SUSPECT CARCINOGENS
IN
WATER SUPPLIES
Office of Research & Development
Interim Report
April 1975
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research & Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
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! \ 7 E R ! M REPORT
SUSPECT CARCINOGENS
IN
WATER SUPPLIES
April 1975
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
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Acknowledgements
The follev/ing organizational units of EPA contributed to the
timely prape?'£t1on of the Interim Report on Suspect Carcinogens in
Water supplies and to the conduct of the National Organics
Reconnaissance Survey.
Watar Supply Research Laboratory, ORD
Methods Development and Quality Assurance Laboratory, ORD
Soutfieast Environmental Research Laboratory, ORD
R.S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, ORD
Office of Environmental Sciences, ORD
Office of Monitoring Systems, ORD
National Field Investigations Center - Cincinnati, OE
Water Supply Division, OWHM
Regional Water Supply Representatives
The cooperation and dedication in accomplishing the many
activities that resulted in this report by the personnel within EPA
are to be commended as an example of an outstanding performance within
the difficult constraints involved.
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Hrerace
Section 1442 (a)(9) of the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the
Administrator of tne Environmental Protection Agency to:
"conduct a comprehensive study of public water supplies
and drinking water sources to determine tne nature,
extent, sources of and means of control of contamination
by chemicals or other substances suspected of being
carcinogenic. Not later than six months after the date
of enactment of this title, he shall transmit to the
Congress the initial results of such study, together
with such recommendations for further review and
corrective action as he deems appropriate."
This document has been prepared by the Office of Research and
Development at the request of the Office of Water and Hazardous
Materials of the Environmental Protection Agency for inclusion in an
Agency interim report on suspect carcinogens in water supplies. The
Agency report is to be submitted to Congress by June 17, 1975.
This document is mainly an attempt to provide a description of the
Office of Research and Development's on-going activities related to
suspect carcinogens in water supplies. These activities include
sources identification, surveys of water supplies for the occurrence
of organic and inorganic compounds that may or may not be
carcinogenic, determination of the health effects of substances
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present in water supplies ands fina'ily5 development of the technology
needed for the removal or control of these suspect carcinogens.
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Page
I. Sources of Organic Compounds in Water Supplies ]
Municipal Sources 2
Industrial Sources 3
Chiorination of Water Supplies 5
II. Nature ana Extent of Contamination of Water Supplies 9
by Suspect Carcinogens
National Organics Reconnaissance Survey 9
Inorganic Analysis of Water Supplies 12
Asbestos in Water Supplies 15
ill. Health Effects 17
Inorganics 17
Organics 19
Asbestos 21
IV. Control Technology 24
inorganics 24
Organics 26
Asbestos 27
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I. SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER SUPPLIES
A multitude of organic compounds has been found in the drinking
water of the United States, As of late 19749 some 187 organic
compounds hava been identified in various water supplies (See Table
1). This list will undoubtedly grow as work continues in the analysis
of cirinking waters and as analytical techniques are improved for the
concentration, separation, identification and measurement of organic
compounds in drinking water. A major question relating to these
organic compounds which may be later identified as carcinogenic is
that of their source or sources. Research bearing on this question is
presently ongoing and is centered at the Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia.
The research mentioned above has as its objective the
identification of substances remaining in domestic sewage and
incustrial wastes and sludges after various treatment processes. The
purposes of this research are to provide information on the presence
of substances which are potentially damaging to the environment
(including man), to provide data on the effectiveness of various
treatments and to allow the identification of the sources of
pollutants in water. It is estimated that these projects will be
completed In mid-1979 at which time most of the organic substances at
the part per billion or greater level will have been identified.
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Organic Cnenv'cals In the Effluents of
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
Research has been and is being conducted to identify the organic
compounds present in the effluents from sewage treatment processes and
systems.
Under contract to EPA, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory developed
a procedure for the separation and tentative identification of
refractory organics from sewage treatment facilities. The procedure
which is capable of detecting these organic substances at the
microgram-per-liter (parts per billion) level was applied to the study
of primary and secondary effluents at the Oak Ridge facility. In
primary effluents, 56 compounds were identified with an additional 30
or more detected but not identified. The identified substances
include simple carbohydrates, ami no acids and other components
apparently of metabolic origin. These same substances were found in
both chlorinated and unchlorinated effluents. Table 2 provides a
listing of the identified compounds.
In unchlorinated secondary effluents 33 compounds were detected.
Thirteen were identified, of which 10 were also identified in primary
effluents. The 13 substances are listed in Table 3.
In addition to the work performed at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, the Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory has been
systematically studying various fractions of domestic wastes. In the
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acid fraction of domestic wastes, 'l:.^/
acids 9 listed in Table 4.
I dent"; flea 27 organic
At OaK R'idge National Laboratory, samples of both primary and
secor.Ci.iry effluents were chlorinated under conditions simulating plant
conditions and analyzed for chlorinated compounds. Out of 62
chlorinated compounds which were detected, 16 have been identified and
are listed in Table 5. In addition to the Oak Ridge study, work being
done at North Texas State University in Denton, Texas, has identified
13 (Table 6) polychlorinated compounds in super chlorinated domestic
wastes and detected 15 other chlorinated compounds which have not yet
been idenified.
Of the compounds found in drinking water and recognized or
suspected as being carcinogenic, only chloroform has been identified
In municipal waste treatment plant effluents. It snould be pointed
out s however, that the effluent containing chloroform was from a
treatment plant receiving both domestic and industrial wastes. Tnus,
chloroform may not be characteristic of municipal waste treatment
systems. In fact, of all the compounds which have already been
identified in water supplies, none appear to be characteristic of
domestic waste treatment plants.
Organic Chemicals in Industrial Effluents
The compositions of industrial effluents are being systematically
studied at the Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory. In
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addition, short-term stunts for special purposes have been conducted
at the request of ^tgional and other offices. Table 7 is a composite
"rist of suostances and their sources as of mi a- 1973. Compounds in
ile mi 11 effluents identified since 1973 are listed in Table 8.
In general tne lists of compounds already found in drinking water
appear to have more in common with the lists of compounds occurring in
industrial wastes than the list of compounds occurring in domestic
sewage. Of those substances identified as suspect carcinogens, two,
chloroform and bis (2-chloroethyl) ether appear in industrial wastes
and have not been shown to occur in domestic sewage. It should be
mentioned, however, that there is the possibility that these compounds
are formed during the chlori nation of drinking water.
With the presently available information, it would appear that the
organic substances occurring in drinking water are for the large part
of industrial origin. Where special studies have been undertaken to
identify specific compounds causing problems, such as taste and odor,
in water supplies, the results have led to the conclusion that the
causative agents were of industrial origin. It should be kept in
mind, however, that the analyses of drinking water, municipal
wastewaters and industrial effluents is continuing and the final
results may present a somewhat different picture.
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Chi on nation of Water Supplies
In his pioneer study, Rook found the following compounds to be
fGAT.ed by cnl ori nation of water supplies: chloroform,
iromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform. Ke further
postulated that naturally occurring humic substances are precursors to
tra formation of these haloforms. The maxi'mmr; concentrations found
were: chloroform, 54.0^g/l; bromodlchloromethane, 20.0jjg/l;
dibromochloromethane, 13.3 pg/1; and bromoform, 10.C pg/1.
