SUSPECT  CARCINOGENS
                   IN
      WATER SUPPLIES
   Office of Research &  Development
             Interim  Report
               April  1975
United States Environmental Protection Agency
       Office of Research & Development
          Washington, D.C. 20460

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   !  \  7 E  R !  M   REPORT
       SUSPECT CARCINOGENS
                IN
          WATER SUPPLIES
            April  1975
 Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development

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                           Acknowledgements

    The follev/ing organizational units of EPA contributed to the
timely prape?'£t1on of the Interim Report on Suspect Carcinogens in
Water supplies and to the conduct of the National Organics
Reconnaissance Survey.
        Watar Supply Research Laboratory, ORD
        Methods Development and Quality Assurance Laboratory, ORD
        Soutfieast Environmental Research Laboratory, ORD
        R.S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, ORD
        Office of Environmental Sciences, ORD
        Office of Monitoring Systems, ORD
        National Field Investigations Center - Cincinnati, OE
        Water Supply Division, OWHM
        Regional Water Supply Representatives

    The cooperation and dedication in accomplishing the many
activities that resulted in this report by the personnel within EPA
are to be commended as an example of an outstanding performance within
the difficult constraints involved.

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                               Hrerace

    Section 1442 (a)(9) of the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the
Administrator of tne Environmental  Protection Agency to:

    "conduct a comprehensive study of public water supplies
    and drinking water sources to determine tne nature,
    extent, sources of and means of control of contamination
    by chemicals or other substances suspected of being
    carcinogenic.  Not later than six months after the date
    of enactment of this title, he shall transmit to the
    Congress the initial results of such study, together
    with such recommendations for further review and
    corrective action as he deems appropriate."

    This document has been prepared by the Office of Research and
Development at the request of the Office of Water and Hazardous
Materials of the Environmental Protection Agency for inclusion in an
Agency interim report on suspect carcinogens in water supplies.  The
Agency report is to be submitted to Congress by June 17, 1975.

    This document is mainly an attempt to provide a description of the
Office of Research and Development's on-going activities related to
suspect carcinogens in water supplies.  These activities include
sources identification, surveys of water supplies for the occurrence
of organic and inorganic compounds that may or may not be
carcinogenic, determination of the health effects of substances

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present in water supplies ands fina'ily5 development of the technology
needed for the removal or control of these suspect carcinogens.

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                                                                Page

  I.  Sources of Organic Compounds in Water Supplies              ]

     Municipal Sources                                           2
     Industrial Sources                                          3
     Chiorination of Water Supplies                              5

 II.  Nature ana Extent of Contamination of Water Supplies        9
     by Suspect Carcinogens

     National Organics Reconnaissance Survey                     9
     Inorganic Analysis of Water Supplies                       12
     Asbestos in Water Supplies                                 15

ill.  Health Effects                                             17

     Inorganics                                                 17
     Organics                                                   19
     Asbestos                                                   21

 IV.  Control Technology                                         24

     inorganics                                                 24
     Organics                                                   26
     Asbestos                                                   27

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          I.  SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER SUPPLIES

    A multitude of organic compounds has been found in the drinking
water of the United States,  As of late 19749 some 187 organic
compounds hava been identified in various water supplies (See Table
1).  This list will undoubtedly grow as work continues in the analysis
of cirinking waters and as analytical techniques are improved for the
concentration, separation, identification and measurement of organic
compounds in drinking water.  A major question relating to these
organic compounds which may be later identified as carcinogenic is
that of their source or sources.  Research bearing on this question is
presently ongoing and is centered at the Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia.

    The research mentioned above has as its objective the
identification of substances remaining in domestic sewage and
incustrial wastes and sludges after various treatment processes.  The
purposes of this research are to provide information on the presence
of substances which are potentially damaging to the environment
(including man), to provide data on the effectiveness of various
treatments and to allow the identification of the sources of
pollutants in water.  It is estimated that these projects will be
completed In mid-1979 at which time most of the organic substances at
the part per billion or greater level will have been identified.

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Organic Cnenv'cals In the Effluents of
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

    Research has been and is being conducted to identify the organic
compounds present in the effluents from sewage treatment processes and
systems.

    Under contract to EPA, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory developed
a procedure for the separation and tentative identification of
refractory organics from sewage treatment facilities.  The procedure
which is capable of detecting these organic substances at the
microgram-per-liter (parts per billion) level was applied to the study
of primary and secondary effluents at the Oak Ridge facility.  In
primary  effluents, 56 compounds were identified with an additional 30
or more  detected but not identified.  The identified substances
include  simple carbohydrates, ami no acids and other components
apparently of metabolic origin.   These same substances were found in
both chlorinated and unchlorinated effluents.  Table 2 provides a
listing  of the identified compounds.

     In  unchlorinated secondary effluents 33 compounds were detected.
Thirteen were identified, of which 10 were also  identified in primary
effluents.  The  13  substances are listed in Table 3.

     In  addition  to  the  work performed at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, the  Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory has been
systematically  studying various  fractions of domestic wastes.   In the

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acid fraction of domestic wastes,  'l:.^/
acids 9  listed in Table 4.
                                            I dent"; flea 27 organic
    At OaK R'idge National Laboratory, samples of both primary and
secor.Ci.iry effluents were chlorinated under conditions simulating plant
conditions and analyzed for chlorinated compounds.   Out of 62
chlorinated compounds which were detected, 16 have  been identified and
are listed in Table 5.  In addition to the Oak Ridge study, work being
done at North Texas State University in Denton, Texas, has identified
13 (Table 6) polychlorinated compounds in super chlorinated domestic
wastes and detected 15 other chlorinated compounds  which have not yet
been idenified.

    Of the compounds found in drinking water and recognized or
suspected as being carcinogenic, only chloroform has been identified
In municipal waste treatment plant effluents.  It snould be pointed
out s however, that the effluent containing chloroform was from a
treatment plant receiving both domestic and industrial wastes.  Tnus,
chloroform may not be characteristic of municipal waste treatment
systems.  In fact, of all the compounds which have  already been
identified in water supplies, none appear to be characteristic of
domestic waste treatment plants.
Organic Chemicals in Industrial Effluents
    The compositions of industrial effluents are being systematically
studied at the Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory.  In

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addition, short-term stunts for special  purposes have been conducted
at the request of ^tgional and other offices.   Table 7 is a composite
"rist of suostances and their sources as of mi a- 1973.  Compounds in
    ile mi 11 effluents identified since 1973 are listed in Table 8.
    In general tne lists of compounds already found in drinking water
appear to have more in common with the lists of compounds occurring in
industrial wastes than the list of compounds occurring in domestic
sewage.  Of those substances identified as suspect carcinogens, two,
chloroform and bis (2-chloroethyl) ether appear in industrial wastes
and have not  been shown to occur in domestic sewage.  It should be
mentioned, however, that there is the possibility that these compounds
are formed during the chlori nation of drinking water.

    With the  presently available information, it would appear that the
organic substances occurring in drinking water are for the large part
of  industrial origin.  Where special studies have been undertaken to
identify specific compounds causing problems, such as taste  and odor,
in  water supplies, the results have led to the conclusion that the
causative agents were of  industrial origin.  It should be kept in
mind,  however,  that  the analyses of drinking water, municipal
wastewaters  and  industrial  effluents is continuing and the final
 results may  present  a somewhat different picture.

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Chi on nation of Water Supplies

    In  his pioneer study, Rook found the following compounds  to be
fGAT.ed  by cnl ori nation of water supplies:   chloroform,
iromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform.   Ke further
postulated that naturally occurring humic substances are precursors to
tra formation of these haloforms.  The maxi'mmr; concentrations found
were:  chloroform, 54.0^g/l; bromodlchloromethane, 20.0jjg/l;
dibromochloromethane, 13.3 pg/1; and bromoform, 10.C pg/1.

