BIOLOGICAL
ASPECTS OF LEAD:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAfct r!
PROTECTION
* ^V%
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BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Literature from 1950 through 1964
PART II
FOR REFERENCE
Do Not Take From This Room
IRENE R. CAMPBELL AND ESTELLE G. MERGARD
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
KETTERING LABORATORY
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
CINCINNATI, OHIO
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Administration
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
May 1972
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D,C. 20402 - Price $6.75 per set
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Publication Number AP-104
11
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CONTENTS
PART I pf.Z
£< INTRODUCTION 1
> ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 3
I. BOOKS, MONOGRAPHS, AND PROCEEDINGS 5
^- II. ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS 15
Of
^ III. PLANTS AND ANIMALS 47
M A. Cold-Blooded Animals, Lower Organisms, Plants, and
-x In vitro Specimens 47
i^\, B. Warm-Blooded Animals 73
•5, IV. MAN 225
^E) A. Adults 225
X) PART II
^ IV. MAN (continued)
1 B. Children 565
v V. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 615
%v VI. ATMOSPHERIC SURVEYS: POLLUTION AND EFFECTS 645
^ A. Air 645
B. Soil and Water 690
^0 VII. LEGAL ASPECTS 701
£ VIII. THERAPEUTIC USES 713
"^ IX. ANAIYTICAL METHODS 717
^ X. v.HEMlSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 775
(Y\
AUTHOR INDEX 781
:u
SUBJECT INDEX 809
iii
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IV. MAN (continued)
B. CHILDREN
1950
2850 Binder, I. (Women's Homeopathic Hosp.,
Philadelphia, Pa.): LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY:
TREATMENT AND RECOVERY. REPORT OF CASE.
Archives of Pediatrics 67:51-5 (Feb.),
1950.
A case of Pb poisoning is presented in a 3-yr-old
boy who was admitted to the hospital in a comatose
condition, with subsequent convulsions. The diag-
nosis was obscure until basophilic stippling of the
erythrocytes, the Pb line in the long bones, as
seen in X-ray studies, were noted. The patient
was treated by administration of Ca gluconate and
vitamins C and D in order to promote storage of Pb
in bones. The child was discharged in good physi-
cal condition 45 days after admission to the hos-
pital.
2851 Calvo Melandro, J.: Intoxicaciones ac~
cidentales per plomo. (ACCIDENTAL INTOX-
ICATIONS BY LEAD.) Revista Clinica Espan-
ola 38, No. 5:369-9, 1950.
Thirty-eight cases of Pb poisoning treated by BAL
are presented. The intoxications were caused by
products having a Pb arsenate base. All the clas-
sical symptoms described until the present time
were seen. The author emphasizes the radiologic
aspect of the bones in the course of the intoxica-
tion: the phenomena resemble those described re-
cently by R. Clement and his coworkers in nursing
infants fed by syphilitic nurses treated with Bi
injections although the opacities were less dense
and less precise. In discussing BAL therapy in
Pb poisoning, the author refers to the work by
Hesse in 1940 who believed that an antidote for Pb
should be a substance which would cause the elim-
ination of the poison by transforming it into non-
toxic salts. This work was carried out with aro-
matic compounds containing phenyl hydroxyl groups.
(From Archives des Maladies Professionnelles de
Medecine du Travail et de Securite Sociale 12:90,
1951)
2852 Ennis, J.M., and Harrison, H.E. (Baltimore
City Hosp.; Johns Hopkins Univ. Med.
School, Md.): TREATMENT OF LEAD ENCEPHAL-
OPATHY WITH BAL (2.3-DIMERCAPTOPROPANOL).
Pediatrics 5:853-68 (May), 1950.
Sixteen children with Pb encephalopathy admitted
and treated with BAL in the past 3 yr were divided
into 2 categories according to the degree of se-
verity of illness. The criteria were repeated
convulsions which were difficult to control, stu-
por or coma which persisted for longer than would
be consistent with the usual postconvulsive state,
ie, >12 hr, for severe category. Using these cri-
teria 9 were severe and 7 mild. For control, 31
children treated between 1943-1947 (with citrates
and phosphates) were used; in this group there
were 18 severe and 13 mild cases.
BAL was injected im as a 10% solution in benzyl
benzoate in oil at a dose of 2 mg/kg every 4 hr
for 4 injections, and the dosage was increased to
3 and later to 4 mg/kg/injection every 4 hr for 10
days. Several cases received shorter courses of
treatment. No severe toxic effects were noted at
this dosage. Some postinjection vomiting was seen
but it was not severe enough to cause discontinu-
ance of the therapy. The mortality rates and evi-
dences of permanent nervous system injury in the
BAL group were 2 deaths out of 9 severe cases
against 12 out of 18 in the control group and
neurologic residua in total of 6 and 13, respec-
tively. Blood Pb concentration fell in each case
irrespective of treatment and was not influenced
by BAL administration. Urinary excretion checked
coincidently with blood levels generally showed
increase at first but in some cases returned to
normal (pretreatment levels) during the treatment.
The authors conclude that although BAL is ap-
parently effective in lowering the mortality rate
in children with severe Pb encephalopathy, no con-
clusive effects of therapy could be demonstrated
in subacute or mild cases. (15 references)
2853 Saenger, S.: Sakana shel har'alat oferet
etsel tinokot. (THE DANGER OF LEAD POI-
SONING IN INFANTS.) Dapim R'fujim (Tel-
Aviv) 9, No. 1:63, 1950.
The case of an infant is reported who was breast
fed for 3 mo and started suffering in his 5th
mo from unexplainable diarrhea and anemia. After
cessation of diarrhea the anemia continued unin-
fluenced by treatment. At the age of 13 mo Pb
poisoning was suspected. Although there was no
stippling of red blood cells and no increase of Pb
in the urine, a diagnosis of Pb poisoning was
reached on account of X-ray findings in the long
bones. It could be proved that the baby's mother
had used a Pb-containing ointment against cracks
in her nipples at the time of breast feeding.
565
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Another case is mentioned of acute Pb poisoning
from use of a Pb nipple-cap. The author warns
against the use of Pb-containing ointments as well
as Pb nipple-caps in the treatment of cracked nip-
ples. (From Biological Abstracts 26:15257, 1952)
1951
2854 Anonymous: BALTIMORE PASSES REGULATION
BARRING USE OF PAINT CONTAINING LEAD FOR
INTERIORS OF HOUSES. Industrial Health
Monthly 11:171 (Nov.), 1951.
Because 83 children have died of Pb poisoning in
the last 20 yr, Baltimore has passed a new housing
regulation barring the use of paint containing Pb
pigment for use in the interior painting of any
dwelling or dwelling unit or any part thereof.
From Jan. 1, 1931, to June 30, 1951, a total of 293
cases of Pb poisoning was reported. Of these, 83
died. The majority of the cases occurred in the
summer months, July and August. While most of the
children were in their 2nd yr of life and so of
teething age, the reporting of most of the cases in
the 2 hot summer months is as yet not easily ex-
plained. Usually children lived in old rented
properties where Pb paint had been used for many
years on window sills and frames where it had often
flaked and scaled. Investigations made by the
nurse assigned to the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene
most often revealed that the children chewed the
window sills or picked up the paint flakes and put
them in their mouths. Of the 293 cases, 93 were
white and 200 colored, 157 were male and 136 fe-
male. By ages, 19 were <1 yr old, 167 were in
their 2nd yr, 67 in the 3rd, 21 in the 4th, 11 in
the 5th, and 8 were >5 yr of age. Repeated warn-
ings about this child health hazard have been given
by the Baltimore City Health Department in the
press, by radio and television, and in other ways,
but more cases a-e being discovered as the years
go by. Because of this, the new regulation was
adopted by the Commissioner of Health on June 29,
1951. According to Baltimore's "The Evening Sun,"
for August 8, 1951, a landlord was fined in Housing
Court "for failing to remove from window sills Pb
paint which, according to testimony, had kept a 4-
yr-old boy in Johns Hopkins Hospital since June
21." Dr. Wilmer H. Schulze of the City Health De-
partment said that up to Aug. 29 Baltimore has had
44 cases of Pb poisoning in children this year
"practically all in old houses in the lower income
group." Eight of the children died. Physicians
and hospital authorities are assisting in this
battle for prevention and the public health nurses
and housing inspectors do likewise as they make
their home visits. A most important element is
the specially equipped blood Pb laboratory service
which was 1st established in the Baltimore City
Health Department in July 1935.
Hosp. for Sick Children, Gr. Ormond St.,
London, England): LEAD-POISONING IN CHILD-
REN. REPORT OF FIVE CASES, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PICA. British Medical Journal
1:329-34 (Feb. 17), 1951.
Of the 5 cases of Pb poisoning, 4 were associated
with pica and 1 was caused by the use of a Pb nip-
ple shield. The serious prognosis of the condition
is stressed. One of the patients died and 2 appear
to be mentally backward.
The sources of Pb in such cases can be broadly
divided according to the ages of the patients, (1)
In infancy, due to Pb nipple-shields or the use of
Pb-containing powders, etc; (2) 1-5 yr, due to
pica, eating Pb along with other noxious substances;
most commonly this is in the form of Pb paint; and
(3) schoolchildren, due to accidents similar to
those met with in adult life.
The clinical features of Pb-poisoning are dis-
cussed. The manifestations in childhood differ
from those in adults in that encephalopathy, with
irritability, fits, and coma, is very common.
Wrist-drop and the Pb line on the gums, however,
are rare. The diagnosis is often first suspected
from the finding of stippled erythrocytes (SE)
in blood. Although not diagnostic, SE should lead
to further investigations, of which X-ray examina-
tion of the long bones is the most important. The
possible value of EEC recordings is discussed.
EEC's were performed in 2 of the cases. In dis-
cussing some of the findings, the authors state
that glycosuria was observed in 2 cases, which as
suggested by Goettsch and Mason (1940) may be
pancreatic or cerebral in origin associated with
hyperglyeemia, or renal associated with a normal or
low blood sugar, with evidence pointing to the
latter. Necropsy of the fatal case showed cause
of death to have been hemorrhage from acute ulcer-
ation of the esophagus. The brain showed slight
cellular infiltration of pia arachnoid with peri-
vascular edema; there was no evidence of encephali-
tis or vascular lesion. Liver had undergone fatty
change with many hepatic cell nuclei showing
eosinophilic acid-fast inclusions. In the kidney,
the most pronounced degenerative changes in the
cortex were acidophilic; acid-fast nuclear inclu-
sions were numerous. Pb content in blood was
<0.03 Mg/100 ml; bone Pb, 89 ppm; liver, 53 ppm.
In the survivors, blood Pb was determined in 3
cases: blood, 0.3 Mg/100 ml (normal 0.01-0.03);
urine, 0.285 mg/24 hr (normal not >0.2). Psycho-
logic reports indicated considerable difficulty
with all items involving visual-motor coordination,
and low average intelligence.
Treatment should aim at immobilizing the Pb in
the bones. "De-leading" should never be attempted
in children.
Pb poisoning in children could be entirely pre-
vented. Pb paint should never be used in places
that children can reach. Pb nipple-shields should
be prohibited.
The use of dimercaprol in the treatment of Pb
poisoning is discussed and is thought to be worthy
of trial, especially in cases of Pb encephalopathy.
(30 references)
2855 Burrows, N.F.E., Rendle-Short, J., and 2856
Hanna, D. (Belgrave Hosp. for Children:
Queries and Minor Notes: LEAD POISONING
FROM BITING FURNITURE. Journal of the
566
BIOLOGICAUASPECTS OF LEAD
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American Medical Association 145:531,
1951.
The answer to the query posed was that at present
the incidence of Pb poisoning among children from
their gnawing on baseboards, furniture or toys is
low. At present few coating materials for interi-
ors and furniture contain Pb, for economic rea-
sons. Lithopone and titanium dioxide have largely
replaced Pb compounds. Some Pb may appear in the
pigments, such as the greens and oranges. No sub-
stantial toy manufacturer now uses Pb paints.
Synthetic dyes have widely displaced mineral pig-
ments, although traces of Pb may be present in
quick-drying agents. No specific federal laws
have been enacted with respect to Pb in these
paints. The matter chiefly has been solved on tne
basis of intelligent understanding and good faith
on the part of manufacturers. Some difficulty
still arises from the well meaning neighborhood
friend of children who repaints old toys, using
whatever paint is on hand. Some of the aniline
dyes employed on toys are theoretically capable of
inducing methemoglobinemia, but the quantity in-
volved is less than in crayons.
occurs in the large majority of cases between 1
and 2-1/2 yr of age or during the "teething period."
Cases which are recognized before the onset of con-
vulsions are treated by the administration of fair-
ly large doses of Ca either in the form of lactate
or phosphate together with vitamin D to increase
the absorption of Ca. Treatment of cases which
have convulsions as the result of a cerebral edema
is first directed toward decreasing the cerebral
edema by the sc injection of 10-20 ml of Mg sulfate
in 8% solution or 20-30 ml of 50% glucose iv. Pb
poisoning is a preventable disease in children
and Pb-containing paints are the chief source of
poisoning. In order to adequately prevent this
condition, the elimination of these paints from
the immediate environment of the child during the
2nd and 3rd yr of life is essential. Pb-free
paints are readily available. The principal haz-
ard occurs from repainted furniture in the poorer
class homes. A fatal case of Pb poisoning was
found to have ingested <2/3 g of metallic Pb.
2857 Ross, J.R., and Brown, A. (Toronto, Can-
ada) : POISONINGS COMMON IN CHILDREN.
Canadian Medical Association Journal 64:
285-93, 1951.
The cases of poisoning admitted to the Hospital
for Sick Children, Toronto, over a 10-yr period
are presented. Many drugs and chemical irritants
were responsible for the poisoning: 14% of the
cases resulted fatally.
Poisonings due to Pb appeared to be more common
and also more fatal than any other single group.
In a summary made 4 yr ago, 23 cases of Pb poison-
ing were treated at the Toronto Hospital for Sick
Children during a 2-yr period. Of these 23 cases,
10 had cerebral symptoms on admission and 5 of
these died. One case resulted in cerebral sclero-
sis with mental retardation. The remaining 13
cases were of latent Pb poisoning. It usually
requires from 2-4 mo or longer of nibbling paint
before any acute symptoms arise. During this per-
iod the child will become cross and there may be
complaints of abdominal pain. Anorexia soon devel-
ops and this is usually associated with constipa-
tion and occasional vomiting. The Pb symptoms
are characterized by the onset of convulsions. In
the latent cases in addition to the finding of
stippled cells a dense white line may be seen at
the epiphyseal ends of the long bone on X-ray ex-
amination if the infant has been ingesting Pb for
a period of a month or more. Confirmatory evi-
dence of this type of poisoning is the recovery of
Pb from the urine in a concentration >5 ug/100 ml.
A child who has a natural tendency to pica may
ingest sufficient Pb from many different sources
to cause symptoms. Pb from repainted cots and
cribs, play pens, furniture, etc, may have a cumu-
lative effect in the body due to the fact that it
is normally excreted very slowly. The poisoning
2858 Wilzbach, C.A. (Cincinnati Health Dept.,
0.): LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN. Cin-
cinnati Journal of Medicine 32:315, 1951.
There seemed to be a sudden increase in Pb poison-
ing in children in recent months. Five diagnosed
cases in addition to suspicious cases were report-
ed to the Cincinnati Health Department since Jan-
uary 1, with 2 deaths reported this year and 1
additional death occurred that was suspected as
being due to Pb poisoning. In 1950 3 children
died from this cause. A study of the records for
the past 10 yr shows an average of 1 death/yr.
There seems to be evidence that Pb is now being
used more frequently in paint, however, in most
cases it is the home repaint job that causes the
trouble. It is generally known that children
chew painted surfaces, woodwork, window sills,
cribs, high chairs, other furniture, and toys.
In most instances children's furniture and toys
are finished with non-Pb paint when purchased.
Pb poisoning is a definite health hazard in
young children and physicans should be alert to
its presence. When discovered early, serious ill-
ness can be prevented. The symptoms may be mild
for several weeks or months, consisting only of
headache, loss of appetite and anemia. Other
symptoms may include pains in the abdomen, nausea,
vomiting, persistent constipation and convulsions.
A recent study of 220 cases completed by the
Baltimore Health Department shows the following
age distribution: <1 yr, 1; 1 yr, 37; 2 yr, 121;
3 yr, 32; 4 yr, 13; 5 yr, 8; 6 yr, 4; 7 yr, 2; 8
yr and 10 yr, 1 each. Of the 220 cases, 78 re-
sulted in deaths.
1952
2859 Agerty, H.A. (Hahnemann Med. Coll., Phil-
adelphia, Pa.): LEAD POISONING IN CHIL-
Man
567
-------
DREN. Medical Clinics of North America
36:1587-97 (Nov.), 1952.
•Pb poisoning is still a pressing problem in the
practice of pediatrics, especially among young
children living in a poor tenement environment.
Chewing on furniture, toys or woodwork painted with
Pb-containing paint is the chief source of this
poison. Some of the ingested Pb reaches the cir-
culation and is then carried to many parts of the
body. Pb deposition in long bones gives character-
istic lines. In the brain, encephalitis may en-
sue. The symptoms are at first insidious. Con-
vulsions and anemia with stippled red cells are
common. Quantitative blood and urine studies
help to make the diagnosis. The prognosis is ser-
ious, since there is an appreciable mortality (20-
30% in some series), and permanent brain damage
is frequent in those surviving. The treatment is
not too satisfactory. Na citrate has been used in
recent years with some success. Supportive therapy
is in order, chiefly anticonvulsive measures and
blood transfusions. Recently EDTA has been in-
troduced. Further evaluation is needed, but it
appears promising. A series of 12 cases observed
in the Hahnemann Hospital were reviewed. The
findings were quite typical. (17 references)
2860 Anonymous: CHILDREN OF STORAGE BATTERY
MAKERS IN PHILIPPINES CONTRACT LEAD POISON-
ING. Occupational Health 12:71 (May), 1952.
It is reported that several cases of Pb poisoning
among children of storage battery makers have oc-
curred in the Philippines recently. The families
live in close proximity to the workshop and the
young children through ignorance or neglect of the
parents are allowed to play or eat near the place
of work and were thereby exposed to Pb dust and
fume. Three cases of which 2 were fatal are de-
scribed as an illustration of this occurrence. A
study of Pb poisoning among the workers in the man-
ufacture, of Pb seals, bars, washers, and storage
batteries in Manilla showed high concentrations
of Pb at the breathing level of the workers. The
physical, urine, and blood examinations also showed
chronic Pb poisoning, however no cases of acute.
2861 Bessman, S.P., Ried, H., and Rubin, M.
(George Washington Univ. School Med.;
Children's Hosp.; Georgetown Univ. School
Med., Washington, D.C.): TREATMENT OF
LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY WITH CALCIUM DISODIUM
VERSENATE. REPORT OF A CASE. Medical
Annals of the District of Columbia 21:312-
5 (June), 1952.
Pb poisoning from the ingestion of paint from wood-
work in a 3-yr-old boy was diagnosed on the basis
of history, X-ray films of long bones and the pre-
sence of Pb in blood and urine. On the 9th day of
hospitalization he was given 50 mg CaNa2EDTA iv,
in 50 ml of 5% glucose solution. This dose was
repeated 5 days later and for 2 additional doses
at 8-hr intervals. It was then doubled, and in-
creased daily in 150 mg/day increments until the
dosage on the 20th hospital day was 750 mg/day in
3 divided doses. Therapy was discontinued after
12 days because of marked improvement in the pa-
tient's condition. A total of 6.5 g CaNa2EDTA had
been given. None of the symptoms during the
child's illness were referable to EDTA. A slight
rise in the blood nonprotein N suggests that EDTA
competes with nitrogenous wastes for excretion.
2862 Galbreath, M. (Baltimore City Health
Dept., Md.): LEAD POISONING IN YOUNG
CHILDREN; THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH
NURSE. Public Health Nursing 44:551-2
(Oct.), 1952.
Since 1931 the Baltimore City Health Department
has recorded 350 cases of Pb poisoning in young
children. The ratio of cases and deaths between
white and Negro children was 1:2; 107 cases and
31 deaths among white children and 243 cases and
60 deaths among Negro children. About 58% of the
children (204) were in the 12-24 mo age group
(the teething age). In 1951, when Pb poisoning
was the 3rd ranking cause of death in the 1-4 yr
age group in Baltimore, 77 cases were reported.
Nine of the children died and 22 showed evidence
of encephalitis. Only pneumonia and tuberculosis
killed more children in that age group that year.
The Health Department's plan of attack has devel-
oped along 2 lines: (1) Home investigation and
law enforcement; (2) education and publicity,
stressing prevention. For some years home visits
have been made to all reported cases to find out
the child's condition and also to ascertain the
likely source of the material ingested. The in-
gestion of Pb pigment paint has been found to be
the causative agent. Under the Baltimore Ordi-
nance on the Hygiene of Housing the presence of
paint containing Pb pigment is interpreted as
being a health hazard, and the elimination of the
source of danger, when not done willingly, can be
enforced. In June 1951 the Health Department
adopted a new regulation specifying that the
painting of interior surfaces must be done with
paint free of Pb pigment. Pb poisoning is chiefly
a disease of the slums where bad housing conditions
are prevalent. In the education and publicity cam-
paign, newspaper releases and radio shows, pam-
phlets, and talks to interested community groups
are employed. Sanitarians, assigned to housing
and rodent control, are particularly alert to the
dangers of flaking paint on their inspections and
to the need to have such conditions corrected. Pb
poisoning in children has been stressed in the edu-
cational programs of the public health nursing
staff and affiliating student nurses. The nurse
568
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
in a generalized public health nursing service
has excellent opportunities for casefinding and
preventive work in the area of Pb poisoning. By
observing the condition of a child in a well baby
clinic or during a home visit and by inquiring in-
to a possible history 01 paint chewing or eating,
she can make a splendid contribution in cutting
down the incidence of Pb poisoning in young chil-
dren. It is particularly important that a nurse
consider the possibility of Pb ingestion when a
child shows some of the more common symptoms of Pb
poisoning such as pallor, irritability, vomiting,
loss of appetite, and cramps, in addition to pica.
On visits to the home where there are small chil-
dren the public health nurse can well include the
prevention of Pb poisoning as part of her home
safety supervision.
2863 Giannattasio, R.C., Bedo, A.V., and Pirozzi,
M.J. (Kings County Hosp., Brooklyn, N.Y.):
LEAD POISONING. OBSERVATIONS IN FOURTEEN
CASES. A.M.A. American Journal of Diseases
of Children 84:316-21 (Sept.), 1952.
Fourteen cases of chronic Pb intoxication are pre-
sented, 12 of which occurred from June-Sept. 1951.
In 10 of the 14 cases there was definite evidence
of encephalopathy. In 2 cases tuberculosis men-
ingitis coexisted, and the presence of Pb encepha-
lopathy could not be ascertained with certainty.
The signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and
prognosis are tabulated and briefly discussed.
(From authors' summary)
2864 Giannattasio, R.C., Pirozzi, M.J., Bedo,
A.V., and Jennings, K.G. (Kings County
Hosp., Brooklyn, N.Y.): BAL THERAPY IN
CHRONIC LEAD POISONING. Pediatrics 10:
603-11, 1952.
Three cases of chronic Pb intoxication were
presented which were treated with BAL in a
dose of 4 rag/kg body weight every 4 hr for 20
days. Cessation of symptoms was noted in every
case. Resting urinary Pb levels were increased
3- to 7-fold without exacerbation of symptoms.
BAL was found to be nontoxic in the dose used
and acted as an effective deleading agent. The
authors feel that this form of treatment merits
use in both the chronic and acute phases of Pb
intoxication. These 3 cases were part of the
group of 14 reported in the preceding abstract.
(23 references)
2865 Hesselvik, L., and Nordbring, F. (Chil-
dren's Clinic, Acad. Hosp., Uppsala,
Sweden): BlyfOrgiftning hos brBstbarn.
(LEAD POISONING IN BREAST-FED INFANTS.)
Svenska Lakartidningen 49:2130-2 (Aug.
22), 1952.
A 3-mo-old infant was hospitalized because of un-
usual listlessness, vomiting and convulsions,
culminating in coma after admission, apathy and
paleness having begun 1 mo before. Findings in-
cluded severe normochromic anemia (Hb 40%), pro-
nounced increase in reticulocytes, 62/1000 stip-
pled erythrocytes, typical Pb lines in all long
bones upon X ray, increased CP in urine and uri-
nary Pb (while under BAL treatment) of 0.94 mg/1.
The EEC taken on the 1st day, before BAL was
started, showed severe pathologic signs, especial-
ly in the upper parietal region. Although the
child improved under BAL therapy to the extent
that clinically no brain damage could be observed,
the EEC's taken 2, 4, and 12 wk after admission
were still pathologic. 1'he source of the poison-
ing was attributed to the mother's use of diachy-
lon salve (Pb oleate), prescribed by a physician
""6 wk before the child was admitted, for painful
sores on the nipples with instructions to use the
salve (15-25 g) only by alternating it with Zn
paste and to wash the breast carefully before
nursing. The mother felt that the diachylon salve
was the better one, so she used it exclusively 4
times daily for at least 1 mo. Before nursing
she washed the breast carefully with gasoline,
then soap and water. The author concludes that
this had not prevented the absorption of Pb, with
the consequences described above.
2866 Millichap, J.G., Llewellin, K.R., and
Roxburgh, R.C. (St. Bartholomew's Hosp.,
London, England): LEAD PAINT: A HAZARD
TO CHILDREN. Lancet 2:360-2 (Aug. 23),
1952.
The commonest cause of Pb poisoning in children in
Britain is ingestion of paint on woodwork in the
home, particularly on cots. The authors describe
5 cases of Pb poisoning (aged 3 yr or less), 4 of
which arose from the father's use of Pb paint for
renovating the cot. These 5 cases bring the num-
ber of reports published in England during the
past 60 yr to 19, the source of Pb being: painted
woodwork (9), nipple shields (4), toy soldiers (2),
fumes from burning battery casings (2), drinking
water (1) and toilet powder (1).
The 1st patient presented with, apart from other
signs and symptoms, diaphragmatic paralysis,
muscle pain and tenderness of the abdomen to pal-
pation, and bilateral foot drop 8 days after ad-
mission to the hospital. Stippled erythrocytes led
to the diagnosis of Pb poisoning, confirmed by
history of ingestion of Pb from the cot, raised
blood and urinary Pb, radiographic evidences of
Pb in the bones. Recovery from polyneuritis, in-
cluding diaphragmatic paralysis, was complete after
3 wk.
Man
569
-------
Radiographic appearances consistent with the
diagnosis of Pb poisoning were present in all 5
cases, with dense lines at the angles of the scap-
ulae (2 cases). Increase of stippled cells was
minimal in 1 case and absent in 2 cases. Encepha-
lopathy was present without fits in 2 patients,
while another was admitted with convulsions, which
continued as status epilepticus for 24 hr despite
repeated im injections of paraldehyde.
Treatment generally was by Ca lactate or glu-
conate, vitamin D, blood transfusions, milk or
high Ca diet.
All 5 patients recovered.
Pica, a common prelude to Pb poisoning, was ex-
hibited by all 5 patients. Patient 2 (twin sister
of patient 1) had no history of illness but was
admitted owing to the family history, thereby
avoiding much delay in necessary treatment. Many
similar cryptic cases of Pb poisoning probably
exist and it is emphasized that the paucity of
published reports does not reflect the potential
danger to children of paint containing Pb. Serious
complications such as encephalopathy can be averted
only by early diagnosis and removal of source of
Pb, and by education of the general public to this
hazard.
2867 Williams, H., Kaplan, E., Couchman, C.E.,
and Sayers, R.R. (Baltimore City Health
Dept., Md.): LEAD POISONING IN YOUNG
CHILDREN. Public Health Reports 67:230-6
(Mar.), 1952.
As reviewed by the authors, chewing of paint from
cribs, toys, furniture, and window sills, and
eating of painted plaster and fallen paint flakes
cause Pb poisoning in childhood. Putting things
in the mouth, though normal in the 1st yr of life,
is abnormal, if continued much later and is re-
ferred to as pica, or perverted appetite. Child-
ren of teething age living in old, run-down houses
where Pb paint has been used for years are especial-
ly likely to have Pb poisoning. Although pica does
not exist on a seasonal basis, a striking number of
Pb poisoning cases resulting from this habit occur
in the hot summer months. Though no explanation
for this phenomenon has been given yet, it has
been mentioned by several investigators. Weeks or
months following repeated ingestion of small a-
mounts of Pb there may appear irritability, fret-
fulness or disturbed gastrointestinal function,
such as lack of appetite, constipation, vomiting
or cramps; there may also be pallor as the result
of secondary anemia. More severe intoxication
results in Pb encephalitis, which may terminate in
death. Central nervous system involvement or en-
cephalopathy rarely seen in adults with Pb poison-
ing, is common in children, whereas peripheral
neuritis, a Pb line on the gums, and colic are
usually absent in children. A history of pica and
examination of blood smears for stippling of the
red blood cells are important aids in diagnosis.
Porphyrinuria is frequently found, and the demon-
stration by X ray of an increased density in the
growing ends of the long bones is a cardinal sign
of Pb poisoning. The quantitative determination
of Pb in blood or urine is helpful in diagnosis.
The authors review the efforts made in their De-
partment to diagnose and treat Pb poisoning in in-
fants. Education of the public combined with "Pb
consciousness" in physicians and pediatric clinics
and with a blood-Pb laboratory service has resulted
in a marked increase in case recognition. It is
hoped that education and the enforcement of mea-
sures regulating the use of Pb-containing paints
result in a material reduction and eventual elim-
ination of Pb poisoning in children. (49 ref-
erences)
2868 Zak' F-G-> and Finkelstein, W.E. (Knicker-
bocker Hosp., New York, N.Y.): PLUMBISM
IN CHILDREN. Journal of the Mount Sinai
Hospital 19:352-8 (May-June), 1952.
A fatal case of Pb encephalopathy in a 33-mo-old
Negro girl with pica is presented. The diagnosis
was unsuspected clinically and based on the pres-
ence of acid-fast nuclear inclusion bodies in kid-
ney and liver. Typical microscopic changes of the
brain and a significant increase of Pb (0.15
rag/100 g; 0.09 mg considered to be the normal maxi-
mum) in this organ corroborated this. The differ-
ential diagnoses are discussed from the standpoints
of the clinician and the pathologist. (13 refer-
ences)
1953
2869 Bergstrora, R., Wolf, S.I., and Bessman, S.:
LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY COMPLICATED BY RESPIRA-
TORY CENTER DEPRESSION. Special Report No.
275. Clinical Proceedings of the Chil-
dren's Hospital of the District of Colum-
bia 9:241-3, 1953.
A 2-yr-old Negro girl was admitted with convulsions
that developed after anorexia and vomiting earlier
the same day. There was no history of head injury,
exposure to contagious diseases or drug ingestion.
Past history revealed that the patient had fre-
quently put objects into her mouth. Laboratory
examinations upon admission showed the following
blood picture: Hb, 2 g; erythrocytes, 2,700,000;
leukocytes, 10,000; lymphocytes, 38; monocytes and
stippled erythrocytes (SE), 1 each. X-ray studies
of the lower extremities revealed increased densi-
ties at the metaphyses of the distal ends of both
femora and of the distal and proximal ends of
both tibiae and fibulae, which suggested Pb poison-
ing. This was confirmed by the finding of SE and
the history of pica. A catheterized 12-hr urine
showed Pb excretions consistent with a diagnosis
of Pb poisoning. On the 5th day in hospital the
patient became restless, lost appetite and seemed
apathetic. Since her condition worsened she was
given 1 g of CaNa2EDTA iv in 50 ml 5% glucose
after 12-hr urine rather than after 24-hr urine;
this was followed 90 min later by a severe general-
ized convulsion which was controlled by 2 grains of
Na luminal and oxygen inhalation. Because respira-
tion became soon shallow after this the respir-
ations were stimulated by electrophrenic respira-
tor for 15 min. Recurrence of respiratory problems
necessitated the repeated use of the electrophrenic
respirator and continued EDTA treatment with satis-
factory results. The authors were convinced that
the convulsions were not due to the therapy, and
the continued administration of the EDTA was justi-
fied by the course of the patient. The data on
570
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
the Pb content of blood and urine and the increased
excretion by EDTA are reported elsewhere.
2870 Bruusgaard, A. (Oslo, Norway): LETTERS
FROM THE READERS. LEAD POISONING. Occu-
pational Health 13:80 (May), 1953.
The correspondent was interested in the article in
the May 1952 issue of "Occupational Health," on
Pb poisoning among children of storage battery
makers. He wished to know about the exact values
of the Pb content in urine in these cases and also
about any other investigations on the normal Pb
content in urine of children.
He had seen some cases of children living in the
neighborhood of an electrochemical plant producing
dust containing some few percent of Pb compounds.
They showed a slight increase in the basophilic
values and excreted ^50 yg Pb, and several of them
showed a positive coproporphyrin test in urine.
They had no clinical symptoms but he felt the find-
ings indicated that they had been exposed to Pb.
As both the basophilic values and the coproporphy-
rin test are not very specific, he wished to know
more about urinary Pb values in children, before
starting further investigations.
2871 Deane, G.E., Heldrich, F.J., Jr., and
Bradley, J.E. (Univ. Maryland School Med.,
Baltimore): THE USE OF BAL IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF ACUTE LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY. Jour-
nal of Pediatrics 42:409-13 (Apr.), 1953.
A statistical survey is presented of 54 cases with
acute Pb encephalopathy admitted to the University
Hospital. The patients, ranging in age between
15-84 mo (mean 29.4 mo) were divided into 2 groups
in order to evaluate the efficacy of BAL. The 1st
group consisted of 38 cases which had occurred be-
tween 1931-48, ie, before BAL was used. Of these
10 died (26.31%); this compares favorably with
McKhann and Vogt's finding of (1933) 25% mortality
and Holt's (1923) 65%. The detailed complaints
and physical findings of this group are presented
in a table. Group 2 consisted of 16 cases which
were treated from 1948-51 after the introduction
of BAL. The mortality was 6.25% (1 patient).
The authors present a brief analysis of the
clinical symptoms, signs, and laboratory data.
Stress is placed on the importance of supportive
measures in the management of acute Pb encephalo-
pathy, especially the prevention of infection and
acidosis. Because of the striking difference in
the overall mortality in the 2 groups, further
trials in the treatment of acute Pb encephalopathy
with BAL are indicated.
organic phosphate (1 qt of milk/day) and large
doses of vitamin D. The diagnosis of Pb poisoning
was based on a history of pica, characteristic signs
and symptoms of Pb poisoning: basophilic stippling
of the red blood cells increased density at the
ends of the long bones, and an elevation of Pb in
the urine >0.08 mg/1. When 1 or more of the fol-
lowing signs were present in a child with Pb poi-
soning, he was considered to have encephalopathy:
convulsions, increased intracranial pressure, per-
sistent vomiting, cranial nerve palsies, muscle
weakness or paralysis, ataxia, drowsiness, tremors,
and increased concentration of protein in the
spinal fluid. Pb encephalopathy was considered
severe if the patient had repeated convulsions or
coma or stupor persisting for >14 hr. Three of the
8 cases in the control group were severe and 5 mild.
In the BAL group 3 were severe and 3 mild. BAL was
given in doses of 4 mg/kg of body weight every 4 hr
for 10 days. In the noncomatose children treated
with BAL, signs and symptoms subsided in 24-36 hr.
The comatose children became alert in 24-72 hr, and
in 1 of the 3 recovery was complete within this
period. The other 2 had ptosis of the eyelid,
which was transitory. In the noncomatose child-
ren of the control group the presenting symptoms
persisted for from 3 days-1 wk. Coma or stupor
lasted 3-5 days. One child died after 3 days in
deep coma. The other 2 comatose patients retained
severe neurological defects, hemiparesis, and blind-
ness.
The authors conclude that BAL seems to lower
mortality and decrease the severity of residuals in
acute Pb encephalopathy. In proper dosage it
appears to be a safe therapeutic agent.
2873 Kane, C.A., and Foley, J.M.: CLINICAL
PATHOLOGICAL CONFERENCE. Neurology 3:68-
73, 1953.
A fatal case of acute encephalopathy with meningeal
reaction in the spinal fluid and anemia due to Pb
poisoning in a 20-mo-old infant is reported. For
5 mo prior to illness the child had been nibbling
at the window sills of the house in which she
lived. The problem of differential diagnosis be-
tween Pb encephalopathy and tuberculous meningitis
is discussed. On the basis of pathologic findings,
it is concluded that the principal morphologic ab-
normality in Pb encephalopathy appears to be an
alteration in the smaller blood vessels, which
produces an increase in permeability and multiple
zones of ischemic necrosis. These are widespread
throughout the brain and the extensive damage ex-
plains why survival or normal mental function is
so rare.
2872 Giannattasio, R.C., and Pirozzi, M.J.
(Kings County Hosp., Brooklyn, N.Y.): BAL
THERAPY IN ACUTE LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY. New
York State Journal of Medicine 53:3017-8
(Dec. 15), 1953.
In the period from February 1951 to September
1952, 14 children, ranging in age from 18 mo-3 yr
were admitted to a Brooklyn hospital with acute Pb
encephalopathy. Six of these children were treated
with dimercaprol (BAL), and the 8 others, who served
as controls, were given a diet high in Ca and in-
2874 Karpinski, F.E., Jr., Rieders, F., and
Girsh, L.S. (Jefferson Med. Coll., Phila-
delphia, Pa.): CALCIUM DISODIUM VERSENATE
IN THE THERAPY OF LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY.
Journal of Pediatrics 42:687-99 (June),
1953.
The authors' experience with the use of CaNa2EDTA
is presented. Reported are the cases of 3 child-
ren = 2 yr of age who had eaten paint for 6-12 mo.
All 3 showed extreme irritability and severe trem-
ors. In 2 cases papilledema was present and on
Man
571
-------
admission 1 of these was blind. The Pb blood
levels were 0.147, 0.185, and 0.22 mg%. Abnormal
electroencephalographic tracings were obtained
on all 3. EDTA was administered iv in a 5%
glucose solution in daily doses of 1.0 g/30 Ib.
No more than 4.0 g/30 Ib/wk were given. The high-
est dose given to any one patient was =14.5 g.
There were no deaths and clinical improvement of
variable degree was observed in all 3 patients.
The authors conclude by stating that CaNa2EDTA
is highly effective in mobilizing Pb in vivo and
in rapid urinary Pb excretion. (42 references)
2875 Reefer, G.P., and Mokrohisky, J.F. (St.
Christopher's Hosp.; Temple Univ., Phila-
delphia, Pa.): LEAD POISONING: ROENTGENO-
GRAMS OF THE CHEST AS AN AID IN DIAGNOSIS.
Journal of Pediatrics 43:146-51 (Aug.),
1953.
Two fatal cases of Pb poisoning in children are
presented in which more careful analysis of the
X rays of the chest might have resulted in an
earlier diagnosis. A review of 10 additional cases
of Pb poisoning also revealed dense zones at the
anterior ends of the ribs on chest X rays. These
observations emphasize the importance of careful
scrutiny of the anterior ends of ribs on all roent-
genograms of the chests of infants and children.
(From authors' summary; 14 references)
it was not used until ^2 mo before the next follow-
up, 1 yr after the preceeding one. The involuntary
motions had become minimal, there was a slight
limping, she appeared more alert and the toilet
habits were much improved.
2877 Rubin, M., Gignac, S., Bessman, S.P., and
Belknap, E.L. (Georgetown Univ.; Chil-
dren's Hosp., Washington, B.C.; Columbia
Hosp., Milwaukee, Wise.): ENHANCEMENT OF
LEAD EXCRETION IN HUMANS BY DISODIUM CAL-
CIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAACETATE. Sci-
ence 117:659-60 (June 12), 1953.
The results of treatment of 4 cases of Pb poison-
ing with iv EDTA are shown in a table. Patients
A, B, and C were children 3-5 yr old; D was a
male adult. A and D were started on EDTA in an
acute phase of the poisoning. A received 0.5 g
daily for 3 days beginning on the 7th day, no
treatment for 4 days and 1.0 g/day for 2 days;
D received 0.5 g/day for 5 days, none for 2, 0.5 g
for 4, none for 2, and 0.5 g the last 2 days. B
who had survived an acute episode was treated 2
wk later, and C, suffering from chronic poisoning
was treated 1 wk after exacerbation of the symp-
toms due to respiratory ailment. The authors con-
clude that the data reported indicate that admin-
istration of CaEDTA resulted in marked enhancement
of Pb excretion in these patients.
2876 Martin, R.V., and Shapiro, A.D. (Orange
County Cerebral Palsy Diagnostic Treatment
Center, Goshen, N.Y.): LEAD POISONING AS
A CAUSE OF THE ATHETOID TYPE OF CEREBRAL
PALSY. Archives of Pediatrics 70:20-2
(Jan.), 1953.
A case of cerebral palsy, although extremely rare,
is presented in a 5-yr-old colored girl. After an
initially normal development she developed pica,
causing an unsteady gait, irritability and a re-
gression in the toilet habits. Three weeks pre-
vious to the examination she suffered from pro-
jectile vomiting and became anorexic. Laboratory
findings revealed the following: Hb, 8.5 g; 3.64
million red cells; evidence of achromia, anisocy-
tosis, polychromia and a few stippled cells;
urinalysis showed: 1.011 sg, acid, a trace of al-
bumin and a few white blood and epithelial cells,
Pb level 0.035 mg/700 ml (0.05 mg/1), sedimenta-
tion rate 8 mm/hr. Numerous X-ray studies re-
vealed Pb lines in the knees and wrists, on the
abdominal plate radiopaque material of metallic
density was seen in the rectum with Pb lines in the
iliac crest, essentially a negative abdomen, the
chest plate showed generalized sclerosis of all
the visible bones and deep bands of increased den-
sity in scapulae and the sternal ends of the ribs.
Vitamin D and Ca lactate were administered to keep
the Pb stored in the bones.
After 17 mo, at follow-up examination she was
much improved and apart from some slow involuntary
rotary motions in the feet and forearms and hands
there were no positive findings. Diagnosis of
rotary athetoid type of cerebral palsy was made.
Because of success in the treatment of post-enceph-
alitis athedoids, artane was advised, but its ef-
fectiveness could not be judged in this case, since
2878 Van Wisselingh, C.J., and de Kruijff.C.
(Children's Clinic, Mun. Univ. Amsterdam,
Netherlands): Verhoogde loodabsorptie
tengevolge van pica bij een jongen van 7
jaar, gecombineerd met achylia gastrica
en hypochrome, microcytaire anaemie.
(INCREASED LEAD ABSORPTION RESULTING FROM
PICA IN A BOY AGED 7, COMBINED WITH GAS-
TRIC ACHYLIA AND HYPOCHROMIC MICROCYTIC
ANEMIA.) Maandschrift vcor Kindergenees-
kunde 21:128-38, 1953.
A case of severe hypochromic microcytic anemia
with splenomegaly and achylia gastrica in a 7-yr-
old boy is described. For 3 yr the patient had
repeatedly eaten Pb-paint, and for a long time he
had been suffering from malnutrition.
The difference between increased Pb-absorption
and Pb poisoning is discussed. This patient
showed no symptoms of Pb poisoning.
The authors stress the fact that such paint also
contains other poisonous components which could
have caused the symptoms. Finally the connection
between achylia gastrica and hypochromic anaemia
and the other causes of pica are discussed.
2879 Wilson, V.K., Thomson, M.L., and Dent, C.E.
(Royal Manchester Children's Hosp; Univ.
Coll. Hosp., London, England): AMINO-
ACIDURIA IN LEAD POISONING. A CASE IN
CHILDHOOD. Lancet 2:66-8 (July 11), 1953.
The patient was a boy, 4-1/2 yr old, who was ad-
mitted to the hospital in a mentally confused
state. History reveals that for the past 3 yr he
could not be restrained from eating wood and paint.
In addition to the usual features of Pb poisoning
in childhood, gross aminoaciduria was found, which
572
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
varied in proportion with the glycosuria. As the
level of the amino acids in the plasma was normal,
this suggests that the Pb poisoning caused a defect
in the renal tubules. Damage to the kidney tubules
appears to be the immediate cause of the "acquired"
renal glucosuria and aminoaciduria in these cases.
(14 references)
1954
2880 Bain, K. (Children's Bureau, US Dept. HEW,
Washington, D.C.): DEATH DUE TO ACCIDENTAL
POISONING IN YOUNG CHILDREN. Journal of
Pediatrics 44:616-23 (June), 1954.
Over 400 deaths of children under the age of 5 yr
occur each year in the US from accidental poison-
ing. This rate is 4 times the British rate.
Among materials for external use which account for
1/3 of the deaths, Pb ranks highest. In 1949-50
the rate/100,000 for accidental poisoning by Pb
was 0.04 in 12 southern states, 0.27 in the re-
mainder of the US or a total of 0.20.
2881 Bessman, S.P., Rubin, M., and Leikin, S.
(Children's Hosp.; Georgetown Univ.; D.C.
General Hosp., Washington, D.C.): THE
TREATMENT OF LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY - A METHOD
FOR THE REMOVAL OF LEAD DURING THE ACUTE
STAGE. Pediatrics 14:201-8 (Sept.), 1954.
A theoretical basis for the use of the Ca complex
of EDTA for the deleading of patients with acute
Pb poisoning is presented. Of 7 cases of Pb en-
cephalopathy (4 boys and 3 girls 1-1/2-3 yr) treat-
ed with CaEDTA, 1 died soon after admission while
the others showed prompt clinical improvement.
Urinary excretion studies showed that ^1.8 mg Pb
is excreted/500 mg CaEDTA administered for maximum
efficiency of the therapy, ie, 0.5 g CaEDTA sc or
iv every 8 hr for 5 days, then a 3-day rest period,
followed by repetition of the course for 5 days.
No signs of toxicity from CaEDTA were noted.
A general plan of therapy of Pb encephalopathy
with CaEDTA is presented. The authors conclude in
stating that the likelihood of causing harm with
this therapy is minimal and the dangers that might
result from delay justify the course. (16 ref-
erences)
2882 Bradley, J.E., and Powell, A.M., Jr. (Univ.
Maryland School Med., Baltimore): ORAL
CALCIUM EDTA IN LEAD INTOXICATION OF CHILD-
REN. Journal of Pediatrics 45:297-301
(Sept.), 1954.
EDTA is an organic chelating agent valuable in
treating Pb poisoning. It is most active when
administered iv. In the cases here reported it
was given to children orally. Five were selected
with Pb poisoning contracted from eating paint or
plaster containing Pb. In the hospital Pb excreted
in their urine was determined by the dithizone
method for several days before the EDTA was given
at 75 mg/kg weight/day in divided doses at 6-hr
intervals. A significant increase in urinary Pb
promptly occurred in all the patients. The maximum
excretion was reached between the 2nd and 4th days;
then the amount excreted dropped, but it remained
in excess of normal as long as EDTA was being
given. EDTA was well tolerated and brought about
disappearance of anorexia and irritability. A
number of observations were made during the period
on urinary coproporphyrin and on serum Ca and P.
The conclusion is that EDTA should be useful in
acute Pb intoxication and in Pb encephalopathy,
when the rapid elimination of Pb is required. More
research is wanted as to iv administration and as
to dosage. The value of EDTA is undoubted.
2883 Byers, R.K., and Maloof, C., with assist-
ance of De Simone, A., and Morrell (Mrs.
M.E.) (Harvard Med. School; Children's
Med. Center, Boston, Mass.): EDATHAMIL
CALCIUM-DISODIUM (VERSENATE) IN TREAT-
MENT OF LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN.
AMA Journal of Diseases of Children 87:
559-69, 1954.
Five children with Pb poisoning whose case his-
tories are detailed were treated with EDTA. The
diagnosis was based on identification of the source
of poisoning, on clinical symptoms, and on abnor-
mally high excretion of Pb in 24 hr. Three at
least of 6 major signs had to be present to justify
the diagnosis; secondary anemia with basophilic
stippling; coproporphyrinuria; glycosuria in the
presence of normal blood sugar; X-ray evidence at
the metaphyses of the shafts of the long bones;
signs of involvement of the nervous system; and
vomiting, cramps and constipation. In 4 cases the
Pb excretion was >80 pg/24 hr. When EDTA was given
an increase in Pb output in the urine occurred,
varying between 10-fold and 40-fold with rapid
improvement in symptoms. One patient admitted in
coma and convulsions was sitting up and feeding
herself 36 hr later and began to talk in 48 hr.
None of the others was so severely ill, but all
were free of abdominal complaints promptly. Co-
proporphyrinuria disappeared in 7-10 days. The
dosage of EDTA was 1 g/15 kg body weight/day, in
2 doses, administered iv in 250 ml of 5% dextrose
solution. Not more than 5 g/15 kg body weight was
given in any 1 wk. As the children tend to return
to their habit of paint chewing, they must be re-
moved from any possible temptation. Observations
indicated that the occurrence of any infection will
cause Pb to be transported from the bones to the
soft tissues and so precipitate signs of Pb poison-
ing; in such a case EDTA is indicated immediately.
EDTA appears to be a safe agent for removing Pb
from the body.
2884 Byers, R.K., Maloof, C.A., and Cushman, M.
(Harvard Med. School; Mass. Div. Occup.
Hyg., Boston): URINARY EXCRETION OF LEAD
IN CHILDREN. DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATION.
AMA Journal of Diseases of Children 87:
548-58 (May), 1954.
Various analytical methods based on the striking
color produced by the reaction between Pb and
diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) were explored by
the authors. Methods based both on titration and
direct colorimetry were studied, but though they
gave quantitative data on aqueous solutions of mix-
ture of salts, with urine the results were too un-
certain for accurate work. After considerable in-
Man
573
-------
vestigation the authors found that by employing a
modification of Fairhall's micromethod, which uses
dithizone for the preliminary separation of Pb but
that extracts the Pb from the dithizone and analy-
zes it as the dichromate, accurate estimation of
the 24-hr urinary Pb was possible in properly col-
lected samples.
Urinary excretion of Pb was studied in 68 child-
ren between the ages of 6 mo and 14 yr. Most of
the children studied were controls, who had no
history of exposure to Pb, but diagnoses of Pb poi-
soning were made in 23, and aside from any help ob-
tained by measurement of urinary Pb excretion, the
diagnoses were based on the presence of at least 3
of the major clinical signs of Pb poisoning in
children; (1) secondary anemia with stippling,
(2) evidence of involvement of the central or
peripheral nervous system or both, as exemplified
by clinical symptoms and signs and/or spinal fluid
changes, (3) X-ray evidence of condensation of the
lines of the provisional calcification of the
shafts of the long bones, (4) glycosuria with nor-
mal blood sugar, (5) abdominal complaints, ie,
vomiting, cramps, and constipation, and (6) chem-
ical identification of the source of Pb. The ex-
cretion of >80 yg Pb/24 hr always indicated Pb
poisoning in the age group examined. Values from
55-80 yg/24 hr always indicated more than the usual
contact with Pb and the possibility of Pb poisoning.
Values <55 yg/24 hr occurred in desperately ill
patients with Pb poisoning, when renal blood flow
was believed to be inadequate and for no apparent
reason in 1 child with Pb poisoning. All control
patients gave values <55 yg/24 hr. After a yr or
more of protection from Pb ingestion, the urinary
excretion of Pb in patients with known intoxica-
tion fell into the normal range.
The finding of a normal urinary 24-hr Pb excre-
tion appeared to be fairly reliable in excluding
recent Pb poisoning in persons with adequate renal
blood flow. The authors illustrated on the basis
of a case history the mistake of diagnosing Pb poi-
soning on the basis of a history of pica for paint
and characteristic X-ray evidence in the bones.
Urinary excretion of Pb was 21 and 14 yg/24 hr on
2 successive days, and samples of paint from the
chewed window sills showed no Pb.
2885 Dahlstrdm, A., and Odelstierna, E.: CASE
OF LEAD INTOXICATION? Proceedings of the
Section for Pediatrics and School Hygiene
of the Swedish Medical Society. Acta
Paediatrica 43:394, 1954.
Basophilic granulated blood corpuscles, copropor-
phyrinuria, X-ray density of the metaphyses and a
pathological EEC suggested the possibility of Pb
poisoning in a 10-mo-old child with convulsions.
However, absence of exposure during the previous
40 days before the appearance of symptoms as well
as the absence of Pb in the urine render the diag-
nosis of Pb poisoning questionable. The patholog-
ical findings rapidly became normal.
2886 Henderson, D.A. (Queensland Inst. Med.
Res., Brisbane, Australia): A FOLLOW-UP
OF CASES OF PLUMBISM IN CHILDREN. Aus-
tralasian Annals of Medicine 3:219-24
(Aug.), 1954.
A follow-up was made of 401 children, who were in
the Hospital for Sick Children, Brisbane, between
the years 1915 and 1935 with a diagnosis of Pb poi-
soning. Of these, 165 are known to be dead and
187 to be alive, and nothing is known of the fate
of the remaining 49. One hundred eight of the
causes given on the death certificates were classi-
fied as being renal or vascular disease. Seventeen
of the living members have hypertension and albu-
minuria and 3 have hypertension alone. The evi-
dence available indicates that the original diag-
nosis of Pb poisoning was probably correct in the
majority of the cases. (14 references)
2887 Henderson, D.A.: CHRONIC NEPHRITIS IN
QUEENSLAND. Queensland Institute of Med-
ical Research, Ninth Annual Report, 1954,
pp. 11-2.
The author describes briefly the results of re-
search on Queensland chronic nephritis, stating
that evidence shows the high incidence of the dis-
ease to be due to Pb absorption in childhood. In
comparison with the remainder of Australia, mor-
tality from chronic nephritis in Queensland began
to rise about 1890 with the rise affecting the 10-
20 age group first, then the older ones in suc-
cession, reaching the 50-60 age group about 1930
but not extending to the groups >60 yr of age.
The incidence in the younger age groups began to
diminish about 1925 when the causative agent, ap-
pearing in 1890, began to disappear about 1920-30.
