzene
m-01ch1orobenzene
rv-Decane
p_-D1chloro benzene
rv-Undecane
£-Dodecane
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
N
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
NAa
7
7
7
7
NA
7
7
7
7
7
7
NA
7
7
7
7
NA
Mean
84
105
106
117
80
74
99
88
92
-
97
100
84
91
-
89
69
99
110
82
88
-
85
88
88
92
-
XRSO
20
22
13
25
12
43
23
32
35
-
19
8
14
9
-
9
13
13
12
20
11
-
16
7
21
19
-
N
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
NA
9
9
9
9
9
Background, ng
Mean
8
NDa
10
25
ND
ND
1
Z
NO
NO
ND
2
ND
4
ND
6
11
3
ND
ND
2
-
3
2
4
ND
ND
JRSD
130
-
80
39
- '
-
46
79
-
-
-
37
-
61
-
33
104
40
-
-
74
-
81
72
55
-
-
a
 ND = Not detected.
 NA = Not analyzed.
                                  138

-------
         TABLE 54.  LOS ANGELES 1 - FIXED SITE AIR FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls
Recovery3
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichloromethane
Trichloroethylene
g-Dioxane
Chlorodibroraome thane
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Brotnoform
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1 , 1 ,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
o-Pinene
g-Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1, 1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
N
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
NA
NA
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
NA
Mean
124
128
120
111
95
-
99
101
-
-
102
100
84
87
-
66
67
99
102
65
87
-
86
88
90
95
-
%RSD
8
18
10
23
9
-
9
12
-
-
14
11
21
19
-
61
13
13
12
68
8
-
13
11
14
3
-
N
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
4
Field Blanks
Background, ng
Mean
2
ND
4
12
ND
-
1
ND
-
ND
2
ND
ND
2
-
5
4
2
ND
ND
ND
-
6
3
5
2
ND
%RSD
43
-
61
25
-
-
0
-
-
-
71
-
-
71
-
77
89
67
-
-
-
-
35
106
43
38
-
Corrected for background.
ND = Not detected.
NA = Not analyzed.
                                      139

-------
          TABLE 55.   LOS ANGELES 1 - WATER FIELD QC  SAMPLES
Target Conpound
Chlorofora
1,2-Dichloroe thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroetlune
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
BronodichloroBethaoe
Trichloroethylene
g-Dioxane
Chlorodibroooae thane
1 ,2-Dibroooethaoe
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
BrOBofon
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
o-Pinene
f>-Dichlorobenzene
•-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecine
1,1, 1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
Field Control*
Recovery*
N Mean WSD
12 86 16
HAb
12 88 18
KA
HA -
12 72 27
12 86 14
NA
12 46 56
HA -
SA
12 78 16
12 65 IS
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
HA -
MA -

H
11
HA
11
MA
HA
11
11
HA
11
NA
NA
11
11
MA
NA
HA
HA
HA
NA
NA
HA
HA
NA
HA
NA
HA
NA
Field Blanks
Background , ng/oL
Mean IRSD
1.0 18
-
HDC
-
-
ND
ND
-
HD
-
-
ND
HD
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 Corrected  for background.
 NA =  Not analyzed.
"ND =  Not detected.
                                140

-------
TABLE 56.  LOS ANGELES 1 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV)
PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/D RESULTS
Personal Air, »SD
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroe thane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroe thane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
g-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
g~Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
a-Pinene
Median (N)
28 (21)
12 (14)
8 (23)
13 (23)
15 (21)
12 (17)
12 (19)
28 (21)
30 (21)
13 (21)
13 (22)
15 (23)
12 (19)
13 (23)
20 (6)
11 (21)
15 (23)
14 (22)
75* tile
56
20
• 22
21
30
24
16
43
49
26
25
24
32
35
21
39
35
23
Max.
107
31
111
113
63
54
63
96
110
123
130
116
110
113
65
141
114
121
Breath,
Median (N)
25 (3)
- (0)
11 (12)
20 (12)
7 (2)
10 (7)
15 (11)
24 (3)
11 (8)
26 (8)
14 (11)
20 (12)
26 (6)
19 (4)
- (0)
4 (9)
51 (7)
11 (8)
75X
51
-
20
44
-
15
26
- 104
16
49
21
26
32
20
-
6
61
14
XRSD
tile Max.
51
-
96
76
9
44
35
104
47 -
72
38
64
53
27
-
32
123
72
Fixed Site Air, »SD
Median (N)
34 (5)
9 (1)
18 (6)
6 (6)
28 (6)
9 (5)
21 (5)
20 (5)
9 (5)
12 (5)
17 (6)
13 (6)
24 (5)
37 (5)
8 (3)
20 (6)
24 (5)
9 (3)
75% tile
49
-
18
12
29
14
22
35
12
13
19
13
29
40
11
22
30
69
Max.
60
-
44
16
71
38
39
37
32
31
27
71
30
42
11
58
33
69
                           141

-------
TABLE 57.  LOS ANGELES 1 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT RELATIVE
                 STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD)  FOR F/Q RESULTS
Personal Air, %RSD
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
g-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
a-Pinene
Chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Median (N)
90 (21)
20 (3)
- (o)
29 (22)
29 (10)
30 (19)
22 (22)
24 (17)
73 (17)
35 (21)
27 (22)
26 (21)
- (0)
52 (18)
28 (4)
39 (22)
51 (18)
17 (14)
- (0)
- (0)
75% tile
100
20
-
87
46
55
75
33
100
60
60
65
-
68
37
63
78
38
-
-
Max.
130
100
-
110
50
92
100
96
130
120
130
120
-
140
40
120
130
94
-
-
Breath, %RSD
Median (N)
130 (3)
- (0)
- (0)
37 (8)
- (0)
53 (4)
24 (11)
9.4 (2)
37 (3)
30 (6)
2.5 (3)
12 (8)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
32 (9)
- (0)
- (0)
75% tile Max.
140 140
-
-
71 98
-
90 100
46 68
10
62 62
49 50
20 20
58 75
-
-
-
-
-
53 57
-
-
Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Median (N)
120 (5)
- (1)
- (0)
18 (6)
- (1)
6.8 (4)
39 (6)
20 (6)
42 (5)
21 (6)
34 (6)
17 (6)
- (0)
52 (5)
- (1)
18 (5)
56 (5)
11 (2)
- (0)
- (0)
75% tile
130
-
-
47
-
24
77
37
43
50
54
51
-
83
-
85
100
-
-
-
Max.
130
19
-
86
4.2
28
100
57
44
92
99
89
-
98
26
87
100
12
-
-
                                     142

-------
TABLE 58.  LOS ANGELES 1 - PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION  (%RSD)
            FOR F/D RESULTS OF DUPLICATE WATER SAMPLES
                                       Water, %RSD
Target Compound
Median (n)
75th Percentile
Max.
Chloroform

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Bromodichloromethane

Dibromochloromethane

Tetrachloroethylene

Bromoform
  6 (16)

 17 (10)

  4 (17)

  4 (16)

  2 (1)

 13 (12)
     10

     52

      9

      9



     33
 27

 74

133

 29



 42
                               143

-------
TABLE 59.  LOS ANGELES 1 - PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD)
            FOR F/Q RESULTS OF DUPLICATE WATER SAMPLES


                                       Water, %RSD
Target Compound            Median (n)      75th Percentile      Max.

Chloroform                  22 (17)             32               40

Bromodichloromethane        22 (17)             40               52

Dibromochloromethane        31 (17)             43               53

Bromoform                   42 (5)              59               67
                               144

-------
Performance Audit Sample Analysis--
     Tenax Cartridges—Performance audit  samples  were  prepared by fortifying
Tenax cartridges  with  selected  aromatic and aliphatic target  compounds.  The
Tenax for  all  audit samples was  supplied by RTI  and fortified by EMSL/EPA-
RTP.
     The analysis of the audit cartridges were carried out blind; each cartridge
was given  a  legitimate study number and a chain-of-custody form before being
introduced into  the sample  chain.  The results were reported  to  EPA without
any background  correction and are summarized in Table 60.
     Approximately equal numbers  of targets exhibited a positive and negative
bias.  Trichloroethylene  (+43.7%)  and benzene (+31.2%)  had  the highest positive
bias; ethylbenzene (-25.0%)  and bromoform (-22.7%) showed the highest negative
bias.  Precision estimates were poorest for bromoform and best for chloroform
and carbon tetrachloride.
     A set of  four  audit  samples were  prepared at RTI and submitted  to  the
independent laboratory for analysis.  Their results are  shown in Table 61.
     Water Samples—The water QA  data are shown in Table 62.  Target compound
measurement in the  audit  samples  provided by EPA, Cincinnati  indicated low
recoveries.  This was  particularly true for bromoform (17% and 23% recoveries
from sample QC-1 and  QC-2,  respectively).  Blanks were analyzed and  reported
as devoid of all  target compounds.
Second Trip
Field Operations—
     The  second  collection  of  environmental  and  biological  samples in  the
greater Los Angeles  area  was performed between May 21 and June 2,  1984.  Some
equipment had been  stored  in the area after the first trip.   These materials
and other  sampling  supplies  sent  from RTI were located  in a  workroom at the
Holiday Inn in Torrance,  California.   No system audit was performed at the
sampling  site.   The description of the field activities presented below is
based on personal interviews with members of the analytical sampling staff.
     Sample collection was  accomplished by two two-person teams.  All of the
sampling personnel  were  experienced,  each having participated  in  at  least
three previous  field collections.
                                     145

-------
  TABLE 60.   LOS ANGELES 1 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS,
                        VOLATILE ORGANICS
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
Mean
N Amount Added, ng Bias, %
6
11
6
6
11
10a
11
ioa
11
ioa
11
150-350
300-700
400-800
300
150-650
150-650
150-700
100-650
125-600
100-650
125-600
12.6
-14.6
17.7
9.9
43.7
12.2
-22.7
-16.7
31.2
-25.0
-13.5
% RSD of
Bias Data
14.8
38.2
18.1
16.0
38.5
23.2
46.2
28.0
27.8
18.8
17.6
Not included in this presentation is one audit sample in which the
target compound was not detected.
                              146

-------




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147

-------
   TABLE 62.  LOS ANGELES 1 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE RESULTS -
                          WATER ANALYSIS

                        Sample QC-1 (N=2)        Sample QC-2 (N=2)
Target Compound        Cone., M8/L  ^Recovery  Cone., pg/L  %Recovery

Chloroform                 5.90         54         33.4         73

1,1,1-Trichloroethane      0.43         39          7.85        56

Trichloroethylene          1.57         60          9.70        75

Bromodichloromethane       1.36         80          6.52        76

Dibromochloromethane       1.18         49          5.94        50

Tetrachloroethylene        0.55         50          3.32        59

Bromoform                  0.47         17          2.40        23
                               148

-------
     The participant  identification numbers  reserved  for this  Los Angeles
study were 42251  to  42300.   Each number was followed by a computer-generated
check digit.  The  first  two  numbers indicate that the  sampling was conducted
during the second trip of the fourth year of the study.  The  last three digits
were unique  and  descriptive  for this sampling  trip  and were utilized as the
participant identification number.
     A sample collection schedule (Table 63) was prepared at the start of the
study.  The  schedule  identified  the participants from  whom D-type and Q-type
duplicates were  to be collected.  It also indicated the time at which matrix
field controls and blanks (QC sets) were scheduled for  exposure.  The frequency
of duplicate  collections  and QC set exposure were based on guidelines issued
by the  Project Director  and incorporated  into the schedule  such that the
additional burden on the participant and analytical staff was minimal.
     The participants were selected from the 117 individuals enlisted during
the first  trip.   The  design  of this study required the collection of samples
from 50 former participants.   This  was  accomplished plus the sampling of two
additional individuals  who  were  not originally  scheduled.   The completion
figures for the collection and analysis of samples from the 52 individuals in
this study are shown  in Table 64.  A sample receipt  report is shown in Table
65.
     The methodology  employed  during the field operations was described in a
series of  standard operating procedures (see Table  46).   It  was ascertained
from analytical staff interviews that the approved SOPs were properly implemen-
ted at the  collection  site.
Sample Analysis--
     Tenax Cartridges—The air and breath collected during the second trip to
Los Angeles were  analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectro-
metry/computer (GC/MS/COMP) employing procedures described in SOP No. 553-001
and 002.  Personal and  fixed air samples were  analyzed on the Finnigan 3300
quadrupole system  on  20  analysis days between June 7 and July 3, 1984.  Some
of the fixed-site  air and all of the breath collections were analyzed on the
Pinnigan 4021 quadrupole  system  on 13 analysis  days  between  June 14 and June
28, 1984.
                                     149

-------
TABLE 63.  LOS ANGELES 2 - SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE PARTIAL LISTING

Participant
42251
42252
42253
42254
42255
42256
42257
42258
42259
42260
42261
42262
42263
42264
42265



42286
42287
42288
42289
42290
42291
42292
42293
42294
42295
42296
42297
42298
42299
42300
TOTALS
AV (Batch No.)
No. F D Q QC
2 2
2
2 2D 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
2
2 2D
2
2



2
2
2 1
2
2
2 2 la
2
2 2D 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
100 10 10 9
BR
F
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
50
(Batch No.)
D Q QC F
2
2
2
2
2
ID 12
2
2
" 1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2



ID 2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
ID 1 2
2
2
1 2
2
5 5 4 100
WV
D Q QC


2

2 1







2

2 1




la





2

2 1





10 10 6
 Indicated QC set will be sent to the QA Lab.
 "D" indicates use of cartridge(s) spiked with deuterated compounds.
 All Tenax duplicates will be collected on deuterated cartridges.
                               150

-------
         TABLE 64.  LOS ANGELES 2 - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE
                      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

                            Samples Scheduleda/Collected (%)

Sample Type  Personal Air    Fixed Air       Breath         Water

Field        104/104 (100%) 48/48 (100%)   52/51 (98%)   104/104 (100%)

D-Duplicate   10/10 (100%)   5/5 (100%)     5/4 (80%)     10/10 (100%)

Q-Duplicate   10/10 (100%)   5/4 (100%)     5/4 (80%)     10/10 (100%)

                                             a
                            Samples Scheduled /Analyzed (%)

Sample Type  Personal Air    Fixed Air       Breath         Water


Field        104/104 (100%) 48/47 (98%)    52/51 (98%)   104/103 (99%)

D-Duplicate   10/10 (100%)   5/5 (100%)     5/4 (80%)     10/10 (100%)

Q-Duplicate   10/10 (100%)   5/4 (80%)      5/4 (80%)     10/10 (100%)
o
 Based on the actual 52 study respondents.
                               151

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         TABLE 65.   LOS ANGELES 2 - SAMPLE RECEIPT REPORT
Prepared by:

Date:

Sample Trip:

Sample Code

42279-0 BR-Q

42293-1 AV-F2


42262-6 BR-F


425-9 WV-FB7
430302-0
42303-8
Pat Blau

June 5 and 14, 1984

Los Angeles - 2
                         Explanation

                    Broken cartridge

                    Broken Kimax tube, replaced upon
                    receipt at RTI

                    Not collected; health-related
                    problem

                    Samples received but no SP/COC
                    sheets.  Received 6/14/84

                    All samples were collected but
                    not scheduled.
Prepared by:

Date:

Sample Trip:

Sample Code

42251  AV-Q1


42253  AV-F1
42262 BR-F

42281 AV-F1
Kent Thomas
June 6, 1984
Los Angeles - 2
42287
                         Explanation

                    Lost.  Rescheduled for participant
                    No. 42284

                    Lost.  The designated Fl and F2 sam-
                    ples were destroyed.  The D-dupli-
                    cates for this participant were
                    relabeled F-samples.  The D-dupli-
                    cates rescheduled for participant
                    No. 42266.

                    Not collected.

                    Lost.  The designated Fl and F2
                    samples were destroyed.  The Q-
                    duplicates for this participant
                    were relabled F-sampled.  The Q-
                    duplicates rescheduled for parti-
                    cipant No. 42298.

                    AV-QC set scheduled during collec-
                    tion of 42291 was exposed instead
                    for 42287.
                               152

-------
     Prior to  sample analysis,  relative  response factors  for each  target
compound were established by analyzing a minimum of seven cartridges containing
known amounts of  all the targets plus perfluorobenzene and perfluorotoluene
(RRF cartridge).  Based  on  this  data, average RRF values  were calculated and
used to quantitate the volatile organic levels in samples  collected from this
sampling trip.  This operation was carried out on each analytical system used
(Finnigan 3300 and 4021 GC/MS/COMP).
     An additional RRF  cartridge was run during each sample analysis day and
the agreement with  the  previously determined RRF value recorded.   Note that
the daily RRF was not used to quantitate  target levels but only served as  a
check on the constancy of instrument performance.  The RRF values used during
this study and  their variability are listed  in  Table 66.   In addition, the
instrument tune  was checked by  measuring  the intensity of  perfluorotoluene
(PFT) fragment  ions  relative  to  the base peak.  The  performance of the gas
chromatography column was monitored for peak resolution and symmetry.
     The PFT tune was  within the acceptable range on both instruments during
the analysis period.   Peak  resolution and symmetry were also acceptable on
both systems.
     Water Samples—Water samples  collected  during  the  second  trip  to Los
Angeles were analyzed by purge and trap gas chromatography between June 14 and
July 18, 1984 during 16 analysis  days.  Samples were  stored  three to six weeks
between collection and analysis.
     Four multi-point calibration  curves  were generated periodically to give
three composite  curves which  were  used to  quantitate target  compounds  in
samples analyzed during each time interval.
     The data  from one sample was  lost due to a program malfunction.
Field Control  and  Blank QC Samples--
     Tenax Cartridges—Tenax batch number  85  used for personal  air  sampling
gave excellent target recovery from field controls (Table 67).  Only chloroform
(130%) and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (140%) fell outside of  an 85-120% recovery
range and only benzene exhibited a significant background level.
     On the other hand, the Tenax used in breath cartridges   (batch number 81)
was characterized by nine target recoveries below 80%  (Table 68).  Significantly,
                                     153

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TABLE 66.  LOS ANGELES 2 --RELATIVE RESPONSE FACTOR (RRF)  VALUES
 USED TO CALCULATE VOLATILE ORGANICS CONTENT ON TENAX CARTRIDGES
Finnigan 3300
Target Compound
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetracbloride
Trichloroethylene
Chloroform
Broaodi chloroaethane
g-Dioxane
DibroBodichlorone thane
1 ,2-Dibroaoethane
Tctrachloroethylene
n-Octane
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Broarafon
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
1 , 1 ,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
•/£
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
83
85
83
129
58
88
127
129
107
109
164
166
57
85
114
77
112
114
91
106
173
91
106
104
91
106
117
131
133
83
166
168
6/7
RRF
.786
.222
.237
.583
.360
1.902
.597
.578
.874
.793
.777
1.265
.795
.674
.023
.258
.408
.054
.074
.116
-111
.440
.519
.324
.373
.039
.725
1.169
.434
1.427
.496
.042
1.340
.558
.842
1.746
.721
.233
.315
.301
.923
.039
.053
- 6/5/84
XCV
5.8
6.0
12.3
12.3
12.4
10.3
10.6
10.6
14.4
12.5
12.9
10.3
9.1
36.0
58.8
38.4
39.8
60.8
55.5
33.3
31.8
10.7
9.4
19.2
13.5
11.5
13.2
13.4
13.0
14.7
16.2
56.4
15.9
18.2
19.9
15.4
14.6
18.2
17.4
17.5
20.5
20.9
20.7
6/6 -
RRF
.594
.187
.230
.664
.446
1.549
.568
.578
.499
.532
.511
1.069
.750
.619
.028
.143
.242
.250
.342
.232
.223
.452
.563
.289
.369
.307
.889
1.520
.463
1.833
.599
.255
1.705
.086
1.177
1.705
.683
.267
.370
.346
.837
.042
.053
7/2/84
%CV
10.6
12.8
12.8
10.3
11.3
7.5
9.4
8.4
8.4
11.6
8.1
13.1
12.4
11.0
• 32.4
21.6
20.0
38.7
39.2
25.1
29.0
14.2
11.0
19.5
20.3
17.6
16.0
15.1
16.7
14.6
14.2
40.4
13.9
13.7
18.0
13.1
12.4
20.0
19.3
19.0
12.9
10.3
10.4
Finnigan 4021
6/14 -
RRF
.723
.247
.333
.727
.464
1.542
.628
.589
.515
.563
.535
1.239
0.806
.371
.479
1.211
1.515
1.052
.982
1.052
.982
.752
.868
.862
.903
.179
1.320
2.191
.749
2.423
1.123
1.044
2.154
1.123
2.024
1.925
1.203
.454
.590
.549
.984
.088
.111
6/28/84
lev
14.3
12.1
13.2
9.5
9.5
12.1
7.5
7.5
16.7
16.1
16.9
9.6
9.6
18.7
17.7
27.5
30.7
16.1
15.6
12.2
11.8
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.8
6.5
12.2
10.2
10.9
10.7
10.1
8.6
10.4
8.3
6.4
10.0
8.4
8.4
6.9
6.9
13.0
11.4
11.5
                                                          (continued)
                             154

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                                         TABLE 66  (cont'd.)
Target Compound
                                                          Finnigan 3300
                                                   3/1/84
                                                                      3/2  - 4/23/84
                                    B/Z
                                               RUT
                                                         %CV
                                                                     BKF
                                                                                XCV
Finnigan 4021
 4/2 - 4/25/84
                                                                                          RRF
                                                                                                       %CV
j»-Pineae


g-Di chl o robenzene
n-Decane
~

o-Dichlorobenzene

n-Undecane


n-Dodecane


m-Dichlorobenzenc

93
121
136
146
148
57
85
142
146
148
57
85
156
57
85
170
146
148
.055
.028
.594
1.223
.849
1.038
.275
.036
1.088
.754
1.067
.287
.030
1.106
.378
.026
.718
.487
18.1
20.5
13.9
13.9
14.3
15.4
28.7
12.2
13.2
13.3
17.4
13.4
15.4
17.7
15.1
15.3
10.9
11.2
.078
.031
.621
1.165
.800
1.076
.403
.038
1.056
.739
1.086
.326
.032
1.099
.387
.027
1.053
.737
13.1
14.2
13.6
14.7
13.2
16.2
26.7
14.6
13.7
13.1
16.8
16.5
14.0
11.1
13.6
12.5
9.4
9.5
1.416
.204
.173
1.504
1.009
1.870
.658
.171
1.440
.967
1.767
.538
.164
1.843
.619
.157
2.282
1.415
4.3
6.1
6.4
10.0
6.8
10.4
7.9
7.9
9.7
6.5
1.42
8.7
9.7
9.4
5.1
4.7
4.9
5.1
                                                155

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      TABLE 67.   LOS ANGELES 2 - PERSONAL AIR FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls (Tenax
Batch 85)
Field Blanks (Tenax Batch 85)
X Recovery*
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroe thane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichloroae thane
Trichloroethylene
|>-Dioxane
Chlorodibromomethane
1 ,2-Dibromoe thane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Bromoform
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
a-Pinene
jj-Di chlo robenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
N
7
7
7
7
7
NAC
7
6
MA
7
7
7
7
7
NA
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Mean
130
110
120
90
100
-
100
no
-
110
no
100
99
100
-
110
100
110
140
86
110
110
110
110
110
110
100
WSD
10
10
14
8
13
-
8
25
-
24
26
21
15
26
-
24
32
20
15
21
21
13
20
21
27
22
23
N
6
6
6
6
6
NA
6
6
HA
6
6
6
6
6
MA
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Background , ng
Mean
11
NDb
6
31
ND
-
ND
5
-
ND
ND
ND
ND
5
-
5
13
3
9
ND
3
ND
ND
4
ND
ND
3
WSD
46
-
28
30
-
-
-
126
-
-
-
-
-
55
-
42
76
-
87
-
75
-
-
92
-
-
82
 Corrected  for  background.
DND = Not detected.
"NA = Not analyzed.
                                156