    A later study confirmed the presence of these haloforms in a
variety of finished drinking waters from Ohio, Indiana  and  Alabama.

    A multitude of halogen-containing organic compounds has been found
in water and wastewaters.  Example of such compounds found  in drinking
                                                *i
water is given in Table 1.  However, these compounds are not
specifically mentioned here since there is yet no evidence  indicating
the in-situ formation of these halogenated compounds through the
interaction of chlorine with organic compounds in water supplies.

    Controlled studies are now being conducted in an attempt to
determine what factors influence the rate and quantity of
trihalogenated methanes formed during chlorination, and what other
halogenated compounds might be formed at the same time.

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    The first btudy compared 'Jie rate and extent of chloroform
formation when chlorine was codec to raw river water, mixed-media
filtered treatcc water., and granular activated carbon treated water.
These experiments were earned out at constant pH and at 25°C.  When
b„"•'--.c';ciit chlorine was added to satisfy the chlorine demand for the
Duration of the experiment, chlon nation of raw river water yielded
aoproximately 7 times as much chloroform as did chlorination of the
cLal-media filtered water and approximately 80 times as much as did
chlorination of the fresh granular activated carbon filter effluent
{207 jjg/1, 32>ig/l, and 2.7>ig/l, respectively, in 7+ days).  The rate
of cnlorofoo formation in the river water was approximately 10-15
jjg/1/hr for the first 6 hours.  What is removed from the raw river
water during alum coagulation, settling, and dual-media filtration
that reduces the rate and extent of chloroform formation upon
chlorination is not known at this time.

    Other  studies investigated the chlorination of approximately 50
jjg/1 of nitromethane, benzene, toluene, and m-xylene.  Under the
conditions of the test, 9 days of storage, at 25°C, nitromethane was
readily converted to chloropicrir, and m-xylene was readily  converted
to chloroxylene.  Benzene did  not react with the  chlorine under these
conditions, and  toluene produced  chlorotoluene rather slowly.  These
studies indicate that other  chlorination by-products  can occur during
the  chlorinaticn process and  should  not be overlooked in future
studies.

     Controlled  studies of this type  will continue in  an attempt to
define  specific  precursors  of the trihalogenated  methanes,  and  the

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conditions under which the formation of these substances is enhanced
or retarded.   Invesu^&tic.'iS dealing with the formation of other
hdlocenated orga.iics by chlorination of water supplies will also

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References

Automated Analysis of Individual  Refractory Organics  in  Polluted  Water,
EPA 660/2-74-076, August 1974

Current Practice in GC-MS Analysis of Organics in Water, EPA-R2-73-277,
August 1973

Environmental Applications of Advanced Instrumental  Analysis;   Assistance
Projects, FY 72, EPA-660/2-73-013, September 1973

Environmental Applications of Advanced Instrumental  Analysis;  Assistance
Projects, FY 73, EPA-660/2-74-078, August 1974

Disinfection of Wastewater, Task Force Report, EPA,  January 1975

Formation of Halogenated Organics by Chlorination of Water Supplies.
J.C. Morris, Harvard University, February 1975

Formation of Haloforms during Chlorination of Natural Waters.
J.J. Rook Water Treatment Exam. 23, 234 (1974)

The Occurrence of Organohalides in Chlorinated Drinking Water,
EPA-670/4-74-008, November 1974

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II.  Nature and Extent of Contamination of «ater Supplies by Suspect Carcinogens

National Orgam'cs Reconnaissance Survey

    The National Organics Reconnaissance Survey initiated in November
'.i-74 nas three major objectives.  One is to determine the extent of
the presence of the four trihalogenated methanes; chloroform,
bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform in finished
water, and to determine whether or not these compounds are formed by
cnlorination.  The second objective is to determine what effect raw
water source and other water treatment practices could have on the
formation of these compounds.  The third objective is to characterize,
as completely as possible using existing analytic techniques, the
organic content of finished drinking water produced from raw water
sources representing the major categories in use In the United States
today.

    For the study of the formation of chlorination by-products, SO
water supplies were chosen to participate in the National Organics
Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) in consultation with State Water Supply
officials.  These 80 supplies were geographically distributed to
include each of EPA's 10 Regions.  The supplies were chosen to
represent as wide a variety of raw water sources and treatment
techniques as possible.  Five of the above 80 cities were chosen as
sites for a more comprehensive survey of the organic content of the
finished water.  These locations were chosen to represent five major
categories of raw water sources.  These were:  1) ground water; 2)
uncontaminated upland water; 3) raw water contaminated with

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                                                                           10
agricultural runoff; 4) raw watar contaminated wrch municipal waste;
and, 5) raw water contaminatec vr;tn industrial discharges.

       a.  Eighty systems:  analysis for chloroform,
           brornodichloromethane, dibrornochloromethane,
           bromoform, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,2-
           dichloroethane.

    Results from the analysis of the raw water samples showed that
none of the 4 trihalomethanes were found in 38% of the samples, and
none of the semples contained any dibromochloromethane or bromoform.
Another 58.4% of the samples contained from  0.1 to 0.9 ,ug/l of
chloroform.  The other 3.6% of the samples did not contain chloroform,
but did contain low concentrations of bromodichloromethane,  1,2-
dichloroethane, and/or carbon tetrachloride in various combinations.
Because of  the low concentrations of trihalomethanes in the  raw water,
almost all  trihalomethane appearing in the finished water was
concluded to be due to chlorination.

    The  finished water in all 80 locations contained some chloroform
in  concentrations between  0.1 ug/1 to 311 ug/1, with  50% of the
finished waters containing 25 ug/1 of chloroform or less.  With
respect  to  bvomodichloromethane, none was  found in 2.5% of the
finished waters.  The  range of concentrations  found in the remaining
locations was  0.3 ug/1 to  116 >ig/l, with 62%  containing 10 >ig/l or
less.   In slightly  over  10% of the  locations,  no dibromochloromethane
was found,  and in the  remainder  of  the locations,  the  concentrations
range  was  less than  0.4 jug/1  to  100/ug/1.   In  75%  of the  locations,

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~he concentration of dibromochlorornethane wai 5 jjg/1 or less.
Finally, no Dromoform was found In 66,4* of the finished waters with
the concentration range in the remainder being from 0.8 >ig/l to 92
>ig/1.  Ninety-five percent of the finished waters contained 5 jug/1 of
bromoform or less.

    No 1,2 dichloroethane was found in 67.1% of the finished waters,
and 6 ;jg/l was the highest concentration found.  No carbon
tetrachloride was found in 87.4% of the systems, and the highest
carbon tetrachloride found in finished water was 3

        b.  Five systems:  in-depth studies.

    Analysis of the samples collected in the comprehensive survey from
the 5 selected locations is still proceeding.  Thus far, the most
complete qualitative analysis is available on the class of organics
that can be defined operationally as  those that can be purged from
water with an inert gas.  In general, these are the lower boiling
point organics.  Thus far, 35 organic compounds have been identified
in the finished water from the ground water supply.  The ground water
chosen for this study was shallow ground water, and therefore, may not
be reflective of all ground waters.

    Thirteen organic compounds have been isolated from the samples
representative of uncontaminated upland water.  In the finished water
produced from raw water contaminated with agricultural runoff, 19
organic compounds have been identified.  From the location
representative of raw water contaminated with municipal waste, 36

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                                                                           12
organic compounds have oeen identified.  Finally,, in the finished
water selected to represent a location whose raw water is contaminated
with industrial discharges, 35 organic compounds have been identified.
Increase Analysis of Water Supplies (Excluding Asbestos)
T
     here are several EPA projects that obtain data on the inorganic
chemical quality of drinking water.  These range from the routine
surveillance of quality for certifying water supply systems serving
interstate carriers, assisting a utility with a particular problem, to
comprehensive national survey.