Follow-up of persons who as children had had Pb
poisoning between 1915 and 1935 showed that at
least 128 of the 400, and probably more, have
died of it or are still living with "chronic neph-
ritis." However, only a relatively small percent-
age (10-20) of such cases state a history of Pb
poisoning in childhood. This may mean that either
Pb poisoning is only partially responsible or Pb
absorption in childhood occurred without any clin-
ical manifestations at the time. In order to
maintain the thesis that excessive Pb absorption in
childhood is the major cause of the high mortality
from chronic nephritis, some evidence must exist
that excessive Pb was absorbed in the majority of
cases, done by estimations of bone-Pb content at
autopsy. Although studies at this time were as
yet incomplete, they showed a bone Pb content signi-
ficantly higher in the majority of cases of "chronic
nephritis" including those with no known past
history of Pb absorption than in controls. The
mechanism by which Pb produces the renal lesion
remains unknown and work on experimental animals
has until then proved fruitless. The author closes
his report by a statement of studies as yet to be
done and the announcement of a forthcoming paper
on the statistical and clinical aspects of Queens-
land nephritis, pending bone-Pb estimations in an
adequate number of autopsies. (20 references)
2888 Marti, A., Costales, F., and Borbolla,
L. (Pediatric Serv. Univ. Hosp., Havana,
Cuba): Intoxicacidn por el plomo; reporte
de un caso de encefalitis plumbica en un
nino. (LEAD POISONING: REPORT OF A CASE
OF LEAD-INDUCED ENCEPHALITIS IN A CHILD.)
Archives del Hospital Universitario 6:97-
574
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
108 (Jan.-Feb.), 1954.
The symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment
of Pb poisoning with encephalopathy in children
is first reviewed. The case reported was that of
a 4-1/2-yr-old white boy who was admitted to the
hospital with convulsions. As summarized by the
authors, this was a typical case of Pb encephali-
tis, presenting gingival line, anemia, reticulo-
cytosis, stippled cells, radiologic changes and
Pb content of blood 72 ug/100 ml. In addition
to classical treatment vith Ca citrate, oral and
injected Ca, vitamin D, and phenobarbital, BAL was
administered. At discharge, psychiatric examina-
tion showed mental retardation. The source of
Pb exposure was the father's home shop of repair-
ing and constructing storage batteries, where the
child played and chewed Pb scraps.
2889 Smith, H.D.; Houston, S. (Children's Hosp.,
Cincinnati, 0.): LEAD POISONING IN CHIL-
DREN. 1. MEDICAL CARE. 2, NURSING CARE.
American Journal of Nursing 54:736-8;
738-9, 1954.
In Part 1, Smith emphasizes that because Pb poi-
soning in children is frequently not suspected
until brain damage has resulted, general awareness
and an informed population along with doctors who
are alert to the early manifestations is called
for. Based on his experience in Cincinnati the
incidence is increasing rather than decreasing.
Over the period 1944-1954 out of 40 reported cases
in Cincinnati 15 were fatal and the surviving 25
children exhibited some degree of encephalopathy;
of the latter, there are probably 3 idiots. A study
by Byers and Lord (1943) suggests that even in
milder cases an unhappy outcome may result. They
reported their observations on 20 cases of Pb poi-
soning without gross brain damage at discharge from
hospital; 8 children had exhibited mild encepha-
litic symptoms but 12 showed no such involvement.
Only 1 of the 20 had consequently been able to make
a normal school adjustment.
As the early manifestations are given: abdominal
pain, frequent anorexia, vomiting, persistent con-
stipation, irritability, frequent headache, pallor,
anemia and pica. More serious symptoms show as the
intoxication advances. The Pb-gumline is not com-
mon with children. Blood smears to determine the
stippled erythrocytes, lumbar puncture, examination
of the long bones, urinary coproporphyrin tests and
analysis of the whole blood are the recommended
diagnostic aids. Since no specific drug can be
recommended by the author, he feels that skillful
nursing aid has to be relied on to bring some com-
fort and relief for the sick children.
Houston outlines the nursing care during intra-
venous therapy and presents instructions for nurses
in presurgical therapy and postoperative care. At-
tention is drawn to the role of parents as part of
the team that takes care of the child that is hos-
pitalized for Pb intoxication.
2890 Williams, H.W. , Caraway, W.T., and De
Young, W.A. (Rhode Island Hosp., Provi-
dence) : INACTIVATION OF ANTIBODIES, A
CAUSATIVE FACTOR OF BRAIN PATHOLOGY IN
ACUTE LEAD INTOXICATION. AMA Archives of
Neurology and Psychiatry 72:579-82 (Nov.),
1954.
A fatal case of Pb poisoning in a 23-mo-old child
with a history of eating paint is reported. Since
the neuropathologic findings observed in this case
seemed more consistent with a pathogenesis of
bacterial toxins derived from a septicemia than
with an exogenous toxin, Pb, tl,e theory was ad-
vanced that abnormal concentrations of Pb in the
blood inactivate antibodies diminishing resistance
to bacterial invasion and growth. Pb at a concen-
tration of 0.12 mg/100 ml precipitated Y~globulins.
Therefore, it is postulated that this action can
also affect the antibody systems since these are
y-globulins. Through this inactivatlon of the
antibodies, the pathological changes in the central
nervous system may be the result of the toxic
products of the less inhibited growth of infectious
agents. In those instances where the blood Pb
level exceeds the critical range, the elapsed time
may not have been sufficient for the manifestation
of the direct toxic effects of the Pb.
1955
2891 Anonymous: POISONING IN CHILDREN. Ed-
itorials and Comments. Journal of the
American Medical Association 157:347-8,
1955.
In the United States in 1949-1950 the annual num-
ber of deaths due to accidental poisoning in chil-
dren <5 yr of age was 2.6/100,000 population, or
4 times that of Great Britain. This fact indi-
cates a carelessness or complacency that cannot
be condoned. Add to this the fact that for each
child who dies from this cause many recover and
that many of these are left crippled by Pb encepha-
litis, liver or kidney damage, and cicatricial
closure of the esophagus, and the magnitude of
the problem, far exceeding that of poliomyelitis,
becomes apparent. Poisonings by chewing Pb paint
or by Pb fumes resulting from the burning of old
battery casings are among those mentioned. Steps
taken to prevent these accidents are discussed.
2892 Anonymous: UNUSUAL CAUSE OF LEAD POISON-
ING. Foreign Letters. Journal of the
American Medical Association 157:609
(Feb. 12), 1955.
See Abstract No. 2897.
2893 Chisolm, J.J., Jr., Harrison, H.C., Eber-
lein, W.R., Harrison, H.E., with assistance
of Mohr, F.C. (Harriet Lane Home for In-
valid Children; Johns Hopkins Univ. Med.
School, Baltimore, Md.): AMINO-ACIDURIA,
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, AND RICKETS IN LEAD POI-
SONING. A.M.A. American Journal of Dis-
eases of Children 89:159-68 (Feb.), 1955.
A case of Pb poisoning in a 33-mo-old child is
described. In addition to the usual well known
clinical findings of acute encephalopathy and
anemia, this patient presented hypophosphatemia,
glycosuria, aminoaciduria, and the skeletal changes
of acute rickets. It is postulated that these
findings were related and were primarily the re-
Man
575
-------
suit of a disturbance of renal tubular function
due to Pb. This disturbance was reversible and
disappeared under treatment. The similarity of
this biochemical disturbance to that observed in
the Toni-Fanconi syndrome is pointed out. The
authors suggest that the same or related renal
tubular enzyme systems are involved in Pb poison-
ing. Citrate accelerated the healing of rickets
in the presence of a toxic concentration of Pb
which had produced the defect of calcification
initially. As calcification of new bone occurred,
Pb was deposited with the new bone salts. With
the removal of Pb to a tissue where it was de-
posited in a physiologically inert form, the inter-
nal balance of Pb metabolism was shifted and soft-
tissue concentrations of Pb were reduced; coinci-
dentally biochemical renal tubular dysfunction
disappeared. (24 references)
2894 Editorial: LEAD POISONING. Journal of
the American Medical Association 158:47-
8, 1955.
In an editorial on the incidence of Pb poisoning
in childhood, its diagnosis and treatment, atten-
tion is drawn to the fact that correct diagnosis
depends largely on considering Pb poisoning a pos-
sibility when several cases occur within a short
time among children. Confirmation or exclusion
of the occurrence of a dangerous degree of Pb ab-
sorption may be accomplished by the determination
of the Pb concentration in whole blood. Sometimes
the confirmation, not the exclusion, can be
achieved by the analysis of urine, but in children
the analysis of whole blood is to be preferred.
CaNa-jEDTA is recommended to remove Pb from the
system and preferred over BAL or cortisone or cor-
ticotropin.
2895 Gibb, J.W.G., and MacMahon, J.F. (Manor
Hosp., Epsom, Surrey, England): ARRESTED
MENTAL DEVELOPMENT INDUCED BY LEAD-POISON-
ING. British Medical Journal 1:320-3
(Feb. 5), 1955.
A case of arrested mental development in a 7-1/2-
yr-old boy caused by Pb poisoning (probably at age
3) was described and its implications and those of
others in the literature discussed with particular
reference to the following: (1) The diagnosis of
Pb intoxication may be delayed over long periods
during which serious and possibly irreversible
brain damage may be done, with resultant arrest of
mental growth, the appearance of "sensorimotor"
defects, and both social and educational disabili-
ties. (2) Pica, more often than not, precedes Pb
poisoning in children, and, as its implications
are not always recognized, its occurrence may not
be reported with appropriate emphasis. Hence there
is the possibility that Pb ingestion is not con-
sidered when the presenting symptomatology suggests
such conditions as food poisoning, pertussis, in-
fantile autism, amentia, sensorimotor defects,
educational subnormality, hyperkinetic disease, and
behavior disorders. (3) The need for appropriate
screening and follow-up procedures has been indi-
cated in the light of probability that the real
incidence of Pb intoxication is much greater than
hitherto envisaged.
The authors hope that the Ministry of Health,
local authorities, medical practitioners, parents,
and all concerned with child welfare will take
appropriate action to safeguard children from ex-
posure to the risks of Pb poisoning.
2896 Giles, H.McC., Moore, C.J., and Still, B.
M. (St. Mary's Hosp., London, England):
TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING WITH CALCIUM
DISODIUM VERSENATE. Lancet 1:183-5 (Jan.
22) , 1955.
Previous reports on the use of EDTA in the treat-
ment of Pb poisoning have all come from US. EDTA,
or CaNa2 versenate, is the Ca complex of ethylene-
diamine tetraacetic acid, which is a chelating
agent, ie, a substance capable of binding multi-
valent metallic ions so as to cause their function-
al removal from a solution. A metal forming a
stronger complex can replace one forming a weaker
complex. Thus, Pb replaces Ca from the CaNa2 com-
plex, which, for this reason, is used in the treat-
ment of Pb poisoning.
The patient treated was a child, 2-1/2 yr old,
who became ill after chewing Pb-coated telephone
wires. In addition to ordinary signs of Pb poison-
ing, X rays of the long bones showed dense bands at
the metaphyses. Symptoms of encephalopathy were
developing when treatment was started. EDTA was
given iv at intervals of 12 hr at 0.5 g in 200 ml
of 0.18% NaCl in 4.3% dextrose. Each infusion
lasted ^2 hr. Three 5-day courses were given,
with intervening rest periods of 6 and 9 days.
The mental condition improved steadily and the
child was bright and alert in 3 days. Vomiting
and convulsions ceased. Corproporphyrin gradually
disappeared from the urine, as well as stippled
cells from the blood. The blood Pb level steadily
fell, and there was an increase of excretion of Pb
in the urine, but this was not increased further by
ammonium chloride. No toxic effects from EDTA were
noted. (15 references)
2897 Gillet, J.A. (Med. Officer Health, Rother-
ham, England): AN OUTBREAK OF LEAD POI-
SONING IN THE CANKLOW DISTRICT OF ROTHER-
HAM. Lancet 1:1118-21 (May 28), 1955.
The author was informed that twin boys aged 3-1/2
yr had been admitted to the hospital with the
diagnosis of Pb encephalopathy which the general
practitioner had made. Immediate action was taken:
the house of the children was visited, but it was
the area Health Visitor who provided the informa-
tion that it was a fairly common practice to burn
old battery casings as fuel. A detailed account
is given of the well-planned and extensive inves-
tigations which were then made to discover the
homes where battery casings had been burned, to
have these homes visited to secure information and
to examine clinically and pathologically as many
of the children and adults as possible who had
been at risk. Details of the analysis of the cas-
ings and of their burnt ash are also given. It
was not possible to obtain blood specimens from
and to examine all persons at risk, because many
were not responsive. The main results, however,
were that no case of Pb poisoning in adults was
discovered, but up to the time 5 cases of Pb poi-
576
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
sonlng and 49 cases of Pb absorption in children
were observed. In addition, the bodies of 2 dead
chidren were exhumed and analysis of the organs
indicated that death had been due to the inhalation
of Pb. The causes of death in these had been said
to be epilepsy in one and cholemia and infectious
hepatitis in the other. There appeared to be
little doubt that the source of the Pb was either
the unburnt Pb casings or the ash after combustion,t
but the route of the Pb into the system must
remain uncertain. The protection of the public
from the danger of Pb poisoning through battery
casings is discussed.
2898 Kneller, L.A., Uhl, H.S.M., and Brem, J.
(Worcester City Hosp., Mass.): SUCCESSFUL
CALCIUM DISODIUM ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRA-
ACETATE TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING IN AN
INFANT. New England Journal of Medicine
252:338-40 (Mar. 3), 1955.
The case is reported of a 20-mo-old male infant
hospitalized with signs of Pb intoxication proba-
bly due to chewing dry paint from window sills.
Symptoms also indicated encephalopathy, although
an EEC taken during sleep was normal. After un-
successful symptomatic treatment, the patient vas
treated with EDTA administered in a dose of 0.5 g
of EDTA/100 ml physiologic saline by subcutaneous
clysis. The clyses, administered 3 times/day for
5 days, were given over a 1-hr period; absorption
occurred between 1-1/2-2 hr. The procedure was
well tolerated. The course of the case is des-
cribed; on the 5th day of therapy considerable im-
provement was obvious; and the patient was finally
discharged, cured. A year later he was seen in
excellent health. The theoretical value of EDTA is
discussed. The claim is made that EDTA is the drug
of choice in Pb poisoning; it is effective and can
be easily administered by the method described.
(16 references)
2899 Lewis, B.W., Collins, R.J., and Wilson,
U.S. (St. Louis, Mo.): SEASONAL INCI-
DENCE OF LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN IN
ST. LOUIS. Southern Medical Journal 48:
298-301, 1955.
Cases of Pb poisoning in children, with fatalities,
have occurred in St. Louis. The ingestion of ma-
terial containing Pb compounds is the cause. The
incidence of Pb poisoning in children in St. Louis
is highest in the summer season, when the total
actual sunshine hours are the greatest. The prob-
lem of pica is inextricably nixed with the cases
of childhood plumbisai. A discussion on the le^al
steps to be taken and stress, placed upon early
diagnosis and adequate treatment, conclude the
paper. (From authors' summary)
2900 Marsden, H.B., and Wilson, V.K. (Royal
Manchester Children's Hosp., England):
LEAD-POISONING IN CHILDREN; CORRELATION OF
CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS. Brit-
ish Medical Journal 1:324-6 (Feb. 5),
1955.
A description of the clinical and pathologic find-
ings of 2 fatal cases of Pb poisoning in children
is presented. Particular attention is given to
the changes in the kidneys, since these changes
have very often been underestimated in previous
literature. The difficulty in making a diagnosis
of Pb poisoning is emphasized. The author cites
Anderson (1948) who pointed out that the central
nervous system is particularly susceptible at
early age, and that encephalopathy may develop
even in the absence of anemia and colic, which
points to the need of considering Pb poisoning in
the presence of vague cerebral symptoms or evi-
dence of increased intracranial tension.
In both .cases described, vague symptoms were
present toward the end of the 2nd yr, but no
diagnosis was made at that time. Case 1 lived to
the age of 4 yr when the anemia, constipation, ab-
dominal colic and basophilic stippling suggested
Pb poisoning; in the 2nd case the diagnosis was
made at necropsy. In discussing the gross and
microscopic findings, the authors state that these
were not striking. There was some increase in
weight of liver and kidneys, and giant nuclei in
the renal tubules. Damage to the cortex and outer
portion of the medulla involving convoluted and
looped tubules was seen, but no evidence of cellu-
lar infiltration. The pattern of the urine chro-
matogram confirmed Fanconi's theory on the absorp-
tion of dextrose and amino acids in the proximal
tubules.
The author notes that postmortem diagnosis is
facilitated by examining the cut end of a rib for
the white band close to the cartilage, and by ex-
amining frozen sections of liver and kidney for
intranuclear inclusions. (17 references)
2901 Mellins, R.B., and Jenkins, C.D. (US Pub,
Health Serv.; Chicago Board Health, 111.):
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF
LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN. Journal of
the American Medical Association 158:15-20
(May 7) , 1955.
During 1953, 21 cases of Pb poisoning in children
were detected, 5 of which were fatal. The child-
ren ranged in age from 10-44 mo and pica was the
outstanding precursor. Vomiting, constipation,
abdominal pain, weight loss, lethargy, irritabil-
ity and convulsions were the principal signs and
symptoms and appeared mostly during the summer
months. A behavioral syndrome characterized by
irritability, tearfulness, weakness, withdrawal
and unexplained crying commonly occurred 1-2 wk
prior to hospitalization. The diagnosis was con-
firmed by the detection of anemia, basophilic
stippling of the erythrocytes, increased copropor-
phyrinuria, elevated urinary and blood Pb levels
and traverse bands of increased density at termin-
al segments of the growing bones on X ray. There
was no pattern in the geography of the incidence
although the cases were largely confined to the
slum areas.
The 5 fatal cases died of encephalopathy. Of
the surviving 16 children, 15 were studied 4-6 mo
after discharge from hospital by using detailed
developmental histories and tests, observing spon-
taneous and elicited behavior and interviewing the
parents. Prior to the onset of Pb poisoning, only
1 of the patients was retarded in motor develop-
ment, 3 were slow in speech development and 6 were
Man
577
-------
emotionally immature. Approximately 6 mo subse-
quent to the poisoning 14 of the 15 patients were
found to be markedly retarded in some way: lan-
guage ability (12), finer muscle coordination (11);
10 children became emotionally unstable and ex-
treme distractibility, short attention span and
high variability on the psychological tests were
characteristic. (From authors' summary)
2902 Sanford, H.N. (Univ. Illinois Coll. Med.,
Chicago): LEAD POISONING IN YOUNG CHIL-
DREN. Postgraduate Medicine 17:162-9
(Feb.) , 1955.
Two cases are reported, stated by the author to be
typical of Pb poisoning in children <3 yr old:
Case 1 was a 30-mo-old girl who had eaten paint
from window sills for 4 mo; Case 2, 22-mo old, had
done so for 5 mo. In the 1st, screaming had de-
veloped suddenly, then vomiting; at admission,
hemoglobin was 7 g/100 ml, X rays showed increased
density at ends of the radius and ulna, increased
excretion of coproporphyrin (CP), 0.1 mg Pb/1
urine, and 133 yg Pb/100 ml blood were found; EEC
revealed some slowing of the waves. In the 2nd,
vomiting and clonic convulsions had occurred; she
showed signs of palsy of the 6th cranial nerve,
EEC indicated extensive slowing of waves; other
findings were similar to Case 1 (urinary Pb was
0.09 mg/1, olood contained 83 yg/100 ml). The
1st child was treated with Na citrate, high Ca
and vitamin D diet, and Case 2, with BAL. The au-
thor discusses the diagnosis, stressing the impor-
tance of CP determination, and treatment with che-
lating agents.
2903 Tanis, A.L. (US Naval Hosp, Key West,
Fla.): LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN. IN-
CLUDING NINE CASES TREATED WITH EDATHAMIL
CALCIUM-DISODIUM. A.M.A. American Journal
of Diseases of Children 89:325-31, 1955.
A report is presented on 33 cases of Pb poisoning
in children 10 mo-4-1/2 yr old. Of the cases 43%
was in the age range 1-2 yr, and 27% from 2-3 yr,
20 of which were diagnosed from 1939-52 and 13 in
1953. In the latter group, diagnosis was substan-
tiated by history and laboratory examination.
The 20 boys and 13 girls were from the lower so-
cioeconomic classes from all over Chicago. Most
cases occurred in June-August (79%). Six cases
were fatal (18%). The frequency of symptomatic
complaints is tabulated. Among the findings hy-
pochromic anemia was found in 14 children; baso-
philic stippling in 94%; abnormally high reticulo-
cyte count in almost all; in ^50%, albumin was
found in the urine, and in 21%, glucose. The uri-
nary Pb excretion was significantly elevated in
20 although there was no correlation between the
degree of severity of the symptoms and the quan-
tity of Pb excreted/24 hr.
Of 8 children whose urine was analyzed for por-
phyrin 6 exhibited increases; however, porphyrins
were not present consistently in the urine.
Blood Pb levels were analyzed in only 2 patients
before 1953 (results, 0.067 and 0.167 mg/100 ml vs
normal of 0.03-0.06 mg/100 ml). The author noted
that because of the apparent increase in Pb poi-
soning in 1953, this disease will probably become
reportable in Chicago. Facilities were made
available for blood Pb determinations. Four sam-
ples so analyzed showed 0.047-0.109 mg/100 g. It
was thus seen that the value of blood determina-
tion (under consideration of variables such as
time of day of sampling, ingestion of food and pH
of the blood) lies in its use in screening pa-
cients with possible Pb intoxication. Aside from
the above findings, signs of increased intracra-
nial pressure (papilledema, Macewen's cracked-pot
resonance) were present in the children who died.
Tremor, ataxia, and motor weakness were seen in
several others. Bone X-ray changes were signifi-
cant in 85% of the patients, and 3 children
showed in addition increased density throughout
the large intestine, indicating recent ingestion
of Pb paint chips. Abnormal constituents in the
cerebrospinal fluid, in the absence of papillede-
ma, were found in 20 of the 33 cases. Electro-
encephalograms were taken during the course of
acute illness in 8 patients, and in 4, after dis-
charge. In 6 of the 9 cases treated with CaNa2~
£.DTA iv, excellent results were obtained, with no
adverse effects; in only 1 case was a direct sen-
sitivity to the drug suspected. The blood and
spinal fluid chemistries and urinary Pb findings
before and after treatment are tabulated.
2904 Thurston, D.L., Middelkamp, J.N., and
Mason, E. (Washington Univ., St. Louis,
Mo.): THE LATE EFFECTS OF LEAD POISONING.
Journal of Pediatrics 47:413-23 (Oct.),
1955.
During the period 1940-1950, 26 children were
treated for Pb intoxication. The source of Pb was
ingestion (paint, plaster, toys). Of them 7 (27%)
died: 6 on initial hospitalization and one 2 yr
later with Pb encephalitis. Of the remaining 19
patients 11 were followed for a 5-10 yr-period with
repeat physical, psychologic and laboratory examina-
tions. Five of them had been diagnosed and treat-
ed on an outpatient basis and the other 6 were
hospitalized. Of the latter, 2 were subsequently
hospitalized with intercurrent infections which
precipitated a return of the symptoms of Pb intox-
ication. The patients were empirically classified
as mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe.
As summarized, the physical sequelae consisted
of blindness and cerebral dysrhythmia. Na citrate
was the specific therapy in all cases and was
given over a variable period of time or until there
was no laboratory evidence of Pb intoxication.
There was no evidence in this series of continuing
mental deterioration. Considering the major mode
of instruction in the primary grades, the authors
feel that these children are at a serious disad-
vantage and should receive special attention to
offset their visual-motor deficit. As the child
matures there is a gradual loss of the inward
driven hyperactive behavior frequently seen in
brain-damaged children. There is no direct cor-
relation between the severity of the illness and
the amount of residual effect. Pediatric counsel-
ing might be influential in reducing a parental
overprotective attitude which adds to the child's
problem. (20 references)
578
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
1956
2905 Biehusen, F.C., and Pulaski, E.J. (Triplet
Army Hosp., Honolulu, Hawaii): LEAD POI-
SONING AFTER INGESTION OF A FOREIGN BODY
RETAINED IN THE STOMACH. New England
Journal of Medicine 254:1179-81, 1956.
A 23-mo-old child who had ingested a key-chain em-
blem made of a Pb containing solder alloy and re-
tained it in the stomach developed anorexia, vomit-
ing, weight loss, and irritability after ^45 days.
After surgical removal of the emblem on the 68th
day, Pb intoxication was proved by Pb lines in
X-ray pictures of the long bones and by profuse
basophilic stippling of red blood cells. It was
successfully treated by CaNa2EDTA. After the 1st
course of treatment, the 24-hr urine contained
0.056 mg Pb and the serum contained 0.01 mg Pb/
100 ml, and after the 2nd, <0.01 mg/100 ml.
2906 Bradley, J.E., Powell, A.E., Niermann, W. ,
McGrady, K.R. , and Kaplan, E. (Univ.
Maryland, School Med.; Baltimore City
Health Dept.): THE INCIDENCE OF ABNORMAL
BLOOD LEVELS OF LEAD IN A METROPOLITAN
PEDIATRIC CLINIC, WITH OBSERVATION ON THE
VALUE OF COPROPORPHYRINURIA AS A SCREEN-
ING TEST. Journal of Pediatrics. 49:1-6,
1956.
Attention is being focused on the relatively high
incidence of Pb intoxication in children due fre-
quently to the pica habit. In the period 1931-
55, 462 children, most of whom came from low-in-
come areas of Baltimore, were admitted to hospi-
tals with Pb encephalopathy or other manifesta-
tions of Pb intoxication. In many cases the chil-
dren had opportunity to eat or chew flakes of
paint from the ill-kept houses. This large num-
ber of cases suggested that there might be a high
incidence of Pb intoxication in the same areas in
children who did not show significant or recog-
nized symptoms of Pb poisoning. An investigation
was undertaken of 604 children of ages 7-60 mo,
all of whom came from a low—income area and attend-
ed a Well-Baby Clinic at the University of Mary-
land Hospital. Urine was examined for copropor-
phyrin (CP) III (de Langen and ten Berg modified
by McCord). This gave opportunity to assess the
value of the test since it is used by many indus-
trial firms as a method of screening their workers
for exposure to dangerous amounts of Pb. All
children with a positive CP test of 2+ (197 chil-
dren) and alternate children with a negative CP
test had the following additional studies: blood
Pb determination (dithizone method), lib, erythro-
cyte count, stipple count, X ray of long bones, a
complete history and a careful physical examina-
tion. The results are described, shown in tables
and discussed. As summarized, the findings were:
(1) The mean blood Pb for the 2 groups was 0.043
mg%; the upper limit of normal blood Pb seems to
be 0.05 mg%, as at and above this value there was
an increase in symptons and findings ascribed to
Pb intoxication; (2) there was no significant dif-
ference of blood Pb or other findings of Pb intox-
ications in the patients with or without CP; (3)
abnormal blood Pb values were found in 44.4% of
the 333 children studied; and (') a history of
pica was noted in 69.6% of the children with a
blood Pb of SO.05 mg%. This one finding gave high-
er correlation with blood Pb than any other test
or symptom. (17 references)
2907 Chisolm, J.J., Jr., and Harrison, H.E.
(Johns Hopkins Hosp.; Pediatric Div. Bal-
timore City Hosp., Md.): QUANTITATIVE
URINARY COPROPORPHYRIN EXCRETION AND ITS
RELATION TO EDATHAMIL CALCIUM DISODIUM
ADMINISTRATION IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LEAD
INTOXICATION. Journal of Clinical In-
vestigation 35:1131-8, 1956.
In children with Pb poisoning a positive correla-
tion was demonstrated between the urine Pb output
during the 1st day following the parenteral admin-
istration of EDTA and the total daily urinary co-
proporphyrin (CP) output just prior to the admin-
istration. This relationship is an exponential
one and was demonstrated in both the early re-
covery phase and the chronic phase of Pb poison-
ing. A similar correlation was found between the
simultaneous daily urinary excretion of CP and Pb
during EDTA administration. During the convales-
cent phase in children who had recovered from
acute Pb encephalopathy an exponential relation
was also found between the whole blood Pb concen-
tration and total daily urinary CP excretion. This
relationship could not be shown during the initial
acute phase of encephalopathy when whole blood Pb
concentration was frequently quite high and de-
creasing rapidly. These data indicate that the
urinary CP output is related to that fraction of
Pb in the tissues which is available for chelation
and urinary excretion under the influence of EDTA.
From the urinary CP output one can predict the
magnitude of Pb output in the urine which will
follow the parenteral administration of EDTA.
Since it is believed that this chelating agent
initially removes Pb primarily from nonskeletal
tissues, it appears reasonable to propose that the
urinary CP output is correlated with the concen-
tration of Pb in soft tissues. Hence, the urinary
CP excretion provides a sensitive biochemical
index of "metabolically active" and presumably
toxic Pb in tissues. (From authors' summary; 24
references)
2908 Chisolm, J.J., Jr., and Harrison, H.E.
(Johns Hopkins Univ. School Med.; Balti-
more City Hosp., Md.): THE EXPOSURE OF
CHILDREN TO LEAD. Pediatrics 18:943-58,
1956.
Ingestion of paint chips and plaster containing
Pb is an important cause of plumbism in children.
Indentification and removal of environmental
sources of Pb is essential, since constant super-
vision of children to prevent eating of Pb-contain-
ing materials is impractical when these materials
are within the child's reach. The old Pb-contain-
ing paint should be burned away completely or the
child should be transferred to a dwelling in good
repair. Among children who survive acute Pb en-
cephalopathy, frequency of permanent central ner-
vous system dariage Is increased b? reexposure to
Pb.
Man
579
-------
In old, poorly maintained dwellings, layers of
flaking paint often contain excessive quantities
of Pb. Even if Pb composes only 1% or less of
total solids in each layer of paint, application
of several layers to one surface increases the
quantity of Pb per unit area to tlv-j extent that
even a small flake may contain toxic concentra-
tions. In 1 home, paint flakes weighing 2.68 g
which were renoved from a door frame contained
254 mg of Pb. Because intake of more than 1.5 mg
of Pb daily may cnuse toxic symptoms, ingestion
of even a small quantity of such paint is danger-
ous.
Symptomatic Pb intoxication is tnost frequently
observed in the summer. Possibly, vitamin D and
the actinic rays of the summer sun increase the
absorption of Pb from the intestine. Heat may
lead to dehydration and acidosis in small children
and thereby promote encephalopatny.
The mean daily fecal output of Pb among 6 chil-
dren with Pb poisoning was ^6 times fecal Pb out-
put in a group of severely exposed industrial work-
ers. The more frequent occurrence of encephalop-
athy in children than in adults probably depends,
therefore, upon mor?. intense exposure to Pb in
young parsons. (21 references)
2909 Harrison, H.E. (Baltimore City Hosp.,
Md.): CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING. New
York State Journal of Medicine 56:3938-
43, 1956.
Between 1935 and 1947 the average yearly reported
incidence of childhood Pb poisoning was 15 cases
with an average of 5 fatalities per year. In
1948 due to increased interest there was a sharp
increase in moroidity. Since 1948 ^40 cases/yr
are reported, with the fatalities remaining fairly
stable. The authors discuss incidence, source of
intoxication, seasonal variation, signs and symp-
toms and diagnosis of Pb poisoning. The treatment
with CaNa2EDTA is discussed in detail.
2910 Jean, R. (Pedlatric Clinic, Montpellier,
France): Sindrome biologica che ricorda
quella della sindrome di De Toni-Debre-
Fanconi nel corso di una intossicazione da
piombo. (BIOLOGICAL SYNDROME SIMULATING
DE TONI-DEBRE-FANCONI SYNDROME DURING LEAD
POISONING.) Minerva Pediatrica 8:571-2,
1956.
A 3-yr-old child exhibited headache, vomiting and
asthenia. Urinalysis showed the presence of gly-
cosuria (1-5 g/1000), phosphaturia and hyperamino-
aciduria. The blood findings were 0.30 g/1 azotemia,
0.71 g glycemia (fasting), calcemia 100 mg, phos-
phatemia 15 mg/1 phosphatase 11.7 Bodanski units.
The findings which were diagnosed as Toni-Debre-
Fanconi syndrome, and signs which indicated intra-
cranial hypertension, led the author to seek a
toxic origin. Chemical analysis revealed in
blood 2.5 mg Pb/1. After BAL treatment all func-
tions returned to normal. The hypothesis was
advanced that Pb poisoning may produce enzymatic
disturbances comparable to the syndrome of De Toni-
Debre-Fanconi.
biologique evoquant celui du syndrome de
de Toni-Debre-Fanconi au cours d'une intox-
ication par le plomb. (BIOLOGICAL SYNDROME
SIMULATING DE TONI-DEBRE-FANCONI DURING
LEAD POISONING.) Pe'diatrie 11, No. 2:263-
5, 1956.
See preceding abstract.
2912 Kuvin, S.F. (Newark, N.J.): LEAD POISON-
ING IN CHILDREN. A RAPID SCREENING TEST
AS AN AID IN DIAGNOSIS. Medical Times 84:
471-4, 1956.
Pica and elevated excretion of urinary CP are in-
dicative of Pb poisoning. A qualitative screening
test for CP was described. Case reports of 2 male
children, 2- and 3-yr-old, are given. Both chil-
dren exhibited increased CP and hypochromic ane-
mia. Upon treatment in case 1 with 2 iv doses of
0.5 g each of CaNa2EDTA every 12 hr, and sc doses
of 0.5 g 3 times/day for 4 days, the urinary Pb
excretion on the 2nd day of therapy was 3.7 mg/24
hr. The Pb level in the blood after completion of
the initial course of therapy was 1.15 mg/100 ml.
The 2nd patient showed 0.059 mg Pb/100 ml blood
and 0.13 mg Pb/24 hr in the urine before therapy.
During sc administration of 4 g CaNa2EDTA divided
over 3 days, the urinary Pb level was 0.35 mg/24
hr. Both children recovered without evidence of
residual damage.
2913 Mclaughlin, M.C. (Jamaica Health Center,
New York City Dept. Health, N.Y.): LEAD
POISONING IN CHILDREN IN NEW YORK CITY,
1950-1954; AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY. New
York State Journal of Medicine 56, No 23:
3711-4, 1956.
Pb poisoning has been reported in 143 children
(151 hospital admissions) from 1950-1954 with 39
fatal cases. With better reporting and diagnosis
the case fatality fell from 48% In 1953 to 15.2%
in 1954, the 5-yr case fatality was 27.3%. All
cases were in children 56 yr of age with 67% of
them in the 1st and 2nd yr. There were 73 white
children and 61 Negro children and 28 of Puerto
Rican extraction. The more likely number is 64.
Eighty cases (56%) were female and, 63% were male.
Of all the hospital admissions 60% were in the
summer months of the year. Pica occurred in 82%
of the patients and in 9 families there were mul-
tiple cases. Most were reported from areas where
the housing was substandard and where the hospitals
were interested in the problem.
2911
Jean, R. (Montpellier, France): Syndrome
2914 Millican, F.K., Lourie, R.S., and Layman,
E.M. (Children's Hosp. George Washington
Univ. School Med., Washington B.C.):
EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY AND
TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING. A STUDY OF
PICA IN CHILDREN. AMA American Journal
of Diseases of Children 91:144-9, 1956.
It is stated that "In order to treat Pb poisoning
in children adequately, it is necessary to consider
the factors which cause children to ingest Pb-con-
taining substances" since the eradication of these
factors is essential to cure the child of the pica
habit. A basic study was made of 6 children with
580
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
this habit, of age ranging from 18-38 mo who had
been treated for Pb poisoning. The study was made
by means of 1 or 2 interviews with the mother,
psychological studies of mother and child and a
psychiatric playroom interview with the child.
The tests, one or more of which was administered
to each child, were the Minnesota Pre-School Scale,
Gesell Developmental Schedules, Cattell Infant In-
telligence Scale, Vineland Social Maturity Scale,
Merrill-Palmer Scale of Mental Tests and Stanford-
Binet, Form L. From the results which are fully
described it is concluded that factors which had
contributed to the pica were the encouragement by
the mother of the child's excessive oral activi-
ties, significant separations of the child from
its mother and emotional problems of the mother
which interfered with a good mother-child relation-
ship. Economic and cultural factors, as well as
factors of organic brain damage also contributed.
Although the number of cases studied is small, the
findings indicate the need for more intensive
study to further our understanding of pica.
2915 O'Donohoe, N.V. (Univ. Liverpool, England):
LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD TREATED BY THE
SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF A CHELATING
AGENT. Archives of Disease in Childhood
31:321-3, 1956.
The theoretical basis of the use of CaNa2EDTA in
the treatment of Pb poisoning, the incidence and
causes of the disease in childhood are discussed
on the basis of reported cases.
The usually recommended route, intermittent iv
administration of a dose JO.5 g/30 Ib/hr, involves
repeated infusions and in a plump toddler may be
difficult to carry out without cutting down on
veins. Although sc administration has been re-
ported (Bessman et al, 1954), no discription in
detail of the administration has been given.
The author describes the successful treatment of
Pb poisoning in 2 children ^2 yr of age with
CaNa2EDTA sc (0.25 g with 1500 IU hyaluronidase in
25 ml 1% NaCl solution over 30 min every 6 hr for
5 days. Blood Pb concentrations dropped from 83
and 108 vg/2 to 50 and 30 (normal 10-30) . In 1
child urinary Pb concentration was 280 vg/1 pre-
treatment, 700 after 2 days, and 220 after the 1st
course (normal 30-80 yg/1). The spinal fluid glu-
cose and protein concentrations, the glucosuria and
amino-aciduria and the low Hb levels all returned
to normal.
2916 Travers, E., Rendle-Short, J., and Harvey,
C.C. (Rotherham and Mexborough Uosp.,
Yorks.; Univ. Sheffield, England): THE
ROTHERdAM LEAD POISONING OUTBREAK. Lancet
2:113-6, 1956.
The outbreak of Pb poisoning at Rotherham in 1954
had been earlier described by Gillet (1955). In
the present paper the clinical aspects are dis-
cussed and a number of cases described. Only chil-
dren were affected, their ages varying from 11 mo
-15 yr, and no sign of Pb absorption was found in
125 adults from the same households. The outbreak
was undoubtedly due to the use as domestic fuel of
scrap batteries, but poisoning was by ingestlon of
the residual ash and not by inhalation of fumes.
Ten children were severely affected, 2 of whom died
before diagnosis, and details are given of the 5
most severe cases. The findings upon examination
of 140 others who appeared likely to have been at
Hazard are described, signs of Pb absorption being
found in 50. The diagnosis of Pb absorption was
established from the following indications: (1)
On radiography of the long bones, at the growing
ends of a shaft a dense line is visible, or in
younger children a broad zone of increased density,
due to the presence of closely packed trabeculae
containing a Pb deposit, this being best seen at
the lower end of the femur and the upper end of
the tibia. Hence X-ray examination at the knee
would suffice as a screening test for the purposes
of a rapid, large-scale survey. (2) Anemia, with
diminution both in Hb content and in erythrocyte
count. (3) Punctate basophilia, with stippled
cells forming 0.02% or more of the erythrocyte
count gives positive evidence of Pb absorption.
The stippling is not due merely to immaturity,
but to a specific effect of Pb on the cytoplasm
and cell membrane, (4) Coproporphyrinuria. Treat-
ment was with EDTA given iv in 2 5-day courses,
to a total dose of 12 g. The technique is de-
scribed and details given of the resulting increase
in the urinary excretion of Pb in 3 of the cases.
In addition, Ma citrate and a high Ca diet in the
form of extra milk and Ca lactate together with
vitamin D, were given to help in the removal of
Pb from the blood and soft tissues and promote its
storage in the bones until fully excreted. No
acute toxic episodes have occurred among 58 cases
of Pb poisoning or absorption followed up for 11
mo, but the possible effect on mental development
in the severely affected patients cannot yet be
assessed. (15 references)
2917 Valledor, T., Borbolla, L., Villa Campos,
J., Garcia Palacio, A., and Garcia Otero,
A. (Havana, Cuba): Intoxicacidn plumbica
en la infancia. Recientes avances en su
tratamiento. Reporte de 8 casos en dos
familias. (LEAD POISONING IN INFANTS; RE-
CENT ADVANCES IN THE TREATMENT; 8 CASES IN
2 FAMILIES.) Revista Colombiana de Pedia-
tria Puericultura (Bogota) 16 (Special
No.):173-94, 1956.
Eight cases of Pb poisoning in children aged 7 mo-
9 yr were studied. There were 2 deaths by enceph-
alitis. The others suffered varying degrees of
poisoning. In the case of the one family (3 chil-
dren) , the source was an abandoned Pb foundry
where the children played; the other family lived
close to a storage battery factory and here also
the children played in the yards around it. Two
of them were treated with 2.5 mg BAL/kg, 4 times
daily, for 2 days and 2 times/day for the next 18
days. In 4 cases 60 mg CaEDTA/kg/day, distributed
in various doses over the day, were administered
orally for 20 days. Tablets of 335 mg CaEDTA were
used. The clinical diagnostic criterion for Pb
poisoning was irritability, headache, vomiting,
constipation, abdominal colics and Burton's line
on the gums. Anemia, basophilic stippling, de-
crease of hemoglobin, glycosuria and radiologic
changes of the large bones were other signs. In
7 cases EEC's were taken. Results of clinical and
laboratory tests for the 8 cases were listed.
Man
581
-------
(17 references)
2918 Winters, R.W. (Univ. North Carolina,
Chapel Hill): LEAD POISONING IN CHIL-
DREN. General Practitioner 13:107-13,
1956.
ihe sources of Pb poisoning in children, the clin-
ical manifestations, the diagnosis by chemical
methods, and the treatment with CaEDTA are re-
viewed.
2919 Wolffenblittel, E. (S3o Paulo, Brazil): 0
saturnismo em criancas. (SATURNISM IN
INFANTS.) Revista Brasileira de Medicina
(Rio de Janeiro) 13, No. 10:765-8, 1956.
The difficulties in the diagnosis of Pb poisoning
are discussed and illustrated by cases reported by
S.F. Kuvin (1956), Byers et al (1954), and Kar-
pinski et al (1953).
2920 Wolman, I.J. (Children's Hosp.; Univ.
Pennsylvania School Med., Philadelphia):
HEMATOLOGY OF LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD.
American Journal of Medical Science 232:
688-94, 1956.
In summarizing his review, the author states that
the predominant hematologic lesion of Pb poison-
ing is the faulty production of red cells and Hb.
The developing immature erythrocyte of marrow is
clearly much more susceptible to the noxious action
of this intracellular poison than are the marrow
cells. The Pb appears to depress the conversion
of protoporphyrin into heme and to hamper the
formation of stroma in some of the red cells. It
has not been feasible from the recorded childhood
cases to derive any generalizations with respect
to significant relations between the severity of
the blood change, the level of blood Pb in random
test specimens, the age of patients, the duration
of exposure, or the intensity or character of the
constitutional symptoms exhibited. (From author's
summary; 23 references)
1957
2921 Bare, C.I. (Univ. Kansas, "Mo.) LEAD POI-
SONING. A STUDY OF SUCH TOXICITY IN CHILD-
REN. Journal of the Kansas Medical Soci-
ety 58, No. 8:544-54, 1957.
A review article with 39 references. The most
common source of Pb poisoning in children is Pb-
containing paint. A few cases have been due to
ingestion of wax crayons and inhalation of colored
chalk dust with Pb in the pigment. Some surface
glazes for porcelain and pottery contain minute
amounts of Pb which may be dissolved if the con-
tainer is used for lemon juice, vinegar or other
acids for several hours. Pb pipes used in the
drinking water supply and Pb vapors occurring
from the burning of discarded wooden Pb batteries
have caused intoxication. The incidence of Pb
poisoning in relation to the age of the children
and to season is discussed. A relationship to
ultraviolet light was suggested but not establish-
ed. The physiological picture, symptoms, diagnosis
and pathogenesis of Pb poisoning and its sequelae
and treatment are reviewed.
2922 Burke, L.M.: CHRONIC LEAD POISONING.
A CASE REPORT. West Indian Med. J. 6,
cJo. 2:105-7, 1957.
A Jamaican girl 21 mo old was admitted to the Uni-
versity College Hospital of the West Indies with a
5-day history of vomiting, weakness and drowsiness.
The symptoms and signs which are here recorded led
at 1st to the provisional diagnosis of encephali-
tis. Later the diagnosis of Pb poisoning was es-
tablished because of persistent punctate basophil-
ia, the X-ray demonstration of marked Pb lines at
the metaphysis of all bones of the hands, wrists
and knees, and the finding that the urine contain-
ed 48 ppm of Pb. Treatment by CaEDTA (300 mg iv
daily for 5 days and later 600 mg daily by mouth
for 9 days) was effective in bringing about great
improvement in the mental and general state. The
source of the Pb was a smashed motor car battery
with which the child had been in the habit of
playing. The child's elder brother aged 3 yr
though without symptoms was found to show evi-
dence of Pb absorption on examination of blood
and urine and by X ray. (From Bulletin of Hygiene
33:5, 1958)
2923 Chisolm, J.J., Jr., and Harrison, H.E.
(Johns Hopkins Uuiv. School Mad., Balti-
more, x1d.): THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LE».D
ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CHILDREN. Pediatrics
19:1-20, 1957.
Twenty-two boys and 14 girls between the ages of
15 and 56 mo with acute Pb encephalopathy were
treated with EDTA. The disease was considered
severe in 14 patients who had convulsions contin-
uously for 24 hr or longer or remained comatose
for a similar period of time. The disease was
mild in 22. The drug was administered by contin-
uous iv infusion, continuous sc infusion, inter-
mittent sc injection, and intermittent im injec-
tion. The total dose was the same in all patients
regardless of the route of administration; 75 mg/kg
body weight was given within 24 hr for 5 or 7 days.
Intramuscular injection of a 20% solution contain-
ing 0.5% of procaine HC1 was found to be the most
convenient method. The interval between injec-
tions varied from 3-12 hr. Five of the 36 patients
died and 4 of the 31 survivors were considered to
have severe permanent damage to the central ner-
vous system. One of these children had recurrent
encephalopathy 3 mo after the initial mild enceph-
alopathy; recurrent convulsions occurred during
the subsequent 18 mo. This was the only patient
in whom reexposure to Pb occurred after the ini-
tial attack of Pb encephalopathy. One of the oth-
er 3 severely damaged patients had severe mental
retardation, another had a severe behavior dis-
order in the presence of at least average intelli-
gence, and the 3rd had severe brain damage super-
imppsed on a previously acquired defect resulting
from meningitis and hydrocephalus. Four patients
had mild sequelae in the form of slight behavior
disorders. The remaining patients, who were fol-
lowed up for 12-36 mo, did not show detectable
clinical abnormality. These results were compared
582
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
with those obtained in 33 patients with Pb encepha-
lopathy who had been treated at the same hospital
with BAL between 1946 and 1951. rfhile EOTA may
have reduced the incidence of residual neurologi-
cal damage to a certain extent, it has not signif-
icantly reduced mortality from this disease. EDTA
was no more effective than JiAL for quickly termi-
nating coma, convulsions, and increased intracra-
nial pressure in acute Pb encephalopathy. Most
of the deaths occurred during the period of these
manifestations. The only present hope for a fur-
ther reduction in mortality from Pb encephalopathy
would appear to lie in earlier diagnosis, prompt
removal of the child from exposure to Pb, and care-
ful supportive management during the first 48-72
hr of EDTA administration. This duration of the
administration of the drug is required in severe
cases before the high toxic concentrations of Pb
initially present in tissues can be sufficiently
reduced to remove the danger to life. The unpre-
dictable and fulminant manner in which acute Pb
encephalopathy may develop in children makes it
necessary that patients with both severe and mild
disease should be managed during the first few
days of observation on the assumption that all
have potentially severe cases. The first 6-12 mo
after removal from exposure to Pb constitute the
period of greatest risk of continuing metabolic
toxicity to cerebral and other tissues, in which
the concentration of Pb may remain high after an
initial course of EDTA. About 25 mg of Pb was re-
moved from the urine during the initial course of
therapy with EDTA that was observed in the course
of 5 days in the patients; this may have consti-
tuted only a small part of the total Pb in the body.
Quantitative determinations of coproporphyrin
in urine were used as the principal biochemical
indication for repeated courses of chelation ther-
apy. Prevention of reexposure to Pb in combination
with repeated courses of EDTA offers hope of reduc-
ing the incidence of more subtle but equally in-
capacitating forms of late damage to mentality.
Final conclusions with respect to such late damage
to the mentality of survivors of acute Pb enceph-
alopathy must await the reevaluation of these pa-
tients during the early school years. (22 refer-
ences)
2924 Cooper, M. : PICA, A SURVEY OF THE HISTOR-
ICAL LITERATURE AS WELL AS REPORTS FROM THE
FIELDS OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ANTHRO-
POLOGY. THE PRESENT STUDY OF PICA IN
YOUNG CHILDREN, AND A DISCUSSION OF ITS
PEDIATRIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS.
Springfield, 111., Thomas, 1957, 114 pp.
After an extensive historical survey of pica in
Europe and the Americas, the author discusses ori-
ginal observations concerning problems occurring in
Negro as well as white children of low socioeco-
nomic urban areas in Baltimore totalling 784, 172
of whom (21.9%) had a record of pica. (All child-
ren under the age of 7 mo, ie, before inception of
crawling, were excluded from the study.) Compared
to the non-pica group, the incidence of illness in
the pica children (16% in Negro, 17.9% in white)
was significantly higher than in the non-pica
children (9.5% in Negro, 8.1% in white). Cases
of methyl salicylate poisoning and Pb poisoning,
occurring in the pica group in 2 cases each (med-
ical histories were not obtained on all children)
are not mentioned in the non-pica group although
one case of convulsions (etiology not specified
but probably not Pb-induced) is included in the
latter group. The author states that although the
reporting is probably not complete, it neverthe-
less points to the pica group as the one carrying
the heavier burden of disease and physical defect.
The average number of behavior problems per child
in the pica cases was 4.4 for Negro, 4.5 for white
(total 4.4); for non-pica, 3.5 for Negro, 4.0 for
white (total 3.7), an increase of problems in pica
children statistically not significant, the slight
difference easily attributable to the greater in-
cidence of feeding problems in the pica group.
Comparison of intelligence tests between the 2
groups showed no essential difference in mental
status (2% of the pica children scored lower than
the non-pica children). There was a marked prepon-
derance of Negro children over white in the total
group with pica (10.4%,SE ±2.94). Boys scored
slightly higher in incidence than girls.
Of all the pica cases in the present study, 15.1%
showed some paint ingestion. If, as the study sug-
gests, pica is indeed a symptom of poor nutrition
(which, in turn, gives rise to anemia), etiologic
as well as symptomatologic treatment is essential.
Another factor for chewing objects may be emotional
neglect of a child or lack of play opportunities or
insufficient interaction with parents, siblings,
etc, in which the condition is not true pica but
closely related to it. The survey also discusses
adult pica, occurring in Negro mothers.
The author proposes 2 further studies: (1) an
inquiry among private pediatric patients as to the
possible incidence of pica in various socioeconomic
groups; (2) a study of a representative group of
antepartum patients to discover the presence or
absence of pica among them for studies of hemoglo-
bin and nutritional status.
2925 Davidson, W.S. (Commission of Public Health,
Western Australia): LEAD POISONING IN
NINE MEMBERS OF A FAMILY. Lancet 2:1096-7
(Nov. 30), 1957.
A family of 11 members (husband, wife age 33 yr,
9 children 8 wk-14 yr) had lived for 4 mo in a
galvanized iron shack in which the previous owner
had broken down old car batteries to recover Pb.
The family had spread the Pb oxide which had been
left in a heap, over the earth floor. The sand from
the floor was analyzed and found to contain 16% Pb
as Pb salts and dust from the rafters contained
8.5% Pb. A]1 except the husband and eldest boy,who
had spent little time in the shack, showed signs of
varying degrees of Pb absorption and Pb poisoning,
such as abnormal values for Hb, stippled cell count,
red cells, Pb and coproporphyrins in urine. Pb
lines were noted on gums and bones, the latter
proportional to the age of the patient and rate of
growth of the bones. The author points out that
the presence of red cells in the urine may be an
important indication of Pb poisoning. Treatment
with 60 mg/kg body weight/day of CaNa2EDTA led to
recovery; only 1 boy (age 15 mo) still showed a
few erythrocytes in the urine after 6 mo.
Man
583
-------
2926 Giannattasio, R.C. (New York): THE MAN-
AGEMENT OF LEAD INTOXICATION. New York
State Journal of Medicine 57, No. 12:
2394-6, 1957.
The author reviews his previous reports on 18
cases (14 mo-3-1/2 yr of age) of Pb poisoning and
discusses the fate of Pb in the body following
the acute phase and following the action of BAL.
In 8 cases of acute Pb encephalopathy treated ini-
tially with Ca, inorganic P and vitamin D, roent-
genograms of the long bones revealed that the Pb
deposits during the following 4-12 mo were in-
creasing rather than decreasing. However, after
subsequent BAL treatment the Pb deposits in these
areas steadily diminished. His theory of the fate
of Pb and effects of BAL are as follows: After
Pb poisoning without subsequent treatment only
negligible amounts of Pb are excreted by the urine.
When left to its own devices nature seems to pre-
fer to store Pb in the bones rather than to ex-
crete it in the urine. In some acute cases of Pb
encephalopathy, after treatment with BAL, Pb
seemed to increase in the bones. The author
points out that in the acute phase BAL will mobi-
lize, bind and transport out of the body as much
Pb as possible while the excess streams to the
bones. Or it may be that Pb in brain, blood and
other tissues is more accessible to BAL than that
in the bones and that the increased amount of Pb
in the urine during the acute phase derives from
these sources. Continued action of BAL will even-
tually send the Pb from the bones to the urine
and in chronic cases, BAL actually removed Pb from
the bones. Prompt treatment with BAL in all cases
is advised since BAL appears to be a safe thera-
peutic agent. (11 references)
2927 Gillet, J.A. (Civic Center, Dagenham, En-
gland) : LEAD POISONING. Letters to the
Editor. Lancet 2:1231 (Dec. 14), 1957.
"Dr. Davidson, in his article of Nov 30, accepts
almost by implication that the route of absorption
of the Pb from the remnants of broken-down car
batteries was inhalation. In the Rotherham out-
break, on which you published my findings, I postu-
lated the theory that the absorption of Pb from a
similar source was due to ingestion and suggested
that the careless food hygiene of the affected
children was responsible for this. I wonder whether
Dr. Davidson has any evidence that this was the
route of entry in his cases."
2928 Jenkins, C.D., and Mellins, R.B. (Chicago
Board Health, 111.): LEAD POISONING IN
CHILDREN. A STUDY OF FORTY-SIX CASES.
A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychia-
try 77, No. 1:70-8, 1957.
In 1953 and 1954, 46 children were hospitalized in
Chicago with chronic Pb poisoning; 90% of them
were 1-4 yr old and were mostly from poor families.