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       TABLE  68.   LOS ANGELES 2  - BREATH FIELD QC SAMPLES
Target Compound
                            Field Controls (Tenax Batch 81)



                                         X Recovery
                                      Mean
                                                 5KSD
                                                       Field Blanks (Tenax Batch 81)a



                                                                  Background, ng
                                                                       Mean
                                                                           XRSD
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1 , 1 , 1-Tricbloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Brooodi chloromethane
Trichloroethylene
£-Dioxane
Chlorodibronone thane
1 ,2'Dibronoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
Bromoform
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
o-Pinene
£-Dichlorobenzene
n-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1,1 , 2-Tetrachloroethane
4
4
It
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
45
87
71
77
56
48
120
64
42
74
88
91
86
98
46
95
97
97
110
80
98
90
94
100
91
95
92
15
11
12
41
8
28
17
32
16
18
13
8
7
7
6
4
7
4
5
15
6
9
11
6
12
8
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
14
NDb
8
36
ND
ND
4
ND
ND
ND
7
10
ND
3
ND
8
6
6
m
2
6
ND
9
ND
13
7
ND
53
-
102
105
-
-
130
-
-
-
33
111
-
-
-
59
39
30
-
-
82
-
24
-
13
20
-
 SpiromeLer  blanks,
ND
Not  detected.
                                     157

-------
four of the  nine  compounds  had recoveries between 42%  and 48%.  Once again,
measurable amounts of benzene were found in field blanks.
     The field controls containing the Tenax batch used to prepare fixed site
air cartridges exhibited recoveries below 80% for a total of 13 target compounds
(Table  69).   Eleven  of the  13 compounds  had  recoveries below  60%.  Field
blanks had relatively high levels of chloroform  and benzene.
     Water Samples—All of the  target compounds  in the water  field controls
gave low recoveries (26% to 72% of added spike).  Except for low  1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane  and trichloroethylene  background levels,  the  water blanks were devoid
of all target compounds (see Table 70).
Duplicate Sample Analysis--
     Tenax Cartridges—The agreement  between the  duplicate  sample  pairs  is
summarized in  Table 71.   In  general,  the calculated  precision estimates were
very acceptable.  Excluding the  single p_-dichlorobenzene pair in  one  of the
breath duplicates, only two targets in each matrix exceeded a 30% median RSD:
breath-benzene  (51.7%) and  £-xylene  (32.6%); personal  air-trichloroethylene
(47.1%) and  styrene  (40.3%)  and fixed-site air  - chloroform  (44%) and  o-
xylene (44.6%). The agreement between Q-type  duplicates is shown in Table  72.
     Water Samples--The results  of  the duplicate  water analysis  is shown  in
Table 73.  The agreement  observed between F and D  samples is  excellent for  the
7 listed target compounds.  The agreement between  F and Q samples is shown  in
Table 74.
Performance Audit Sample Results—
     Tenax Cartridges—Only three audit samples plus one blank were analyzed
with the second trip Los Angeles breath and air samples (Table 75).  They were
introduced into the sample chain at the end of this work and during the start
of the  Contra  Costa analysis.  Because of delays in obtaining the performance
samples from EPA  and  difficulties experienced in  loading the  cartridges,  no
audit samples were sent to the independent laboratory during the Los Angeles 2
and Contra Costa analysis.
     In general,  recoveries of the target compounds in audit samples nos.  107
and 110 were between 70% and  110%.  Chlorobenzene  recoveries  tended to be low.
On the  other hand, bromoform and trichloroethylene exhibited erratic behavior.
Except  for chloroform, targets on cartridge no. 108 showed elevated  recoveries,
                                     158

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     TABLE 69.  LOS ANGELES 2 - FIXED SITE AIR FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls (Tenax
Batch 82)
Field Blanks (Tenax Batch 82)
X Recovery
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Beazene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichlorome thane
Tnchloroethylene
£-Dioxane
Chlorodibromome thane
1 ,2-Dibromoe thane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Bromof orm
£-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
0-Pinene
£-Dichlorobenzene
m-Di chlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1,1 , 2-Tetrachloroe thane
N
4
4
4
4
4
NAC
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Mean
92
110
130
120
92
-
110
44
-
140
56
100
98
59
-
61
47
62
110
39
58
98
54
54
46
46
51
XRSD
13
4
27
19
20
-
34
68
-
31
53
11
19
58
-
58
75
64
18
71
68
25
67
68
67
74
66
N
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
4
NA
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Background, ng
Mean
23
NDb
6
38
ND
-
2
ND
-
ND
6
ND
ND
2
-
5
m
2
2
ND
ND '
ND
4
ND
3
3
ND
XRS0
41
-
33
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 Corrected  for background.
 ND = Not detected.
"NA
Not analyzed.
                               159

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         TABLE 70.   LOS ANGELES 2 - WATER FIELD QC SAMPLES
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Tnchloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
BromodichloromeChane
Trichloroethylene
£>-Dioxane
Chlorodibromome thane
1,2-Dibronoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Bromoform
J>-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
a-Pinene
g-Di chlorobenzene
n-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
Field Cootrols
X Recovery
N Mean XRSD
6 72 10
NAC
6 71 13
NA -
NA -
6 58 10
6 68 11
NA
6 26 12
NA -
NA -
6 67 11
6 56 12
NA -
6 28 13
NA -
HA -
NA -
NA -
NA -
NA -
NA -
NA -
NA -
NA -
NA -
NA -

N
6
NA
6
NA
NA
6
6
NA
6
NA
NA
6
6
NA
6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Field Blanks
Background, og/nL
Mean *RSD
NDb
-
0.10 16
-
-
ND
0.06 15
-
ND
-
-
ND
ND
-
ND
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 Corrected for background.
3ND = Not  detected.
"NA = Not  analyzed.
                               160

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TABLE 71.  LOS ANGELES 2 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT
       RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/D RESULTS
Personal Air, %RSD
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
g-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
g-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
a-Pinene
Median (N)
30 (4)
21 (3)
22 (10)
13 (9)
9 (9)
47 (5)
14 (10)
40 (8)
16 (9)
10 (10)
11 (9)
10 (10)
11 (6)
20 (2)
- (0)
19 (9)
17 (7)
20 (7)
75% tile Max.
41
40
25
23
16
103
29
52
19
21
17
26
12
-
-
27
20
24
89
40
67
114
42
106
33
83
71
32
35
71
39
25
-
52
71
87
Breath, %RSD Fixed Site Air, %RSD
Median (N) 75% tile Max. Median (N) 75% tile Max.
- (0)
- (0)
13 (5) 32
52 (3) 128
14 (1)
24 (2)
28 (5) " 36
- (0)
45 (1)
- (0)
- (0)
33 (5) 60
- (o)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
25 (5) 30
40
-
34 25
128 10
17
24
39 12
- 27
27
27
45
73 18
14
6
-
20
26
47 22
(2)
(0)
(5) 48
(5) 26
(5) 18
(0)
(4) 20
(2)
(1)
(5) 37
(5) 46
(5) 20
(1)
(1)
(0)
(1)
(1)
(1)
68
-
54
58
51
- '
64
49
-
37
48
31
-
-
-
-
-
-
                             161

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TABLE 72.  LOS ANGELES 2 - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT RELATIVE
                 STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/Q RESULTS
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
{HDichlorobenzene
Etbylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
Cf-Pinene
Personal
Median (N)
62 (5)
91 (1)
- (0)
27 (9)
16 (10)
17 (6)
13 (10)
49 (9)
69 (10)
32 (10)
26 (10)
22 (10)
- (0)
85 (6)
24 (2)
24 (8)
57 (7)
28 (10)
Air, %RSD
75% tile
104
-
-
46
28
31
32
59
86
57
62
36
-
95
-
51
69
50

Max.
107
-
-
63
50
34
50
93
116
71
81
57
-
97
29
58
91
63

Median (N)
119 (2)
- (0)
- (0)
58 (4)
- (0)
117 (2)
35 (4)
81 (1)
32 (4)
19 (3)
79 (3)
52 (4)
- (0)
21 (1)
- (0)
41 (1)
35 (2)
38 (4)
Breath, %RSD
75% tile Max.
134
-
-
96 98
-
133
101 114
"
39 39
98 98
84 84
75 77
-
-
-
-
40
50 51
Fixed Site Air, %RSD

Median (N) 75% tile Max.
98 (1)
- (0)
- (0)
45 (4) 87
58 (3) 81
- (0)
37 (4) 68
33 (4) 53
40 (4) 81
-
28 (4) 49
26 (4) 39
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
16 (4) 23
32 (2)
48 (2)
-
-
-
97
81
-
76
58
93
-
5540
40
-
-
-
24
33
50
                                162

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TABLE 73.  LOS ANGELES 2 - PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION  (%RSD)
            FOR F/D RESULTS ON DUPLICATE WATER SAMPLES
Target Compound
                                       Water, %RSD
Median (n)
75th Percentile
Max.
Chloroform

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Trichloroethylene

Bromodichloromethane

Dibromochloromethane

Tetrachloroethylene

Bromoform
  1 (10)

  4 (1)

  7 (8)

  3 (10)

  3 (10)

  7 (10)

  8 (10)
      9

      3

      4

     10

     10
 12



 17

  7

  8

 23

 16
                               163

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TABLE 74.  LOS ANGELES 2 - PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD)
            FOR F/D RESULTS ON DUPLICATE WATER SAMPLES


                                       Water, %RSD
Target Compound            Median (n)      75th Percentile      Max.


Chloroform                  18 (6)              26               36

Trichloroethylene          138 (1)

Bromodichloromethane        42 (6)              50               57

Dibromochloromethane        54 (6)              69               75
                               164

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TABLE 75.   LOS ANGELES 2/CONTRA COSTA - PERFORMANCE AUDIT SAMPLE
                    RESULTS -  VOLATILE ORGANICS
                                  Cartridge Nuaber
                     107             108              110
Target Compound Found, ng Added, ng
Chloroform
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetracbloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethyleae
1 ,2-Dibromoe thane
Bromoforn
Chlorobeazene
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
354
374
423
413
575
375
401
229
239
340
211
238
83.0
486
519
435
519
476
531
408
563
360
286
282
286
Found , ng Added , ng
633
1134
1071
1171
990
1179
854
2013
743
533
891
715
154
723
779
653
779
714
797
612
885
540
429
423
425
Foucd, ng Added, ng
332
414
391
426
338
302
322
654
258
253
305
273
482
419
435
419
476
531
408
563
360
286
282
286
83.4
nean
Recovery, %
76.6
99.3
117.
104.
110.
91.8
106.
128.
92.0
110.
131.
116.
107.
                               165

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124% to 228%.  It might  be argued that this behavior  was  due to the  use  of
contaminated Tenax; however, significant background levels of all the targets
on a single  cartridge  is highly improbable.  The high  recoveries were more
likely due  to a misleading during audit  sample  preparation or to a  gross
mishandling  of  the  analytical  raw data for this cartridge.  A  blank audit
cartridge using the same Tenax was also analyzed; only benzene  (26 ng) and
chloroform (19 ng) were detectable.
     Water Samples--The  results of  the performance  audit  sample  analyses
carried out  at  this  time are described in  the  Contra  Costa section of  this
report.
CONTRA COSTA
Field Operations
     The collection of environmental  and  biological samples in  Contra Costa
county was  carried out between June 4  and  25,  1984.   Sampling  supplies and
equipment were transported by van to the site immediately after the  completion
of the Los  Angeles  sampling.  All equipment and materials  were  stored in a
workroom at  the Holiday  Inn in  Concord/Walnut  Creek.   A  system audit was
performed at the sampling site by the RTI  QA officer between June 22 and June
25, 1984.  The description of the field activities presented below is  based on
the results of this audit and personal interviews with members of the  analytical
sampling staff.
     Sample  collection was  accomplished by  four, two-person teams.  Two teams
were at  the  site  during  each of the two,  11-day sampling periods.   Each team
was made up  of experienced individuals who had participated in at least three
previous field collections.
     The participant  identification numbers  reserved  for  the  Contra Costa
study  were  42901  through  42975.   Each number  was  followed by  a  computer-
generated check digit.   The first two numbers indicate that the sampling was
conducted during the  second trip of the fourth  year  of the study.   The last
three  digits were unique  and descriptive  for  this sampling trip  and were
utilized as the participant identification number.
     A sample collection schedule  (Table 76) was prepared at the start of the
study.  The  schedule  identified the participants from whom D-type and Q-type
duplicates were to be collected.  It also  indicated the time at which matrix
                                     166

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TABLE 76.  CONTRA COSTA - SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE - PARTIAL LISTING

Participant
42901
42902
42903
42904
42905
42906
42907
42908
42909
42910
42911
42912
42913
42914
42915



42961
42962
42963
42964
42965
42966
42967
42968
42969
42970
42971
42972
42973
42974
42975
TOTALS
AV (Batch No.)
No. F D Q QC
2 2
2
2 2D 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2 2
2
2 2D
2
2



2 2
2
2 2D
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 21
2
2 2D
2
2
150 16 16 12
BR
F
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1



1
1
1
ID
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
75
(Batch No.)
D Q QC F
2
2
2
2
2
ID 1 2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2



2
2
2
2
2
ID 2
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
7 7 7 150
WV
D Q QC


2

2 1







2

2 1





2

2 1







2

2 1
16 16 9
 Indicated QC set will be sent to the QA Lab.
 "D" indicates use of cartridge(s) spiked with deuterated compounds.
 All Tenax duplicates will be collected on deuterated cartridges.
                               167

-------
field controls and blanks (QC sets) were scheduled for exposure.  The frequency
of duplicate collections and QC set exposure were based on guidelines issued by
the Project Director and incorporated into the schedule such that the additional
burden on the participant and analytical sampling staff was minimal.
     The study participants were selected from twenty primary sampling units.
One set (2-8 to 12 hour samples) of fixed-site air collections were scheduled
at  the  household of  the  first sampled  participant residing  in  each unit.
Duplicate  collections were  scheduled  at two  locations;  quality  assurance
samples (Q-duplicates) were  obtained at one additional residence.
     Projections  for  the Contra Costa  study included the  recruitment  and
sampling of seventy-five participants.   However,  only seventy-one  individuals,
or 94.7% of the projected number,  were  enlisted as respondents and utilized for
sampling purposes.  The corresponding completion figures for sample collection
and analysis are shown in Table 77.  A  sample receipt report is given in Table
78 (others may be  found in Appendix  K).
     The methodology  employed  during the field operations was described in a
series of standard operating procedures (SOPs) (see Table 46).  It was ascertai-
ned from  the  on-site  audit and staff  interviews that the approved SOPs were
properly implemented at the  collection site.
     Documentation on  samples provided to QA laboratories is  given in Appendix L.
Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges—
     The air  and  breath collected  in Contra  Costa  country  were analyzed by
capillary  column  gas   chromatography/mass  spectrometry/computer (GC/MS/COMP)
employing procedures described in SOP No. 533-001 and 002.  Personal and fixed
site air  samples  were analyzed on the Finnigan  3300 quadrupole system on 16
analysis  days  between July 3  and  July  25,  1984.  Most of the  personal  air
collections were analyzed on the Finnigan 4021 quadrupole system on 20 analysis
days between June  28 and July 25, 1984.
     Prior  to  sample   analysis,  relative response  factors  for each  target
compound were established by analyzing a minimum of seven cartridges containing
known amounts  of  all  the targets plus perfluorobenzene and perfluorotoluene
(RRF cartridge).  Based  on  this data,  average RRF values were calculated and
used to quantitate the volatile organic levels in samples collected from this
                                     168

-------
         TABLE 77.  CONTRA COSTA - COMPLETENESS OF SAMPLE
                      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS


                            Samples Scheduleda/Collected (%)
Sample Type  Personal Air    Fixed Air
  Breath
   Water
Field        150/142 (95%)  20/20 (100%)   75/71 (95%)   150/142  (95%)

D-Duplicate   16/14 (88%)    4/4 (100%)     7/8 (100%)    16/14 (88%)

Q-Duplicate   16/16 (100%)   2/2 (100%)     7/7 (100%)    16/14 (88%)


                                             a
                            Samples Scheduled /Analyzed (%)
Sample Type  Personal Air    Fixed Air
  Breath
   Water
Field        150/138 (92%)  20/20 (100%)

D-Duplicate   16/14 (88%)    4/4 (100%)

Q-Duplicate   16/16 (100%)   2/2 (100%)
75/69 (92%)

 7/8 (100%)

 7/7 (100%)
150/142 (95%)

 16/14 (88%)

 16/14 (88%)
 Based on projected 75 participants.
                               169

-------
           TABLE 78.  CONTRA COSTA SAMPLE RECEIPT REPORT
Prepared by:
Date:
Sample Trip:

Sample Code
42960-5 BR-F
42934-0 AV-F2
42950-6 AV-F2
42935-7 WV-D2,D3

42946-4 BR-D
42944-9 XV-Q1,Q2
Pat Blau
7/16/84
Contra Costa County, CA
               Explanation
          Cartridge cracked
          Cartridge broken during sampling
          Pump failure in field
          Sample bottles labelled Q2 and Q3 were
          changed to D2 and D3
          No deuterated standards were loaded
          Not collected
                                170

-------
sampling trip.  This operation was carried out on each analytical system used
(Finnigan 3300 and 4021 GC/MS/COMP).
     An additional RRF cartridge was run during each sample analysis day, and
the agreement with the previously determined RRF value recorded.  Note that the
daily RRF was not used to quantitate target levels but only served as a check
on the  constancy of instrument performance.  The RRF values used during this
study and their variability are listed in Table 79.  In addition, the  instrument
tune was checked by measuring the intensity of perfluorotoluene (PFT) fragment
ions relative  to the  base peak.  The performance of  the  gas chromatography
column was monitored for peak resolution and symmetry.
     The PFT  tune was  within the acceptable range on both instruments during
the analysis period.  Peak resolution and symmetry were also  acceptable on both
systems.
Water Samples'—
     Water  samples  collected during  the trip to  Contra  Costa  county  were
analyzed by purge and  trap  gas chromatography between July  19  and  August 2,
1984 during  11 analysis days.  Samples  were stored  10 days to three weeks
between collection and analysis.
     Three multi-point calibration curves were generated periodically to give
two composite curves which were used to quantitate target  compounds  in samples
analyzed during each time interval.
     Power failures  resulted in the loss of data from 2 samples and  one QC set
(field blank and control).
Field Control and Blank QC Samples
     Tenax Cartridges—
     The  field  QC  sample results  for breath,  personal and  fixed-site  air
collections are shown in Tables 80-82.  The amounts  of blank  contamination and
the recoveries  from spiked  control  cartridges were  related  to  Tenax batch
number.
     Personal air cartridges  which were prepared from Tenax batch numbers 87
and 89  were  characterized by low recoveries of 4  target  compounds (carbon
tetrachloride; £-dioxane;  1,2-dibromoethane; and m-dichlorobenzene) and signifi-
cant chloroform  and benzene  blank levels.  Tenax batch number  80,  used to
prepare cartridges  for  breath collection,  exhibited low recoveries  (52-71%)
                                     171

-------
TABLE 79.  CONTRA COSTA - RELATIVE RESPONSE FACTOR (RRF) VALUES
USED TO CALCULATE VOLATILE ORGANIC CONTENT ON TENAX CARTRIDGES
Target Compound
1,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroe thane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Chloroform
Bronodichloroae thane
g-Dioxane
Oibronodichloroiiethane
1 ,2-Dibromoe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
n-Octane
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbeazene
Broaoform
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
»/2
62
64
61
97
99
78
117
119
95
130
132
83
85
83
129
58
88
127
129
107
109
164
166
57
85
114
77
112
114
91
106
173
91
106
104
91
106
117
131
133
83
166
168

7/3 -
RRF
.594
.187
.230
.664
.446
1.549
.568
.578
.499
.532
.511
1.069
.750
.619
.028
.143
.242
.250
.342
.232
.223
.452
.563
.289
.369
.037
.889
1.520
.463
1.833
.599
.255
1.705
.686
1.177
1.705
.683
.267
.370
.346
.837
.042
.053
Fionigan
7/10/84
1CV
10.6
12.8
12.8
10.3
11.3
7.5
9.4
8.4
8.4
11.6
8.1 -
13.1
12.4
11.0
32.4
21.6
20.0
38.7
39.1
25.1
29.0
14.2
11.0
19.5
20.3
. 17.6
16.0
15.1
16.7
14.6
14.2
40.4
13.9
13.7
18.0
13.1
12.4
20.0
19.3
19.0
12.9
10.3
10.4
3300
7/11 -
RXF
.743
.219
.350
.706
.431
2.547
.565
.560
.687
.632
.563
1.081
.738
1.135
.031
.215
.347
.795
1.074
.678
.598
.634
.868
.560
.741
.029
1.337
2.287
.636
3.546
1.137
.80S
3.090
1.160
1.996
2.695
.995
.497
.606
.614
1.206
.058
.071
Finnigan 4021
7/25/84
OCV
6.9
6.7
8.4
9.2
9.4
4.6
4.5
4.1
7.6
6.9
7.1
7.9
7.0
7.9
39.1
18.4
22.4
28.8
29.4
30.2
29.7
15.3
15.7
14.3
12.2
20.0
9.4
8.3
10.2
7.8
17.4
11.9
7.7
7.6
6.5
6.9
6.2
12.0
6.2
5.8
5.5
6.6
6.6
6/28 -
RKF
.723
.247
.333
.727
.464
1.542
.628
.589
.515
.563
.535
1.239
.806
1.256
.157
.371
.479
1.211
1.515
1.052
.982
.742
.868
.862
.903
.179
1.320
2.191
.749
2.423
1.132
1.044
2.154
1.341
2.024
1.925
1.203
.454
.590
.549
.984
.088
.111
7/25/84
%cv
14.3
12.1
13.2
9.5
9.5
12.1
7.5
7.5
16.7
16.1
16.9
9.6
9.6
18.7
17.7
27.5
30.7
16.1
15.6
12.2
11.8
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.8
6.5
12.2
10.2
10.9
10.7
10.1
8.6
10.4
8.3
6.4
10.0
8.4
8.4
6.9
6.9
13.0
11.4
11.5
                                                         (continued)
                            172

-------
                                      TABLE  79  (cont'd.)
Target Compound
                                                         Finnigan 3300
                                                   3/1/84
                                                                      3/2 - 4/23/8*
                                    •/*
                                               RRT
                                                          XCV
                                                                     RDF
                                                                                ICV
Finnigan 4021