     For  the  interstate carriers supplies, the state agency makes an
annual report on the chemical quality of each such supply once a year.
At  about a three-year interval, a joint survey is made by the state
and EPA  Regional Office of each of these 700 supplies.  At the time of
the joint survey,  a water sample is  collected and analyzed by the
Water  Supply Research Laboratory for the chemicals that are limited by
the drinking water standards.  Tabulations are made of this data -
Chemical Analysis  of  Interstate Carrier Water Supply  Systems:  October
1973.  Results  show  that only chromium, lead, and mercury were found
in  interstate water  carrier drinking water supplies in concentrations
that exceed  the DWS  limit.  Mercury  was the constituent that most
frequently  exceeded  the  limit and  this occurred  in only 1.5% of the
samples  analyzed.

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    v.ater samples collected fro-"" ':r,t interstate carrier water supplies


are collected at the v-ctor treatment plant or well hec.G and do not


reflect effects cr. the water quality frorr, passing through the


cistribut'i,*,:. system and nousenold pluming,  uittla chanqe is noted


 -,-• -vj.iit: supplies, but in others where the water is corrosive, there


•ss a pick-up of several metals.  The first comprehensive set of data


or. water quality at the consumer's top was collected in the Community


,-.i.t
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sample of the U.S. popular, en.   suter samples are collected at the
homes of persons In tnc current series of the National  Health
Examination Su.-v8>.  Because of the interest cf the National  heart and
^.-:--j Institute and EPA In the suggested association of neart disease
mortality and soft drinking water, attempts will  be made to correlate
tne results of the health examination and drinking water quality.   The
data will be most useful for this health effect study but will also
proviae a unique set of data on the quality of approximately 170
community water supplies.  Analyses will be made for sodium,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, arsenic, selenium, silicon, fluoride,
nitrate, hardness, alkalinity, conductivity, pH, total dissolved
solias, litniurn, vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum,
silver, iodine,, chromium, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, and lead on samples
from 4,000 homes.  To provide data on the occurrence of chemicals not
limited by the drinking water standards an additional 66 elemental
determinations will be performed on these samples.

    Chemical analyses for inorganic constituents limited in the
standards  have been performed on water  plant samples collected as part
of  the  National Organics Reconnaissance Survey.

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    A few v.5 vcr.s d'."cer tne confirmation of ~che presence of asbestos
f-iO£-A:, -,,- 3«",uth, Minnesota finished water in the fall of 1973, the
L-vvfonmental  Protection Agency conduciac periodic asbestos analyses
of tne raw water to demonstrate tne continued presence of asbestos
fioers in Lake Superior waters.  Analysis of the raw water for
c,,7,pf:ioole mass by x-ray diffraction and asbestos fibers by electron
microscopy demonstrated the continued presence of asbestos fibers in
take Superior water.  In addition to these studies, Region V
Surveillance and Analysis Laboratory conducted an extensive lake
sampling program tnat further defined the extent of the problem.  This
study showea the concentration of asbestos fibers was highest near the
industrial discharge and declined steadily as samples were collected
at varying distances from the industrial discharge.  To determine an
effective method for treating this water, the U.S. EPA in cooperation
with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, entered into a contract with
Black and Veatch to determine whether or not granular- or
diatomaceous-earth filtration could remove these fibers from Lake
Superior water.  Results of this investigation are reported elsewhere
in this report.

     Investigation of the nature and extent of the occurrence of
asbestos was extended beyond source waters to investigations of the
possibility that asbestos fibers could erode from the walls of
                   (                                \

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asbestos-cement (A/C) pipe that is used in water distribution  systems.
The investigations are being conducted in two ways.   One,  a controlled
experiment is being conducted in which water of a known chemical
quality is circulated through two 100 ft. lengths of asbestos-cement
pipe.  Weekly samples are being collected from the effluent and are
being subjected to electron microscope analysis to determine whether
or not asbestos fibers are released from the pipe wall.  The other
phase of this project is being conducted in the field.  Locations have
been selected in which water low in asbestos fibers is flowing some
distance through asbestos cement pipe prior to use.  Monthly analysis
of the source water and tap water collected after passage through the
A/C pipe should show whether or not any increase in the asbestos fiber
count occurs.  Thus far, three such locations have been selected, and
the first two of an anticipated 12 monthly samples have been
collected.  Other systems will be tested in the future as time
permits.  No firm conclusions can be drawn from either of these two
projects at this time.

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                                        recis
           (Excluding Asoestos)
    :here are suggestions that evaluations should be nidde of arsenic,
oery",'i1u:T!, cadmium, chromium, nickel, nitrate, and selenium as
•..'.organic chemicals that might be carcinogenic in drinking water.
Evicence that would cause concern is derived from occupational
exposures to these chemicals, except for nitrate and selenium.

    Apparently, the inhalation exposures to fumes or dust in the
•industrial setting produces a very different biological effect than an
ingestion exposure from food or water.  An increased risk of
developing cancer is not expected from consuming water contaminated
with beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and nickel.  There are other health
effects that require limiting the concentrations of these elements in
drinking water.

    Nitrate concentrations in drinking water have been limited because
of the possibility of developing methemoqlobinerrna in infants who were
fed water hign in nitrates.  It has been Hypothesized that the
nitrogen might combine with amines in the gut to form nitrosamines, a
recognized carcinogen.  This conversion may also occur in the
environment.  The development of nitrosamines has been demonstrated

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                                                                            18
experimentally using much r.iyhsr concentrations of nitrate or nitrite
than would occur in water.  The healtn risk of this conversion
associated with drlr.king water cannot be evaluated from available data
but tna risk would be at le^st an order of magnitude less than the
r'/.is associatec with cured meats.  Nitrate and nitrite are added to
:.k!dt as a preservative and the problem is being pursued by other
Agencies.

    Evidence has been developed that selenium both causes and prevents
cancer.  Several animal studies showned that tumors were developed
from exposure  to selenium.  Selenium was given a complete review last
year when it was proposed that selenium be used as an additive to
animal  feed.   The  Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration
concluded that selenium could be safety used as an additive because of
its nutritive  properties and lack of health hazard.  The inadequacy of
the studies that had indicated tumorigenic effects were reviewed.

    Of  the  inorganic chemical of possible concern, only for arsenic Is
there evidence that cancer results from drinking water with excessive
levels.   Experience in Taiwan and South America has demonstrated the
progressive effects to the skin  of excessive arsenic  intake,  with
eventual  development of  skin cancer.  An  adequate  animal model does
not exist to  demonstrate  in toxicological studies  what has been
observed  in man;  this  has  stimulated  endless debate between
epidemiologist and toxicologist.   In  limiting  concentrations  of

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                                                                           19
cr.emicals in drinking water, cc-v.par'.sons nave been frequently made
with allowable OGCJ pat" Cs'.w.': exposure.  The recent reduction in allowed
arsen'ic corc.fc.'.'t.-^c'ions in tne work place by OSHA would indicate a
       of tne concentrations allowed In drinking water.
    Funding a grant is under consideration to determine oody burdens
of arsenic in humans who use drinking water at or exceeding the
Current limit of 0.05 mg per liter.

    All of the above-mentioned metals are being tested for
iT.utagenicity in a cultured mammalian cells test system.  More direct
carcinogenic screening will be conducted on the metals showing
mutagenic effects.