All of them showed pica and dried peeling paint
was usually the noxious agent. Of the 46, 43
children were first hospitalized with, the severe
or acute phase from May-October. Most had a char-
acteristic premonitory syndrome of fatigue, extreme
irritability, tearfulness, etc, followed by severe
stage, which included coma, convulsions, and in
some partial paralyses. Thirteen died and the
surviving 33 were studied psychologically. The
results showed that 27 were mentally retarded and
in 20 of these the retardation was directly trace-
able to Pb poisoning. One case could not be fol-
lowed . Only 5 of the survivors were of normal in-
telligence. Speech was impaired in 18; most child-
ren developed emotional instability and became
very distractible. Some had behavior problems be-
fore the poisoning.
Two years after their illness 14 of these child-
ren were tested a second time. The 2nd year of
convalescence was one of recovery in some of the
cases (<50%). However, the trend was not complete
enough to warrant optimism. Prevention of Pb poi-
soning is the only adequate solution.
2929 McLaurin, R.L., and Nichols, J.B., Jr.
(Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): EXTENSIVE CRANIAL
DECOMPRESSION IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE
LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY. Pediatrics 20:653-67
(Oct.), 1957.
Over the period 1947-1956 the diagnosis of Pb in-
toxication was made in 52 patients admitted to
Cincinnati General Hospital. Of these 52, in only
18 cases there was no evidence of involvement of
the central nervous system. The diagnosis of Pb
encephalopathy was made in 34 cases and only when
there was definite evidence of involvement of the
nervous system. Irritability and drowsiness were
not considered reliable. The occurrence of sei-
zures, however, is of significance in this regard.
Except for 1 case, this was usually substantiated
by the finding of an elevated concentration of
protein in the spinal fluid which was analyzed and
recorded in 29 of the 34 cases. Prior to the use
of massive cranial decompression 20 patients with
encephalopathy were admitted and later another one
who was treated but not according to the prescribed
method. Of these, 13 died (62%).
The 7 cases described here had reached a critical
stage for whom surgical decompression was neces-
sary; they were among 13 patients with encephalo-
pathy treated during the past 3 yr. Their ages
were 18 1110-^4 yr. The technique of the massive
bilateral decompression and subsequent treatment
is described in some detail. There were 2 deaths
(15%). In 1, gastrointestinal hemorrhage was the
cause. Two survivors were mentally retarded. The
authors conclude that the decrease in mortality in
these cases is due to extensive cranial surgery and
the use of EDTA as adjunctive therapeutic agent.
(EDTA has been routinely used in the treatment of
Pb intoxication in the last 3 yr.)
2930 Queries and Minor Notes: LEAD POISONING IN
AN INFANT. Journal of the American Medical
Association 164:1522 (July 27), 1957.
Whether a 17-mo-old infant can have Pb poisoning,
as evidenced by Pb lines at the epiphyseal ends of
the long bones, from inhalation of paint sprays
was answered as follows: "It is difficult to con-
ceive of a 17-mo-old infant having exposure to Pb
through the medium of paint sprays. Few paint
sprays now contain Pb, and, apart from industry,
paint spraying usually is only an occasional activ-
ity. A 17-mo-old infant could have Pb poisoning,
but currently the common source is scaled-off Pb
paint from interior woodwork in homes. The best
584
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
means for diagnosis resides in quantitative Pb
determinations in blood and urine. Epiphyseal line
abnormalities may be present but are not diagnostic
of Pb deposition. Similar X-ray disclosures may
arise in healing rickets and in connection with
restoration of Ca level after other nutritional
disorders. If the epiphyseal line abnormalities
are present and if an exposure to Pb has been es-
tablished, then such bony changes could result from
the deposition of Pb compounds in the epiphyseal
areas. In addition, some changes may arise at the
margins of the flat bones. Rings of modified bony
density may appear in the ossification centers of
cartilage. The intensity or breadth of the bands
or lines is influenced to some degree by the dura-
tion of Pb exposure and the quantity of Pb taken
into the body. Diagnostic methods other than
these X-ray changes should be pursued."
2331 Wilzbach, C.A. (Health Commission, Cincin-
nati, 0.): LEAD POISONING IN CINCINNATI.
Cincinnati Journal of Medicine 38:462-3
(Nov.), 1957.
Health Department records in Cincinnati list 12
cases of Pb poisoning from January through Septem-
ber 1957, 3 of which were fatal. During 1956, 16
cases with 2 fatalities were reported. Usually,
the patients are children under the age of 4 yr.
Whenever a case of Pb poisoning is reported, the
Health Department dispatches immediately an inves-
tigator who inspects the sanitary conditions, the
plumbing for Pb water pipes and sewage disposal
system of the home involved and obtains samples of
peeling paint and cracked plaster. The information
and samples are analyzed in the Kettering Labora-
tory and the results are then reported to the
physician in charge. On the basis of the reports
of the Health Department, the Laboratory, the
Social Worker and the Nurses, an opinion Is formed
as to the tentative causative agent.
2932 Woolley, P.V., Jr. (Children's Hosp. of
Michigan, Detroit): LEAD POISONING DURING
INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD. American
Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy
and Nuclear Medicine 78, No. 3:547-9, 1957.
The development of diagnostic aids in Pb poisoning
is discussed and the variations in the clinical
manifestations at different stages of life are
pointed out on the basis of the literature. A
small child can ingest appreciable amounts of Pb
without dramatic clinical manifestations until
sunlight is introduced which accelerates absorp-
tion and probably alters certain metabolic respons-
es. The recognition of the Pb line at the ends
of growing bones in infants and small children
proved to be an important diagnostic tool in
pediatrics. Poisoning in childhood is usually due
to ingestion of paint from toys and furniture.
The frequency of death during the acute phase of
poisoning could generally be ascribed to strong
intracranial pressure which characterized the
meningoencephalopathy. X-ray tests showed suture
lines literally torn apart. Some children who re-
covered from Pb poisoning exhibited overt residual
damage of the nervous system, personality difficul-
ties and alterations in behavioral development.
Porphyrinuria and coproporphyrinuria offer a simple
and rapid biochemical screening test. Therapy is
based on either increasing the amount of Pb de-
posited as inert phosphate or binding the active
fraction and encouraging its excretion. The 2
most frequently and successfully used antidotes
are BAL and CaNa2EDTA.
1958
2933 Anonymous: LEAD AND CHILDREN. Transac-
tions of the Association of Industrial
Medical Officers 8, No. 1:36-8, 1958.
A discussion of the literature concerning Pb poi-
soning in children is presented. In closing the
question is raised if Pb had ever been used for
homicidal purposes, since nothing could be found
in the legal literature. A BBC play, however, had
a husband dispose of wife 1 by giving her Pb, and
tried this on wife 2 whose symptoms did not re-
semble any Pb case yet met; this reminded the
author of Bramwell's (1931) statement that mis-
takes in the diagnosis of Pb poisoning are often
due to not expecting.
2934 Bradley, J.E., and Baumgartner, R.J.
(Univ. Maryland, Baltimore): SUBSEQUENT
MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH LEAD
ENCEPHALOPATHY, AS RELATED TO TYPE OF
TREATMENT. Journal of Pediatrics 53:311-
5 (Sept.), 1958.
A comparative study of several areas of intellec-
tual functioning in 2 groups (total 18) of Negro
children treated either with BAL or EDTA in the
past 5 yr is presented. All patients satisfied
the criteria for Pb encephalopathy: convulsion,
lethargy or irritability, a pica history, blood Pb
values >0.05 mg% (0.052-0.53%), radiographic evi-
dence of heavy metal intoxication. The 9 treated
with BAL (mean age 29 mo at hospitalization, and
administered 3 mg BAL/kg for 12 days) were class-
ified as follows: 3 severely ill, 6 moderately
severe. Those treated with EDTA (mean age 26 mo,
and given 1 g EDTA/15 kg iv for 5 days) included
4 severely ill and 5 moderately severe. The in-
terval between hospitalization and the follow-
up averaged for the BAL group, 3.77 yr (range 3-5
yr) and for the EDTA group, 3.0 yr (2-4 yr). The
results of the IQ tests (Binet and Goodenough)
when the children of the BAL group were of mean
age of 5.74 and the EDTA group 5.1 yr, showed means
for the 2 tests of 89.55 and 79.88, and 98.88 and
101.55, respectively for the 2 groups. It ap-
peared those treated with EDTA were superior
on visual motor tests which were significantly
better than chance expectancy, although no signif-
icant differences were found between ratings of
both groups in general intelligence which was
within normal range.
The authors conclude that though it is suggested
from the study that EDTA may be more effective in
reducing undesirable psychological residuals, the
possibility for their occurrence remains despite
the type of treatment.
2935 Bradley, J.E., and Bessman, S.P. (Univ.
Maryland School Med., Baltimore): POVERTY,
PICA, AND POISONING. Public Health Reports
73:467-8 (May), 1958.
The incidence of Pb poisoning in children due to
Man
585
-------
ingestion of peelings and flakes of paint as stud-
ied in Baltimore is reviewed (Bradley et al, 1956;
Bessman et al, 1954). Since the disease is essen-
tially environmental, a concerted effort of physi-
cians, nurses and social workers is required. The
danger of Pb encephalopathy, resulting in neuro-
logical sequela, mental retardation or death is
pointed out.
2936 Cann, H.M., and Verhulst, H.L. : EDATHAMIL
CALCIUM-DISODIUM (EDTA) IN LEAD POISONING.
Tennessee Industrial Hygiene News 15, No.
1:3-4, 1958.
Oral administration of EDTA in Pb poisoning in
children cannot be considered a substitute for
prevention of exposure to Pb. EDTA acts as a
clinical "deleading" agent; but the process of
"deleading" does not seem to be the only factor
involved in the treatment of Pb poisoning. EDTA
has not significantly reduced mortality from Pb
poisoning. Compared to BAL, it seems to be more
effective in reducing the incidence of residual
neurological damage, but it is no more effective
than BAL in terminating the acute episode of Pb
encephalopathy. EDTA blocks Pb that is continual-
ly released by tissues into the extracellular
fluids. A period of 48-72 hr of EDTA administra-
tion is necessary to reduce lethal concentration
of Pb in the body to less toxic levels. The drug
may be given by continuous iv route of a 2% solu-
tion or by intermittent intramuscular (im) injec-
tion in a total dosage range of 50-75 mg/kg body
weight/24 hr for 5-7 days. Oral administration
of EDTA is not as satisfactory as parenteral ad-
ministration and may be harmful. Im instead of iv
administration of EDTA helps in minimizing fluid
intake. (Reprinted from National Clearinghouse
for Poison Control Centers, Dec. 1957)
2937 Caputi, S., Jr. (Rhode Island Hosp.,
Providence): TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING
WITH CALCIUM DISODIUM VERSENATE; A CASE
REPORT. Rhode Island Medical Journal 41,
No. 6:321-2, 325, 1958.
A 2-yr-old female infant who was known to have
chewed paint from the walls of a closet, was hos-
pitalized. She had shown evidence of a moderate
pica for 2 mo prior to admission and had been
vomiting for ^3 wk preceding admission to the hos-
pital. The child was listless. Examination re-
vealed pallor of the mucous membranes of the mouth
and of the conjunctivae. No gingival Pb line was
found but there was a questionable Pb line circum-
ferentially around the anal mucosa. Blood tests
showed many cells with basophilic stippling, hypo-
chromia and moderate achromia. A dose of 0,33 g
CaNa2EDTA in 5% glucose and water was injected iv
twice daily for 3 days and the same treatment was
repeated after a rest period of 3 days for 2 more
days. Improvement started immediately; copropor-
phyrin excretion increased from 0.65-1.80 mg/1
after 1 day's treatment. The mechanism of the
action of EDTA is discussed. On the basis of
literature it is pointed out that though Pb is
adequately removed from soft tissues, it is only
partially mobilized in the skeletal components.
There is evidence that Pb may be deposited in the
bone marrow which suggests that further attacks of
chronic Pb poisoning might occur. (10 references)
2938 Davidson, W.S. (Dept. Public Health, Perth,
Western Australia): LEAD POISONING.
(Letters to the Editor.) Lancet 1:51
(Jan. 4), 1958.
In a letter (Abstract No. 2927) referring to the
author's article of Nov. 30 (Abstract No. 2925),
Gillett asked for evidence of the route of entry
of the Pb. No direct evidence was obtained. Ample
opportunity for ingestion and inhalation existed.
Because inhalation is generally regarded as more
toxic, this route was considered more important.
Some confirmation of this seems indicated by the
fact that the husband and 2 elder boys who spent
little time in the shack presented no evidence of
Pb absorption, but the wife and younger children
who spent more time in the shack did. As far as
contamination of food goes, all members of the
family would have been at somewhat equal risk.
2939 Greenberg, M., Jacobziner, H., McLaughlin,
M.C., Fuerst, H.T., and Pellitteri, 0.
(Dept. Health, New York, N.Y.): A STUDY OF
PICA IN RELATION TO LEAD POISONING. Pedi-
atrics 22:756-60 (Oct.), 1958.
Since 1955, physicians have been urged to ask par-
ents whether the child or any others in the family
had manifestations of pica. If so, a careful ex-
amination with special reference to symptoms as-
sociated with Pb poisoning is made. A diagnosis
of Pb poisoning is considered to be established if
the Pb concentration in blood >0.06 mg/100 ml and
2 or more of the following symptoms or signs are
present: gastrointestinal, neurologic, hematologic,
roentgenologic. Pica cases are concentrated in
the first 4 yr of age, only 4% occurring after
that. 3h 1956-57, 12% of the pica cases occurred
in infants <1 yr, without any cases of Pb poison-
ing among them. Pb poisoning in children leads to
death in 15-25% of the cases and to neurologic
disturbance in ^25% or more of those that survive.
Early diagnosis is important. Cases of Pb poison-
ing in children who do not have pica do not add up
to a significant percentage.
2940 Homer, T. , and Hickling, S. (Wellington,
New Zealand): LEAD POISONING OF UNUSUAL
ORIGIN IN TWO CHILDREN. New Zealand Med-
ical Journal 57:600-4 (Dec.), 1958.
Pb poisoning was diagnosed in a 5-yr-old boy with
a history of vomiting, chronic constipation, anemia
and a stippled cell count of 30,000/million red
cells. A blood examination of the other 4 members
of the family showed mild evidence of excessive Pb
absorption in the father and an infant child and
marked Pb absorption in another girl. Treatment
with EDTA produced a marked improvement of the blooc
picture in these 2 children. The Pb poisoning was
traced to the consumption of a citric cordial which
had been kept in a jug with a Pb glaze. A quantity
of the semi-dilute cordial, left to stand in the
jug for 18 hr, upon analysis showed a Pb content of
400 ppm.
2941 Jacobziner, H., and Raybin, H.W. (New
York City Dept. Health; Poison Control
Center, N.Y.): PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS
OF LEAD POISONING IN INFANCY AND YOUNG
CHILDREN. New York State Journal of
Medicine 58, No. 5:730-4, 1958.
586
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
The following incidents of Pb poisoning were re-
ported to the New York City Poison Control Center:
Five cases of children, 6 mo-2 yr old, who had
eaten paint and plaster for unknown periods of
time without the parents being aware of it. The
children exhibited abdominal pains, vomiting and
fever, in some cases diarrhea, cyanosis stupor and
convulsion; all recovered. A 6th child, 2-yr old,
died 24 hr after admission to the hospital.
2942 Jacobziner, H., and Raybin, H.W. (Dept.
Health, New York City; Poison Control
Center, N.Y.): LEAD POISONING IN INFAN-
CY AND YOUNG CHILDREN. New York State
Journal of Medicine 58, No. 6:897-9,
1958.
Two case reports of Pb poisoning are given: (1)
A 19-mo-old male child used to chew on the paint
of the window sill while looking out of the win-
dow, ihe child had no symptoms until he developed
convulsions 4 days prior to his death. (2) A 2-
yr-old male child who had a habit of eating paint
from the window sills developed vomiting and ab-
dominal pains. A diagnosis of Pb poisoning was
not made until after the 3rd hospital admission
when he developed convulsions and coma. General
symptoms of Pb poisoning, seasonal and geographi-
cal incidence and treatment are discussed.
2943 Landing, B.H., and Nakai, H. (Children's
Hosp.; Univ. Cincinnati, Coll. Med., 0.):
HISTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RENAL LEAD-IN-
CLUSIONS AND THEIR DEMONSTRATION IN URI-
NARY SEDIMENT. American Journal of Clini-
cal Pathology 31:499-503 (June), 1958.
Sloughed renal tubular epithelial cells containing
intranuclear inclusions can be demonstrated in
urinary sediment of children with acute Pb poison-
ing by means of staining smears of sediment with
hematoxylin and eosin or ^SO^-permanganate alde-
hyde-fuchsin. Histochemical analysis of renal Pb
inclusions suggests that they are composed largely
of protein with a high content of cysteine of other
sulfhydryl groups. (From authors' summary)
2944 Popescu, I.G., loanid, N., Radian, I.S.,
Bors, G., Popa, I., and Berechet, A.:
(PLACENTAL PERMEABILITY IN SATURNISM.)
Farmacia (Bucharest) 6:413-^2, 1958.
Description is given of the result of a pm exami-
nation of a newborn child whose mother had suf-
fered from a longstanding saturnism. Massive pa-
renchymal lesions of the spleen and kidneys and
less in the placenta, lungs and brain were ob-
served. Quantitative Pb determinations were made
polarographically and colorimetrically after min-
eralization. The Pb is conveyed to the fetus via
the placenta and is fixed in fetal organs without
being accumulated in organs performing antitoxic
functions. (From Chemical Abstracts 53:14325,
1959)
2945 Robinson, M.J., Karpinski, F.E., Jr., and
Brieger, H. (Jefferson Med. Coll., Phila-
delphia, Pa.): THE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD
IN PLASMA, WHOLE BLOOD AND ERYTHROCYTES OF
INFANTS AND CHILDREN. Pediatrics 21:793-7
(May), 1958.
The concentration of Pb in the blood of 103 child-
ren, 5 hr-13 yr old, without history of Pb poison-
ing, was studied. No relation to sex or race was
detected. For the purpose of evaluating the role
of age, the subjects were divided into 3 groups
ranging from (1) 5 hr-6 mo, (2) 6.1 mo-4 yr and
(3) 4-13 yr. The values obtained for group 1
were significantly lower than those for groups 2
or 3; ranges and medians for groups 2 and 3 were
practically identical. Median values in group 1
were 0.015 mg Pb/100 ml of whole blood (range
0.005-0.031) and 0.034 mg/100 ml of erythrocytes
(range 0.010-0.090). Newborn infants had 0.007-
0.028 mg Pb/100 ml in whole blood and 0.010-0.044
mg/100 ml in erythrocytes. Concerning the ques-
tion of transport of Pb from the maternal into the
fetal circulation it is assumed that minute amounts
of Pb are carried by the maternal plasma into the
fetus. In the combined groups 2 and 3 ranges and
median values were as follows; in mg/100 ml: whole
blood 0.003-0.054, 0.27; erythrocytes 0.003-0.144,
0.065; 90% of the values were between 0.015-0.040
for whole blood and 0.028-0.103 for erythrocytes.
(20 references)
2946 US Public Health Service: LEAD POISONING
IN CHILDREN. US Public Health Service
Publication No. 586, 1958, 2 pp.
The leaflet states briefly the following: the
dangerous age; how children get poisoned by Pb;
signs of Pb poisoning; protective measures.
2947 US Public Health Service: THE RECOGNITION
OF LEAD POISONING IN THE CHILD. US Public
Health Service Publication No. 620, 1958,
8 pp.
The incidence, etiology, diagnosis and treatment
of Pb poisoning in children are summarized.
2948 US Public Health Service, National Office
of Vital Statistics: LEAD POISONING.
Morbidity and Mortality 7, No. 14:2; No.
17:2, 1958.
In Issue No. 14, S.H. Osborn (Connecticut State
Department of Health) reported the death from Pb
poisoning of a 3-1/2-yr-old boy, the possible
source of which was paint chewed from a crib. Sam-
ples of the original paint from the crib were found
to contain Pb.
As reported in No. 17, further study showed the
mother and 2-yr-old brother to have high blood Pb
values (0.11 mg and 0.07 mg/100 g blood, respective-
ly), while the father and 12-yr-old sister had nor-
mal blood Pb values. It seemed unlikely that paint
from a crib was responsible, and search for the
most probable source of Pb in this case was con-
tinued.
2949 Van Assen, F.J.J. (Rotterdam, Nether-
lands): Een geval van loodvergiftiging
als oorzaak van aangeboren afwijkingen bij
het nageslacht? (A CASE OF LEAD POISONING
AS THE CAUSE OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN
THE OFFSPRING.) Nederlands Tijdschrift
Verloskunde en Gynaecologie 58, No. 3/4:
258-63, 1958.
The case-history is presented of a family in which
the father, after the birth of 2 healthy children,
contracted Pb-poisoning. In the 3 yr that fol-
lowed, 3 fetuses with lethal congenital anomalies
Man
587
-------
were born and a 3-mo pregnancy ended in abortion.
After treatment and change of occupation of the
father, 2 healthy normal children were born.
The literature is briefly reviewed. Although in
this case the harmful influence of Pb was not
proved due to scarcity of laboratory data, the
Pb-intoxication of the husband is considered a
probable cause of the anomalies. (From author's
summary)
2950 Watson, R.J., Decker, E., and Lichtman,
H.C. (State Univ. New York, ijew York):
HEMATOLOGIC STUDIES OF CHILDREN WITH LEAD
POISONING. Pediatrics 21, No. 1:40-6,
1958.
Thirteen children, 16-36 mo, with Pb poisoning due
to the ingest ion of plaster and paint were sub-
jected to hematologic tests. The Pb concentration
in their blood was =0.06 mg/100 ml. They exhib-
ited a microcytic and hypochromic anemia with a
mean hemoglobin of 7.6 g/100 ml, a moderate aniso-
and poikilocytosis. Reticulocytes were >2% in 9
cases, with the highest value 10.8%; there was a
marked elevation of free erythrocyte protoporphy-
rin. The findings were compared with those in nu-
tritional Fe deficiency. (20 references)
1959
2951 Byers, R.K. (Children's Hosp., Boston;
Harvard Med. School, Cambridge, Mass.):
LEAD POISONING. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
AND REPORT ON 45 CASES. Pediatrics 23:
585-603 (March), 1959.
After a review of the literature concerning Pb poi-
soning in children, 45 cases from the author's ex-
perience are described. All were treated with iv
or im administration of EDTA. Oral administration
of EDTA produced no shortening of the prolonged
period of coproporphyrinuria following cessation
of iv use of EDTA. In the acute stage oral use of
EDTA was less efficient than iv or im administra-
tion in returning the aberrant porphyrin metabolism
to normal. The conclusion was drawn that Pb inter-
feres with porphyrin metabolism at several physio-
logically distinct points and that the hematopole-
tic marrow is not freed of Pb by EDTA. Since EDTA
given orally in the presence of Pb in the intesti-
nal tract is dangerous and even iv EDTA may promote
Pb absorption from the intestinal tract and its
transport to the brain, preliminary emptying of
the intestinal tract by enemata Is important.
(From author's summary, 50 references)
2952 Cohen, G.J., and Ahrens, W.E. (Silver
Spring, Md.): CHRONIC LEAD POISONING.
A REVIEW OF SEVEN YEARS' EXPERIENCE AT THE
CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Journal of Pediatrics 54:271-84 (Mar.),
1959.
Experience in the management of 43 children with
chronic Pb poisoning over the period 1950-1956
(with peaks in 1953 and 1955) is presented.
The diagnoses were made on the basis of abnormal
blood or urinary Pb levels prior to treatment and
any of the 2 following abnormalities: pica, baso-
philic stippling, markedly increased transverse
densities in the metaphyses of the long bones.
The children were grouped as to asymptomatic (28%),
with clinical symptoms without encephalitis (32%),
encephalitis (40%; 8 mild and 9 severe cases).
The frequency of signs and symptoms and diagnoses
made on admission is tabulated as well as detailed
laboratory findings.
The patients were treated with EDTA, administered
either iv, or sc (30 mg/kg/day as the standard
dose). In the 1st 18 cases 0.5 g was given 3
times/day regardless of weight. EDTA was given
for 5 days with a 3-day "rest" period and then re-
peated for another 5 days. Three (7%) of the se-
vere encephalitics died after an average of 2-1/3
days. At necropsy of 1 of them Pb analysis showed
in bone, 9.96 mg/100 g; kidney, 0.8; liver, 0.78;
lung, 0.10; brain, 0.0. In the case follow-up,
the authors note that 1/4 of the patients were
lost; all but 1 returned to their parents and pre-
vious environments.
In their conclusions and summary the authors
state that the observed mortality of 7% is signi-
ficantly high even if it is an improvement over
earlier reports. The 45% incidence of neurologic
and psychic residual morbidity found by them is
pointed out for serious consideration and further
study. Routine inquiry into the presence of pica
may help to avoid the risk of Pb poisoning to be-
come symptomatic. (35 references)
2953 Farber, S., ed. (Children's Med. Center,
Boston, Mass.): CLINICAL PATHOLOGICAL
CONFERENCE; THE CHILDREN'S MEDICAL
CENTER, BOSTON, MASS. Journal of Pediatrics
55:102-12 (July), 1959.
The case of a 2-yr-old white boy who died evi-
dently from Pb poisoning is described. The fol-
lowing signs were indicative of Pb poisoning:
persistent vomiting, unsteady gait, changes in
the spinal fluid, anemia of a type typical for
Pb intoxication, coproporphyrinuria. Against the
diagnosis of Pb poisoning was the report of a nor-
mal spinal fluid pressure. The diagnosis was es-
tablished firmly on the basis of finding >1 yg Pb/
ml of bladder urine removed at autopsy. The child
developed convulsions and fever and died on the
3rd day in the hospital. The Conference members
discuss whether prompt EDTA treatment would have
saved the child. The need for a law against the
use of Pb in house paints is pointed out. Parti-
cipants in this Conference were: R.K. Byers, M.H.
Wittenborg, J.M. Craig, et al.
2954 Hung, W. : LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY IN IN-
FANTS AND CHILDREN. Clinical Proceed-
ings of Children's Hospital (Washington,
D.^.) 15:219-26 (Sept.), 1959.
A case of acute Pb encephalopathy in a 19-mo-old
girl is presented. The child was admitted to the
hospital because of lethargy and vomiting. There
was a history of 3 mo's pica, the patient having
chewed on window sills and doors. Blood tests
showed the presence of basophilic stippling; the
blood Pb level was 0.41 mg/100 ml; the Pb content
in the urine was 11.80 mg/1 and 4.01 mg/24 hr
specimen. X-ray tests showed some condensation
of the inner table in the skull and transverse
lines of increased density in the metaphyses of
long bones. EDTA was administered every 8 hr.
588
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Convulsions, starting on the 3rd hospital day,
were followed by sudden death. Autopsy revealed
encephalopathy due to Pb poisoning (edema and vas-
cular degeneration), cloudy swelling of the liver
and bone marrow hyperplasia. A brief outline is
given of the etiology, clinical and laboratory
findings, diagnosis, prognosis, pathology and
treatment of Pb poisoning. (24 references)
2955 Jolliff, C.R., Heidrick, P.J., Cain, J.A.,
and Ohlsen, J.E. (Lincoln Hastings Med.
Lab., Lincoln, Nebr.): LEAD IN DOMESTIC
WATER SUPPLY; LEAD PIPING AS A SOURCE OF
TOXIC QUANTITIES. Nebraska State Medical
Journal 44:156-60 (Apr.), 1959.
The cases of poisoning described occurred in a
colored family living in Lincoln, in a 2-family
house built in the early 1900's. It was found that
^30 ft of Pb pipe led into the house with ^18-in
Pb pipe additionally from the meter to the house
piping proper. Pb content in water, determined by
the method approved by the Public Health Service,
was 0.4 ppm before flushing and 0.03 ppm after
flushing. Several weeks later the entire Pb piping
was removed; similar tests showed no significant
amounts of Pb. The authors note that in their
locality, Pb piping was approved until the early
30's. While much has been replaced, as of 1956
'vlO.OOO homes still had Pb pipe.
Those afflicted were a boy born in 1953, a girl
born in 1954, arid their mother, seen by the authors
since 1951 (age 17). Before Pb poisoning was di-
agnosed, the symptoms, aside from colic, irrita-
bility, etc,were a hypochromic anemia that did not
respond to treatment, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis,
and marked hypochromasia. All showed severe stip-
pling of erythrocytes, and one, "target" cells,
but no Pb line on gums. Urinary coproporphyrins
were positive in all cases, Pb was 0.18, 0.13, and
0.21 mg/1. The children showed the typical Pb line
upon bone X ray. Inquiry revealed that the father
left home in the mornings without breakfast, and
that the mother used the tap water without flush-
ing. The authors wished to investigate the other
family occupying the house, where a small child
had been suffering from severe colic for several
months, but the family refused to cooperate.
2956 National Clearinghouse for Poison Control
Centers: LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN:
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA. US Public Health
Service, May, 1959, 8 pp.
Criteria to be used in diagnosing Pb poisoning in
children are presented. Clinical and laboratory
criteria, criteria for Pb absorption, and exposure
to a Pb source are the 3 areas under which the
diagnostic criteria fall. Two or more clinical
and laboratory criteria couples with 1 or both
criteria for Pb absorption enable a diagnosis of
Pb poisoning to be made. Although chemical iden-
tification of the Pb source involved is important
in arriving at a final diagnosis, treatment must
not be delayed if the source is not readily demon-
strated. A classification for final diagnosis
concerning the exposure of a child to Pb is recom-
mended. The importance of recognizing early cases
of Pb intoxication and even earlier asymptomatic
cases in which increased Pb absorption occurs is
emphasized by the classification. Use of this
classification should aid in establishing a long-
term prognosis. Early diagnosis is necessary to
reduce sequelae and mortality from Pb poisoning
in children. (From author's summary)
2957 Roxburgh, R.C., and Haas, L. (Queen
Elizabeth Hosp. Children, London, Hosp.,
England): THE DIAGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE OF
GLYCOSURIA IN LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD.
Archives of Diseases in Childhood 34:70-3
(Feb.), 1959.
Three cases of Pb poisoning in children are de-
scribed. They were 2 boys, 1-1/2 and 4-2/3 yr old,
and a girl 6-1/4. The diagnosis of the condition
was reached at an early stage after admission to
the hospital because of the discovery of glycosu-
ria, which led to further tests for Pb poisoning.
The glycosuria persisted for 3 wk. There was no
evidence of residual renal damage at the end of 6
mo. All 3 cases were treated with prolonged
courses of oral CaEDTA resulting in prolonged ex-
cretion of Pb in the urine. Evidence is put for-
ward to suggest that colored crayons of the yellow
and orange ranges may be a danger to children on
account of their content of Pb chromate. (20 ref-
erences)
2958 Smith, H.D. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): LEAD
POISONING IN CHILDREN AND ITS THERAPY WITH
EDTA. Industrial Medicine and Surgery 28:
148-51; discussion, 151-5 (Mar.), 1959.
Pb poisoning among children is still a serious men-
ace. The source of the Pb nowadays is usually old
paint. The illness primarily involves 1-4-yr-old
children and strikes almost entirely during the
summer months. During the first 10 mo of 1958, 20
instances of excessive absorption of Pb by children
with 4 deaths were documented in Cincinnati. The
case of a 2.5-yr-old girl is described in detail.
When the child started to vomit and to become le-
thargic, she was taken to the hospital where a
moderately severe anemia with basophilic stippling
of the red cells, the presence of albumin, sugar
and coproporphyrin in the urine, dense lines of
radio opacity at the ends of the long bones of the
forearm and large amounts of radio opaque sub-
stances in the intestinal tract were found. Al-
though therapy with EDTA was started immediately,
severe encephalopathy ensued and the child died.
Postmortem analyses showed the following Pb con-
tents (mg/100 g) in blood, liver, vertebrae and
feces, respectively: 0.64, 3.81, 14.9, 31.80 (on
ash.)
2959 Whitaker, J.A., and Vietti, T.J. (Univ.
Texas S.W. Med. School, Dallas): FLUORES-
CENCE OF THE ERYTHROCYTES IN LEAD POISON-
ING IN CHILDREN: AN AID TO RAPID DIAGNO-
SIS. Pediatrics 24:734-8 (Nov.), 1959.
Red fluorescence of erythrocytes occurs during Pb
poisoning. The authors examined microscopically
with the aid of blue ultraviolet light a thin wet-
preparation of erythrocytes obtained from 7 un-
treated children with Pb poisoning, aged 15-36 mo.
In every one of these children the red fluores-
cence was observed in 75-100% of the erythrocytes.
The exact nature of the fluorescent material in
the erythrocytes has not been determined; it is
Man
589
-------
probable that the fluorescence is related to the
amount of free protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes.
Control specimens (150) obtained from normal child-
ren and others with various clinical conditions
also were examined microscopically and showed 0-
50% fluorescent erythrocytes. The authors con-
sider this test a simple, rapid and reliable meth-
od to aid in the diagnosis of Pb poisoning in
children.
1960
2960 Anonymous: THE LEAD DETECTIVES ARE AT
WORK IN CINCINNATI. Journal of the Ameri-
can Medical Association 172:1527 (Apr. 2),
1960.
ihe Organization of a Lead Information Center in
Cincinnati is described. The agency was set up
with the purpose to coordinate the activities of
all community elements engaged in diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of Pb poisoning, because
of an increase of cases (1 fatal case of encepha-
litis in 1946, but 72 cases of Pb poisoning with
5 deaths in 1959. This has been due to greater a-
wareness of the problem.) Whenever a case of sus-
pected Pb poisoning is reported, the city health
department sends a nurse and a sanitarian to the
child's home and blood specimens from the patient
and paint samples are sent for analysis to the
Kettering Laboratory. In addition to its day-to-
aay operations the Center is hard at work on model
laws that will prohibit use of Pb-containing
paints in house interiors. Meanwhile labeling of
all paints containing >1% Pb and local ordinances
compelling removal of Pb—aase paints in homes
where Pb poisoning has been detected, are advo-
cated.
2961 Beaudoing, A., Guilhot, J., and Payan, L.:
Intoxication saturnine d'origine hydrique
chez une fillette. Action favorable des
che'lateurs. (LEAD POISONING OF AQUEOUS
ORIGIN IN A YOUNG GIRL. FAVORABLE ACTION
OF CHELATING AGENTS.) Pediatrie 15:667-70,
1960.
Pb intoxication of aqueous origin in children is
not very frequent, and because it is exceptional
in French publications on Pb intoxication in child-
ren the authors presented this case of a 7-yr-old
girl. The patient had no noteworthy antecedents
but suffered from severe abdominal pains and re-
peated vomiting since July 28, 1959. Considering
a catarrhal infection, she was treated symptomati-
cally. She improved for 5 days but as gastric
pains recurred with vomiting, she was hospitalized
on August 4. Since there was no improvement and
her state of dehydration became worse, she was
given many perfusions per day. Because of many
similarities with Pb intoxication symptoms in
adults, a possible Pb poisoning diagnosis was made
on the basis that the girl regularly spent 1 mo/yr
in an otherwise uninhabited home in the country.
Drinking water was obtained from a well and only
this water was used. It was led by Pb pipes to the
kitchen sink and the girl drank many times a day
directly from the faucet because of the heat.
Laboratory findings showed the following: uri-
nary coproporphyrins +++-, urinary Pb level: 138
yg/100 ml (according to English authors, upper
limit of normal, 60 pg); Pb content in the water:
180 mg/1. She showed moderate anemia and no baso-
phillc stippling was seen. Opaque lines seen in
bone X rays gave but vague indication. Treatment
with CaNa2EDTA was begun on the 4th day of hospi-
talization. A 2 ml or 0.1 g diluted in a 50 ml
isotonic serum-glucose solution was administered
by iv infusion (2-3 hr) for 4 successive days.
The patient improved very rapidly and left the
hospital after 8 days.
The observation is thought to be worthy of in-
terest because 4 factors seemed involved: (1)
Stagnant water in a Pb main for 11 mo (in 1957 as
much as 800 mg Pb/1 was found in a similar experi-
ment in Paris). The well was located near a farm
so probably contained nitrates and chlorides which
change into Pb nitrates and Pb chlorides which are
very soluble. The water in the region is very
poor in Ca so no protective cover of Pb carbonates
could be formed. There was contact between the
water main and an electric cable which favored dis-
solution of Pb electrolytically. (2) In the ab-
sence of precise etiologic information initially,
the almost peritoneal aspect could have resulted
in a surgical diagnosis. (3) Concerning therapy,
EDTA administration should not exceed 4-5 days;
it appears to have better results with repeated
treatment some days or weeks later. In the case
described the administration was not repeated.
The authors conclude with the question whether Pb
intoxication from water is not less infrequent
than it is thought to be.
2962 Benson, P.F., and Chisholm, J.J., Jr.
(John Hopkins Univ. School Med.; Baltimore
City Hosp., Md.): A RELIABLE QUALITATIVE
URINE COPROPORPHYRIN TEST FOR LEAD INTOXI-
CATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN. Journal of
Pediatrics 56:759-67 (June), 1960.
A qualitative technique is described for urine co-
proporphyrin (CP) estimation, (based on Schwartz's
et al method 1951, the de Langen and ten Berg's
method, (1948, in which CP is determined in ether
extracts of urine) having appeared to be unreli-
able in the hands of the authors). The method,
described in detail, involved CP extraction.
It was then applied to the study of 258 children,
8-63 mo old, from June 1958-June 1959. Among them,
44 had acute poisoning, 52 had increased absorp-
tion of Pb but were asymptomatic, and 162 showed
no evidence of increased Pb absorption according
to previously published criteria. No cases with
a previous Pb poisoning history were included. A
specimen was taken from each child and tested for
CP within 15 min of voiding. A blood sample was
taken and the blood Pb concentration was deter-
mined by a wet-digestion dithizone technique.
Some principles of porphyrin analysis are dis-
cussed and evidence is presented to show that es-
timation of CP in initial ether extracts is not
reliable. In using the reported technique, a
positive CP result (+++ or I I I I) was present uni-
formly in patients with whole blood Pb levels
>0.10 mg/100 g, although in a number of the pa-
tients the abdominal and long bone X rays were
negative for Pb intoxication and the history of
pica was denied. (16 references)
2963 Deutschberger, 0.: REPORT ON THE INCREASE
590
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
OF LEAD POISONING AS REVEALED BY LABORA-
TORY AND X-RAY EXAMINATIONS. 2. RADIO-
LOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD POISONING. Pro-
ceedings of the Rudolph Virchow Medical
Society in the City of New York 19:13-5,
1960.
The incidence of Pb intoxication in children and
its differential diagnosis through radiological
detection of osteosclerotic changes are discussed.
The author points out that the skeletal changes,
although characteristic, are not pathognomonic of
Pb poisoning, for P, Sr or Bi besides Pb may be
responsible for the osseous changes. Also F and
vitamin D may cause bone changes resembling heavy
metal osteopathies although the bone involvement
is more diffuse. The conclusion is that if osteo-
sclerosis of the metaphyseal end of the long bones
is the only striking change, the probability of
heavy-metal osteopathy should be considered. Such
findings, even without any supporting history,
should induce a clinical and laboratory investiga-
tion, in order to establish a definite diagnosis
of Pb intoxication.
2964 Cowing, J., and O'Connell, R.R. (Woman's
Med. Coll. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia):
FATAL LEAD POISONING. Journal of the
American Medical Women's Association 15:
275-6 (Mar.), 1960.
A 17-mo-old Negro girl, when admitted to the hos-
pital with convulsions, had a blood count as fol-
lows: hemoglobin 9.0 g, hematocrit 30%, leukocytes
15,750/mm-'. The mother stated that her only pre-
vious seizure had come on 1 mo before and had
lasted a short time. When symptomatic treatment
failed, CaEDTA was given intravenously on the 2nd
day. The child died the following day after a 2nd
dose of EDTA. Autopsy showed a Pb content of 0.92
mg/100 ml in the brain but no edema was present.
Blood analysis, returned after the child's death,
gave a Pb level of 184 ug which, corrected to a
hemoglobin level of 15 g, would give 478 pg. The
case illustrates that advanced Pb poisoning can be
almost asymptomatic,
2965 Hartman, E.E., Park, W.E., and Nelson, H.G.
(Health Dept., Minneapolis, Minn.): THE
PEELING HOUSE PAINT HAZARD TO CHILDREN.
Public Health Reports 75:623-9 (July),
1960.
Between August 25, 1958, and October 10, 1959, a
total of 417 specimens of urine from children (5
yr and under, without symptoms of Pb poisoning)
were analyzed for Pb at the Minneapolis Health
Department laboratory. Of 393 samples obtained
through a screening program in well-child clinics,
7 showed high urinary Pb (>0.08 mg/1). Of the re-
maining 24 samples obtained from children living
in houses selected for study because of their
obviously peeling paint, 9 were found to be high
in Pb content. Screening through the well-child
clinics lasted nearly 14 mo, but the study in the
preselected homes was carried out only during July-
September .
All of the specimens with high urinary Pb were
associated with peeling exterior house paint, ex-
cept for 2 cases found through the well-child
clinics. In these, the source of Pb was traced to
Pb dust brought home on the clothing of 2 adults
who worked in a storage-battery manufacturing
plant. When the figures of the 2 studies were
combined, 14 out of 29 children living in 19
houses with peeling paint had high urinary Pb lev-
els. All of these 14 children were believed to
have ingested the Pb although only 3 had a definite
history of pica. The children played in the dirt
adjacent to the houses where peeling paint had fal-
len into the play areas. None of the children with
high urinary Pb manifested sufficient signs or
symptoms to warrant a diagnosis of Pb poisoning
and by late October, almost all urinary levels had
returned to normal.
Since all of the high urinary Pb levels appeared
during the summer, a seasonal outdoor exposure and
the absence of significant all-year inside ex-
posures were suggested.
2966 Jacobziner, H., and Raybln, H.W. (New
York Dept. Health; Poison Control Center,
New York): LEAD POISONING IN YOUNG CHILD-
REN - FATAL AND NONFATAL. New York State
Journal of Medicine 60:273-7 (Jan. 15),
1960.
Brief reports are presented on 10 cases of Pb in-
toxication (all but 1 nonwhite) caused by pica in
children (age 1.5-4 yr) one of which was fatal.
All lived in substandard housing and in nearly all
cases parents were unaware of the hazards. Al-
though some of the children were asypmtomatic,
at the time of admission the blood Pb levels were
elevated in most cases. The authors conclude by
recommending that an inquiry about pica be made
a routine part of history taking, particularly
in children.
2967 Jakoby, R.K. (George Washington School
Med., Washington, D.C.): INCREASED INTRA-
CRANIAL PRESSURE IN CHILDREN NOT DUE TO
AN EXPANDING LESION. Medical Annals of
the District of Columbia 29:679-82 (Dec.),
1960.
The 4 cases described include 1 of Pb poisoning in
a 2-yr-old boy who had a 3-mo history of vomiting,
weight loss, etc, and showed lethargy, papilledema,
nuchal rigidity, and right-sided convulsions.
X rays of the long bones revealed Pb lines, and
the abdomen showed metallic densities. Skull and
chest films were normal. Blood analyses showed
hematocrit 35%; white blood cells 13,500; Pb in
serum, 0.24 mg/100 ml; the urine contained copro-
porphyrins which disappeared only after 2 courses
of CaEDTA, on the 30th day of admission. Recovery
was complete after 38 days.
2968 Katz, R.A. (Children's Med. Center, Boston,
Mass.): INTRAVENOUS UREA IN THE THERAPY
OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE WITH
LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY. New England Journal
of Medicine 262:870-2 (April 28), 1960.
The case of Pb poisoning, due to ingestion of paint
peelings in a 5-yr-old girl is described. The
child developed symptoms of respiratory infection,
vomiting, lethargy and clonic seizure. Treatment
with EDTA was started and, in order to reduce the
pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid, 30% urea in
10% invert sugar (1 g urea/kg of body weight) was
infused at the rate of 3 ml/min. Marked diuresis
followed and the pressure became normal.
Man
591
-------
A review is given of the literature concerning
the effectiveness, mode of administration and
mechanism of action of hypertonic urea. (17 ref-
erences)
2969 Kline, T.S. (Michael Reese Hosp., Chica-
go, 111.): MYOCARDIAL CHANGES IN LEAD
POISONING. A.M.A. Journal of Diseases of
Children 99:48-54 (Jan.), I960.
Five case reports are presented to draw attention
to the myocardial involvement in childhood Pb poi-
soning. The myocardial lesions per se seem to
have been responsible for the death of 2 of the 5
patients and certainly were contributory to the
death of the 3 others. At autopsy evidence of Pb
encephalopathy was found in all, in addition to
chronic myocarditis. The latter was characterized
by interstitial fibrosis with a serous exudate
and relatively few inflammatory cells. Routine
electrocardiographic studies and close scrutiny
for possible clinical evidence of myocardial dam-
age is urgently recommended.
2970 Mosser, R.S., and Bessman, S.P.: LEAD
EXCRETION FOLLOWING ORAL DL-PENICILLAMINE
WITH A METHOD FOR COMPARING THE RELATIVE
EFFECTIVENESS OF CHELATING AGENTS ON THE
EXCRETION OF LEAD. Bulletin of the
School of Medicine University of Maryland
45:47-9 (July), 1960.
Oral penicillamine (40 mg/kg) was much less effec-
tive than CaEDTA (1 g/day) parenterally, in the
treatment of 2 children with Pb poisoning, 8 and
12 kg weight. Penicillin itself had no effect on
the urinary excretion of Pb.
2971 Reuber, M.D., and Bradley, J.E. (Univ.
Maryland, Baltimore): ACUTE VERSENATE
NEPHROSIS OCCURRING AS THE RESULT OF TREAT-
MENT FOR LEAD INTOXICATION. Journal of the
American Medical Association 174:263-8
(Sept. 17), 1960.
A 1-yr-old girl with acute Pb poisoning developed
anuria and uremia 5 days after treatment with
CaEDTA (125 mg/kg of body weight daily for 3 days).
Her clinical course was complicated by pneumonia,
pericarditis, and bleeding from the gastro-intesti-
nal tract. Despite artificial dialysis she died
after remaining anuric for 13 days. At autopsy
the kidneys showed acute tubular necrosis, which
was attributed to the CaEDTA therapy. It is rec-
ommended that the dosage of CaEDTA should not ex-
ceed 75 mg/kg body weight. Similar cases have
been reported in the German literature and also
following the treatment of hypercalcemia with
Na2CaEDTA in US. It is believed that the tubular
and glomerular changes result from the excretion
by the glomerulus and reabsorption by the proximal
convoluted tubule of CaEDTA or some metabolite of
that drug. (From authors' summary)
2972 Schwerd, W. (Univ. Erlangen, Germany):
Bleibefunde bei tBdlichen Bleivergiftungen.
(LEAD FINDINGS IN FATAL LEAD INTOXICATIONS.)
Archiv fUr Toxikologie FUhner-Wieland's
Sammlung von VergiftungsfSllen 18:177-86,
1960.
The case of a 5-yr-old boy who was admitted to the
hospital with abdominal cramps and colic was re-
ported. The child was treated for hemolytic ane-
mia, dismissed after 4 wk, but had to be readmitted
1 mo later. He showed a Pb line at the base of
the teeth, basophil stippling and density at the
metaphyseal margins of long bones, and died in
spite of immediate treatment. On the basis of the
literature, the Pb content in blood, lungs, heart,
liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, intestines, urine,
brain, muscle, pancreas and bones in 15 subjects
(Pb exposed and controls) was tabulated. Pb con-
centrations in the liver >0.15 mg% are considered
as pathologic but Pb intoxications are usually not
fatal until the Pb level in the liver exceeds 1
mg%. A high Pb content in the intestines and in
the liver indicates acute intoxication while in
chronic poisonings the Pb concentration in the liver
is usually <1 mg%. The Pb concentration in the
bone is indicative of the duration and intensity
of the Pb absorption. The author points out that
generally there is no sharp demarcation between
normal and abnormal Pb content in organs.
2973 Seganti, A., Anibaldi, A., and Borra, G.
(Univ. Rome, Italy) : (LEAD ENCEPriALOPATHY
IN AN INFANT.) Archivio italiano di
pediat. e puericolt. (Bologna) 20, No. 4:
251-63, 1960.
Pb poisoning occurred in a 6-mo-old infant due to
prolonged use of a Pb-containing ointment or lotion
for the mother's nipples. It is believed that Pb
was absorbed by the nipples and excreted in the
milk of the mother. Intramuscular administration
of CaEDTA produced clinical improvement. It is
pointed out that some infants may develop subclin-
ical forms of Pb poisoning and that the indiscrim-
inate use of Pb containing lotions and ointments
might be an etiological factor. (From Journal of
the American Medical Association 173:1949, 1960)
2974 Smith, J.F., McLaurin, R.L., Nichols, J.B.,
and Asbury, A. (Cincinnati General Hosp.,
Ohio): STUDIES IN CEREBRAL OEDEMA AND
CEREBRAL SWELLING. I. THE CHANGES IN LEAD
ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CHILDREN COMPARED WITH
THOSE IN ALKYL TIN POISONING IN ANIMALS.
Brain 83:411-24 (Sept.), 1960.
The courses of 6 out of 16 reported cases of fatal
Pb encephalopathy (4 colored, 2 white children)
that occurred in Cincinnati from 1948-1957 are
briefly described. Ages ranged from 21 mo-7 yr.
In all instances, the final illness was acute and
of short duration. In some, there were indications
of previous episodes of less severe Pb poisoning.
In all except the 7-yr-old boy in whose case the
mode of poisoning was not clear, the route of in-
toxication was ingestion of dirt, putty, paint,
etc. The dominant clinical feature was usually
increased intracranial pressure and acute cerebral
swelling.
The terminal episode in Case 1 (3-1/2-yr-old
Negro boy) lasted 4 days with rapid rise of intra-
cranial pressure from 140-600 mm. Positive signs
of Pb poisoning were a Hb of 6.5 g/100 ml, copro-
porphyrinuria, Pb lines in the bones and opaque
material in the abdomen. Blood level was 0.26 mg/
100 ml. In Case 2 (23-mo-old Negro boy) with a
history of pica), the final illness lasted ^3 wk,
Hb was 12.5 g, coproporphyrinuria, stippled cells
and Pb lines in the bones were present. Blood Pb
592
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
level was 0.22 mg/100 ml. Intracranial pressure
was 530 mm, protein In the CSF: 69 mg. Patient
3, a 21-mo-old Negro boy, with a history of pica,
had a CSF pressure of 240 mm, protein, 50 mg/100
ml; Pb lines in the long bones, a blood Pb level
of 0.23 mg/100 ml, coproporphyrinuria and baso-
philic stippling of the erythrocytes. A 2-yr-old
Negro girl (Case 4) had a CSF pressure of 600 mm,
protein 83 mg%, and Pb lines at the ends of the
long bones. In the 7-yr-old white boy (Case 5),
the CSF showed a pressure of 360 mm, 10 lymphocytes
and 85 mg% protein. Hb was 8 g. The 6th case
(2-1/2-yr-old white boy) showed a Hb of 7.8 mg/100
ml, stippled red cells, a 4+ coproporphyrinuria and
Pb lines in the long bones. Therapy with EDTA,
iv fluids, ACTH, craniectomy, decompression, etc,
proved futile in these cases.
The pathology of the 6 cases, discussed in de-
tail, gave evidence that sub clinical cerebral epi-
sodes can occur with severe focal damage to the
cerebellar cortex to the walls of medium-sized and
small vessels, but not necessarily with significant
cerebral damage. In the final illness the main
damage may be to the walls of vessels in the brain
and meninges with accumulation externally of a
serum-like exudate and marked dilatation of the
perivascular spaces. Slight focal cellular in-
filtration, chiefly lymphocytic, is sometimes pre-
sent about the meningeal and cerebral vessels.
Although focal swelling of axis cylinders and mye-
lin sheaths is common, there is no pallor of mye-
lin staining or separation of the sheaths such as
occurs in the edema around tumors and in that of
alkyl Sn poisoning. In occasional cases, the pic-
ture is complicated by severe early patchy necrosis
of the cortex and even of the deeper structures
(Case 4). It is possible that this is brought
about by pressure on already damaged arteries and
arterioles by the swollen brain producing a vicious
circle. When necrosis of groups of nerve cells is
very focal, eg, Ammon's horn in Case 3, the con-
vulsions may well play an etiologic role. Pb con-
centrations determined in all cases were in mg/100
g: 7.6-18 in bone; 0.10-1.06 in brain; 0.88-2.0 in
kidney; 0.92-4.3 in liver.
When feeding rats, using a dosage of 40 ppm of
triethyl Sn hydroxide in some animals, 80 ppm in
others, the authors were able to confirm the oc-
currence of a striking interstitial edema after
10-14 days at which time paraplegia followed by
quadriplegia and death was observed in a number of
the animals. Clinical and anatomical recovery
followed in those from whom the poison was then
removed. In those dying or killed with the fully
developed lesions, the volume of the spinal cord
appeared to be increased; this was not conspicuous
in the brain.
Feeding experiments in dogs were for various
reasons not successful, but by repeated iv injec-
tions over a period of 4-5 wk in 2 animals, simi-
lar but not such marked lesions were produced in
the white matter. In the 1st of these, ^-1 mg/kg
of triethyl Sn acetate was injected every few days
for 30 days; in all, 10 injections were given and
the dog was killed on the 34th day. A short peri-
od of apnea sometimes followed the injection, and
stupor, or loss of consciousness, persisted for
as long as 1/2-1 hr. EKG showed no significant
change. In the 2nd dog, the dosage was ^-1 mg/kg,
given in 2 injections over a period of 25 days and
the animal was killed on the 29th day. The dog
was agitated and ataxic for a time after each in-
jection but not unconscious. EKG showed no abnor-
mality.
Because of the absence of macromolecular sub-
stances in the interstitial edema of white matter
in these animals, it is considered that the edema
was a transudate rather than an exudate. There
was no evidence that it was associated with damage
to the blood-brain barrier. In the rats the edema
was sufficiently severe to produce increase in
volume of the spinal cord (spinal swelling). Au-
thors did not observe a detectable increase in the
volume of the brain in either the rats or the dogs.
If the lesions in the dogs had been of comparable
severity to those in the rats, an increase in the
cerebral volume would have been expected.
In the discussion the authors sum up what is
known and unknown about the pathogenesis of these
2 contrasting lesions, ie, exudative edema and
cerebral swelling in Pb encephalopathy and trans-
udative edema in triethyl Sn poisoning.
2975 Wachstein, M. (St. Catherine's Hosp.,
Brooklyn, N.Y.): REPORT ON THE INCREASE OF
LEAD POISONING AS REVEALED BY LABORATORY
AND X-RAY EXAMINATIONS. I. CLINICAL AND
LABORATORY ASPECTS. Proceedings of the
Rudolph Virchow Medical Society in the City
of New York 19:9-12, 1960.