 4/2 - 4/25/84
                                                                                           RRT
                                                                                                       SCV
JJ-Pinene


g-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane


o-Dichlorobenzene

n-Undecane


n-Dodecane


n-Dichlorobenzeae

93
121
136
146
148
57
85
142
146
148
57
85
156
57
85
170
146
148
.621
.078
.031
1.165
.800
1.076
.403
.038
1.056
.739
1.086
.326
.032
1.099
.387
.027
1.053
.737
13.6
13.1
14.2
14.7
13.2
16.2
26.7
14.6
13.7
13.1
16.8
i6:s -
14.0
11.1
13.6
12.5
9.4
9.5
.876
.114
.052
1.696
1.182
2.163
.565
.076
1.591
1.089
2.130
.667
.066
2.290
.795
.057
1.729
1.196
10.0
10.5
11.0
5.5
5.7
10.3
12.8
9.9
5. 5
5.5
11.8
18.8
11.4
8.6
9.3
11.7
5.6
5.5
1.416
.204
.173
1.504
1.009
1.870
.658
.171
1.440
.967
1.767
.538
.164
1.843
.619
.157
2.282
1.415
4.3
6.1
6.4
10.0
6.8
10.4
7.9
7.9
9.7
6.5
14.2
8.7
9.7
9.4
5.1
4.7
4.9
5.1
                                                 173

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        TABLE 80.   CONTRA COSTA  -  PERSONAL AIR  FIELD  QC  SAMPLES
Field Controls (Teaax Batch (87/89)
Field
\ Recovery*
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichloromethane
Trichloroethylene
g-Dioxaoe
Chlo rod ibromome thane
1,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Bromoform
£-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
ct-Pinene
2~Dichlorobenzene
m~Di Chlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1 ,1 ,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
N
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
NAC
5/4
5/4
NA
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
NA
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
Mean
80/100
99/100
93/100
110/120
68/76
-
100/120
65/85
-
72/74
91/86
86/78
85/94
91/100
-
90/100
87/98
96/110
82/88
79/87
88/100
69/82
91/93
85/97
87/92
80/90
82/95
XRSD
4/15
9/15
7/16
4/11
13/14
-
9/17
24/14
-
19/34
15/38
15/30
15/16
14/2
-
13/2
15/2
12/2
32/16
17/8
18/6
40/21
18/11
21/8
33/14
46/14
14/8
N
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
NA
5/4
5/4
NA
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
NA
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
5/4
Blanks (Tenax Batch 87/89)
Background, ng
Mean
23/58
HD/NDb
8/7
22/17
ND/NB
-
1/1
ND/ND
-
ND/ND
2/2
1/3
1/1
2/2
-
2/2
8/2
2/2
ND/ND
ND/ND
2/3
1/2
2/3
5/6
2/2
2/2
ND/ND
WSD
27/44
-
94/77
14/14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
101/29
-
-
-
-
-
-
50/88
-
-
-
 Corrected for background,
DND = Not detected.
""NA = Not analyzed.
                                174

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                    TABLE 81.   CONTRA COSTA - BREATH FIELD QC SAMPLES
Field Controls (Tenax
Batch 80)
Field Blanks (Tenax Batch 80)'
X Recovery
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichlorome thane
Trichloroethylene
£-Dioxane
Chlorodibromome thane
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Cblorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Bromoform
£-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
o-Pinene
£-Dichlorobenzene
m-Pichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1, 1 , 2-Tetrachloroethane
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Mean
200
110
100
100
90
52
97
100
64
130
100
100
100
93
52
95
92
95
100
90
81
100
71
98
98
100
96
XRSD
39
10
16
6
10
9
-4
7
4
2
2
3
11
2
6
3
3
2
7
6
17
18
43
1
1
6
5
N
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3-
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Background, ng
Mean
29
NDb
36
15
ND
ND
2
5
ND
ND
4
7
ND
4
ND
9
7
5
8
ND
4
ND
4
4
8
4
3
XRSD
120
-
118
54
-
-
-
125
-
-
79
75
-
66
-
78
66
80
152
-
130
-
74
130
45
42
121
 Spirometer blanks.
3ND =  Not  detected.
                                       175

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       TABLE 82.   CONTRA COSTA -  FIXED  SITE  AIR FIELD  QC  SAMPLES
Field Controls (Tenax
Batch 88)
Field Blanks (Tenax Batch 88)
\ Recovery
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichloromethane
Trichloroethylene
£-Dioxane
Chlorodibronometbane
1 , 2-Dibroooe thane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Bromoform
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
o-Pinene
£-Di chlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
N
3
3
3
3
3
NAC
3
3
NA
3
3
3
3
3
NA
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Mean
180
160
170
110
140
-
130
110
-
110
100
120
95
110
-
110
110
150
130
94
160
110
130
150
160
150
94
WSD
41
56
43
56
62
-
41
27-
-
32
21
29
8
8
-
9
10
44
15
20
60
7
37
46
49
44
25
N
3
3
3
3
3
NA
3
3
NA
3
3
3
3
3
NA
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Background, ng
Mean
32
ND
8
4
ND
-
ND
ND
-
ND
3
ND
ND
ND
-
2
3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
ND
2
ND
ND
»SD
42
-
33
133
-
-
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
 Corrected for recovery.

DND = Not detected.
•>
"NA = Not analyzed.
                                176

-------
for four target compounds:  bromodichloromethane,  dibromochloromethane,  brorao-
form and decane.  Chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane background levels were
elevated.  Finally,  Tenax batch  number  88,  used for fixed-site air sampling,
showed excessively high  recoveries  for  10 target compounds  (130%  to 180% of
added spike)  and a relatively high chloroform background.
     Water Samples—
     All of the target compounds in the water field controls gave low recoveries,
47% to 62% of added spike (Table 83).  Except  for  a  low 1,1,1-trichloroethane
background level, the water blanks were devoid  of all target compounds.
Duplicate Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges—
     The agreement between  duplicate sample pairs is summarized in Table 84.
In general, the precision was very good.  With few exceptions, the personal air
and breath median %RSD was 25% or less  and the 75th percentile %RSD was 55% or
less.  Targets  not falling within these bounds were breath 1,1,1-trichloroethane
and personal  air benzene, trichloroethylene, and styrene. Fixed-site air data
were difficult to evaluate  because  of  the  limited  number of duplicate pairs
which contained measurable target levels.
     Table 85  summarizes  the  interlaboratory  precision between field samples
and the corresponding Q-duplicates analyzed by the  independent laboratory.
Water Samples—
     Water F/D sample pairs also gave good precision data (Table 86).  Except
for the  one  1,1,1-trichloroethane pair, the median  %RSD for all measurable
targets was less than 10%.  The F/Q samples results are shown  in Table 87.
Performance Audit Sample Analysis
Tenax Cartridges—
     The Tenax audit  sample introduced  during the Contra Costa  analysis are
described in  the Los Angeles, second trip section of this report.
Water Samples—
     The water QA data  generated during the analysis  of the second trip Los
Angeles and Contra Costa samples are shown in Table 88.  Chloroform and dibromo-
dichloromethane recoveries tend to be high; bromoform exhibited low recoveries.
Low background levels were reported for chloroform, chlorobenzene,  and tetra-
chloroethylene.
                                     177

-------
            TABLE 83.   CONTRA COSTA - WATER FIELD QC SAMPLES
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroe thane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromodichloronethane
Trichloroethylene
g-Dioxane
Chlorodibromome thane
1 ,2-Dibromoe thane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Etbylbenzene
Bronofonn
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1 , 1 ,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
o-Pinene
£-Dichlorobenzene
n-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
1,1,1 , 2-Tetrachloroe thane

N
7
NAC
7
NA
NA
7
7
NA
7
NA
NA
7
7
NA
3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Field Controls
% Recovery"
Mean XRSD N
62 16 8
NA
S3 26 8
NA
NA
SO 19 8
55 21 8
- " NA
47 25 8
NA
NA
51 22 8
S3 11 8
NA
47 16 7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Field Blanks
Background, ng
Mean %RSD
NDb
-
.06 69
-
-
ND
ND
-
ND
-
-
ND
ND
-
ND
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 Corrected for background.
3ND = Not detected.
"NA = Not analyzed.
                                 178

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TABLE 84.  CONTRA COSTA - DUPLICATE SAMPLES (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT
        RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD) FOR F/D RESULT
Personal Air, JRSD
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
£*Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
o-Pinene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Median (N)
26 (4)
J9 (13)
46 (14)
12 (12)
54 (7)
13 (13)
41 (8)
21 (7)
15 (13)
11 (14)
9 (14)
9 (8)
11 (5)
19 (12)
7 (10)
10 (10)
24 (1)
75* tile
30
34
63
32
61
39
45
23
20
22
21
10
19
40
12
21
-
Max.
32
93
103
54
76
116
62
93
110
110
104
16
20
82
60
64
-
Breath,
Median (N)
- (0)
43 (14)
18 (5)
- (1)
- (0)
18 (5)
17 (5)
25 (3)
6 (5)
14 (4)
15 (6)
8 (3)
- (0)
3 (1)
7 (2)
19 (4)
-
75%
-
56
34
-
-
52
18
37
.7
24
22
16
-
-
-
33
-
»SD
tile Max.
-
69
95
-
-
123
47
37
13
30
123
16
-
-
12
58
-
Fixed Sice Air, JRSD
Median (N)
111 (1)
45 (3)
11 (2)
43 (1)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
29 (2)
35 (2)
37 (2)
17 (1)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
75* tile Max.
-
54
12
-
-
-
-
-
53
47
56
-
-
-
-
-
-
                              179

-------
TABLE 85.  CONTRA COSTA - DUPLICATE SAMPLES  (AV, BR, XV) PERCENT
       RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (7«RSD) FOR F/Q RESULTS
Target Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
£-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n'Octane
n-Undecane
g-Pinene
Personal
Median (N)
100 (7)
29 (3)
- (0)
16 (15)
39 (12)
30 (11)
31 (15)
16 (13)
28 (9)
24 (14)
26 (15)
17 (15)
- (0)
44 (9)
65 (1)
32 (15)
34 (13)
26 (10)
Air,
XRSD
75% tile Max.
114
81
-
41
47
63
59
30
47
65
40
52
-
58
-
90
63
62
127
81
-
88
63
74
110
64
99
108
100
84
-
113
-
107
107
100

Median (N)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
36 (6)
- (0)
80 (2)
97 (3)
54 (1)
26 (6)
46 (3)
47 (2)
36 (5)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
26 (1)
20 (2)
17 (4)
Breath, »SD
75% tile Max.
-
-
-
85 88
-
134
98 98
-
47 47
54 54
52
48 56
-
-
-
-
30
35 41
Fixed Site Air, *RSD
Median (N)
133 (1)
- (0)
- (0)
18 (2)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
69 (1)
47 (2)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
- (0)
751 tile Max.
-
-
-
18
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
-
-
-
-
                               180

-------
TABLE 86.  CONTRA COSTA - PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (°/&RSD)
            FOR F/D RESULTS ON DUPLICATE WATER SAMPLES
                                       Water, %RSD
Target Compound
Median (n)
75th Percentile
Max.
Chloroform

1)1,1-Trichloroethane

Trichloroethylene

Bromodichloromethane

Dibromochloromethane

Tetrachloroethylene

Bromoform
  9 (14)

 57 (1)

  3 (13)

  3 (10)

  6 (10)

  3 (11)

  5 (9)
     15



      6

     15

     10

      4

      7
 49



 21

 46

 38

  7

 22
                               181

-------
TABLE 87. CONTRA COSTA - PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION  (%RSD)
            FOR F/Q RESULTS ON DUPLICATE WATER SAMPLES

Target Compound
Chloroform
Bromodichlorome thane
Dibromochlorome thane


Median (n)
32
49
19
(13)
(9)
(7)
Water, %RSD
75th Percentile
41
58
21

Max.
63
71
29
                               182

-------
 TABLE 88.  CONTRA COSTA/LOS ANGELES 2 - PERFORMANCE AUDIT  SAMPLE
                     RESULTS - WATER ANALYSIS


                         Sample QC-1 (N=2)        Sample QC-2  (N=2)
Target Compound        Cone. , (Jg/L  %Recovery  Cone. , (Jg/L   /^Recovery

Chloroform                11.9         108         63.4         139

1,1,1-Trichloroethane      0.91         82         13.8          98

Trichloroethylene          2.79        107         13.5         104

Bromodichloromethane       2.20        130         10.7         124

Dibromochloromethane       2.37         99         11.2          93

Tetrachloroethylene        0.98         89"           4.72         84

Bromoform                  2.32         83           5.17         50
                               183

-------
GENERAL QUALITY ASSURANCE ISSUES
Recovery of Deuterated Chemicals from Tenax Sampling Cartridges
     Deuterated chemicals were spiked onto 10% of all Tenax GC sampling cartrid-
ges and then  used  in personal and fixed-site  air sampling.  Recovery of the
deuterated chemicals were  determined  to assess apparent accuracy of sampling
and analysis.
     Table 89 provides an overall comparison of deuterated and non-deuterated
(these cartridges were not used in sampling) benzene, chlorobenzene, and ethyl-
benzene recovered.   Additional  data are  given in Appendix M.  Quantitative
recoveries and a good agreement between deuterated and non-deuterated chemical
recoveries were observed.
Chemical Analysis Issues
     Appendix N gives documentation on chemical analysis issues, while Appendix
0 gives Quality Assurance -- Corrective Actions that were taken during sample
analysis.
Quality Assurance of Data Files
     Appendix P presents QA of the data files prior to statistical analysis.
Corrective action was taken where errors were found.
Analysis of Quality Assurance Data
     Appendix Q gives papers containing information on the analysis of QA data.
                                     184

-------











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-------
                               SECTION 8
                     STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

     This section  gives  the  statistical analysis for the  two  seasons
(winter and spring) of data collected in Los Angeles and one  season ir
Contra Costa  (spring).  Each season  is  analyzed  separately followed by
the analysis of data collected in Contra Costa.  The two seasons of Los
Angeles are then  compared.   In general, as described previously, data
was collected on several volatile organics  (VCLs)  in air  (personal  and
outdoor fixed-site), water and breath samples from a probability sample
of individuals in the two areas.
LOS ANGELES FIRST SEASON
     The analysis of the first season (February and March,  1984) of Los
Angeles, California, consists  in part of & study  of the  quantifiable
limits, weighted  percents measurable,  weighted summary  statistics,
correlations, and unweighted personal versus outdoor air levels for  the
117 individuals sampled,
     A description  of  these  117 people studied in Los  Angeles in  the
first season  (February and March, 1984)  is  given by  the results of  the
Household Questionnaire in Table 90.   Slightly more than half (53%)  were
tnale.  The age range was from  7  to 78 years.   About  67% were employed,
6% were housewives,  35% were students,  and  7%  were retired.  About  33%
were current  smokers while 17% were  former  smokers.  The vast majority
of smokers used cigarettes.  Eleven  people listed  painting as  a hobby
while seven listed  it  as  an  occupation.  Only eleven people  used  air
conditioning  to cool their homes, while 97 used gas furnaces  to  heat
them.
     To gain  information  on  the activities of the participants during
the twenty-four hour study period, a 24-hour  screener was  administered
at the end  of the period.   The results of  this  screener are  giver  in
Table 91.  More people were exposed  to  tobacco  (31%) or smoking (38%),
service stations  or garages  (19%),  odorous chemicals  (22%), auto  or
truck exhaust  (18%),  and  cleaning solutions (18%) during  the  24-hour
period than any other substances covered by the screerer.
                              186

-------
                            NOTES TO TABLES
1.   The terms .daytime outdoor  air  and  overnight outdoor air refer to
     samples collected during the day and during the  night  from fixed-
     sites outside the participants' homes.
2.   Bromcdichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform were not
     analyzed in air  samples.   Only chloroform, 1,1,1-trichlorcethane,
     trichloroethylene,  bromodichloromethane,   dibromochloromethsr.e,
     tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and bromoform were analyzed in
     water samples.
3.   Sample size  indicates  the  number  of  individual  samples.   The
     minimum and maximum  sample sizes  indicate that not all compounds
     always had s  value for  every individual sampled.
4.   Duplicate measurements were  averaged before the percentages were
     computed.
5.   Measurable is defined as above  the quantifiable limit.   All concen-
     tration data  is considered significant  _t_o two figures.
6.   Los Angeles,  first season was February  and March of 1984.
7.   To calculate   an  estimate  of the 95% confidence  interval for  the
     geometric mean, the upper  limit would  be  (geo. mean)  + 1.96 (geo.
     s.e.) while the upper limit would  be (geo. mean)  - 1.96 (geo.  s.e.)
     where geo. mean is the  geometric mean and geo.  s.e. is  the  standard
     error of the  geometric  mean.
                              187

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          TABLE  90.   HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE - LOS ANGELES
 1.   Sex 	Male = 62, Female = 55

 2.   Race - Hispanic 	   19
          - American Indian/Alaskan Native 	    0
          - Black,  Not Hispanic  	    7
          - Asian/Pacific Islander 	   11
          - White,  Not Hispanic  	   77
          - Other 		2_
                                                  116

 3.   Age - 7 	    1
         - 11-14 	   10
         - 15-19 	   12
         - 20-24 	   13
         - 25-29 	   19
         - 30-34 	   10
         - 35-39 	   14
         - 40-44 	    8
         - 45-49 	    6
         - 50-54 	    4
         - 55-59 	    7
         - 60-64 	    4
         - 65-69 	    4
         - 70-74 	    3
         - 75-78 		2
                                                  117

 7.   Are you presently employed? 	 Yes = 78,  No * 39

11.   If not presently employed,  which of the followirg best describes
     your status?
          Housewife 	    7
          Student 	   18
          Unemployed 	    3
          Retired 	    8
          Disabled  		3_
                                                   39
                                                            continued
                              188

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                         TABLE  90 (continued)
12.  Indicate whether you or any member of  your household are employed
     in any of the listed occupations or establishments.
                                                               Household
                                                         You   Member
          Painting 	     7        5
          Dry Cleaning 	
          Chemical Plant 	     2        1
          Petroleum Plant 	
          Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair 	     1        3
          Furniture Repair/Refinishing	              1
          Plastics Manufacture or Formulation 	     4        1
          Textile Mill 	
          Wood Processing Plant 	,.	     1
          Printing 	     2        1
          Scientific Laboratory 	     4        3
          Dye Plant 	
          Hospital 	     5        6
          Metal Products 	     2        5
          Battery or Electrical Component Manufacture  .     2        1
          Refrigerator/Air Conditioning Repair or
             Manufacture 	     1        1
          Taxi/Bus/Truck Driver 	     1        2
          Pest Control 	     1        1
          Drug Manufacturing or Formulation 	     1        2
          Photo Developing	     2
          Landscaping/Gardening 	     2        2
          None of the Above 	    87       84

13.  Cigarette Smoking Status
          Current Smoker 	   39
          Ex-Smoker 	   20
          Never Smoked 	   58
                                             117

14.  For How Many Years Did You Smoke At  Least h Pack  of  Cigarettes Per
     Day?
          2-5 	    6
          10-13 	    4
          15-18 	    3
          20 	    2
          26 	    1
          32-35 		3
                                              19

15.  How Long Ago Did You Quit Smoking?
          Less than 1 year 	    4
          1-5 years 	    3
          7-8 years 	    3
          11-13 years 	    3
          30 years 		1_
                                              14
                                                            continued

                              189

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                        TABLE.  90  (continued)

16   a.  On Average,  How Many  Cigarettes Do/Did You  Smoke Per Day?
          Less than  % Pack	  14
          Between h  and 1^ Packs  	  33
          More Than  1% Packs  	_12
                                             59

17.   Does Anyone Else In Your Household Smoke Cigarettes?
          Yes = 39,    No = 78

18.   Do You or Anyone Else In Your Household  Smoke  Cigars  Or Pipes?
          You	Yes =  1        Anyone Else	Yes = 2
                     No = 84                          No = 83

19.   On Average, How Many Hours Are You In  The  Same Room,  Or Enclosed
     Area, With Someone Who Is  Smoking?  Respond  For Time  At Home, And
     Time At Work.
          At Home -  0 	  72     At  Work - 0 	   63
                    1-5 	  33               1-5  	   21
                    6-10 	    7               6-10	   23
                    10+ 		5               10+  		3
                               117                          110

20.   Do You Or Any Member Of  Your Household Pursue  Any  Of  The  Following
     Hobbies?
                                                               Household
                                                        You    Member
          Painting 	    11         9
          Furniture  Refinishing 	     7         4
          Scale Models 	    11       10
          Gardening  	    29       37
          None of These 	    77       61

21.   Do You Work With Or Use  Insecticides,  Pesticides,  or  Herbicies, As
     In Farming, Gardening, Or  Extermination?
          Ye.s = 23,    No = 94

     a.   How Often  Would You Say That You  Work With Or Use Such
          Substances?
               Rarely 	    7
               Occasionally 	   12
               Often 		3
                                              22

     b.   How Often Do You Have Your House  Treated  For  Pests?
               Never 	   59
               Monthly 	    4
               Quarterly 	    9
               Yearly 	   37
                                             109

                                                           continued
                              198

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                        TABLE  90 (continued)
22.  What Do You Consider Your Current Physical Condition?
          Excellent ...................  42
          Good ........................  53
          Fair ........................  21
          Poor ........................ _ ]_
                                        117

23.  Are You Currently Taking Any Prescription Medication On A Regular
     Daily Basis?
          Yes = 26     No = 87

24.  Have You Taken Any Nonprescription Medication In The Past 48 Hours?
          Yes = 53     No =62       .   .

29.  How Many Years Have You Lived In This City?
          0-4 .........................  35
          5-9 .........................  22
          10-14 .......................  23
          15-19 .......................  12
          20-24 .......................   6
          25-28 .......................   6
          30-3^ .......................   6
          42-43 .......................   4
          58 ..........................   1
                                        115

30.  Do You Cool Your Home With Any Of The Following Appliances?
          Central Air Conditioning ....  4
          Window Air Conditioning .....  7
          Portable Circulating Fan .... &3
          Ceiling Exhaust Fan ......... 20
          More of These ............... 49
31.  Do You Have Any Of The Following Appliances?
          Gas Stove ...................  85
          F.lectric Oven ...............  62
          Gas Furnace .................  97
          Oil Heat ....................   0
                              191

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      TABLE 91.   24-HOUR  SCREENER -  LOS ANGELES  -  FIRST  SEASON
                                              sr^r s s: s :
1.  Rave You Pumped Your Own Gas  In  The  Past  24  Hours?
         Yes = 14,      No =  102

    a.   During Which Monitoring  Periods?
              Overnight = 0,     Daytime =13

2.  Have You Done Your Own Dry Cleaning  or  Been  In  A Dry Cleaning
    Establishment During The Past 24 Hours?
         Yes =1,     No = 116

    a.   During Which Monitoring  Periods?
              Overnight = 0,     Daytime =  1

3.  Have You Smoked Cigarettes, Cigars,  Or  A  Pipe In The Past  24 Hours?
         Yes = 36,      No =  81

    a.   During Which Monitoring  Periods?
              Overnight = 7,  Daytime = 5,    Both  = 23

4.  Were You In An  Enclosed  Area  With Active  Smokers For More  Than 15
    Minutes At Any  Time In The Past  24 Hours?
         Yes = 45,    No = 71

    a.   During Which Monitoring  Periods?
              Overnight = 12,  Daytime  =  19,   Both =  14

5.  Have You Used Or Worked  With  Insecticides, Pesticides,  Or
    Herbicides In Any Way In The  Past 24 Hours?
         Yes =6,     No = 109

6.  During This Time Of Year, On  An  Average Weekday Or Weekend Day, Few
    Many Hours Per  Day Are Spent:
    a.   Away From  Home:  Weekday -  0-4  	 17
                                    5-9  	42
                                    10-14  ... 53
                                    16-17  ... 5