A later study confirmed the presence of these haloforms in a
variety of finished drinking waters from Ohio, Indiana and Alabama.
A multitude of halogen-containing organic compounds has been found
in water and wastewaters. Example of such compounds found in drinking
*i
water is given in Table 1. However, these compounds are not
specifically mentioned here since there is yet no evidence indicating
the in-situ formation of these halogenated compounds through the
interaction of chlorine with organic compounds in water supplies.
Controlled studies are now being conducted in an attempt to
determine what factors influence the rate and quantity of
trihalogenated methanes formed during chlorination, and what other
halogenated compounds might be formed at the same time.
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The first btudy compared 'Jie rate and extent of chloroform
formation when chlorine was codec to raw river water, mixed-media
filtered treatcc water., and granular activated carbon treated water.
These experiments were earned out at constant pH and at 25°C. When
b„"•'--.c';ciit chlorine was added to satisfy the chlorine demand for the
Duration of the experiment, chlon nation of raw river water yielded
aoproximately 7 times as much chloroform as did chlorination of the
cLal-media filtered water and approximately 80 times as much as did
chlorination of the fresh granular activated carbon filter effluent
{207 jjg/1, 32>ig/l, and 2.7>ig/l, respectively, in 7+ days). The rate
of cnlorofoo formation in the river water was approximately 10-15
jjg/1/hr for the first 6 hours. What is removed from the raw river
water during alum coagulation, settling, and dual-media filtration
that reduces the rate and extent of chloroform formation upon
chlorination is not known at this time.
Other studies investigated the chlorination of approximately 50
jjg/1 of nitromethane, benzene, toluene, and m-xylene. Under the
conditions of the test, 9 days of storage, at 25°C, nitromethane was
readily converted to chloropicrir, and m-xylene was readily converted
to chloroxylene. Benzene did not react with the chlorine under these
conditions, and toluene produced chlorotoluene rather slowly. These
studies indicate that other chlorination by-products can occur during
the chlorinaticn process and should not be overlooked in future
studies.
Controlled studies of this type will continue in an attempt to
define specific precursors of the trihalogenated methanes, and the
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conditions under which the formation of these substances is enhanced
or retarded. Invesu^&tic.'iS dealing with the formation of other
hdlocenated orga.iics by chlorination of water supplies will also
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References
Automated Analysis of Individual Refractory Organics in Polluted Water,
EPA 660/2-74-076, August 1974
Current Practice in GC-MS Analysis of Organics in Water, EPA-R2-73-277,
August 1973
Environmental Applications of Advanced Instrumental Analysis; Assistance
Projects, FY 72, EPA-660/2-73-013, September 1973
Environmental Applications of Advanced Instrumental Analysis; Assistance
Projects, FY 73, EPA-660/2-74-078, August 1974
Disinfection of Wastewater, Task Force Report, EPA, January 1975
Formation of Halogenated Organics by Chlorination of Water Supplies.
J.C. Morris, Harvard University, February 1975
Formation of Haloforms during Chlorination of Natural Waters.
J.J. Rook Water Treatment Exam. 23, 234 (1974)
The Occurrence of Organohalides in Chlorinated Drinking Water,
EPA-670/4-74-008, November 1974
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II. Nature and Extent of Contamination of «ater Supplies by Suspect Carcinogens
National Orgam'cs Reconnaissance Survey
The National Organics Reconnaissance Survey initiated in November
'.i-74 nas three major objectives. One is to determine the extent of
the presence of the four trihalogenated methanes; chloroform,
bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform in finished
water, and to determine whether or not these compounds are formed by
cnlorination. The second objective is to determine what effect raw
water source and other water treatment practices could have on the
formation of these compounds. The third objective is to characterize,
as completely as possible using existing analytic techniques, the
organic content of finished drinking water produced from raw water
sources representing the major categories in use In the United States
today.
For the study of the formation of chlorination by-products, SO
water supplies were chosen to participate in the National Organics
Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) in consultation with State Water Supply
officials. These 80 supplies were geographically distributed to
include each of EPA's 10 Regions. The supplies were chosen to
represent as wide a variety of raw water sources and treatment
techniques as possible. Five of the above 80 cities were chosen as
sites for a more comprehensive survey of the organic content of the
finished water. These locations were chosen to represent five major
categories of raw water sources. These were: 1) ground water; 2)
uncontaminated upland water; 3) raw water contaminated with
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agricultural runoff; 4) raw watar contaminated wrch municipal waste;
and, 5) raw water contaminatec vr;tn industrial discharges.
a. Eighty systems: analysis for chloroform,
brornodichloromethane, dibrornochloromethane,
bromoform, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,2-
dichloroethane.
Results from the analysis of the raw water samples showed that
none of the 4 trihalomethanes were found in 38% of the samples, and
none of the semples contained any dibromochloromethane or bromoform.
Another 58.4% of the samples contained from 0.1 to 0.9 ,ug/l of
chloroform. The other 3.6% of the samples did not contain chloroform,
but did contain low concentrations of bromodichloromethane, 1,2-
dichloroethane, and/or carbon tetrachloride in various combinations.
Because of the low concentrations of trihalomethanes in the raw water,
almost all trihalomethane appearing in the finished water was
concluded to be due to chlorination.
The finished water in all 80 locations contained some chloroform
in concentrations between 0.1 ug/1 to 311 ug/1, with 50% of the
finished waters containing 25 ug/1 of chloroform or less. With
respect to bvomodichloromethane, none was found in 2.5% of the
finished waters. The range of concentrations found in the remaining
locations was 0.3 ug/1 to 116 >ig/l, with 62% containing 10 >ig/l or
less. In slightly over 10% of the locations, no dibromochloromethane
was found, and in the remainder of the locations, the concentrations
range was less than 0.4 jug/1 to 100/ug/1. In 75% of the locations,
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~he concentration of dibromochlorornethane wai 5 jjg/1 or less.
Finally, no Dromoform was found In 66,4* of the finished waters with
the concentration range in the remainder being from 0.8 >ig/l to 92
>ig/1. Ninety-five percent of the finished waters contained 5 jug/1 of
bromoform or less.
No 1,2 dichloroethane was found in 67.1% of the finished waters,
and 6 ;jg/l was the highest concentration found. No carbon
tetrachloride was found in 87.4% of the systems, and the highest
carbon tetrachloride found in finished water was 3
b. Five systems: in-depth studies.
Analysis of the samples collected in the comprehensive survey from
the 5 selected locations is still proceeding. Thus far, the most
complete qualitative analysis is available on the class of organics
that can be defined operationally as those that can be purged from
water with an inert gas. In general, these are the lower boiling
point organics. Thus far, 35 organic compounds have been identified
in the finished water from the ground water supply. The ground water
chosen for this study was shallow ground water, and therefore, may not
be reflective of all ground waters.