The presentation of this report has been stimulated
by the occurrence of a relatively large number of
fatal cases of Pb poisoning in children in the age
group 1-3 yr. Seven fatalities occurred in the
author's 350 bed hospital. Incidence, causes and
diagnosis of Pb poisoning are discussed, and path-
ologic finding on autopsy are briefly described.
Aside from changes seen in the brain, in all cases
typical inclusion bodies were found in kidney sec-
tions, less frequently in those from the liver.
Also, highly abnormal amounts of Pb were found in
kidney and liver.
2976 White, H.H., and Fowler, F.D. (Univ. Kan-
sas Med. Center, Kansas City): CHRONIC
LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY. A DIAGNOSTIC CONSID-
ERATION IN MENTAL RETARDATION. Pediatrics
25:309-15 (Feb.), 1960.
A case of chronic Pb poisoning is reported in which
a 3-yr-old girl did not show the usual signs and
symptoms of Pb encephalopathy but instead displayed
behavior disorders with progressive dementia. Ex-
treme irritability, withdrawal, constant crying,
incoherent babbling, etc were observed in the for-
merly normal child ever since she had fallen from
her crib ^1 mo before admission to the hospital.
Analyses revealed 0.18 mg Pb/100 ml of blood and
urine strongly positive for coproporphyrins;
X rays showed Pb deposition beneath the epiphyses
of the long bones. The child had frequently been
eating chipped paint from the porch, crayons, etc;
pica had been observed for ^2 yr. Treatment with
CaEDTA brought effective clinical improvement.
But it is pointed out that the prognosis in this
patient must be guarded until time has permitted
an adequate evaluation of intellectual develop-
ment. (20 references)
Man
593
-------
2977 Yates, M.Y., and Ramjohn, K. (Gen. Hosp.
San Fernando, Trinidad, West Indies): A
CASE OF LEAD POISONING. Radiography 26:
175-7 (June), 1960.
A 1-yr-old boy was admitted with drowsiness,
twitching in both arms, and stiffness in the neck,
and advanced bilateral papilledema. Blood analy-
sis showed moderate anemia with a reticulocyte
count of 15% but no basophilic stippling of the
red cells. Vomiting had persisted for ^2 mo.
X rays of the skull showed widening of the sutures
and the ends of the long bones showed an increased
density suggestive of Pb poisoning. Since che-
lates were not available, the boy was treated with
Ca gluconate and Mg sulfate im, but he deterior-
ated rapidly and died the next day. The mother
recalled that the child had been biting his paint-
ed crib for ^2 mo, and it was assumed that the
paint had probably contained Pb and had been the
cause of the fatal Pb intoxication.
1961
2978 American Academy of Pediatrics: REPORT
OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON ACCIDENTAL POISONING.
STATEMENT ON DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF
LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD. Pediatrics
27:676-80 (Apr.), 1961.
Lead intoxication in children, occurring most fre-
quently between the ages of 1 and 3 yr, is usually
caused by eating crumbling, peeling or easily
chipped paint. Around 80% of symptomatic cases
occur during the summer. The history of pica
should be considered in public health surveys,
even in cases where the occurrence of pica is de-
nied. With rare exceptions, cases of pediatric
Pb poisoning occur in older sections of urban
areas where old tenements or other dwellings have
been painted over 15-20 yr ago. Pb is still found
in exterior house paints, particularly those speci-
fied as mildew suppressants. Inhalation of Pb
fumes resulting from the burning of wooden battery
cases impregnated with Pb salts and swallowing Pb
medallions are additional causes of Pb intoxica-
tion.
Pb poisoning in children manifests over a peri-
od of 3-6 wk by lack of appetite and lassitude,
changes in personality too vague to describe clear-
ly, and developmental regression to the point of
losing acquired skills, clumsiness, Incoordination
or ataxia. Anemia may be present, but may be in-
dependent of Pb poisoning. Constipation, abdomi-
nal colic and brief self-limited convulsive epi-
sodes may also occur. Any chronic infection may
precipitate the symptoms of Pb poisoning acutely.
If not recognized at this time, the Pb poisoning
may continue and rapidly lead to acute encephalop-
athy with resultant death or permanent damage to
the central nervous system. In older children
(>2 yr), recurrent, less severe episodes are more
likely, suggesting some degenerative cerebral dis-
ease. Due to similar seasonal incidence, polio-
myelitis and Pb poisoning are sometimes confused.
In older children, peripheral neuropathy is a
characteristic finding. Both mother and physician
may at first be misled into thinking that the child
has a severe functional behavior disturbance.
Due to the paucity of positive physical findings
in early Pb intoxication, greater reliance must be
placed upon clinical history, environmental factors
and laboratory findings. Removal of the child
from the environment may be necessary before lab-
oratory data are available. Rapid screening pro-
cedures include X rays of the long bones and ab-
domen, hematol6gic studies for anemia and baso-
philic stippling of the erythrocytes, and urinaly-
sis for glycosuria, aminoaciduria and coproporphy-
rinuria. If any of these laboratory tests are
positive, the child must be hospitalized and treat-
ed immediately. Two successive determinations of
Pb in blood and urine should be obtained for defi-
nite positive findings. In general, a urinary Pb
content of >0.08 mg/24 hr, if obtained on 2 con-
secutive 24-hr specimens, would indicate excessive
Pb in the urine. Two successive determinations of
50.06 mg Pb/100 ml of whole blood would indicate
a positive finding. In severely ill patients blood
Pb concentrations are usually >0.10 mg/100 ml of
whole blood.
Increased excretion of Pb during EDTA therapy
(1.5 mg or more in the urine on any one of the
first 3 days of treatment) is an additional factor
tending to confirm the diagnosis of Pb poisoning.
Methods of treatment, such as CaNa2EDTA parenter-
ally injected (in some cases preceded by saline
catharsis), hypothermia, early surgical cerebral
decompression, and other measures for the control
of convulsions, anemia, dehydration, etc, as well
as measures for the prevention of re-exposure,
are outlined.
2979 Andrews, B.F. (US Army): CALCIUM DISODIUM
EDATHAMIL THERAPY OF LEAD INTOXICATION.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AMINO-ACIDURIA. Ar-
chives of Environmental Health 3:563-7
(Nov.), 1961.
CaNa2EDTA was used in the treatment of Pb intoxi-
cation in 2 children with pica (a 17-mo-old Cau-
casian female and a 23-mo-old Negro male) and in
1 adult (40-yr-old Negro male) who had drunk
"moonshine" distilled in old automobile radiators.
In the children, a 24-hr urinary Pb of 0.14 and
0.22 mg, respectively, Pb lines in long bones and
stippled erythrocytes, and in the adult, 0.5 mg
Pb/1 urine, anemia with stippled erythrocytes and
abnormal electroencephalogram confirmed the poi-
soning. Treatment with EDTA was two 5-day courses
(iv, 75 mg/kg/day) with an interval of 3 days be-
tween treatments, and 60 mg/kg/day, followed af-
ter cerebral decompression by 3 additional 5-day
courses, respectively, in the children; 4 courses
of 2 g/day for 5 days in the case of the adult.
In all 3 patients amino-aciduria appeared in the
course of EDTA treatment; it disappeared in the
children after 2 courses of therapy, but persisted
for >2 mo in the adult. This condition is dis-
cussed in relation to the findings of proximal
renal tubular lesions in experimental animals and
humans treated with EDTA. The author suggests
that a-amino N determinations before, during and
after EDTA treatment may be important in assess-
ing proximal renal tubular function. Should
amino-aciduria persist after a 5-day course of
therapy, an increased interval of time is sug-
tested prior to another period of therapy.
Discontinuance of EDTA treatment of Pb intoxica-
tion is not proposed, but more carefully con-
trolled dosage and intervals of therapy are urged.
594
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
2980 Andrews, B.F. (Walter Reed Army Inst.
Res., Washington, D.C.) : HAZARDS OF EDA-
THAMIL (EDTA) THERAPY IN LEAD INTOXICATION.
Letters to the Editor. Pediatrics 28:
161-2 (July), 1961.
The author thinks that the Report of the Subcom-
mittee on Accidental Pb poisoning in Childhood
(Pediatrics 27:676, 1961) should have mentioned the
potentially severe toxic effects of iv CaEDTA.
Some reports have noted aminoaciduria in Pb poi-
soning and attributed it to the toxic effect of
the metal on the proximal tubules, but did not
state whether aminoaciduria was present before
CaEDTA therapy. He therefore believes that de-
termination of amino acid excretion before, during,
and after administration of CaEDTA should be of
help in gauging therapy, its dose and intervals
•between courses. Lower dosage and shorter periods
of therapy should be used in patients with evi-
dence or history of renal disease.
2981 Anonymous: LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CHIL-
DREN. Annotations. Lancet 2:475 (Aug.
26), 1961.
The occurrence of Pb encephalopathy in children is
discussed on the basis of 7 references, and it is
pointed out that this condition should always be
considered in obscure cases of apparent encepha-
litis or of raised intracranial pressure in child-
hood. Although in the UK the disease is consider-
ably less common than in the US, the diagnosis is
easily overlooked. The discussion includes treat-
ment procedures, such as urea administration for
the reduction of intracranial pressure.
2982 Arena, J.M.: ^PORT FROM THE DUKE UNI-
VERSITY POISON CONTROL CENTER. LEAD
POISONING. North Carolina Medical Jour-
nal 22:26-8 (Jan.); 73-4 (Feb.); 125-6
(March), 1961.
The report deals primarily with Pb intoxication
in children, its causes and the methods for its
early detection. ihe clinical and laboratory
criteria for diagnosis are outlined. The use of
EDTA in treatment and in diagnosis of Pb intoxica-
tion, its routes of administration and dosage are
discussed. Also briefly mentioned are poisonings
caused by Pb arsenate, Pb arsenite and TEL.
2983 Canestri, G. (Children's Hosp. "Cesare
Arrigo", Alexandria, Egypt): Awelena-
mento da piombo nel lattante. un caso
dovuto all'uso di paracapezzoli di Pb.
(LEAD POISONING IN THE INFANT. A CASE DUE
TO USE OF A LEAD NIPPLE SHIELD.) Minerva
Pedlatrica 13:617-22 (Apr. 21), 1961.
Stating first that Pb poisoning is an important
but little known cause of morbidity and mortality
in infancy, the author reviews at some length the
sources of such poisoning, the signs and symptoms
and treatment. Among the sources, 13 cases had
been attributed to the use of nipple shields
(since 1902). The case reported is that of a
4-mo-old child who '^20 days before admission had
become restless, stopped gaining weight, regurgi-
tated frequently; these signs became aggravated to
the point that at the time of admission she pre-
sented generalized tonic convulsions. The infant,
nursed by the mother, had developed normally in
the 1st 3 mo.
Among the laboratory findings, a qualitative
test for Pb in urine was highly positive; porphy-
rin was 1200 Ug/1 (mother's urine, 160); radiology
of the bones showed typical Pb lines. Subsequent
quantitative analysis of Pb in blood gave 75 (Jg%
(mother1;? blood, 35). The child was treated with
iv infusions of glucose, chloride and plasma, vi-
tamins, barbiturates, cortisone, Ca, BAL, anti-
biotics and transfusions, etc. On the 15th day,
Pb in blood was 45 yg%. In closing, the author
states that the diagnosis in such cases is diffi-
cult because of the intensity and variability of
the symptoms. In the discussion the question is
raised whether the short time the nipple shield
had been used (2-3 wk) was sufficient to cause
poisoning and that probably other factors had in-
tervened, i'he importance for an unequivocal diag-
nosis, the examination of the blood, X rays of
bones, and analyses of Pb in the urine, leces and
blood, in addition to clinical examination, are
essential.
2984 Christian, J.R. (Poison. Control Comm.
Chicago Board Health, 111.): LEAD POISON-
ING IN CHILDREN. Chicago Medicine 63:15-8
(June 24), 1961.
From Jan 1, 1959-Dec 31, 1960, 305 cases of Pb
poisoning were reported to the Chicago Board of
Health and confirmed by diagnostic tests; among
them 1 was <1 yr old, 130 were 1 yr, 110, 2 yr,
and the rest, 3-4 yr. All but 17 were due to in-
halation of Pb fumes from burning of storage bat-
teries. There were no sex differences, but 273
were non-white. There were 34 deaths, or 1.04%
fatality in all poisonings reported in 1959-60;
in 1959 Pb constituted 3.870 of all poisonings and
accounted for 70.8% of total fatalities; the cor-
responding values in 1960 were 4.06 and 737». The
highest incidence occurred in June-Sept. So as
to alert all physicians to the hazard, the etiol-
ogy and epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagno-
sis, admission procedure, treatment, and schedule
of most commonly used drugs, and the urine test
for coproporphyrins, are outlined.
2985 Greengard, J., Rowley, W., Elam, H., and
Perlstein, M. (Cook County Children's
Hosp., Chicago, 111.): LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY
IN CHILDREN. INTRAVENOUS USE OF UREA IN
ITS MANAGEMENT. New England Journal of
Medicine 264:1027-30 (May), 1961.
In 1959, 142 cases of Pb poisoning were admitted
to Cook County Children's Hospital. Forty-two
were diagnosed as having encephalopathy of whom
10 died (23%); in the 120, pica was the cause and
in 22, acute poisoning from the burning of battery
casings. The ages were from 12 mo-5 yr, with the
greatest number in the range 18 mo-3 yr (32) .
Thirty of the 42 with encephalopathy, received iv
treatment with urea. These children were the more
severe cases. Urea was administered as a drip of
a 4% solution in 5% dextrose in water, at a rate
of =60 drops/min. A 30% solution was used in a
few severe cases. Three of the cases are de-
scribed. CaNa2EDTA, bilateral wide decompression
and symptomatic therapy were also applied as indi-
cated. The authors advise that EDTA should be
withheld for 12-24 hr while urea is being admin-
Man
595
-------
istered, and repeated cleansing enemas should be
given to remove Pb from the bowel before deleading
is attempted. Of the 11 children who had decom-
pressions, ^50% died. In general, these were late,
and at least 1 was a hopeless case.
2986 Haritos, N.P. (Children's Hosp., Washington,
B.C.): CHRONIC LEAD INTOXICATION: A RE-
PORT OF 24 TREATED CASES AT CHILDREN'S
HOSPITAL. Clinical Proceedings of the
Children's Hospital (Washington, D.C.) 17:
110-5 (Apr.), 1961.
A review is presented of 24 cases of chronic Pb
poisoning in children over the period Jan. 1957-
June 1959. A history of pica was obtained in all
cases. The findings and results are compared with
a previous report on a similar group for the pre-
ceding 7 yr (Abstract No. 2952).
The criteria used in defining Pb intoxication
differ from the previous report in that 1 or 2 of
the following should be fulfilled: ^0.05 mg Pb/100
ml blood level or a urinary iO.08 mg Pb/1 before
treatment. Of the 24 patients, 14 were boys and
10 girls, all but one colored, ranging in age from
12 mo-^36 mo (1 >36 mo); 50% were in the 19-24 mo
age group. Clinically there were 4 groups: asymp-
tomatic 37.5%; symptomatic 20.8%; mild encephalit-
ic 25.0%; severe encephalitic 16.5%. Gastrointes-
tinal complaints (11 cases) along with neurological
complaints (9 cases) were the most common, none
had fim-lines. Laboratory findings showed that 75%
(18) had abnormally low hemoglobin levels, (>10 g/
100 ml being considered normal; 86% in the compari-
son study), and ^80% (19) had normal white blood
counts (<15000/mm3). Only 7 patients evidenced
basophilic stipplings (3 after repeated smears).
Cohen and Ahrens' study had 50% with stippling.
Eosinophilia (>5%) was found in 3 patients and 75%
(18) had normal urines. The 6 abnormal urines
showed proteinuria (2), glycosuria (3), pyuria (4),
and hematuria (1). Lumbar punctures performed on
11 patients gave normal values on 6, the 3 abnormal
patients being encephalitic and 1 being traumatic.
Of electroencephalograms on 5 patients, 3 were ab-
normal. In X rays of the long bones, 21 children
exhibited density of metaphyses.
Treatment consisted of 30 mg EDTA/kg body weight/
24 hr, given by hypodermoclysis, every 8 hr for 2
5-day periods with an intervening 3-day "rest"
period. The results are presented in a table.
Before treatment, 15 of the 24 had blood levels of
=0.05 mg/100 ml. After treatment only 7 or 21 de-
terminations were toxic, but the blood level was
significantly decreased in almost all cases. Uri-
nary Pb levels showed the same decrease. Follow-
up examinations gave the following information: 1
death (previous study 3 of 43); pica ceased in 10
out of 19 following 1st course of treatment; resid-
ual findings in only 4 (45% in comparison report);
only 6 required repeated treatment, with 5 being
cleared of both symptoms and pica.
2987 Ingalls, T.H., Tiboni, E.A., and Werrin,
M. (Univ. Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Dept.
Pub. Health): LEAD POISONING IN PHILA-
DELPHIA, 1955-1960. Archives of Environ-
mental Health 3:575-^ (Nov.), 1961.
Statistical data are presented and analyzed in an
attempt to establish the control of Pb poisoning
cases in this city in the same way as epidemic
'infections were handled in the past. In the 'V>0
cases registered yearly, Pb-containing paint in
old dwellings is a major factor, but spot maps
and field investigations suggest that other fac-
tors like obsolete plumbing and air pollution,
as well as ethnic, social and economic patterns
may be involved.
The total of 223 cases of Pb poisoning with 41
deaths are distributed in a table according to
years and month of onset, and in other tables by
sex, and by race and ethnic group, as well as in
a bar graph according to age in months; 197 chil-
dren were <4 yr.
2988 Litter, L. (Hartford, Conn.): LEAD POI-
SONING IN CHILDREN. Connecticut State
Medical Journal 25:15-8 (Jan.), 1961.
A case of Pb poisoning is reported, and the newer
treatment with CaEDTA is discussed and outlined.
The relative importance for diagnosis of a history
of pica, gastrointestinal and central nervous sys-
tem symptoms, stippled cells, anemia, Pb lines,
radio opaque flecks in the gut, coproporphyrinuria
urinary glycosuria and blood Pb levels are evalu-
ated. It is pointed out that treatment must often
proceed after clinical evaluation and the perfor-
mance of the more rapid laboratory tests and often
prior to completion of all specific chemical tests
for Pb.
2989 Portigliatti Barbos, M. (Univ. Turin, It-
aly): L'avvelenamento da piombo nel
lattante. (LEAD INTOXICATION IN AN IN-
FANT.) Minerva Medicolegale 81:246-9
(Nov.-Dec.), 1961.
A fatal case of Pb intoxication in an infant, 4
mo old, caused by the mother's use of Pb-contain-
ing nipple shields, is described. The child suf-
fered from cyanosis, persistent dermographia, hy-
pertonia, repeated tonic-clonic convulsions and
bronchopulmonary complications. Blood tests show-
ed a slight anemia but absence of basophilic ery-
throcytes. The Pb level in urine was positive
(no data given). Radiological examination did not
show any bone alteration. The distribution of Pb
in the organs was: (mg/100 g of tissue) liver
2.4; kidney 0.8; stomach and intestine 0.015;
spleen 0.05; heart and lungs 0.5; femur 4; brain
1.5; hair 12.5. (16 references)
2990 Romano, C. (Univ. Genoa, Italy): Diabete
gluco-fosfo-aminico (sindrome di De Toni-
Debre-Fanconi) nel quadro dell'intossica-
zione subacuta da piombo. (GLUCO-PHOSPHO-
AMINE DIABETES (DE TONI-DEBRE-FANCONI SYN-
DROME) OF SUBACUTE LEAD POISONING.) Mi-
nerva Pediatrica 13:748-57 (May 19), 1961.
A case of subacute Pb intoxication in a 7-mo~old
child is reported. Intoxication was due to Pb
nipple caps. Clinical and laboratory findings
showed hypertensive encephalopathy with convul-
sion, persistent vomiting, hypochromic microcytic
anemia. Saturnism was proved by the increased
levels of Pb in the blood (108 ug%) and the urine
(58.4 ug/24 hr), coproporphyrinuria (142 ug/24 hr
on 1st determination, 78 ug/24 hr on the 2nd),
basophilic stippling of red cells, and by X-ray
tests which showed the characteristic metaphyseal
596
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
band of bony condensation. There was an involve-
ment of the proximal tubules, with glucosuria,
massive amino-aciduria, hyperphosphaturia, citrat-
uria and rickets which constituted De-Toni-Debre'-
Fanconi syndrome. Only 2 cases of secondary De-
Toni-Debre-J-'anconi syndrome in Pb intoxication
were reported in the literature. The existence
of glucosuria with amino-aciduria, and hyperphos-
phaturia, without rickets, is less rare in the
acute stages of Pb intoxication. The presence of
hypercitraturia suggests the identity, or at least
similarity of the enzymatic changes in the renal
tubules in Pb intoxication and in idiopathic
cases of De-Toni-Debre'-Fanconi syndrome.
2991 Shrand, H. (St. Mary's Hosp., London, Eng-
land) : TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING WITH
INTRAMUSCULAR EDATHAMIL CALCIUM-DISODIUM.
Lancet 1:310-2 (Feb. 11), 1961.
The importance of pica in the history of a child
suspected of having Pb poisoning, even if the oc-
currence of pica is denied by the parent, is em-
phasized. Thus, treatment of pica and removal of
the source of Pb will serve to prevent further Pb
hazard. Nibbling at painted cots, believed to be
a normal, even necessary, habit in the teething
stage by parents, constitutes dangers usually un-
known to them. Legislation concerning use of Pb-
containlng paints in the city of Baltimore and
England as a whole is briefly discussed. The la-
tent symptom-free period in toddlers, if nibbling
of paint continues, is ^3 mo during which Pb dis-
tributes in the soft tissues, especially the brain.
Early diagnosis is of utmost importance as contin-
ued exposure leads from pallor, irritability, con-
stipation, etc, to refusal to eat, play, stand, to
the final stage of Pb encephalopathy with profuse
vomiting, convulsions, coma and usually death.
In all cases of pica, the blood Pb level is >50
yg/100 g of blood. The urinary Pb excretion is
increased >80 y.g/1/24 hr. Since time is of the
essence, the authors list more rapid diagnostic
aids such as X rays of abdomen for radlopaque ma-
terial and changes in the long bones, urine tests
for blood sugar, coproporphyrin and ALA, and blood
tests for basophilic stippled cells.
For the mobilization of Pb, CaNa2EDTA at a dose of
1 g/30 Ib of body weight/day (70 mg/kg) is recom-
mended. Intravenous (iv) infusion of relatively
large amounts is dangerous, subcutaneous infusion
has similar disadvantages, and oral administration
is successful only in mild cases. The home care
section of St. Mary's Hospital is therefore using
the simpler intramuscular (im) technique (5% EDTA
solution with 0.5% procaine) which mobilizes as
much Pb as the iv method. Survival and debility
rates are given from the literature and 2 typical
cases of Pb-poisoned boys thus treated and surviv-
ing are discussed, confirming the efficacy and
safety of im administration of EDTA. In case 1,
patient aged 16 mo with anorexia, pallor, and other
signs of Pb intoxication caused by chewing at his
cot was treated with Fe therapy; prevention of
further Pb ingestion seemed to be beneficial.
Blood Pb level was 430 ug/100 g; urinary excretion
130 pg/1; scrapings from the cot contained 6.5-10%
Pb. EDTA was given im in a 5% solution in a dose
of 35 mg/kg, in 2 doses/day for 5 days at home.
Urinary Pb excretion rose to 430 yg/1, blood Pb
content 1 mo later was 70 yg/100 g, urinary excre-
tion 24 yg/1. Three months after treatment, the
boy was normal, but hemoglobin remained at a level
of 8.3 g. In case 2, a 2-yr-old boy with vomiting,
anorexia and ataxia was admitted for glycostiria
with pica present, leading to the diagnosis of Pb
poisoning from playing with Pb toy soldiers. A
5% solution of EDTA injected im to a total of 75
mg/kg/24 hr divided into 4 equal doses, for 5 days,
brought about complete recovery. One month later,
blood Pb was 35 ug/100 g. Three months later, he
appeared completely normal (Hb 10.5 g) but baso-
philic stippled cells were still present. Pica
ceased in both children, but the effect of Fe
therapy remains uncertain.
2992 Shrand, H. (Evelina Children's Hosp. of
Guy's Hosp., London, England): CHRONIC
LEAD-POISONING IN CHILDREN. Nursing
Times 57:1026-7 (Aug. 11), 1961.
The pathology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and
prognosis of chronic Pb intoxication in children
are discussed.
2993 Smith, H.J.: PEDIATRIC PLUMBISM PROBLEM
PERSISTS. Cincinnati Journal of Medicine
42:409-10 (Oct.), 1961.
The review of 244 Pb poisoning cases recorded
among children of the Greater Cincinnati area
during the past decade includes sources of Pb ex-
posure, problems involved in the diagnosis of Pb
poisoning and its treatment, etc. The legal and
social functions of the Cincinnati Health Depart-
ment in the prevention of Pb poisoning among
children are discussed.
1962
2994 Altshuller, L.F., Halak, D.B., Landing,
B.H., and Kehoe, R.A. (Univ. Cincinnati,
0.): DECIDUOUS TEETH AS AN INDEX OF BODY
BURDEN OF LEAD. Journal of Pediatrics
60:224-9 (Feb.), 1962.
The mean Pb content (mg/100 g) of 82 deciduous
teeth removed from "normal" children, 2-1/2-12 yr
old, 18 from 6 children dying of acute Pb encepha-
lopathy, and 13 teeth shed normally by 9 children
who had survived Pb poisoning, was found to be
1.51, 15.9 and 11.66, respectively. Dithizone and
spectrographic methods were used, the accuracy of
which was within ±5%. The Pb content of control
deciduous teeth was found to rise linearly with
time after eruption. Both patients dying from,
and surviving Pb intoxication had been treated
with versenate or other therapeutic agents.
Further study is necessary to evaluate the re-
liability of Pb levels of teeth as an index of
the body burden of Pb.
2995 Amato, M., and De Bellis, U. (Div. Pediat-
rics A. Cardarelli Hosp., Naples, Italy):
Documentazione radiologica della intossi-
cazione da piombo nel lattante. (RADIO-
LOGICAL DOCUMENTATION OF LEAD POISONING IN
AN INFANT.) Minerva Medica 53:1268-9
(Apr.), 1962.
A case of Pb intoxication in an infant 7 mo old,
Man
597
-------
caused by the mother's use of Pb-containing nipple
shields is presented. Diagnosis was documented by
X-ray observations showing metaphyseal bands of
increased density.
2996 Ammaniti, L., and Longobardi, G. (Hosp.
Riuniti, Rome, Italy): Saturnisfflo cronico
da paracapezzoli di piombo in una bambina
di 5 mesi. (CHRONIC LEAD POISONING CAUSED
BY LEAD NIPPLE PROTECTORS IN A 5-MONTH OLD
CHILD.) Archivio Italiano di Pediatria e
Puericoltura 22:241-50 (Nov.), 1962.
Intoxications in breast-fed infants due to Pb nip-
ple protectors were unknown in Italy until 1959;
since then, 9 cases have been described in the lit-
erature. The authors report the case of a 5-mo-
old female infant and also mention another recent
case in one 2-mo-old. The child had developed nor-
mally till the age of 3 mo when, without apparent
reason, symptoms of anorexia and anemia, vomiting
and nervous disturbances appeared and the child
failed to gain further weight. Upon questioning,
the mother stated that she had used Pb nipple pro-
tectors. X-ray tests showed bone changes char-
acteristic for chronic Pb poisoning, and blood
tests revealed the presence of basophilic stippling.
The Pb content (yg/1000) in blood, urine and spinal
fluid was 571, 75 and 181, respectively (normal
values, 200, 50 and 140-380, respectively). A
diagnostic test with CaNa2EDTA (300 mg/50 kg body
weight, iv), after 10 hr, reduced the Pb concen-
tration in the blood from 500-135 Mg/1000 and in-
creased that in the urine from 100-216 ug/1000.
Urinary coproporphyrins were 0.242 mg/1 (normal,
100 yg/100 ml). The pressure of the spinal fluid
was slightly increased. The infant recovered com-
pletely after removal from further exposure to Pb
and 5 blood transfusions.
2997 Benson, P.P. (Johns Hopkins Hosp., Bal-
timore, Md.): INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC
FACTORS ON BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN CHIL-
DREN WITH PICA. Guy's Hospital Reports
111:306-12, 1962.
The Pb level in blood was determined in 116 chil-
dren, age 1-37 mo and over, who came from the slum
areas of Baltimore and had been seen to ingest
paint from window frames and doors. Forty-three
(37%) of these children had Pb concentrations
above the upper limit of normal (0.06 mg/100 g).
Raised Pb levels in the blood were found in a
higher proportion of children during July to Sep-
tember than during the rest of the year. A rela-
tion was noted between the rise in the mean blood
levels in the summer and the rise in the monthly
hours of sunshine and the mean daily minimum and
maximum temperatures. (From author's summary; 15
references)
2998 Chisolm, J.J., Jr, (Johns Hopkins School
Med., Baltimore, Md.): AMINOACIDURIA AS
A MANIFESTATION OF RENAL TUBULAR INJURY IN
LEAD INTOXICATION AND A COMPARISON WITH
PATTERNS OF AMINOACIDURIA SEEN IN OTHER
DISEASES. Journal of Pediatrics 60:1-17
(Jan.), 1962.
Twenty-three children with acute Pb intoxication
were studied to ascertain the type, pattern, fre-
quency and severity of hyperaminoaciduria. Results
were compared with patterns found in 56 patients
suffering from a variety of diseases which impair
renal tubular functions. Amino acids in the urine
were determined by chromatography. Hyperamino-
aciduria was classified as slight if 3-6 amino
acids were found in excess amounts, moderate at
7-10 amino acids and marked if >10 were found in
excessive amounts. Ten of the children studied
showed marked, 5 moderate, 5 slight hyperamino-
aciduria while 3 showed no increase of amino acids
in the urine. The triad of hypophosphatemia,
amlnoaclduria and glycosuria, known as the Fanconi
syndrome, was found in 9 of the 23 children. In
all cases these abnormalities disappeared within 2
mo.
It is suggested that in acute Pb poisoning some
renal tubular mechanism common and essential for
reabsorption of all amino acids is impaired. The
pattern of aminoaciduria resembles that found in
vitamin D deficiency rickets, cystinosis, Fanconi
syndrome of unknown pathogenesis, hyperparathyroid-
ism with renal calcinosis, and congenital renal
tubular acidosis. The occurrence of fructosuria
and citraturia in Pb poisoning sets this disease
apart from other diseases giving rise to the Fan-
coni syndrome, and may suggest that fructosuria and
citraturia result from cellular injury caused by
Pb in still other areas. (35 references)
2999 Donahue, L.A., and Brennan, G.G. (St.
Vincent's Hosp., New York, N.Y.):
LYOPHILIZED UREA IN TRAVERTS SOLUTION FOR
THE TREATMENT OF LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY.
Journal of the Medical Society of New Jer-
sey 59:456-9 (Aug.), 1962.
A case of acute Pb encephalopathy in a 6-yr-old boy
is presented. Levels of Pb in blood and urine
were (yg): 280 and 780, respectively; coproporphy-
rins in urine, 78 ug CaEDTA at 0.5 g was adminis-
tered twice daily for 7 days. On 2 occasions dur-
ing treatment the patient showed signs of intra-
cranial hypertension. In both instances 100 ml of
30% lyophilized urea, which was given at a rate of
30 drops/min, produced satisfactory clinical signs
of decompression promptly and without untoward
effects.
Lyophilized urea therefore seems to be a poten-
tial useful adjunct in the management of Pb enceph-
alopathy. A dose of 1-1.5 g/kg as a 30% solution,
administered at the rate of 60 drops/min, is rec-
ommended. No harmful effects have been noted fol-
lowing its administration in >50 patients, other
than a mild phlebitis at the point of the injec-
tion. Since normal blood urea levels range from
20-30 mg/100 cm^ and toxic levels may be reached,
the use of lyophilized urea is not recommended in
cases of renal damage.
3000 Garofalo, E., and Mastella, G. (Children's
Hosp., Verona, Italy): II saturnismo
cronico nel lattante. Due casi dovuti
all'uso di paracapezzoli di piombo.
(CHRONIC SATURNISM IN INFANTS. TWO CASES
CAUSED BY THE USE OF LEAD NIPPLE SHIELDS.)
Minerva Pe^latrica 14:1297-1310 (Nov.),
1962.
Two cases of chronic Pb poisoning in infants of
2.5 and 8 mo, respectively, due to the use of Pb
nipple shields by the mothers, are reported. In
598
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
the 1st case, a serious encephalopathy set in after
a period of dyspepsia and failure to gain weight.
In the 2nd infant, intercurrent purulent meningitis
aggravated the anemic syndrome. Both infants show-
ed an increase in the urinary excretion of phos-
phorus without glycosuria. After iv treatment with
tDTA in doses of >100 mg/kg/day most symptoms
regressed. The importance of a careful investiga-
tion of the history of breast-fed infants in order
to prevent and discover Pb poisoning, is stressed.
3001 Greengard, J., Voris, D.C., and Hayden, R.
(Cook Co. Children's Hosp.; Univ. Illinois
Coll. Med., Chicago): THE SURGICAL THER-
APY OF ACUTE LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY. Journal
of the American Medical Association 180:
660-4 (May), 1962.
In 25 severe cases in children, 15-36 mo old, out
of 101 cases of acute Pb encephalopathy, observed
in the authors' hospital during 1959-61, the med-
ical treatment with urea and CaNa2EDTA was sup-
plemented with bilateral flap cranlectomy Most
of the children prior to the operation had been in
coma, respiratory arrest occurred in 8, and all
but 2 entered the hospital with convulsions. Mor-
tality in these 25 cases was 64% as compared to
31.6% in the total group of 101 children. A 2-yr-
old, apparently moribund child, who suffered from
generalized convulsions and coma, resulting from
ingestion of Pb-containing paint, recovered after
a craniectomy supplemented by EDTA treatment. No
conclusions were drawn as to the place of surgery
in the management of Pb encephalopathy.
3002 Ho, R.K.B. (Poison Control Center, Hawaii):
HAWAII BRIEF REPORTS ON POISONING. Hawaii
Medical Journal 21:427 (May-June), 1962.
The Hawaii Poison Control Center has recorded only
3 cases in the past 5 yr. Two cases of Pb poi-
soning are described, 1 in a 3-yr-old girl, ad-
mitted to the hospital in December 1961 because of
recurrent vomiting of ^5-day duration. The diag-
nosis was made on the basis of history of ingestion
of paint chippings, laboratory, clinical, and X-ray
tests. Treatment was with CaNa2EDTA. The other
case, a 21-yr-old man, employed in a Pb foundry
and handling battery casings, was admitted to the
hospital in October 1959 with abdominal pain and
vomiting. Removal from further exposure to Pb and
supportive measures brought him to prompt recovery.
The principal signs and symptoms of Pb poisoning
are summarized and treatment is outlined.
3003 Jacobziner, H., and Raybin, H.W. (Dept.
Health, New York, N.Y.): THE EPIDEMIOLOGY
OF LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN. Archives
of Pediatrics 79:72-6 (Feb.), 1962.
The etiology, diagnosis and treatment of Pb intoxi-
cation in New York City in children <2-6 yr and
over, in the months of Jan-Oct in 1961 was com-
pared to that in the same period in 1960. As tab-
ulated for white, non-white and Puerto Ricans,
the number of cases for those years were, respec-
cively: <2 yr, 54 and 32; 2 yr, 61 and 58; 3 yr,
22 and 21; 4 yr, 9 and 5; 5 yr, 4 and 5; 6 yr and
over, 3 and 2. The totals of 153 and 123 did not
include 83 possible Pb poisoning cases reported in
1961 and 20 such cases in 1960. There were 6 fa-
talities in 1961 and 13 in 1960, all in non-white
and Puerto Ricans. The Pb poisoning study group
decided to do urinary coproporphyrin screening
tests on all children under 6 yr of age in the "Pb
belt," ie, the area with the highest incidence of
Pb poisoning, and to subject to Pb determination
in the blood all those who reacted positively.
All children showing a Pb level in the blood of
0.06 mg/100 g and over are referred for further
investigation and treatment,
3004 Jacobziner, H., and Raybin, H.W. (Poison
Control Center, New York, N.Y.): LEAD
POISONING ASSOCIATED WITH ASCARIASIS.
New York State Journal of Medicine 62:
2551-3 (Aug.), 1962.
Among the cases reported, a case of Pb intoxication
in a 2-yr-old girl, caused by ingestion of painted
plaster, was complicated by ascariasis. The pa-
tient suffered from abdominal pain, underweight,
and anemia. Laboratory findings showed Pb levels
of 0.07 mg/100 ml in blood and 0.06 mg/1 in urine;
Hb, 9.4 g/100 ml; 3.3 million red blood cells.
3Q05 Kramer, H., and Schrndger, R. (City Child-
ren's Clinic, SaarbrUcken, Germany):
Bleivergiftung im Kindesalter. (LEAD POI-
SONING IN CHILDREN.) Archiv fdr Kinder-
heilkunde 166, No. 3:271-8, 1962.
A boy, 5 yr old, an illegitimate child, had been
admitted to the hospital with constipation, an en-
larged liver and hemolytic anemia. After improve-
ment by appropriate treatment he was discharged but
33 days later had to be readmitted in very bad
condition. He was vomiting and having abdominal
colic. Basophil stippling was found in his blood
smears and X-ray films of the wrist revealed heavy
Pb lines. In spite of treatment he died a few
days later. His blood contained 0.92 mg Pb/100
ml; the Pb content of his liver, kidneys and bones
was 20, 40 and 8 times, respectively, of the nor-
mal value, the Pb concentration of urine and
feces was tremendous (1.82 mg/350 ml, and 0.23 mg/
g) , the fluid in the ileum contained 16.6 mg Pb.
(The dithizone method was used.) Apparently the
child had been given a Pb-containing substance
with criminal intent.
A review of the incidence, sources, signs and
symptoms and treatment with BAL and EDTA as re-
ported in the literature precedes the presentation
of the above case. (28 references)
3006 Muzzetto, M. (Univ. Rome, Italy): Para-
capezzoli di piombo e saturnismo cronico
in lattanti. (LEAD NIPPLE PROTECTORS AND
CHRONIC LEAD POISONING IN INFANTS.) Nuovi
Annali d'Igiene e Microbiologia 13:130-9
(Mar.-Apr.), 1962.
Apparently the use of nipple shields as a cause of
Pb poisoning in infants is unknown in Italy and
other Latin countries.
Some recent reports of this are reviewed. When
a Pb nipple protector was partly immersed in 20 ml
of milk at 37°C for 48 hr, the milk was found to
contain 0.74 mg Pb. It has been stated but not
proved that the mother's milk contained Pb for >1
wk after she had discontinued the use of Pb
shields. Infants up to 3 yr show gingival hem-
orrhages but not the Pb line typical for adults in
Pb poisonings; absent are also neuritis and poly-
599
-------
radiculitis. But these infants show alterations
of the fundus of the eye which are rarely observed
in older children. The 1st manifestations in in-
fants are irritability and disturbances of the
gastrointestinal system such as vomiting. A hypo-
chromic anemia with stippled basophils and nervous
convulsions follow, and there is an increase of Pb
in the blood, urine and feces. The present treat-
ment consists of oral or iv administration of EDTA.
The author recommends that nipple shields be in-
cluded in the health laws forbidding the sale of
articles containing Pb, for pediatric use, and that
the provincial health departments conduct an edu-
cational campaign concerning the dangers to the in-
fants by the use of Pb-containing nipple protectors.
3007 Oka, S., Sato, H., Kimura, N., and Sagawa,
F. (Showa Med. School, Japan): (ON A CASE
OF RECENTLY EXPERIENCED LEAD POISONING.)
Journal of the Showa Medical Association
22:227-35, 1962.
Pb poisoning of a breast-fed 1-mo-old male infant
is reported. The family used Pb acetate for water
proofing purposes. The infant developed severe
anemia, porphyrinuria, epiphysial Pb line and
stippled basophils in the blood. Six cases of Pb
poisoning in infants in Japan, which occurred dur-
ing the last 15 yr, are reviewed. The possibility
of Pb poisoning in cases of infantile anemia of un-
known etiology is pointed out. (From authors'
English summary; 22 references)
3008 Pease, C.N., and Newtim, G.G. (Children's
Memorial Hosp., Chicago, 111.): META-
PHYSEAL DYSPLASIA DUE TO LEAD POISONING IN
CHILDREN. Radiology 79:233-40 (Aug.),
1962.
Roentgenologic studies were conducted in 48 child-
ren treated for Pb poisoning. Among the 48 child-
ren there were 10 pairs of siblings including twin
brothers. Metaphyseal dysplasias of various de-
grees were found in 24 children. While metaphyse-
al dysplasla had long been regarded as of familial
origin, the transverse lines of increased density
occurring in the long bones in such cases, as de-
scribed in the literature, were identical with
those observed in Pb intoxication and were be-
lieved to be due to the latter condition. Repre-
sentative cases are illustrated. In none of the
series described here were similar dysplastic
changes seen in the parents and other relatives
who had X-ray examination. (From authors' sum-
mary)
3009 Preuss, O.P. (Dept. Ind. Med., Euclid
Clinic Found., Cleveland, 0.): CHILDHOOD
PLUMBISM. DOCTOR, WOULD YOU THINK OF LEAD
POISONING? Ohio State Medical Journal 58:
665-7 (June), 1962.
A discussion of the essentials of etiology, inci-
dence, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Pb
intoxication in children is presented.
3010 Romano, C. (Univ. Genoa, Italy): GLUCO-
PHOSPHO-AMINE DIABETES (DE TONI-DEBRE-
FANCONI SYNDROME) ASSOCIATED WITH SUBACUTE
LEAD POISONING. Panminerva Medica 4:167-
75 (Apr.), 1962.
See Abstract No. 2990.
3011 Smirnov, D.D. (Assistant, USSR): Vyyav-
lenie s pomoshchyu rentgenografii nositel'-
stva svintsa u detei, prozhivayushchikh v
okrestnostyakh zavoda, pererabatyvayushchego
svinets. (X-RAY DETECTION OF A LEAD-CAR-
RIER STATE AMONG CHILDREN LIVING IN THE
VICINITY OF A LEAD PROCESSING PLANT.)
Gigiena i Sanitariya 27:8-11 (Oct.), 1962.
X-ray examinations of 511 children from nurseries
and kindergartens, situated in the vicinity of a
Pb-processing plant, revealed 64 cases with in-
filtration bands in the zones of preliminary calci-
fication of thigh, shin, forearm, and hand bones.
Differential diagnosis showed the infiltration bands
to be due to Pb deposits in bone tissue. Analysis
of urine from 31 children revealed that Pb was
contained in the urine of 21 (0.01-0.028 mg/1 in
14 and >0.04 mg/1 in 7) and traces of it were
found in 6. In the control group of 21 children,
only 1 child showed traces of Pb in urine. The
Pb-carrier state was caused by industrial dis-
charges containing Pb.
Spectrographic analyses of 60 samples of soil and
of 15 samples of cabbage grown on the same soil
showed concentrations of Pb in the ash of 0.56-
0.81% and 0.152-0.4%, respectively. Consequently,
X-ray examinations of certain parts of the skele-
ton may be recommended for the purpose of early
detection of a Pb-carrier state in children who
are living in, or frequenting, institutions for
children situated in districts located near Pb
processing plants.
3012 Whitaker, J.A. (Dallas, Texas): LEAD POI-
SONING - A MASQUERADE. Southern Medical
Journal 55:1184-6 (Nov.), 1962.
The author emphasizes the seriousness and frequency
of Pb poisoning in children and the difficulty of
diagnosis. In the period 1944-1957, 4 cases were
hospitalized in the Children's Medical Center. In
the 3 yr from 1958 when interest had been aroused,
19 cases were diagnosed. The author compares the
symptoms and laboratory findings in 11 of these
cases which were suspected, and in 8 with classi-
cal symptoms. Since no data were available on the
amount of Pb excreted by normal children after
EDTA administration, this diagnostic test was
applied, using a dose of 75 mg/kg im to (1) 24
normal children, (2) the 8 with classical symp-
toms and (3) the 11 suspected cases. In Group 1,
pre-EDTA urinary Pb values ranged from 0-160 yg/1
(av 15 yg/1), and post-EDTA 4-405 Mg/1 (av 165
Vig/1) ; in Group 2, the corresponding values were
0-500 yg/1 (av 146 Mg/1) and 971-3030 yg/1 (av
1966 ug/1) . In group 2 there were 2 children who
had received previous EDTA treatment; although
their pre-EDTA values were within the normal
range, their post-EDTA values were extremely ele-
vated. In group 3 pre-EDTA Pb excretion was 0-35
yg/1, thus below the accepted abnormal values
(1 of them showed 120 pg, but showed no classical
symptoms); post-EDTA, 608-1570 yg/1 (av 995 yg/1).
A urinary Pb excretion of >500 yg/1 was considered
as indicative of excessive ingestion of Pb-con-
taining substances.
3013 Whitaker, J.A., Austin, V., and Nelson,
J.D. (Univ. Texas S.W. Med. School, Chil-
dren's Med. Center, and Parkland Hospital,
600
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Dallas, Texas): tDATHAMIL CALCIUM DISODI-
UM (VERSENATE) DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR LEAD
POISONING. Pediatrics 29:384-8 (Mar.),
1962.
Twenty-four normal children, average age 28 mo, 11
children, average age 25 mo, with suspected Pb in-
toxication, and 8 children, average age 24 mo,
with classic signs and symptoms of Pb intoxica-
tion, were injected im with 75 mg/kg of CaNa2EDTA
in a 20% solution, divided in 3 doses at 8-hr in-
tervals. Average urinary Pb levels in the 3
groups before administration of the drug were 15,
24, and 146 ug/1, respectively, compared to 165,
995 and 1966 ug/1, respectively, after EDTA admin-
istration. The authors conclude that the EDTA
test provides clear-cut differentiation between
normal individuals and those with increased expo-
sure to Pb. Urinary excretion of Pb of >500 ug/1
is an indication that there has been excessive
ingestion of Pb-containing substances. (13 refer-
ences)
1963
3014 Anonymous: PAINTING TO REDUCE LEAD POI-
SONING. American Journal of Public Health
53:2043 (Dec.), 1963.
A "Paint-up Campaign" has been initiated by the
Health Department and the Downtown Area Renewal
Effort's Safety and Sanitation Committee in the
Red-Hook-Gowanus Section of Brooklyn, N.Y. Eight
blocks were selected as a pilot study. Volunteers
visited families with children living there and
interested them in having their apartments painted
free of charge. Other tenants were offered free
paint to do their own apartments. So far, 19
families have repainted their homes with Pb-free
paint. The project may be expanded to other parts
of Brooklyn.
3015 Astolfi, E. (Secretary, Soc. of Legal
Med. and Toxicol., Buenos Aires, Argentina):
Saturnismo en la infancia. (SATURNISM IN
INFANCY.) Semana Medica (Buenos Aires)
123:2026-31 (Dec. 19), 1963.
For the diagnosis of Pb poisoning in children the
following 4 criteria must be considered: (1) the
presence of the source of the poison, (2) clinical
findings, (3) indications of Pb absorption and
(4) laboratory findings. In referring to the
case of a serici,sly poisoned infant, the author
points out that deduction rather than induction is
helpful to detect the source of the poisoning.
When the mother talks about a small battery repair
shop being operated within their dwelling place,
the physician may suspect Pb poisoning. Ash from
chimneys of factories (as in a recent case of an
endemic area), paints, toys may contain Pb. Tap
water, especially that drawn from new pipes, may
dissolve Pb from these pipes; the practice of con-
necting electric cables to water pipes facilitates
such ionization. Carbonated water siphons, wrap-
pers for chocolate and other candies often contain
Pb. Clinical findings include neurologic, gastro-
intestinal, hematologic and urinary anomalies. Pb
absorption in children is detected by X rays of
the long bones showing radiopaque densities and
by the presence of >10 ug% of urinary coproporphy-
rin. Laboratory findings include the determination
of Pb in blood and urine. A content of up to 0.6
mg Pb/100 g blood is normal while 0.06-0.08 mg%
indicate an increased absorption. The threshold
limit for urine is 0.08 mg/24 hr. Signs and symp-
toms of Pb poisoning and treatment with EDTA are
discussed.
3016 Bautista, Z.P. (Harper Hosp., Detroit,
Mich.): LEAD POISONING. A REVIEW AND RE-
PORT OF SEVEN CASES. Harper Hospital Bul-
letin 21:43-55 (Mar.-Apr.), 1963.
The literature on Pb poisoning is reviewed on the
basis of 53 references and results of a study on
7 children, 1-3 yr old, are reported. All 7 had
histories of pica and their poisoning occurred
during the summer months. The urinary level of Pb
was above the normal of 0.05 mg/100 ml/day in all
7; 3 showed changes of the central nervous system.
X-ray studies showed radiopaque densities in the
gastrointestinal tract and an increase in meta-
physeal densities in 5. Basophilic stippling was
found in only 2 children, 3 showed microcytic and
and hypochromic red blood cells. Three had ele-
vated protein. EDTA was administered orally or iv
at daily doses of 65 mg/kg for 5 days or in 2 or 3
courses of 5 days each. A 5-day regimen of 75 mg/
kg/day of EDTA in 100-200 ml of 5% dextrose in
water, administered in 2 equal doses at a 12-hr
interval, is recommended.
3017 Calle R.J., and Restrepo, A.G. (Univ.
Antioquia, Colombia): Saturnismo o in-
toxicacion plumbica. Comentarios y presen-
tacion de cinco casos. (SATURNISM OR LEAD
POISONING. COMMENTS AND PRESENTATION OF
FIVE CASES.) Antioquia Medica 14:326-53
(June), 1963.
The frequency and distribution of Pb poisoning in
various countries is discussed. There is no spe-
cial legislation as yet in Colombia but the indus-
trial physicians are striving to eliminate Pb
hazards in industry. Etiology, physiopathology,
anatomic pathology, signs and symptoms of acute and
chronic Pb poisoning, diagnosis and treatment are
discussed and 6 cases of Pb intoxication in thi;
same family, due to inhalation of Pb oxide, are
reported. The family lived in a Pb foundry all
together in a single room close to the workshop.
Both the 52-yr-old father and the 36-yr-old mother
suffered from abdominal colics and vomiting. They
had 13 children of whom 9 had died at an early age.
Surviving were 3 girls, aged 3, 12 and 17 yr and a
boy of 6 yr. All had digestive symptoms; with ex-
ception of the son, all had cardiovascular symptoms,
and all but the father signs of disturbance of the
central nervous system. Encephalitis had been
diagnosed in the 3-yr-old girl. Hb was decreased
in all cases and the number of stippled erythro-
cytes was elevated in all except the youngest girl.
It is pointed out that physicians should be aware
of the fact that Pb poisoning occurs not only in
adults working with Pb, but also in children who
ingest Pb paints from toys and walls, and other
sources.
3018 Canepa, G., and Pelizza, A. (Inst. Giannina
Gaslini, Genoa, Italy): Linee da piombo
nel saturnismo infantile. (LEAD LINES IN
INFANTILE SATURNISM.) Minerva Ortopedica
Man
601
-------
14:459-61 (Aug.), 1963.
A case of subacute Pb poisoning in a 3-yr-old child
is reported. One month before the diagnosis was
made, the child developed Irritability, pallor,
anorexia, and lost weight. The condition became
aggravated by vomiting, fever, lipothymia and en-
cephalitis. Blood tests showed the presence of 3
granulated basophils/1000 red cells. Pb poisoning
was suspected since the child was the son of a. var-
nisher and had been seen to ingest Pb-containing
enamel, such as red and white Pb. A roentgenogram
of the skeleton showed radiopaque bands of the long
bones, particularly of the forearm, leg and knee.
Treatment with EDTA (200 mg daily for 2 wk) re-
sulted in recovery within 20 days. The differences
in the symptomatology of Pb poisoning in infants
and children versus that in adults are discussed.
The manifestations in the former begin with loss
of weight, pallor, irritability, anorexia, dys-
pepsia, followed by abdominal colics, vomiting and
afflictions of the central nervous system, while in
the adult mainly the peripheral nervous system is
involved. There is a hypochromic anemia, basophil
granulations in the red cells, increased free pro-
toporphyrin in the blood and coproporphyrin in the
urine; albuminuria and cylindruria are less evident
in children than in adults; glycosuria occurs only
in rare cases. The gingival line which is common
in the adult and rather frequent in 2-3 yr old
children, has not been observed in the newborn and
infant which, however, show gingival bleeding.
Polyradiculitis and neuritis are absent in the 1-
yr old, but occur in older babies. The Pb contents
of blood and urine are elevated throughout the
whole period of intoxication and for several months
thereafter. The bone lesions caused by Pb are
visible only radiologically and do not produce
clinical manifestations. The diagnosis of Pb poi-
soning in the infant is difficult, particularly in
the absence of precise anamnestic data, and the
syndrome is similar to that of many infantile dis-
eases. The most reliable indication is the pre-
sence of condensed metaphysial bands seen upon
X ray of bones. Treatment consists in administra-
tion of EDTA. Mild cases recover completely,
graver ones may lead to psychic disturbances,
chronic nephritis or death.
3019 Christiaens, L., and Fontaine, G. (Fra-
ternity Hosp., Roubaix, France): L ' in-
toxication saturnine chez 1'enfant (a pro-
pos d'une "affaire du collier"). (LEAD
INTOXICATION IN CHILDREN. THE CASE OF THE
NECKLACE.) Pe'diatrie 18, No. 2:143-70,
1963.
Pb intoxication in children is much less frequent
in Latin countries than it is in the Anglo-Saxon
countries. Therefore, the authors wished to draw
the attention of French pediatricians to the haz-
ard of Pb poisoning in young children and to point
out that in cases of gastric or hepatic trouble,
tests for the presence of basophil stippling of
the red blood cells and urinary coproporphyrins
are indicated.
The case of a 22-mo-old girl who broke a neck-
lace belonging to her mother and swallowed 13 of
the pearls made of a plastic material and coated
with a shiny paint is reported. The following
day, the child developed severe abdominal pain and
vomiting; during the night, diarrhea set in and
the child passed 5 of the pearls which, however,
had lost their brilliancy. Analysis revealed that
the coating of the pearls contained 18.6% Pb. In-
cubation for 5 days of 2 macerated pearls at body
temperature raised the Pb content of gastric juice
from 14 pg/100 ml to 1.789 mg/100 ml. Hema-
tologic studies in the child showed the absence of
anemia but the presence of basophilic stippling.
The blood contained 5 ug/100 ml, the urine 80 yg/1.