                      Weekend Day -  0-4	34
                                    5-9  	 50
                                    10-14  ... 24
                                    15-19  ... 4
                                    20-24  ... 5

                                                           continued
                            192

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                       TABLE  91  (continued)

7.  Have You Worked At Any Of The Following Occupations  Or Been  In Any
    Of The Following Businesses During The Past  Week?
                                                      Past      Past  24
                                                      Week      Hours
         Painting 	    15         14
         Pry Cleaning 	    10           1
         Chemical Plant 	     7          6
         Petroleum Plant  	     2          2
         Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair  	    62         22
         Furniture Refinishing or Repair 	     6           1
         Plastics Manufacture or  Formulation 	     3          2
         Textile Mill 	
         Wood Processing  Plant 	     1           1
         Printing	     4          3
         Scientific Laboratory 	     7          5
         Dye Plant 	
         Hospital 	    12          6
         Metal Work/Smelter 	     6          3
         None of These 	    28         27

8.  Have You Been Exposed To Any  Of The Following  During The Past Week?
                                                      Past      Past  24
                                                      Week      Hours
         Solvents 	    31         15
         Odorous Chemicals	    60         26
         Toxic or Hazardoug Chemicals 	    12          6
         High Dust or Particulate Levels 	   30         16
         Auto/Truck Exhaust 	   41         21
         Cleaning Solutions 	   42         15
         Degreasing Compounds 	    15          5
         Other	'	     7          2
                             193

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     Table 92 presents a summary of the sample  sizes  available for the
twenty-eight volatile compounds  collected  in environmental and breath
samples for Los Angeles,  first  season.   The table shows  variation in
sample sizes by media.   This indicates that not  all  information  was
collected on each person.  Also, as described earlier, the sample  sizes
for outdoor, fixed-sites were smaller  than  those of the other media.
CREATING THE COMPUTER ANALYSIS FILE
     Before statistical  analysis could be  undertaken  on the data  col-
lected for the 117 individuals, several manipulations vere necessary  to
process the data collected and create  computer analysis files.  First, a
few observations were deleted because  it ,was deemed by RTI chemists that
the data was questionable.   Second, the water  samples collected at two
different time periods were averaged.   Third, because of  the  difficulty
of maintaining sufficient GC resolution for each pair of  chemicals, the
quantitative values of m-dichlorobenzere and jD-dichlorobenzene as well
as m-xylene and j>-xylene were combined to give one number for tn,p-dichlo-
robenzene and one for m,p-xylene.  In this  manner  all samples could  be
more readily compared.  Thus, analysis was  done on 26  volatile compounds.
Fourth, values below the level of detection  (LOD) were set equal  to 1/2
LCD and values  at  trace  were set equal to  5/8 QL  (quantifiable liirit)
where 5/8 QL was  the  midpoint between the LOD and the QL.   For water
there was no LOD  category.   Finally,  duplicate samples were  averaged.
The may QL for a particular media and compound was  then  defined as the
maximum of the individual quantifiable limits for each sample.
     The calculated sampling weights described in Section 4 were adjust-
ed to compensate for missing data.  This adjustment was  done by weight
class per compound per media.  The adjustment factors  were calculated by
obtaining the total weight for  all  observations within a weight class,
then dividing by the total weight for all observations where  concentra-
tion information was obtained and not missing.   The original weight  of
the observation was then multiplied by the adjustment  factor.
       ,.  ^  ,   . ,,_   original weight x total weight  per weight class
     adjusted weight = 	°-:	~r-f	r~r	r~f	y-'-,',.  °—;	
                 0     total weight per weight class excluding those
                       with missing data.
     The  population  of  inference  was estimated  to  include  359,492
individuals  in  the  Los  Angeles  area.   Unless otherwise  stated,  all
                             194

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      TABLE 92.  DATA AVAILABLE FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BY MEDIA
                        LOS ANGELES FIRST SEASON
                                                                  S S S S-r-
Media	                              Sample Size Range

Breath                                                  112-115

Overnight Personal Air                                  110-114

Daytime Personal Air                                    110-114

Overnight Fixed-Site
  Outdoor Air                                            24-25

Daytime Fixed-Site
  Outdoor Air                                            23-25

Water                                                     117
                                   ^ s e S-e-c :
                              195

-------
results apply to this population  or  a  specified subgroup of this popu-
lation.
QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS
     Before presenting the percents  measurable  and  summary statistics,
the quantifiable limits for the various media and compounds were examin-
ed.  The purpose of  this  examination was to indicate how  these  lircits
varied for each compound.
     Tables 93 through 98 show by media  and  compound, minimum  quantifi-
able limits  (tr.in QL),  maximum quantifiable limits (max  QL), ratios  of
max QL  to  min QL  (Rl), weighted  percent above the max  QL, weighted
percent measurable (above the quantifiable limit), and ratios of percent
measurable to percent above the max QL (R2).  Overall, the range between
the min QL and the max QL was  small  as demonstrated by the small values
for Rl.  The  largest ratios were  for 1,4-dioxane in overnight personal
air  (4.28),  ji-pinene in  daytime  personal air  (4.45),  and in water
trichloroethylene  (6.00)  and  chlorobenzene (4.22).   Because of  little
variation  in the quantifiable  limits,  there appeared  to  be  little
difference in the percents measurable and  the percents above the tr.ax QL
as shown by the small values of R2.  Some compounds which did show large
ratios  were  for breath  carbon tetrachloride  (2.92)  and  i^-dodecane
(2.61), chlorobenzene (2.15) in overnight personal air, and tetrachloro-
ethylene (3.92) in water.
WEIGHTED PERCENT MEASURABLE
     The weighted  percents of  concentrations measurable  (above the
quantifiable  limit)  by compound  for breath, overnight  personal air,
daytime  personal air,  overnight  (fixed-site)  outdoor  air,  daytime
(fixed-site)  outdoor air  and water  for  Los  Angeles,  first season are
shown  in Table 99.  For personal  air  and outdoor air,  data  was not
analyzed for  bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane,  and  bromoform.
For water  only  chloroform,  1,1,1-trichloroethane,  trichloroethylene,
bromodichloroirethane, dibromochloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, chloro-
benzene, and brcmoform were analyzed.
     For breath and air  1,1,1-trichloroethane,  benzene,   tetrachlo-
roethylene,  cv-xylene, and m,p-xylene were over  90% measurable.  Carbon
tetrachloride, styrcne, ethylbenzene, n-octane, and n-undecane were  over
    measurable  in  personal and  outdoor  air but  less so  in  breath.
                              196

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Chlorobenzene, 1,1,1,2-tetrachlorcethare, 1,2-dibromoethane, and 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane were less than 15% measurable for breath and the airs.
For water  chloroform, bromodichlorotnethane,  and  dibromochloromethane
showed percents measurable of greater than  85% while trichloroethylene
and chlorobenzene were less than 15% measurable.
     Generally, the percentages seemed about the same for overnight and
daytime personal air  and  outdoor  air with some compounds such  as  1,2-
dichloroethane and ^-pinene  lower  in daytime outdoor air.   There was
also a tendency in some compounds  for the percent  measurable of breath
samples to appear lower than the percentages for air.
WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS
     Additional analyses were done on those compounds with  at least 15%
measurable in one of  the  media.   In particular, weighted summary  sta-
tistics were computed for nineteen compounds for breath, personal  airs,
and outdoor airs and for seven compounds for water.
     Tables 100 through 105 give median quantifiable limits,  arithmetic
means, arithmetic standard errors,  geometric  means,  geometric standard
errors, percentiles,  and  ranges  for the selected  compounds by  media.
The reader  should  view the  estimated weighted 99th percentiles with
caution since it is essentially estimated by the maximum values  of each
of the various distributions.
     In comparing the measures of central tendency,  the arithmetic mean
appeared almost always higher  than the  median and the geometric mean.
The difference in these statistics  seemed sometimes  quite  large as for
1,1,1-trichloroethare for breath ar.d daytime personal air.   One explana-
tion for this can be illustrated by comparing the 9Cth percentile to the
maximum concentration shown in the range.  In the cases cited above, the
maximum value  appeared  more than  twenty  times larger than the 90th
percentile.   This  suggest large  outliers which were  increasing the
arithmetic mean.  Generally, for  air and breath samples, daytime  per-
sonal air  concentrations  seemed  largest followed by overnight personal
air.  However, for breath  and  outdoor air the distinctions seemed less
clear.  Vhile  there  appeared to be some  tendency  for  the  means to be
higher for  outdoor  air,  the maximum values for breath tended  to be
higher.  One  possible explanation for this may be  seen  by again com-
paring the  90th  percentiles  to  the maximum values.  There  appeared to
                              204

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-------
be larger differences between  the  two  for  breath than for outdoor sir.
The medians for breath,  daytime  personal air, and daytime outdoor  air
are compared in Table 106.  With the exception of £-dichlorobenzene, the
medians for daytime personal air appeared about  the same  or  larger  than
those for daytime outdoor air.   However, with the exception of a-pinene,
the medians for  daytime outdoor air  appeared larger  than  those for
breath.
     For breath, personal airs, and outdoor  airs,  I,1,1-trichloroethane
showed the largest overall values.   Other compounds showing high relative
values  were benzene,  tetrachloroethylene,  m,p-dichlorobenzene  and
m,p-xylene for breath, overnight personal air, and daytime personal air.
Also, for daytime personal air trichloroethylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene,
and 1,4-dioxane showed  relatively  large values.   For overnight outdoor
air benzene, tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes appeared
relatively higher, while for daytime outdoor  air benzene  and m,p-xylene
appeared so.
     For water chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and dibrcmochloromethane
seemed to have relatively higher concentrations.
     Figures 10 through 14 show box plots of  chloroform,  trichloroethy-
lene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, _o_-xylene and n-undecane  for breath  and air.
The plots demonstrate the trend of personal air levels being higher than
breath and outdoor air levels;  also, the skewness of some of the distri-
butions.
     Tables 107 and 108 compare the concentration levels of the selected
compounds to  the  median quantifiable  limits  by media.  Overall, the
compound concentrations  for  breath and air  seemed  higher  than  the
quantifiable limits.  Exceptions were o-dichlorobenzene and 1,4-dioxane.
Also, some compounds sucb as chloroform, carbon  tetrachloride,  trichlo-
roethylene, styrene, and n_-dodecane appeared  high  for air but  low  for
breath.  For water  chloroform, bromodichloroirethane, and dibromochlo-
romethane appeared high while  1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene and bromofortn appeared low.
CORRELATIONS
     To  further  study  the  relationships between  media, unweighted
Spearman correlations were computed for the  selected compounds.  Table
109 gives  the  correlations between breath  and  sir for  all  amounts.
                              211

-------
TABLE 106.  MEDIANS AND THEIR RATIOS COMPARING DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR TO  DAYTIME
               OUTDOOR AIR AND DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR TO BREATH -
                           LOS ANGELES FIRST SEASON



Compound
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
DVp_-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbe.nzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
a-Pinene



Breath
0.10
0.03
6.30
3.10
0.17
0.19
5.80
0.17
0.54
0.03
0.80
0.74
2.30
0.32
0.17
0.03
0.50
0.40
0.90
Medians
Daytime
Personal
Air
1.00
0.25
29.0
15.0
0.69
2.20
8.20
2.30
2.20
0.03
8.00
10.0
23.0
2.?0
1.60
0.14
4.10
2.80
1.90
Ratios
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
0.28
0.13
20.0
14.0
0.56
0.46
9.00
1.90
0.97
0.14
7.10
7.90
21.0
1.10
0.48
0.13
1.90
1.20
0.25

Personal
to Outdoor
3.57
1.92
1.45
1.07
1.23
4.78
0.91
1.21
2.27
0.21
1.13
1.27
1.10
2.00
3.33
1.08
2.16
2.33
7.60

Outdoor
to Breath
2.80
4.33
3.17
4.52
3.29
2.42
1.55
11.2
1.80
4.67
8.88
10.7
9.13
3.44
2.82
4.33
3.80
3.00
0.28
                                               : s._s s r s r-s:
                                     212

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 TABLE 107.  SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF SELECTED COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED TO THE
             MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR BREATH AND AIR SAMPLES --
                             LOS ANGELES FIRST SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dich]oroethane
1,1,1-Trich]oroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
p-Undecane
a-Pirene


Breath
low
low
high
high
low
low
high
low
high
low
high
high
high
high
low
low
high
high
high
Overnight
Personal
Air
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
Daytime
Personal
Air
high
high
high
high
high
high
" high
high
high
low
high
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
Overnight
Outdoor
Air
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
high
low
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
 TABLE 108.  SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF SELECTED COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED TO THE
                     MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR WATER ~
                             LOS ANGELES FIRST SEASON
                       Compound	Water

                       Chloroform                   high
                       1,1,1-Trichloroethane        low
                       Trichloroethylene            low
                       Kroir.odichloromethane         high
                       Dibromochloromethane         high
                       Tetrachloroethylene          low
                       Bromoform                    low
                                      218

-------
Generally, the  correlations  were less than  .50  signifying a lack of
strong  correlation  between  the  media.  The  strongest  correlations
appeared between breath and daytime personal air, overnight  and daytime
personal air,  and  overnight  and daytime outdoor air.  For  overnight
versus daytime  personal air, all correlations  were  positive and signi-
ficantly different from zero.   Also,  the compound m,p-dichloroben2ene
showed a relatively strong correlation for each of the media pairs.
     The Spearman correlations  for  all amounts between water  and  the
other media (see Table 110) were all less than .25.
     Tables 111 and 112 show the Spearman  correlations  among media  for
measurable amounts only.   If the sample size was less  than 5, the
correlations were not  reported.  While there appeared to  be some  in-
crease in the correlations as compared with all amounts,  most were  still
less than .50.  Again, m,p-dichlorobenzene appeared to have  the strong-
est correlations for breath and air.  Also, there seemed to  be a strong
correlation (.89) between  water and  daytime outdoor  air for tetrachloro-
ethylene.
     Figures 15 through 38 show scatter plots for breath versus daytime
personal air, breath versus daytime outdoor air, and  overnight personal
air versus overnight outdoor air for  selected  compounds  on the natural
logarithmic scale.  One was  added to  each  number before the logarithm
was taken.  The lines on the figures represent the median  QL values for
the compounds for the two media.  An "0" represents both concentrations
measurable and  an  "X" represents one or both  not  measurable.  The
correlations for all  amounts  and measurable amounts  only are also given.
These plots demonstrate the lack of  strong  correlation between the media
and large scatter in  the  levels, but  also  demonstrate that  there were
positive trends between media for several of the compounds  investigated.
OUTDOOR VERSUS PERSONAL AIF
     To gain additional insight  into  the comparison between overnight
personal air and overnight outdoor air, Tables H3 through  115 compared
unweighted percents of concentrations  ireasurable end unweighted summary
statistics for  the 25 people in Los Angeles who provided both overnight
personal air and overnight outdoor air data.   The fixed-sites  at which
outdoor air data was  collected  were in the vicinity  of  the subjects'
homes.
                              219

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  TABLE  113.   UNWEIGHTED PERCENT OF CONCENTRATIONS MEASURABLE FOR THOSE
             PERSONS HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT  PERSONAL  AIR  AND
           OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - LOS  ANGELES  FIRST  SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
tn, p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-XyIene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
a-Pinene
Sample Size Range:
Overnight
Personal Air
100.
64.0
100.
100.
96.0
91.7
100.
100.
100.
28 ;0
100.
100.
100.
88.0
100.
64.0
100.
100.
100.
24-25
Overnight
Outdoor Air
91.7
54.2
100.
100.
95.8
95.8
96.0
100.
100.
54.2
96.0
100.
100.
91.7
91.7
66.7
91.7
96.0
91.7
24-25
*  T-test for difference between media significant  at  .05  level.
                              250

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    -------
 TABLE  115.   SUMMARY OF MEDIANS,  MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS AND  THEIR RATIOS
            FOR THOSE PERSONS  HAVING OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR AND
             OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - LOS  ANGELES  FIRST SEASON
Overnight
Compound
Chloroform **
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene **
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene **
£-Dichlorobenzene **
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane **
1,4-Dioxane
ri-Octane
n-Undecane **
a-Pinene **
Personal Air
1
0
24
18
0
1
8
3
2
0
9
11
26
1
1
0
4
2
3
.60
.22
.0
.0
.64
.21
.90
.60
.80
.12
.70
.0
.1
.90
.40
.26
.60
.90
.40
( 6.10)*
( 1.30)
(200. )
(43.0 )
( 2.60)
(50.0 )
(94.0 )
( 9.10)
(214. )
( 2.50)
(29.0 )
(34.0 )
(58.0 )
(11.0 )
( 9.80)
( 3.60)
(38.0 )
(11.0 )
(44.0 )
Overnight
Outdoor Air
0
0
29
17
0
0
7
4
1
- o
11
11
30
2
0
0
4
1
0
.65
.21
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.65
.69
.35
.20
.80
.20
.0
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.0
.55
.67
.27
.30
.95
.82
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( 4.
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80)
Personal/
Outdoor Ratio
2
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
1
1
4
.46
.05
.83
.06
.98
.75
.21
.86
.56
.59
.88
.00
.87
.75
.08
.95
.07
.49
.15
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.41)
.65)
.78)
.17)
.58)
.17)
*  Median (Maximum)
** Wilcoxon signed rank test for difference  in  medians  significant  at  .05
   level.
                                 252

    -------
     The percents measurable are given in Table 113.  For the  two media
the percentages appeared relatively large and  similar with  no signifi-
cant differences between the two media as determined by a t-test at  the
.05 level.
     The unweighted  arithmetic means, standard  errors,  medians, and
ranges for selected compounds by the  two media are  shown  in Table  114.
The means for  chloroform,  iv-dodecane, and ^-pinene were significantly
higher in overnight  personal  air.   Also, the  medians for  chloroform,
trichloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene,  cv-dichlorobenzene,  n-dodecane,
iv-undecane, and j^-pinene were  significantly higher  for overnight per-
sonal air.
     Table 115  compares  the median and maximum  values  for  overnight
personal air with those for  overnight  outdoor air.  Generally,  the
medians appeared about the  same or  slightly higher  for  personal air as
shown by the ratios, while  the maximum values  appeared basically higher
for overnight  personal  air.  In the  case  of  trichloroethylene, m,p-
dichlorobenzene, and a-pinene, the personal  air maximum values  appeared
nine or more times larger.
                              253

    -------
LOS ANGELES SECOND SEASON
     As a follow-up to the initial study in Los Angeles, a  second  study
was conducted in May  and  June  of  1984.   A  subsample of 52  of those who
had participated in  the  first  season study was  selected representing
332,615 people.
     To gain  insight  into possible sources of  exposure, the  24-hour
activity screener was again administered at the end of the 24-hour study
period.   Table  116  summarizes the  24-hour exposure  and   activity
screener.  As in first season,  the largest number of people were exposed
to smoking  (42%) and  tobacco (33%),  service stations or garages (19%),
odorous chemicals (19%), solvents (15%), and cleaning solutions (15%).
     Table  117  shows  the sample size ranges for  each media over  the
twenty-eight compounds analyzed.  The variation in  sample size reflects
the fact that not all analyses for each compound for each media could be
done for  each subject.   Also,  outdoor fixed-sites  were  not set up at
each hoine  but  only one home per  sample segment.   The  data file was
created in the same manner as described for first season (see above).
QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS
     Tables  118  through  123  give the minimum quantifiable  limits  (min
QL), maximum quantifiable limits  (max QL) ,  the  ratios  of max QL to min
QL (Bl),  the  percentages  of  concentrations above the max QL,  the  per-
centages  of  concentrations measurable  (above  the quantifiable  limit),
and the ratios  of percent measurable to  percent above the max QL  (R2).
Generally, there seemed to be  no  large  differences  between the minimum
and maximum  quantifiable  limits as reflected in  the small values of
their ratios.  The largest differences appeared to  be  for n-dodecane  in
overnight and daytime outdoor  air with ratios of  2.95  and  2.63, respec-
tively.   The  overall  small  variation in quantifiable  limits  was also
reflected in  the  apparently  small differences  between percents measur-
able and  percents above  the  max QL.   Some  exceptions were 1,2-dibromo-
methane  for  overnight personal air, r^-dodecane  for overnight outdoor
air, and  n_-dodecane  and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane  for daytime  outdoor
air with R2 values of 5.55, 12.0, 3.27 and 3.68 respectively.
WEIGHTED PERCENTS MEASURABLE
     Weighted percentages of  concentrations  measurable (above the
quantifiable limit) by media and  compound  are  given in Table 124.   For
                              254

    -------
                            NOTES TO TABLES

1.   The terms daytime outdoor  air  and  overnight outdoor air refer to
     samples collected during the day and  during the  night  from fixed-
     sites outside the participants' homes.
2.   Bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform were not
     analyzed in air  samples.   Only chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
     trichloroethylene,  bromodichloromethane,   dibromochloromethane,
     tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and bromoform were analyzed in
     water samples.
3.   Sample  size  indicates the  number  of  individual samples.   The
     minimum and maximum  sample  sizes indicate  that not all compounds
     always had a value for every individual sampled.
4.   Duplicate measurements were averaged  before the  percentages were
     computed.
5.   Measurable is defined as  above  the  quantifiable limit.   All concen-
     tration data is considered  significant to two figures.
6.   Los Angeles, second season  was  May  and Jur.e of 1984.
7.   To calculate  an  estimate of the 95% confidence  interval for  the
     geometric mean, the upper limit would be (geo. mean) +  1.96 (geo.
     s.e.) while the upper limit would be (geo.  mean)  - 1.96  (geo.  s.e.)
     where geo. mean is the geometric mean and geo. s.e.  is  the  standard
     error of the geometric mean.
                              255

    -------
     TABLE 116.   24-HOUR SCREENER -  LOS ANGELES -  SECOND  SEASON
1.  Have You Pumped Your Own Gas  In The Past  24 Hours?
         Yes =8,     No -  44

    a.   During Which Monitoring  Periods?
              Overnight =3,     Daytime =  5

2.  Have You Done Your Own  Dry Cleaning or  Been In A Dry Cleaning
    Establishment During The Past 24 Hours?
         Yes = 2,     No -  50

    a.   During Which Monitoring  Periods?
              Overnight = 1,     Daytime =  1

3.  Have You Smoked Cigarettes, Cigars, Or  A  Pipe In The Past  24 Hours?
         Yes = 17,     No = 35

    a.   During Which Monitoring  Periods?
              Overnight « 1,   Daytime = 6,   Both « 10

4.  Were You In An Enclosed Area  With Active  Smokers For More  Than  15
    Minutes At Any Time In  The Past 24 Hours?
         Yes - 22,   No - 30

    a.   During Which Monitoring  Periods?
              Overnight = 6,   Daytime = 8,   Both = 8

5.  Have You Used Or Worked With  Insecticides, Pesticides,  Or
    Herbicides In Any Way In The  Past 24 Hours?
         Yes = 5,     No -  44

6.  During This Time Of Year, On  An Average Weekday Or Weekend Day, How
    Many Hours Per Day Are  Spent:
    a.   Away From Home: Weekday - 0-4  	 11
                                    5-9	 24
                                    10-14  ... 14
                                    15-20  ... 3

                      Weekend Day - 0-4	22
                                    5-9	 15
                                    16-18  ... 2
                                    20-24  ... 3
                                                           continued
                             256