Thirteen organic compounds have been isolated from the samples
representative of uncontaminated upland water. In the finished water
produced from raw water contaminated with agricultural runoff, 19
organic compounds have been identified. From the location
representative of raw water contaminated with municipal waste, 36
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organic compounds have oeen identified. Finally,, in the finished
water selected to represent a location whose raw water is contaminated
with industrial discharges, 35 organic compounds have been identified.
Increase Analysis of Water Supplies (Excluding Asbestos)
T
here are several EPA projects that obtain data on the inorganic
chemical quality of drinking water. These range from the routine
surveillance of quality for certifying water supply systems serving
interstate carriers, assisting a utility with a particular problem, to
comprehensive national survey.
For the interstate carriers supplies, the state agency makes an
annual report on the chemical quality of each such supply once a year.
At about a three-year interval, a joint survey is made by the state
and EPA Regional Office of each of these 700 supplies. At the time of
the joint survey, a water sample is collected and analyzed by the
Water Supply Research Laboratory for the chemicals that are limited by
the drinking water standards. Tabulations are made of this data -
Chemical Analysis of Interstate Carrier Water Supply Systems: October
1973. Results show that only chromium, lead, and mercury were found
in interstate water carrier drinking water supplies in concentrations
that exceed the DWS limit. Mercury was the constituent that most
frequently exceeded the limit and this occurred in only 1.5% of the
samples analyzed.
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v.ater samples collected fro-"" ':r,t interstate carrier water supplies
are collected at the v-ctor treatment plant or well hec.G and do not
reflect effects cr. the water quality frorr, passing through the
cistribut'i,*,:. system and nousenold pluming, uittla chanqe is noted
-,-• -vj.iit: supplies, but in others where the water is corrosive, there
•ss a pick-up of several metals. The first comprehensive set of data
or. water quality at the consumer's top was collected in the Community
,-.i.t
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sample of the U.S. popular, en. suter samples are collected at the
homes of persons In tnc current series of the National Health
Examination Su.-v8>. Because of the interest cf the National heart and
^.-:--j Institute and EPA In the suggested association of neart disease
mortality and soft drinking water, attempts will be made to correlate
tne results of the health examination and drinking water quality. The
data will be most useful for this health effect study but will also
proviae a unique set of data on the quality of approximately 170
community water supplies. Analyses will be made for sodium,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, arsenic, selenium, silicon, fluoride,
nitrate, hardness, alkalinity, conductivity, pH, total dissolved
solias, litniurn, vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum,
silver, iodine,, chromium, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and lead on samples
from 4,000 homes. To provide data on the occurrence of chemicals not
limited by the drinking water standards an additional 66 elemental
determinations will be performed on these samples.
Chemical analyses for inorganic constituents limited in the
standards have been performed on water plant samples collected as part
of the National Organics Reconnaissance Survey.
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A few v.5 vcr.s d'."cer tne confirmation of ~che presence of asbestos
f-iO£-A:, -,,- 3«",uth, Minnesota finished water in the fall of 1973, the
L-vvfonmental Protection Agency conduciac periodic asbestos analyses
of tne raw water to demonstrate tne continued presence of asbestos
fioers in Lake Superior waters. Analysis of the raw water for
c,,7,pf:ioole mass by x-ray diffraction and asbestos fibers by electron
microscopy demonstrated the continued presence of asbestos fibers in
take Superior water. In addition to these studies, Region V
Surveillance and Analysis Laboratory conducted an extensive lake
sampling program tnat further defined the extent of the problem. This
study showea the concentration of asbestos fibers was highest near the
industrial discharge and declined steadily as samples were collected
at varying distances from the industrial discharge. To determine an
effective method for treating this water, the U.S. EPA in cooperation
with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, entered into a contract with
Black and Veatch to determine whether or not granular- or
diatomaceous-earth filtration could remove these fibers from Lake
Superior water. Results of this investigation are reported elsewhere
in this report.
Investigation of the nature and extent of the occurrence of
asbestos was extended beyond source waters to investigations of the
possibility that asbestos fibers could erode from the walls of
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asbestos-cement (A/C) pipe that is used in water distribution systems.
The investigations are being conducted in two ways. One, a controlled
experiment is being conducted in which water of a known chemical
quality is circulated through two 100 ft. lengths of asbestos-cement
pipe. Weekly samples are being collected from the effluent and are
being subjected to electron microscope analysis to determine whether
or not asbestos fibers are released from the pipe wall. The other
phase of this project is being conducted in the field. Locations have
been selected in which water low in asbestos fibers is flowing some
distance through asbestos cement pipe prior to use. Monthly analysis
of the source water and tap water collected after passage through the
A/C pipe should show whether or not any increase in the asbestos fiber
count occurs. Thus far, three such locations have been selected, and
the first two of an anticipated 12 monthly samples have been
collected. Other systems will be tested in the future as time
permits. No firm conclusions can be drawn from either of these two
projects at this time.
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recis
(Excluding Asoestos)
:here are suggestions that evaluations should be nidde of arsenic,
oery",'i1u:T!, cadmium, chromium, nickel, nitrate, and selenium as
•..'.organic chemicals that might be carcinogenic in drinking water.
Evicence that would cause concern is derived from occupational
exposures to these chemicals, except for nitrate and selenium.
Apparently, the inhalation exposures to fumes or dust in the
•industrial setting produces a very different biological effect than an
ingestion exposure from food or water. An increased risk of
developing cancer is not expected from consuming water contaminated
with beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. There are other health
effects that require limiting the concentrations of these elements in
drinking water.
Nitrate concentrations in drinking water have been limited because
of the possibility of developing methemoqlobinerrna in infants who were
fed water hign in nitrates. It has been Hypothesized that the
nitrogen might combine with amines in the gut to form nitrosamines, a
recognized carcinogen. This conversion may also occur in the
environment. The development of nitrosamines has been demonstrated
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experimentally using much r.iyhsr concentrations of nitrate or nitrite
than would occur in water. The healtn risk of this conversion
associated with drlr.king water cannot be evaluated from available data
but tna risk would be at le^st an order of magnitude less than the
r'/.is associatec with cured meats. Nitrate and nitrite are added to
:.k!dt as a preservative and the problem is being pursued by other
Agencies.
Evidence has been developed that selenium both causes and prevents
cancer. Several animal studies showned that tumors were developed
from exposure to selenium. Selenium was given a complete review last
year when it was proposed that selenium be used as an additive to
animal feed. The Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration
concluded that selenium could be safety used as an additive because of
its nutritive properties and lack of health hazard. The inadequacy of
the studies that had indicated tumorigenic effects were reviewed.
Of the inorganic chemical of possible concern, only for arsenic Is
there evidence that cancer results from drinking water with excessive
levels. Experience in Taiwan and South America has demonstrated the
progressive effects to the skin of excessive arsenic intake, with
eventual development of skin cancer. An adequate animal model does
not exist to demonstrate in toxicological studies what has been
observed in man; this has stimulated endless debate between
epidemiologist and toxicologist. In limiting concentrations of
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cr.emicals in drinking water, cc-v.par'.sons nave been frequently made
with allowable OGCJ pat" Cs'.w.': exposure. The recent reduction in allowed
arsen'ic corc.fc.'.'t.-^c'ions in tne work place by OSHA would indicate a
of tne concentrations allowed In drinking water.