Intravenous administration of 0.5 g CaNa,,
gluconate or Ca diaminetetraacetate did not in-
crease the urinary Pb excretion but urinary copro-
porphyrins rose from practically 0-2000 yg/1. The
child recovered rapidly after daily oral treatment
with 1 g CaNa2 gluconate for 5 days. A bibliog-
raphy of 96 references on childhood poisoning by
Pb is included. Signs and symptoms, clinical and
laboratory findings, metabolism and treatment of
Pb poisoning in children are reviewed. (96 ref-
erences)
3020 Cohen-Solal, J. (France): Quelques intoxi-
cations importantes ou peu connues.
(SEVERAL IMPORTANT OR LITTLE-KNOWN TYPES
OF POISONING.) Medecine Infantile 70:
471-80 (Oct.), 1963.
Childhood poisoning by insecticides, Pb and
boric acid is discussed. As stated by the
author, Pb poisoning in infants is not well
known in France and seems to be rare; the
thought is expressed that this may be due to
the fact that it is not always recognized.
A recently reported case (Abstract No. 3019)
is described. The clinical picture and treat-
ment, based principally on Chisolm's obser-
vations, are reviewed.
3021 Farber, R.E. (Baltimore Health Dept., Md.):
LEAD PAINT POISONING STILL WITH US. Mary-
land State Medical Journal 12:296 (July),
1963.
In 1962, 44 children, 1 of whom died, were Pb
paint victims in Baltimore, and 3 cases have been
already reported in 1963. Symptoms indicative of
Pb poisoning are listed. As these are general for
many child ailments, Pb poisoning must not be ex-
cluded, especially in pica cases.
The following categories for cases of Pb paint
poisoning in children are listed: (1) increased
Pb absorption (blood Pb >0.05 mg/100 g, positive
bone X ray); (2) Pb poisoning without encephalo-
pathy (in addition to I, at least 2 of: anemia,
increased coproporphyrinuria, irritability, con-
stipation, vomiting); (3) Pb encephalopathy (in
addition, persistent vomiting, ataxia, convulsions,
somnolence, semistupor, or coma).
3022 Ford, D. (United Hospitals of Newark,
N.J.): LEAD POISONING STILL A HAZARD;
HEALTH OFFICER HAS ROLE IN CONTROL. Public
Health News (N. Jersey State Dept. of
Health) 44:194-6 (Aug.), 1963.
Attention is called to the fallacy of belief that
chronic Pb poisoning is a thing of the past and to
the need of recognizing this disease in childhood.
In Newark 44 cases were seen in the Babies' Hos-
pital since 1954, 16 of them in the past 2 yr; this
602
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
reflects more accurate diagnosis rather than in-
creased incidence. The epidemiology, diagnosis,
laboratory tests and treatment are briefly stated.
Control of Pb poisoning in children involves the
concerted efforts of the parents, the physician,
public health authorities and social agencies
responsible for improvement of housing. It is
also pointed out that there is no legislation in
the State of New Jersey controlling the labelling
of Pb-containing products.
3023 Gutelius, M.F. (George Washington Univ.,
Washington, D.C.): THE ERADICATION OF
LEAD POISONING. Clinical Proceedings of
the Children's Hospital (Washington) 19:
169-70 (June), 1963.
Programs developed in Baltimore and Cleveland for
the control of Pb poisoning of children are dis-
cussed. Recommended steps to wipe out Pb poison-
ing in Washington are the following: "1. Lead
poisoning should be made a reportable disease.
2. A campaign, under the direction of the Dis-
trict Health Department and the Medical Society,
should be undertaken to instruct physicians and
nurses in methods of case finding, in early diag-
noses and treatment; and to educate parents con-
cerning the dangers and prevention of lead poison-
ing. 3. ^ow cost housing units in good repair
should be made available for Negro families, es-
pecially the large families. This is the basic
approach for eradicating plumbism."
3024 Jacobziner, H., and Raybin, H.W. (City of
New York Dept. of Health): ACCIDENTAL
CHEMICAL POISONINGS. LEAD POISONING WITH
TWO FATALITIES. New York State Journal
of Medicine 63:2269-70 (Aug. 1), 1963.
Two incidents were reported recently to the New
York City Poison Control Center. A 3-1/2-yr-old
boy, suffering from vomiting spells but without a
history of pica, was treated for a cold in 3 dif-
ferent hospitals. When the child became comatose
and had abdominal pains, he was taken to a 4th
hospital where a tentative diagnosis of Pb poison-
ing with encephalopathy was made. The child died
2 days after admission. Autopsy confirmed the di-
agnosis of Pb poisoning. There had been broken
painted plaster in the premises where the child
had lived for the past 3 yr but the boy had not
been seen eating plaster. The 2nd incident
concerned a 2-1/2-yr-old boy who had vomited sever-
al days prior to admission to the hospital where he
died of Pb poisoning after 9 days, in spite of ap-
propriate therapy.
3025 Jacobziner, H., and Raybin, H.W. (City of
New York Dept. of Health): ACCIDENTAL
CHEMICAL POISONINGS. LEAD POISONING AND
GLUE SNIFFING INTOXICATIONS. New York
State Journal of Medicine 63:2846-8 (Oct.
1), 1963.
Four incidents were reported one of which was due
to Pb poisoning. A 3-1/2-yr-old girl with a his-
tory of ingestion of painted plaster died of Pb
encephalopathy 19 hr after admission to the hospi-
tal, in spite of treatment with versenate. The
blood Pb level was 0.46 mg/100 ml; a urine test
showed a trace of coproporphyrin.
3026 Jacobziner, H., and Raybin, H.H. (City of
New York Dept. of Health): ACCIDENTAL
CHEMICAL POISONINGS. LEAD POISONING. New
York State Journal of Medicine 63:2999-
3001 (Oct. 15), 1963.
Eight recent cases of Pb poisoning in children,
aged 2-4.5 yr, are described. There was a 'his-
tory of plaster ingestion in each incident. All
8 children exhibited increased Pb levels in the
blood; some showed anemia, abdominal pains or vom-
iting, one developed convulsive seizures and went
into coma. After treatment with Ca versenate,
often in combination with Fe, the children became
symptom—free and could be discharged from the hos-
pital, ihe author states that up to July 12,
1963, 119 cases of Pb poisoning, 2 of them fatal,
had been reported to the Poison Control Center in
1963, compared with 82 cases with 2 deaths in the
same period in 1962.
3027 Jacobziner, H., and Raybin, H.W. (City of
New York Dept. of Health): ACCIDENTAL
CHEMICAL POISONINGS. CAMPHORATED OIL,
TALCUM AND LEAD POISONINGS. New York
State Journal of Medicine 63:3575-7 (Dec.
15) , 1963.
The case of a 4-yr-old boy with a history of in-
gestion of Pb-containing paint since the age of 2
or 3 yr is presented. Upon admission to the hos-
pital, the Pb level was 80 pg/100 ml in the blood
and 88 ug/24 hr in the urine. There was increased
bone density in the metaphyses of the femurs, tib-
ias, fibulas, radiuses, and ulnas. The child was
treated with CaNa2EDTA and the Pb level in the
blood decreased to 40 ug/100 ml. After follow-up
examinations, the patient was subjected to several
more courses of EDTA therapy. Since the family
could not be relocated, the child was sent to
live with an aunt in a good environment.
In the past 2 yr, the fatality rate in Pb poi-
soning has been reduced markedly primarily be-
cause of intensified case finding techniques that
result in earlier treatment.
3028 Leikin, S., and Eng, G. (Children's Hospi-
tal, Washington, D.C.): ERYTHROKINETIC
STUDIES OF THE ANEMIA OF LEAD POISONING.
Pediatrics 31:996-1002 (June), 1963.
Erythrokinetic studies using Fe and Cr simul-
taneously, and bone marrow myeloid-crythroid
counts were performed on 7 children, aged 2-10 yr,
who had suffered from Pb poisoning for a period of
a few months to 8 yr. All children showed a raicro-
cytic, hypochromic anemia. Three patients with
relatively short histories of Pb intoxication
demonstrated a pattern characteristic of a hemo-
lytic process. Three other ones with more pro-
longed histories displayed erythrokinetic patterns
indicating erythroid hypoplasia. One child showed
a normal pattern. These results of the study in-
dicate that several mechanisms exist for the pro-
duction of Pb anemia, depending on the duration of
intoxication. Furthermore, Pb involves the blood
and bone marrow in several ways.
3029 Lichtman, H.u., and Feldman, F.: (State
Univ. New York; Maimonides Hosp., Brook-
lyn, N.Y.): IN VITRO PYRROLE AND PORPHY-
RIN SYNTHESIS IN LEAD POISONING AND IRON
Man
603
-------
DEFICIENCY. Journal of Clinical Investi-
gation 42:830-9 (June), 1963.
Data on the 6-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase
(ALA-D) activity and hematologic information was
tabulated for 16 normal subjects, 9 children with
Fe-deficiency anemia and 11 children with Pb poi-
soning. The activity of ALA-D, the enzyme neces-
oary for conversion of ALA to porphobilinogen was
significantly lower in Pb poisoning than in normal
or Fe-deficient subjects. The ALA-D deficit could
be reversed by preactivating the incubation mix-
tures with glutathione; however, glutathione pre-
incubation did not augment in vitro porphyrin
production from ALA. This seems to indicate a de-
fect in the biosynthetic pathway for heme in the
sequence beyond porphobilinogen.
3030 Newill, V.A., Sunshine, I., Griggs, R.C.,
Buchanan, S., and Herman, W. W. (Western
Reserve Univ.; Cuyahoga Co. Coroner's
Off., Cleveland, Ohio): LEAD POISONING
IN CHILDREN. Medical Science 13:367-73
(Mar. 10), 1963.
The diagnosis and treatment of Pb poisoning in
children is reviewed. Results of surveys for Pb
poisoning among children in selected areas of
Cleveland, Ohio, in 1959 and 1960 are presented
in a table.
3031 Okazaki, H., Aronson, S.M., DiMaio, D.J.,
and Olvera, J.E. (Brooklyn, N.Y.): ACUTE
LEAD ENCEPHALOPATHY OF CHILDHOOD. HISTO-
LOGIC AND CHEMICAL STUDIES, WITH PARTICU-
LAR REFERENCE TO ANGIOPATHIC ASPECTS.
Transactions of the American Neurological
Association 88:248-50, 1963.
Histologic, chemical and clinical findings on a
group of 23 children, aged 24-49 mo, all of whom
succumbed to Pb poisoning during the warmer months
of the year, were reported. The clinical course
was similar in all these children; weeks of an-
orexia, irritability and periodic vomiting were
followed by depressed consciousness and/or convul-
sions. The interval between the onset of clini-
cally apparent encephalopathy and death was gener-
ally <72 hr. The concentration of Pb in the brain
was measured in 6 cases. Highest levels were
found in the hippocampal and frontal cortices,
lowest levels in the occipital white matter and
pons (2.712, 2.513; 1.210 and 1.329 ug/100 g wet
tissue, respectively). The brains were swollen,
showing a mean increase of 17.7% in weight. Char-
acteristic histopathologic alterations were seen
most consistently in the cerebrum and cerebellum.
They suggested that the initial effects of Pb poi-
soning were selectively exerted upon the intrinsic
blood vessels of small caliber where they caused
increased permeability, focal necrosis, occlusion
and the transudation of plasma fluid into the
perivascular, interstitial and subpial spaces.
3032 Oropeza, P., and Morales Urbano, J.M.
(Univ. Central de Venezuela, Caracas):
La intoxicacidn por plomo en el nino. Re-
vision de cuatro casos. (LEAD POISONING
IN THE CHILD. REVIEW OF FOUR CASES.)
Gaceta Medica de Caracas 71:45-67 (Jan.-
Dec.), 1963.
Since no information has yet been published in
Venezuela on Pb poisoning in infants, this paper
was planned to draw attention to these hazards.
The etiology, pathology, manifestations of acute
and chronic Pb poisoning, diagnosis and treatment
are reviewed. Case reports of 4 infants who had
been accidentally poisoned by inhalation of Pb
fumes are given in detail.
The 1st case occurred in 1954 in a 9-mo-old
child who was admitted to the hospital with a se-
vere digestive syndrome and manifestations of the
central nervous system. The parents were engaged
in repairing storage batteries in their home and
both had been suffering from chronic Pb poisoning
for many years.
In 1962, the mother of the patient described
above came to the hospital with 3 children who
displayed symptoms comparable to those of 3 sons
who had died within the past 8 yr, the last one
only 1 mo previously. They all showed a moderate
hypochromic anemia. The level of Pb in blood ex-
ceeded markedly the threshold limit of 0.050
mg/100 ml blood, urinary Pb excretion ranged from
0.060-0.182 mg/1 urine before and from 0.430-
1.800 after administration of CaNa^EDTA. De-
termination for porphyrins was discussed, but
was not carried out.
3033 Paine, R.S., LoPresi, J.M., and Guin, G.H.
(George Washington Univ. School Med.,
Washington, D.C.): CLINICAL PATHOLOGICAL
CONFERENCE: SHORT ILLNESS, COMA AND DEATH.
Clinical Proceedings of Children's Hospi-
tal 19:322-33, 1963.
A 2-1/2-yr-old Negro boy was admitted because of
vomiting, anorexia, and lethargy. On examination,
he appeared chronically ill, poorly nourished, and
comatose. ne was given iv drip of saline and dex-
trose, riematology showed 6.7 g/100 ml hemoglobin,
hypochromic and microcytic red cells with moderate
anisocytosis and poikilocytosis. When taken to
the ward, the boy was in extremis and died shortly
afterwards (1 hr 40 min after arrival in the emer-
gency room). The family history did not help in
establishing a diagnosis. he was a plump baby
until 4 mo of age when he began to lose weight in
spite of a good appetite; he was seen in the Out-
patient Department 11 mo before admission because
of a viral infection and was thought to have nu-
tritional anemia but did not return for a hemo-
gram. The final pathologic diagnoses upon autopsy
were: (1) acute Pb encephalopathy, (2) intersti-
tial pneumonitis, (3) anemia, (4) hepatomegaly,
and (5) intranuclear inclusions in kidney and
liver. A sample of brain tissue contained 0.256
mg Pb/100 g. X rays of the chest supported the
diagnosis of Pb poisoning by the presence of lines
of increased density at the proximal ends of the
humeri.
3034 Popoff, N., Weinberg, S., and Feigin, I.
(New York School Med., New York City):
PATHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS IN LEAD ENCEPHAL-
OPATHY. WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE VAS-
CULAR CHANGES. Neurology 13:101-12 (Feb.),
1963.
The neuropathologic findings in 6 children with Pb
encephalopathy, aged 1.5-3 yr, 5 of whom had a
history of ingestion of paint for 4-6 mo, were re-
ported. Five died within 8 days of the onset of
604
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
acute symptoms, the 6th child survived for 39 days.
The clinical picture was characterized by vomiting,
headache, drowsiness, stupor or coma, papilledema
and alterations in pupillary size and reaction.
Pathologically, considerable swelling of the brain
was evident in the 5 acute cases; 1 of these
showed petechial hemorrhages in the cortex of 1
occipital lobe. Microscopically, 4 showed partial
loss of myelin and an astrocytic reaccion in the
white matter. Three showed perivascular edema and
petechial hemorrhages. The chronic case revealed
extensive tissue destruction with cavity forma-
tion, associated with marked astrocytic and micro-
glial reaction, thickening of the veins with cell-
ular disorganization of their walls, and very re-
cent thrombosis of dural sinuses. The pathologic
appearance suggested to the authors that vascular
damage is a major factor in the pathogenesis of
the cerebral disorder. (26 references)
3035 Smith, H.D., Baehner, R.L., Carney, T.,
and Majors, W.J. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.):
THE SEQUELAE OF PICA WITH AND WITHOUT LEAD
POISONING. A COMPARISON OF THE SEQUELAE
FIVE OR MORE YEARS LATER: 1. CLINICAL
AND LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS. American
Journal of Diseases of Children 105:609-
16 (June), 1963,
Four groups of 10 children each were studied. The
patients in Group 1 had been diagnosed 5 or more
years prior to this study as having Pb encephalo-
pathy; all children demonstrated (1) excessive Pb
absorption as indicated by a history of pica and
a Pb level in the blood of =0.06 mg/100 g, (2)
signs of involvement of the central nervous sys-
tem, and (3) a protein level in the cerebrospinal
fluid >40 mg/100 ml. Group 2 consisted of chil-
dren who had pica 5 or more years prior to this
study, and had absorbed an excessive amount
of Pb as indicated by Pb levels in the blood of
*0.06 mg/lOO g, but who had not displayed effects
on the central nervous system and changes in the
cerebrospinal fluid. Group 3 consisted of chil-
dren suspected of possible Pb poisoning because
of a distinct history of pica, but with a Pb con-
centration in the blood <0.06 mg/100 g and with a
urinary content of Pb also within the normal
range (0.02 mg/1). Group 4 served as controls.
The age of the children at the time of the origi-
nal illness was 9-40 mo and 6 yr 2 mo to 11 yr 3
mo at the follow-up examination.
Except for the presence of seizures or other
neurologic sequelae among the children with prior
Pb encephalopathy, none of the children in this
study showed signs or symptoms suggestive of or-
ganic, nonbehavioral residuals. The incidence of
recurrent convulsions was 40% among those with Pb
encephalopathy while an additional 20% had other
manifestations of neurologic damage, presumably
due to Pb. Abnormal electroencephalographic pat-
terns were found twice as often in the patients
with Pb encephalopathy as in other groups. Nei-
ther pica nor Pb absorption without encephalopathy
increased the incidence of these abnormalities
over the 30% incidence observed in the controls.
The incidence of pica among the controls was 20%.
No abnormalities were observed on follow-up X-ray
examination except faint scars at the sites of the
original "Pb lines" in one third of the children
who had previously had Pb encephalopathy or ab-
sorption. Since the blood level of Pb was within
elevated range in 3 children with prior Pb poison-
ing and in 1 child previously diagnosed as having
pica without excessive Pb absorption, children
with prior plumbism or with pica must be observed
repeatedly during follow-up.
It is concluded that Pb poisoning causes signi-
ficant physical and laboratory sequelae only if it
is associated with encephalopathy. Neither uncom-
plicated Pb poisoning nor pica without Pb intoxi-
cation resulted in physical or laboratory abnor-
malities 5 yr later.
3036 Tepper, L.B. (Harvard School of Public
Health, Boston, Mass.): RENAL FUNCTION
SUBSEQUENT TO CHILDHOOD PLUMBISM. Ar-
chives of Environmental Health 7:76-85
(July), 1963.
A striking epidemic of apparently Pb-induced renal
disease in Australia was the initial stimulus for
the Massachusetts investigation of 165 persons who
had been intoxicated with Pb in childhood >20 yr
ago and who had shown unequivocal evidence of Pb
intoxication but had survived the acute episode.
Admission to this study group required that any 2
of the following 3 diagnostic criteria be ful-
filled: (1) a definite history of pica for Pb-
containing material (usually paint) or the use of
Pb nipple shields; (2) X ray evidence of typical
Pb-induced skeletal alterations; (3) clinical evi-
dence of symptoms and signs characteristic of
childhood Pb Intoxication affecting 2 or more or-
gan systems. Of the 165 persons, it was possible
to obtain information on the health status of 139
(84%). Ten of these had died after the initial
intoxication (3 due to confirmed Pb poisoning at
age 2; 1 at 23 from chronic renal disease of un-
certain etiology; the rest from accidents or other
unrelated causes). Screening tests of renal func-
tion in 42 subjects of the group yielded no con-
vincing evidence of chronic renal impairment. The
difference between sequelae of plumbism in Massa-
chusetts and Australia and possible causes for
this variation were discussed. Based on the Mas-
sachusetts results it was concluded that it is not
likely that body burdens of Pb associated with
urban air contamination will induce chronic renal
disease in persons so exposed.
3037 US Public Health Service, National Clear-
inghouse for Poison Control Center: LEAD
POISONING SCREENING TEST STUDY. Washing-
ton, D.C., July-Aug., 1963, 6 pp.
A pilot study to determine the efficacy of various
screening tests for Pb poisoning was carried out
on 966 Ohio children, aged 18-36 mo, from neigh-
borhoods suspected of having a high incidence of
Pb poisoning. Pb levels in blood and urine and
urinary ALA and coproporphyrin (CP) were deter-
mined, and the upper limits of normal for these
4 biochemical tests were set as follows: blood
Pb, 0.06 mg/100 g of blood; urinary Pb, 0.08
mg/1 of urine; urinary CP, 50 yg/100 ml of urine;
urinary ALA, 0.6 mg/100 ml of urine. Of the 966
children in the survey, 866 had all 4 tests. Of
these, 726 were negative to all tests and only 1
was positive by all tests. Of the 42 children
with positive blood Pb, only 3 reacted positively
Man
605
-------
in the other tests and only 2 of these had posi- 20 references)
tive urinary Pb. The conclusion was drawn that
the concentrations of ALA, Pb and CP in a casual
urine specimen cannot be relied on for screening
purposes to predict blood Pb levels. The most
workable technique appears to be analysis of the
blood for Pb.
3038 Valori, P. and Melchiorri, C. (Univ. Rome,
Italy) : II potere aggressive del latte
materno sopra 11 piombo del paracapezzoli
quale causa di awelenamento nel lattante.
(THE POWER OF MATERNAL MILK TO ATTACK THE
LEAD OF NIPPLE PROTECTORS AS A CAUSE OF
LEAD POISONING IN INFANTS.) Nuovi Annali
d'Igiene e Microbiologia 14:117-52 (Mar.-
Apr.) , 1963.
The process by which the Pb contained in Pb nip-
ple protectors is first absorbed by the mother
and then ingested by the infant, was studied.
The author describes in great detail a method of
determination for Pb, using dithizone. By means
of this technique, the Pb content was estimated
in cow's and human milk to be 50-160 (mean 90)
and 20-60 iJg/1, respectively. Subsequently, the
capacity of both cow's and human milk to react
with the Pb in the nipple shields was studied by
immersing the shields at 37° C in various amounts
of milk, for various periods of time. It was
found that human milk dissolves a greater amount
of Pb than does cow's milk. Since the estimate
indicated daily deposition of Pb on the breast of
>1 mg, considerable amounts could reach the moth-
er's milk by absorption through the skin. There-
fore, Pb nipple protectors are potentially harm-
ful. The immediate discontinuance of their use
was strongly recommended.
1964
3039 Yue, F.C. (Natl. Taiwan Univ. Hosp, Chi-
na): LEAD POISONING; A CASE REPORT.
Acta Paediatrica Sinica 4:143-8 (Apr.-
June), 1963.
Following a review of the literature, a case of Pb
poisoning In a 15-yr-old workman in a storage
battery factory for ^1-1/2 yr is described. He
was admitted to the Pediatric Ward with intermit-
tent abdominal cramps and generalized convulsive
seizures. The main signs and symptoms were typi-
cal of Pb poisoning: pallor, abdominal cramps,
vomiting, mental confusion, restlessness and irri-
tability, generalized convulsions, Pb line, hypo-
chromic microcytic anemia with stippled erythro-
cytes, coproporphyrinuria, positive skin test with
Na sulfide and increased density at the epiphysis
of long bones upon X ray. The boy was treated
with BAL and other supportive measures, out there
was no improvement and he died 3 days after ad-
mission.
The author stresses the importance in correct
diagnosis of establishing the source of Pb, par-
ticularly in children, together with the classical
signs. The use of CaEDTA is mentioned as being
highly effective; formerly it was considered to
have no side effects; however, deaths from renal
failure because of improper use have been re-
ported. Where EDTA is not available, BAL may be
used. The treatment of Pb encephalopathy with 3Q42
urea, hypothermia, and surgical decompression is
also mentioned. (From author's English summary;
3040 Andelman, S.i,. (Chicago, 111.): LET'S
GET THE LEAD OUT. Journal of the Ameri-
can Medical Association 187:770 (Mar. 7),
1964.
The causes of Pb poisoning in children living in
large cities are reviewed and the program of the
Chicago Board of Health for the prevention of
such poisonings is discussed. Since in spite of
the measures taken new cases continue to occur,
Pb poisoning has been made a reportable disease
this year. When a large number of cases occur,
a door-to-door campaign, inspecting premises and
correcting conditions, is undertaken. While Pb
poisoning has been successfully prevented in most
areas of Chicago, it still needs to be eliminated
in areas where neglect and ignorance prevail.
3041 Anonymous: LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN.
British Medical Journal 1:1200-1 (May 9),
1964.
In this "leading article," it is pointed out that
childhood Hg poisoning has virtually disappeared
since the principal cause of it, calomel, has
been withdrawn; also, that although the means of
prevention of Pb poisoning are clear, though not
so easy to accomplish, Pb poisoning is still
widespread. An important part in bringing cases
to light has been the introduction of readily
available methods of estimating the level of Pb
in the blood, although in some cases the blood
levels may not be raised, and the height of the
level (an upper limit of 36 pg/100 ml recently
proposed by A.A. Moncrieff) does not necessarily
correspond to the severity of the condition.
Recent studies of the incidence, cause and di-
agnosis of childhood plumb ism are discussed (Mon-
crieff, et al; R.C. Griggs, et al). Emphasis is
laid on early diagnosis which is difficult be-
cause of frequently bizarre onset of illness, and
can no longer depend upon the former classical
signs of punctate basophilia, Pb lines in gums,
bands of increased density of bones, and others,
for by the time these appear, irreparable damage
may have been done. A history of pica is always
suggestive and flaking paint inside old homes is
the commonest cause of Pb poisoning. The impor-
tance of notifying local public health authori-
ties is stressed, so that steps can be taken to
remove the cause and ensure proper care of af-
fected children.
Although treatment of choice now is EDTA, ei-
ther intramuscularly or intraveneously, Mon-
crieff, et al favored penicillamine which could
be administered orally. B.F. Andrews (1961)
warned, however, that use of EDTA may cause kid-
uey damage, and B.D. Dinman (1962) pointed out a
disadvantage of both chelating agents in that
there is no evidence that their action extends to
bone where most of the Pb is stored. The article
closes by emphasizing again that prevention must
be the first aim.
Anonymous: LEAD IN TOYS. Information
Bulletin B.I.b.il.A. (British Industrial
Biological Research Association) 3:462
606
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
(Oct.), 1964.
A case of Pb poisoning in a 4.5-yr-old child, re-
ported to the Hampstead Health Department, led
to an appeal to the Home Office for a ban on the
sale of plastic toys with a high Pb content.
Some of the child's toys contained Pb at concen-
trations of 258-1970 ppm, and showed signs of
having been chewed on. Other plastic toys sold
in local shops had comparable Pb levels. Accord-
ing to the public analyst, these toys constitute
a real source of danger if chewed or sucked by a
child or even an adult.
3043 Anonymous: LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN.
Lancet 1:867-8 (Apr. 18), 1964.
The importance of prompt treatment with CaNa2EDTA
in children with Pb poisoning is emphasized. The
diagnosis of Pb poisoning should be considered in
children with unexplained anemia, convulsions
raised intracranial pressure, renal glycosuria
and amino-aciduria, and abdominal pain, especially
during the 2nd and 3rd yr of life. An inquiry
about pica should be a routine part of history-
taking. The sources of Pb absorption and essen-
tial diagnostic factors are presented. Among
these, the blood-Pb values are discussed in
greater detail on the basis of the report by A.A.
Moncrieff et al at Great Ormond Street, who found
Pb in the blood of all but 2 of 80 normal chil-
dren to be <36 ug/100 ml, although the upper lim-
it has been usually regarded as 50-60 yg/100 ml,
allowing for an overlap between the values in
normal and poisoned children. Moncrieff's accep-
tance of the 36 pg as the upper limit, and the
finding of abnormal blood-Pb in 45% of 122 chil-
dren with severe mental subnormality or behavior
disorders, also in 30% of children with apparent
encephalitis, and in 54% of children with abdomi-
nal pain, pica, vomiting, anemia, or irritabili-
ty, caused the Editor to raise the question
whether all these children were suffering from Pb
poisoning and to state that a blood-Pb of 40-50
Pg/100 ml may mean no more than that the patient
has pica because of mental abnormality due to a
cause other than Pb poisoning. He points out that
the introduction of the determination of blood-Pb,
and the easy access to a test requiring only a
single specimen of blood, led to increased fre-
quency of diagnosis of undoubted Pb poisoning
which would have been difficult to recognize by
the usual method. He recommends that other cen-
ters also provide facilities for this test.
3044 Astolfi, E. (Children's Hosp., Argentina):
Terapeutica y profilaxis de las intoxi-
caciones de la infancia. (THERAPEUTICS
AND PROPHYLAXIS OF INTOXICATIONS IN INFAN-
CY.) Semana Medica 124:186-90, 194 (Jan.
2), 1964.
The availability of BAL and EDTA in heavy metal poi-
sonings, particularly in Pb poisoning, as well as
that of PAM in the treatment of anticholinesterase
insecticide poisoning in children is discussed.
The activities of the Poison Control Centers and
of the National Clearinghouse in US are described.
3045 Astolfi, E., Rocatagliata, M., Gimenez,
E.R., Izurieta, E.M., and Grippo, J. (Bue-
nos Aires, Argentina): Sintomatologia
proteiforme de la intoxicacion plumbica.
(THE PROTEAN SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF LEAD POI-
SONING.) Archives Argentines de Pediatria
62:40-5 (July-Sept.), 1964.
Eight cases of Pb poisoning were reported, 7 in
children aged 2.5-10 yr and 1 in an 18-yr-old boy.
There were 4 cases of pica among the group. The
manifestations varied from headaches, colic, ane-
mia, paresthesia, urinary disturbance, to paralysis
and encephalopathy. Coproporphyrinuria was posi-
tive in all cases. A count of stippled erythro-
cytes was made in 5 patients, with positive re-
sults being found in 3. Determination of the Pb
level in blood in 6 cases revealed a Pb content
exceeding 60 yg% (up to 140 yg%) in 5 of them.
All patients were treated with CaNa2EDTA at a dose
of 75 mg/kg body weight/day, and in 1 case iv in-
jections of Ca gluconate were also given. In a
5-yr-old girl, symptoms of endocranial hyper-
tension improved by iv administration of urea and
corticoadrenal hormones.
In his discussion, the author points to the vari-
able symptomatology in these cases, as well as to
the fact that childhood poisoning may occur by in-
halation as well as by ingestion. Aside from the
pica, one case of illness was incurred in a home
printing shop (10-yr-old) ; one (8-yr-old) worked
with his father and brother in a storage-oattery
factory; and the 3rd of the inhalation cases (18-
yr-old) lived next to a workshop the chimney ef-
fluents of which traversed the common wall.
3046 Berg, J.M., and Zappella, M. (Harperbury
Hosp., Shenley, Hertsh., England): LEAD
POISONING IN CHILDHOOD WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO PICA AND MENTAL SEQUELAE.
Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 8:
44-53 (June), 1964.
ihe case reported is that of a boy with pica who
became an idiot following the ingestion of garden
soil contaminated by Pb. This contamination was
thought to be due to the burial of old paint. A
random sample of the soil was found by local public
health authorities to contain 0.22% Pb. The boy
was the only patient among °"1000 consecutive
admissions of idiot and imbecile children to the
Fountain Hospital from 1950 through 1962, ,*hose
mental defect could be reasonably attributed to Pb
poisoning. The first evidence of abnormality was
observed at the age of 2.5 yr when the child
started to indulge in persistent rocking and head
banging at night. At 2 yr 11 mo he developed a
pyrexial illness with diarrhea and vomiting.
When he did not respond to antibiotic therapy, he
was transferred, after 1 mo, to the Hospital for
Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. At this time,
his Hb was 79%, he showed stippled erythrocytes
and the cerebrospinal fluid contained 150 mg pro-
teins/100 ml. Pb poisoning was suspected and
confirmed by a Pb content of 35 ug/100 ml urine
and 117 yg/100 ml blood. tie was treated with
EDTA (0.5 g/12 hr) by iv drip, in 2 courses of 3
days each, although the Pb concentration in the
blood fell to 7-21 pg/100 ml, he remained grossly
mentally retarded with spastic limbs and increased
tendon jerks. At 4.5 yr he was functioning at the
level of a 9-mo-old normal infant. At the time of
this publication he was 6 yr old and not improved.
In reviewing the incidence of Pb poisoning in
Man
607
-------
childhood in Great Britain, where it is stated to
be rarely reported, 36 cases are tabulated as to
available data, including author, source of Pb,
age at time of acute illness, presence of enceph-
alopathy, and follow-up findings. The signifi-
cance of pica in the genesis of Pb intoxication
is pointed out. In discussing sequelae of Pb poi-
soning in children, the author states that such
severe impairments as in the above reported case
are unusual, but that less obvious sequelae may
often be missed, thus leaving the impression that
Pb poisoning in childhood is more innocuous in
regard to subsequent mental development than is
actually the case.
3047 Bishop, P.: A DOCTOR TURNS DETECTIVE.
Public Health (Johannesburg) 64:33-5
(May), 1964.
Pb poisoning as the cause of mental disturbance
in children is discussed. Examples are quoted of
children contracting Pb poisoning by sucking Pb-
painted toys, playing with Pb-containing putty,
handling Pb-containing sprays, etc. Although in
some cases permanent damage may remain, all symp-
toms often disappear when the source of Pb is
removed. High credit is given to London's Great
Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children which
has set it as its goal to diagnose and possibly
cure mental disease due to excessive absorption
of Pb and to explore whether metals other than
Pb also cause mental disorders in children.
3048 Christian, J.R. , Celewycz, B.S., and An-
delman, S.L. (Board of Health, 111.): A
THREE-YEAR STUDY OF LEAD POISONING IN
CHICAGO. PART I: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PART II.
OASE FINDING IN ASYMPTOMATIC CHILDREN
USING URINARY COPROPORPHYRIN AS A SCREEN-
ING TEST. American Journal of Public
Health 54:1241-51 (Aug.), 1964.
I. The diagnosis of Pb intoxication may be sus-
pected, when one or more of the following crite-
ria are present; among such criteria, the authors
consider a history of pica, X-ray evidence of
radiopaque material in the gastrointestinal
tract, and of "Pb" lines at the metaphyseal ends
of the long bones, to be suspicious evidence; el-
evated Pb content of blood or urine to be possibly
equivocal; and the signs and symptoms of intoxi-
cation of the central nervous system, vomiting and
other gastrointestinal disturbances, reducing sub-
dtance in the urine, anemia, basophilic stippling
of red blood cells, and the positive test for cop-
roporphyrin III, as strongly indicative. Kehoe
is cited as regarding the last-named test as the
first sign of Pb poisoning.
From 1959 through 1961, of the total of 9,853
cases of accidental poisoning reported to the
Chicago Board of Health, 429, or 4.7%, were due to
exposure to Pb, of which 67 were fatal (79% of
total deaths). Pica, with positive history of the
ingestion of Pb, was found in 59.7% of the cases;
in 2.6% of these, the ingestion of Pb was not
proved. The highest incidence and the highest
rate of mortality occurred in children 12 to 36
mo old. Peak periods of occurrence v;re June
through September. However, in December 1959, 17
cases of poisoning resulted from the burning of
storage batteries, and the inhalatic.i ->* Pb fumes.
Neither sex nor race seemed to be a predisposing
factor. Since the greatest number of cases came
from the nonwhite slum areas, the environment, in
addition to age, is significant.
II. A survey was made, by the Chicago iioard of
health, of 1,500 children residing in 3 different
Chicago areas, to evaluate the use of urinary coo-
roporphyrin (CP) determinations as a screening
test for case finding in asymptomatic children.
The first area in which a high incidence of Pb
poisoning was known to exist, had buildings >50
yr of age and in poor repair; in the 2nd and 3rd
areas, the buildings were relatively new and no
cases of Pb poisoning had been reported during
the past 3 yr. However, the 3rd area was close
to a blast furnace, and trie concentration of Pb
in the air in the immediate vicinity was found to
be ^10 tines as high as it was in otner areas of
the city.
The parents of children, aged 1-5 yr, and the
physicians in these areas were informed of the
program. The public health nurse was instructed
to collect a minimum of 1 oz of freshly voided
urine and to take this to the Board of Health
laboratory within 4 hr. Urinary CP was determined
by the methods of Benson and Chisholm.
In Area 1, 91 children (18% of these studies)
were found to have positive urinary CP. Of these,
44% revealed clinical and/or laboratory evidence
compatible with the diagnosis of Pb poisoning
(increased blood Pb, X-ray evidence of Pb deposits
in the long bones or in the gastrointestinal
tract.) Area 2 yielded only 14 or 2.8% patients
with positive urinary CP; only 3 exhibited evi-
dence of significant exposure to Pb. In the 3rd
area, 16 or 3.2% patients showed positive urinary
CP, only 1 of whom had a borderline blood Pb lev-
el. (Abstracts prepared by R.A. ^ehoe, M.D.)
(Comment by Dr. Kehoe: Contradictions appear
to exist between certain of the findings of this
investigation and the conclusions arrived at.
Thus reference is made to elevated levels of the
concentration of Pb in the blood, and yet the
tabulated data demonstrate that the concentration
of Pb in the blood of the group of children that
was most suspected of having abnormal quantities
of Pb, ranged from 5-20 pg/100 ml. This is the
low segment of the normal range which extends
from 5-50 Mg/100 ml blood. Nothing within this
range can be regarded as abnormal, nor are such
levels compatible with the induction of abnormal
densities in the metaphyses of the long bones.
One queries therefore whether analytical or ra-
diologic technique was at fault. By the same to-
ken such analytical findings are incompatible
with clinical Pb intoxication. It seems likely
that the method of analyzing the blood for Pb
yielded unduly low results, but the uncertainty
in this matter is more than a little disconcert-
ing.)
3049 Editorial: THE CASE OF THE NECKLACE -
LEAD OR ARSENIC? New York State Journal
of Medicine 64:1282-4 (June.l), 1964.
The paper "Lead intoxication in children - the
case of the necklace" by L. Christiaens et al.
(Abstract No. 3019) is reviewed. The author
points out that the reported development of
symptoms is not consistent with that usually
608
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
observed in Pb poisoning in children, par-
ticularly the persistent severe colicky pain is
not a manifestation of Pb poisoning in children.
Examination of artificial pearls revealed that
Pb carbonate, Pb phosphate, Pb arsenate and a Bi
salt are used in the manufacture of such beads;
Pb arsenate was present in 3 out of 5 beads
tested. The author believes that the case was
essentially one of As poisoning even though Pb
was found present. In 1200 cases of Pb poison-
ing in children reported to the dew York City
Department of Health Poison Control Center, severe
colicky pains and foul diarrhea were not among
the signs and symptoms mentioned. As an obvious
conclusion from these findings the author advises
that beads be kept away from young children, be-
cause they may be coated with Pb compounds. The
question is raised also why the child was not
treated with EDTA, as this case was originally
diagnosed as Pb intoxication.
3050 Griggs, R.C., Sunshine, I., Newill, V.A.,
Newton, B.vJ., Buchanan, S. and Rasch,
C.A. (Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland,
0.): ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN CHILDHOOD
LEAD POISONING. Journal of the American
Medical Association 187:703-7 (Mar. 7),
1964.
Information collected during 1952 through 1958
lias shown that ^8-9 Cleveland children were hos-
pitalized per year for Pb poisoning, with a mor-
tality of 30%; 85% of these cases were seen in
the summer months; the majority came from the
so-called "Pb belt" in Cleveland, an area char-
acterized by old and generally substandard hous-
ing. The present study was carried out during
the summer months of 1959 and 1960 in 4 census
tracts within the "Pb belt"; 3 of the areas had
old housing and one was a new housing project.
The door-to-door survey included 994 children be-
tween the ages of 12 and 60 mo. In a question-
naire, the birth date of the child, condition of
the home, history of previous poisoning and of any
pica was listed. For purposes of this study, a
child was classified as having Pb intoxication
when any 3 of the following 6 factors were found;
history of pica for paint, dirt or plaster; ab-
normal urine (levels of, or higher: 0.08 mg Pb or
0.200 mg CP III/l, 0.30 uM ALA/ml; Pb in the
blood iP.06 mg%; Hb
-------
sive overdose of dimercaprol (BAL) which caused
nausea, vomiting, excessive salivation, abdominal
and chest pains, flushing of the face, muscular
cramps and burning sensation of the skin.
The authors warn against the use of BAL and also
remind physicians that EDTA has no accepted pedi-
atric use. Recent reports recommend the use of
D-penicillamine but it is not an officially recog-
nized drug for Pb poisoning. During 1963 to Sept
25, 223 cases of Pb poisoning, of which 5 termi-
nated fatally, were reported in New York City, and
156 with 6 fatalities during the same time the
year before. All these cases occurred in children
<6 yr of age and chiefly in the ages between 2-4
yr.
3054 Jacobziner, H. and Raybin, H.W. (City of
New York Dept. of Health): "POSSIBLE"
LEAD POISONING. New York State Journal of
Medicine 64:1233-5 (May 15), 1964.
Many cases of Pb poisoning with blood Pb levels
considerably above the presumed standard for posi-
tive diagnosis of 0.06 mg/100 ml have recently
been labeled by the reporting hospitals as "pos-
sible" Pb poisonings. Six such incidents in chil-
dren, aged 1.5-7.5 yr, with blood Pb levels rang-
ing from 0.06-0.32 mg/100 ml, are described. The
authors recommend that treatment should not be
delayed in cases with a positive history of pica
and blood Pb levels of 0.06 mg/100 ml and over.
A possible new physical sign in the early diagno-
sis of Pb poisoning, that is a greyish stippling
of Pb pigment that is circumferential around the
optical disk, has been described by Sonkin in oc-
cupational Pb poisoning. Visualized through the
ophthalmoscope, Pb particles appear as glistening,
discrete grey pigment in the retinal area around
the optic disk. The authors point out that they
do not know whether or not such changes may occur
in children suffering from Pb poisoning, but they
consider them worth looking for.
3055 Koumidis, 0. (London, England): LEAD POI-
SONING AS A CAUSE OF MENTAL RETARDATION IN
CHILDREN. In Forensic Immunology, Medi-
cine, Pathology and Toxicology, Report of
the Third International Meeting April 16-
24, 1963. International Congress Series
No. 80, Amsterdam Excerpta Medica Founda-
tion, 1964, p. 97.
An investigation was carried out to elucidate
whether mental retardation in some children may
be caused by increased Pb absorption. The criti-
cal level for Pb, to reach its full toxic effect,
is ""80 vg Pb/100 g whole blood. The clinical pic-
ture in children is different from that of adults.
No case of even the mildest type of poisoning has
been induced in children when the Pb level was
<0.04 mg/100 g of whole blood. An increased con-
^ent of ALA in the urine is regarded as an early
ign of poisoning. At Great Ormond Street Hospi-
^al for Sick Children, there were 30 cases of Pb
poisoning and 65 cases of mentally retarded chil-
dren with high Pb concentrations in the blood and
an increased content of urinary ALA. The author
never found children with Pb poisoning whose Pb
level in the blood was <0.045 mg/100 g of whole
blood. Normal children, mentally defective chil-
dren, children suffering from encephalitis and
children with Pb poisoning were examined. The
following data were found in 200 normal and 100
mentally defective children, respectively: Pb in
whole blood, 0.014-0.030 and 0.040-0.080 mg/100
ml; pyruvic acid in blood, 1 and 1.4 mg/100 ml;
ALA, 0.20-0.26 and 0.38 mg/100 ml urine. ihe men-
tally defective children who all had neurological
symptoms improved greatly by treatment with a
chelating agent. Half of the children with ence-
phalitis had an average Pb concentration in the
blood of 0.050 mg/100 ml and in some, pyruvate
was 1.50 mg/100 ml blood. Neither ALA nor pyr-
uvate levels were pathologically raised at Pb
concentrations of <0.035 mg/100 ml blood. Oral
administration of penicillamine shortened the
metabolic disturbances caused by Pb and contrib-
uted to the intellectual improvement of the chil-
dren.
3056 Lending, M. , Slobody, L.B., and Mestern,
J. (New York Med. College, New York):
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID GLUTAMIC OXALACETIC
TRANSAMINASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
ACTIVITIES IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROLOGIC
DISORDERS. Journal of Pediatrics 65:
415-21 (Sept.), 1964.
Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) in
the cerebrospinal fluid and lactic dehydrogenase
(LDH) activities were studied in 106 children
with neurologic disorders, including 1 case of Pb
encephalitis, and 41 neurologically normal chil-
dren, ranging in age from 1 wk-11 yr. In the
control group, GOT activity ranged from 2.0-
15.0, mean 5.9, and LDH activity from 1.1-40.0,
mean 14.3, units/ml/min. In the 2.5-yr-old child,
suffering from Pb encephalopathy, GOT activity was
6.7 and LDH activity 12.3 units/ml/min. There was
no correlation between GOT and LDH changes.
The authors consider that a study of these en-
zymes, particularly LDH, may be of assistance in
the early differentiation between bacterial and
viral meningitis. (No further reference to Pb
encephalopathy is made aside from that above.)
3057 Mclntire, M.S., and Angle, C.R. (Univ.
Nebraska, Omaha): CHILDHOOD LEAD POISON-
ING: NEUROLOGIC SEQUELAE. Nebraska State
Medical Journal 49:412-3 (Aug.), 1964.
Following a brief outline of the etiology, physi-
ology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of Pb
poisoning in children, 8 cases, so diagnosed among
80,000 admissions in the Children's Memorial Hos-
pital of Omaha in the 15->r period from 1948
through 1963 are discussed. These children were
followed for 17 mo-8 yr and 3 mo. In addition, a
successful treatment of intrauterine Pb poisoning
is reported for the first time. Pica for paint or
soil was the antecedent in 4 children, aged 20 mo-
3 yr. Subsequent analysis by health authorities
revealed a Pb content of 26.6% in the paint in the
home of the 20-mo-old boy who had been admitted
to the hospital with acute hemiplegia followed by
intractable seizures while a 2-yr-old had persis-
tent strabismus. The 4 other children (aged 1.5-fa
yr) came from a family which had used old battery
cases as fuel in the living room stove. One of
these children, a 3-yr-old boy, died of acute en-
cephalopathy with convulsions despite treatment
with CaNa2EDTA. tiis 18-no-old brother, at follow-
610
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
up of 4 yr and 5 mo, showed persistent seizures,
abnormal asymmetry, asynchrony and slow mental
development. The 27-yr-old mother was 8 mo preg-
nant when her blood was found to contain 0.24 mg
Pb/100 ml. She was treated iv with EDTA for 7
days. The child appeared normal at birth and at
follow-up, 4 yr and 2 mo later, his electroen-
cephalogram, mental development and neurological
functions were normal.
In conclusion, the author points out that a his-
tory of pica should alert the physician to the
possible diagnosis of Pb poisoning; that the par-
unts should always be questioned concerning pica,
and that Pb poisoning in pregnancy should be
treated promptly.
3058 Marsh, F. (Epping, Essex, England): LEAD
POISONING IN CHILDREN. Letters to the
Editor. i,ancet 1:941 (Apr. 25), 1964.
The author refers to the leading article on "Lead
Poisoning in Children" in the April 18 issue of
this journal. He points out that more emphasis
should be laid on estimation of urinary Pb since
levels >0.10 mg/1 indicate trouble. Another sen-
sitive and accurate procedure is the examination
of blood films, stained with methylene blue.
Marsh describes the case of a 3-yr-old child, not
suspected of Pb poisoning, whose blood-film
showed some unusual features. Further tests, in-
cluding the demonstration of lines of increased
density at the growing ends of bone, showed that
the child had advanced Pb poisoning. Finally, he
states: "Lead encephalopathy can occur without
other classical signs of Pb poisoning, as I showed
in the 1939-45 war for workers in leaded petrol."
3059 Miano, S. (Philadelphia Dept. of Public
Health, Pa.): THE PROBLEM OF LEAD POISON-
ING IN CHILDREN. Journal of Environmental
Health 27:510 (July-Aug.), 1964.
Since 1950, 804 cases and 76 deaths of Pb poison-
ing in children have occurred in Philadelphia.
The 1- to 3-yr age group accounted for 82% of the
cases and 1/3 of these occurred in the 19-24 mo
of age. The lower socioeconomic group provided
5 times as many cases as all other groups togeth-
er, with mortality rate in this group of M.0%.
The highest incidence of Pb poisoning is from May
through October. Control of Pb poisoning requires
legislation in combination with educational mea-
sures.
3060 Moncrieff, A.A., Koumides, O.P., Clayton,
B.E., Patrick, A.D., Renwick, A.G.C., and
Roberts, G.E. (Hosp. for Sick Children,
London, England) : LEAD POISONING IN CHIL-
DREN. Archives of Disease in Childhood
39:1-13 (Feb.), 1964.
The present study was carried out primarily to see
whether any children referred to the hospital for
the investigation of mental retardation had Pb
poisoning. As a preliminary, the normal range of
Pb in the blood of children was determined.
eighty children, aged 4 mo-14.25 yr, who were
neither mentally retarded nor had a history of
pica, were found to have Pb levels in the blood
of 536 yg/100 ml, with the exception of 2 chil-
dren who had slightly higher levels. Thus, 36
yg/100 mg blood was taken as the upper limit of
normal. Among 122 children, aged 6 mo-14 yr, who
were mentally retarded, or had severe behavior
disorders, 45% had Pb concentrations in the blood
>36 yg. Among 40 children, aged 2 mo-12 yr, with
a preliminary diagnosis of encephalitis, 30% had
Pb levels >36 yg/100 ml blood. Among 52 children
with severe anemia, pica or vomiting, 54% had Pb
levels >36 ug/100 ml blood. Abnormally high pyr-
uvate levels in the blood (normal upper limit
1.4 mg/100 ml) were found in 20 of 36 children
with Pb levels >36 yg/100 ml blood. A group of
20 children, 13 boys and 7 girls, age 9 mo-5 yr,
all with Pb poisoning, were studied in detail.
Twelve came from families living in unfavorable
conditions, 3 had access to putty containing red
Pb, 4 or more had been eating old paint chippings,
2 had received home-^rown vegetables produced on
a soil containing Pb battery casings. One child
was retarded and another was psychotic. Findings
concerning blood Pb, punctate basophils, copropor-
phyrinuria and radiological evidence were tabu-
lated. ,'jiemia was common in all, but none showed
aminoaciduria, glycosuria or a Pb line on the gum
margins. All these patients were treated with
oral penicillamine (150, 300 and 450 mg twice
daily for children aged up to 5 yr, 5-10 yr and
>10 yr, respectively). Four patients in addition
received 1 or 2 courses of intramuscular CaNa2EDTA
and 1 received 2 courses of iv EDTA (75 mg/kg body
weight/day). The effects of the various treat-
ments in some children are described.
The records of The Hospital for Sick Children
showed that from 1951-1960, 12 children had been
diagnosed as having Pb poisoning. Since 1961,
when the estimation of blood Pb became freely
available, it was apparent that the incidence of
diagnosed cases had risen sharply (even by ac-
cepting the classical upper level of normal of
50-uO yg/100 ml blood) . The diagnosis of estab-
lished Pb poisoning usually presents no problem,
but early Pb poisoning may mimic so many diseases
that the diagnosis is difficult. The decision to
treat or not to treat borderline cases depends on
consideration of the whole problem. In this re-
spect, the finding of a raised pyruvate level is
considered as further evidence particularly when
the increase of blood Pb has been "oorderline."
(However, the pyruvate level may be normal and the
blood Pb very high.) Measures in the treatment of
Pb poisoning are discussed and in the Appendix
methods for the estimation of Pb in blood and
urine are described. The authors point out that
Pb levels in blood between 40 and 60 yg/100 ml
should always be carefully considered in the light
of other clinical findings, particularly when the
child is <5 yr of age. (29 references)
3061 Park, E.A. (Johns Hopkins Univ. School of
Med., Baltimore, Md.): THE IMPRINTING OF
NUTRITIONAL DISTURBANCES ON THE GROWING
BONE. Pediatrics 33:815-62 (May, PC.II),
1964.
The clearly presented and thorough account of the
response of the organism to nutritional distur-
uances is based on extensive experience gained in
animal experiments and in clinical observations,
including X-ray and histologic examination (when-
ever the latter were possible) of some 800 chil-
dren, aged from birth to 14 yr, hospitalized in
Man
611
-------
the Harriet Lane.
In the economy of the body of the young animal,
when depletion of nutrients as caused by disease
of all types becomes serious enough, the bones
take up the burden by ceasing to grow. The body
thus responds by sparing those organs on which
continued existence depends. When the crisis is
over, the bones proceed to grow again. The marks
of this arrest in growth are visible in the X-ray
film as transverse lines. The frequency of their
occurrence has become appreciated only since the
X ray has come into general use. The processes
involved in the formation of the transverse lines
has been studied on the rat by Park and Richter
in order to clarify the basic mechanism involved.
The results are detailed following a description
of the cellular structure of bone with an explana-
tion of the separate roles of the cartilage cells
and osteoblasts, necessary for the understanding
of the formation of arrest strata.
In the clinical observation of the 800 cases of
children dying from all causes, but excluding in
this series cases of Pb poisoning and those in
which Bi or elemental P had been given, arrest
lines were exceedingly frequent. They varied in
number from 1 to several at single bone ends, and
as to the bone on which they occurred. In no in-
stances were they seen at the slow growing bone
ends when they were not more numerous or better
developed or both at the faster growing ones.
There are instances when the arrest strata may be
present but indistinguishable in the X-ray film.
The reasons for this and for other factors, in-
cluding conditions under which the strata may
fail to form or may form incompletely, are ex-
plained. Growth-arrest strata may persist into
adult life, although almost always they are re-
sorbed as a result of remodelling before linear
growth ceases. As advised by radiologists, trans-
verse lines are only occasionally seen in the
bones of adults.
I'he differences in the transverse lines as a
consequence of nutritional stress, those occur-
ring in certain diseases that grossly affect bone
formation (rickets), lines of rarefaction seen in
X-ray films, and those caused in poisoning by
heavy metals and P are detailed. The lines
caused under the latter conditions are entirely
different from those caused by arrest of growth
(or, as they should be more accurately termed,
post-arrest lines, for they become evident be-
cause of the recovery following arrest). The
lines caused by P and Pb poisoning are described
as thicket strata which may be mm (Pb) or cm (P)
thick, although they also may be line thin. The
reason for this is that there is no interference
with the continuation of cartilage (linear) growth
and that the action is on all bone in process of
formation, and constitutes an interference with
the mechanism whereby normally surplus bone is
removed (bone resorption). Pb is considered to
retard bone growth. In chronic (childhood) poi-
soning the ingestion of Pb is almost always sub-
ject to variations at different times. Corre-
spondingly in the films the bones register bands
and lines of different thicknesses and intensities
of radiopacity interspersed at irregular intervals.