Orgamcs

    The occurrence of organic compounds  in tap water  is universally
accepted.  However, the  health significance from human exposure  to
these  compounds via drinking water  is as yet  unsettled.  Only a  small
percentage of compounds  present  in  potable water have been  identified.
Of those compounds known to occur  in tap water  (Table 1), a  relatively
large  number require intensive investigation  to generate  suitable
data for health hazard evaluations.  Data are required on the
quantities of these agents  required to  produce  tumors, genetic
mutations, and birth defects.  However,  data  are also needed

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                                                                           20
concerning the other equally serious chronic diseases whose etiology
Is chemically related.

    The Water Supply Research Laboratory of the EPA is actively
engaged in research aimed at the elucidation of chemically-induced
chronic illnesses from the organics present in the Nation's water
supplies.  The purpose of these studies is to identify hazards and
risks to man's health via his drinking water and to determine, if no
hazard exists, the magnitude of the margin of safety from
environmental exposures.

    A dual approach is used in the investigation of the organics in
drinking water.  The first determines the toxic properties of
individual compounds with specialized protocols and systems.  The
second emphasizes the toxic properties of mixtures of organics with
the use of multiple biological screening systems.

    Several  compounds are being investigated with respect to their
toxicity and metabolism  in experimental species.  These compounds
include bis(2-chloroethyl) ether,  bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether,
dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, the homologous series of
chlorinated  benzenes, and the homologous series of brominated
benzenes.  Comparative metabolism  studies are being conducted to
determine  the  animal  models that will be most predictive of the
responses  in man.   Comparative toxicity studies (both acute and

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chronic) nave been undertaken It, .^ermine the types of pathological
lesions, tne target ore, *=:.•:., me reversibility cf the lesions, the
threshold dose;,, itc.  Spec: all zee studies are Devr.g carried out to
{jxu,ir:r_- uf.a possible role of the halogen-substituted benzenes in the
^licration of tcxicity of other foreign organic compounds (e.g.,
synerglsm).

    The investigation of the toxicity of mixtures of organics from
drinking water is being pursued with the use of several bio-assay
procedures.  Organic extracts from the drinking water of 5 U.S. cities
are being collected for analyses by tnese biological systems.  With
indications that these extracts demonstrate activity that is
suggestive of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or other
serious toxicity, the extracts will be chemically fractionated to
isolate the active principle(s).  Ultimate fractionation should lead
to tne  identification of the toxic agents.  These compounds  then will
oe subjected to more definitive toxicity tests, the data from wnich
can oe  readily applied to a health/hazard evaluation to determine the
impact  on man.
Asoestos

    Asbestos may occur  in drinking water because  the  fibers may  oe  in
the source water or the fibers may erode from asbestos-cement  pipe

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                                                                           22
tnat is used for water distribution.  There is no direct evidence that
exposures to asbestos fibers from these sources in drinking water
present a health risk to man, but because asbestos has been documented
to be a most dangerous occupational hazard, more research must be done
to make sure that the water exposure really does not present a hazard.
Because of the possibility of a hazard, it is prudent to reduce
exposure to waterborne asbestos as much as practicable.

    Most occupational exposures have been to airborne asbestos, and
the development of cancer from past exposure to the several types of
asbestos has been documented by epidemiological studies.  There has
also been several animal toxicological studies concerned with airborne
aust exposure, but the effect of ingested asbestos has not been
studied.  Even with  an airborne occupational exposure, there is
considerable ingestion of the dust  because of the clearance mechanism
of the  respiratory tract and swallowing dust that gets into the mouth.
Excess  gastrointestinal cancer has  been noted in exposed workers and
attributed to the ingestion  of the  dust.

    Two studies  have noted  that there was  not an excess of cancer in
the population of Duluth, Minnesota, where the highest  known
concentrations of asbestos  fibers  have been  noted in  the drinking
water.   Because  of a long latency  period  that occurs  between exposure
and development  of the  disease, the exposure may  have not occurred

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lone enough tc have causea ar. • ncredse in mortality.  The immediacy
and extent of trse ris< are oeing considered by the Federal Courts.

    ;."PA is attempting to study the passage of asbestos fibers through
tr.t. gastrointestinal tract to evaluate this aspect of the ingestion
exposure.  EPA is also participating in a jointly funded Federal
agency toxicological study of ingestion of four types of asbestos.
Tfiis large study is expected to begin in June or July and will take
four years.  Field investigations are going on to find locations where
populations have had long exposure to asbestos in tne drinking water
botn from tha source and from pipes.  If areas can be found where
adequate data exist on cancer morbidity and mortality, epidemiological
studies will be conducted.

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                                                                           24
                       IV.   CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Inorganics (Excluding Asbestos)

    Techniques for the control of concentration of various inorganics
have been studied by EPA.  Of the substances studied thus far, only
arsenic, asbestiform fibers, and radium-226 have been considered as
suspect carcinogens via the drinking water route.  Treatment
technology studies for these substances have been conducted.  Arsenic
was studied in bench- and pilot-scale investigations by spiking Ohio
River water and ground water from Glendale, Ohio, with concentrations
of arsenic from 2-10 times the proposed Interim Drinking Water
Regulations limits.  Information on the treatment potential of various
unit processes for radium-226 removal was obtained by monitoring
several water treatment plants in the State of Iowa that are treating
water naturally high in radium-226.

    The treatment studies on mercury, cadmium, selenium, and chromium
were similar to those described above for arsenic.  Barium  removal was
studied in bench-scale using a natural ground water high in barium.
Future studies on the removal of barium using a pilot plant are
planned.

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    The following table  nsi^ "r.c- optimum treatment techniques
determined for sacr. or ^r.^ie contairnnarrts.
        XOST  EFFECTIVE  METHOD FOR INORGANIC  CONTAMINANT REMOVAL
                                                                            25
    tontanrinaiTC
 *.d.   ArsenicII:

 Ib.   ArsenicV

 2.    Asbestlform fibers

 3.    Radium-226
 4.    Barium

 5.    Cadmium

 6a.   Mercury, inorganic
 6b.   Mercury, organic
 7a.   SeleniumlV
 7b.   SeleniurnVI
 8.    Chromium
      Most Effective Method(s)
Excess lime softening
Oxidation prior to softening recommended
Excess lime softening
Ferric sulfate coagulation pH  8
Mixed media filtration
Diatomite filtration
Ion exchange
Excess lime softening pH 10.6
Ion exchange
Lime softening
Excess lime softening
Ferric sulfate coagulation pH  8
Excess lime softening
Granular activated carbon
Ferric sulfate coagulation pH  7
Reverse osmosis
Studies just starting

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                                                                           26
Organics

    To date, the major treatment technique investigated for the
removal of general and specific organics has been granular activated
carbon.  About 10 years ago, partially exhausted granular activated
carbon was shown to remove dieldrin, lindane, 2,4,5-T, DDT and
parathion dosed into river water.  About the same time, fresh granular
activated carbon used to treat Kanawha River water was shown to remove
bis-(2-chloroethyl) ether, 2-ethyl hexanol, bis-(2-chloroisopropyl)
ether, a-methylbenzyl alcohol, acetophenone, isophorone, and tetralin.
More recent studies have shown that fresh granular activated carbon
receiving finished water from Evansville, Indiana, removed all
detectable bis-(2-chloroethyl) ether and bis-(2-chloroisopropyl)
ether.

    For about 7 months, a coal-base granular activated carbon column,
28 inches deep has been receiving Cincinnati tap water spiked with
approximately 30>ig/l of naphthalene.  After this time period, the 50%
removal point for naphthalene was only approximately 2 inches down the
column.  Two 28-inch deep columns of granular activated carbon, one
coal-based and the other lignite-base, have been receiving Cincinnati
tap water.  The purpose of this  test was to determine the
effectiveness of  the two types of granular activated carbon for the
removal of trihalogenated methanes.  Both columns removed all of the

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                                                                            27
•cnhalogenated methanes for aDc^t '< rr.onth of operation, and then some
en'to reform begen appear. r,i; in the effluent.