Funding a grant is under consideration to determine oody burdens
of arsenic in humans who use drinking water at or exceeding the
Current limit of 0.05 mg per liter.
All of the above-mentioned metals are being tested for
iT.utagenicity in a cultured mammalian cells test system. More direct
carcinogenic screening will be conducted on the metals showing
mutagenic effects.
Orgamcs
The occurrence of organic compounds in tap water is universally
accepted. However, the health significance from human exposure to
these compounds via drinking water is as yet unsettled. Only a small
percentage of compounds present in potable water have been identified.
Of those compounds known to occur in tap water (Table 1), a relatively
large number require intensive investigation to generate suitable
data for health hazard evaluations. Data are required on the
quantities of these agents required to produce tumors, genetic
mutations, and birth defects. However, data are also needed
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concerning the other equally serious chronic diseases whose etiology
Is chemically related.
The Water Supply Research Laboratory of the EPA is actively
engaged in research aimed at the elucidation of chemically-induced
chronic illnesses from the organics present in the Nation's water
supplies. The purpose of these studies is to identify hazards and
risks to man's health via his drinking water and to determine, if no
hazard exists, the magnitude of the margin of safety from
environmental exposures.
A dual approach is used in the investigation of the organics in
drinking water. The first determines the toxic properties of
individual compounds with specialized protocols and systems. The
second emphasizes the toxic properties of mixtures of organics with
the use of multiple biological screening systems.
Several compounds are being investigated with respect to their
toxicity and metabolism in experimental species. These compounds
include bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether,
dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, the homologous series of
chlorinated benzenes, and the homologous series of brominated
benzenes. Comparative metabolism studies are being conducted to
determine the animal models that will be most predictive of the
responses in man. Comparative toxicity studies (both acute and
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chronic) nave been undertaken It, .^ermine the types of pathological
lesions, tne target ore, *=:.•:., me reversibility cf the lesions, the
threshold dose;,, itc. Spec: all zee studies are Devr.g carried out to
{jxu,ir:r_- uf.a possible role of the halogen-substituted benzenes in the
^licration of tcxicity of other foreign organic compounds (e.g.,
synerglsm).
The investigation of the toxicity of mixtures of organics from
drinking water is being pursued with the use of several bio-assay
procedures. Organic extracts from the drinking water of 5 U.S. cities
are being collected for analyses by tnese biological systems. With
indications that these extracts demonstrate activity that is
suggestive of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or other
serious toxicity, the extracts will be chemically fractionated to
isolate the active principle(s). Ultimate fractionation should lead
to tne identification of the toxic agents. These compounds then will
oe subjected to more definitive toxicity tests, the data from wnich
can oe readily applied to a health/hazard evaluation to determine the
impact on man.
Asoestos
Asbestos may occur in drinking water because the fibers may oe in
the source water or the fibers may erode from asbestos-cement pipe
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tnat is used for water distribution. There is no direct evidence that
exposures to asbestos fibers from these sources in drinking water
present a health risk to man, but because asbestos has been documented
to be a most dangerous occupational hazard, more research must be done
to make sure that the water exposure really does not present a hazard.
Because of the possibility of a hazard, it is prudent to reduce
exposure to waterborne asbestos as much as practicable.
Most occupational exposures have been to airborne asbestos, and
the development of cancer from past exposure to the several types of
asbestos has been documented by epidemiological studies. There has
also been several animal toxicological studies concerned with airborne
aust exposure, but the effect of ingested asbestos has not been
studied. Even with an airborne occupational exposure, there is
considerable ingestion of the dust because of the clearance mechanism
of the respiratory tract and swallowing dust that gets into the mouth.
Excess gastrointestinal cancer has been noted in exposed workers and
attributed to the ingestion of the dust.
Two studies have noted that there was not an excess of cancer in
the population of Duluth, Minnesota, where the highest known
concentrations of asbestos fibers have been noted in the drinking
water. Because of a long latency period that occurs between exposure
and development of the disease, the exposure may have not occurred
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lone enough tc have causea ar. • ncredse in mortality. The immediacy
and extent of trse ris< are oeing considered by the Federal Courts.
;."PA is attempting to study the passage of asbestos fibers through
tr.t. gastrointestinal tract to evaluate this aspect of the ingestion
exposure. EPA is also participating in a jointly funded Federal
agency toxicological study of ingestion of four types of asbestos.
Tfiis large study is expected to begin in June or July and will take
four years. Field investigations are going on to find locations where
populations have had long exposure to asbestos in tne drinking water
botn from tha source and from pipes. If areas can be found where
adequate data exist on cancer morbidity and mortality, epidemiological
studies will be conducted.
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IV. CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Inorganics (Excluding Asbestos)
Techniques for the control of concentration of various inorganics
have been studied by EPA. Of the substances studied thus far, only
arsenic, asbestiform fibers, and radium-226 have been considered as
suspect carcinogens via the drinking water route. Treatment
technology studies for these substances have been conducted. Arsenic
was studied in bench- and pilot-scale investigations by spiking Ohio
River water and ground water from Glendale, Ohio, with concentrations
of arsenic from 2-10 times the proposed Interim Drinking Water
Regulations limits. Information on the treatment potential of various
unit processes for radium-226 removal was obtained by monitoring
several water treatment plants in the State of Iowa that are treating
water naturally high in radium-226.
The treatment studies on mercury, cadmium, selenium, and chromium
were similar to those described above for arsenic. Barium removal was
studied in bench-scale using a natural ground water high in barium.
Future studies on the removal of barium using a pilot plant are
planned.
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The following table nsi^ "r.c- optimum treatment techniques
determined for sacr. or ^r.^ie contairnnarrts.
XOST EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR INORGANIC CONTAMINANT REMOVAL
25
tontanrinaiTC
*.d. ArsenicII:
Ib. ArsenicV
2. Asbestlform fibers
3. Radium-226
4. Barium
5. Cadmium
6a. Mercury, inorganic
6b. Mercury, organic
7a. SeleniumlV
7b. SeleniurnVI
8. Chromium
Most Effective Method(s)
Excess lime softening
Oxidation prior to softening recommended
Excess lime softening
Ferric sulfate coagulation pH 8
Mixed media filtration
Diatomite filtration
Ion exchange
Excess lime softening pH 10.6
Ion exchange
Lime softening
Excess lime softening
Ferric sulfate coagulation pH 8
Excess lime softening
Granular activated carbon
Ferric sulfate coagulation pH 7
Reverse osmosis
Studies just starting
-------
26
Organics
To date, the major treatment technique investigated for the
removal of general and specific organics has been granular activated
carbon. About 10 years ago, partially exhausted granular activated
carbon was shown to remove dieldrin, lindane, 2,4,5-T, DDT and
parathion dosed into river water. About the same time, fresh granular
activated carbon used to treat Kanawha River water was shown to remove
bis-(2-chloroethyl) ether, 2-ethyl hexanol, bis-(2-chloroisopropyl)
ether, a-methylbenzyl alcohol, acetophenone, isophorone, and tetralin.