    -------
                        TABLE  116 (continued)

7.  Have You Worked At Any Of  The Following Occupations  Or  Been  In Any
    Of The Following Businesses During The  Past  Week?
                                                      Past       Past  24
                                                      Week       Hours
         Painting 	     5          4
         Dry Cleaning	     4          2
         Chemical Plant 	     2          1
         Petroleum Plant 	     1
         Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair  	    28         10
         Furniture Refinishing or Repair 	     2
         Plastics Manufacture  or Formulation 	     3          1
         Textile Mill 	
         Wood Processing Plant 	     2
         Printing 	     3          2
         Scientific Laboratory	     7          3
         Dye Plant 	
         Hospital 	     6          3
         Metal Work/Smelter 	     2
         None of These	    16         22

8.  Have You Been Exposed To Any Of The Following During The Past Week?
                                                      Past       Past  24
                                                      Week       Hours
         Solvents 	    18          8
         Odorous Chemicals 	    24         10
         Toxic or Hazardoug Chemicals  	    12          5
         High Dust or Particulate Levels 	    12          5
         Auto/Truck Exhaust 	    14          7
         Cleaning Solutions 	    24          8
         Degreasing Compounds  	     6          3
         Other 	     2          2
                             257

    -------
     TABLE 117.  DATA AVAILABLE FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BY  MEDIA
                        LOS ANGELES SECOND SEASON
Media	                              Sample Size Range

Breath                                                     51

Overnight Personal Air                                   50-51

Daytime Personal Air                                     50-51

Overnight Fixed-Site
  Outdoor Air                                              23

Daytime Fixed-Site
  Outdoor Air                                              24

Water                                                      52
                              258

    -------







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breath and air tetrachloroethylene and m,p-xylene  were 98.9% or higher
measurable.   In  air,  1,1,1-trichloroethane,  benzene,  carbon  tetra-
chloride, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene, were 96% or more  measurable while
breath ranged from 11% to 89% measurable.  For chlorobenzene, £-dichlo-
robenzene,  1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane,  1,2-dibromoethane* and 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane breath and  air  were less than 20%  measurable.   For
water,  chloroform,   bromodichloromethane,  dibromochloromethane,  and
bromoform were at least 85% measurable.
WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS
     Weighted summary  statistics  for  those compounds  selected  in first
season are given  in  Tables  125  through 130.   The statistics given  are
median quantifiable  limit,  arithmetic mean,  arithmetic standard error,
geometric  mean,  geometric  standard  error,  median, percentiles,  and
range.
     As  in  first  season,  the arithmetic means appeared almost  always
larger than  the  geometric  means and medians.  This  could be in part
caused by  large outliers.   These  outliers  can be observed by comparing
the  95th  percentile  to the maximum value.   Compounds  with apparently
large values  were 1,1,1-trichloroethane,  benzene,  and tetrachloroethy-
lene  for breath;  1,1,1-trichloroethane,  benzene, m,p-dichlorobenzene,
and  m,p-xylene for  overnight  personal  air;  1,1,1-trichloroethane,
benzene,  trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene,
and m,p-xylene for daytime  personal  air;  and for overnight and  daytime
outdoor  air  1,1,1-trichloroethane and m,p-xylene.   For water,  chloro-
form, bromcdichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane  showed relatively
high values.
     The medians  for breath,  daytime  personal air, and daytime  outdoor
air  are  compared  in  Table  131.  As shown by their ratios,  the  medians
for  daytime  persona] air were about  the same or larger  than those  for
daytime  outdoor air.   The  ratios  for chloroform and  trichloroethylene
seemed particularly large.  In  comparing the medians for daytime outdoor
air  to those  for breath, the ratios showed a range of  .18  to 6.40.   For
some  compounds such as  trichloroethylene,  tetrachloroethylene,  and
j^-pinene,  the median for breath was more than twice as large as that for
daytime  outdoor air; while  for  carbon tetrachloride,  styrene, ethylben-
                              266

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    -------
 TABLE 131.  MEDIANS AND THEIR RATIOS COMPARING DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR TO
              DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR AND DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
                 TO BREATH - LOS ANGELES SECOND SEASON
Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
ii-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
ii-Undecane
a-Pinene



Breath
0.03
0.03
3.75
4.20
0.10
0.17
4.00
0.16
0.60
0.03
0.54
0.46
1.40
0.33
0.33
0.03
0.76
0.33
0.93
Medians
Daytime
Personal
Air
0.30
0.03
11.0
7.20
0.67
1.20
3.40
1.50
0.92
0.03
6.00
4.00
18.0
1.80
0.69
0.03
3.20
1.25
1.55
Ratios
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
0.03
0.03
5.30
3.10
0.64
0.03
1.70
0.63
0.40
0.02
1.90
2.25
6.70
0.50
0.51
0.02
0.50
0.51
0.29
Personal
to
Outdoor
10.0
1.00
2.08
2.32
1.05
40.0
2.00
2.38
2.30
1.50
3.16
1.78
2.69
3.60
1.35
1.50
6.40
2.45
5.34
Outdoor
to
Breath
1.00
1.00
1.41
0.74
6.40
0.18
0.43
3.94
0.67
0.67
3.52
4.89
4.79
1.52
1.55
0.67
0.66
1.55
0.31
                              273

    -------
zene, £-xylene, and  m,p--xylene,  the medians for  outdoor  air appeared
much larger.
     Tables 132 and 133 give a general comparison between the magnitudes
of the selected compound  levels  and the median quantifiable  limits  by
media.  For breath and air  1,1.,1-trichloroethane, benzene,  tetrachloro-
ethylene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o_-xylene,  m,p-xylene, and
n-octane seemed high for  all  five media.   However,  1,2-dichloroethar.e,
oj-dichlorobenzene, ii-dodecane, and 1,4-dioxane seemed low  in all  five
media.  For the other  compounds, personal air concentrations appeared
high  in  comparison,  while  breath and/or  outdoor air concentrations
appeared low.  For water, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochlo-
romethane, and bromoform seemed high.
     Figures 39 through 42  show  box plots of benzene, m,p-dichloroben-
zene, £-xylene and iv-undecane for breath and air.  The plots  demonstrate
the trend for personal air  levels to be higher than breath or  outdoor
air levels.  They also show the skewness of some of the distributions.
CORRELATIONS
     To further examine the relationships  between the media,  unweighted
Spearman correlations were  calculated.   Tables  134  and 135  give  the
Spearman correlations for selected compounds for all amounts.  Generally
there appeared to be no strong correlations  between  the media with most
correlations less than .50.   However, between  overnight outdoor air  and
daytime outdoor air, ethylbenzene, cv-xylene, m,j>-xylene,  r^-decane, and
iv-undecane  showed correlations in the  .64 to .72 range.  Between water
and the other media, the correlations were all insignificant.
     In Tables  136  and  137  the  correlations  were calculated  using
measurable  amounts only.  If  the sample size was less  than  five, the
correlation was not  reported.  Overall, there  appeared  little change in'
the  correlations  from  all amounts.  However, the correlations  between
breath and daytime personal air appeared to  increase with 1,1,1-trichlo-
roethane, trichloroethylene,  and  i^-decane showing significant  correla-
tions in the  .62  to  .84  range.   Between water  and the other media there
appeared to be  some  increase  in  the correlations from  all  amounts but
sample sizes were quite limited.
     Figures 43 through 66  show  scatter plots  for breath  versus daytime
personal air, breath versus daytime  outdoor  air,  and overnight personal
                               274

    -------
     TABLE 132.  SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF SELECTED COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED
                   TO THE MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR BREATH
                    AND AIR SAMPLES - LOS ANGELES SECOND SEASON
Compound	

Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
Bitp-Dichlorobenzene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
ri-Decane
n-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
ri-Octane
n-Undecane
a-Pinene


Breath
low
le low
:hane high
high
ride low
i low
ine high
low
;ne high
i low
high
high
high
low
low
low
high
low
high
ra-y g* fc -sr si g TS jraee
Overnight
Personal
Air
high
low
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
high
low
low
high
high
high
Daytime
Personal
Air
high
low
high
high
high
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
high
low
low
high
high
high
Overnight
Outdoor
Air
low
low
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
low
low
low
high
low
low
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
low
low
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
low
low
low
high
low
low
     TABLE 133.  SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF SELECTED COMPOUKD LEVELS COMPARED
                   TO THE MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR WATER -
                             LOS ANGELES SECOND SEASON
                    Chloroform
                    1,1,1-Trichloroethane
                    Trichloroethylene
                    Bromodichloromethane
                    Dibromochloromethane
                    Tetrachloroethylene
                    Bromoform
Water

high
low
low
high
high
low
high
                                      275

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air versus overnight outdoor air  for  selected  compounds  on the natural
logarithmic scale.  One was  added to  each number before the  logarithm
was taken.  The lines represent the median  quantifiable  limits for the
compounds for  the two media.  An "0" represents both concentrations
measurable, while an  "X"  represents  one or both not  measurable.   The
correlations for  all  amounts and  for  measurable amounts only  are  also
given.  These plots demonstrate the lack  of strong  correlation between
the media  and  the wide variability in the data.  However,  for some
compounds there was evidence of a positive  trend in levels as  was  shown
for the first season in Los Angeles.
PERSONAL VERSUS OUTDOOR AIR
     Tables 138 through 140 compare overnight personal air to  overnight
outdoor air for those 23 people who had fixed-site air monitors outside
their homes.   In  Table  138 the unweighted percent measurable  is given
for the two media.  The percents  measurable for chloroform,  trichloro-
ethylene and ^-pinene appeared significantly higher in overnight  per-
sonal air.
     The  unweighted arithmetic means, arithmetic  standard  errors,
medians, and ranges are shown  in  Table 139. The means  for chloroform,
1,1,1-trichloroethane,  benzene,  trichloroethylene,  iv-octane,  and
a^-pinene were  significantly higher in the personal  air.   Also, signi-
ficantly higher were  the medians  for  chloroform,  1,1,1-trichloroethane,
benzene, trichloroethylene, m,p-dichloroben.2ene, m,p-xylene, iv-dodecane,
ii-dodecane, n_-octane, and £-pinene.
     The ratios of  overnight personal air to overnight  outdoor air for
the medians and maximum values are shown in Table 140.  For  each  com-
pound the median for personal air appeared greater than or equal to that
for outdoor air.  Also, with the  exception  of  carbon  tetrachloride,  the
maximum values for personal air were greater than those for outdoor air.
For  some  compounds such  as  m,p-dichlorohenzene and  n-dodecane,  the
differences in the  maximum values appeared quite large with  ratios  of
72.4 and 18.4, respectively.
                              310

    -------
          TABLE 138.  UNWEIGHTED PERCENT OF CONCENTRATIONS MEASURABLE
           FOR THOSE PERSONS HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR AND
               OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - LOS ANGELES SECOND SEASON
Compound	      Overnight Personal Air     Overnight Outdoor Air

Chloroform                            82.6*                      30.4
1,2-Dichloroethane                     4.35                       0.00
1,1,1-Trichloroethane                100.                       100.
Benzene                              100.                       100.
Carbon Tetrachloride                 100.                       100.
Trichloroethylene                     69.6*                      13.0
Tetrachloroethylene                  100.                       100.
Styrene                               69.6                       87.0
mtjp-Dichlorobenzene                   87.0                       78.3
£-Dichlorobenzene                     21.7                       17.4
Ethylbenzene                          95.6                      100.
o-Xylene                             100.                       100.
m.p-Xylene                           100.                       100.
rHDecane                              60.9                       47.8
n-Dodecane                            30.4                       34.8
1,4-Dioxane                           17.4                       21.7
n-Octane                              91.3                       78.3
n-Undecane                            52.2                       47.8
a-Pinene                              87.0*                      43.5

Sample Size:                          23                         23
*  T-teet for difference between media significant at .05 level.
                                    311

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    TABLE 140.  SUMMARY OF MEDIANS, MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS AND THEIR RATIOS
              FOR THOSE PERSONS HAVING OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR AND
               OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - LOS ANGELES SECOND SEASON

Compound
Chloroform **
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane **
Benzene **
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene **
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene **
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
£-Xylene
m,p-Xylene **
n-Decane **
n-Dodecane **
1 ,4-Dioxane
£-Octane **
n-Undecane
a-Pinene **
Overnight
Personal
Air
0
0
7
4
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
2
8
0
0
0
1
1
1
.82
.03
.90
.80
.71
.51
.70
.60
.04
.03
.20
.55
.15
.90
.58
.02
.60
.00
.40
(20
(0.
(94
(29
(1.
(11
(56
(5.
.0)*
57)
.0)
.0)
00)
.0)
.0)
30)
(170.)
(11
(35
(29
(94
(17
(57
(4.
(20
(76
(29
.0)
.0)
.0)
.0)
.0)
.0)
20)
.0)
.0)
.0)
Overnight
Outdoor Air
0
0
4
2
0
'0
1
0
0
0
2
2
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
.03
.02
.00
.90
.63
.11
.30
.57
.72
.03
.00
.10
.80
.48
.57
.02
.94
.51
.26
(2.
(0.
(20
(8.
(1.
(2.
(4.
(3.
(2.
(0.
(13
(6.
(26
(2.
(3.
(2.
(1.
(5.
(2.
40)
14)
.0)
50)
10)
40)
80)
10)
35)
82)
.0)
30)
.0)
00)
10)
40)
70)
90)
20)
Personal/
Outdoor Ratio
25
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
.2
.06
.98
.66
.13
.80
.30
.05
.45
.00
.10
.21
.04
.88
.01
.02
.70
.98
.46
(8.33)
(4.15)
(4.70)
(3.41)
(0.91)
(4.58)
(11.7)
(1.71)
(72.4)
(13.4)
(2.69)
(4.60)
(3.62)
(8.50)
(18.4)
(1.75)
(11.8)
(12.9)
(13.2)
*   Median (Maximum)
**  Wilcoxon signed rank test for difference in medians  significant  at  .05
    level.
                                    313

    -------
CONTRA COSTA
     In June of  1984, data was  also collected on 71 people  in  Contra
Costa County, California.  A description of these people is given by the
results of the Household Questionnaire  (see Table  141).   Slightly more
than half (51%) were male.   The  age range was  from 7 to 68 years.  About
63% were employed,  11% were  housewives, and  21% were students.   About
31% were current  smokers,  17% were former smokers  and 52% had  never
smoked.  Thirty-one listed gardening as a hobby.  About 50% had  central
air conditioning and 97% used gas furnaces.
     To gain further insight  into  the  possible sources of exposure, a
24-hour activity  screener  was also administered at the  end  of  the
24-hour study period.  Table  142 summarizes the  screener.   The  largest
numbers of  people were exposed  to  smoking (44%) and  tobacco  (31%),
service stations and garages (27%), odorous chemicals (32%), or cleaning
solutions (20%) during the 24-hour study period.
     Table 143 shows the sample size ranges for Contra Costa.   The vari-
ation  in sample  size  reflects the  fact that  not all analysis for each
compound for each media  could be done  on each subject.  Also, outdoor
fixed-sites were not set up at each home but  only at one home per sample
segment.  The data file was created in  the same manner as  described  for
Los Angeles first season.
QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS
     Tables  144  through  149  give the  minimum and maximum  quantifiable
limits, the ratio of maximum to minimum (Rl), the percentage of  concen-
trations above the maximum quantifiable limit  (max QL),  the percentage
measurable (percentage above  the quantifiable  limit),  and  the  ratio of
percent measurable to percent above the max QL (R2).  Generally, there
seemed  to  be no  large  differences between the  minimum and maximum
quantifiable limits  as  reflected in their ratios   (Rl).  The largest
differences  appeared  to be  for  carbon  tetrachloride  in breath  and
chlorobenzene in water with ratios of  3.03 and 3.50, respectively.  This
apparent lack  of large  variation in the  quantifiable  limits was also
reflected in the apparent lack of large differences between the percents
above  max  QL and percent measurable as demonstrated by their ratios
(R2).   The  largest  ratios  appeared for 1,2-dibromoethane for overnight
                              314

    -------
                            NOTES TO TABLES

1.   The terms daytime ourdoor  air  and  overnight outdoor air refer to
     samples collected during the day and  during the  night  from fixed-
     sites outside the participants' homes.
2.   Bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane,  and bromoform were not
     analyzed in air  samples.   Only chloroform,  1,1,1-trichloroethane,
     trichloroethylene,  bromodichloromethane,   dibromochloromethane,
     tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and bromoform were analyzed in
     water samples.
3.   Sample  size  indicates the  number  of  individual  samples.   The
     minimum and maximum  sample  sizes indicate that not all compounds
     always had a value for every individual sampled.
4.   Duplicate measurements were averaged  before the percentages were
     computed.
5.   Measurable is defined as  above  the  quantifiable limit.   All concen-
     tration data is considered significant to two figures.
6.   Contra Costa was sampled  in June of 1984.
7.   To calculate an  estimate  of the 95% confidence interval for  the
     geometric mean, the upper limit would be  (geo. mean) + 1.96 (geo.
     s.e.) while the upper limit would be (geo. mean)  - 1.96 (geo.  s.e.)
     where geo. mean is the geometric mean and geo.  s.e.  is  the  standard
     error of the geometric mean.
                              315

    -------
         TABLE  141.   HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE -  CONTRA  COSTA
 1.   Sex	 Male  *  36,  Female  =  34

 2.   Race - Hispanic	   5
          - American  Indian/Alaskan Native  	   2
          - Black, Not  Hispanic  	   5
          - Asian/Pacific  Islander  	   7
          - White, Not  Hispanic  	 51
          - Other 	_0_
                                                 70

 3.   Age - 7-9 	   4
         - 10-14 	   8
         - 15-19 	   4
         - 21-24	   5
         - 25-29 	 15
         - 30-33 	 10
         - 35-37 	   5
         - 40-44 	   9
         - 45-47 	   4
         - 54 	   1
         - 56-59 	   3
         - 67-68 	_2
                                                 70

 7.   Are you  presently  employed? 	Yes  =  44,  No  «  26

11.   If not presently employed,  which  of the following  best describes
     your status?
          Housewife  	   8
          Student 	 15
          Unemployed  	   2
          Retired 	   1
          Disabled	   0
                                                 J6
                                                            continued
                              316

    -------
                         TABLE 141  (continued)
12.  Indicate whether you or any member of  your household  are employed
     in any of the listed occupations or establishments.
                                                               Household
                                                        You   Member
          Painting 	     1        2
          Dry Cleaning 	     1
          Chemical Plant 	     3        1
          Petroleum Plant 	     3        1
          Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair 	     2        3
          Furniture Repair/Refinishing 	
          Plastics Manufacture or Formulation 	     1        1
          Textile Mill 	
          Wood Processing Plant 	     1        1
          Printing 	*	              I
          Scientific Laboratory 	     1        1
          Dye Plant 	
          Hospital 	              4
          Metal Products	              3
          Battery or Electrical Components  Manufacture
          Refrigerator/Air Conditioning Repair or
             Manufacture 	
          Taxi/Bus/Truck Driver 	     5        2
          Pest Control 	     2        1
          Drug Manufacturing or Formulation 	
          Photo Developing	     1
          Landscaping/Gardening	     1        1
          None of the Above 	    52       47

13.  Cigarette Smoking Status
          Current Smoker 	  22
          Ex-Smoker 	  12
          Never Smoked 	  36
                                             70

14.  For How Many Years Did You Smoke At Least %. Pack of Cigarettes  Per
     Day?
          1-6 	   4
          10-15 	   7
          35 	_±
                                             12

15.  How Long Ago Did You Quit Smoking?
          1-4 years 	   5
          6-10 years 	   4
          15-20 years 	_2_
                                             11
                                                            continued
                              317

    -------
                        TABLE  141  (continued)
16   a.  On Average,  How Many Cigarettes  Do/Did  You Smoke Per Day?
          Less than  % Pack 	  8
          Between ^  and 1% Packs  	  20
          More Than  l*s Packs 	__6
                                             34

17.   Does Anyone Else In Your Household  Smoke Cigarettes?
          Yes - 25,    No = 44

18.   Do You or Anyone Else In Your Household  Smoke Cigars Or Pipes?
          You	Yes = 0        Anyone Else	Yes =  2
                     No = 0                           No -  0

19.   On Average, How Many Hours Are You  In The  Same Room, Or Enclosed
     Area, With Someone Who Is Smoking?   Respond  For  Time At Home, And
     Time At Work.
          At Home -  0 	 37       At Work - 0 	 35
                    1-5 	 18                 1-5 	 12
                    6-10 	 10                 6-10	  7
                    10+	_4_                 10+ 	_1_
                               69                            55

20.   Do You Or Any Member Of Your Household Pursue Any Of The Following
     Hobbies?
                                                               Household
                                                         You   Member
          Painting 	    3        5
          Furniture  Refinishing 	    2        3
          Scale Models 	    3
          Gardening	   31      38
          None of These 	   36      25

21.   Do You Work With Or Use Insecticides, Pesticides, or Herbicies, As
     In Farming, Gardening, Or Extermination?
          Yes = 17,    No * 53

     a.   How Often  Would You Say That You Work With  Or Use Such
          Substances?
               Rarely	   5
               Occasionally 	  10
               Often 	   2
                                             T7

     b.   How Often Do You Have Your House Treated For Pests?
               Never 	  41
               Monthly 	   1
               Quarterly	   8
               Yearly 	_15_
                                             65

                                                            continued
                              318

    -------
                         TABLE  141  (continued)
22.  What Do You Consider Your Current Physical Condition?
          Excellent 	 23
          Good 	 37
          Fair	  8
          Poor	_2
                                        70

23.  Are You Currently Taking Any Prescription Medication On A Regular
     Daily Basis?
          Yes =15     No = 54

24.  Have You Taken Any Nonprescription Medication In The Past 48 Hours?
          Yes = 29     N'o = 37

29.  How Many Years Have You Lived In This  City?
          1-4 	 39
          5-9 	 12
          10-14 	  5
          18-19 	  2
          20-24 	  4
          27-29 	  2
          30 	  2
          37 	  1
          42 	  1
          54 	_^
                                        69

30.  Do You Cool Your Home With Any Of The  Following  Appliances?
          Central Air Conditioning .... 42
          Window Air Conditioning 	  7
          Portable Circulating Fan .... 28
          Ceiling Exhaust Fan	 34
          None of These 	  7

31.  Do You Have Any Of The Following Appliances?
          Gas Stove 	 10
          Electric Oven	59
          Gas Furnace 	 68
          013 Heat 	  0
                              319

    -------
             TABLE 142.   24-HOUR SCREENER - CONTRA COSTA
1.  Have You Pumped Your Own Gas In The Past  24 Hours?
         Yes «= 16,     No - 55

    a.   During Which Monitoring Periods?
              Overnight =  7,     Daytime  = 9

2.  Have You Done Your Own Dry  Cleaning or Been In A Dry  Cleaning
    Establishment During The Past 24 Hours?
         Yes = 2,     No = 69

    a.   During Which Monitoring Periods?
              Overnight = 0,     Daytime * 2

3.  Have You Smoked Cigarettes, Cigars, Or A  Pipe  In The  Past  24  Hours?
         Yes = 22,     No = 49

    a.   During Which Monitoring Periods?
              Overnight = 1,   Daytime = 3,   Both =18

4.  Were You In An Enclosed Area With Active  Smokers For  More  Than 15
    Minutes At Any Time In The  Past 24 Hours?
         Yes = 31,   No = 39

    a.   During Which Monitoring Periods?
              Overnight = 9,   Daytime = 8,   Both « 15