    A'c -;r.o present time, the 400 ml/rmr, siain"iess and glass pilot
:\^r,'c treating unchlorinated Ohio River water is being used in an
a'ctempt to demonstrate how to effectively remove tribalogenated
."ethanes precursors from water so that chlorine can be used as a
disinfectant without the formation of trihalogenated methanes.  Ozone
is also being evaluated as a possible alternative to chlorine for
post-disinfection.

    Future plans include pilot- and full-scale research designed to
indicate the effectiveness of granular activated carbon and other
organic removal unit processes for the removal of specific raw water
contaminants of concern.
Asbestos_

    Pilot plant  research  conducted  in  1974 at Duluth, Minnesota,
demonstrated that asbestiform  fiber counts in Lake  Superior water
could be effectively  reduced by municipal filtration plants.   During
the study, engineering  data were  also  obtained  for  making  cost
estimates for  construction and operation  of  both  granular  and

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                                                                           28
diatomaceous earth (DE) media filtration plants ranging in size from
0.03 to 30 mgd.

    Both dual and mixed-media granular filters using alum and nonionic
polymer, employing flash mix and flocculation without settling, and DE
filters with alum coated DE as precoat and/or body feed or with Cat-
Floc B added to raw water, produced effluents with amphibole fiber
counts below electron microscope detection limits.  Turbidity was not
a direct measure of fiber count, but amphibole counts were generally
lowest at effluent turbidities's equal or less than 0.1 TU.
Chrysotile removal was more difficult, but mixed media granular
filtration with alum and nonionic polymer, and DE filtration with
anionic polymer conditioned DE frequently reduced chrysotile fiber
counts markedly.

    Systems  for economic reasons recommended for consideration during
design studies are:

1.  Mixed media direct filtration, 5 gpm/ft2, multi-stage flash mix.

2.  Dual media filtration, 4 gpm/ft2, single stage flash mix.

3.  Pressure DE filtration 1 gpm/ft2, alum conditioning of precoats
and body feed  or  alum  conditioning of precoat only, with cationic
polymer fed  to raw water.

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                          TABLE 1

         ORGANIC  COMPOUNDS  tDENTih'lED  IN  DRINKING  WATER
                      1H  THE  UNITED  STATES
                     '   CHARCH 15,  1975)

              Mater Supply  Research  Laboratory
        National  Environmental Research Center,  EPA
                   Cincinnati, Ohio 4*5268

    acenaphthene
    acenaphthylene
    acetaldehyde
4.  acetic ac'id
5.  acetone
6.  acetophenone
7.  acetylene dichloride
8.  a 1 d r i n
9.  atrazine
10. (deethyl) atrazine

11. barbital
12. behenlc  acid,  methyl ester
13. benzaldehyde
14. benzene
15. benzene  sulfonic acid
16.  benzole  acid
 17.  benzopyrene
 18.  benzothiazole
 19.  benzothiophene
 20.  benzyl butyl phthalate
 21.  bladex
 22.  borneol
 23.  bromobenzene
 24.  faromochlorobenzene
 25.  bromodichloromethane
 26.  bromoform
 27.  bromoform  butanal
 28.  bromophenyl  phenyl  ether
  29. butyl benzene
  30. butyl bromide

  31. camphor
  32. e-caprolactam
  33. carbon  dioxide
  34. carbon  disulfide
  35.  carbon  tetrachloride
  36.  chlordan(e)
  37.  chlordene
  38.  chlorobenzene

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32. 1,2-bis-chtoroethoxy ethane
40. ehloroethoxy ether
41. b!s-2-ch]oroethy] ether
42. 2-chloroethy] methyl ether
43. chloroform
44. chlorohydroxyhenzophenone
45. bls-chlorossopropyl ether
46. chloromethyl ether
47. chloromethyl ethyl ether
48. n-chforon!trobenzene
«.*,?. I-chlorop^ropene
^0. 3-chloropyri dine
51. o-cresol
52. crotonaldehyde
53. cyanogen  chloride
54. cyclopheptanone

55. DOE
55. DDT
57. decane
58. dibromobenzene
59. dibromochloromethane
60. dibrotnodtchloroethane
61  dl-t-butyl-p-benzoquinone
62. dibutyl  phthalate
63. 1,3-dlchlorobenzene
64. },k-dtchlorobenzene
65. dichlorodlf1uoroethane
66. 1 /2-dlchloroethane
67. 1/1-d!chloro-2-hexanone
68. 2,^-dIchlorophenol
6S. dichloropropane
70. 1^3-dichloropropene
71. dieldrIn
72. dI-(2-ethylhexyl)  adlpate
73. diethyl  benzene
74.  diethyl  phthalate
75.  dl(2-ethyl hexyl )  phthalate
76.  dlhexyl  phthalate
77.  dihydrocarvone
78.  dl-Isobutyl  carblnol
79.  dl-Isobutyl  phthalate
80.  1,2-dimethoxy benzene
81.  1/3-dSmethylnaphthalene
 82.  2<>U-dimethyl phenol
 83.  dimethyl phthalate
 84.  dimethyl sulfoxlde
 85.  fc/6-dinitro-2-amlnophenol

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 do.   2# 6- d s A i v. p*oi w'; uene
 S7.   d ? oc tv'  -,o;pa te
 S£.   dl pheny" riydrazi ne
 •.V3.   i'.xopy*  phthc'iate
       «_ocosane
       n-dodecane
 92.   elcosane
 03.   endrln
 54.   ethanol
 95.   ethyl amiae
 y6.   ethyl benzene
 97.   2-ethyl-n-hexane
 98.   cls-l-ethyl-ii-methyl-US-dloxolane
 99.   trans-2-ethyl-U-methy]-l/3-dioxo?ane
100.   o-ethyl to'i uene
101.   m-ethyltoluene
102.   p-ethyltoluene

-103.   geosmln
 104.   heptachlor
 105.   heptachlor epoxlde
 106.   l/2,3/4/5/7/7-heptachloronorbornene
 107.   hexachlorobenzene
 108.   hexachloro-l,3-butadiene
 109.   hexachlorocyclohexane
 110.   hexachloroethane
 111.   hexachlorophene
 112.   hexadecane
 113.   2-hydroxyadl pon! ti"! le

 114.   Indene
 115.   isoborneo!
 116.   isodecane
 "H7.   Isophorone
 118.   3-isopropenyl-U-Isopropylbenzene
 119.   Isop«*opyl benzene

 120.   llmonene

 121.   p-menth-1-en-8-ol
 122.   methane
 123.   methanol
 124.   2-methoxy blphenyl
 125.   o-methoxyphenol
 126.   methyl benzoate
127.   methyl benzothlazole

-------
128.   methyl bfphenyl
129.   S-methy! butana!
130.   methyl chloride
131.   methylene chloride
132.   methyl ethyl benzene
133.   methyl ethyl ketone
134.   2~nethyl-5-ethyl-pyridine
"3 5,   met hy1 Indene
"36.   methyl methacrylate
'S7.   methyl naphthalene
*t38.   methyl pa Imitate
139.   methyl phenyl carbinol
140.   2-methylpropanal
141.   methyl stearate
142.   methyl tetracosanoate

 143.   naphthalene
 144.   nltroanssole
.145.   nitrobenzene
 146.   nonane

 147.   octadecane
 148.   octane
 149.   octyl chloride

 150.   pentachloroblphenyl
 151.   pentachlorophenol
 152.   pentachlorophenyl methyl ether
 153.   pentadecane
 154.   pentane
 155.   pentanol
 156.   phenyl benzoate
 157.   phthalic anhydride
 158.   plperldene
 159.   propanol
 160.   propaztne
 161.   propylamine
 162.   propy1 benzene