A characteristic picture, particularly if evidence
in remodelling is also present, is a band 2-3 mm
wide at the extreme ends of the fast growing bones
together with lines and bands interspersed farther
down the shaft. (27 references)
3062 Sartain, P., Whitaker, J.A., and Martin,
J. (Univ. of Texas, Dallas): THE ABSENCE
OF LEAD LINES IN BONES OF CHILDREN WITH
EARLY LEAD POISONING. American Journal
of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy and Nu-
clear Medicine 91:597-601 (Mar.), 1964.
Data are presented which show that Pb lines (me-
tallic transverse bands at the ends of growing
long bones) are absent in most cases of early Pb
poisoning and that heavy transverse bands may be
found in apparently normal children.
The policy followed in the authors' institution
is to hospitalize all children with pica and baso-
philic stippling, and subject them to the ver-
senate diagnostic test. Excessive ingestion of Pb
is indicated by urinary Pb content of >500 yg/1
after administration of versenate. Roentgenograms
of the long bones of 31 children (9 mo-4.5 yr
old) with Pb poisoning and 17 control children
(10 mo-5 yr) were read independently by 3 observ-
ers. The Pb poisoning cases were divided into 2
groups on the basis of their pre-versenate urinary
Pb levels: 14 with levels of <35 ug/1 were in-
cluded in the early Pb poisoning group; 17 with
levels = 35 yg/1 or who had evidence of encepha-
lopathy were placed in the late group. Only 17%
of the patients with early Pb poisoning had posi-
tive or borderline roentgenograms, compared with
45% of the late cases. Four of 8 children with
Pb encephalopathy had normal bone roentgenograms.
Two of the 17 control roentgenograms were read as
borderline by 1 observer, and 1 as positive by 2
and normal by 1 observer. This was a case of
poliomyelitis with a history of pica who subse-
quently showed laboratory findings consistent with
plumb ism.
The conclusion was drawn that X-ray findings
should be given secondary consideration when diag-
nosing Pb poisoning and that absence of Pb lines
in the long bones should not discourage further
search for chemical evidence of plumb ism.
3063 Seto, D.S.Y., and Freeman, J.M. (Columbia
Presbyterian Hosp., New York): LEAD NEU-
ROPATHY IN CHILDHOOD. American Journal of
Diseases of Children 107:337-42 (Apr.),
1964.
The major complications of Pb ingestion are en-
cephalopathy and neuropathy. In children, en-
cephalopathy is the most common consequence of Pb
intoxication, whereas neuropathy is rare, only 9
cases having been reported in detail in the En-
glish literature, and 31 other cases mentioned.
A case of peripheral neuropathy due to Pb poi-
soning in a 3.j-yr-old male child is described.
The child had a 2-yr history of pica and had
chewed several holes in the plaster of his apart-
ment. After anemia and weakness of 2-mo duration,
he developed a sore throat with vomiting and com-
plaints of pain in the thighs and legs. Neuro-
logic examination revealed profound symmetrical
distal weakness of all extremities and some proxi-
mal weakness so that the child could not support
his weight. Laboratory tests showed rare baso-
philic stippling, increased excretion of urinary
612
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
coproporphyrins; ALA excretion was 192.5 nM/day,
compared with a normal value of 20 yM/day. i'he
Pb concentration in whole blood was 5 yg/100 ml.
X rays revealed dense metaphyseal bands in the
long bones. Urinary Pb was within the normal
range prior to administration of CaNa2EDTA, but
increased 1000-fold after treatment with EDTA (2
courses of 7 days each of 75 mg/kg/day, given iv
in divided doses). The child recovered completely
within 6 mo. A discussion of the findings in com-
parison with those reported earlier led to the
conclusion that the determining factors in Pb-
induced neuropathy or encephalopathy must remain
speculative.
3064 Shrand, H. (St. Mary's Hosp., London,
England): VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS. TOXO-
CARA CANIS INFECTION. Lancet 1:1357-9
(June 20), 1964.
The case of a 19-mo-old girl who had been eating
peeled plaster from the kitchen wall and backyard
dirt fouled by a neighbor's dog is presented. Pb
poisoning was excluded (27 yg Pb/100 ml blood;
normal EDTA excretion in urine). Investigation
revealed a persistent eosinophilia, an enlarged
liver and spleen, hyperglobulinemia, a raised
anti-A and anti-B titer, and a positive toxocara
skin test. Two round worms (Toxocara canis) were
found in the feces of the dog. This was the 1st
case of visceral larva migrans, due to Toxocara
canis infection reported in a London-born child.
3065 Smith, H.D. (Univ. Cincinnati, Ohio):
PEDIATRIC LEAD POISONING. Archives of
Environmental Health 8:256-61 (Feb.),
1964.
A review of the manifestations of pediatric Pb
poisoning and its differences from the adult dis-
ease is presented. Pb poisoning in children de-
velops gradually, requiring persistent ingestion
of Pb-containing substances over a period of at
least 3 mo. During the hot summer months, acute
manifestations may develop, indicating involve-
ment of the central nervous, gastrointestinal or
hematologic systems. For early recognition of
the disease, judicious use of 4 laboratory tests -
ulood examination for anemia and erythrocytic
stippling, X rays of the long bones for "Pb lines"
and of the abdomen for radiopaque flecks within
the intestines, and urinalysis for coproporphy-
rins - is essential. If any 2 of these tests
yield positive evidence, a tentative diagnosis of
plumbism should be made, a precise analysis for
Pb in the blood should be obtained and the pos-
sibility of encephalopathy considered. Pb poison-
ing is most common among children, aged 15-36 mo,
residing in older, impoverished areas where the
walls of the houses have been painted repeatedly
and are now in poor condition. Patients once
treated must be watched for recurrences and their
siblings checked carefully for the disease.
Treatment does not prevent fatality in 25% of the
cases with encephalopathy nor a high incidence of
neurologic and behavioral sequelae. Therapy in-
cludes termination of exposure to Pb, removal of
Pb from the body through the use of chelates such
as ethylenediaminetetraacetate and dimercaptopro-
panol, symptomatic treatment for encephalopathy
and prevention of re-exposure to Pb. (From au-
thor 'b summary) (19 references)
3066 Tiboni, E.A. (Dept. Public Health, Phila-
delphia, Pa.): CONTROL OF CHILDHOOD LEAD
POISONING. Public Health Reports 79:167-
74 (Feb.), 1964.
A review of the nature, sources and extent of Pb
poisoning indicates that it is a cause for major
concern as a health hazard to children <5 yr of
age, both in urban and rural areas. As a result
of the recent practice of obtaining blood Pb lev-
els in children who exhibit pica but are asympto-
matic, the definition of Pb poisoning is appar-
ently changing. Diagnosis is being made with in-
creasing frequency on the basis of elevated lev-
els of Pb in the blood without any symptomatic
manifestations of poisoning.
Reporting of Pb poisoning to the Philadelphia
Department of Public Health has been mandatory
since 1950. The results of systematic investiga-
tion of all reported cases by the Department over
a period of >7 yr showed that ^657, of the
cases could definitely be attributed to paint as
a source of Pb; a toy was determined as the
source in 1 case. There are many other known and
suspected sources; an attempt to list these in
order of likelihood of cause has been made by
this Department. The program, as developed in
Philadelphia, is described in detail. This in-
cludes seeking the cooperation of landlords in
the voluntary removal of Pb paint when it is
found to be the source, epidemiologic investiga-
tion, education of the public, aside from the
necessary laboratory services, and medical atten-
tion, i* major limitation of the program has been
the lack of legal powers to enforce removal of
environmental hazards when they are discovered.
The number of cases reported, and deaths among
them, in recent years are summarized for Phila-
delphia, Chicago, Baltimore, St. Louis, New York
City, and Cincinnati. On the basis of this ex-
perience the author recommends preventive mea-
sures that must include screening of subclinical
cases, early and rapid diagnosis, routine report-
ing, epidemiologic investigation, environmental
appraisals, education and counseling, enforcement
of legal standards, and adequate laboratory and
social services. Minimization of the disease and
its sequelae is as important as prevention. re-
search is needed into overt and underlying causes;
social, economic and cultural factors; physical
and psychiatric aspects of the condition and its
causation, and measures to control environmental
hazards. (23 references)
3067 Van Lookeren Campagne, W. (Leerdam, Hol-
land) : Enige gevallen van chronische
loodintoxicatie bij kinderen. (CASES OF
LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN.) Maandschrift
voor Kindergeneeskunde 32:195-204 (May),
1964.
Five cases of chronic Pb poisoning in children
living on the same street, are reported. The pa-
tients were 3-14 yr old. Pb poisoning was diag-
nosed on the basis of clinical and laboratory
tests. All showed stippled erythrocytes; the
hemoglobin content was 50-80%; the concentrations
of Pb in blood ranged from 79-100 pg/100 ml, and
in urine from 150-275 ug/1.
Man
613
-------
Inquiry into the cause of poisoning in the first
case so diagnosed revealed that the family dealt
in scrap metal; in fact, there were several such
workshops in the dwelling units on the street.
As the families appeared to live as a clan, with
the units interconnected by doors, the children
played in the workshops. Two of the children
were treated 1st with daily doses of 20 g Na ci-
trate; all of them were given 3-4 g of CaNa2EDTA/
day.
The results were disappointing, partly due to
social conditions which precluded adequate mea-
oures against continued exposure to Pb . The au-
chor questions the value of treatment of chronic
Pb poisoning and stresses the need of prevention,
3068 Woods, G.E., and Walters, R.M. (Hortham
Hosp., Almondsbury, England): LEAD POI-
bONING IN MENTALLY SUBNORMAL CHILDREN.
Better to the Editor. Lancet 2:592
(Sept. 12), 1964.
The finding by A.A. Moncrleff et al (Abstract No.
3060) that the Pb levels in the blood of mentally
retarded children and those with behavior dis-
orders were frequently higher than in normal
children, prompted the authors to investigate some
20 such patients in their hospital (out of 100).
Among them were 5 with cerebral palsy, who had
never been able to put anything in their mouths,
and who showed an average concentration of Pb in
blood of 13 ug/100 ml. Among 12 others showing
>40 pg were 3 children in whom Pb poisoning was
suspected as the primary cause of their mental
deficiency: (1) A boy, now 18 yr old, who had
begun to show mental retardation from age of 18
mo, showed in 1964 a level of 68 yg Pb in 100 ml
blood, which dropped to 39 pg after treatment with
penicillamine. Scrapings of paint of the cot that
he had used as a child contained 6.76% Pb. (2) A
girl, now 12 yr old, who had chewed objects as a
baby and still had severe epilepsy and abnormal
electroencephalogram, showed 60 yg Pb/100 ml blood,
and after 1 mo's treatment with penicillamine, 16
pg. (3) A boy, now 9 yr old, had 1st exhibited
signs of mental deterioration at age of 2-1/2 yr.
His blood contained 137 pg Pb/100 ml, and 37 pg
after 1 mo's treatment with penicillamine. His
pica was still uncontrollable as he was found to
be eating putty containing red Pb, which caused
his blood Pb to rise to 80 pg.
The authors point out that these findings suggest
that the incidence of Pb poisoning as a cause of
mental deficiency is >1/1000 found by J.M. Berg et
al (Abstract :N'O. 3046), and that routine blood-Pb
determinations in any child who exhibits unex-
plained epilepsy, mental deterioration, or psy-
chotic behavior (regardless of pica) might reveal
further cases.
614 BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
V. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
1950
3069 Arkhipov, A.S., Rozenberg, S.A., and
Smlrnova, V.G. (Gorki Fed. Sci.-Res. Inst.
Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis., Min. Health, USSR):
Gigienicheskoe znachenie deponirovaiya
toksicheskikh veshchestv v stroitel'nykh
materialakh. (HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF
DEPOSITION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN BUILDING
MATERIALS.) Gigiena i Sanitariya 1950,
No. 3:31-7.
Appreciable amounts of toxic substances (TEL, ben-
zene, P, C disulfide, Hg and 1,2-dichloroethane)
are found in the structural materials of industrial
buildings such as lumber, brick, concrete and
plaster. Substances like 1,2-dichloroethane usu-
ally reach maximum absorption values within 1.5 hr
of exposure, but TEL absorbs more slowly (=20 hr).
The time of average exposure, concentration, nature
of the materials and other factors affect the
amounts of absorbed material. Oil-paints are very
susceptible to uptake of chlorinated solvents,
but that of C disulfide is sharply reduced. Plas-
ter composition of 1 part lime (containing Si di-
oxide 53, ferrous oxide-ferric oxide 20-30, Mn ox-
ide 10-20%), and 2 parts of sand shows little or
no absorption of TEL.
3070 California Department of Public Health:
CALIFORNIA'S EXPERIENCE IN LEAD STORAGE
BATTERY INDUSTRY. Occupational Health
Bulletin, Investigation Report No. 6,
June 1950.
In a recent survey 19 of the 37 Pb storage battery
plants operating in the State were visited. The
presence or absence of controls are tabulated.
Appendices to this report list recommendations for
prevention and control of Pb exposure. For one of
them, medical and health problems are discussed
and emphasis is placed on the economically justi-
fied investments made in spending money on im-
provement of working conditions of the employees.
3071 Cary, W.H., Jr., and Valaer, P.J. (Distr.
of Columbia Health Dept., Washington):
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS. Journal
American Water Works Association 42:485-9
(May), 1950.
Exposure to Pb is listed as a hazard in the follow-
ing operations: auto body and fender repair, de-
greasing, calking pipes, painting and welding.
The garage mechanic may be exposed to Pb through
contact with ethyl (Pb) gasoline, in the use of
metalizing spray and in grinding off Pb filling in
body and fender work.
3072 Je Oliveira, O.G., and Cavalcanti, T.:
(PLUMBISM IN THE PRINTING INDUSTRY.) Mem.
Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 48:125-42, J950.
A survey was riade of tne Pb poisoning rislcs of the
different nrocesses involved in pri'itinq: liiuitvpe
section (manipulation of type and cleaning it);
monotypists; stereotypists; recasters. Among tue
linotype workers, the average of Pb in the air
about the typists was only 0.1 nig/10 m-> of air; of
those who clean the type 0.42 ng; of those with the
heating vessels 8.38 ing. Exposure of monotypists
not in the immediate proximity of the melting pots
was 0.06 mg, of tnose working without disturbing
the surface layer 0.37: of those who reuove this
layer 1.3 ing. The amount was greatest among tue
recasters and the limits were widest. \t tne en-
trance of the building the amount of I'b was only
0.04 ng/10 .11 of air, at the mezzanine level where
the metal fragments discharge into tUe large vat,
0.55 mg; if the contents are stirred and the scum
removed the figure rises to 15.89 mg. Amoiii; tne
compositors: for those working by hand, exposure-
was 0.13-0.37 mg; for tne monotypists only 0.01-
0.05 m;*. The remedies consist iu better ventiJa-
tion to re.-iove fumes and dust, and Li frequent ex-
amination of blood and urine of tne operatives to
estimate the amounts of Pb prese-it so that those
snowing amounts indicative of danger (tne limits
of concentration are laid down) may be treated or
removed to other jobs. (From Bulletin of hygiene
26:622, 1951; 19 references)
3073 Fletcher, A. (St. Joseph Lead Co.): MEDI-
CAL AND HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THE LEAD IN-
DUSTRIES. Industrial Hygiene Newsletter
10:3 (June) , 1950.
As president of St. Joseph Lead Co., the speaker
emphasizes the importance of medical and hygienic
measures in industries from the point of view of
savings in compensation costs, absenteeism in
terms of "dollar" cost to the company, improvement
of industrial human relations, and how the latter
can be improved. This can be accomplished by
making comparative reports to the "boss" of rea-
sons for each absence of 1 day or more; having a
survey made for occupational disease hazards;
making someone responsible for correcting unfavor-
able health conditions.
3074 Genot: Enquete dans les mines de pyrite
beiges sur les risques d'Intoxication
plombique. (INVESTIGATIONS OF BELGIAN
PYRITES MINES AS TO RISKS OF LEAD INTOXI-
CATION.) Medicin d'usine 12, No. 6:351-9,
1950.
The investigation did not show any risks of chron-
ic intoxication. (From Archives des Maladies
Professionelles de Medecine du Travail et de Se-
curite Sociale 12:368 (Abstracts), 1951.
615
-------
3075 Great Britain, Ministry of Labour and Na-
tional Service: MEMORANDUM ON ELECTRIC
ARC WELDING. Form 329 (Fourth edition,
1945, revision 1950) London, H. M. Sta-
tionery Office 1950, 15 pp.
In electric arc welding, done either by hand or
machine, the metal to be welded is melted by the
electric arc and new metal is used with it. Haz-
ards involved include electric shock or burns,
adverse effects from infrared radiation, visible
light of high intensity, ultraviolet radiation,
heat, and fumes from metals and fluxes. Methods
of avoiding adverse effects from these are men-
tioned. Ventilation must be adequate to remove
fumes given off during welding. Fumes are a spe-
cial problem when welding is done in a small con-
fined space, and generally, mechanical ventila-
tion should be continued to allow a current of
fresh air to be drawn across from worker towards
the work. In an unventilated enclosed space when
metals, electrodes, or fluxes containing Pb, or
other toxic metals are used, strict precautions
should be taken. (From Bulletin of Hygiene 35:
1020, 1950)
3076 Pezzeri, V. (Univ. Rome, Italy): La com-
pos izione a mano nell'industria tipo-
grafica. Note di patologia professionale
e di profilassi lavorativa. (MANUAL COM-
POSITION, OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES AND PRE-
VENTION OF HAZARDS IN THE PRINTING INDUS-
TRY.) Rassegna di Medicina Industriale
19:101-4 (Mar.-Apr.), 1950.
While the printing industry has benefited in the
last number of years from the improvements in
machinery the small industries where manual com-
position is still carried out retains a number of
hazards. Among these the principal ones are Pb
and Sb. The need of careful supervision of work-
ers and installation of proper ventilation, etc
is stressed.
3077 Ross, C.R. (Dept. Pub. Health, Nova Sco-
tia) : LEAD HAZARD IN AN ENAMEL PLANT .
Industrial Health Review 2:14 (Oct.),
1950
As part of a. routine survey into health hazards
at a plant engaged in the manufacture of bath tubs
and sinks, Pb exposures were evaluated at enamel-
ing operations. The enameling process is briefly
described. It was found that air concentrations
of Pb ranged from 3.3-10.3 mg/10 m3 with the aver-
age worker exposure to Pb being of the order of
5 mg/10 m3. Analysis of urine samples from 21
workers showed that 11 were excreting >0.30 mg of
Pb/1 of urine. Only 4 showed <0.15 mg Pb/1.
Before control measures could be instituted, one
employee developed a mild case of Pb poisoning.
3078 US Public Health Service: HEALTH OF FER-
ROUS FOUNDRYMEN IN ILLINOIS. US Public
Health Service Publication No. 31, 1950,
130 pp.
Environmental studies included analyses for Pb.
Only 3 samples for Pb were collected at one found-
ry, where patterns were made from white metal
which contained ^75% Pb. Results of the analysis
showed 0.06 mg Pb/m of air at melting and 0.007
mg at the finishing operation, which included
grinding and routing. Pb exposures in the ferrous
foundries were intermittent and rarely encountered.
It was concluded that Pb does not constitute a
significant hazard in this industry group.
3079 Van Arsdell, P.M. (Benson and Associates,
Chicago, 111.): LIFE AND DEATH IN AN OIL
REFINERY. Parts 1-7. Petroleum Engineer
21, No. 6:C26-34, No. 8:C30-4; No. y:Cl6-
8; No. 10:C16-9; No. 12:C17-20, 1949; 22,
No. 1:C17-20, No. 2:C19-24, 1950.
Hazards in oil refineries are reviewed. Toxico-
logical properties of hydrocarbons, H^S, crack-
ing-catalyst constituents, HF, CuCl2, PbO, etha-
aolamines, tannin, phenols, NaOH, MeOH, K3P04,
H2S04, Et4Pb, BrCH2CH2Br, MeEtCO, (C1CH2CH2)20,
S02, NH3, CC14, and furfural are reviewed. (160
references)
1951
3080 Abersold, J.N., and Nelson, K.W. (Am.
Smelting Ref. Co., Salt Lake City, Utah):
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AT AMERICAN SMELTING
AND REFINING COMPANY. Journal of Metals
189:33-6 (Jan.), 1951.
The Department of Hygiene organized in 1945 and
its function (responsibility for coordinating and
maintaining a program for the good health for all
workers employed) are described. Various plant
improvements have been installed and these are
discussed individually for the different opera-
tional divisions such as the mills, sampling room,
Dwight-Lloyd sinter plants, Pb blast furnaces, re-
.verberatory furnaces, kettles, flues, etc.
3081 Anonymous: BATTERY MANUFACTURING PLANT.
industrial Health Monthly 11:148-9 (Oct.),
1951.
Following a report received by the Louisville-
Jefferson County Health Department that 2 workmen
from a Pb storage battery plant were hospitalized
with positive symptoms of Pb poisoning, a survey
of this plant was made by the Division. As a
part of the survey, a detailed appraisal was made
of the status of fume, dust, and vapor control.
It was recommended that all operations evolving
Pb fumes and dusts be hooded and mechanically ex-
uausted.
The potential exposures in the pasting depart-
ment are sulfuric acid and Pb dust, and Pb fumes
in the group-burning department. In the pasting
department, the pasting machines and ovens are
enclosed by hoods and the air exhausted. In the
group-burning department, slot hoods are located
directly behind the operation. Previous to the
installation of these and other control measures
in this plant, the concentration of Pb in the
atmosphere exceeded the MAC many times. In sub-
sequent determinations, the levels were within the
acceptable limits.
Recommendations were also made that the plant
initiate a clean-up and sanitation program. Warn-
ing posters provided by this Division informed
the workmen of the hazard and nature of Pb poison-
ing. The utmost in cooperation was obtained from
the plant management. The morale of workers in
this plant has increased, and several of them have
expressed a pride in working for a company which
616
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
has taken positive steps to protect their health
and provide pleasant, on-the-job conditions.
The Division offers free laboratory services to
industries such as the one cited above. Many Pb
analyses are run each month on blood and urine
specimens submitted by workmen who may have been
exposed to Pb.
3082 Anonymous: VENTILATION CHANGES IN LEAD-
ZINC MINE IN IDAHO EFFECT BETTER HEALTH.
Industrial Health Monthly 11:183 (Dec.),
1951.
Extensive recommendations to improve the working
environment in a Pb-Zn mine in Idaho were com-
pletely carried out by management to assure the
best health protection possible for miners, ac-
cording to a report made by Idaho's industrial
hygiene engineers. During a 3-day survey of the
mine, the 2 engineers reported the need for more
ventilation, which was obtained in this mine by
natural draft. Extra air doors were necessary
to permit sufficient and proper circulation
through the shafts and in the working levels.
Excessive dust exposures of the underground
workers were due not only to inadequate ventila-
cion but also to such practices as dry collaring
of holes and to the use of insufficient water
spraying.
This study was one of many made in an attempt
to control conditions that are crippling the
lungs of miners.
3083 Anonymous: STORAGE BATTERY PLANT USES
PERIODIC CHECK ON OPERATIONS AND PERSON-
NEL TO GUARD AGAINST LEAD POISONING. In-
dustrial Health Monthly 11:194-5 (Dec.),
1951.
A new storage battery plant in a Virginia town
which began operation in 1949 and employs ^60
persons has requested the Bureau of Industrial
Hygiene of the Virginia State Department of Health
to check periodically against Pb poisoning haz-
ards. The medical program and control measures
in effect are similar to those in other plants
owned by this company. The various hazardous
situations which had been revealed in the course
of the surveys are described. In spite of some
inadequacies in procedures and ventilation there
had been no lost time cases of Pb poisoning in the
2 yr of operation, the probable reasons being
careful observation for symptoms and stippled
cells by both the doctor and nurse; shifting of
operators if stippled cells appear; and the wear-
ing of respirators at certain operations.
3084 Anonymous: SMALL POTTERY PLANT REBUILDS
TO ELIMINATE LEAD HAZARD TO WORKERS. In-
dustrial Health Monthly 11:195-6 (Dec.),
1951.
An occupational disease report prompted Los Ange-
les City's Division of Industrial Health to make
a study in a small pottery plant. Each operation,
from the handling of raw material to firing the
figurines, was studied for potential hazards to
the 26 workers employed at the plant.
The highest Pb hazards were shown to be in the
following operations: in the glaze laboratory
where the Pb content of the air was nearly 6 times
the MAC; spray staining which showed near MAC in
the workers1 breathing zone and in glaze dipping
where air samples showed 0.16 mg Pb/m of air.
The plant owner erected a new structure to house
the hazardous operations. Various control mea-
sures were instituted.
3085 Anonymous: HOT METALS, PITCH, LEAD FUMES
AND MACHINES ARE TOP HAZARDS TO WORKERS IN
BATTERY FACTORIES. New York State Depart-
ment of Labor Industrial Bulletin - Month-
ly News Magazine 30, No. 8:22, 1951.
The manufacture of electrical dry and wet storage
batteries present certain specific hazards to the
safety and health of production workers and have
attracted the close attention of the New York
State Department of Labor. In 1950 the Division's
pilot study covered 17 battery manufacturers in
New York State employing 1304 workers. During the
last 6 mo of 1949 there were 27 lost time acci-
dents in the industry. In I company designated Y,
located on the west side of Manhattan, which is a
medium sized manufacturer of automobile batteries
employing ^17 workers, the Pb poisoning hazard was
greater than in another company, X (Brooklyn) 28
workers, since the Y company casts its own plates
and pastes them in addition to casting connecting
posts and terminals. In the interests of produc-
tion efficiency and safety, the plant has installed
a casting machine in which the whole operation in-
cluding pouring of the molten Pb, is fully auto-
matic and untouched by workers' hands. These
machines have all their gears and moving parts
carefully guarded so that fumes will not be dan-
gerous. In the preliminary survey, the Labor De-
partment found that in the last 6 mo of 1949 one
man in the mixing room had contracted a slight case
of Pb poisoning. Further precautions were recom-
mended.
3086 Grut, A. (Internatl. Labour Org., Geneva,
Switzerland): THE WORK OF THE INTERNA-
TIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION IN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH. British Journal of Industrial
Medicine 8:199-205 (Oct.), 1951.
The'activities of the International Labour Organi-
zation are reviewed. The following refers to
actions taken in regard to Pb poisoning:
"A Recommendation was adopted in 1919 whereby
women and young persons should be excluded from
various occupations involving exposure to Pb, and
that where employment should be subject to cer-
tain conditions dealing, inter alia, with venti-
lation, cleanliness of workrooms, notification of
cases of poisoning, periodical medical examina-
tion, washing facilities and special protective
clothing.
The Convention on white Pb adopted by the Inter-
national Labour Conference in 1921 prohibited the
use of white Pb or sulphate of Pb in internal
painting, making its use subject to- regulations.
The employment of women and young persons in any
painting work of an industrial character involving
the use of these pigments was prohibited.
To facilitate the ratification of the Conven-
tion, the Office, in 1927, published a comprehen-
sive account of the medical and technical aspects
of Pb poisoning and its prevention with gratifying
results as to ratification. Twenty-seven coun-
tries have now ratified this Convention."
Occupational Exposure
617
-------
3087 Hammond, J..-/.: HYGIENIC STUDY OF THE
PAINT DEPARTMENT AT BAYTOWN REFINERY MEDI-
CAL DIVISION. Medical Bulletin, Standard
Oil Company (N.J.) 11:211-22 (Apr.), 1951.
In a preliminary hygiene survey at the Baytown
Refinery in Texas, some hazardous exposures were
found. The personnel were tested for signs of Pb
absorption and indications of poisoning. The uri-
uary excretion of Pb was utilized as the chief
gauge; however, a few atmospheric tests were also
made. Occupational histories were obtained to
determine the relationship of job classification
and exposure to Pb. The results are discussed
from the aspects of the importance of the problem
and of the control measures needed, many of which
were put into practice. They included: (1) Use
of non-Pb paints for spraying when possible; (2)
use of extension pipe on spray-gun when possible;
(3) working up-wind and using fresh-air supplied
personal protective equipment when necessary; (4)
use of brushes where no other control method as-
sures safe exposure; (5) informing men of the dan-
ger involved; (6) insistence on sanitary rules;
(7) continuing work on various protecting devices;
and (8) continuing urinary Pb tests to watch for
exposure. Since those measures were adopted there
have been no cases of Pb intoxication in the plant.
3088 Kopczyk, H.: (PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH LEAD
POISONING IN INDUSTRY.) Poznan, Towarz.
Przyjaciot Nauk, Wydziat Lekarski, Prace
ts.om. Med. Doswiad 9, No. 3, 36 pp. , 1951.
It was found that air containing <1 pg Pb/m did
not cause Pb poisoning in the workers employed in
Pb industry; however, concentrations of 63 pg Pb/
m^, maintained for a long period of time, were
found to be harmful. The Pb content of air was
measured by a method using a gasometer to absorb
Pb and dithizone for determining Pb. (From Chem-
ical Abstracts 46:11527, 1952)
3089 Meiter, E.G. (Employers Mutual Liability
Insurance Co., Milwaukee, Wis.): CHEMICAL
HAZARDS IN THE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING
INDUSTRY. Trans. 39th Natl. Safety Congr.
23, Current Safety Topics in Printing and
Publishing Inds. 3-12, 1951.
A review is given of the major chemical hazards
encountered and the protective measures for thear
control and elimination. (From Chemical Abstracts
46:5223, 1953)
1952
3090 Abrams, H.K. (California State Dept. Publ.
Health, Berkeley): LABOR, MANAGEMENT, AND
THE OFFICIAL AGENCY - RELATIONSHIPS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A PLANT STUDY. American Jour-
nal of Public Health and the Nations
Health 42:38-43, 1952.
A philosophy of the place of the official health
agency in private industry is presented. The bas-
ic principles to be observed by a governmental in-
dustrial hygiene agency, if its work is to be suc-
cessful, are as follows: 1. It has primary re-
sponsibility to safeguard the health of workers.
2. Its technical work and its policies must be
unbiased. 3. It must be able to speak authori-
tatively regarding health hazards and the adequacy
of measures for protecting the health of employees.
4. It must be able to interpret intelligently its
program to labor and management and to the health
professions. 5. It should endeavor so to conduct
studies that not only the plant's previous methods
and programs but also its own are improved thereby.
The opportunity to test these principles was a re-
quest of the Bureau of Adult Health of California
by the union of a large Pb smelter for medical
advice on the Pb problem. The findings of the
study which resulted after the conferences with
the union and company representatives, the policy
in reporting, the follow-up and evaluation of re-
sults are described.
The findings, as summarized, indicated inade-
quately controlled, large-scale materials handling
and processing operations; secondary sources of
settled dust contributed to a general plant con-
tamination near 0.15 mg Pb/m^ air (MAC), and in
weighted employee exposures exceeding this figure
at all operations studied. These resulted in part
from inadequate maintenance of control equipment.
In 20% of employees examined (108 from 542), 82%
showed either excessive Pb excretion or more posi-
tive findings which were relatively mild. A di-
rect correlation between increased Pb exposure and
frequency of clinical findings was established.
Recommendations included establishment of a con-
tinuously operating local engineering control pro-
gram, and participation of employees in measures
for their health protection, by the establishment
of an employee-management health committee.
3091 Anonymous: CLEVELAND PAINT FACTORIES
INSTALL VENTILATION TO PROTECT WORKERS
FROM LEAD. Occupational Health 12:44
(March), 1952.
Approximately 50 paint plants were visited by the
Cleveland Bureau of Industrial Hygiene to deter-
mine the amount of Pb exposure. About 28 were
found to mix Pb paints routinely during the sea-
son, and a few others made several batches/mo.
One plant used 1600 Ib of Pb-Zn in a batch of
paint several times/wk. Air samples taken in the
breathing zone of the workman emptying 50-lb bags
of Pb-Zn through an opening in the floor into a
mixer showed >8 mg Pb/m . Samples taken a few
minutes after this operation showed 0.56 mg. The
workman was wearing a respirator which he said
was more comfortable and easier to breathe through
than some. nis attention was called to the fact
that it was worn upside down and had spaces
alongside of his nose large enough to insert 2
fingers so that it was entirely ineffective and
naturally would cause no resistance. The expo-
sure of this workman would be hard to estimate
because the bag-emptying operation lasted only a
few minutes and the dust was heavy enough to set-
tle rapidly so that general air dilution reduced
his exposure considerably between mixing. Mixing
generally occurs several times daily during the
rush season, and there may be 6 mo or more when
no Pb paints are mixed. Only 1 reported case of
Pb poisoning due to paint mixing occurred and
that resulted in the death of the workman. There
undoubtedly have been many cases which have never
been reported; but, on the other hand, many of
the workmen in paint plants are well along in
years and apparently do not complain of poor
618
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
health.
After this plant installed local exhaust ven-
tilation, air samples taken while emptying about
the same quantity of Pb-Zn showed 0.16 mg Pb/m3
in the breathing zone of the workmen. The resid-
ual concentration found a few minutes later was
0.u7 mg. The reduction from 8-0.16 mg was a
decided improvement. In some other plants, the
exposure had been much greater and when ventila-
tion was installed the reduction was even more
dramatic.
3092 Anonymous: ENGINEERING AND MEDICAL SUR-
VEY OF TILE PLANT INDICATES LEAD EXPOSURE.
Occupational Health 12:54 (Apr.), 1952.
At the request of the California State Division
of Industrial Safety and with the cooperation of
management and labor, a tile plant employing ^275
men and women was surveyed for a possible Pb or
silica hazard by the Industrial Hygiene Division
of the Los Angeles County Health Department. The
plant medical department consisted of a full-time
industrial nurse and an on-call physician. There
was no plant safety engineer.
In the engineering survey, only 2 of the 18 air
samples were within permissible limits. The
highest levels were found at the mixer loading
operation; the frit furnace area was 2nd, and the
spray rig area, 3rd. Medical examination showed
that 6 out of 41 blood specimens drawn from em-
ployees working with Pb materials contained 0.09
or more mg Pb/100 g of whole blood. Two of them
were glaze preparers, and 4 worked on the spray
rig operation. Repeat blood tests were done at
about monthly intervals on these individuals.
Preventive and protective measures were discussed
with the employees, and management offered some
of them the option of working on non-Pb jobs tem-
porarily. In ^4 mo, analyses revealed the amount
of Pb in blood within normal limits. Three of
those whose blood showed Pb above normal limits
had no signs or symptoms of Pb intoxication as
manifested by the basic medical survey. Many of
those within normal blood Pb limits related sub-
jective symptoms which one might have expected in
those whose blood Pb exceeded normal limits.
3093 Banik, E. (Ltibeck, Germany): Das Sulfo-
Bleiweissverfahren, seine technische und
gewerbehygienische Bedeutung. (THE SULFO-
WHITE LEAD PROCESS, ITS SIGNIFICANCE FROM
THE TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE POINT
OF VIEW.) Berufsgenossensch. 1952:10.
Sulfo-white Pb is superior to the carbonate for
use as a paint pigment, and the health hazards in
its manufacture are far less extensive. Also, no
difficulty has been encountered with neighborhood
contamination. This is in spite of the fact that
sulfo-white Pb has the same toxiclty as the basic
Pb carbonate. (From Zentralblatt ftlr Arbeitsmedi-
zin und Arbeitsschutz 3:127 (Abstracts), 1953)
3094 Frede, G. : Zur Frage der betriebsa'rzt-
iichen Uberwachung von Bleiarbeitern.
(INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL SUPERVISION OF LEAD
WORKERS.) Deut. Gesundheitswesen 7:953-
3 (July 24), 1952.
The author describes the measures of medical su-
pervision exercised over 95 Pb mixers and solder-
ers, exposed to both dust and fume.
In addition to adequate ventilation, insistence
on personal cleanliness, with the provision of
changes of clothing, baths and mouth washes, and
the wearing of masks and respirators, special
medical supervision includes:
1. Systematic inspection of workrooms by the
works doctor, chiefly as a control of the effi-
cacy of ventilation. 2. Periodic estimation of
the atmospheric concentration of Pb; this was
consistently found to be <1.5 mg/100 m3 air.
3. Medical examination of all workers every 6
mo. This included inspection of the mouth for
"olue line"; blood examinations, especially for
punctate basophilia; urine examination; blood
pressure readings; weight measurements and chest
examination. Since 1950 yearly estimations of Pb
in blood and urine have also been made. Inspec-
tion of the mouth showed no "blue line"; there
was a high incidence of loss of teeth but this
could not be specifically ascribed to Pb poison-
ing since 82% of these workers were in the higher
age-^roup and had suffered from nutritional in-
adequacy during the war years. Punctate baso-
philia is regarded as the most important aspect
of blood examinations. The average level found in
79.5% of all cases was 500/million erythrocytes;
the highest ranged from 4800-13,200. None of
these subjects showed any symptoms of ill health
but there was some correlation between high lev-
els and careless habits leading to intake of Pb.
The average level of Hb was 92% and of erythro-
cytes 4,988,000/mm3. The author does not consider
estimation of porphyrinuria a necessary factor of
medical supervision, punctate basophilia being the
simplest and most reliable criterion. Estimation
of Pb in blood and urine was done only for differ-
ential diagnosis. The average amount of Pb in
blood was 0.063 mg/100 ml, and in urine 0.114
mg/24-hr specimen, compared with the recognized
"critical levels" of 0.06 mg for blood and 0.1
mg for urine. Blood pressure estimations gave no
indication of a raised level in these workers,
rather there was a tendency to hypotonia, which
the author is inclined to associate with a low
protein wartime diet. 4. Periodical short medi-
cal report on general health risks and protective
measures. The author concludes that the simplest
and most reliable measures of medical supervision
is the estimation of punctate basophilia, Hb lev-
el and total number of erythrocytes. (From Bul-
letin of Hygiene 28:193, 1953)
3095 Kovache, A., and Thibon, H.: (A CAUSE OF
FIRE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOLITE. ACTION
OF LEAD, ALUMINUM, AND IRON ORE ON TRINI-
TROTOLUENE.) Mem. poudres 34:369-78,
1952.
Pb and Fe were found to produce explosive sub-
stances from trinitrotoluene in the presence of
HN03 which can be ignited by heat, shock, fric-
tion, or contact with concentrated nitric and
sulfuric acids. Since Al forms much less sensi-
tive compounds its use is recommended. Metallic
salts of Pb and Fe were found at the scene of
explosions, lending support to the theory. (From
Chemical Abstracts 49:4293, 1955).
3096
MUller, J(an) (Inst. Occup. Physiol.,
Occupational Exposure
619
-------
Pathol., Hyg., Prague, Czechoslovakia):
Hospodar'ske ztraty zpusobene olovem v
akumulatorce. (ECONOMIC LOSSES CAUSED BY
LEAD IN A LEAD BATTERY PLANT.) Pracovni
Lekarstvi' 4:18-25 (Mar.), 1952.
Economic losses caused by Pb poisoning in 1 work-
shop of a Pb battery plant were determined. Hy-
gienic defects in this shop were discussed and
recommendations for their removal suggested. The
cost of the recommended measures was determined,
and it was calculated that by carrying out hy-
gienic measures recommended the amount of 347,552
crowns/yr could be saved in this single shop.
The duty of industrial hygienists to find and to
press for the improvement of hygienic conditions
in small plants where with relatively small invest-
ments, great damage to the health of workers and
considerable economic losses can be prevented, is
also discussed. (From author's summary)
3097 Park, W.E. (Minnesota Dept. Health, Min-
neapolis) : RIVETERS ON RAILROAD BRIDGE
EXPOSED TO LEAD FUMES. Occupational
Health 12:66, 78-9 (May), 1952.
A report of Pb poisoning early in 1950 focused at-
tention on a hot-riveting operation on a railroad
bridge. The report arrived after the work was
completed, so that no study could be made. When
a similar operation was being performed late in
1951 in Minneapolis, a study of atmospheric Pb
concentrations was made.
In order to permit movement of railroad traffic,
solid steel plates were placed over the beams, and
tracks were laid before the beams and cross
braces were riveted. This meant that hot rivet-
ing had to be done in confined spaces ^3 x 6 x 3
ft, which were open only at the bottom. The
steel was covered by an orange-colored Pb-contain-
ing paint. The paint burned off for ^1 in around
each rivet, producing a smoke which was very ir-
ritating to the eyes and upper respiratory pas-
sages of the workmen. The men were exposed
throughout an 8-hr day over a period of ^2 mo.
Because of the intense cold, the workmen could
wear respirators only for a short time, until they
became frosted. On a very cold and somewhat windy
day in December 1950, the engineers of the Divi-
sion took several samples of air at the breathing
level of the workmen. The average of 3 samples
taken during the time the workmen were driving
rivets was 6.4 mg Pb/m-5 of air. The average of 3
samples taken while the men were bucking rivets
was 8.2 mg/m . Clinical studies of the workers
were not made.
This study demonstrated that a Pb exposure is
possible during outdoor work when the worker's
head and shoulders are confined in a small space
as they were in the riveting job on the railroad
bridge. To control the irritating smoke and Pb
hazard, portable blowers supplying heated air were
recommended.
3098 Park, V.£., and Michaelsen, G.S. (Minne-
sota Dept. Health, Minneapolis): LEADED
GASOLINE USED IN CARBON BLASTING POISONS
MECHANIC. Occupational Health 12:160-1
(Oct.) , 1952.
It has been assumed that Pb gasoline when it is
burned in a high compression engine has then ex-
Bended itself. Such is not the case. It sti1!
has the power to cause Pb poisoning.
In looking for the cause of Pb poisoning in a
garage mechanic in Minneapolis, the trail led to
a comparatively new process known as carbon blast-
ing.
A study of several machines was conducted at
Minneapolis jointly by the Minneapolis Health De-
partment and the Minnesota Department of Health,
Division of Industrial Health. C powder, which
was caught in the filter, was found to contain
^55% Pb by weight, believed to be derived from
the TEL in the gasoline consumed.
Exposure under the open hood of the car was
particularly high, so that the operator bending
over the engine could have considerable quantities
of the C-Pb powder blown up in his face. Another
operation which provided a heavy exposure was
cleaning of the filter. The atmospheric Pb lev-
els during C blasting at breathing level of the
operator averaged from 1.0-10.2 mg/m of air, the
general atmosphere 2-5 ft from the car averaged
from 0.06-0.35 mg/m-5, and at breathing level of
operator while cleaning filter ranged from 1.9-
41.0. In some instances, workmen became further
exposed to the C-Pb dust by eating and smoking
without washing. Usually the operators' hands
were heavily coated by the black powder.
In the 1 case of Pb poisoning attributed to this
type of exposure, the employee worked at C blast-
ing continuously for 3 wk, cleaning the engines of
^3 cars/day or an average of 15 cars/wk. When he
was seen by his personal physician, he exhibited
the usual symptoms of acute Pb poisoning and his
urinary Pb concentration was found to be 0.39 mg/1
of urine. Changes in the design have been sug-
gested which should make the machine reasonably
safe under ordinary operating conditions.
Garages are being advised to require their oper-
ators to wear respirators approved for protection
against Pb dusts so long as they are using the
present C blasting machines. They are also urged
to discontinue use of the present machine as soon
as a machine is available which eliminates the
hazard of Pb poisoning. Operators are warned to
wash well before eating or smoking. Further
studies are being conducted to evaluate the Pb
hazard associated with other methods currently
being used for removing C from automotive and air-
craft engines.
3099 Sabnis, C.V. (All-India Inst. Hyg. & Public
Health, Calcutta): EVALUATION OF LEAD
HAZARD IN A PIGMENT MANUFACTURING CONCERN.
Indian Journal of Medical Research 40:53-61
(Jan.), 1952.
The factory concerned is a small-sized firm in Cal-
cutta with a total labor force of ^40 workers,
supplying raw material to local Pb paint and pig-
ment manufacturers and specializing exclusively in
the production of litharge and red Pb. No openings
in the factory shed or any protective measures such
as exhaust ventilation exist for the minimization
or elimination of Pb dust. Cleaning methods are
primitive and the only protection of the workers
are pieces of cloth covering their mouths and noses
while at work.
Air samples were collected with the standard
Midget Impinger (USA). A known volume of air at
620
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
the breathing level of the worker was aspirated
through 6N nitric acid and analyzed for Pb. Eight-
hour urine samples were collected from various
workers at a remote point outside the factory to
prevent the samples from becoming contaminated with
Pb dust. Blood examinations of the workers could
not be performed for various reasons.
The Pb concentration per 10 m of air was found
to vary from 116 mg/10 m-^ at the lowest to a maxi-
mum of 3707 mg/10 m3. The Pb content in the urine
of all the workers examined ranged from 0.20-13.04
mg/1 urine. These values were consistently above
the level generally accepted for normal individuals
not exposed to Pb. However, these high values were
not considered necessarily to warrant a presumption
of Pb poisoning since the exact figure at which the
rise in urinary Pb excretion indicates intoxication
has not yet been definitely established. None of
the workers studied during the 3-wk clinical ex-
amination showed any signs or symptoms of Pb poison-
ing. Turnover among the employees was high, few
continuing at their jobs for >6 mo, and even these
short periods were interrupted by much absenteeism
which may explain the fact that serious cases of
Pb intoxication had not occurred during the short
span of employment. Later occurrence of any ill-
ness would not be likely to be associated with Pb
exposure by the uninformed workers nor would any
steps be taken to apply for compensation.
Thus, without a carefully planned social follow-
up, the damage done to the health of the workers by
their 6-12 mo period of employment was difficult to
assess. Urine excretion was strikingly lower in
winter than in summer in these workers during 8-hr
collection periods (6 AM-2 PM) in the winter of
1950-51. The commonest complaints of the workers,
new or old, were loss of appetite, constipation,
occasional headaches and bad taste in the mouth.
Those working for longer periods also mentioned
severe stomach pain and gradually increasing weak-
ness. Some of them complained of pain in joints
and muscles, a characteristic of Pb arthralgia.
3100 Spolyar, L.W. (Indianapolis, Ind.): WORK-
ER USING CARBON BLASTING MACHINE TO CLEAN
AUTO ENGINES EXPOSED TO LEAD DUST. Occu-
pational Health 12:200 (Dec.), 1952.
An Indianapolis physician thought that 1 of his
patients developed Pb poisoning while cleaning
automobile engines with a C-blasting machine.
This machine used ground walnut shells as the
abrasive, feeding the shells into the motor by a
blast of air at 40-60 Ib/in pressure. It had
been shown that the C deposits in the motor be-
come contaminated with Pb when Pb-jasollne is used.
Dust collected by the physician contained 45% Pb.
Urinary Pb determined 5 wk after the exposure,
showed 0.262 mg of Pb/1. Jith this clinical back-
ground, the Division of Industrial Hygiene under-
took some atmospheric Pb studies in the garage
where the patient worked. The manufacturer of the
blasting machine, who was present during the study,
stated that similar studies had been done by the
Division of Industrial Hygiene, Minnesota Depart-
ment of Health, on June 4. Studies by the author'^
Division on Sept 3, 1952, substantiated the Minne-
sota findings. Following the latter, the manufac-
turer redesigned the machine by adding a screw
type nozzle to the cylinder head and installing an
additional bag collector in the machine. The old
machines used a rubber stopper on the cylinder
head. The results of the author's atmospheric
studies were as follows:
1. New machine, nozzle plug screwed into cylinder
head, 2 filter bags and operated at 45 Ib/in in
rag/m^: breathing zone of operator under hood
0.136; under unit at air exhaust 0.820; general at-
mosphere near unit 0.175. 2. Old machine (where
patient worked): breathing zone of operator under
hood 2.39; under unit at air exhaust 7.55; general
atmosphere near unit 0.121. 3. Same as test 2
except deflector ring was in machine: breathing
zone of operator under hood 0.252; under unit at
air exhaust 3.140; general atmosphere near lid of
unit I.o78. 4. Another old machine but a little
later model: breathing zone of operator under
hood 1.57; under unit at air exhaust 1.44; general
atmosphere near unit 0.174.
until these machines are so designed as to elim-
inate the Pb hazard, all routine personal pro-
tective measures must be used. Every garage in
Indiana was informed of the Pb hazard present and
what controls are necessary.
3101 Syavtsillo, S.V., and Danilina, A.F.
(USSR): Degazatsiya drevesiny, zarazhen-
noi etilovoi zhidkost'yu (tetraetilsvint-
som). (DECONTAMINATION OF WOOD CONTAMI-
NATED WITH ETHYL FLUID (TETRAETHYLLEAD).)
Gigiena i Sanitariya 1952, No. 9:24-6.
Pine lumber treated with TEL was not decontaminat-
ed by 8 surface applications of chlorinated lime
during 60 hr. Dichloramine-T was effective to the
depth of 0.5 cm with TEL concentrations up to 0.05
g/cm^ of the lumber surface; usually a 4-hr treat-
ment with 10% solution was satisfactory, followed
by 2-6 further washings. Deeper penetration and
heavier contamination could be removed even in 13
hr. S02C12 (15% solution in C1CH2CH2C1) was rap-
idly active for mild contaminations and effective
even for deep contaminations after 60-hr exposure,
but the wood lost its mechanical strength after
such treatment. A 5% solution of C12 in C1CH2CH2-
Cl gave rather good results in 2-6-hr treatment,
but the results were not appreciably better than
those of other methods. Wood contaminated to a
depth of 0.6-3.0 cm could be satisfactorily decon-
taminated.
3102 Troisi, F.M. (Med. Factory Inspector):
Prevenzione igienica nelle fabbriche di
accumulator! in piombo. (HYGIENIC CONTROL
OF THE FABRICATION OF LEAD STORAGE BAT-
i'ERIES.) Rassegna di Medicina Industriale
21:49-61 (Jan.-Feb.), 1952.
This is a detailed account of the industrial
health aspects of this industry which in Italy has
not been mechanized or organized on mass produc-
tion lines. There are 30 factories, mostly in the
North. A minority employ >100 men, the labor
strength of most of the others varying between 50
and 100. A few small tradesmen still manufacture
batteries with the help of only 5 or 6 employees.
"Hand" methods of manufacture seem to be more
suitable to the local market, which demands a
wide range of models to suit a variety of pur-
poses; the hand-made article is said to last
twice as long as the mass-produced equivalent.
Occupational Exposure
,621
-------
The author has surveyed 15 representative facto-
ries employing from 5-400 men.
Troisi points out that Pb may be absorbed by the
respiratory, the digestive or the cutaneous route;
he thinks the first to be the most important. He
lists the various jobs and processes which are
entailed in this manufacture and points out the
health hazard presented at each stage. He dis-
cusses appropriate preventive measures including
personal hygiene, regular washing down of benches,
floors, etc, and exhaust ventilation at the point
where fumes, vapors or dusts are produced. He
stresses that exhaust arrangements should be by
downward draught, and that fumes, etc, should be
prevented as far as possible from reaching the
level of the atmosphere which is in the vicinity
of the operator's mouth and nostrils. He dis-
cusses medical examination on admission, the con-
ditions for which employment for this occupation
should be advised against, and periodical medical
examination of those at work. The treatment of
those who show evidence of absorption and the use
of milk and of Ca are discussed. (32 references)
3103 Weber, H.J. (Am. Brake Shoe Co., Chicago,
111.): VENTILATION AT NON-FERROUS MELTING
AND POURING OPERATIONS. American Foundry-
man 21:125-31 (Apr.), 1952.
Some reasons why ventilation of furnace and pour-
ing operations is essential are presented. These
are based on experiences with litigation cases,
with occupational disease such as Pb poisoning, and
with labor relations. A typical case is presented
of a man who died of uremic poisoning, diagnosed by
the family physician as Pb poisoning because the
man worked in a brass foundry. The company lost
this case and had to pay compensation. The inci-
dence of Pb poisoning as found in a 5-yr study
depended on chemical composition and particle size
in melting and pouring operations. For instance,
in the machine shop where Pb dust amounted to 4.9
mg/10 m3, 2.8% of the men suffered attacks of Pb
poisoning; however, in the furnace bay, exposure
to 4.95 mg caused 57% to be so affected. Costs,
practical applications, and deficiencies of typi-
cal exhaust ventilation from melting and pouring
operations are described and illustrated by photo-
graphs of equipment. The results obtained so far
indicate that a favorable solution of the problem
has been found. The examples given of methods of
exhausting typical nonferrous pouring and melting
operations have been found effective and practical.
They are relatively cheap measured in terms of the
factors pointed out previously in this paper.
(From author's summary)
3104 Yakovenko, M.V. (San.-Epidemiol. Sta.,
Moscow, USSR): Ozdorovlenie uslovii truda
pri goryachei otsinkovke zheleza. (IM-
PROVEMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN HOT
PLATING OF IRON.) Glgiena i Sanitariya
1952, No. 8:46-7.
Elimination of Pb plating on the walls of the Zn-
ylating baths used for hot-dip method (450°) of
plating led to elimination of Pb vapors from the
working area. The plating process is in no way
deteriorated by the change.
1953
3105 Goss, A.E., and Ross, A.M.,Jr. (Conn.
State Dept. Health, Hartford; Ross & Robert
Co., Stratford): EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF LEAD
DUST IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VINYL PLASTICS.
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Quarterly 14:41-9 (Mar.) 1953; India Rubber
World 127:652-6, 1953.
In a plant producing calendered and extended poly-
vinyl chloride film, effective control of the Pb
dust hazard was accomplished with the use of a
minimum of exhaust ventilation. The manufacturing
operations differ in this plant from those common
in the industry in that Pb compounds as well as
other powdered stabilizers, colors or pigments are
(1) transferred from their original containers in
an exhausted enclosure and (2) either processed
into non-dusty forms or (3) weighed into plastic
bags and sealed before entering the factory proper.
The new method for this and other manufacturing
operations as well as the common practice of the
manufacturing process are described and illustrated
by photographs. The common method in which the at-
mospheric concentration of Pb exceeded the MAC
value of 0.15 mg/m^ of air necessitated the con-
tinuous wearing of an approved dust respirator.
At the plant using the new method, the worker wore
an air-supplied helmet during the transfer of the
Pb stabilizer to the blender for a total work peri-
od of only 20-30 min/day, and on only 1 of the 3
shifts. Inhalation values of Pb in the plant were
below the MAC value. The atmospheric concentra-
tions were also below the MAC value except for the
actual weighing of the Pb stabilizer, but this op-
eration is controlled by the use of an air-supplied
helmet for maximum protection of the worker. Uri-
nary Pb concentrations (method of analysis based
on the work of Reed et al, 1942), varying from
0.02-0.10 mg/1 of urine, were well within the
limits set for workers exposed to Pb and within
or near the range for non-exposed persons.
3106 Hosey, A.D.: HEALTH HAZARDS IN MAKING
MONEY. Occupational Health 13:47 (Mar.),
1953.