More recent studies have shown that fresh granular activated carbon
receiving finished water from Evansville, Indiana, removed all
detectable bis-(2-chloroethyl) ether and bis-(2-chloroisopropyl)
ether.
For about 7 months, a coal-base granular activated carbon column,
28 inches deep has been receiving Cincinnati tap water spiked with
approximately 30>ig/l of naphthalene. After this time period, the 50%
removal point for naphthalene was only approximately 2 inches down the
column. Two 28-inch deep columns of granular activated carbon, one
coal-based and the other lignite-base, have been receiving Cincinnati
tap water. The purpose of this test was to determine the
effectiveness of the two types of granular activated carbon for the
removal of trihalogenated methanes. Both columns removed all of the
-------
27
•cnhalogenated methanes for aDc^t '< rr.onth of operation, and then some
en'to reform begen appear. r,i; in the effluent.
A'c -;r.o present time, the 400 ml/rmr, siain"iess and glass pilot
:\^r,'c treating unchlorinated Ohio River water is being used in an
a'ctempt to demonstrate how to effectively remove tribalogenated
."ethanes precursors from water so that chlorine can be used as a
disinfectant without the formation of trihalogenated methanes. Ozone
is also being evaluated as a possible alternative to chlorine for
post-disinfection.
Future plans include pilot- and full-scale research designed to
indicate the effectiveness of granular activated carbon and other
organic removal unit processes for the removal of specific raw water
contaminants of concern.
Asbestos_
Pilot plant research conducted in 1974 at Duluth, Minnesota,
demonstrated that asbestiform fiber counts in Lake Superior water
could be effectively reduced by municipal filtration plants. During
the study, engineering data were also obtained for making cost
estimates for construction and operation of both granular and
-------
28
diatomaceous earth (DE) media filtration plants ranging in size from
0.03 to 30 mgd.
Both dual and mixed-media granular filters using alum and nonionic
polymer, employing flash mix and flocculation without settling, and DE
filters with alum coated DE as precoat and/or body feed or with Cat-
Floc B added to raw water, produced effluents with amphibole fiber
counts below electron microscope detection limits. Turbidity was not
a direct measure of fiber count, but amphibole counts were generally
lowest at effluent turbidities's equal or less than 0.1 TU.
Chrysotile removal was more difficult, but mixed media granular
filtration with alum and nonionic polymer, and DE filtration with
anionic polymer conditioned DE frequently reduced chrysotile fiber
counts markedly.
Systems for economic reasons recommended for consideration during
design studies are:
1. Mixed media direct filtration, 5 gpm/ft2, multi-stage flash mix.
2. Dual media filtration, 4 gpm/ft2, single stage flash mix.
3. Pressure DE filtration 1 gpm/ft2, alum conditioning of precoats
and body feed or alum conditioning of precoat only, with cationic
polymer fed to raw water.
-------
TABLE 1
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS tDENTih'lED IN DRINKING WATER
1H THE UNITED STATES
' CHARCH 15, 1975)
Mater Supply Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center, EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 4*5268
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
acetaldehyde
4. acetic ac'id
5. acetone
6. acetophenone
7. acetylene dichloride
8. a 1 d r i n
9. atrazine
10. (deethyl) atrazine
11. barbital
12. behenlc acid, methyl ester
13. benzaldehyde
14. benzene
15. benzene sulfonic acid
16. benzole acid
17. benzopyrene
18. benzothiazole
19. benzothiophene
20. benzyl butyl phthalate
21. bladex
22. borneol
23. bromobenzene
24. faromochlorobenzene
25. bromodichloromethane
26. bromoform
27. bromoform butanal
28. bromophenyl phenyl ether
29. butyl benzene
30. butyl bromide
31. camphor
32. e-caprolactam
33. carbon dioxide
34. carbon disulfide
35. carbon tetrachloride
36. chlordan(e)
37. chlordene
38. chlorobenzene
-------
32. 1,2-bis-chtoroethoxy ethane
40. ehloroethoxy ether
41. b!s-2-ch]oroethy] ether
42. 2-chloroethy] methyl ether
43. chloroform
44. chlorohydroxyhenzophenone
45. bls-chlorossopropyl ether
46. chloromethyl ether
47. chloromethyl ethyl ether
48. n-chforon!trobenzene
«.*,?. I-chlorop^ropene
^0. 3-chloropyri dine
51. o-cresol
52. crotonaldehyde
53. cyanogen chloride
54. cyclopheptanone
55. DOE
55. DDT
57. decane
58. dibromobenzene
59. dibromochloromethane
60. dibrotnodtchloroethane
61 dl-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone
62. dibutyl phthalate
63. 1,3-dlchlorobenzene
64. },k-dtchlorobenzene
65. dichlorodlf1uoroethane
66. 1 /2-dlchloroethane
67. 1/1-d!chloro-2-hexanone
68. 2,^-dIchlorophenol
6S. dichloropropane
70. 1^3-dichloropropene
71. dieldrIn
72. dI-(2-ethylhexyl) adlpate
73. diethyl benzene
74. diethyl phthalate
75. dl(2-ethyl hexyl ) phthalate
76. dlhexyl phthalate
77. dihydrocarvone
78. dl-Isobutyl carblnol
79. dl-Isobutyl phthalate
80. 1,2-dimethoxy benzene
81. 1/3-dSmethylnaphthalene
82. 2<>U-dimethyl phenol
83. dimethyl phthalate
84. dimethyl sulfoxlde
85. fc/6-dinitro-2-amlnophenol
-------
do. 2# 6- d s A i v. p*oi w'; uene
S7. d ? oc tv' -,o;pa te
S£. dl pheny" riydrazi ne
•.V3. i'.xopy* phthc'iate
«_ocosane
n-dodecane
92. elcosane
03. endrln
54. ethanol
95. ethyl amiae
y6. ethyl benzene
97. 2-ethyl-n-hexane
98. cls-l-ethyl-ii-methyl-US-dloxolane
99. trans-2-ethyl-U-methy]-l/3-dioxo?ane
100. o-ethyl to'i uene
101. m-ethyltoluene
102. p-ethyltoluene
-103. geosmln
104. heptachlor
105. heptachlor epoxlde
106. l/2,3/4/5/7/7-heptachloronorbornene
107. hexachlorobenzene
108. hexachloro-l,3-butadiene
109. hexachlorocyclohexane
110. hexachloroethane
111. hexachlorophene
112. hexadecane
113. 2-hydroxyadl pon! ti"! le
114. Indene
115. isoborneo!