 163.   simazine

 164.   I/1 /3/3-tetrachloroacetone
 165.   tetrachlorob!phenyl
 166.   1,1,3^2-tetrachloroethane
 167.   tetrachloroethylene
 168.   tetradecane
 169.   tetramethyl benzene
 170.   thlomethylbenzothiazole

-------
171.  toluene
172.  tHchtorobenzene
173.  trf chUorooi pr.e•'.';''.
174.  1,1,2-tr = chl
175.  l,l,2-t-.--M
176.  tr :Ct"i"iOfofl uoromeihane
*s'// .  2, ~^f 6-t«" Jchlorophenol
'"S.  r,-t«*l decane
 . i-.  19*1 methyl  benzene
"iSO.  3^5,5-trlmethyl-Di cycle C^/l^Q) heptene-2-one
181.  trlmethyl-trloxo-hexahydro-trlazlne I some"*
182.  fSphenyl  phosphate

\£3.  n-undecane

184.  vinyl  benzene

IBS. • o-xylene
186.  m-xylene
187.  p-xylene

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                              TABLE 2

               ORGANIC CHEMICALS IDENTIFIED IN PRIMARY

                      WASTE TREATMENT EFFLUENTS
Ethylene Glycol
Maltose
Galactose
Glucose
Glycerine
Galacitol
Erythritol
Urea
N^--Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide
Phenylalanine
Uracil
5-Acetylami.no-6-arnino-3-methyl uracil
N^--Methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxaraide
Tyrosine
Thymine
Theobromine
7-Methylxanthine
Inosine
Hypoxanthine
Xanthine
Copper (II) acetate (binuclear)
Adenosine
1,7-Dimethylxanthine
3-Methylxanthine
Caffeine
Guanosine
2-Deoxyglyceric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric acid
3-Deoxyarabinohexonic acid
Quinic acid
1-Methylxanthine
2-Deoxytetronic acid
Glyceric acid
4-Deoxytetronic acid
3-Deoxyerythropentonic acid
2,5-dideoxypentonic acid
3,4-Dideoxypentonic acid
Ribonic acid
Oxalic acid
2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
Uric acid
Orotic acid
Succinic acid
Phenol
3-Hydroxyphenylhydracrylic acid
Phenylacetic acid
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
Benzoic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
3-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid
Indican
3-Hydroxyindole
£-Phthalic acid
jD-Cresol

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                  TABLE 3
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDEiSfTIFIED IN SECONDARY
        WASTE TREATMENT EFFLUENTS

    Glycerine
    Uracil
    5-Acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyl uracil
    1-Methylinosine
    Inosine
    7-Methylxanthine
    1-Methylxanthine
    1,7-Dimethylxanthine
    Succinic acid
    Catechol
    Indole-3-acetic acid
    3-Hydroxyindole
    p-Cresol

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                          TABLE  4

        ORGANIC SUBSTANCES FOUND IN  THE ACID FRACTION
            OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE TREATMENT  EFFLUENTS
Butyric acid
Isobutyric acid
Isovaleric acid
Enanthic acid (Cy)
CapryLic acid (Cg)
Capric acid (Cg)
Laurie acid
Myristic acid
Pentadecanoic acid
Palmitic acid (C^)
Margaric acid (C^y)
Stearic acid (Gig)
Nonadecanoic acid
Arachidic acid
Behenic acid (022)
Palmitoloic acid
Oleic acid
Anteisopentadecanoic acid
Anteisomargaric acid
Hydroxymyristic acid
Hydroxypalraitic acid
hydroxystearic acid
Phenylacetic acid
Salicylic acid
Phenylpropionic acid
2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl propionic acid
Pentachlorophenol

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               TABLE 5


COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN CHLORINATED

  PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS
   5-Chlorouracil
   5-Chlorouridlne
   8-Chlorocaffeine
   6-Chloro-2-aminopurine
   8-Chloroxanthine
   2-Cb.lorobenzoic acid
   5-Chlorosalicylic acid
   4-Chloromandelic acid
   2-Chlorophenol
   4-Chlorophenylacetic acid
   4-Chlorobenzoic acid
   4-Chlorophenol
   3-Chlorobenzoic acid and/or
     3-Chlorophenol
   4-Chlororesorcinol
   3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid
   4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

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                          VABLE 6

           COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN SUPER CHLORINATED
                    MUNICIPAL WASTEWATERS
Trichlorotoluene
Hexachloroethane
1,1,1,3,3-Pentachloro-2-propanone
2,4-Dichloroethylbenzene
o-and p-chloroethyl benzene
2,4,5-Trichloropitenetole (3 isomers)
1,2-Dichloropropane
o- and p-dichlorobenzene
Chloromethyl butene (2 isomers)

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                 TABLE, 7

ORGANIC CHEMICALS FOUND IN  INDUSTRIAL WASTES
6,8,11 ,1 j-AbLc tatelro^
  oic  acid

13-AbletL-n- i8- o tc acid
Abietic  acid
                      I'ap.'r ;••,.•:; ra - \,viste  and i:rlc.k-
                        ' J '-,'  r'Mrrr f" fluent

                      j\ip'" i rii; i " ' s r iW vnste  and trick-
                        3 JHjj  i' .: ' Lor c[ CJ uent

                      I'npcr r.iij's j-;tw waste;  ana lu^co:>
Acenapht. ii;.;I nne


Accnapht'nr.iic
                      rc,i.rociu~nu."o"i  /.I,-;, it's  five-da
                      I\".Mochrpicnl i.li-ut's  fivc-.ia>
                        .1 n',uon  of i J ucni;
                      Wood }'i ("scirv iny plant's  laj-oo
Acetophenonc
                      Wor.J prcs(>rvi^>-, plant's  settling
                        po ad

                      Pesticide  plant's raw effluent

                      Chlorinated pararfin  plant's
                        lagoon

                      PetrochOTiiical plant's five-day
                        1 ago on  effluent

-------
Table 7 continued
Acetosyringone
Acetovanillone
2-Acetylthiophcne

Acrylonitrile
Gulf coast paper mill's sottli.
  pond

Gulf coast paper mill's settl:
  pond
Paper mill's raw waste and

Paper mill's raw waste

Acrylic fiber plant's settling
  pond
Ad ip ic ac id


Adiponitrllc


Aidrin


m-Anethole

o-Anethole

p-Anethole

Anthraquinone


Anteisomargaric  acid
Nylon plant's raw wabt.e


Nylon plant's raw waste


Pesticide plant's raw  eff.lueat


Paper mill's raw waste

Paper mill's raw waste

Paper mill's raw waste

Wood preserving plant's  settli
   pond

Paper mill's raw waste and fiv
   day lagoon

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Table 7 continued
                     acid     Paper mill's  five-day lagoon
Arachidic acid
Paper mill'a raw waste
Arach-iclonic c^cid

Behenic acid


Ben?.aldchyde

Benzyl alcohol


2-Benzotb.ia :-,oie
Biphenyl


Borneo1


1-Butanoi


2-Butoxyethanol


n—Bu t yl is o th io cya na I e.
Paper mill's five-day lagoon

Papfr mill's raw effluent and
  f i \,re -d a y I a go on

Paper mill's raw waste

Petroc-hemic-il plant's five-day
  .1 a goon ("'.' 11 u en t

Latex aecflc rators and  thJ^kcneri:
  p!t an t' s 110 Id ing pond

Synthetic rubber plant's aerated
  lagoon

Elver below textile finishing
  plant

Paper mill's raw waste  and  trick-
  ling  filter effluent

Petrochemical (alcohols) plant's
  raw effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Latex accelerators and  thickener:
  plant's holding pond