A request had been made for an environmental
health survey at all United States mints. Pre-
liminary surveys and studies were conducted during
the period 1947-50 and a number of recommendations
were made to control potentially hazardous expo-
sures. The major potential health hazards were
found to be Pb and Zn fume; acid mists and/or
gases; smoke and gases from furnaces; dusts con-
taining a variety of metals. An environmental
resurvey was conducted in 1951 in all 4 mints.
Most of the previous recommendations for the con-
trol of atmospheric contaminants, improved light-
ing, and sanitary facilities had been complied
with. A number of air samples were collected at
the site of each type of operation and of the
general room air. Analyses of these samples
showed that, in most cases, exposure of workers to
fumes of Pb, Zn, Se, Te, acid mists and/or gases,
and dust was well below the threshold limit values
adopted by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists in 1951.
3107 Lecocq, J., Guyotjeannin, Ch., and LeLay,
622
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
J. (Ind. Hyg. Dept., Renault Works, Billan-
court, France): Au sujet du danger de
saturnisme dans leg travaux de soudure.
(DANGER OF LEAD POISONING IN WELDING OP-
ERATIONS.) Archives des Maladies Profes-
slonnelles de Medecine du Travail et de
Securite Sociale 14:159-60, 1953.
A survey of electrical welding operations was made
as a result of complaints from workers of irrita-
tion of upper respiratory passages, nausea, head-
aches from the first hours of work, even in new
men. .Analysis of fumes showed the presence of
600 ug Pb/m . I'he authors state that they present
no clinical results, nor will they be prescribed
in the future because efficient exhaust systems
were installed immediately, and further air analy-
sis showed no Pb in the ambient atmosphere.
3108 Nash, P.I:., and Sherwood, R.J., with the
assistance of Bedford, J. (Slough Ind.
Health Serv.; London School of Hyg. Trop.
Med., England): AN OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
TEAM. British Journal of Industrial Medi-
cine 10:202-6 (July), 1953.
Some of the investigations carried out by the Oc-
cupational Hygiene Team of the Slough Industrial
Health Service are described. One of these, in-
volving Pb, was made of an operation in which a
man was working up to 12 hr daily casting a Pb-Sb
alloy (95% Pb, 5% Sb). He had made no complaints
but it was felt that a health hazard might be
present. Medical examination revealed nothing
abnormal. The red cells showed no stippling. The
urine contained 0.13 and 0.08 mg Pb/1 on 2 occa-
sions (below the acceptable limit of 0.
-------
tions and articles based upon recommendations
made by the Surgeon General's Committee in an
industry-wide safety effort.
3112 Rodier, J.: Les maladies professionnelles
dans les mines marocaines. (OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASES IN MOROCCO MINES.) Maroc. Med.
32:205-12 (Mar.), 1953.
The working of mineral mines in Morocco is com-
paratively new and the minerals have so far been
found far from inhabited areas away in the des-
erts, where water is scarce and the heat great.
At present little or nothing has been done to
study the conditions of work in the mines or the
diseases which are almost certainly occurring.
Reliance must be placed upon research carried out
in other civilized countries. This article gath-
ers such information and points out how it should
be advantageously used in Morocco. Fears are ex-
pressed about Pb poisoning in mines where Pb ores
are obtained; but as the Pb occurs as galena, the
insoluble Pb sulfide, the risk must be small.
(Such ore usually occurs associated with a quartz
matrix with a risk of silicosis.) Other hazards
are discussed among which Mn seems to be the most
important. The need for sanitation, preemployment
medical examinations and periodic examinations
during employment are also covered. (From Bulle-
tin of Hygiene 28:1058, 1953)
3113 Schuman, M. , Davis, I., and Hama, G. IM-
PROVED CARBON BLASTER MINIMIZES LEAD EX-
POSURE. Occupational Health 13:74 (May),
1953.
The company manufacturing C blasting units has im-
proved the equipment so as to reduce air contami-
nation from the exhaust from the process of C
blasting and eliminate as much as possible Pb poi-
soning hazards. Samples taken in the breathing
zone of the operator showed that when a primary
filter is used in connection with a secondary fil-
ter the exhaust stream content of Pb is reduced to
a point considerably below the MAC of 0.15 mg/m .
The Pb exposure to the operator was considerably
reduced due to the improved nozzle design to
-------
3120 Ida. N-> Takada, I., Imamura, Y., and Oki,
Y. (Medical Supervisor, Osaka Labor Stan-
dards Bureau): STUDIES ON THE RELATION
BETWEEN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FLAME OF
THE WELDING WORK AND THE LEAD CONTENT IN
THE ENVIRONMENTAL AIR IN A STORAGE BATTERY
INDUSTRY. Journal of Science of Labor,
30:471-4 (July), 1954. In Contributions
from the Department of Preventive Medicine
and Public Health, Osaka City University
Medical School. Vol. 1, April 1949-March
1959, pp 32-3.
The Pb content of the air in a storage battery fac-
tory was estimated by the polarographic method with
the following results: (1) Pb content of the air
in a welding room showed a marked increase by the
use of a larger welding flame; (2) a simple mask
devised to prevent the exposure to Pb fumes and
dusts reduced the Pb content of the air inside
the mask by 1/2 of that outside the mask.
3121 Malcom, D. (Chloride Batteries Ltd., Eng-
land) : THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LEAD ACID
ACCUMULATOR INDUSTRY. Transactions of the
Association of Industrial Medical Officers
4:109-10, 1954.
The 3 ir,ain tests used to detect excessive Pb ab-
sorption at the author's plant, are counting of
stippled cells (SC), measuring Pb in air, and
estimating Pb in urine. The upper limit for the
mean SC count is 1500/million red cells. It is
generally agreed that an upper limit of 1.5 mg Pb/
10 m of air is the MAC. Spot samples of urine are
collected from each worker once or twice a year
and analyzed by a dithizone colorimetric method.
Anything over ^200 mg/1 (sic, should be ug) is re-
garded as excessive. Where any dust is formed
during the process, adequate local air extraction
should be available, preferably as part of a
plenum system. All workshops must be clean and
tidy. Where the process permits, the floors and
benches are constantly washed down and kept wet.
Elsewhere, wet sawdust is used for sweeping or, in
certain cases, a special type of vacuum cleaner is
used, which will prevent the escape of Pb dust
through the bag into the atmosphere. Where any of
the tests show that excessive amounts of Pb are
being absorbed, the job method may be changed, or
ventilation improved. Protective clothing, proper
washing facilities, and adequate washing time are
all essential safeguards to the workers' health,
and the regulations specify minimum standards. No
smoking or eating is allowed in the workshops,
under the regulations, in order to prevent the
swallowing of Pb.
3122 Maloof, C.C., Bavley, H., and Boylen, G.
W.: (Massachusetts Div. Occup. Hyg.): THE
ENGINEERING AND MEDICAL CONTROL OF A LEAD
HAZARD - A PLANT STUDY. American Indus-
trial Hygiene Association Quarterly 15:
64-8 (March), 1954.
A plant was suddenly confronted with 3 cases of Pb
poisoning among the workers because Pb was handled
and used without regard to its toxicity. In the
initial atmospheric survey, Pb contents in air
ranged up to 5.3 mg/1; coproporphyrin (CP) in
workers up to 1.65 mg/1, and stippled cells up to
O.y%. By the installation of an adequate venti-
lating system, rotation of workers with high uri-
aary Pb and CP values, institution of good house-
keeping program, and scrupulous follow-up of the
other workers by medical screening tests, the
situation was checked and progressively improved.
The study again reveals the importance of urinary
CP tests as an aid in the early diagnosis and pre-
vention of Pb intoxication.
3123 Moskowitz, S., Feiner, B., Burke, W.J.,
and Perina, A.E.: LEAD EXPOSURES FROM
OXY-ACETYLENE FLAME CLEANING AND CUTTING
OF LEAD-PAINTED STEEL. New York State De-
partment of Labor Monthly Review 33:29-31
(Aug.), 1954.
The results of laboratory tests are reported which
show the effects on Pb concentration in the work-
er's breathing zone of long (60 in) vs short (18
in) cutting torches, removal of paint by flame
cleaning before cutting and width of precleaned
strip, cutting was done horizontally on flat
plates, 7-12 in long and 7/16-7/8 in thick,
painted with an average concentration of 1 g/in
of surface using a 51.2% Pb paint. The cutting
was done in a 3-sided alcove vented to a court-
yard. Exposures ranged from 2.8-84.2 mg/m-' as Pb.
Results showed that breathing zone concentrations
were higher for flame cleaning with the long probe
than with the short probe (owing to necessity for
cutter to stand almost directly over work when
using the awkward long probe). The exposure to Pb
fume in cutting painted steel was appreciably but
still not sufficiently reduced by removing a strip
of paint along the line of the cut prior to cut-
ting or by cutting with a long-Handled torch. A
2-in width flame-cleaned strip produced the lowest
concentrations for subsequent flame cutting. The
aggregate Pb-fume exposure from flame cleaning
followed by flame cutting of the flame-cleaned
strip was as great or greater than that from flame
cutting of the painted surface without prior paint
removal. All results showed concentrations >MAC.
The approved Pb fume-type respirator did not fur-
nish complete protection against organic vapors
released from the burning of the paint. Respira-
tory protection should be either an air-]ine or
combination Pb-fume and organic vapor respirator.
3124 Staufer, W. (Offenbach/Main, Germany):
Die Niederschlagung von BleidMmpfen aus
Bleibronzegiessereien. (DEPOSIT OF LEAD
FUME FROM LEAD BRONZE FOUNDRIES.) Zen-
tralblatt fur Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeits-
schutz 4:33-4 (May), 1954.
Pb bronze contains 70-77% of Cu and 20-25% of Pb,
and when heated at the necessary high temperature
emits Pb fumes from ovens, crucibles and furnaces.
In spite of technically adequate exhaust ventila-
tion in a foundry, sporadic cases of Pb poisoning
occurred, and estimation of the Pb content of the
air in the foundry showed alarmingly high levels.
This was found to be due to the fact that the hot
gases were condensed in the metal chimney and
blown back by the wind through open windows. Pre-
vention was achieved by the use of Polak's appara-
tus consisting of a short cooling tube fixed diag-
onally into the exhaust pipe, its lower end pro-
jecting ^40 cm beyond it, and opening in the
shade, the upper end above the roof in the sun-
Occupational Exposure
625
-------
light. The hot gases passing upwards through the
cooling tube are condensed by the cold outer air
and the solid constituents are deposited on its
wall. The deposit of Pb falling as fine dust into
a metal vessel at the lower end of the exhaust
tube must be removed every 4-6 wk on non-working
days. It is claimed that this is a simple, cheap
and effective method of preventing accumulation of
Pb dust in the air of the foundry.
3125 Uytdenhoef, A.: Les risques d'intoxica-
tion saturnine dans les travaux de rive-
tage des pieces metalliques. (RISKS OF
LEAD POISONING DURING THE RIVETING OF
PIECES OF METAL). Arch. Beiges Med. So-
ciale, Hyg. , Med. du Travail et He'd.
Legale. 12:322-36 (Oct.), 1954.
Pb poisoning affected 58 men out of 280 who were
engaged in assembling metal parts of wagons by
applying rivets to attach them together. The
parts were first covered with paint to protect
against rust, the paint containing large amounts
of minium or red Pb which is oxide or binoxide
of Pb. Rivets (heated to 1000°C) were placed in
holes and pressure applied by pneumatic hammers
or hydraulically (rivets being ^800°C at this
time). When the pressure was applied the Pb paint
gave off clouds of fumes containing oxides of Pb
which contaminated the air of the workplace, es-
pecially the area breathed by the riveters. Air
in the large halls where the work was done con-
tained 0.086 mg Pb/m-^; that at the level of the
nose and mouth of the riveters, 4.8 mg/m^ (in ex-
cess of the permissible limit). None of the cases
of poisoning was severe, severity varying directly
with the length of exposure to the fumes. Other
contamination, ie, handling of wet paint, eating
with unwashed hands, not using respirators fur-
aished, may also have been significant. Although
improvement was obtained by better ventilation,
the suggestion of using paint without Pb did not
meet approval. All cases occurred within 2-3 mo,
during which time the process was in action more
continuously than usual. The men complained of
fatigue, lumbar pains, gastric neuralgia and ab-
dominal colic; they showed blue lines on their
gums, basophilic red cells and, in those most se-
verely exposed, reduction in red cell count which
disappeared on cessation of work. One man had
some polyneuritis and one some nephritis. The
author expresses astonishment that the risk had
not come under observation sooner. (From Bulletin
of Hygiene 30:242, 1955)
1955
3126 Arkhipov, A.S., Bogatkov, P.I., Oreshkev-
ich, I.V., and Seredinina, N.V. (Gor'ki
Inst. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis., Ministry of
Health, USSR): K voprosy uchistki ven-
tilyatsionnogo vozdukha ot tetraetilsvint-
sa. (PURIFICATION OF VENTILATION AIR FROM
TETRAETHYLLEAD.) Gigiena i Sanitariya 1955,
No. 3:11-6. In Levine, B.S.: U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. Washington, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Techni-
cal Services, I960, Vol. 2, pp. 17-23;
also Vol. 4, pp. 209-15.
Small amounts of TEL are best removed from circu-
lating air with a 2:5 mixture of kerosine-water
at a flow rate of 0.3 m/sec. The degree of puri-
fication is 90-96%. Na hydroxide (10%), 1-3%
solutions of soap as well as Cl-water, polyglycol
ethers, lubricating oils, all in combination with
water gave much less effective results. The re-
sults are not regarded as satisfactory for the
adequate removal of TEL from the public health
point of view.
312? Horiuchi, K., and Ida, N.: STUDIES ON THE
INDUSTRIAL LEAD POISONING. 3. STUDIES ON
THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF
LEAD IN AIR. Osaka City Medical Journal
2:57-71 (June), 1955. In Contributions
from the Department of Preventive Medicine
and Public Health, Osaka City University
Medical School. Vol. 1, April 1949-March
1959, pp. 80-94.
Since oxides of Pb are the form in which Pb is rec-
ognized to be especially toxic, industries in Japan
were selected in which such oxides are manipulated,
such as storage battery plants, Pb refineries, Pb
welding plants and Pb casting factories. In places
selected, air samples were analyzed to determine Pb
concentration in air. (Concentrations of 0.49-
1.189 mg/m^ were found.) Male employees 20-50 yr
of age were selected who had been at work for at
least 1 yr. Reaction to Pb was soon found to be
most pronounced during early weeks and months of em-
ployment, but became fairly steady after 1 yr.
These men were most carefully examined clinically,
physically and by analyses of blood and excreta.
(Examination included stippled cell counts, urine
coproporphyrin, Pb in blood and urine, frequency of
usual signs and symptoms.) Statistical study was
then made to establish a correlation between concen-
trations of Pb found in air and clinical and labora-
tory results. The statistical method employed is
explained and graphs are drawn showing results.
Findings indicated that when Pb concentration in air
is <0.05 mg/m^, work can be carried on for a long
time with practically no injurious effect. As was
expected, a definite relationship was found between
Pb concentration in air and clinical symptoms. How-
ever, at 0.5 mg/m3, which has been the legal allow-
able limit in Japan, disabling Pb poisoning has
been seen. After carefully weighing all available
evidence as well as results of this study, a maxi-
mum allowable concentration of Pb in industrial air
was placed at 0.05 mg/m^.
3128 Lecocq, J., and Le Lay, J. (Inst. Soc.
Ind. Med. Hyg., Paris, France): Au sujet
de la prevention du saturnisme. Etude de
la realite du contact. (PREVENTION OF
SATURNISM. STUDY ON THE ACTUAL CONTACT.)
Proceedings of the Society of Industrial
Medicine and Hygiene. Archives des Mala-
dies Professionnelles de Mfidecine du Tra-
vail et de Se'curite' Sociale 16, No. 4:
378-80, 1955.
In order to study the actual contact by workers
with Pb the dusts arising from various Pb-contain-
ing materials in a large factory in Paris were
measured as to particle size to determine what
proportion would be apt to deposit within an 8-hr
day on the mucous membranes, skin and clothing of
626
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
workers. The Pb content of sweepings was also
determined. Since clinical examination had led
the authors to the conclusion that risks of ab-
sorption of Pb vary with the nature of the alloy,
they chose 4 formulas for study: (1) Cu-Pb alloy
with 25% Pb; (2) complex alloy with 15% Pb; (3)
Cu-Sn-Sb-Pb alloy with 75% Pb; (4) soldering al-
loy with 75% Pb. It was found that the actual
risks depend principally upon solubility of the
Pb compounds handled, particle size, as well as
the precautions taken. This is illustrated by 2
cases: in one, the worker's blood Pb levels
amounted to 1400 yg/1 and he exhibited high stip-
ple cell counts, although no evident signs of poi-
soning developed. He was in the habit of smoking
and eating at the work site without washing
hands, disregarding regulations. The wash water
at the end of the day contained 57 mg Pb. The
determination of Pb retained on the hands of
workers was made by treating the wash water (dou-
oly distilled) with acetic acid for the recovery
of Pb, followed by the molybdate method of analy-
3129 Simon, I. (Inst. Pharmacotherapy, Pisa,
Italy): Sulla prevenzione e sulla cura
dell'awelenaiaento da piombo. (PREVENTION
AND TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING.) Athena
(Rome) 21, No. 4:127-32, 1955.
The prevention and treatment of acute and chronic
Pb poisoning are dealt with and the mechanism of
action of various drugs (albumin, bisodlum phos-
phate, sodium sulfate, etc.) is discussed. (From
Excerpta Medica, Sect. 17, 3:Abstr. No. 626, 1957)
3130 Tamori, E. , and Suekane, M.: REMOVEMENT
EFFECT OF LEAD IN MOUTH BY GARGLING OR
RINSING FOR LEAD WORKERS. Koku Eiseigaku
Zasshi 3:53-4 (Apr.), 1955. In Contribu-
tions from the Department of Preventive
Medicine and Public Health, Osaka City
University Medical School. Vol. 1, April
1949-March 1959, p. 34.
3131 Weber, H.J. (Am. Foundrymen's Soc., Des
Plalnes, 111.): METAL FUMES. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly
16:38-9 (Mar.), 1955.
MAC's for a number of metal fumes in processing
Be-Cu castings are discussed. The heats contain
^O.iO% Pb. The fumes from melted Pb are in the
form of the oxide. Based on experience with
thousands of air, blood and urine samples the
present MAC of 0.15 mg/m^ is believed safe even
for susceptible persons. Pb poisoning was not
found with continued exposures to concentrations
of 0.3 mg/m , but cases were experienced after a
5-yr exposure to concentrations of 0.5 mg/m3.
1956
3132
Hock, J., Bart, Spumy, and Cermakova
(Hes-Unv., Prague, Czechoslovakia): Nase
zkusenosti z pruzkumu zavodu pracujicich
s olovem. (EXPERIENCES IN THE INVESTIGA-
TION OF FACTORIES WORKING WITH LEAD.)
Pracovni Lekarstvf (Prague) 8:106-10,
1956.
The highest admissible concentration of 0.05 yg
Pb/1 is consistently exceeded at all permanent
workplaces where Pb is worked up. Up to a con-
centration of 1 yg/1, no signs of Pb poisoning
were found. In the development of poisoning, ab-
sorption by respiration as well as by way of the
alimentary tract play a part. Most occupational
diseases occur in dusty workplaces. In evaluating
the workplace, it is necessary to take into con-
sideration not only the degree of contamination,
but also the type of substance being handled, to-
gether with its chemical composition and the size
of the aerosols. For a rapid orientation as to
the amount of Pb actually inhaled in workplaces
where a respirator is used, simultaneously col-
lected samples of unfiltered air and of air
passed through the filter used by the workers,
can be used. The observance of hygiene and pro-
duction regulations, the use of a cotton-wool
respirator and possibly the' suitable transfer of
persons working with high concentrations makes
it, in most cases, possible to avoid the develop-
ment of Pb poisoning. A draft scheme for the
evaluation of individual workplaces with Pb is
elaborated together with proposals essential for
the protection of workers. (From Excerpta Medica,
Sect. 17, 3:Abstr. No. 628, 1957)
3133 Johnstone, R.T.: FACTS AND FALLACIES OF
PLUMBISM AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT THEM. Pre-
oented at Annual Meeting Lead Industries
Assoc., Apr. 24, 1956, 7 pp.
It is a fact that serious Pb intoxication in in-
dustry is rare; but it is a fallacy to believe
that the incidence that does occur has no signifi-
cance. Several instances are given in which large
companies refused to consider the evidence of Pb
poisoning in their plants and thereby sustained
large losses in compensation awards. On the other
hand, a number of fantastic claims about Pb poi-
soning were proved to be without foundation. The
remedy for this situation lies in more adequate
education. Occupational medicine is given little
attention in most medical school curriculums. The
author suggests greater use of audiovisual educa-
tion in plants, medical schools, and medical
meetings, as an important factor in education.
(From Industrial Hygiene Digest 20:1141, 1956)
3134 Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc.:
PROPERTIES AND ESSENTIAL INFORMATION FOR
SAFE HANDLING AND USE OF LEAD OXIDES.
Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-o4. Wash-
ington, D.C., 1956, 10 pp.
Properties, hazards and control, handling and
storage, waste disposal, and medical management
of exposure to Pb oxides (PbO and Pb304) are pre-
sented.
3135 Savidevic1, M. , Gutesa, P., and Plavsic1, P.
(Ind. Hyg. Inst. Belgrade, Yugoslavia):
Problem saturnizma i drugih obolena u
akumulatorskim elektricnim stanicama.
(LEAD POISONING AND OTHER DISEASES IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL STORAGE BATTER-
IES.) Glasnik Higijenskog Institute
(Belgrade) 5:79-84 (Jan.-June), 1956.
A survey was made of the concentrations of Pb,
AsHj, S02 and CO in the air and in the blood and
urine of men employed in the filling of storage
Occupational Exposure
627
-------
batteries. The workers spent mostly 3 hr/day at
filling operations and only occasionally and for
short periods in adjoining workshops containing the
above contaminants in excessive concentrations.
(Exposure to Pb ranged with ventilation from 0-60
yg and without ventilation, 80-404 yg/m3. The MAC
is 0.15 mg/m3 air.) In spite of high concentra-
tions of Pb and excessive evaporation of acids
above the tolerated values, no signs of poisoning
occurred except for deterioration of teeth by the
action of the acids. The Pb in the blood of 5
workers ranged from 18-50 yg%, and in urine, 40-
58 ug/1; coproporphyrin in urine was 21.6-48 yg/1.
The authors state that the work in these plants
could be much safer if the hygienic conditions
were improved, and recommend periodic medical ex-
aminations and periodic control of hygienic condi-
tions.
3136 Sherwood, R.J., and Bedford, J. (London
School Hyg. Trop. Med. and Slough Ind.
Health Serv., England): A LEAD HAZARD IN
BOILER CLEANING. A.M.A. Archives of In-
dustrial Health 14:92-5 (July), 1956.
Creosote pitch (known as CTF-200), a by-product of
the gas industry, is used as a liquid fuel because
of economic and other reasons, and ^800,000 tons
of it are used annually in Britain. The ash is
small in amount but contains about 5% of Pb and
some As. Boilers using this fuel are overhauled
yearly, and the men who clean the combustion
spaces and chambers are then exposed to massive
dust concentrations. For some years the men have
been required to wear Mk IV or Microfilter respi-
rators. The work reported in this paper was un-
dertaken in London to study the health hazards of
the cleaning. In addition to chemical analysis of
the deposited dust, analysis of air samples taken
while work was in progress was carried out. The
average concentration of Pb in the air varied from
50-200 mg/m3 which is many times as great as the
limit accepted in the US as safe for continual ex-
;josure. Microscopic examinations of the particle
numbers and sizes of the dust were also made. As
the men who carry out the boiler cleaning are only
engaged in this work for ^12 hr once every quar-
ter, the acute risk of Pb poisoning is small, but
respirators are clearly essential. Analysis of
the urine of 6 men before, during and after a
cleaning operation indicated a distinct, though
not dangerous, Pb absorption. This pointed to im-
perfect control of the Pb hazard. This study led
to the opinion that no industrial filter-type
respirator is 100% efficient and that compressed-
air respirators, regularly tested for their fit,
should be introduced.
3137 Watanabe, H., Tomita, K. , and Murayama
H.: A SURVEY OF LEAD POISONING AMONG
PRINTING WORKERS IN NEWSPAPER OFFICES.
Proceedings of the 29th General Meeting of
the Japanese Association of Industrial
Medicine. Journal of Science of Labour
(Japan) 32:269 (Apr.), 1956.
Clinical and environmental examinations were car-
ried out in 2 newspaper offices. The Pb-in-air
content (measured in yg/m ) in the working posi-
tions was estimated as follows, respectively:
type casting, 19-88 and 4-6; monotype, 60-95 and
10-13; type picking, 20-36 and 174; type setting,
49-33 and ; composing, 113 and ; type dis-
tribution, 22-29 and ; Pb-t-late rolling, 65-
436 and ; stereotyping, 26-2334 and 60-1559.
Medical examinations of 913 workers comprising
hematology, Pb in blood and urine, coproporphyrin
(CP) in urine, and clinical examination were car-
ried out. No frank Pb poisoning was found, but
94 from the 1st and 105 from the 2nd showed some
Pb absorption. Absorption was more marked among
those handling Pb than among those exposed to in-
halation of dust or fumes. (From Occupational
Safety and Health 7, No. 4:217, 1957)
1957
3138 Baumann, W.H., Smith, W., and Lauer, D.J.
(Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa.): ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH STUDIES ASSO-
CIATED WITH LEAD-BEARING STEEL PRODUCTION.
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Quarterly 18:29-34 (Mar.), 1957.
Pb-bearing steel contains normally 0.15-0.35% Pb
(process developed and patented in latter 1930's)
properly distributed to import free machining
properties. The original manufacturer studied the
Pb contamination problem (Martin, 1939) , and a
medical evaluation was also done (Kammer, 1941) .
A similar process undertaken by the authors' com-
pany led to this survey of the health risks in the
operations which are described.
The results showed that atmospheric concentra-
tions ranged from 0.001-0.231 mg/m when ventila-
tion control was used; the same range was found
at base-line analyses before process was initi-
ated. When adverse conditions existed, the range
was from 0.01-2.J9 mg/m . A careful health in-
ventory of all men who were engaged in any aspect
of the Bessemer and open hearth operations of
making Pb steel included a medical history, physi-
cal examination, routine urinalysis, aerology,
chest X ray, hemoglobin, stippled erythrocyte
count, qualitative coproporphyrin urine deter-
mination and quantitative blood Pb and urine Pb
determinations. These indicated that there has
been no significant Pb absorption among the work-
ers after >1 yr of exposure. Blood Pb levels
varied between 0.02-0.u5 mg/100 g of whole blood
with a mean of 0.029, and urinary Pb levels ranged
between 0.02-0.13 mg/1 with a mean of 0.053.
These data compare favorably with the industrial
worker of the non-Pb trades.
3139 Halperin, H.J., and Reichenbach, G.S., Jr.
(Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point,
Md.): ENGINEERING AND MEDICAL CONTROL OF
LEAD EXPOSURE IN PATENT ANNEALING AND
GALVANIZING OF WIRE. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Quarterly 18:55-8
(Mar.), 1957.
A problem arising from expansion of plant facili-
ties which caused an exposure to Pb fumes and ex-
cessive heat in a previously satisfactorily con-
trolled operation was detected through routine
engineering and medical control programs. Atmos-
pheric samples showed Pb to exceed the recom-
mended value of 0.15 mg/m^ in the area adjacent
to the Pb pans. The 2 major jobs there are the
reelers and blockers. Urine and blood analyses
628
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
showed the reelers to have higher values. Four-
teen workers were examined in detail; 9 were
found to suffer with anorexia, headache, joint
fain, fatigue, nausea and abdominal pain.
forking conditions were improved by emphasizing
unique double exhaust hoods over Pb patenting
furnaces, and by the use of Al shielding to re-
duce the heat load. As a result, urine and blood
Pb levels of employees dropped from higher than
occupational levels to occupational levels, and
there was an improvement in the general health of
the workers along with an increase in the Hb and
RBC.
3140 Jensen, R. , and Jensen, H. (Lab. Toxic.
Soc. Security of Bordeaux, France):
Risques de saturnisme dans la decoration
sur verre. Interet des mesures de pr£-
vention. (DANGER OF LEAD POISONING IN
THE DECORATION OF GLASS. PREVENTIVE
MEASURES.) Archives des Maladies Profes-
sionnelles de Medecine du Travail et de
Securite Sociale 18:673-b (Nov.-Dec.),
1957.
Two processes used for decorative work involve
high Pb hazards: in enameling, where Pb borate
is used as a flux; and in "granlting" where, to
obtain a rough surface, the enamel containing
Pb borate is coarsely ground. In the enameling
workshop of a glass factory, the Pb content in
the atmosphere at different places varied from
0.08-0.15 mg/m , at one site it was as high as
3.3 mg/m-'. This latter one was eliminated. An-
other test at the operation when large pieces of
glass were processed, showed Pb levels of 0.160-
1.210 mg/m . In the "graniting" workroom Pb con-
centrations of 2.80-3.35 mg/m3 of air were found.
By changes in the process and ventilation this
level was reduced to 0.079-0.149 mg Pb/m . By
analyzing the filter of the respirators of 4 work-
men in the 1st shop the amount of Pb which would
have been inhaled, without protection, in the
course of 8 hr was found to be 7.3, 4.43, 2.6
and 0.5 mg, respectively. The necessity of
improvements in this industry and the possibility
of using Pb-free enamel is stressed.
3141 Jones, A.H. (British Transport Comm.,
England): SOME LEAD HAZARDS IN THE RAIL-
WAY INDUSTRY. Transactions of the Asso-
ciation of Industrial Medical Officers
7, No. 2:74-7; discussion, 77-8, 1957.
The author describes a process in a brass foundry
where the man handling an alloy of Sn, Cu and 27%
Pb at 1100°C, in his breathing zone was exposed
to 48 mg Pb/m for a short period. The process
was used only for 2 mo, and no clinical or hema-
tological evidence of Pb poisoning was found.
After redesigning this apparatus the Pb concen-
tration in air directly at the running extractor
was reduced to 20-30 mg/m , and in its immediate
vicinity the Pb level was 0.22 mg/m3. No Pb poi-
soning was observed in men engaged in this work.
The German Railways consider as their prime
toxic hazard the manufacture of Pb bronze parti-
cles of respirable size. Other Pb hazards are
incurred in tinning processes in the hollow ware
industry. In an old process white metal contain-
ing 75% Pb is used at such a low temperature that
no risk from fumes is present although a certain
hazard arises from dross and dust. However, be-
fore treatment with white metal the bearings are
tinned with a 50% Pb-Sn mixture which produces a
Pb level of 1.02 mg/m3 in the air over the tinning
pot while during the pouring of Pb into molds the
Pb concentration does not exceed 0.04 mg/m^. In
another tinning process practiced in the Southern
Region, considerable amounts of fumes of Zn chlo-
ride, contaminated heavily with Pb, are produced.
The air over the tinning pot contained 1.8 mg
Pb/m3 on one occasion, but only 0.57 mg/m^ during
the process of wiping the joints. The author be-
lieves that Pb poisoning in these cases does not
occur due to the intermittent nature of the work.
3142 Rudchenko, A.V., Beloken, A.M., Bokov,
A.N., and Varfolomeeva, A.G.: (INDIVID-
UAL HYGIENE AND PROTECTION OF WORKERS
EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION OF LEAD STOR-
AGE BATTERIES. I.) Sbornlk Trudov
Kursk. Meci. Inst. 1957, No. 12:33-5.
Ordinary washing did not remove Pb from the hands
of the workers satisfactorily, and scrubbing
with a 5% solution of acetic acid gave 10.6-77.7
mg Pb in the wash water, which amounted to 4.5-
68.9% of the Pb deposition on the hands. Washing
with a warm solution of soda with abrasives, fol-
lowed by rinsing with a 1% solution of acetic
acid is recommended. Three washings with a 3%
soda solution of the oral cavity of 8-15 workers
did not Contain Pb. (From Referat. Zhur., Khim.
1959, Abstr. No. 75343; Chemical Abstracts 55:6731,
1961)
3143 Rudchenko, A.V., Bokov, A.N., Varfolomeeva,
A.G., Belokon, A.N., Goryainova, E.F., and
Danilova, V.I.: (SANITARY HYGIENIC CONDI-
TIONS IN THE PRODUCTION OF LEAD STORAGE
BATTERIES. I.) Sbornik Trudov Kursk, Med.
Inst. 1957, No. 12:40-6.
Air analyses in the working areas showed 14.2-85.5
mg Pb/m->, and the minimum concentration at any
point was $10 mg/m^. Temperatures ranged in summer
from 13-30°, and in winter from 6-20°, and the
relative humidity was 35-95% with large variations
within short periods; the average rate of air move-
ment was 0.6 m/sec. Measures to be taken for im-
proving working conditions are discussed. (From
Referat. Zhur., Khim. 1959, Abstr. No. 75342;
Chemical Abstracts 55:7724, 1961)
3144 Stefanovic, A.N., and Simic, V.M. (Yugo-
slavia): DETERMINATION OF QUARTZ CONTENT
IN THE MINES OF P.R. SERBIA BY CHEMICAL
AND RAPID X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHODS. In
XII International Congress on Occupational
Health, Helsinki, Finland, 1957, Vol. Ill,
Proceedings, pp. 327-30.
Since Serbia is a country with numerous mines,
silicosis is one of the most common occupational
diseases. The quartz content in ores and dust of
several metal and coal mines were determined to
examine the degree of silicosis risk. In 2 Pb-Zn
mines of 4 examined, the ore contained 35-42 and
2-12% quartz; there were 40.1 and 16.0% workers
suffering from silicosis (number examined, 106 and
382, respectively).
Occupational Exposure
629
-------
3145 Viniegra, G., Lopez Martinez, A., Marquez
Mayaudon, E., and Bravo Becherelle, M.A. :
Epidemiologia del saturnismo en la indus-
tria de acumuladores del Distrlto Feder-
al. (THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SATURNISM IN
THE STORAGE BATTERY INDUSTRY OF THE FED-
ERAL DISTRICT.) Prensa Med. Mex. 22, No.
2:50-4, 1957.
Working conditions were studied in 65 plants with
377 laborers of whom 236 were completely exam-
ined. The Pb content of the air of the working
environments was also studied. The majority of
the workshops did not come up to reasonable hy-
gienic requirements, neither with regard to sani-
tary provisions nor in view of medical control
and attendance. One third of the men showed high
Pb levels of the blood (over 60 pg/100 ml), but
others with lower Pb levels also presented symp-
toms of intoxication. Most affected were men
with >1 yr service (40%). The groups of laborers
most endangered were (in decreasing order): cast-
ers, molders, welders and melters. No pathogno-
monic picture of the Pb intoxication could be es-
tablished. The dominant symptoms were the Pb
line, intestinal colics, metallic taste and con-
stipation. As regards hematology only the number
of red cells was found to be diminished, more
markedly in the more serious cases. (From Ex-
cerpta Medica, Sect. 17, 4:Abstr. No. 902, 1958)
3146 Zielhuis, R.L. (PAINT AND HEALTH. I,
II, III.) Verfkroniek 30:178-80; 196-7,
207-11, 1957.
After some important facts are given on toxicolo-
gy and the possible forms of contact, locally or
generally, unnoticed or noticed, with different
poisons (direct contact with skin, inhalation,
effects on nose, pharynx, lungs, eyes, intes-
tines) the toxicity is discussed, on the basis
of existing literature, of different binders and
their permissible concentrations, of pigments
(Pb, As, Hg, Cr, Sb, Mo, Cu, Ba, Cd, Zn, Se, Ir,
Ti, Co, Mn, and organic groups containing cyanide
or cyanamide groups), of driers, solvents, dilu-
ents, and plasticizers based on their physical-
chemical properties (prickling of skin, tearing
of eyes, chronic conjunctivitis, sneezing, cough-
ing), and on their chemical structure (narcotic,
blindness, fatal attack on blood-forming organs,
etc). A systematic hematological investigation
is described. The work was carried out to enable
dermatologists to test skin diseases by contact
with the substances tested in these experiments.
(From Chemical Abstracts 52:3176, 1958)
1958
3147 American Industrial Hygiene Association:
HYGIENIC GUIDE SERIES. LEAD AND ITS IN-
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Journal 19:154-5,
(Apr.), 1958.
The recommended maximum atmospheric concentration
of Pb, on the basis of human experience, is list-
ed as 0.2 mg/m3 for 8-hr exposure. Symptoms and
signs of Pb poisoning are described. It is noted
that the Subcommittee on Lead of the Z37 Section-
al Committee of the American Standards Associa-
tion has recommended the adoption of 0.5 mg Pb/m^
as the maximum acceptable atmosphere concentra-
tion for Pb chromate and sulfide, and 0.2 mg/m3
for metallic Pb and other inorganic Pb compounds.
The atmospheric concentration immediately hazard-
ous to life is not known. The minimum lethal
dose of a soluble salt by ingestion is ^10 g.
Control procedures, both industrial and medical,
are discussed. Normal Pb values for urine and
blood analyses are given as follows: urine (spot
sample) 0.01-0.12 mg/1; (sample of large volume)
0.01-0.08 mg/1; blood 0.01-0.06 mg/100 g. (11
references)
3148 American Petroleum Institute: API BULLE-
TIN ON PRECAUTIONARY LABELS FOR PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS. American Petroleum Institute
Bulletin 2511, January, 1958. 13 pp.
The guiding principles for the wording of labels
and definition of terms are given. The API In-
terdivisional Committee on Labeling has agreed
that the following are necessary in a proper warn-
ing label: name of product, signal word, state-
ment of hazard, precautions, first aid and/or
emergency action, container handling and storage,
"poison" usage, labeling of experimental products.
A sample label to be used for leaded gasoline is
included.
3149 American Welding Society: SAFETY IN WELD-
ING AND CUTTING. American Standard Z49.1-
1958. New York, 1958, 49 pp.
Standard provisions are given for welding and cut-
ting, as prepared by the American Standards Associ-
ation Committee under sponsorship of the American
Welding Society; this is a complete revision of the
1st edition published in 1950. The following are
covered: installation and operation of welding
equipment, fire prevention, protection of person-
nel, health protection and ventilation to guard
against F, Zn, Pb, Be, Hg, etc, especially in con-
fined spaces.
3150 Guerdjikoff, C.: Etude de quelques
risques de saturnisme en Suisse. (A STUDY
OF SOME INDUSTRIAL LEAD HAZARDS IN SWIT-
ZERLAND. ) Z. Unfallmed. u. Berufskrankh.
51, No. 2:85-122, 1958.
This report, presented at a meeting of the Swiss
Society of Industrial Medicine and Accidents, is
concerned only with industries of various kinds
in Switzerland in which there may be a danger to
health of the workers from exposure to Pb. These
industries are described and an account is given
of the results of investigations which have been
carried out in each case but with stress on the
point that every separate factory in each indus-
try must be separately considered because of the
variations in such factors as hygienic state,
degree of ventilation and the human factor which
may have a determining effect on the occurrence
of Pb intoxication. The methods employed in air
analyses are described with a statement of opin-
ions on the permissible limits of Pb concentra-
tion in the air of factories. The processes in
different industries where Pb may be a risk are
considered at some length with an account of the
conditions which were found on inspection of indi-
vidual factories. The industries which have been
studied are: the manufacture of accumulators,
630
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
the building industry (protective Pb paints and
demolition work), Pb smelting, manufacture of Pb-
containing bronze, manufacture of polyvinyl plas-
tics in which Pb-containing stabilizers are used,
pottery work, some types of enamelling, printing,
manufacture of telephone cables sheathed in Pb,
and chemical and other works. Emphasis is laid
on the point that accurate scientific and other
investigations are essential before the best pos-
sible control and prevention of Pb poisoning can
be achieved. (From Bulletin of Hygiene 34:58,
1959)
3151 Holtaway, J.S. (Am. i3rake Shoe Co.):
EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF LEAD EXPOSURES
IN POWDER METALLURGY OPERATIONS. Ameri-
can Industrial Hygiene Association Jour-
nal 19:481-4 (Dec.) , 1958.
A study was made in a small powder metallurgical
plant in which collected air containing metallic
Pb dust of extremely small particle size was re-
circulated. Although Pb was present in small
amounts (6% maximum) in the materials used, the
survey revealed excessive amounts of Pb in the
returned air from unit collectors and in the at-
mosphere (0.06-0.90 mg/m ) as well as high levels
in the urines of exposed workers. For 14 employ-
ees a urinary Pb excretion ranging from 225-471
pg/1 was found. After control of the exhaust
ventilation and other precautionary measures the
Pb level in air was reduced to 0.04-0.15 mg/m^
and the urinary Pb excretion of the same 14 em-
ployees dropped to 25-235
3152 Pagnotto, L.D., and Bavley, H. (Massachu-
setts Dept. i,abor & Ind.): THE CONTROL
OF A LEAD HAZARD IN THE SILVERSMITHING
INDUSTRY, /jnerican Industrial Hygiene
Association Journal 19:73-4 (Apr.), 1958.
A Pb exposure hazard in a metal-burnishing opera-
tion peculiar to the silversmithing industry was
investigated, following the illness of one of the
workers who upon return to work was found to ex-
crete elevated amounts of Pb and coproporphyrins
(CP) . The extent of contamination was found to
be dependent upon the amount of sandbobbing per-
formed. The range of Pb contamination varied
from 3.2% for pumice used half a workday to 8.5%
for pumice used for a week. Air analyses before
ventilation showed 1.00-17.00 mg Pb/10 m-*. Urine
analyses of the sandbobbers for mg Pb/1 and mg
CP/1 gave the following results: before ventila-
tion 0.10-0.67, 0.10-4.4; after ventilation 0.07-
0.17, 0.2-1.1.
3153 Ross, C.R. , Sanderson, H.P., and Monkman,
J.L.: SURVEY OF LEAD HAZARDS IN THE NEW
BRUNSWICK PRINTING INDUSTRY. Occupation-
al Health Review (Ottawa, Canada) 10, No.
1:1-4, 1958.
Sixty-six air samples from 8 printing plants were
analyzed for Pb by the dithizone method. Most
concentrations measured were well below the
threshold limit of 2.0 mg Pb/10 m3, and only 2
exceeded it (1 during a dressing operation and
the 2nd when a cooling fan disturbed settled dust
on the top of a fume hood).
3154
Tietze (Lllbeck, Germany) : Eine neue
Staubmaske: Die Halbmaske 78. (A NEW
DUST MASK: THE HALF-MASK 78.) DrHger-
Hefte 233:5043, 1958.
The half-mask 78 is said to be a protection
against coarse dust as well as harmful fine dust
which may enter the lungs. It is also useful as
a protection against dangerous metal fumes, such
as Pb fumes. ihe mask which is made from neo-
prene, has the properties of soft rubber and is
not attacked by cleaning or disinfecting agents.
Its good fit is emphasized. The mask has 2 vents
for exhaling as most DrBger models have. The
ring filter (742 St) consists only of the filter
material without aetal or synthetic parts and is
therefore very cheap. The mask is available in
3 sizes. (From author's summary; Zentralblatt
fur Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz 9:79 (Ab-
stracts), 1959)
3155 Woolff, M.G. (Port Elizabeth, South
Africa): NOTES ON THE CARE OF LEAD-
WORKERS. South African Medical Journal
32, No. 14:368-77, 1958.
In a paper presented at the SA Medical Congress,
Durban, September 1957, the author gives a survey
of the industrial hazard of Pb intoxication in the
growing industrialization of SA. Topics discussed
are the environment of industrial workers, plant
inspection, and enumeration of the SA industries
using Pb, atmospheric contamination by dust and
fumes and its diminution by protective measures,
instruction of workers, establishment of maximum
allowable limits and air sampling methods for its
control. Other ways of reducing the Pb hazard in
manufacture are modification of industrial opera-
tions, plant design, isolation of hazardous opera-
tions, ventilation, etc. Measures directed to the
individual workman include personal protective
equipment, showering and sanitary facilities, pro-
hibition of eating in workrooms and with contami-
nated hands, and special safety measures in the
handling of TEL. Medical considerations are sex
and age of worker, examination of each worker upon
resumption of employment, and individual and family
susceptibility and acquired tolerance. Conditions
meriting rejection for Pb work and periodic ex-
aminations of Pb workers (frequency according
to UK Factory Act regulations) are given. The
survey ends with a detailed description from the
literature of signs and symptoms of Pb-induced
disturbances such as gastrointestinal symptoms,
nervous system signs, arthralgla and renal disease.
Pallor and the Pb or Burton lines are signs of
special significance. Absorption and excretion
of Pb, effects of increased Pb exposure, or stip-
pling of erythrocytes, white cell count, porphyrin
tests, Hb estimation and general managements and
disposal of cases of absorption as well as prophy-
lactic methods are among the subjects treated in
the survey.
3156 Zemskov, I.F., and Khalyavin, M.N. : (PURI-
FICATION OF A GASEOUS-AIR MIXTURE FROM
LEAD TETRAETHYL WITH SULFURIC ACID.)
Khim. Prom. 1958, No. 8:500-1.
The usual methods of gas purification are useless
when dealing with TEL. The air containing various
amounts of TEL fumes is passed in succession at a
speed of 15-30 1/hr (time of contact 1-2 sec)
Occupational Exposure
631
-------
through 2 Petri bottles filled with H2S04 94% at
18-20° and then through 2 containers 0.5% filled
with a solution of iodine in 1% KI for the catch-
ing of the TEL fumes not absorbed by the sulfuric
acid. When the treated H2S04 is diluted 1:1 with
water a white sediment of Pb sulfate precipitates
out of the solution. The degree of TEL absorption
with various quantities of these fumes in the air
is tabulated. The H2S04 concentration should be
>79.6%. The activity of H2S04 as absorber of TEL
fumes significantly increases with the raising of
temperature to 100°. The destruction of 1 g of
TEL requires 0.31 g of monohydrate. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 54:7020, 1960)
1959
3157 Associated Ethyl Company Limited: CLEAN-
ING LEADED GASOLINE TANKS. Octel Bulle-
tin No. 1 (London), Sept. 1959.
Typical causes of accidents are (1) removal of
breathing equipment, (2) absorption of vapor out-
side tank, (3) wrong materials for protective
equipment and (4) unsuitable breathing equipment.
regulations concerning entry after cleaning are
revised and stringent minimum conditions are set
up. Breathing bags are not generally recommended,
particularly not in warmer weather. Proper air
extractors should be provided for ventilation.
Manufacturers of tanks should be required to in-
corporate in their design at least one clean-out
sump and existing tanks should be modified to
provide such sumps.
3158 Hartogensis, F. (TNO Inst. Health, Graven-
hage, Netherlands): THE EXPOSURE TO LEAD
OF WORKERS IN THE PIGMENT INDUSTRY.
Pracovnf Lgkarstvf 11:165 (Apr.), 1959.
On the basis of more than 250 determinations in 2
factories, the workers were divided into 4 expo-
sure groups: (1) no exposure to Pb; (2) slight ex-
posure, av <0.15 mg Pb/m ; (3) high exposure, av
0.15-0.75 mg/m3; very high exposure, av >0.75 mg/
3159 Khukhrin, E.V.: MODERN APPROACH TO AIR
DUSTINESS IN WORKSHOPS. Gigiena i Sani-
tariya 24, No. 7:50-5, 1959. In Levine,
B.S.: U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollu-
tion and Related Occupational Diseases.
Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Office of Technical Services, 1962, Vol.
7, pp. 301-8.
New data on the effect of harmful air pollutant
concentrations have been collected by research
institutes during the last years, leading to an
extension of the list of standardized harmful air
admixtures, and a revision of the MAC's for air
pollutants. At the Jubilee session of the Insti-
tute of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, AMS,
USSR (1953) the question was raised to change to
the particle-count method, used widely abroad.
Attempts, however, to compare dust counts with the
morbidity rate among workers showed no clear con-
nection. The author states that the method is so
widely used abroad and stems from its simplicity
rather than its reliability.
So far, no clear and uncontestable data have
been presented to establish safe threshold limits
of aerosol inhalation, because the methods used
still lack the precision. Data obtained from the
health conditions of the workers cannot be used as
criteria. For toxic suspended aerosols MAC's must
be arrived at experimentally without delay; how-
ever, these should be regarded as tentative, and
subject to revision on the basis of further clini-
cal observations and supplemented experiments.
It has not been possible yet to verify the
necessity of establishing separate norms for maxi-
mum and mean work-day concentrations, because most
methods enable the determination of average con-
centration only for a prolonged time lapse. De-
spite these limitations, data have been accumula-
ted and a list of 34 aerosols was presented at the
1957 symposium on pneumoconiosis in Moscow. The
list published by the Scientific Medical Council
of Ministry of Health USSR, contains 29 mineral
and organic dusts and 26 aerosols of metals,
metalloids and their compounds; for Pb and its in-
organic compounds, 0.01 mg/m3 was set as the MAC.
Departure from the set values can be made with the
permission of the State Sanitary Inspection where
workers remain a short time only on the site. Ad-
ditions to the list could be introduced within the
next 3-4 yr.
Prime attention is urged for the development of
methods for the study of aerosols and their prop-
erty and their effect on the organism, as well as
the need for more rigid limits for the density in
suspended dust particles <2y in diameter. While
conducting hygienic research, the author advocates
that determination of dust dispersion according to
particle diameter be made mandatory. Several
research methods are mentioned which should be
used as more positive bases for the determination
of new MAC levels.
3160 Mirnik, K. (Centr. Inst. Hyg., Zagreb,
Yugoslavia): Analiza olova u atmosferi
jedne tvornice akumulatora. II. (LEAD
CONTENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF A STORAGE
BATTERY FACTORY.) Arhiv za Higijenu
Rada Toksikologiju 10, No. 3:235-43, 1959.
Environmental conditions in a storage battery fac-
tory are described. The results of Pb determina-
tion in air obtained in 1959 are compared with the
results in 1949. In general all the results were
10-200 times above the permissible concentration
limits, and compared with the results obtained in
1949 a general increase of the number of high
(14-30 mg/m ) results was established. Various
improvements of working conditions are advised.
(From author's summary)
3161 Storlazzi, E.u. (Ind. Hyg. Div., Boston
Naval Shipyards): HYGIENE OF WELDING IN
U.S. NAVAL SHIPYARDS. A.M.A. Archives of
Industrial Health 19:307-11 (Mar.), 1959.
Among the various types of welding performed is
that of Pb burning which is becoming more popular
in shipyards with the advent of nuclear-powered
ships. The Pb concentration in air during this
operation is low because the temperature needed
is only slightly above the melting point; in 1
study
-------
urinary Pb levels ranging from 0.02-0.08 mg/1 and
normal CP. A study of the hazards of welding on
plates primed with red Pb primer and/or Zn chro-
mate showed that a Pb hazard exists whenever the
operation is carried out in confined spaces.
Concentrations in air collected in numerous work
rooms with or without ventilation ranged from
0-6.9 mg/m . The urinary Pb level in 30 welders
or burners was O.u2-0.12 mg/1.
3162 Yamate, N.: (AIR POLLUTION BY EXHAUST
GAS. II. DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND CAR-
BON MONOXIDE INSIDE A GARAGE AND A REPAIR
FACTORY IN TOKYO CITY.) Bull. Natl. Hyg.
Lab. (Japan) 77:5-18, 1959.
The Pb values in 30 air samples from 3 garages
were 1.3-175.5 yg/mm , and 17 samples from 3 re-
pair factories contained 4.5-49.3 yg/mm (sic).
(From Public Health Engineering Abstracts 41:7
(Apr.), 1961)
1960
3153 Afanas'ev, V.P.: (THE RADIOACTIVITY OF
AEROSOLS IN THE SYNCHROTRON ROOM OF THE
UNITED INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR STUDIES.)
Kernenergie 3, No. 5:481-2, 1960.
Radioactive aerosols are formed in the room where
the synchrotron is operating. The presence of
24Na affects the formation of aerosols. The ^Na
concentration is 5 x 10~13 Ci/1 ± 50%, and the con-
centration of naturally occurring active aerosols
of 214pb (RaB) in the atmosphere is 10-13 Ci/1.
(From Chemical Abstracts 62:194, 1965)
3164 Baranov, V.I., and Gorbushina, L.V. :
(EXACT MEASUREMENTS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS
OF RADIOISOTOPES OF LEAD AND BISMUTH IN
THE AIR OF UNDERGROUND WORKINGS.)
Atomnaya Energ. 9:56-7 (July), 1960.
'A radiochemical method of separately determining
Pb (RaB and RaD) and Bi (RaC and RaE) in aerosols
collected with a special filter is suggested as a
control measure in underground mining. Time var-
iation curves plotted for RaD (E = 0.0167 Mev) and
RaE 6 activity indicate a half life close to five
days for RaE. The time variation curves for RaB
(T = 26.8 min) and RaC (T = 19.7 min) obtained
after filtering 400 1 of air showed good half life
separation and permitted an evaluation of the num-
ber of RaB and RaC atoms in the air and in the
filter. (From Nuclear Science Abstracts 14:Abstr.
No. 21821, 1960)
3165 Berghout, C.F. (Army Chem. Center, Md.):
SPRAY PAINTING WITHOUT COMPRESSED AIR.
Archives of Environmental Health 1:534-9
(Dec.), 1960.
The study was designed to indicate the health,
safety, and fire hazards associated with the use
of hydraulic pressure alone ("high-pressure" meth-
od) and hydraulic pressure and heating the paint
to reduce the viscosity ("heat-wlth-pressure"
method). The primary objective was to determine
whether an air velocity <150 ft/min could be safely
applied in the ventilation control of spray booths,
the extent of the health hazard being based on the
concentration in the breathing zone of mist con-
taining Pb or Zn chromate pigment and vapor from
the thinner. All spraying was done by representa-
tives of the vendors who supplied their own paint-
ing and respiratory protective equipment. No med-
ical records were available for them.
The following paint samples were analyzed: Rust-
inhibiting enamel (Pb positive, specification pre-
scribes pigment containing 35% Pb chromate and 17%
red Pb); Zn chromate primer; synthetic thinner,
and rust-inhibiting enamel used on missiles. The
results showed that in vehicle spraying, Pb-bearing
paint by the heat-with-pressure method produced
concentrations averaging 4.4 mg/m3 at low air ve-
locity, av 0.5 mg/m3 at intermediate, and av 2.5
mg/m-' when the high-pressure method was used at
intermediate air velocity, but 3.5 mg/m3 at high
air velocity. In missile container spraying, Pb-
paint spraying by heat-with-pressure method gave
average concentrations of 3.3 mg/m3 at intermediate
velocity, and by high-pressure method, av 2.3 mg/
m3 at low velocity. Spraying parts by heat-with-
pressure method gave nil concentration at 150 fpm
air velocity and 1.1 mg/m3 at 100-110 fpm; at 72
fpm, Pb concentration was >1.1 mg/m3 . No samples
were obtained for the high-pressure method. In
open shop vehicle spraying, the heat-with-pressure
method gave av 5.9 mg/m3, and 3.2 mg/m3 by the
high-pressure method. Solvent vapor concentra-
tions averaged 800 and 590 ppm by these 2 methods,
respectively. In the other applications, solvent
vapors were below the MAC of 500 ppm.