116. isodecane
"H7. Isophorone
118. 3-isopropenyl-U-Isopropylbenzene
119. Isop«*opyl benzene
120. llmonene
121. p-menth-1-en-8-ol
122. methane
123. methanol
124. 2-methoxy blphenyl
125. o-methoxyphenol
126. methyl benzoate
127. methyl benzothlazole
-------
128. methyl bfphenyl
129. S-methy! butana!
130. methyl chloride
131. methylene chloride
132. methyl ethyl benzene
133. methyl ethyl ketone
134. 2~nethyl-5-ethyl-pyridine
"3 5, met hy1 Indene
"36. methyl methacrylate
'S7. methyl naphthalene
*t38. methyl pa Imitate
139. methyl phenyl carbinol
140. 2-methylpropanal
141. methyl stearate
142. methyl tetracosanoate
143. naphthalene
144. nltroanssole
.145. nitrobenzene
146. nonane
147. octadecane
148. octane
149. octyl chloride
150. pentachloroblphenyl
151. pentachlorophenol
152. pentachlorophenyl methyl ether
153. pentadecane
154. pentane
155. pentanol
156. phenyl benzoate
157. phthalic anhydride
158. plperldene
159. propanol
160. propaztne
161. propylamine
162. propy1 benzene
163. simazine
164. I/1 /3/3-tetrachloroacetone
165. tetrachlorob!phenyl
166. 1,1,3^2-tetrachloroethane
167. tetrachloroethylene
168. tetradecane
169. tetramethyl benzene
170. thlomethylbenzothiazole
-------
171. toluene
172. tHchtorobenzene
173. trf chUorooi pr.e•'.';''.
174. 1,1,2-tr = chl
175. l,l,2-t-.--M
176. tr :Ct"i"iOfofl uoromeihane
*s'// . 2, ~^f 6-t«" Jchlorophenol
'"S. r,-t«*l decane
. i-. 19*1 methyl benzene
"iSO. 3^5,5-trlmethyl-Di cycle C^/l^Q) heptene-2-one
181. trlmethyl-trloxo-hexahydro-trlazlne I some"*
182. fSphenyl phosphate
\£3. n-undecane
184. vinyl benzene
IBS. • o-xylene
186. m-xylene
187. p-xylene
-------
TABLE 2
ORGANIC CHEMICALS IDENTIFIED IN PRIMARY
WASTE TREATMENT EFFLUENTS
Ethylene Glycol
Maltose
Galactose
Glucose
Glycerine
Galacitol
Erythritol
Urea
N^--Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide
Phenylalanine
Uracil
5-Acetylami.no-6-arnino-3-methyl uracil
N^--Methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxaraide
Tyrosine
Thymine
Theobromine
7-Methylxanthine
Inosine
Hypoxanthine
Xanthine
Copper (II) acetate (binuclear)
Adenosine
1,7-Dimethylxanthine
3-Methylxanthine
Caffeine
Guanosine
2-Deoxyglyceric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric acid
3-Deoxyarabinohexonic acid
Quinic acid
1-Methylxanthine
2-Deoxytetronic acid
Glyceric acid
4-Deoxytetronic acid
3-Deoxyerythropentonic acid
2,5-dideoxypentonic acid
3,4-Dideoxypentonic acid
Ribonic acid
Oxalic acid
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
Uric acid
Orotic acid
Succinic acid
Phenol
3-Hydroxyphenylhydracrylic acid
Phenylacetic acid
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
Benzoic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
3-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid
Indican
3-Hydroxyindole
£-Phthalic acid
jD-Cresol
-------
TABLE 3
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDEiSfTIFIED IN SECONDARY
WASTE TREATMENT EFFLUENTS
Glycerine
Uracil
5-Acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyl uracil
1-Methylinosine
Inosine
7-Methylxanthine
1-Methylxanthine
1,7-Dimethylxanthine
Succinic acid
Catechol
Indole-3-acetic acid
3-Hydroxyindole
p-Cresol
-------
TABLE 4
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES FOUND IN THE ACID FRACTION
OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE TREATMENT EFFLUENTS
Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
Isovaleric acid
Enanthic acid (Cy)
CapryLic acid (Cg)
Capric acid (Cg)
Laurie acid
Myristic acid
Pentadecanoic acid
Palmitic acid (C^)
Margaric acid (C^y)
Stearic acid (Gig)
Nonadecanoic acid
Arachidic acid
Behenic acid (022)
Palmitoloic acid
Oleic acid
Anteisopentadecanoic acid
Anteisomargaric acid
Hydroxymyristic acid
Hydroxypalraitic acid
hydroxystearic acid
Phenylacetic acid
Salicylic acid
Phenylpropionic acid
2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl propionic acid
Pentachlorophenol
-------
TABLE 5
COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN CHLORINATED
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS
5-Chlorouracil
5-Chlorouridlne
8-Chlorocaffeine
6-Chloro-2-aminopurine
8-Chloroxanthine
2-Cb.lorobenzoic acid
5-Chlorosalicylic acid
4-Chloromandelic acid
2-Chlorophenol
4-Chlorophenylacetic acid
4-Chlorobenzoic acid
4-Chlorophenol
3-Chlorobenzoic acid and/or
3-Chlorophenol
4-Chlororesorcinol
3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
-------
VABLE 6
COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN SUPER CHLORINATED
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATERS
Trichlorotoluene
Hexachloroethane
1,1,1,3,3-Pentachloro-2-propanone
2,4-Dichloroethylbenzene
o-and p-chloroethyl benzene
2,4,5-Trichloropitenetole (3 isomers)
1,2-Dichloropropane
o- and p-dichlorobenzene
Chloromethyl butene (2 isomers)
-------
TABLE, 7
ORGANIC CHEMICALS FOUND IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
6,8,11 ,1 j-AbLc tatelro^
oic acid
13-AbletL-n- i8- o tc acid
Abietic acid
I'ap.'r ;••,.•:; ra - \,viste and i:rlc.k-
' J '-,' r'Mrrr f" fluent
j\ip'" i rii; i " ' s r iW vnste and trick-
3 JHjj i' .: ' Lor c[ CJ uent
I'npcr r.iij's j-;tw waste; ana lu^co:>
Acenapht. ii;.;I nne
Accnapht'nr.iic
rc,i.rociu~nu."o"i /.I,-;, it's five-da
I\".Mochrpicnl i.li-ut's fivc-.ia>
.1 n',uon of i J ucni;
Wood }'i ("scirv iny plant's laj-oo
Acetophenonc
Wor.J prcs(>rvi^>-, plant's settling
po ad
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Chlorinated pararfin plant's
lagoon
PetrochOTiiical plant's five-day
1 ago on effluent
-------
Table 7 continued
Acetosyringone
Acetovanillone
2-Acetylthiophcne
Acrylonitrile
Gulf coast paper mill's sottli.
pond
Gulf coast paper mill's settl:
pond
Paper mill's raw waste and
Paper mill's raw waste
Acrylic fiber plant's settling
pond
Ad ip ic ac id
Adiponitrllc
Aidrin
m-Anethole
o-Anethole
p-Anethole
Anthraquinone
Anteisomargaric acid
Nylon plant's raw wabt.e
Nylon plant's raw waste
Pesticide plant's raw eff.lueat
Paper mill's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste
Wood preserving plant's settli
pond
Paper mill's raw waste and fiv
day lagoon
-------
Table 7 continued
acid Paper mill's five-day lagoon
Arachidic acid
Paper mill'a raw waste
Arach-iclonic c^cid
Behenic acid
Ben?.aldchyde
Benzyl alcohol
2-Benzotb.ia :-,oie
Biphenyl
Borneo1
1-Butanoi
2-Butoxyethanol
n—Bu t yl is o th io cya na I e.