5.  Have You Used Or Worked With Insecticides, Pesticides,  Or
    Herbicides In Any Way In The Past 24 Hours?
         Yes = 9,     No = 62

6.  During This Time Of Year, On An Average Weekday Or Weekend Day, How
    Many Hours Per Day Are Spent:
    a.   Away From Home:  Weekday - 0-4 	 13
                                    5-9	 25
                                    10-14  ... 33

                      Weekend Day - 0-4	28
                                    5-9 	 27
                                    10-14  ... 13
                                    24 	  3

                                                           continued
                             320

    -------
                        TABLE  142 (continued)

7.  Have You Worked At Any Of  The Following Occupations  Or  Been  In Any
    Of The Following Businesses During The  Past  Week?
                                                      Past       Past  24
                                                      Week       Hours
         Painting	     5
         Dry Cleaning 	     4          2
         Chemical Plant 	     8          3
         Petroleum Plant 	     4          1
         Service Station/Garage/Engine Repair  	   37          19
         Furniture Refinishing or Repair 	
         Plastics Manufacture  or Formulation 	     1          1
         Textile Mill 	
         Wood Processing Plant 	     1          1
         Printing 	     1          1
         Scientific Laboratory	-.	     2
         Dye Plant 	
         Hospital 	     8          4
         Metal Work/Smelter 	     3          2
         None of These 	   26          23

8.  Have You Been Exposed To Any Of  The Following During The Past  Week?
                                                      Past       Past  24
                                                      Week       Hours
         Solvents 	   13          5
         Odorous Chemicals 	   42          23
         Toxic or Hazardous Chemicals  	   16          5
         High Dust or Particulate Levels	   17          12
         Auto/Truck Exhaust 	   35          17
         Cleaning Solutions 	   31          14
         Degreasing Compounds  	     9          6
         Other 	   12          4
                             321

    -------
     TABLE 143.  DATA AVAILABLE FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS  BY MEDIA
                              CONTRA COSTA
Media	                              Sample  Size Range

Breath                                                   66-69

Overnight Personal Air                                   69-70

Daytime Personal Air                                     66-68

Overnight Fixed-Site
  Outdoor Air                                              10

Daytime Fixed-Site
  Outdoor Air                                            9-10

Water                                                      71
                              322

    -------





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personal air and 1,2-dichloroethane for daytime personal air with ratios
of 4.24 and 3.49, respectively.
PERCENT MEASURABLE
     Table 150 gives the percents measurable by media.  Benzene,  tetra-
chloroethylene, styrene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and m,p-xylene were more
than 50% measurable for breath and air, while chlorobenzene, £-dichloro-
benzene, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, and 1,1,2,2-tetra-
chloroethane were  less than 20%  measurable.   For water, chloroform,
trichloroethylene, bromodichloromethane,  dibromochloromethane, tetra-
chloroethylene, and bromoform were over 65% measurable.
WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS
     Weighted summary statistics are given in Tables 151 through 156 for
those compounds  examined  in the Los Angeles studies.   The  statistics
include arithmetic mean and standard error, geometric mean and  standard
error, median, percentiles, and  range.   Overall,  the arithmetic  means
appeared greater than  the  medians and geometric means.  This was pre-
sumably caused in part  by  large  outliers  resulting in skewed frequency
distributions.  Compounds  showing apparently  high concentrations were
1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene,  tetrachloroethylene,  and  m,p-dichloro-
benzene for breath;  for overnight personal air, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
benzene, m,p-dichlorobenzene, and m,p-xylene;  for  daytime outdoor air,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene,  and m,j3-xylene;  and for overnight  and
daytime outdoor  air,  1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene,  m,p-xylene and
n-decane.   For water chloroform,  bromodichloromethane,  and dibromochlo-
romethane had apparently high concentration levels.
     The medians for breath, daytime  personal  air,  and daytime outdoor
air are compared  in  Table 157.  With the  exception of iv-decane, the
medians for daytime  personal  air were  about  the  same or larger  thsn
those for  daytime outdoor  air.   For tetrachloroethylene,  cv-xylene,
tv-undecane, and ^-pinene  the medians  for personal air  appecred parti-
cularly large  in comparison,  as shown by  their ratios.   In comparing
daytime outdoor air to breath,  the medians for breath appeared about the
same or larger for most compounds.  The exceptions were 1,1,1-trichlo-
roethane,  carbon tetrachloride, and n-decane.
                              329

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TABLE 157.  MEDIANS AND THEIR RATIOS COMPARING DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR TO
             DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR AND DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR
                      TO BREATH - CONTRA COSTA



Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m_,£-Di chlorob enzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1 ,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
ri-Undecane
a-Pinene



Breath
0.04
0.03
0.09
1.80
0.20
0.17
2.00
0.49
0.86
0.03
0.44
0.36
1.10
0.69
0.17
0.03
0.50
0.69
0.33
Medians
Daytime
Personal
Air
0.03
0.13
5.50
6.30
0.80
0.50
2.20
0.83 -
0.91
0.03
2.90
3.60
10.0
1.00
0.95
0.07
2.30
1.30
0.95
Ratios
Daytime
Outdoor
Air
0.03
0.03
2.20
1.30
0.38
0.11
0.24
0.18
0.15
0.02
0.40
0.37
1.20
3.40
0.12
0.02
0.22
0.46
0.05
Personal
to
Outdoor
1.00
4.33
2.50
4.85
2.11
4.55
9.17
4.61
6.07
1.50
7.25
9.73
8.33
0.29
7.92
3.50
10.4
2.83
19.0
Outdoor
to
Breath
0.75
1.00
24.4
0.72
1.90
0.65
0.12
0.37
0.17
0.67
0.91
1.03
1.09
4.93
0.71
0.67
0.44
0.67
0.15
                            337

    -------
     Figures 67  through  70 show box plots  for several compounds for
breath and air.  These plots  demonstrate the trend of higher personal
air levels.  The plots also show the skewness of some of the concentra-
tion levels.
     Tables 158 and 159 give a general comparison between the magnitude
of the selected compound levels and the median quantifiable limits  (mid
QLs) by media.   Benzene,  tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene, £-xylene,
and m,p-xylene  appeared  high  for breath and  air,  while  1,2-dichloro-
ethane, £-dichlorobenzene, and 1,4-dioxane appeared low.  Carbon tetra-
chloride,  1,1,1-trichloroethane, and ii-decane appeared high for air but
low for breath.  For water only 1,1,1-trichloroethane appeared to  be low
in comparison with the median quantifiable limits.
CORRELATIONS
     To gain further understanding of the possible relationships between
the media, Spearman correlations were calculated for all amounts and for
measurable amounts only.   The limited sample sizes for outdoor air make
it difficult to  draw  any  conclusions regarding this  media.   Generally,
there seemed to be little strong correlation between the media with most
correlations less than .50.  The most significant  correlations  for  all
amounts (see Tables 160 and 161) appeared between overnight personal air
and daytime personal air with carbon tetrachloride and m,p-dichloroben-
zene showing correlations greater than .50.
     Tables 162  and  163  give  the Spearman correlations for measurable
amounts only.   If the sample  size was  less than five, then the corre-
lation was not  reported.   As  in the previous  tables,  there were few
examples  of  strong  correlations between the media.  However,  between
overnight  personal air and daytime  personal  air,  thirteen  of  the  nine-
teen compounds showed correlations of .40 or higher.
     Figures 71  through 94 show scatter plots  for breath versus daytime
personal  air, breath versus daytime outdoor air, and overnight personal
air versus overnight  outdoor  air  for selected compounds  on the natural
logarithmic scale.  One was added to each value before the logarithm was
taken.  The lines represent the median QL values  for the compounds  for
the two media.   An "0" represents  both measurable,  while an "X" repre-
sents  one or  both not measurable.  The  Spearman  correlations  for all
amounts and measurable amounts  only are  also  shown.   These plots  again
                              338

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 TABLE 158.  SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF SELECTED COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED TO THE
             MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR BREATH AND AIR SAMPLES —
                                   CONTRA COSTA
                                     Overnight   Daytime     Overnight    Daytime
                                     Personal    Personal     Outdoor     Outdoor
Compound	   Breath      Air         Air         Air         Air

Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
£-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
nijjJ-Xylene
jr-Decane
ii-Dodecane
1,4-Dioxane
n-Octane
n.-Undecane
a-Pinene
low
low
low
high
low
low
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
high
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low
high
high
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high
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low
high
high
high
low
low
high
high
high
high
high
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high
low
high
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
high
low
high
high
high
low
high
high
low
low
high
high
high
high
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
high
high
high
low
high
low
low
low
high
high
high
high
low
low
low
low
low
 TABLE 159.  SUMMARY OF THE MAGNITUDE OF SELECTED COMPOUND LEVELS COMPARED TO THE
                     MEDIAN QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS FOR WATER ~
                                   CONTRA COSTA
                       Compound	   Water

                       Chloroform                   high
                       1,1,1-Trichloroethane        low
                       Trichloroethylene            high
                       Bromodichloromethane         high
                       Dibromochloromethane         high
                       Tetrachloroethylene          high
                       Bromoform                    high
                                      343

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demonstrate the lack  of  strong correlation between the media  and the.
relatively large  variability  in the data.   Also,  the limited  sample
sizes for outdoor air make any  correlations  with this media of limited
value.
PERSONAL AIR VERSUS OUTDOOR AIR
     Tables 164 through 166 compare overnight personal air  to  overnight
outdoor air for the ten people  who had fixed-site air monitors outside
their homes.  In Table 164 the unweighted percents measurable are giver..
For  trichloroethylene, m,p-d i c.hlorobenzene, n_-dodecane,   n_-octane,
n-undecane and  a-pinene,  the  overnight personal  air  percentages were
significantly higher.
     The  unweighted arithmetic  means, arithmetic  standard errors,
medians and ranges are compared in Table 165.  The arithmetic  means for
ethylbenzene, ^-xylene, m,p-xylene, ii-dodecane,  n_-octane,  and  j^-pinene
were significantly higher in personal  air.   The medians for 1,2-dichlo-
roethane,  1,1,1-trichloroethane,  benzene,  carbon  tetrachloride,  tri-
chloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,  ethylbenzene, c^-xylene, m,p-xylene,
n-dodecane, n-octane, n-undecane, and  ji-pinene  were  also significantly
higher in overnight personal air.
     To further examine the differences in medians and maximum values,
the ratios of overnight personal air to overnight  outdoor air  are shown
in Table  166.  With the exception of  chloroform and  n_-dodecane for the
medians and ^-dichloroberzene for the  maximums,  the  values  were higher
for overnight  personal air.  The median ratio  of £-pinene and  the
maximum ratios  for  trichloroethylene  and n-undecane  appeared  particu-
larly high.
                              374

    -------
TABLE 164.  UNWEIGHTED PERCENT OF CONCENTRATIONS MEASURABLE FOR THOSE
           PERSONS HAVING BOTH OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR AND
                OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR - CONTRA COSTA
                                  Overnight        Overnight
   Compound	     Personal Air     Outdoor AJr

   Chloroform                        70.0             70.0
   1,2-Dichloroethane                20.0              0.00
   1,1,1-Trichloroethane            100.             100.
   Benzene                          100.             100.
   Carbon Tetrachloride              90.0             90.0
   Trichloroethylene                 60.0*            10.0
   Tetrachloroethylene              100.              70.0
   Styrene                           90.0             60.0
   m.p-Dichlorobenzene               90.0*            40.0
   £-Dichlorobenzene                 20.0             20.0
   Ethylbenzene                     100.              80.0
   £-Xylene                         100.              90.0
   m,p-Xylene                       100.             100.
   n-Decane                          80.0            100.
   n-Dodecane                        70.0*             0.00
   1,4-Dioxane                       10.0             20.0
   n-Octane                         100. *            30.0
   n-Undecane                        90.0*            10.0
   a-Pinene                         100. *            10.0

   Sample Size Range:                10               10
 T-test for difference between media significant at .05 level,
                            375

    -------
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  TABLE 166.  SUMMARY OF MED IMS, MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS AND THEIR RATIOS
            FOR THOSE PERSONS HAVING OVFPMIGHT  PERSONAL AIR AND
                   OVERNIGHT OUTDOOR AIR  - CONTRA COSTA
                         ; r s. = s s-s-s
Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane **
1,1,1-Trichloroethane **
Benzene **
Carbon Tetrachloride **
Trichloroethylene **
Tetrachloroethylene **
Styrene
m_,£-Dichloroberizene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene **
o-Xylene **
mtp-Xylene **
n-Decane
n.-Dodecane **
1,4-Dioxane
ii-Octane **
£-Undecane **
a-Pinene **
 Overnight
Personal Air
 0.38
 0.12
 4,
 3,
 C,
17
55
70
 0.39
 2.10
 0.41
 0.44
 0.03
( 6.30)*
( 0.38)
(14.0 )
(22.0 )
( 3.40)
( 3.90)
   ( 8.80)
       70)
       55)
 1.80
 2.20
 6.25
 0.61
 0.57
 0.07
 1.40
 0.92
 1.40
   ( 0.49)
   ( 9.40)
   (11.0 )
   (26.0 )
   (26.0 )
   ( 4.
   (
   (
    60)
  0.88)
  2.25)
(16.0 )
( 2.80)
Overnight
Outdoor
0.58 (
0.03 (
2.12 (
1.55 (
0.32 (
0.12 (
0.25 (
0.28 (
0.25 (
0.02 (
0.64 (
0.46 (
1.45 (
2.05 (
0.12 (
0.03 (
0.36 (
0.10 (
0.05 (
Air
1.50)
0.14)
9.60)
3.60)
2.00)
0.31)
5.60)
1.90)
1.05)
0.58)
1.60)
1.50)
3.80)
7.00)
0.75)
0.85)
1.90)
1.60)
0.75)
Personal/
Outdoor Ratio
0.66 ( 4.20)
4.66 ( 2.64)
1.96 ( 1.46)
2.29 ( 6.11)
2.20 ( 1.70)
3.24 (12.6 )
8.40 ( 1.57)
1.49 ( 1.95)
1.77 ( 7.19)
1.03 ( 0.84)
2.79 ( 5.88)
4.73 ( 7.33)
4.31 ( 6.84)
0.30 ( 3.71)
4.75 ( 6.13)
2.94 ( 1.04)
3.90 ( 1.18)
9.02 (10.0 )
28.7 ( 3.73)
                                       f-r s s E-s: s :
*  Median (Maximum)
** Wilcoxon signed rank test for difference in medians  significant  at  .05
   level.
                                 377

    -------
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONS FOR LOS ANGELES
     The study in Los Angeles County, California, monitored exposure to
hazardous chemicals for a sample  of  individuals  over  two  seasons.   The
first season of exposure monitoring  was  conducted during February  ard
March of 1984.   The second season sample  consisted of  a subsample of the
people who participated in the first season study and was conducted in
May and June of  1984.   Data  were collected on 117 people in the first
season and 52 in  the  second.   The following analysis  was conducted on
only those individuals who had data in both seasons.  Therefore, second
season weights were used in the comparison of the 52 people who had both
first and second  season data.   The weights were  adjusted  for  missing
values  as  described earlier in  the  discussior  of  first,  season Los
Angeles.
     The sample size ranges are given for each itedia  in Table  167.  The
fixed-site outdoor monitors were not set  up at each home but only at one
home per sample segment.
QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS
     Tables 168 through 173  compared the  quantifiable limits  for those
people  with  first  and  second  season samples  for breath,  overnight
personal air,  daytime personal  air,  overnight outdoor air,  daytime
personal air, and water for  the  twenty-nine compounds analyzed.  Over-
all, there seemed to be relatively little difference between the quanti-
fiable  limits  for first and second  seasons.   The largest differences
appeared to be for n-decane, n-dodecane,  and n-undecane for personal and
outdoor airs with second season quantifiable limits larger than those of
first season.   Also,  for  chlorobenzene  in water,  the first  season
quantifiable limits appeared about  four  times larger than those  for
second season.
PERCENTAGES ABOVE THE MAXIMUM QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS
     The percentage of  sample  concentrations  above the maximum quanti-
fiable  limit  (max QL) for both  first and second seasons  is shown  in
Table 174 by media, season, and compound.  In addition, a test of signi-
ficance between the two season percentages  is  also included.   The test
was done on the percentage above  the max  QL rather  than percent  measur-
able because of the variation in the quantifiable limits between seasons,
For breath  the percentages  for   1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene,, and
                              378

    -------
TABLE 167.
DATA AVAILABLE FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BY MEDIA FOR THOSE
  PERSONS HAVING BOTH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON
              LOS ANGELES SAMPLES
Media
Breath
Overnight Personal Air
Daytime Personal Air
Overnight Fixed-Site Outdoor Air
Daytime Fixed-Site Outdoor Air
Water
                                          Sample Size Ranges

                                                49 - 51
                                                48 - 51
                                                47 - 50
                                                22 - 23
                                                22 - 24
                                                   52
  TABLE 168.  UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS OF
              BREATH SAMPLES FOR THOSE PERSONS WITH FIRST
                   AND SECOND SEASON LOS ANGELES DATA

Compound
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethyler.e
Br omod i chlorome thane
Dibromochl orotnethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Styrene
m^p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
c-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1 ,4-Dioxane
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
1,1,2 , 2-Tetrachloroethane
a-Pinene
First Season
Median
0.27
0.27
*
0.26
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
*
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.26
*
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
Range
0.15 -
0.24 -

0.26 -
0.24 -
0.16 -
0.24 -
0.24 -

0.16 -
0.16 -
0.16 -
0.24 -
0.18 -
0.24 -
0.24 -

0.15 -
0.24 -
0.24 -
0.24 -
0.24 -
0.24 -
0.24 -
0.16 -
0.27 -

0.28
0.30

0.26
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30

0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.27

0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.27
0.30
0.30
0.27
Second Season
Median
0.27
0.27
0.38
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
*
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.54
0.27
0.27
0.27
*
0.53
0.53
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.53
0.52
0.27
0.53
Range
0.16 -
0.24 -
0.34 -
0.16 -
0.16 -
0.24 -
0.16 -
0.24 -

0.16 -
0.24 -
0.16 -
0.22 -
0.16 -
0.16 -
0.16 -

0.31 -
0.32 -
0.16 -
0.24 -
0.24 -
0.31 -
0.32 -
0.24 -
0.49 -

0.28
0.27
0.44
0.27
0.33
0.27
0.27
0.27

0.27
0.27
0.27
0.54
0.27
0.27
0.27

0.56
0.56
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.53
0.56
0.27
0.53
  L- I J I -.— . .1 _• L. •• !•••- - •— — ----;.;...
   100% measurable

                             379

    -------
  TABLE 169.  UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS  FOR QUANTIFIABLE  LIMITS OF
            OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES FOR THOSE  PERSONS
              WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON LOS ANGELES DATA

Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1 ,4-Dioxane
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
n~Undecane
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
a-Pinene
First Season
Median
0.19
0.19
0.29
*
0.19
0.19
*
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.19
*
*
*
0.19
0.19
0.38
0.31
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.47
Range
0.19 -
0.12 -
0.29 -

0.19 -
0.18 -

0.10 -
0.20 -
0.18 -
0.16 -



0.17 -
0.19 -
0.11 -
0.17 -
0.16 -
0.20 -
0.20 -
0.16 -
0.20 -

0.19
0.23
0.29

0.19
0.20

0.23
0.20
0.20
0.23



0.19
0.20
0.48
0.48
0.23
0.20
0.20
0.23
0.74
t_S S. £ S r-_2
Second Season
Median
0.22
0.20
*
0.20
0.24
0.19
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.40
0.20
0.21
0.20
*
0.77
0.98
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.62
0.77
0.20
0.37
Range
0.20 -
0.18 -

0.19 -
0.22 -
0.13 -
0.21 -
0.11 -
0.18 -
0.24 -
0.18 -
0.20 -
0.20 -

0.72 -
0.89 -
0.18 -
0.18 -
0.18 -
0.56 -
0.72 -
0.18 -
0.36 -

0.25
0.22

0.21
0.26
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.42
0.26
0.22
0.21

0.85
1.10
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.66
0.88
0.22
0.44
* 100% measurable
                             380

    -------
  TABLE 170.   UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS  FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS  OF
             DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR SAMPLES  FOR THOSE  PERSONS
              WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON LOS ANGELES DATA
Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
n-D ode cane
1,4-Dioxane
1,1, 1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
a-Pinene
First
Median
*
0.21
*
*
0.22
0.21
*
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.21
*
*
*
0.21
0.21
0.36
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.21
0.20
0.82
Season
Range

0.16 -
0.22 -
0.20 -
0.12 -
0.21 -
0.18 -
0.16 -
0.20 -
0.21 -
0.16 -
0.16 -
0.16 -
0.16 -
0.21 -
0.16 -
0.72 -


0.22
0.22
0.26
0.22
0.21
0.18
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.44
0.44
0.22
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.89
Second Season
Median
0.24
0.20
*
*
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.26
0.20
0.21
0.20
*
0.78
1.00
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.59
0.80
0.20
0.40
Range
0.15 -
0.12 -
0.22 -
0.11 -
0.20 -
0.11 -
0.17 -
0.25 -
0.17 -
0.21 -
0.20 -
0.70 -
0.88 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.52 -
0.70 -
0.11 -
0.36 -

0.28
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.22
0.44
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.89
1.12
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.62
0.89
0.22
0.44
*  100% measurable
                              381

    -------
  TABLE  171.   UNWEIGHTED  SUMMARY  STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS OF
             OVERNIGHT  OUTDOOR AIR  SAMPLES FOR THOSE PERSONS
              WITH FIRST  AND SECOND SEASON LOS ANGELES DATA

Comp ound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-D ichlorob enzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,p-Xylene
n-Decane
in-Dodecane
1 , 4-Dioxane
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
£-Pinene
First
Median
0.18
0.18
*
*
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
*
*
0.18
*
*
*
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.17
0.20
0.19
0.20
.. ,. * — i —
Seasoi
Range
0.17 -
0.17 -


0.20 -
0.20 -
0.18 -
0.11 -


0.13 -



0.20 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.16 -
0.16 -
0.17 -
0.20 -
0.11 -
0.20 -
-^ -j- r-r
\

0.20
0.20


0.20
0.20
0.18
0.21


0.21



0.20
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.17
0.20
0.21
0.20
Second
Median
0.20
0.19
*
*
*
0.19
*
0.19
0.18
0.24
0.19
*
*
*
0.76
0.93
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.56
0.74
0.19
0.38
Season
Range
0.11 -
0.11 -



0.17 -

0.11 -
0.11 -
0.24 -
0.11 -



0.68 -
0.38 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.35 -
0.47 -
0.17 -
0.34 -
i

0.26
0.22



0.22

0.22
0.19
0.39
0.22



0.88
1.12
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.60
0.82
0.22
0.44
*  100% measurable
                             382

    -------
  TABLE 172.  UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS OF
              DAYTIME OUTDOOR AIR SAMPLES FOR THOSE PERSONS
              WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON LOS ANGELES DATA

Compound
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroe thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
m,p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m,jp-Xylene
n-Decane
n-Dodecane
1 ,4-Dioxane
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
n-Undecane
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
a-Pinene
First Season
Median
0.20
0.20
*
*
*
0.19
*
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.20
*
*
*
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.20
s. s r t srsrffis^c:
Range
0.20 -
0.19 -