-------
  Table  7 continued
Camphor
Caproic acid


Carbazole


Chlordane
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

Nylon plant's raw waste
Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Chlordene

o-Chlorobenzoic acid
bis-(2-Chloroethoxy)
  methane

bis-?-Chloroethyl ether
bis-2-Chloro isopropyl
  ether

trans-Conununic acid
o-Cresol
Pesticide plant's raw waste

Chlorinated paraffin plant's
  lagoon

Synthetic rubber plant's treated
  waste

Synthetic rubber plant's treated
  waste

Glycol plant's thickening and
  sedimentation pond

Paper mill's raw waste and
  trickling filter effluent

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

-------
 Table  7  continued
Dehydroabietic add
Diacetone alcohol
4,4'-Diaraino-dicyclohexyl
  methane
Dibenzofuran
2,3-Dibromo-l-propanol
Dibromopropene isoraer
DIbutylamine
Dieldrin
Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

Tall oil refinery's settling pond

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent-

Nylon and polyester plant's
  effluent after neutralization
  and sedimentation

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

Wood preserving plant's lagoon
  effluent

Nylon plant's settling pond

Acrylic fibers plant's settling
  pond

Acrylic fibers plant's settling
  pond

Latex accelerators and thickeners
  plant's raw effluent

Anaerobic lagoon of yarn finish-
  ing mill

-------
Table  7 continued
o-Creso]
.n-Cresol
Petrorefinery's eight-hour
  lagoon effluent

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond
p-Cresol
Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Cuiaene  (isopropylbenzene)     Petrochemical plant's five-day
                                lagoon effluent
Cyclohexanol
Nylon plant's raw waste
1,5-Cyclooc tad iene
p-Cymene
Oecane

1-Decanol


Dehydroabietic acid
Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Pesticide plant's raw waste

Polyolefin plant's lagoon

Petrochemical (alcohols) plant's
  raw effluent

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond
                               Paper mill's  raw waste and  trick-
                                 ling  filter effluent

-------
Table  7 continued
                              Pesticide plant's raw < cfluent
N,N-Diethylformamide
Diethy1 phthalate
3,4~D ihydroxyacetophenone
  (pungenin)

3s 5--Diinethoxy-4-hydroxy-
  acetophenone
Latex accelerators and thickeners
  plant's raw effluent

Synthetic rubber plant's settling
  pond

Paper mill's trickling filter
  effluent

Paper mill's raw effluent and
  five-day lagoon
2,4-Dimetnyldiphenylsulfone   Nylon plant's settling pond

          "                   Acrylic fibers plant's settling
                                pond
Dimethyl furan isomer


2,6-Oimethyl naphthalene


Dimethyl naphthalene isomer

Dimethyl phthalate
Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Pesticide plant's raw effluent

Plastic (PVA) plant's settling
  pond

Synthetic rubber plant's settling
  pond

-------
Table 7 continued
Dimethyl pyricline isomer
Dimethyl quinoline isomers
Dimethyl sulfone
Dimethyl culfcxide
10 ,12-Dimethy.I  tridecanoic
  acid

4, 6-DinJ lro--o-rrr 3ol
   (2-met.hyl-4 ,6-dinitro-
  pheuol)

2,4-Diriitro toluene
 2,6-DinItrotoluene
Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Paper mill's five-day lagoon
Specialty chemical plant's
  effluent
Explosives  (DNT) plant's raw
  waste and settling pond
  effluent

Explosives  (DNT) plant's raw
  waste and settling pond
  effluent
 3,4-Dinitrotoluene
 Diphenylena  sulfide
TOT plant's raw  effluent

Explosives  (DNT)  plant's  raw
  waste and settling  pond
  effluent

Wood preserving  plant's settling
  pond

-------
Table  7 continued
Diphenyl ether
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
 3,3-Diphenylpropanol
 2,6-Dl-t-butyl-p-benzo-
   quinone
 p-Dithiane


 Dodecane
 Eicosane  (C20)
 Endrin
Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Surface drainage from closed
  waste treatment system of
  particle board plant

Synthetic rubber plant's treated
  waste

Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
  after activated sludge treat-
  ment

Petrorefinery's eight-hour
  lagoon effluent

Paper mill's raw effluent

Petrorefinery*s lagoon effluent
  after activated sludge treat-
  ment

Pesticide plant's raw effluent
 Ethyl  carbamate
 2-Ethyl-l-hexanol
Paper mill's trickling filter and
  aerated lagoon

Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

-------
Table 7 continued
 2-Ethyl-l-hexanol
 Ethylidenecyclopentane

 Ethyl  isothiocyariate


 Ethyl  naphthalene Isomer


 Ethyl  naphthalene isotner

 m-Ethyl phenol

 Ethyl  phenylacetate


 o-Ethyl toluene


 Eugenol

 Fenchyl alcohol


 Fenchone


 Fluoranthene
Laboratory sewage

Plastic (PVA) plant's settling
  pond

River below textile finishing
  plant

Paper mill's raw waste

Latex accelerators & thickeners
  plant's raw effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Pesticide plant's raw effluent

Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon

Resin plant's lime treated hold-
  ing pond effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon

Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

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Table 7 continued
Te^radecane
Petrorcfinery's lagoon efflr.ent
  alter activated siiuige treat-
  ment
                               Petrorefinery's  eight-hour  lagoon
                                 effluent
 Tetramethyibcnzene  isomer      Pesticide  plant's raw waste
 2,2'-Thiodiothanol
   (Thiodiglycol)

 Toluic  acid
 Trichloroben^ene  isoraer
Synthetic rubber plant's treated
  waste

Chlorinated paraffin plant's
  lagoon

River below textile finishing
  plant
 Trichlorobenzene isomer
Textile chemical plant's raw
  effluent
 Trichlorocyclopentene
   isomers

 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
 Trichloroguaiacol
Pesticide plant's raw effluent
Chlorinated solvents plant's
  raw effluent

Paper mill's raw waste
 n-Tridecane
Petrorefinery's eight-hour
  lagoon effluent

Petrorefinery's lagoon  effluent
  after activated  sludge  treat-
  ment .

-------
Table 7 continued
n-Tridecane

Trietbylurea
3,4 ,5-Tr'i:ne: Loxyace.tr>-
  phenone

2,4,6-Tr ive t hyl py r id ine
2,4,6-TrInitroto] acne
Paper mill's raw waste

La IPX accelerators & thickeners
  plant's raw effluent

Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent
Wocd preserving plant's settling
  pond

TNT plant's raw effluent
n-Undecanc
Valeric acid
Paper mill's raw waste

Petroref :inery 's eight -hour
  lagoon effluent

Pol^olct'in pjflut'.s
Petroref tnerv' s Ja^oon. effluent
  afrer acLiv.:1. i cd sludge  treat-
  nent

Nylon plant's raw waste
Vanillin
Veratraldehyde
Paper mill's TCHO waste and  trick-
  ling filter effluent

Gulf enact paper mill's  settling
  pond

Paper mill's raw waste & lagoon

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Table  /  co.:i.vr.js.-c
    ...v/j. phenol
3 a-Hi a r i c a c ict
beca-Pinene

Pinene isomer


Poiychlorinated biphenyls
  (Arochlor 1254)

2-PropionyIthiophene

A-n-Propyiphenol

Pyrene


Quinoline
River oclow textile finishing
  plant

Paper mill's raw v^sto and trick-
  ling i'iiter effluent

Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

Paper mill's raw waste

Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

Nylon plant's raw waste
Paper mill's raw waste

Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond
Sandaracopimeric acid
Paper mill's raw waste and  lagoon
Stearic acid
Textile chemical plant's raw
  effluent