Paper mill's five-day lagoon
Papfr mill's raw effluent and
f i \,re -d a y I a go on
Paper mill's raw waste
Petroc-hemic-il plant's five-day
.1 a goon ("'.' 11 u en t
Latex aecflc rators and thJ^kcneri:
p!t an t' s 110 Id ing pond
Synthetic rubber plant's aerated
lagoon
Elver below textile finishing
plant
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Petrochemical (alcohols) plant's
raw effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Latex accelerators and thickener:
plant's holding pond
-------
Table 7 continued
Camphor
Caproic acid
Carbazole
Chlordane
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
Nylon plant's raw waste
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Chlordene
o-Chlorobenzoic acid
bis-(2-Chloroethoxy)
methane
bis-?-Chloroethyl ether
bis-2-Chloro isopropyl
ether
trans-Conununic acid
o-Cresol
Pesticide plant's raw waste
Chlorinated paraffin plant's
lagoon
Synthetic rubber plant's treated
waste
Synthetic rubber plant's treated
waste
Glycol plant's thickening and
sedimentation pond
Paper mill's raw waste and
trickling filter effluent
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
-------
Table 7 continued
Dehydroabietic add
Diacetone alcohol
4,4'-Diaraino-dicyclohexyl
methane
Dibenzofuran
2,3-Dibromo-l-propanol
Dibromopropene isoraer
DIbutylamine
Dieldrin
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
Tall oil refinery's settling pond
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent-
Nylon and polyester plant's
effluent after neutralization
and sedimentation
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Wood preserving plant's lagoon
effluent
Nylon plant's settling pond
Acrylic fibers plant's settling
pond
Acrylic fibers plant's settling
pond
Latex accelerators and thickeners
plant's raw effluent
Anaerobic lagoon of yarn finish-
ing mill
-------
Table 7 continued
o-Creso]
.n-Cresol
Petrorefinery's eight-hour
lagoon effluent
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
p-Cresol
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Cuiaene (isopropylbenzene) Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Cyclohexanol
Nylon plant's raw waste
1,5-Cyclooc tad iene
p-Cymene
Oecane
1-Decanol
Dehydroabietic acid
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Pesticide plant's raw waste
Polyolefin plant's lagoon
Petrochemical (alcohols) plant's
raw effluent
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
-------
Table 7 continued
Pesticide plant's raw < cfluent
N,N-Diethylformamide
Diethy1 phthalate
3,4~D ihydroxyacetophenone
(pungenin)
3s 5--Diinethoxy-4-hydroxy-
acetophenone
Latex accelerators and thickeners
plant's raw effluent
Synthetic rubber plant's settling
pond
Paper mill's trickling filter
effluent
Paper mill's raw effluent and
five-day lagoon
2,4-Dimetnyldiphenylsulfone Nylon plant's settling pond
" Acrylic fibers plant's settling
pond
Dimethyl furan isomer
2,6-Oimethyl naphthalene
Dimethyl naphthalene isomer
Dimethyl phthalate
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Plastic (PVA) plant's settling
pond
Synthetic rubber plant's settling
pond
-------
Table 7 continued
Dimethyl pyricline isomer
Dimethyl quinoline isomers
Dimethyl sulfone
Dimethyl culfcxide
10 ,12-Dimethy.I tridecanoic
acid
4, 6-DinJ lro--o-rrr 3ol
(2-met.hyl-4 ,6-dinitro-
pheuol)
2,4-Diriitro toluene
2,6-DinItrotoluene
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Paper mill's five-day lagoon
Specialty chemical plant's
effluent
Explosives (DNT) plant's raw
waste and settling pond
effluent
Explosives (DNT) plant's raw
waste and settling pond
effluent
3,4-Dinitrotoluene
Diphenylena sulfide
TOT plant's raw effluent
Explosives (DNT) plant's raw
waste and settling pond
effluent
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
-------
Table 7 continued
Diphenyl ether
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
3,3-Diphenylpropanol
2,6-Dl-t-butyl-p-benzo-
quinone
p-Dithiane
Dodecane
Eicosane (C20)
Endrin
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Surface drainage from closed
waste treatment system of
particle board plant
Synthetic rubber plant's treated
waste
Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
after activated sludge treat-
ment
Petrorefinery's eight-hour
lagoon effluent
Paper mill's raw effluent
Petrorefinery*s lagoon effluent
after activated sludge treat-
ment
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Ethyl carbamate
2-Ethyl-l-hexanol
Paper mill's trickling filter and
aerated lagoon
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
-------
Table 7 continued
2-Ethyl-l-hexanol
Ethylidenecyclopentane
Ethyl isothiocyariate
Ethyl naphthalene Isomer
Ethyl naphthalene isotner
m-Ethyl phenol
Ethyl phenylacetate
o-Ethyl toluene
Eugenol
Fenchyl alcohol
Fenchone
Fluoranthene
Laboratory sewage
Plastic (PVA) plant's settling
pond
River below textile finishing
plant
Paper mill's raw waste
Latex accelerators & thickeners
plant's raw effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Resin plant's lime treated hold-
ing pond effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
-------
Table 7 continued
Te^radecane
Petrorcfinery's lagoon efflr.ent
alter activated siiuige treat-
ment
Petrorefinery's eight-hour lagoon
effluent
Tetramethyibcnzene isomer Pesticide plant's raw waste
2,2'-Thiodiothanol
(Thiodiglycol)
Toluic acid
Trichloroben^ene isoraer
Synthetic rubber plant's treated
waste
Chlorinated paraffin plant's
lagoon
River below textile finishing
plant
Trichlorobenzene isomer
Textile chemical plant's raw
effluent
Trichlorocyclopentene
isomers
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroguaiacol
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Chlorinated solvents plant's
raw effluent
Paper mill's raw waste
n-Tridecane
Petrorefinery's eight-hour
lagoon effluent
Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
after activated sludge treat-
ment .