0.19 -

0.12 -
0.20 -
0.19 -
0.19 -



0.19 -
0.19 -
0.19 -
0.19 -
0.19 -
0.22 -
0.20 -
0.19 -
0.19 -

0.22
0.23



0.20

0.23
0.22
0.22
0.23



0.19
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.22
e s r E r- srs
Second Season
Median
0.21
0.20
*
*
*
0.19
*
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.20
*
*
*
0.78
0.96
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.58
0.79
0.20
0.39
Range
0.20 -
0.17 -



0.13 -

0.13 -
0.20 -
0.21 -
0.12 -



0.43 -
0.38 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.17 -
0.33 -
0.44 -
0.17 -
0.34 -

0.26
0.22



0.22

0.22
0.20
0.27
0.22



0.82
1.00
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.62
0.82
0.22
0.44
*  100% measurable
 TABLE  173.  UNWEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR QUANTIFIABLE LIMITS OF
                     WATER SAMPLES FOR THOSE PERSONS
              WITH FIRST AND SECOND SEASON LOS ANGELES DATA
Compound
Chloroform
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
DibroTtiochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
First
Median
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.50
.08
.07
.30
.25
.05
.18
.55
Season
Range
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.50 -
.05 -
.05 -
.30 -
.25 -
.05 -
.09 -
.24 -
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.50
.10
.30
.30
.25
.15
.38
.55
Second Season
Median
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.50
.05
.05
.30
.30
.05
.05
.30
Range
1.50 -
0.05 -
0.05 -
0.3C -
0.30 -
0.05 -
0.05 -
0.30 -

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

.50
.08
.05
.30
.30
.05
.08
.30
                                                .--s -s-s sacs
                              383

    -------
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o-xylene were significantly higher  in the first season  (winter) while
iv-dodecane was significantly higher  in  the  second  (spring).   For over-
night personal air, the percentages  for chloroform,  1,2-dichloroethe/ne,
trichloroethylene,  styrene,  n_-decane,  n^-dodecane,  1,4-dioxane and
n-undecane were significantly higher in the first  season.   For daytime
personal air, chloroform,  1,2-dichlorobenzene,  trichloroethylene,  m,p-
dichlorobenzene, ri-dodecane, 1,4-dioxane, and  n_-undecane were signifi-
cantly higher in first season.   For  overnight  outdoor air, chloroform,
1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene,  m,p-dichlorobenzene,  n-decane,
1,4-dioxane,  n-octane,  n-undecane,  and  a_-pinene  were  significantly
higher in the first season, while 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was  signif-
icantly higher  in  the second.    For  daytime outdoor air,  chloroform,
trichloroethylene, n_-decane, n_-octane, and n-undecane were significantly
higher in the first season, while  a/-pinene  was significantly higher in
the  second.   For  water,  the percent ahove  the  maximum quantifiable
limits for  1,1,1-trichloroethane was  significantly higher  in the first
season, while the percent for bromoform was  significantly  higher in the
second.  Overall, the percentages that were significantly different were
higher in the first season (winter) for breath and air.
     The percents measurable (above the quantifiable limit) are shown in
Table 175.  These percentages also appear to be  generally  higher in the
first season.
WEIGHTED SUMMARY STATISTICS
     The weighted summary  statistics for  selected compounds  by  season
and media are given in Tables  176  through 187.  The statistics include
median quantifiable limit,  arithmetic mean, arithmetic standard error,
geometric mean, geometric standard error,  percentiles, and range.  There
appears to  be a slight tendency for the  concentration levels in  the
breath  samples  to be higher  in the  first  season  (winter) with the
arithmetic mean for ^-xylene and the geometric means  for 1,1,1-trichlo-
roethane, carbon tetrachloride,  tetrachloroethylene,  cv-dichlorobenzene,
ethylbenzene, and  o-xylene significantly  higher in  the first season.
However, the  arithmetic mean for n_-dodecane was  significantly higher in
the second season (spring).
     For overnight personal air, the  concentration levels  appeared  to be
higher, overall, in the first season with all but  three of the geometric
                              386

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means signifleantly  higher and all  but  one of  the medians higher.
However, only the arithmetic means  for 1,1,1-trichloroethane,  benzene,
tetrachloroethylene, styrene, and £-xylene were  significantly higher in
the first season.  One explanation for this is that while the concentra-
tion levels appeared,  generally,  higher  for first season in overnight
personal air samples,  the  second  season  tended to have higher maximuir
values.   As with overnight personal air, the concentration levels  for
daytime personal air seemed generally high in the  first season with all
but one of  the  medians higher  and all but four of the geometric means
significantly higher  in the first season.   The  arithmetic  means for
chloroform,  1,2-dichloroethane,  benzene,  styrene,  cv-dichlorobenzene,
ethylbenzene, and  o-xylene were  significantly  higher in  the first
season.
     For overnight outdoor air, the trend of higher concentration levels
in the first season appeared even stronger with  only  the geometric  mean
for carbon tetrachloride, and the arithmetic means for carbon tetrachlo-
ride, £-dichlorobenzene, nj-dodecane,  and n-undecane not significantly
higher in the first season.  As with the ether air samples, the concen-
tration levels  for first season daytime  outdoor  air appeared  generally
higher with  the means  significantly  higher.  Three  exceptions  were
carbon tetrachloride,  n-dodecane, and  ji-pinene.   For  carbon tetrachlo-
ride and ji-pinene both the arithmetic  and  geometric means were signifi-
cantly higher in the second season (spring).
     For water,  the  arithmetic and  geometric  means  for  chloroform,
bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform were signifi-
cantly higher  in the  second season,  while  the  geometric  means for
1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene were significantly higher
in the first season.
     The medians  for the  two  seasons are compared in TabJe  188 by
showing the ratio  of first season  to  second season.   Generally, the
medians for personal  and outdoor airs appeared  higher in  the  first
season with 1,2-dichloroethane for  overnight personal  air;  chloroform,
trichloroethylene,  and 1,4-dioxane  for  overnight outdoor  air;  and
chloroform and trichloroethylene for daytime outdoor air showing ratios
of ten  or  higher.   For breath, there  appeared  to be less  difference
                              401

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between the medians  with ratios ranging from 0.51  to 1.76.   However,
water showed more variability with ratios ranging from 0.18 to 2.44.
     Generally, the  concentration  levels  appeared higher in the  first
season  (winter)  for  personal and  outdoor  airs  and possibly slightly
higher for breath.   For water,  there  seemed  to  be some tendency toward
higher concentrations in the second season (spring).
     As examples of  the  levels  observed in  the  two seasons,  Figures 95
through 102 show box plots  of  selected compounds for breath, overnight
personal air, overnight  outdoor air,  daytime  personal air,  and daytime
outdoor air.  Generally, first  season values appeared higher than those
for second season.  The plots also indicate the  skewness of many  of the
concentration distributions and  show  why  it is  difficult to draw con-
clusions when examining the arithmetic means.
CORRELATIONS
     To further  examine the possible  relationships between seasons,
unweighted Spearman correlations were calculated for all amounts and for
measurable amounts only for individuals sampled  in both seasons.   Tab]e
189 shows the correlations  between the individuals sampled in the  two
seasons for breath and air  for  all amounts.   Overall, there  appears to
be no strong correlations between the seasons.  The highest correlations
were for chloroform  and trichloroethylene in overnight  personal  air,
trichloroethylene in daytime personal air, £-pinene in overnight outdoor
air and tetrachloroethylene in  daytime outdoor  air ranging between .60
and .70 in value.
     Table 190 gives the correlations between breath ard air  for measur-
able amounts only.  The correlation was not reported  if the  sample  size
was less than five.   Although  there may be  a slight  increase  in  the
correlations overall, there still  appeared to be  no strong correlations
between the seasons.
     The Spearman correlations for water are shown in Table 19].   Bromo-
dicMoromethare and  dibromochloromethane showed  the  strongest  correla-
tions for all  amounts  and measurable amounts only with  a .59 to  .78
range.
     Figures 103  through 140 further demonstrate  this  lack  of strong
correlation between  the seasons with  scatter plots  of  the natural
logarithms of concentrations  for selected compounds  for  first versus
                              403

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    -------
  TABLE 191.   SPEARMAN CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND SEASON
            LOS ANGELES WATER SAMPLES  FOR ALL AMOUNTS AND
           MEASURABLE AMOUNTS ONLY  FOR SELECTED  COMPOUNDS



Compound
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Bromofonn
All Amounts
Spearman
Corre-
lations
.56*
.17
.04
.69*
.78*
.08
.45*

Sample
Size
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Measurable Amounts
Spearman
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lations
.47*
.54

.59*
.66*
-.90*
.23

Sample
Size
45
6
0
47
44
5
33
*  Significantly different from zero at  .05  level.
                                414

    -------
second season.  One was added  to  each number before the logarithm was
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figures not only demonstrate the large variability in the data but also
indicate for some compounds and media the positive relationships between
seasons.  However, strong correlations between the  two  seasons  are  not
evident.
                              415

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                                   SECTION 9
                             COMPARISON OF RESULTS

CHEMICAL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
     Although the details of implementing the sampling and analysis components
of this  study have been continually modified,  the basic  approach has  been
unchanged.  The matrices sampled,  as  well as the overall  sampling strategy,
have been preserved through 9 independent  sampling efforts.  Furthermore, the
analytical  protocols  employed,   although  refined  through experience,  were
applied to  samples  collected  in California as they were to samples collected
in the first northern New Jersey trip.  A few target  compounds  were changed  at
the end of Phase II (prior to California) to reflect the findings in previous
trips.
     Improvements in the details associated with sample collection  (e.g. pump
calibration to provide a constant sampled volume; minimizing of contamination
during breath  sampling)  were  incorporated continuously as recognized during
the course  of  the  study.  These have been discussed  in detail  in this  report
and will not be repeated here.  Besides providing for higher  sample integrity,
many of  these  refinements  result in more efficient use of very precious time
during sampling.  The execution of a successful TEAM sampling trip requires  a
level of effort and technical commitment far greater than what would be apparent
to the average reader of this report.  The intent of  the following paragraphs
is to capture  the essence of such a  commitment.
     Preparation of sampling materials and assembly of equipment for sampling
must be done by an individual who has acute attention to the minutest detail.
Experience  on  other  sampling  programs has shown that  fastidious  concern for
detail avoids  many difficulties upon arrival at the sampling site.  All conceiv-
ably required equipment and materials to conduct the  sampling must be transpor-
ted to  the  site in an organized manner.  In essence, this means transporting
and erecting  a surrogate analytical laboratory in the field.  Equipment must
                                     454

    -------
be calibrated and its performance verified prior to departure.  These functions
can generally not be  performed in the field because  of the absence of  the
specialized equipment required.
     Selection of suitable  boarding  and  working facilities for  the  sampling
staff must  be made with  a  careful eye toward  preserving  sample integrity.
Arrangements with hotel  staff  to  achieve this requirement have often been
laborious.  In many cases, hotel staff have been less than accomodating after
the sampling  staff  has arrived at the hotel.  This  has  required extensive
diplomatic negotiations to insure that the collection of  samples not be interrup-
ted.  Without exception,  rented  facilities  have never been damaged, despite
the presence of  gas  cylinders,  sampling  pumps, auto  batteries  and numerous
other sampling  devices.   Nevertheless,  hotel  housekeeping personnel  have
frequently been greatly intimidated by the volume and type of devices kept in
the workroom and have refused to perform basic domestic services, inspite of
assurances of safety  by RTI and hotel management  staff.   Since  the  workroom
was sometimes  rented for a period of several  months,  these  functions were
often performed by RTI staff.
     Manpower requirements  for  the various  trips depended on the number of
study participants.   Because  of the  physical stress  of eating  at irregular
hours (if at all) and working 15 hour days,  7 days a week,  a given person was
assigned to field activities for no longer than 20 days.  However, in isolated
cases, RTI staff were assigned to sampling trips  for more than three  weeks.
This self-imposed time restriction generally necessitated that many staff be
selected, trained,  transported  to  the site and returned in order to  complete
the study.  This  is  a very costly restriction but one  which prevents  the  major
sampling errors associated with exhausted sampling teams.
     An average day for the sampling teams  consists  of the following activities.
Morning appointments  may be as early as 0430 but  are more typically between
0630 and 0900. The  sampling team needs to be in the workroom approximately 45
min prior to  the  first appointment to assemble the necessary equipment,  fill
the portable cooler  with  ice, review appropriate paperwork and  travel  to the
location  of  the  appointment.   This  is  generally the period when rush hour
traffic is on the roads.   After completing the three morning appointments, a
process requiring approximately 2 hr, the team must return to the workroom to
                                     455

    -------
store samples, charge  sampling  pumps  and insure that  the  sampling protocol
sheets are  completed  (approximately  1  hr).   After breakfast,  the team may
perform one or more  of the following functions:  (1)  preparation of sampling
materials (including pump  calibration);  (2)  exchanging of sampling protocol
sheets with other teams to verify that all information is present and accurate;
(3)  inventoring  and  packaging  of  samples for return  to the  Institute; (4)
communicating with staff  at  the Institute;  (5) acquiring meteorological data
from a local weather service office; (6)  shopping for needed sampling equipment;
(7)  general housekeeping;  (8)  repairing of  defective  sampling equipment; (9)
receiving incoming phone messages from the field interviewers; (10) confirming
scheduled appointments with study  respondents  by  telephone.   Each of  these
activities must be performed by someone.  This generally consumed all available
time before the  afternoon appointments.   Afternoon and evening appointments
will necessitate  that  the teams be on the road until approximately 2100.  As
for  the  morning  appointments,  this schedule again requires  the team  to be
traveling during rush hour, making punctual arrival  at  the respondents residence
extremely difficult if long travel distances are involved.   In addition, early
morning and evening  appointments  require that the team locate  residences  in
the  dark.  This is extremely difficult in unfamiliar geographic  areas.  Conven-
ient parking  to  facilitate the breath sampling was always difficult  to find
because of the metropolitan nature of the sampling sites.   The same process of
sample storage and document  completion as occurred in the morning transpires
after the evening appointments.  After preparation  for the  following morning's
appointments, the teams  will have dinner.  It is worthy  of note that  finding
an open  restaurant after 2130 has  sometimes  been  difficult,  particularly in
remote areas.  After  dinner,  additional paperwork may  still be required of the
site administrator.
     This schedule, as  laborious as it is, presumes  that all intended activities
proceed unimpeded.  In fact,  this rarely occurs.  Difficulties with incorrectly
made appointments or with respondent "no shows" has plaqued nearly every trip.
Furthermore,  respondents occasionally fail to keep their appointments for the
second and third  visits, forcing the sampling team to either wait  for them or
attempt to  recontact them at a later time.  Language barriers have frequently
been troublesome to  sampling  teams.   When  the teams  were alerted to these
                                     456

    -------
barriers prior to the first appointment, arrangements could be made for neigh-
bors or  relatives  to serve as interpreters.  This, however,  was  not always
possible.  Even where language barriers have not existed, sampling personnel
have frequently  found themselves functioning  as  study salesmen because the
full burden of study participation was not explained by the field interviewers.
Lastly, many  respondents resided in high security apartment buildings, making
personal contact  difficult  when the team arrived.
     Ultimately,  the  enforcement  of  Standard Operating Procedures on  sample
collection and analysis resulted in minimizing subjectivity and consequently,
errors.  These SOPs  were  the  product  of extensive  experience derived from
earlier trips  on  this program,  as well as numerous  sampling efforts  on other
similar programs.  This  rigidity and  uniformity in the  collection  and analysis
procedures greatly increased the burden on, particularly, the  sampling teams.
In essence, implementation of an already complex sample collection scheme was
made more difficult by the increased work load involved in strict adherence to
the SOPs.  However,  the  result of use of the SOPs was  to  maximize  sample and
data integrity by  providing  an detailed "expert" approach  to collection  and
analysis.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
     The comparison of the QA/QC results between Phase II and Phase III of the
TEAM study showed  a  significant  improvement in the California trips  compared
to the earlier northern New Jersey work.  This observation covered nearly all
aspects of the study and was,  in  large part,  due  to  the  issuance  of  Standard
Operation Procedures  as a guide for the analyst  and sample collector.
Field Operation
     Several problems developed during the early New Jersey  sampling  trips.
Of these, contamination of Tenax and the numerous pump failures were  the most
serious.  Most of  these problems  were  resolved or minimized  by implementing
appropriate changes  in  operating protocols.   The  latter Phase III  sampling
trips were the benefactors  of this learning experience.
     Also  contributing  to  the improved field  operation  was  the accumulated
sampling experience of the  field staff and the resulting more efficient handling
of routine sampling  tasks.  The 24 hour exposure screener questionnaire which
                                     457

    -------
caused some confusion in New Jersey underwent some minor modifications to give
a form much easier to administer.
Completeness
     In general, the  completeness  values for all sample types were above 90%
and were constant over  all sampling trips.  One exception was  the third New
Jersey trip where  the completeness was  80-94%.  The  duplicate  completeness
values tended  to be lower than for the field samples.
Precision
     The analytical precision associated with Tenax sample duplicates collected
during Phase II (New Jersey) was quite variable.  Agreement between duplicates
collected at the first and third trip New  Jersey and Greensboro was satisfactory.
Comparable data from  duplicate Tenax  samples collected  on second season New
Jersey and North Dakota sampling trips  exhibited much poorer precision.  The
major  reason  for  this  was the  use of Tenax containing large  and variable
background levels of target compounds.
     After this experience of cartridge contamination, the cleanup of recycled
Tenax was monitored very closely.  Consequently, the precision of the duplicate
sample analysis of California  collections was approximately equivalent to the
best  (New  Jersey)  Phase  II  data.   The  Tenax contamination  noted in second
season New Jersey and North Dakota was not observed in the California air and
breath samples.
     Analytical precision of water duplicate results was excellent for  all
sampling trips.
Accuracy
     Analytical accuracy  was based on the  results  obtained on performance
audit samples.  The Tenax cartridges were spiked with  selected target compounds
by EMSL/EPA at RTP.
     No particular trend in the results was apparent.   Analytical bias of less
than 30-35% was  considered satisfactory, and this range represented the majority
of the audit  results.   Exceptions  were the data obtained during the sample
analysis for second season New Jersey and North Dakota where Tenax of question-
able quantity was used.
     During the course  of the TEAM study, the mechanism for camouflaging the
identity of  the audit  samples was  refined.   In the early New  Jersey  work,
                                     458

    -------
attempts at  passing off  the  audit samples  as  field samples was often  not
successful.  During the Phase  III analysis,  we had become so  expert at creating
a forged sample code and chain-of-custody sheet, that the blind nature of the
analysis was  probably realized.
Tenax Sample Storage
     There was some concern about the storage time of Tenax cartridges between
sample collection  and  analysis.   To  maintain sample integrity, a limit of 30
days, was considered to be maximum.
     Tenax samples from the first two New Jersey trips were held a maximum of
3.5 months before analysis. The samples from the second New Jersey trip were
stored one month  before  the analysis was even begun.  On the other hand, all
Tenax samples  from the  second California trip  (Los  Angeles  and Contra Costa
county) were analyzed within one month of collection.  Tenax samples from the
first California trip were analyzed 3 to 8 weeks after collection.
                                    459

    -------
                                  REFERENCES

1.   Williams, Rick L.  and Chroroy, James  R.  SAS Sample Selection Macros.  la:
     Proceedings of the Fifth Annual SAS  Users  Group International  Conference,
     1980.
2.   Chromy, James, R.   Sequential Sample Selection  Methods.  Section on Survey
     Research Methods  of the American Statistical  Association,  pp.  401-406
     (1979).
3.   Shah,  B.  V.  RTIFREQS:  Program to Compute Weighted Frequencies, Percentages
     and Their Standard Errors.  Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
     Park,  NC (1982).
4.   Holt,  M. M.   SURREGR:  Standard Errors of Regression Coefficients from
     Sample Survey Data, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park,
     NC (1977).
5.   Woodruff, Ralph S.  Simple Method for Approximating Variance of a  Complica-
     ted Estimate.  Journal of the American Statistical  Association, 66:411-
     414 (1971).
6.   Pellizzari, E. D.  Evaluation of the  Basic GC/MS Computer Analysis Technique
     for Pollutant Analysis, Final Report, EPA Contract No. 68-02-2998.
                                     460

    -------
 Appendices
461

    -------
                              TABLE OF  CONTENTS

Appendices                                                               Page

    A         Maps Showing the Locations of  the  Los Angeles  Sample
                Segments.	  463

    B         Maps Showing the Locations of  the  Antioch/Pittsburg
                Sample Segments	471

    C         Data Collection Instruments.	  476

    D         Recovery of Deuterated Volatile Organics  from  Spiked
                Tenax GC Sampling Cartridges Used in  Field Sampling	  491
                                    462

    -------
                         APPENDIX A




MAPS SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF THE LOS ANGELES SAMPLE SEGMENTS
                              463

    -------
         MAPS SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF LOS ANGELES SAMPLE SEGMENTS

    The locations of the Los Angeles  sample segments are shown on the maps
in this appendix.  The  sample  segments  are outlined in heavy black lines
and narked with their  sample  segment  numbers  from 101 to 125 inclusive.
The target area is shown on  the  maps  by  shading the portion of each map
that lies outside the target area.
                                     464

    -------
u
O
                                     465

    -------
       .EL SEGUNDO
            6200

PACIFIC
OCEAN
                466

    -------
 Congressio




  South Bay Ci
HERMOSA
 PACIFIC
  OCEAN
            REDONDO
               467

    -------
468

    -------
469

    -------
470

    -------
                            APPENDIX B




MAPS SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF THE ANTIOCH/PITTSBURG SAMPLE SEGMENTS
                                 471

    -------
    MAPS SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OP THE ANTIOCH/PITTSBURG SAMPLE SEGMENTS

    The locations of the Antioch/Pittsburg sample segments are shown on the
maps In this appendix.    The  sample  segments  are outlined in heavy black
lines and marked with their segment  numbers  from  201 to 210.  The target
area is also outlined on the maps by heavy black lines.
                                     472

    -------
473

    -------
474

    -------
475

    -------
         APPENDIX C




DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
            476

    -------
HOUSEHOLD SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE
           TEAM Study
        RTI Project 2392
                                                                                               	11/83

                                                                                                FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
 A.  HOUSEHOLD IDENTIFICATION
                               STREET ADDRESS
 Segment No.  Ill'


 SHU No.
                         !    i
                                                                           TELEPHONE NUMBER

                                                                           Obtained  -»


                                                                           NO PHONE .  .  00
                                                                          •I
                                                                          •! REFUSED. .  .  01

                                   City
                                                       State
                                                                    ZIP
 B.	RECORD OF SCREENING CALLS
 Dav of Week !
                   Date
                               Time
                                                                Results
                                                                                                        Code  I FI  ID No.
                                     am
                                     pm
                                     am
                                     pm
                                     am  |
                                     pm  J
                                     am
                                     pm
                                     am  i
                                     pm  ;
                                     am
                                     pm
                                     am  I
                                     pm  L
                                     am
                                     pm
                                     am
                                     pm
 C.  FINAL SCREENING RESULT
                                                           D.    INFORMANT 1CENTZFICATION
                                                                                                      I FOR FS LSF. ONLY
                                  (CIRCLE ONE.)
SAMPLE DROP:
    Vacant	01
    Not 30 KU	02
    Temporary/vacation home	03

SCREENING NOT COMPLETED:                    ~
    Refusal	04
    No one at borne  (after
                                                SECTION
          repeated visits)
     No eligible respondent  (after
                                           05
                                                HOLD  FOR
                                                APPROVAL
          repeated visits)	06 / BY FS
     Language barrier  	 0?