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.'able  7 _on:inued
Stearic acid
Styrene
Syringaldehyde
Terpinene-4-ol

alpha-Terpineol
Terpineol isomer


Terpinolene

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane


Tetrachlorophenol isomer
v"-ulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

Petrochemical plant's five-cay
  lagoon effluent

Synthetic rubber plant's sectixr,
  pond

Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

Paper ruill's lagoon

Paper mill's raw waste

Nylon plant's settling pond

Paper mill's raw waste and trick
  ling filter effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent:

Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

Paper mill's raw waste

Chlorinated solvents plant's
  raw effluent

Wood preserving plant's raw
  effluent

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Table 7 continued
         ic. acid
Pentacalorocyclopentadiene
  isomers

Pentachloror.orbornadiene
  isomer

Pentachloronorbornene
  Isomer

Pentacliloronorbornene
  isomer

Pentacbioronorbornadiene
  epoxide isomer

Pentachloro phenol
Paper mill's five-day lagoon

Pesticide plant's raw effluent


Pescicide plant's raw effluent


Pesticide plant's raw effluent


Pesticide plant's raw waste


Pesticide plant's raw waste
Latex accelerators and thickenei
  plant's holding pond
 Pentadecane
Wood preserving plant's raw
  effluent

Resin plant's lime treated
  holding pond effluent

Synthetic rubber plant's aerate
  lagoon

Wood preserving plant"s lagoon
  effluent

Petrorefinery's eight-hour
  lagoon effluent

-------
 Table  7 continued
Pentadecane
Pentadecanoic acid
Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
  afcer activated sludge treat-
  ment

Paper mill's raw waste

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Paper mill's lagoon
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Wood preserving plant's lagoon
  effluent

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

Laboratory sewage
Phenyl ether
Petrorefinery's eight-hour
  lagoon effluent

Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Paper mill's raw waste

Nylon plant's settling pond

-------
  Table  7 continued


2-Nitro-p-cresol


o-Nitrophenol
Chemical company's lagoon after
  steam stripping

Chemical company's lagoon after
  steam stripping
o-Nitrotoluene
Paper mill's five-day lagoon

TNT plant's raw effluent

DNT plant's raw effluent
m-Nitrotoluene

p-Nitrotoluene
DNT plant's raw effluent

Chemical company's lagoon after
  steam stripping
                              DNT plant's raw effluent
Nonachlor

Nonadecane
Nonylphenol
Pesticide plant's raw effluent

Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
  after activated sludge treat-
  ment

Petrorefineryls eight-hour lagoon
  effluent

Anaerobic lagoon of yarn finishing
  mill

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Table 7 continued
Nonylphenol


Norcamphor

beta-Ocimcne

1-Octanol


Oc tac hioro cyclopcntene

Octadecane
Oleic acid
River below textile finishing
  plant

Paper mill's raw waste

Paper mill's raw waste

Petrochemical (alcohols) plant's
  raw effluent

Pesticide plant's raw effluent

Petrorcfinery"s eight-hour lagoon
  effluent

Nylon plant's settling pond

Tall oil refinery's settling pond
Octylphenol
Palmitic acid
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

River below textile finishing
  plant

Textile chemical plant's raw
  effluent

Tall oil refinery's settling pond

Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond

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 Table  7  continued
 -:-,. ethyl indene
3-Methyl indene
1-Methyl naphthalene
2-Mothyl nr.phthalene
Methyl naphthalene isomer
Methyl naphthalene ieomers

13-MtM.hyl pentadecanoic
  acid

Methyl phenanthrene
Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  .lagoon effluent

River below textile finishing
  plant

Petrorefineryrs eight-hour
  lagoon ef£3uent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Synthetic rubber plant's settling
  pond

PetrorefInery's eight-hoar lagoon
  effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Wood preserving plant's lagoon
  effluent

Pesticide plant's raw effluent

Paper mill's five-day lagoon
Wood preserving plant's lagoon
  effluent

-------
Table  7 continued
Methyl quinoline isomers


o-Methyls tyr ene


beta-Methylstyrene


Methyl trisulfide

Myristic acid
Wood preserving plant's settl
  pond

Petrochemical plant's five-da
  effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-da
  lagoon  effluent

.Paper mill's raw waste

Paper mill's raw waste
Naphthalene
 Nylon plant's settling pond
 2-Naphthoic acid


 Neoabietic acid
 Surface drainage from closed
   treatment  of system of
   particle board plant

 Petrochemical plant's five-da
   lagoon effluent

 Pesticide plant's raw waste

 Wood preserving plant's settl
   pond

 Paper mill's raw waste
 Nitrobenzene
 Chemical company's lagoon aft
   steam stripping

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 Table  7  continued
Homovanillic acid


p-Hydroxyacetophenone

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde


o-Hydroxybenzoic acid

Hydroxybiphenyl isomer

4-Hydroxy-3 inethoxypropio-
  phenone

p-Hydroxythiophenol

Indan


Indene


Isodrin


Isoeugeriol

Isopalmitic acid

Isopentyl alcohol  <

Isooctyl phthalate

Isopimaric acid
Paper mill's raw waste and five-
  day lagoon

Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon

Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon


Paper mill's raw waste

Pesticide plant's raw effluent

Paper mill's raw effluent


Paper mill's raw waste

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Pesticide plant's raw effluent


Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon

Paper mill's five-day lagoon

Laboratory  sewage

Nylon plant's raw waste

Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

-------
 Table 7 continued
Jasmonc

Lignoceric acid
Pesticide plant's raw effluent

Paper mill's raw waste
Limonene
Linoleic acid
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon
Mandelic acid

Margaric acid
Paper mill's raw waste

Paper mill's raw waste
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
alpha-Metbylbenzyl alcohol
Methyl biphenyl isoraer
Methyl 3.4-Pimei:hoxybenzyl
  ether
Synthetic rubber plant's aerated
  lagoon

Paper mill's raw waste and lagoon

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Paper mill's raw waste
2-Methyl-4-ethyl dioxolane    Fiberglass plant's effluent
Methyl ethyl naphthalene
   isomer
Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

-------
    Table  7continued
 ..uorene
2-Formylthiophene

/urrural
Wood preserving plant's settling
  pond

Petrochemical plant's five-day
  lagoon effluent

Paper mill's raw waste

Paper mill's raw waste
Guaiaco.1
Synthetic rubber plant's settling
  pond

Gulf coast paper mill's settling
  pond
Htaeicosane (C2l)
iiepLachlor

Heptachloroaorbornene
  isomers

lieptadecane
Paper mill's raw waste and trick-
  ling filter effluent

Petrorefinery's lagoon effluent
  after activated sludge treat-
  ment

Pesticide plant's raw waste

Pesticide plant's raw effluent


Nylon plant's settling pond

Petrorefinery's eight-hour lagoon
  effluent

-------
Table  7 continued
Ilcptadecane



Hexnchlor  epoxide

!!
-------
Table 7 »  continued
o-Xylcnr-
                                 I'cti ocno "'"J cr.l plaiit'o riv<.-'~
-------
Organic Compounds in Textile Effluents
               Compound

  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
  benzole acid (methyl ester)
  p-nonyIpheno1
  p-tert.-butylphenol
  di-n-butyl phthalate
  methyl isobutyl ketoae
  acetophenone
  chlorobenzene
  p-dichlorobenzene
  toluene
  ethylbenzene
  maphthalene
  1-tnethylnaphthalene
  dodecane
  2-methylpyrrolidone
  13 3,5-trimethylbenzene
  cymene
  tridecane
  tetradecane
  chloroform
  tetrachloroethylene
  styrene
  o-phenylphenol
  biphenyl
  diphenyl oxide
  ethylene dichloride
  beazophenone
  n-butanol

-------