-------
Table 7 continued
n-Tridecane
Trietbylurea
3,4 ,5-Tr'i:ne: Loxyace.tr>-
phenone
2,4,6-Tr ive t hyl py r id ine
2,4,6-TrInitroto] acne
Paper mill's raw waste
La IPX accelerators & thickeners
plant's raw effluent
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Wocd preserving plant's settling
pond
TNT plant's raw effluent
n-Undecanc
Valeric acid
Paper mill's raw waste
Petroref :inery 's eight -hour
lagoon effluent
Pol^olct'in pjflut'.s
Petroref tnerv' s Ja^oon. effluent
afrer acLiv.:1. i cd sludge treat-
nent
Nylon plant's raw waste
Vanillin
Veratraldehyde
Paper mill's TCHO waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Gulf enact paper mill's settling
pond
Paper mill's raw waste & lagoon
-------
Table / co.:i.vr.js.-c
...v/j. phenol
3 a-Hi a r i c a c ict
beca-Pinene
Pinene isomer
Poiychlorinated biphenyls
(Arochlor 1254)
2-PropionyIthiophene
A-n-Propyiphenol
Pyrene
Quinoline
River oclow textile finishing
plant
Paper mill's raw v^sto and trick-
ling i'iiter effluent
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
Paper mill's raw waste
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
Nylon plant's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Sandaracopimeric acid
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Stearic acid
Textile chemical plant's raw
effluent
-------
.'able 7 _on:inued
Stearic acid
Styrene
Syringaldehyde
Terpinene-4-ol
alpha-Terpineol
Terpineol isomer
Terpinolene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachlorophenol isomer
v"-ulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
Petrochemical plant's five-cay
lagoon effluent
Synthetic rubber plant's sectixr,
pond
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
Paper ruill's lagoon
Paper mill's raw waste
Nylon plant's settling pond
Paper mill's raw waste and trick
ling filter effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent:
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
Paper mill's raw waste
Chlorinated solvents plant's
raw effluent
Wood preserving plant's raw
effluent
-------
Table 7 continued
ic. acid
Pentacalorocyclopentadiene
isomers
Pentachloror.orbornadiene
isomer
Pentachloronorbornene
Isomer
Pentacliloronorbornene
isomer
Pentacbioronorbornadiene
epoxide isomer
Pentachloro phenol
Paper mill's five-day lagoon
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Pescicide plant's raw effluent
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Pesticide plant's raw waste
Pesticide plant's raw waste
Latex accelerators and thickenei
plant's holding pond
Pentadecane
Wood preserving plant's raw
effluent
Resin plant's lime treated
holding pond effluent
Synthetic rubber plant's aerate
lagoon
Wood preserving plant"s lagoon
effluent
Petrorefinery's eight-hour
lagoon effluent
-------
Table 7 continued
Pentadecane
Pentadecanoic acid
Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
afcer activated sludge treat-
ment
Paper mill's raw waste
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Paper mill's lagoon
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Wood preserving plant's lagoon
effluent
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Laboratory sewage
Phenyl ether
Petrorefinery's eight-hour
lagoon effluent
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Paper mill's raw waste
Nylon plant's settling pond
-------
Table 7 continued
2-Nitro-p-cresol
o-Nitrophenol
Chemical company's lagoon after
steam stripping
Chemical company's lagoon after
steam stripping
o-Nitrotoluene
Paper mill's five-day lagoon
TNT plant's raw effluent
DNT plant's raw effluent
m-Nitrotoluene
p-Nitrotoluene
DNT plant's raw effluent
Chemical company's lagoon after
steam stripping
DNT plant's raw effluent
Nonachlor
Nonadecane
Nonylphenol
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
after activated sludge treat-
ment
Petrorefineryls eight-hour lagoon
effluent
Anaerobic lagoon of yarn finishing
mill
-------
Table 7 continued
Nonylphenol
Norcamphor
beta-Ocimcne
1-Octanol
Oc tac hioro cyclopcntene
Octadecane
Oleic acid
River below textile finishing
plant
Paper mill's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste
Petrochemical (alcohols) plant's
raw effluent
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Petrorcfinery"s eight-hour lagoon
effluent
Nylon plant's settling pond
Tall oil refinery's settling pond
Octylphenol
Palmitic acid
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
River below textile finishing
plant
Textile chemical plant's raw
effluent
Tall oil refinery's settling pond
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
-------
Table 7 continued
-:-,. ethyl indene
3-Methyl indene
1-Methyl naphthalene
2-Mothyl nr.phthalene
Methyl naphthalene isomer
Methyl naphthalene ieomers
13-MtM.hyl pentadecanoic
acid
Methyl phenanthrene
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
.lagoon effluent
River below textile finishing
plant
Petrorefineryrs eight-hour
lagoon ef£3uent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Synthetic rubber plant's settling
pond
PetrorefInery's eight-hoar lagoon
effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Wood preserving plant's lagoon
effluent
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Paper mill's five-day lagoon
Wood preserving plant's lagoon
effluent
-------
Table 7 continued
Methyl quinoline isomers
o-Methyls tyr ene
beta-Methylstyrene
Methyl trisulfide
Myristic acid
Wood preserving plant's settl
pond
Petrochemical plant's five-da
effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-da
lagoon effluent
.Paper mill's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste
Naphthalene
Nylon plant's settling pond
2-Naphthoic acid
Neoabietic acid
Surface drainage from closed
treatment of system of
particle board plant
Petrochemical plant's five-da
lagoon effluent
Pesticide plant's raw waste
Wood preserving plant's settl
pond
Paper mill's raw waste
Nitrobenzene
Chemical company's lagoon aft
steam stripping
-------
Table 7 continued
Homovanillic acid
p-Hydroxyacetophenone
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
o-Hydroxybenzoic acid
Hydroxybiphenyl isomer
4-Hydroxy-3 inethoxypropio-
phenone
p-Hydroxythiophenol
Indan
Indene
Isodrin
Isoeugeriol
Isopalmitic acid
Isopentyl alcohol <
Isooctyl phthalate
Isopimaric acid
Paper mill's raw waste and five-
day lagoon
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Paper mill's raw waste
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Paper mill's raw effluent
Paper mill's raw waste
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Paper mill's five-day lagoon
Laboratory sewage
Nylon plant's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
-------
Table 7 continued
Jasmonc
Lignoceric acid
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Paper mill's raw waste
Limonene
Linoleic acid
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Mandelic acid
Margaric acid
Paper mill's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
alpha-Metbylbenzyl alcohol
Methyl biphenyl isoraer
Methyl 3.4-Pimei:hoxybenzyl
ether
Synthetic rubber plant's aerated
lagoon
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Paper mill's raw waste
2-Methyl-4-ethyl dioxolane Fiberglass plant's effluent
Methyl ethyl naphthalene
isomer
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
-------
Table 7continued
..uorene
2-Formylthiophene
/urrural
Wood preserving plant's settling
pond
Petrochemical plant's five-day
lagoon effluent
Paper mill's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste
Guaiaco.1
Synthetic rubber plant's settling
pond
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
pond
Htaeicosane (C2l)
iiepLachlor
Heptachloroaorbornene
isomers
lieptadecane
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
ling filter effluent
Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
after activated sludge treat-
ment
Pesticide plant's raw waste
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Nylon plant's settling pond
Petrorefinery's eight-hour lagoon
effluent
-------
Table 7 continued
Ilcptadecane
Hexnchlor epoxide
!!
-------
Table 7 » continued
o-Xylcnr-
I'cti ocno "'"J cr.l plaiit'o riv<.-'~
-------
Organic Compounds in Textile Effluents
Compound
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
benzole acid (methyl ester)
p-nonyIpheno1
p-tert.-butylphenol
di-n-butyl phthalate
methyl isobutyl ketoae
acetophenone
chlorobenzene
p-dichlorobenzene
toluene
ethylbenzene
maphthalene
1-tnethylnaphthalene
dodecane
2-methylpyrrolidone
13 3,5-trimethylbenzene
cymene
tridecane
tetradecane
chloroform
tetrachloroethylene
styrene
o-phenylphenol
biphenyl
diphenyl oxide
ethylene dichloride
beazophenone
n-butanol
------- |