     Other  (SPECIFY)	08
 SCREENING COMPLETED:  	 09
                                                            SAME:
                                                            ADDRESS:
                                                            CITY:
                                                                                STATE:     ZIP:
                                                            RELATIONSHIP/TITLE:
                                                           TELEPHONE NUMBER:
                                                                                No  phone.
                                                                                Refused  .
.  .  00
.  .  01
                                                            COMMENTS:
                                                                                                       FS approval:
  Verified?

   Yes .... 01
   No  .... 02

Date of verifi-
cation:
NOTES:
                                                        477

    -------
 E.  HOUSEHOLD -^OSTEK
Hello,  I'm (NAME) from the Research Triangle  Institute.  We are conductinfi  a  research study  for  the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency.  Here is a letter  that explains  the  study.   (HAND  LETTER AND ALLOW TIME FOR READING.)

1.   To start, how many people  (including  friends  or roomers)  live in  this household?    |  I   |  HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS
2.   What is the name of the head  of this  household? ENTER NAME ON FIRST LINE OF ROSTER.
3.   What are the names of all  other persons related to  (HEAD  OF HOUSEHOLD)  who live here?  Let's  list them  in order of
     age, beginning with the oldest.  ENTER NAnE(S)  IN ROSTER.
4.   Are there any other persons who currently live  here?  IF  YES,  ENTER NAME(S)  IN ROSTER.
               CO£S NUMBER OF NAMES LISTED  IN ROSTER EQUAL NUMBER OF  HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS  RECORDED  IN Q.  1?
                    YES	01  GO TO QUESTION 5.
                    SO	02  RECONCILE DISCREPANCY WITH RESPONDENT  AND CORRECT Q.I OR ROSTER  AS »fECESSARY.
ASK Qs. 5 A.VO 6 50H EACH PERSON LISTED  IN ROSTER.

5.   (IF XZCESSARY:)  Is (.PERSON) male  or female?  CODE  IN ROSTER  -  COLUMN b.
6.   Bow- oid vas (PERSON) on  (HIS/HER)  last birthday?  ENTER  IN ROSTER  -  COLUMN  c.

ASK Q.I 05iT FOX PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER.

7.   Iocs (fESSON) smoke cigarettes or  other material on a regular basis?  CODE  IN  ROSTER  - COLUMN d.
HOUSEHOLD ROSTER

a
Member Name
First Last
t
01 j
02 '
b
Sex
(M or F)
M F
M F
03 ' IMF
i
04

05 i
•
06
07
08
09
10





M F
M F
M F
M F
M F
M F
M F
c
Age
(Years)

d
Smoker
(Y/N)
Y N
i Y N

Y N
I Y N





Y N
Y N
Y N
Y N
Y N
e
Occupa-
tional
Status









| Y K |
f
Name of
Employer










g
Nature of Job










ASK Qs. 8, 9, A!.T) 10 (AS APPROPRIATE) FOR EACH PERSON WHO IS 16 OR OLDER.  ASK ABOUT ONE PERSON AT A TIME.
8.   What is the line number from this list | HAND RESPONDENT 'OCCUPATIONAL STVTUS SHOW CARD'I which best describes
     (PESSOS)'s current occupational status?  RECORD IN COLUMN e.

FOR EACH PEKSOS 16 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER WHO HAS A STATUS IN COLUMN e OTHER THAN 20, 21, 22 OR 23, ASK Qs.  10 AND 11, AND
RECORD RESPONSES IN COLUMNS f and g.

9.   VTiat is the naae of the company where (PERSON) works?
10.  What type of job does (PERSON) currently hold?


11.  In case my supervisor wants to verify my work, what is the telephone number here?  RECORD IN' SECTION A.
 CHECKPOINT I  ENTER LINE NUMBER OF SCREENING RESPONDENT
                                       CONCLUDE INTERVIEW BY THANKING RESPONDENT.
                                                          478

    -------
                                      Research Triangle Institute
                     PARTICIPANT CONSENT FORM AND INCENTIVE RECEIPT

     I understand that the Research Triangle Institute, under contract from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy  (EPA), is engaged in a study of the potential exposure and absorption of certain toxic chemicals by residents of
selected areas of California having various levels of these toxic chemical compounds in the environment. I under-
stand that the study is being conducted in order to help measure the levels of exposure and body uptake of the sel-
ected toxic  compounds in populations environmentally exposed, and is limited to  the purpose stated. I further
understand that the survey is being conducted in cooperation with the California Department of Health, the Contra
Costa Health Department, and the Bay Area and South Coast Basin Air Quality Management Districts.
     I do hereby freely consent to participate in this study of potential exposure and absorption of selected toxic
chemical compounds and understand that my participation will consist of providing answers to questions related to
environmental exposure, working and living conditions, and basic demographics, and supplying some or all of the
following environmental and biological samples: (1) two four-ounce samples of cold tap water from a source com-
monly used for drinking and cooking, (2) a breath sample,  (3) samples of air from the house and work environ-
ments, collected through the use of a personal air monitor, and (4) an outdoor air sample collected through the use
of a similar air monitor. I understand that an agent of the Research Triangle Institute will administer the questionnaire
in my home, and at the same time will make arrangements for the collection of the environmental and biological
samples. I understand I will receive an incentive of fifteen dollars for my full participation in the study. I understand
that a few households will be selected for the collection of duplicate samples (to be collected at the same time as
the original samples) but that such selection would not entitle me to further compensation. I further understand that
a sample of the participating households may be contacted again during a different season of  the year. At that time
they will be asked to repeat all the activities of the first round, and will receive a second incentive payment.
     I understand that my name will  not be voluntarily disclosed, and that my name will not be referred to in any
way when compiling and evaluating the results of the study. I understand that participation in this study may result
in no direct benefit to me, other than the results of my sample analyses which I will receive after written request.
Although my request for data will be  acknowledged immediately, the processing and analysis of the data will delay
the release of the data for as much as a full year. I further understand that I am free to withdraw from this study at
any time, and that during my participation in the study I will be free to ask any questions concerning the study. If I
have any further questions about the project, I know that I am free to contact the EPA Region 9 Public Affairs Of-
fice, telephone number (415) 974-7651  or Mr. Harvey S. Zelon, Center for Survey Research, Research Triangle
Institute, Research  Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, telephone number (800) 334-8571  (toll-free;.
Date:
Signat
Partia'p
[ - - Participant's Name:
(Month) (Day) (Year) (P""l)
Lires:
iant: Intfirvipuver:

PID Number Interviewer Number: j

    I hereby acknowledge receipt of fifteen dollars ($15.00) from the Research Triangle Institute for my participa-
tion in this study.
PID Number:
                                                                    Participant's Signature

Date:  	               	
                                                                      RTI Representative
                                              479

    -------
                                                          OMB Approval No. 2000-0.
                                                          Expiration Date 9/30/86
              STUDY ON TOXIC CHEMICALS IN
          ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN SAMPLES
                        Conducted by:
                    Research Triangle Institute
                       P.O. Box 12194
             Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
         QUESTIONNAIRE
THE RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA,
IS UNDERTAKING A RESEARCH STUDY FOR THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY TO ASSESS LEVELS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF SELECTED TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN
MAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA. THE INFORMATION RECORDED IN THIS QUESTION-
NAIRE WILL BE HELD IN STRICT CONFIDENCE AND WILL BE USED SOLELY FOR RESEARCH
INTO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON PUBLIC HEALTH. ALL RESULTS
WILL BE SUMMARIZED FOR GROUPS OF PEOPLE; NO INFORMTION ABOUT INDIVIDUAL
PERSONS WILL BE RELEASED WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL. WHILE YOU
ARE NOT REQUIRED TO RESPOND, YOUR COOPERATION IS NEEDED TO MAKE THE
RESULTS OF THIS SURVEY COMPREHENSIVE, ACCURATE AND TIMELY.
       r
                      (PLACE PID LABEL HERE)
       l_
-J
           r
                   (PLACE CHEMISTRY LABEL HERE)
                                            _]
                           480

    -------
First, I would like to ask some general questions about you.
 1. Sex (by observation):
             Male
1
               Female
 2.  Race (by observation):
         1   Hispanic
             American Indian/Alaskan Native
             Black, not of Hispanic origin
                                                 Asian/Pacific Islander
                                                 White, not of Hispanic origin
                                                 Other (specify)
 3. What was your age in years at last birthday?
 4. What is your birthdate?	-
                           (month)      (day)
 5. What is your approximate weight in pounds?
 6. What is your approximate height in feet and inches?
                                              Years
                                                 Ib    [  1  (  Do not know
                                                 ft    I\I  in
Next, I would like to ask some questions about your occupation.
 7.  Are you presently employed in any capacity?
             Yes (CONTINUE)                         [~
1
               No (GO TO QUESTION 11)
 8. a.  What is your current occupation?
    b.   Is this your usual primary occupation?
             Yes (GO TO QUESTION 9)
1
               No (GO TO QUESTION 8c)
    c.  What is your primary occupation?
 9. How long have you been employed in that occupation?
                            Months
               1
Years
10.  What is the name and street address of the company for which you work?
    Name:	
    Address:.
    (GO TO QUESTION 12)
11.  If not presently employed, which of the following best describes your status?
                                                      3    Unemployed
1   Housewife
             Student
                          (GO TO QUESTION 12)
                                                 Retired
                                                          Disabled
                                                                                          (zip code)
                                 (GO TO QUESTION 11a)
                                                  481

    -------
11.  a.   What was your main occupation?
12.  Indicate whether you or any members of your household are employed in any of the listed occupations or establish-
    ments-                                                                                       Household
    Occupation                                                                          You      Members
    Painting	   D	D
    Dry cleaning	   D  	D
    Chemical plant	   D  	D
    Petroleum plant	   D  	D
    Service station/garage/engine repair	   D  	Q
    Furniture repair/refinishing	   D  	P
    Plastics manufacture or formulation	   D  	D
    Textile mill	   D  	D
    Wood processing plant	   D  	D
    Printing	   D  	P
    Scientific laboratory	   D  	D
    Dye plant	   D  	D
    Hospital	   D  	P
    Metal products (casting)	   D  	D
    Battery or electrical components manufacture	   D  	P
    Refrigerator/air conditioning repair or manufacture	   D  	P
    Taxi/bus/truck driver	   D  	P
    Pest control	   P  	P
    Drug manufacturing or formulation	   P  	P
    Photo developing	   P  	P
    Landscaping/gardening	   D  	P
    None of the above	   P  	P
Next,  I would like to ask some questions regarding your personal habits.

13. Which of the following best describes your cigarette smoking status?
             Current smoker (GO TO QUESTION 16)
              Ex-smoker (CONTINUE WITH QUESTION 14)

              Never smoked (GO TO QUEST/ON 17)
14. For how many years did you smoke at least % pack of cigarettes per day?

                 Years
15. How long ago did you quit smoking?
                                     2   Weeks
Months
Years
16. a.   On average, how many cigarettes do/did you smoke per day?
          1 J  Less than V4 pack
              Between % and 1 % packs

              More than 1 % packs
                                                   482

    -------
16.  b.  What brand of cigarettes do/did you usually smoke?
17.  Does anyone else in your household smoke cigarettes?
             Yes
                                                  No
18.  Do you or anyone else in your household smoke cigars or pipes?
                           You
                                                            Anyone Else
             Yes:  How many per day?
             No
                                              1
Yes:  How many per day?
                                                  No
19.  On average, how many hours are you in the same room, or enclosed area, with someone who is smoking? Respond for
    time at home, and time at work.
             At Home                                       At Work
         1
             1 to 5
             6 to 10
             More than 10
                                              1
                                                  1 to 5
                                                  6 to 10
                                                  More than 10
20.  Do you or any member of your household pursue any of the following hobbies? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)

    Occupation                                                                        You
                                                                                     Household
                                                                                      Member
    Painting	  D  	D
    Furniture refinishing	  D  	D
    Scale models	  D  	D
    Gardening	  D  	D
    None of these	  D  	D

21. Do you work with or use insecticides, pesticides, or herbicides, as in farming, gardening, or extermination?
         1 |  Yes (GO TO QUESTION 21 a)
                                                  No (GO TO QUESTION 21 b)
    a.   How often would you say that you work with or use such substances?

             Rarely
1
Often
             Occasionally
    b.   How often do you have your house treated for pests?

         1   Never

             Monthly
                                                  Quarterly
                                                  Yearly
                                                   483

    -------
Next, I would like to ask some questions regarding your general physical status.

22. What do you consider your current physical condition? (CHECK ONE.)

                                                             Fair
1
    Excellent

2 I  Good
                                                            Poor
23. Are you currently taking any prescription medication(s) on a regular daily basis?

                                                            No
    Yes
    IF YES, SPECIFY:.
24. Have you taken any nonprescription medications {aspirin, vitamins, etc.) in the past 48 hours?

             Yes
1
                                                   No
    IF YES, SPECIFY:.
25. Which of the following conditions have you ever been treated for?

                                                        4  | Chronic respiratory disease
1 I  Anemia

    Liver disease
                                                            None of these
         3    Kidney disease
26. How would you rate your general recreational/exercise activity pattern?

              Heavy                                     3   Sedentary

              Light
27. How would you rate your activity on the job?

              Heavy physical activity

          2 I  Light physical activity
                                                   Sedentary

                                                   Not applicable (Retired, unemployed, or disabled)
Next, I would like to ask a question regarding your diet.

28. On the average, how often do you eat the following foods? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)
                                                        More than    Less than     Once    Once
                                                          3 times     3 times      per      per   Infrequently
    Foodstuff                                   Daily*   per week    per week     week    month    or never
Reef ... 	 , 	 	
Fish
Pork 	 , 	
Poultry 	
Fresh fnijt 	 ,,....,., 	
Frozen frujt , , , , , , , , , , ,
Conner) fruit, , , , , 	 , T 	 	 .
Fresh vegetable; ,.,..,.,. 	 , ,
Frr>7en vegetable? , , , ,
CBnned vegetables
Eggs 	
Cereals, rice, breads 	
Cheese 	
"Indicate number of servings per day.
. . D
. . .D. .
. . .D. .
. . .D. . .
. . .D. .
. . .D 	
. . .D. . .
. D. .
.D. .
D
D
. .D. .
. .D. .

. D
. . D
. .D.
. . .D. .
. .D 	
	 D 	
	 D 	
. .D.
.D.
.D.
D
D
n

D
. D ,
D
	 D
	 D. . ,
	 D. . ,
	 D. . ,
D
D
D
n
D
D

.D
. .D. . .
. .D. .
. .D. .
, . .D. . .
. . .D. . .
. . .D. . .
D. .
D.
D.
n
D
D

D
. D
D
.D
. . .D
. . .D
. . .D
D
D
D
D
D
n

                                                                                                 (continued)
                                                     484

    -------
Foodstuff
Cola soft drinks .... 	
Noncola soft drinks . . 	
Canned juices 	 	 	 . .
Milk 	
Beer 	
Wine 	
Coffee, tea (cooked water) . . ...
Tap water and tap water drinks 	
'Indicate number of servings per day.
More than
3 times
Daily* per week
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

Less than
3 times
per week
, . .D 	
. .D 	
. .D 	
. .D 	
. .D 	
. .n 	
. n 	
. . .n 	

Once
per
week
	 D. . .
	 D. . ,
	 D. . ,
	 D. . ,
. . . .D. . ,
	 D. . .
D. ..
	 D. . .

Once
per 1
month
. . .D. . .
. . .D. . .
. . .D. . .
, . .D. . .
, . .D. . .
, . .O. . .
, . .D. . .
, . .D. . .

Infrequently
or never
...D
.. .D
.. .D
.. .D
.. .D
. . .D
.. .D
.. .D

Lastly, I would like to ask some questions about your residence and household.
29. How many years have you lived in this city?
                 Years
30. Do you cool your home with any of the following appliances? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)
             Central air conditioning
1
             Window air conditioner(s)
             Portable circulating fan(s)
Ceiling exhaust fan(s)
                                                  None of these
31. Do you have any of the following appliances? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)
             Gas stove
                                                  Gas furnace
             Electric oven
                                                  Oil heat
32. Does your household grow any of its own food in a home garden?
        Tl Yes
                                                  Do not know
             No
    IF YES, SPECIFY LOCATION OF GARDEN:
33. Where does your household generally obtain its foodstuffs (groceries, fruit, vegetables, etc.) Specify name of the store
    or fruit or vegetable stand.
34. Do you use municipally supplied water for drinking and drink mixes (coffee, tea, Kool-Aid , etc.}?
             Yes
1
             No
             No municipal supply
                                       (GO TO QUESTION 34a)
    a.   What source of water do you use?
                                                    485

    -------
                              INTERVIEWER INFORMATION
Interviewer Number:
                                               Date of Interview:
                                                               (month}     (day)      (year)
                                        COMMENTS
                                           486

    -------
Study Number: 	

Date:	/	/.
24-HOUR EXPOSURE AND
  ACTIVITY SCREENER
        TEAM Study
O.M.B. No. 2000-0364
     Expires 9/30/86
1.   Have you pumped your own gas in the past 24 hours?

             Yes (GO TO QUESTION la)
    a.   During which monitoring periods?

             Overnight
    No (CO TO QUESTION 2)
    Daytime
2.   Have you done your own dry cleaning, or been in a dry cleaning establishment during the past 24 hours?

             Yes (GO TO QUESTION 2a)
    a.   During which monitoring periods?

             Overnight
    No (GO TO QUESTION 3)
    Daytime
3.  Have you smoked cigarettes, cigars, or a pipe in the past 24 hours?
             Yes (GO TO QUESTION 3a)
    a.   During which monitoring periods?

             Overnight
    No  (GO TO QUESTION 4)
    Daytime
4.  Were you in an enclosed area with active smokers for more than 15 minutes at any time in the past 24 hours?

             Yes (GO TO QUESTION 4a)
    a.   During which monitoring periods?

             Overnight
    No  (GO TO QUESTION 5)
    Daytime
5.  Have you used or worked with insecticides, pesticides, or herbicides in any way, including farming, gardening, and
    extermination, in the past 24 hours?
             Yes
    No
6.  During this time of year, on an average weekday or weekend day, how many hours per day are spent:
    (Answer a through d below)
                                                          Weekday                    Weekend Day
    a.   Away from home	

    b.   Out of doors—leisure activities.

    C.   Out of doors—working	

    d.   In a motor vehicle	
                                                 487

    -------
7.  Have you worked at any of the following occupations or been in any of the following businesses during the past week?

   (Check all that apply and also indicate any contact in the past 24 hours.)                  _   ,.,     _
                                                                                      Past Week  Past 24 Hours




   D  Painting



   D  Dry cleaning



   D  Chemical pi



   D  Petroleum (



   D  Service stat



   D  Furniture n



   D  Plastics mai



   D  Textile mill



   D  Wood pi



   D  Printing



   D  Scientifi



   D  Dye plant



   D  Hospital




ning 	 	


1 plant 	 	


m plant 	 ........








"nanufacture or formulation 	


nill 	


ocessing plant 	





c laboratory ...... 	 . ....


it 	 	 ....





ork/smelters 	 	 	


these 	

01


m


05


07


OP


11


n


i^


17


19


71


7?


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77


29













































0?


04


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OR


10


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14


Ifi


18


70


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74


76


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8. Have you been exposed to any of the following during the past week? (Check all that apply, and indicate any to which

   you have been exposed in the last 24 hours.)
                                                                                      Past Week  Past 24 Hours
                                                                                         05
D  Solvents (e.g., toluene, acetone,chloroform)	| 01



D  Odorous chemicals (e.g., gasoline, sulfur, mothballs).	



D  Toxic or hazardous chemicals (e.g.,pesticides)	



D  High dust or particulate levels	



D  Auto/truck exhausts (heavy or long exposure, i.e., tunnel or expressway)	



D  Cleaning solutions (including household chemicals)	



D  Degreasing compounds	
                                                                                         07
                                                                                          09
                                                                                          11
                                                                                          131
06
08
   D  Other (probe)	   15
10
12
14
                                                                                                   16
                                                   488

    -------
8. a.   Please tist the specific name of any chemical or hazardous substance to which you have been exposed.
9. a.   For the first time period during which you wore an air pump (Time on
                 ., Time off
                          J.
       please indicate your activity which lasted the most time. In addition, please indicate any other activities which
       lasted for more than one hour.
                                                                                                     Level of
                                                                                                     Physical
                                                                            Location:                 Activity:
                     Activity
 Indoor/
Outdoor
  Urban/
Suburban/
  Rural
Strenuous/
   Light
       1.  (Longest)
       4.
   b.  Please provide the following information for each trip during this time period.
                                                                                 Traffic:
                              Ventilation:
Windows:
Open/Closed
Trip Minutes Mode of Transport Heavy/Light NA
1.
2.
3.
4.


















I
)




1

2

1 | 2

1

1
2

2


1

1

1

1
23

2

2

2
3

3 |

3
   c.  Please indicate any unusual events which happened during this time period which might have any effect on your
       exposure to environmental chemicals.
                                                    489

    -------
10.  a.   For the second time period during which you wore an air pump (Time on
                   , Time off
        please indicate your activity which lasted the most time. In addition, please indicate any other activities which
        lasted for more than one hour.
                                                                            Location:
                      Activity
 Indoor/
Outdoor
  Urban/
Suburban/
  Rural
 Level of
 Physical
 Activity:


Strenuous/
   Light
        1.  (Longest)
        3.

        4.
01

08

15

22
02

09

16

23
    b.  Please provide the following information for each trip during this time period.
Trip Minutes
1.
2.
3.
4.










I





Traffic: Ventilation:
Windows:
Open /Closed
Mode of Transport Heavy/Light NA





1

1

1

1
2

2

2

2


1

1

1

1
2

2

2

2
3

3

3

3|
    c.  Please indicate any unusual events which happened during this time period which might have any effect on your
        exposure to environmental chemicals.
                                                    490

    -------
                     APPENDIX D

RECOVERY OF DEUTERATED VOLATILE ORGANICS FROM SPIKED
TENAX GC SAMPLING CARTRIDGES USED IN FIELD SAMPLING
                        491

    -------











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    -------








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494

    -------
  PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DUPLICATE SAMPLE  PAIRS




                     -Los Angeles, CA, Trip 1-







   Chemical                   N         % RSD          Range





Benzene-cL                    4          12             2-28




Chlorobenzene-d.              5          11             1-20
Ethylbenzene-d..0              5
8             0-19
                                495

    -------
  PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DUPLICATE SAMPLE PAIRS




                     -Los Angeles, CA, Trip 2-







   Chemical                   N         % RSD          Range





Benzene-dg                   10          15             0-42




Chlorobenzene-d-             10          14             0-29
Ethylbenzene-d,              10
13             1-31
                                496

    -------
       PERCENT RELATIVE  STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DUPLICATE SAMPLE PAIRS*


                               -Contra Costa,  CA-




        Chemical                    N          % RSD          Range



     Benzene-d6                     8          6.8            1-16


     Chlorobenzene-d.               8          7.6            1-22
     Ethylbenzene-d.0
8          8.4             1-28
     *
      Over all media.
                                      497

U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987- 7 1» 8 - 1 2 1 /  67016

    -------