The author concludes that at low rates of venti-
lation in vehicle spraying, personnel requires
protection of paint-spray respirators, and at air
velocities <100-110 fpm dangerous concentrations
of explosive vapors are recorded. For missile
container spraying, a ventilating rate of at least
150 fpm and higher when bottom sides are sprayed
is required. In open-face booths, a ventilating
rate of at least 150 fpm should be maintained.
Results in open shop area indicate danger from
every standpoint.
3166 Brekhman, I.I., Matyukhin, V.A., and
Fruentov, N.K. (Vladivostok, USSR):
Resul'taty obsledovaniya zagryaznennosti
svintsom kozhnykh pokrovov ruk u rabo-
tayushehikh s etilirovannym benzinom.
(RESULTS OF A STUDY OF LEAD CONTAMINATION
OF THE SKIN OF THE HANDS OF WORKERS HAN-
DLING ETHYLATED GASOLINE.) Gigiena i
Sanitariya 25, No. 7:97-8, 1960. In
Levine, B.S.: USSR Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases.
Washington, US Department of Commerce,
Office of Technical Services, 1962, Vol.
7, pp. 260-1.
A study was made of the Pb quantity found on the
hands of automobile drivers, garage workers, auto
repair shop workers, etc. The washings (done with
TEL-free gasoline B-70) from workers' hands, steer-
ing wheels and car surfaces were obtained at noon
and the end of the day. The results showed that
3.6% of the drivers' and 4% of other workers' hands
were TEL-free; no TEL-free cases were found among
the 50 workers in the aviation industry. The av-
erage amount found on drivers' hands was 0.125 mg
and 0.115 on the hands of garage and repair shop
workers. In the aviation workers this amounted to
0.249 mg, caused by the fact that aviation gasoline
Occupational Exposure
633
-------
contains 2-3 times as much TEL as ordinary gas.
On 89% of the steering wheels tested the amount
found ranged between 0.1-0.2 mg and it was =0,3 mg
in 11%. The same amounts were found on the outside
surfaces of cars, hand-operated transmission parts
and handles. Amounts of 0.4-0.5 mg were found in
airplane cabins, and the washings of service per-
sonnel contained 0.3 mg TEL. Considerable amounts
of TEL present on the handwashings of workers
not having direct contact with TEL were also found.
Contamination of hands and other parts of the body
proved not to be eliminated or reduced in spite of
instructions regarding personal hygiene, etc. The
authors conclude that chronic TEL poisoning appears
a possibility and that strict observation of in-
structions and education of the workers involved
are the only effective protective means.
3167 Meiklejohn, A. (Univ. Glasgow, Scotland):
HALIFAX, STOKE-ON-TRENT - WHITHER? Trans-
actions of the Association of Industrial
Medical Officers 9:143-4 (Jan.), 1960.
ii survey was made of the pottery industry in
Stoke-on-Trent between 1956 and 1958 by the Fac-
tory Inspectorate of the Ministry of Labour and
National Health and a report was published in
June 1959. Attention is focused on the control
of Pb poisoning which has occurred progressively
over the last 50 yr. However, no vital statis-
tics of the workers nor indices of general health
and of occupational and non-occupational diseases
were given, i'he Minister referred the report to
the Joint Standing Committee of the Pottery In-
dustry for further action and recommendations.
The author points out that complacency about Pb
poisoning and Pb absorption in the pottery indus-
try should be shaken by the occurrence of 2 cases
listed in the Annual Report of H.II. Chief Inspec-
tor of Factories for 1958 which clearly indicates
the need of an industrial health service.
3168 Mirnik, K. (Central Inst. Hyg., Zagreb,
Yugoslavia): Tiskare i opasnost tro-
vanja olovom. (LEAD POISONING HAZARD IN
PRINTING PLANTS.) Arhiv za Higijenu Rada
i Toksikologiju 11, No. 3:233-6, 1960.
Samples of the air were taken in 127 working
places in 32 printing plants of the People's Re-
public of Croatia, Yugoslavia. It was found that
in 22 working places Pb concentration in the air
was higher than the MAC (0.15 mg/m3) . The ranges
observed were from 0.15-2.0 pg/m3. This observa-
tion is in contradiction with the general opinion
that occupational Pb poisoning in printing plants
is practically impossible.
3169 Pegues, W.L. (Union Carbide Chem. Co.,
Texas City): LEAD FUME FROM WELDING ON
GALVANIZED AND ZINC-SILICATE COATED
STEELS. American Industrial Hygiene Asso-
ciation Journal 21:252-5 (June), 1960.
An investigation was made to determine whether or
not welding and cutting operations on steel with
inorganic coatings consisting of Zn-s>ilicate or
galvanizing could give rise to hazardous amounts
of Pb and Zn fumes. The sampling took place in a
pipe welding and a structural shop, both equipped
with large doors and excellent ventilation. Other
samples were collected in a tarpaulin enclosure to
demonstrate maximum fume concentration in a con-
fined area. Collection was on Whatman No. 42 fil-
ter papers, either 1-20 ft above welding or at
breathing level in which case a polyethylene tube,
3 ft long was attached to the filter holder and
inserted into the welder's hood. Pb was deter-
mined colorimetrically by an adaptation of the
ACGIH method. Results showed that at the welder's
breathing level such welding or cutting opera-
tions on Zn-silicate coated steel in poorly ven-
tilated areas gave rise to fumes containing 4-75
times the MAC of Pb, and 1-14 times that of Zn.
At that level, the ZnO fumes amounted to 199.4
mg/m and at 1-3 ft above welding, av 119.9 for
electric arc welding and av 26.81 for oxyacetylene
welding. The corresponding figures for Pb were
5.16, 5.63 and 1.96 mg/m3, respectively. The same
operations on galvanized steel under similar con-
ditions produced fumes containing 2-4 times the
MAC of Pb, and 3-12 times the MAC of Zn. At
breathing level, electric arc welding generated
185.0 mg/m3 ZnO and an av of 108.5 at 2-6 ft above
welding and oxyacetylene welding at the latter
heights av 63.72. The corresponding Pb values
were 0.64, 0.52, and 0.43 mg/m3. Clean steel
showed no Pb and only 14.9 and 1.3 mg/m3 at 2 and
20 ft above welding. When ventilation was ade-
quate, the MAC was not greatly or consistently ex-
ceeded for either type of metal coating. Pb
ranged from 0.01-0.18 mg/m3, and ZnO, 6.63-19.81.
Welding outdoors, with a 10 mi/hr breeze during
sampling, with welder sitting upwind, showed no
Pb when probe was held 3 in. from nose, and 0.01
and 0.06 mg/m with probe in hood. The corre-
sponding ZnO levels were 2.40, 4.22 and 13.24
mg/m3.
The author recommends that the American Standard
Z-49.1, 1958 be followed.
3170 StBkly, A. : Gesundheitsgefahren beim
Schweissen. (DANGERS TO HEALTH DURING
WELDING.) Z. PrSv. Med. 5:329-42 (Nov.-
Dec.), 1960.
Among the health hazards for welders, poisoning by
Pb vapors is listed, but the author has never ob-
served any systemic intoxication with F or Mn in
this trade. (From Excerpta Medica, Sect. 17, 7:
Abstr. No. 3710, 1961)
1961
3171 Anonymous: LEAD PAINTS — PROTECTIVE
HAZARDS. Michigan's Occupational Health
7:1-7 (Fall), 1961.
The dangers involved in work with red Pb-based
paints are discussed as well as some precautions
like periodic medical examinations, masks, venti-
lation, and hand-washing facilities. In the sum-
mary the hazards of surface preparation of tanks
either by manual or mechanical means are pointed
out. A revised list is included of respirators
approved by the US Bureau of Mines in June, 1961.
3172 Du Pont de Nemours, E.I. and Co.: REGULA-
TIONS GOVERNING THE HANDLING AND BLENDING
OF DU PONT LEAD ANTIKNOCK COMPOUNDS: AT
LOCATIONS RECEIVING COMPOUNDS IN TANK CARS
OR TANK TRUCKS; AT LOCATIONS RECEIVING
COMPOUNDS IN DRUMS. Wilmington, Delaware,
634
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc.,
Jan. 1961, 11 and 13 pp.
Section 1 of the pamphlets deals with regulations
applying to management, Section 2 with regulations
for blenders and Section 3 contains precautions
against Pb hazards in other plant activities. In
an appendix MAC of Pb antiknock compounds in com-
mercial gasolines are listed as follows: per US
gallon of gasoline, ml Pb alkyl and g metallic
Pb, respectively, Du Pont TEL compound motor mix,
4.J, 4.23; Du Pont TEL compound, aviation mix,
4.6, 4.86; Du Pont TML compound, motor mix, 2.05,
3.17; Du Pont tetramix antiknock compound, motor
mix, 2.53, 3.17.
3173 Elovskaya, L.T. (Inst. Hyg. Lab. Occup.
Dis. Acad. Med. Sci., Moscow, USSR): SOME
PROBLEMS OF RADIATION HYGIENE IN THE MIN-
ING AND CONCENTRATING OF ORES CONTAINING
ADMIXTURES OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVE SUBSTAN-
CES . Labor Hygiene and Occupational Dis-
eases No. 4:21-7 (July 18), 1961. Trans-
lation of Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye
Zabolvaniya No. 4, 1961. US Office of
Technical Services OTS:61-31, 528.
The report of a study of the working conditions at
several mines and concentration installations of
nonferrous and rare metal ores (Pb, Sn, Mo, Ta,
Nb, etc) deals entirely with radioactive exposure.
Special attention was paid to the composition of
air contaminants, the degree of contamination of
hands, overalls of the workers and various equip-
ment surfaces. The conclusion was that external
radiation had no essential significance; however,
the author stresses that the possibility of the
combined effect of silica, radioactive and toxic
substances (Pb, Sn, Ta, Nb, etc) should be kept
in mind.
3174 Hartogensis, F. (TNO Inst. Health, Graven-
hage, Netherlands): THE EXPOSURE TO LEAD
OF WORKERS IN THE PIGMENT INDUSTRY. Pro-
ceedings of the International Symposium
on Maximum Allowable Concentrations of
Toxic Substances in Industry, Prague,
Czechoslovakia, April, 1959. Pure and
Applied Chemistry 3, Nos. 1-2:303-6, 1961.
See Abstract No. 3158.
3175 Knop, W. (Wiesbaden, Germany): Blei als
Brandstifter. (LEAD AS THE CAUSE OF
FIRE.) Zentralblatt fUr Arbeitsmedizin
und Arbeitsschutz 11:84-6 (Apr.), 1961.
In a Pb accumulator plant, the dust collecting
equipment had caught fire twice without any ap-
parent reason. Similar accidents had been re-
^orted also from other Pb plants. The conclusion
was drawn that self-ignition occurs from the heat
which is released when the Pb particles deposited
in the filters dry out and oxidize. Various fi-
bers are discussed as replacement for the cotton
filters.
3176 Magnuson, H. (US Pub. Health Serv., Wash-
ington, D.C.): HEALTH HAZARDS OF SOME
NEWER PROCESSES USED IN CONSTRUCTION.
Industrial Hygiene News Report 4:1 (Feb.),
1961.
The widespread use of Cu for waterlines, gaslines
and some drain lines has increased the hazard of
Pb poisoning, since large quantities of Pb are
melted and poured to seal joints in waste lines
to solder sections of Cu pipe. The advent of
gasoline-powered machines has created additional
exposures to noise as well as to CO and other
products of combustion.
3177 Masuya, Y., Sakamoto, K., and Kuromyo,
M.: REMOVAL OF LEAD BY HANDWASHING IN A
WORKSHOP. Journal of Osaka City Medical
Center 10:451-4 (Dec.), 1961. In Con-
tributions from the Department of Pre-
ventive Medicine and Public Health, Osaka
City University Medical School, Vol. 2,
^pril 1959-March 1961, pp. 45.
The effect of handwashing on the removal of Pb
from the hands of Pb workers was studied with 3%
acetic acid solution, ordinary soap solution and
tap water. After handwashing the Pb content was
estimated in each solution by a dithizone polaro-
graphic method. No significant differences were
found among the 3 solutions in their ability to
remove Pb. Handwashing with a brush, using any
available solution, seemed to be effective in re-
moving Pb from the hands of the workers. (From
authors' English summary)
3178 Meyer, W.H., and Church, F.W. (Esso Res.
Eng. Co.): INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASPECTS OF
MECHANICAL OPERATIONS IN A PETROLEUM RE-
FINERY. Medical Bulletin, Standard Oil
Company (N.J.) 21:256-65 (July), 1961.
Exposure to Pb is included in a table which sum-
marizes some mechanical operations, potential haz-
ards and suggestions for their control. These are
metallizing in a machine shop, babbitting, melting
Sn-Pb solder in tin shop, welding and cutting.
3179 Moreo, L. (Univ. Milan, Italy): Rischio
attuale di saturnismo nell'industria tipo-
grafica. (THE HAZARD OF LEAD POISONING
IN THE PRINTING INDUSTRY.) Medicina del
Lavoro 52:33-42 (Jan.), 1961.
A survey of 5 printing works in Milan showed that
Pb concentrations in air were well below the MAC,
but values in the type drawer dust were high (av
25.7-32.2 pg/m in air at various operations
where exhausts were operating, and 65-180 when
not; in drawers, av 26.5%, and in settled dust,
1.4%). The maximum Pb amount found on the hands
of some hand-compositors was 8 mg. Clinical and
laboratory examinations of 100 workers showed no
abnormal Pb absorption, and the case histories of
127 hospitalized workers revealed only 2 cases of
mild saturnism and 5 cases of increased Pb absorp-
tion. (20 references)
3180 Raymond, V., and Gervais (Natl. Safety
Inst., Paris, France): Quelques aspects
de la prevention du saturnisme aux usines
de la "Vieille-Montagne" de Viviez-Pen-
chot. (.SOME ASPECTS OF PREVENTION OF
SATURNISM IN THE "VIEILLE-MONTAGNE" PLANTS
OF VIVIEZ-PENCHOT.) Trav. et Sec. 13:
134, 1961.
i'he prevention of Pb intoxication in the Viviez-
Penchot plants has been achieved through the adop-
tion of industrial and personal hygienic measures.
Occupational Exposure
635
-------
Experiments conducted in 1956 in Pb foundries
have shown that in most cases tested, chelating
agents produced a decrease in Pb absorption. Cer-
tain difficulties have been encountered due to
the lack of a suitable method for an easy deter-
mination of Pb absorption. (From Zentralblatt
fUr Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz 12:20 (Ab-
stracts), 1962.)
3181 Savina, A.A.: (REMOVAL OF LEAD DUST FROM
THE AIR OF BATTERY FACTORIES.) Sb.
Nauchn. kabot Inst. Okhrany Truda, Vses.
Tsentr. Soveta Prof. Soyuzov 1961, IN'O. 1:
16-28.
Filters remove 95% of the Pb dust in the air.
The most effective cloth for the filters is ker-
sey 4112 or 4114 which, due to the absence of
nap, is well suited for retaining dust. The
breaking strength of kersey is 3-4 times that of
wool. Uet dust catchers, with an 85-90% degree
of purification, are used in those areas in which
cloth filter cannot be used due to acid or water
vapor, or due to the danger of fire from sparks.
(From Ref. Zh., Khim. 1962 Abstract 41540; Chemi-
cal Abstracts 57:4979, 1962)
3182 Tennessee Department of Public Health,
Industrial Hygiene Service: UNHEALTHFUL
WORKING CONDITIONS IN AUTOMOBILE REPAIR
GARAGES. Nashville, March, 1961, 7 pp.
Studies made in several repair garages of the
State have revealed numerous unhealthful condi-
tions and practices to the attention of garage
operators and indicate what means may be employed
to minimize or eliminate them. In addition to
hazards from CO, those from spray painting, with
particular emphasis on exposure to solvent vapors
and Pb are discussed. In body repair work the in-
halation of toxic metal fumes or dust represents
a real hazard. Caution must also be exercised in
handling TEL-containing gasoline. Adequate wash-
ing and toilet facilities should be provided for
the employees and their attention drawn to per-
sonal hygiene. Washing of hands should not be
done with gasoline or other similar solvents.
3183 Trevethick, R.A. (Sheffield Univ., Eng-
land) : THE HYGIENE LABORATORY AND ITS
WORK. Transactions of the Association of
Industrial Medical Officers 11:74-8
(July), 1961.
A report is given on a Hygiene Laboratory recent-
ly established in England. In order to illus-
trate the type of work performed by this institu-
tion, 3 different investigations are described
including a study on Pb exposure in the manufac-
ture of leaded steel. Ihe MAC value of 0.2 mg
Pb/m air for an 8-hr exposure, recommended by
the American Conference of Government Hygienists,
is used as a basis for calculating maximum con-
centrations for work of intermittent nature.
3184 Zemskov, I.F.: (PURIFICATION OF AIR FROM
THE VAPORS OF ORGANO-LEAD COMPOUNDS.)
Khim. i'rom. 1961:290-3.
Equipment and technique for the purification of
air containing 30-35 mg TEL vapors/m^ (at normal
temperature and pressure) is described. (From
Chemical Abstracts 55:18206, 1961)
3185 Zemskov, I.F., and Khalyavin, M.N.: (THE
PURIFICATION OF GAS-AIR MIXTURES FROM
TETRAETHYL LEAD VAPORS BY ACTIVATED CAR-
jJON.) Khim. Prom. 1961:135-7.
The degree of purification of the air containing
13 mg TEL/m , which was passed through activated
C, AR-3 bed, was 97-98%. The absorption capacity
of AR-3 was 125 mg. Repeated regeneration of
AR-3 by H20 and CgHfc dropped its activity after
3 cycles to 38 mg TEL/g. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 55:19356, 1961)
1962
3186 Anonymous: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR IN-
DOOR FIRING RANGES. Michigan's Occupa-
tional Health 7, No. 4:1-4 (Summer), 1962.
The environmental hazard of Pb dust resulting from
the use of firearms in indoor firing ranges is
discussed. For the efficient control of Pb dust,
a minimum ventilation rate of 50 cfm/ft^ of open
oross sectional area at the firing line is satis-
factory, with a minimum acceptable rate of 20 cfm.
All cleaning operations should be performed with
the ventilation system in operation. For clean-
ing and repairing the bullet trap, the use of a
respirator is recommended. Airborne Pb concen-
trations measured at a conventional firing range
were 0.19-0.63 mg/m-* when the ventilation was on,
and 1.18-3.77 mg/m when the ventilation was off.
in a private basement range with no ventilation
airborne Pb concentrations ranged from 0.64-1.12.
The MAC for Pb, based on an 8-hr working day, is
0.15 mg/m . A scheme illustrating the ventilation
recommended in designing indoor firing ranges is
included.
3187 Katsenovich, L.A. (Uzbek Sci. Res. Inst.
Sanit., Hyg. Occup. Dis., Tashkent, USSR):
Rol kozhnogo pokrova kak vosmozhnogo put!
proniknoveniya sernistogo svintsa v
organism. (THE ROLE OF THE SKIN AS A POS-
SIBLE ROUTE OF PENETRATION OF LEAD SULFATE
INTO THE BODY.) Gigiena Truda i Profes-
sional'nye Zabolevaniya 6:48-50 (May),
1962.
The author had observed that workers in Pb refining
plants had considerable deposits of Pb sulfate dust
on their skin, even though at breathing level the
concentrations were within MAC levels. For this
reason they undertook the analysis of the hand
washwater of workers (using 1% HC1 solution in
100 ml water); 979 samples were analyzed for vari-
ous processes from flotation, filtration, typo-
graphic and crushing operations. The average in-
dices of contamination ranged from 49.95 mg% for
filtration down to 2.64 for crushing operations.
Concentrations found at the end of the work day
and arrival at work were tabulated. The results
showed that the flotation, filtration and techni-
cal control operations gave rise to greatest con-
tamination of the skin.
3188 Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc.
(Washington, B.C.): CASE HISTORY No. 241.
CHEMICAL SPILL - UPPER HALF OF EMPLOYEE'S
BODY BURNED - TETRAETHYL LEAD EXPOSURE.
Case Histories of Accidents in the Chem-
ical Industry 1:58, 1962.
636
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
An operator had changed a still from secondary to
regular distillation which meant that pressure
would reduce from 2 psig to atmospheric. i'he op-
erator had noticed a small leak and was standing
on a step below a still manhole when a 6-in.in-
spection port cover which he was attempting to
tighten blew off allowing a mixture of steam, hot
water, TEL, and sludge to gush out onto him.
The manhole port cover had not been tightened
properly and therefore the company decided to re-
train employees in the proper method of tightening
manhole port covers.
3189 Noro, L., and Laamanen, A. (Inst. Ind.
Med., Helsinki, Finland): liber den Expo-
sitionsgrad einiger giftiger Stoffe in
der Industrie. (THE DEGREE OF EXPOSURE
TO CERTAIN TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY.)
Z. PrHventiv-Med. 7, No. 5:366-79, 1962.
Studies made in Finland between 1956 and 1962 have
shown that the degree of exposure to Pb in the
ceramic industry has greatly decreased. A dis-
tinct semiannual rhythmicity is obvious, with the
degree of exposure being higher in spring than in
autumn. (From Excerpta Medica, Sect. 17, 9:Abstr.
2263, 1963)
3190 Parigi, A., and Coscia, G. (Univ. Turin,
Italy): Aspetti della prevenzione del
saturnismo fra i limatori di piombo.
(PREVENTION OF LEAD INTOXICATION AMONG
LEAD-FILERS.) Rassegna di Medicina In-
dustriale 31:255-64 (May-June), 1962.
On the basis of their 9-yr experience in the medi-
cal department of a large automobile plant, the
authors describe in some detail the hazards en-
countered in workshops during the metal-spray
coating, filing and scarfing of Pb and Sn alloys.
The dusts generated ranged in size from 1-5 u,
with 65% in the 1-2 y range. In view of the con-
ditions encountered, they recommended a number of
preventive measures which included sanitary facil-
ities, forbidding smoking and eating in the work-
shops, personal hygiene and protection, continu-
ous control of atmospheric conditions, good house-
Beeping, medical supervision, and periodic rota-
tion of workers at greatest risk. They illus-
trate the results of the preventive program by
tabulating the subjective and objective symptoms
in a group of 75 workers before the measures were
instituted and in 70 workers over a period of 8
mo after these measures went into effect. Both
groups were between 20 and 28 yr old, who had
entered their jobs in good health. In the 1st
group, complaints of asthenia were voiced by 70%
vs by 32% of the 2nd group; diminished appetite
and gastrointestinal disorders were indicated by
from 28-86% vs 14-48%; nervousness by 10 vs 4%;
Pb gum line was seen in 21 vs 7%; decreased eryth-
rocytes in 61 vs 20%; basophilic stippling in 80
vs 33%; increased coproporphyrinuria in 70 vs 32%;
cases who had to be removed from exposure, 60 vs
19%.
3191 Savicevlc, M. , and Petrovic, L.: Profi-
laksa industrijskog saturnizma. (PREVEN-
iION OF INDUSTRIAL LEAD POISONING.)
Vojnosanitetski Pregled 19:531-5 (July-
Aug.), 1962.
The authors discuss the legal regulations related
to Pb poisoning, mention the contraindications for
work in contact with Pb, and stress the importance
of medical examination before employment as well
as that of periodic examinations. The measures of
technical and individual protection are outlined
and recommendations are set forth for the intro-
duction of concrete measures for the prevention of
contamination of the working environment by Pb.
Although prophylactic treatment with C32EDTA is
restricted to "epidemics" of poisoning, etc, and
will probably remain at this level, unless new
investigations prove the contrary, the authors
describe their attempt of such treatment. In
closing they stress health education of the Pb
exposed workers. (From authors' summary)
3192 Skonieczny, M.: Rurociagowy transport
ciekXego oiowiu. (THE PIPING OF MOLTEN
LEAD.) Wiadomos'ci elektrotechniczne 30,
No. 7:239, 1962.
The necessity of leak-free conduits for the pip-
ing of molten Pb is discussed and a diagram of
a system of this type used in a battery factory
is presented. (From Occupational Safety and
Health Abstracts 1:471, 1963)
3193 Taube, P.R.: (DECONTAMINATION OF TETRA-
£.THYL LEAD IN TRANSPORT CONTAINERS.) ^i-
giena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya 6, No.
8:53-5, 1962)
Decontamination of the residue of liquid benzene
and benzene vapors from the atmosphere of trans-
port containers was carried out in 2 stages: in
the 1st one the container was washed in a 0.2%
solution of Na bicarbonate and in a wetting agent
DB (0.0075%) for removing the benzene residue.
The concentration of TEL vapors in the atmosphere
decreased but still exceeded the permissible limit
for people working in this environment. In the
2nd phase, the container was rinsed with a 0.025%
solution of K permanganate heated to 45-60°.
(From Chemical Abstracts 57:15453, 1962)
1963
3194 American Industrial Hygiene Association,
HYGIENIC GUIDE SERIES. TETRAETHYLLEAD
(TEL). American Industrial Hygiene Asso-
ciation Journal 24:423-6 (July-Aug.),
,963.
Significant properties, hygienic standards, indus-
trial hygiene practice and specific procedures are
reviewed, i'he recommended MAC of TEL for 8-hr ex-
posure is given as 0.075 mg as Pb/m of air. This
recommendation is based on animal studies and hu-
man experience. Signs and symptoms of effects
from exposure to TEL are discussed. For exposure
of a few days' duration at infrequently repeated
intervals a maximum concentration of 0.15 mg as
Pb/m is permitted. The atmospheric concentration
immediately hazardous to life is not known. A
concentration of ^100 mg Pb/m^ of air for 1 hr is
capable of producing illness but is not necessar-
ily nor probably fatal. As a rough guide, urinary
Pb excretion >O.I1 mg/1 suggests that exposure is
above normal, at 0.15 mg/1 the person should be
moved to an area of less exposure and at 0.20 mg/1
the employee should be removed from all exposure.
Occupational Exposure
637
-------
3195 Anonymous: APPLICATION OF RED LEAD PAINT.
Michigan's Occupational Health 8:5-6
(Spring), 1963.
The Pb hazard in construction and highway work due
to Pb-based paint used on structural steel is
pointed out. On a routine highway bridge mainte-
nance job involving sand blasting of the painted
steel structures, the Pb content ranged from 6-116
mg/m in air samples and from 117-285 millions of
particles/ft of air in the dust. Protective de-
vices and education and medical supervision of the
workers are discussed, together with education of
the workers and encouragement of personal hygiene.
Work control procedures are suggested.
3196 Anonymous: LEAD'HAZARD INVESTIGATED.
Public Health Reports 78:375 (May), 1963.
When a 60-yr-old steel bridge, in Minnesota, coated
many times with Pb paint, was dismantled, the
structural members were cut into sections with an
acetylene torch. Four air samples collected at
the operator's breathing level contained 0.4-0.9
mg Pb/m^ and 4 other samples, obtained 2-3 ft
downwind from the point of cutting, 0.2-0.5 mg/m^.
Four men were occupied with cutting half time for
3 mo; one of them was hospitalized after the pro-
ject was completed.
3197 Barhad, B., and Caluski, G. (Inst. Hyg.
Health, Bucharest, Romania): Probleme der
Arbeitshygiene und Berufspathologie in den
Petroleumraffinerien. (PROBLEMS OF IN-
DUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
IN PETROLEUM REFINERIES.) Zeitschrift fUr
die Gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete
4:260-4 (Apr.), 1963.
The authors show that in Romania, as in all so-
cialist countries, non-toxic and safe working con-
ditions were created due to the care of the state
for the health of the working people, to the in-
troduction of new technical equipment, and to
mechanization, automation and the fact that pro-
duction in the petroleum industry takes place in
well-sealed machinery. Thus, the risk of any re-
appearance of professional diseases in this impor-
tant field of the national economy of Romania will
continue to diminish. To substantiate scientifi-
cally the complex measures covering the welfare of
the working people and the control of professional
diseases, the continuous reduction of morbidity
involving temporary disability, and the increase
of the ability to work, a number of research in-
stitutes in the field of industrial hygiene and
of occupational diseases were established. In the
laboratories where antiknock agents were tested,
the workers were protected against Pb poisoning
by wearing a mask and special rubber clothing.
The precautions taken against other hazards (gaso-
line, olefins, Hg, sulfur dioxide, furfurol, phe-
nols, cresols, chlorine, dermatitis) were out-
lined.
3198 Cerre, P., Mestre, E., and Courtault, J.:
(LEAD DECONTAMINATION.) Bull, d'Informa-
tion Sci. Tech. (Paris) No. 69:49-58
(Feb.) , 1963.
A study was made of the methods of absolute de-
contamination due to the large amounts of Pb pro-
tection used in nuclear industry. Decontamination
by sand blasting or by steam was replaced with a
decontamination of the Pb by fusion. Decontamina-
tion by chemical methods in the laboratory was
also studied. The two processes and the results
obtained are described. (From Nuclear Science
Abstracts 17:Abstr. No. 25486, 1963)
3199 Dodo, H. and Sagara, M. (Hiroshima Univ.
School of Med., Japan): (LEAD POISONING
BY THE USE OF ACETYLENE TORCH IN CUTTING
PAINTED STEEL IN SHIP DISMANTLING.) Jap-
anese Journal of Medical Progress 50:185-
90 (Mar.), 1963.
The health hazard caused by the use of an acety-
lene torch for cutting steel plates, coated heavi-
ly and repeatedly with Pb-containing paints, is
described. The heat generated by the torch liber-
ates Pb fumes which are then inhaled by the work-
ers. Since prolonged inhalation of these fumes
will cause Pb poisoning, preventive measures of
industrial hygiene should be established. (From
authors' English summary)
3200 Girczys, J.: (DETERMINATION OF BASIC
PROPERTIES OF LEAD DUSTS.) Rudy Metale
Niezelazne 8, No. 11:447-50, 1963.
Debye unit and sedimentation analysis of dusts
present in Pb factories are described. The re-
sults gave some indications as to the effect of
protective masks. (From Chemical Abstracts 61:
7596, 1964)
3201 Khil'tov, N.I., and Gzulya, F.I.: THE
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE UPPER
RESPIRATORY PASSAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL ANI-
MALS FOLLOWING ACTION BY NOXIOUS FACTORS
OF A LEAD PLANT. In Trudy XXXV Itogovoi
nauchnoi konferentsii. Alroa-Atinskii
meditsinskii institut. (Proceedings of
the 35th Scientific Conference. Alma-Ata
Medical Institute.) Alma-Ata, 385-90,
1963.
After a high incidence of disease of the upper
respiratory passages had been found in workers of
a Pb plant, the effect, of Pb dust on the upper
respiratory passages of animals under conditions
of the factory was studied. Inflammatory infil-
trates, necrosis and desquamation of the epithe-
lium, turgor of the blood vessels and edema of the
mucous membrane from the nasal cavity to the tra-
chea were noted. (From Referativnyi Zhurnal Otd.
Vypusk Farmakol. Toksikol. 1964, No. 13:54, 411;
Biological Abstracts 46:Abstr. No. 71112, 1965)
3202 Machata, G., and Stenzel, E. (Inst. Fo-
rensic Med., Univ. Vienna, Austria):
Luftuntersuchungen in bleiverarbeitenden
Betrieben. (STUDIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN
LEAD PROCESSING PLANTS.) Internationales
Archiv fUr Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbe-
hygiene 20:113-30 (May), 1963.
During the last 3 yr a greater number of Pb intox-
ications have been reported in Austria than in
previous years; however, the intoxications were
generally light. In order to propose effective
prophylactic measures, the hazard presented by the
atmospheric Pb concentration at various operations
in the various industries must be known. The
methods used to determine the Pb content in the
638
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
air are described. The following concentrations
(mg Pb/ar of air) for a daily exposure of 6-9 hr
were found: battery factories 0.14-3.1; plants
manufacturing Pb-containing products 0.043-0.31;
foundries, etc. u.11-0.63; dye factories (0.5-2
hr exposure) 0.15-10; enamel and glaze factories
0.17-3; plastics plants 0.40-1.06; type foundries
and printing plants 0.05-0.28. In some cases,
atmospheric Pb concentrations after installation
of an improved ventilatory system were also given.
3203 Mircev, M. (Health Dept., Bulgaria): Le
regime hygienique-sanitaire dans 1'Indus-
trie des accumulateurs en plomb. (HYGIEN-
IC AND SANITARY MEASURES IN THE LEAD STOR-
AGE BATTERY INDUSTRY.) In Union des So-
cietes de Sciences Medicales, Societe
d'Hygiene: Premier Congres National d'Hy-
giene et de Se'curitS du Travail. Rapports
et Resume's des Travaux (First National
Congress of Industrial Health. Abstracts
of Papers). Bucharest, 1963, p. 36.
A strict surveillance has been established in Bul-
garia in plants manufacturing Pb storage batter-
ies. All work places must be furnished with effi-
cient ventilation and the workers exposed to va-
pors and dust must wear masks. In all workshops
where there is contact with Pb, the floors must be
kept moist. Personal hygiene and good nutrition
for the workers are emphasized. By observing rig-
orous hygienic and sanitary measures, the inci-
dence of Pb poisoning has been markedly reduced in
the last years.
3204 Nul'man, F.S., and Petrosyants, S.M.
(Tashkent City San.-Epidemiol. Station,
USSR): Gigienicheskoe znachenie smyvov
s ruk i proizvodstvennogo oborudovaniya.
(HYGIENIC IMPORTANCE OF WASHINGS FROM
HANDS AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT.) Gigiena
i Sanitariya 28:74-6 (July), 1963.
In addition to routine monitoring of the air of
work places, the authors analyze the washings of
the workers' aands and of the equipment they at-
tend. The procedure used for the determination of
Pb and Hg contamination is described. The re-
mainder of the discussion is limited to controls
in a pharmaceutical industry, the evaluation of
detergents for removal of toxic substances and of
protective agents.
3205 Prodan, L., and Gabor, S. (Med.-Pharma-
ceut. Inst., Inst. Hyg. Pub. Health, Cluj,
Romania): Les principaux probfemes con-
cernant la prophylaxie des maladies pro-
fessionnelles et des accidents de travail.
(THE MAIN PROBLEMS IN THE PREVENTION OF
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES AND INDUSTRIAL
ACCIDENTS.) In Union des Societes de
Sciences Medicales, Societe d'Hygiene:
Premier Congres National d'Hygiene et de
Securite du Travail. Rapports et Resumes
des Travaux. (First National Congress of
Industrial Health. Abstracts of Papers.)
Bucharest, 1963, pp. 24-5.
In their introduction, the authors state that
thanks to varied and rich natural resources, the
chemical industry holds an important place in the
national industrial program. Large combines are
presently being built where the most modern tech-
nological processes will be incorporated. In the
past, the protection of workers in industries had
been greatly neglected; there were no medical
facilities in the plants, occupational diseases
were little known, and systematic research was
nonexistent. Such research was begun in 1949,
assisted by the work and rich experience of Soviet
scientists. Research in Romania has been oriented
toward the study of the complex problems of the
work environment and the study of the general oc-
cupational morbidity and industrial accidents. The
health hazards in the various industries, ie,
pesticides, plastics, petroleum products, etc,
including those with exposure to Pb and what is
being done about them, is discussed.
3206 Prodan, L., Galeriu, R., Pascou, L., Ilea,
E., Ciontea, G., Ceausu, V., and Erdei, D.
(Inst. for Pharmaceut. Med., Cluj, Ro-
mania) : Recherches comparatives concernant
les conditions de travail dans 1'Industrie
extractive du plomb au cours des annees
1950 - 1962). (COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE
WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE LEAD-EXTRACTING
INDUSTRY IN THE YEARS OF 1950 TO 1962.)
In Union des Societe's de Sciences Medi-
cales, Societe d'Hygiene: Premier Congres
National d'Hygiene et de Securite du
Travail. Rapports et Resumes des Travaux
(First National Congress of Industrial
Health. Abstracts of Papers). Bucharest,
1963, p. 24-D.
Working conditions in the Pb-uxtracting industry
have been greatly improved during the last 12 yr.
Compared with concentrations of Pb found in the
atmosphere in 1950, an average reduction of 92.46%
has been effected by 1962. In most places it is
close to the maximum permissible concentration of
Pb in air.
3207 Ruhf, R.C. (Bethlehem Steel Co., Johns-
town, Pa.): LEAD EXPOSURE CONTROL IN THE
PRODUCTION OF LEADED STEEL. American In-
dustrial Hygiene Association Journal 24:
63-7 (Jan.-Feb.), 1963.
An engineering control program aimed to minimize
the employee's exposure to atmospheric Pb during
the production of leaded steel is described.
Hoods constructed of 16 gauge steel are used for
exhaust ventilation of Pb fumes from open top- and
sunk head moulds. To determine the effectiveness
of the engineering control measures, a biochemical
testing program was established. All 178 workers,
who might be involved in any aspect of pouring Pb-
steel ingots submitted urine specimens for Pb
analysis. Mean urinary levels of Pb (mg/1) were
as follows for base levels; at 3 mo, 9 mo, and 15
mo of exposure with number of men shown in paren-
theses: (178) 0.036; (11) 0.035; (29) 0.050; (23)
0.045. The test results demonstrated that the
urine levels have remained fairly stable despite a
3.J fold increase in the production of steel.
3208 Syrkina, K.K. (Munic. San.-Epidemiol.
Station, Leningrad, USSR): Ob opasnosti
svintsovykh otravlenii rabochikh zanya-
tykh na rabotakh po modernizatsii starych
sudov. (THE HAZARDS OF LEAD POISONING IN
Occupational Exposure
639
-------
WORKERS ENGAGED IN REMODELING SHIPS.)
Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabole-
vaniya 7:50-1 (Feb.), 1963.
The operations and conditions of work in the re-
modeling of ships were examined. These involved
demolition, removal of old paint, etc. The type
of protection offered (respirators, etc) was also
noted. Paint removal, metal cutting and electri-
cal welding were accompanied by large amounts of
dust containing Pb. Of 88 samples, only 13
showed no Pb; 0.01-0.12 mg Pb/cm' of surface dust
was found. Hand washwater was also analyzed for
Pb; in some operations it ranged up to 0.008 mg/
cm^ skin. Recommendations are made for improve-
ment of working conditions.
1954
3209 American Petroleum Institute, Division of
Science and Technology: PETROLEUM SAFETY
DATA SHEET. New York, PSD 2202, Jan.
1964, 4 pp.
The data sheet outlines precautions for the pre-
vention of hazardous exposure of personnel to Pb
antiknock compounds while dismantling tanks that
have contained Pb gasoline, and for the disposal
of the steel. The 1st step, before dismantling
work begins, is to clean the tank in accordance
with recommended practices set forth in API Bulle-
tin 2016 "Cleaning Tanks Used for Gasoline or
Similar Low-Flash Products." The dismantling pro-
cedure, especially during cold-cutting or sand-
blasting operations, will dislodge accumulated
scale and rust; the resulting dust can be reduced
uy application of water spray or fog. Precautions
must be taken as leakage may have exposed the in-
side of the pontoons to Pb gasoline. iJuring chip-
ping and cold-cutting, all men within the tank
should wear toxic-dust respirators. Workmen
should wash hands and face before eating and
shower at the end of each working day. During
flame-cutting, each worker should wear a hose mask
through which fresh air is supplied; sandblasters
should wear sandblasters' helmets.
If the exterior of the tank has been primed or
painted with Pb-base paint, flame-cutting from out-
side the tank requires the wearing of an approved
toxic-metal-fumes respirator. If the steel is to
be sold for scrap or remelting, all interior sur-
faces should be sandblasted or wire-brushed to bare
metal. Plates and parts which have been in contact
with Pb gasoline must not be reused for the manu-
facture of containers for edible products for
either animal or human consumption. Any wood which
has been saturated by Pb gasoline should be dis-
posed of by burning but should not be burned in
stoves or fireplaces of structures for human habi-
tation.
3210 Borschke, H.: Arbeitsschutzmassnahmen in
Anlagen zur Beimischung von bleihaltigen
Antiklopfmitteln zu Vergasertreibstoffen.
(SAFETY MEASURES IN PLANTS FOR ADDING LEAD-
CONTAINING ANTIKNOCK COMPOUNDS TO GASO-
LINE.) In Die Amtstatigkeit der Ar-
beitsinspektorate im Jahre 1963. Vienna,
Austria, Zentral-Arbeitsinspektorat,
June, 1964, pp. 69-85.
Safety measures for workers in gasoline blending
plants and men engaged in the transport of anti-
knock compound or the cleaning of tanks and equip-
ment for blending are discussed. (From Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Abstracts 3, No. 7:397,
1965)
32H Castellino, N. (Univ. Naples, Italy):
Prevenzione del saturnismo nella fabbri-
cazione di accumulator! al piombo. (PRE-
VENTION OF LEAD POISONING IN THE MANUFAC-
TURE OF LEAD STORAGE BATTERIES. Folia
Medica 47:1398-412 (Dec.), 1964.
The high incidence of Pb poisoning seen in Italy
and other countries in storage battery plants is
due to continual risk of exposure in all phases of
work to Pb in the form of dust, fumes and vapors.
For an evaluation of the actual risks involved,
and of the efficiency of protective measures, the
author examined the conditions in a plant manufac-
turing an av of 12,000 batteries/mo and employing
^80 workers. Aside from analyzing the atmospheric
concentrations of Pb encountered in the various
operations which are described in some detail,
clinical and laboratory tests were performed on
the workers exposed to Pb. The first operation
described is that of fusing metallic and antimo-
nial Pb, then casting it in molds to make the
grates, with exhaust fans functioning, the atmo-
spheric concentration of Pb was 0.67 mg/m^ close
to the molds and 0.22 at 1-m distance; the corre-
sponding concentrations without exhaust were 0.83
and 0.54, respectively; and at a greater dis-
tance, 0.09-0.27 (av 0.13). Other operations were
accompanied by concentrations of Pb as high as 2.4
mg/m .
The mean concentrations of Pb found in the urine
of workers varied from 128-320 Mg/24 hr (with a
range up to 480), the highest being found in sol-
derers of plates, followed closely by workers
pouring the Pb "by hand" into molds. Coproporphy-
rins (CP)/24-hr urine were a mean of 102-184 ug,
ranging up to 250. The 2 operations mentioned
above were not adequately safeguarded, in fact
soldering was done without benefit of exhaust
fans. In the other 2 operations described, the
potential risk was quite high; however, the uri-
nary Pb and CP were only little higher than nor-
mal. No signs of Pb poisoning were seen in the
workmen. The findings most frequently encountered
involved the respiratory and gastroenteric system,
with a prevalence of gastroduodenitis and subjec-
tive signs of hepatic insufficiency. These were
defined by the author as ailments most often seen
in the working population and not attributable to
exposure to Pb.
The recommendations for controlling the hazards
included the lowering of the temperature at which
the metal was fused to prevent the liberation of
Pb vapors; the substitution of "hand" operations
by automated or semi-automated systems; adequate
exhausts; personal protection and hygiene (prohi-
bition of eating in the shops, washing hands, etc),
and periodic examinations.
3212 Chakraborty, M.K., Mukherji, R.N., Bose,
A.K., and Gopalakrishnan, W. (Central Min-
ing Research Station, Dhanbad, India): AN
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY IN A LEAD SMELT-
ING FACTORY. Indian Journal of Industrial
640
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Medicine 10:145-58 (Dec.), 1964.
The amounts of sulfur dioxide and Pb dust emitted
from a Pb smelting factory were investigated both
from an economic and health point of view. It was
found that on an av >75,000 ft3 of S02 and ^2000
Ib Pb as dust are thrown daily into the surround-
ing atmosphere. The particle size of the flue
dust is very small, practically all particles are
<1 vi. Within the factory, dust collected at 5
sites by MSA Midget Impinger gave Pb concentra-
tions of 5.65-11.29 mg/m3 air. The Pb content of
fume samples collected by electrostatic sampler
showed 18.71-119.6 mg/m3 air drawn. Pb exposure
of the factory workers was determined in 16 se-
lected subjects, 28-44 yr old and employed for
6-18 yr. Urinary Pb excretion was found to vary
from 0.04-0.85 mg/1, with only 4 values <0.08
(normal). The authors conclude that the dust,
fume and gas problem is one that requires immedi-
ate attention. It could be substantially improved
by recovery of the waste materials, and this will
automatically help solve the health problem.
3213 Dzhumabaev, A. (Kirghizian Inst. of Med.,
Frunze, USSR): Voprosy profilaktiki
pnevmokoniozov na svintsovykh rudnikakh
Kirgizii. (PROBLEMS OF THE PREVENTION OF
PNEUMOGONIOSIS AT LEAD MINES OF KIRGHIZIA.)
Gigiena 1 Sanitariya 29:33-7 (Feb.), 1964.
Dust control measures instituted in the past num-
uer of years in the Kirghizia mines included wet
drilling, wetting down of the rails and mounds of
ore before and during loading onto dump trucks.
The Pb ores, obtained from shaft and open-pit
mines are beneficiated by the flotation process,
requiring crushing and loading onto various con-
veyors and crushers before final loading into ball
mills, whereupon no further dust hazard exists.
For the evaluation of exposure to dusts, 5826 at-
mospheric samples collected at various places of
the 5 mines under investigation were analyzed and
the results are shown for the years 1955 through
1962. The free silica content of the dust ranged
from 22.2-40.6% with the exception of 1 mine,
which showed 4.5%. Particle size up to 5 y pre-
vailed in all. The dust content ranged from an
average of 1.3-30.6 mg/m3 air.
Investigation as to the frequency of silicosis
among the Pb miners revealed that almost all cases
(involving from 9.2% of the workers in 1954 down
to 0 in 1962) had occurred at the mine Ak-Tyuz,
operating since 1932. At the other mines that
started operation since 1950, only occasional
cases were encountered. It was obvious to the
author that the general tendency toward a decline
had begun before the survey was started. He con-
cludes that improved working conditions had re-
duced average dust concentrations to levels below
the maximum permissible, so that no more new cases
of pneumoconiosis were observed.
In order to investigate the biologic reactivity
of the dusts, white rats were injected intratrache-
ally (without anesthesia) with ore dust containing
4.5-50% quartz and from traces to 5% Pb sulfide.
The results confirmed the reactivity of the dusts
on lung tissue in proportion to the free silica
contained in them. At the concentrations present,
Pb sulfide had no effect on the development of
pneumoconiosis. (A footnote by the editor of the
journal states that the data reported do not per-
mit the assumption that concentrations of Pb sul-
fide of this magnitude are innocuous to the organ-
ism.)
3214 Jacobson, M. , Cooper, A.R. , and Nagy, J.
(Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.): EX-
PLOSIBILITY OF METAL POWDERS. U.S. Bureau
of Mines Report of Investigations 6516,
1964, 25 pp.
The ignition temperature of a relatively coarse
dust of Pb as dust cloud or dust layer is 710 and
270°C, respectively; the index of explosibility is
3215 Kairakbaev, M.K., Akhmedshin, A.N., Pakho-
tina, N.S., and Soklakov, A.F. (Acad. of
Sciences, Kazakh SSR) : Opyt likvidatsii
zabolevaemosti svintsovoi intoksikatsiei
na Ust-Kamenogorskom-svintsovotsinkovom
kombinate. (THE CONTROL OF LEAD POISONING
AT THE UST-KAMENOGORSK LEAD-ZINC MINES.)
Gigiena Truda i Prof essional 'nye Zabole-
vaniya 8, No. 9:11-13, 1964.
In the first years of operation, a high incidence
of Pb poisoning occurred in the agglomeration,
smelting and refining of Pb , which are among the
operations at the Ust-Kamenogorsk mines, indi-
cating ineffective controls. The greatest number
of cases occurred in the first 2 processes men-
tioned above in 1953 (from ^50-71% of the workers
showing some occupational illness) . With system-
atic improvements in control measures, there was
marked and continuing decrease in illness. Taking
1953 figures as 100%, by 1960 incidence fell to
2.3% and by 1961, to 0.5%; however, in 1962 there
was some increase, to 1.2%. In 1953 a permanent
commission was organized to institute an engineer-
ing and hygienic prograa which included education
of workers, removal from work of those showing
illness. For personnel protection, a special res-
pirator was introduced which retains 93.4-97.6% of
the Pb aerosols.
3216 Lee, W.R. (Univ. Manchester, England):
ROBERT BAKER - THE FIRST DOCTOR IN THE
FACTORY DEPARTMENT. I. 1803-1858; II. 1858
ONWARDS. British Journal of Industrial
Medicine 21:85-93 (Apr.); 167-79 (July),
1964.
"'We have to announce the death of Mr. Robert Ba-
ker, C.B. , formerly one of the chief inspectors
of factories, in his 77th year. Mr. Baker began
life as a member of the medical profession, and
devoted great attention to the condition of fac-
tory operatives. In 1834 he was appointed sub-
inspector of factories under the Factory Act and
in 1858 was made one of the chief inspectors. On
his retirement he was created C.B. of the Civil
Division.' (The Times, February 10, 1880)
"The story of Robert Baker's work in the Factory
Department starts at a time when the 'health of
the worker' referred to the possibility of out-
breaks of infectious disease and to the prolonged
employment of children. As the story progresses,
early attempts to control the hazards of indus-
trial disease are seen, and the questions of the
duties of the doctor in industry and of the or-
ganization of the medical supervision of small
Occupational Exposure
641
-------
workplaces receive attention. From the successes
and failures of a doctor, well placed to view
these ever-present problems, we may be guided in
our current attempts to deal with them."
In Part II, the events leading to the Factories
Act of 1878, which was the first to appear in the
form recognized currently, are reviewed. In that
year, Baker reached the age of 75 and resigned
from his position as 1 of the 2 Factory Inspec-
tors (held from 1858;, after he had earlier com-
pleted 25 yr of service in the Factory Department.
His area covered the N-W of England, the midlands,
and the W country together with the whole of Wales
and Northern Ireland and at the time of his re-
tirement contained 23,346 factories and workshops.
In this position he supervised the enforcement of
factory legislation and recommended changes in
legislation. During this time he had worked in
bringing various trades under regulations in re-
gard to disease and hygiene (cotton mills, silk
mills, pottery manufacture, and percussion cap
making). He tried to effect measures to prevent
harmful effects of dusts (proper ventilation,
respirators), but had a defeatist air about this.
Pb poisoning was also a big industrial hazard of
the period and Baker criticized the Factory Acts
Extension Act of 1864 from the standpoint of
housekeeping, cleanliness, and proper work
clothes. He suggested that workers should wash
properly before meals and before going home, that
meal-time regulations in the factories should be
applied to all workers (men, women, and children),
and that disciplinary regulations for work-cloth-
ing should be instituted. Although Baker had at
first seen the problems clearly, as the years went
by he became confused and seemed to put hygienic
preventive measures second to dietary treatment of
the worker.
Among his other contributions were: advice that
certifying surgeons visit factories regularly once
a month; rigid medical supervision of all facto-
ries where children and young people were em-
ployed; changing type of employment temporarily
when injurious effects were noted.
Many of Baker's ideas in industrial medicine
were well in advance of his time but, probably be-
cause he was too preoccupied with the problems of
the past, the control of infectious disease, and
the protection of children, he failed to get his
ideas implemented. However, Baker's work was
recognized and appreciated by those he sought to
help. (166 references)
3217 Mogilevskaya, S.E., Verevkin, N.I., Tunin,
Ya.P., and Andrievich, V.V.: (MINERALOG-
ICAL COMPOSITION OF DUSTS AS THE CAUSE OF
PNEUMOCONIOSIS.) Bor'ba s Sillkozom,
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sb. State! 6:184-90,
1964.
The composition of dust deposited on the mine
walls showed that during the drilling and blasting
of ore and rocks all products of decomposition are
deposited as dust containing large amounts of the
fraction <10 u, the most dangerous fraction of
the source of pneumoconiosis. By a study of the
type of dust present in surrounding rock, it is
therefore possible to evaluate the degree of the
dust toxicity even before mining. In ore and rock
dust of the Temir-Tausk deposit Zn, Pb, As, and
other elements are present. They can aggravate
the toxic effect of quartz. The strict suppres-
sion of dust formation in all mine works is neces-
sary to prevent pneumoconiosis. (From Chemical
Abstracts 62:9679, 1965)
3218 Pakhotina, N.S., and Gemke, G.R. (Natl.
Inst. of Pathol., Acad. of Sciences, Ust-
Kamenogorsk, Kazakh SSR): Gigienicheskaya
otsenka uslovii truda i sostoyanie zdor-
ov'ya sotrudnikov spektral'noi labora-
torii. (HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF WORKING
AND HEALTH CONDITIONS OF PERSONNEL OF A
SPE GIRO GRAPHIC LABORATORY.) Gigiena
Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya
8:50-1 (Feb.), 1964.
Complaints by personnel of the spectrographic lab-
oratory of the Scientific Institute of Non-Ferrous
Metals led in 1959 to an investigation of the hy-
gienic conditions. The atmospheric survey of the
premises included analyses of samples for Pb, As,
Zn, Hg, and Se by chemical methods as well as
spectrographic, and for other metallic components
only by spectrography. In spite of certain pro-
visions for ventilation, high contamination was
found in the breathing zone of the workers par-
ticularly during the grinding of the metals. The
men did not use respirators or other means of per-
sonal protection. The principal offenders were
Pb, As and Hg. The concentrations encountered in
the air samples collected at the spectrographic
apparatus while no analyses were being done ranged
as follows: Pb, 0.02-0.15 mg/m3; As, 0.03-0.13;
Hg was not determined. The values for the respec-
tive metals at the same site while analyses were
run ranged from 0.18 and higher; 0.10-0.33; Hg,
0.05-0.10. At tables while samples were being
ground, 0.11 and higher; 0.62-1.09; 0.04-0.08. In
the laboratory rooms while analyses were run,
0.09-0.17; 0.04-0.28; and 0.04-0.06 mg/m3, respec-
tively.
All personnel, 32 men, of whom 20 complained of
headaches, were subjected to medical examination.
A number of them exhibited tremors, several had
dermatitis. In 75% somewhat lower red cell counts
were observed, and in 50% the Hb levels were 70-
79% of normal and less. Other abnormalities in
the blood picture included decreases in the number
of leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils,
and thrombocytes. The following safety measures
were instituted: increased ventilation, tight
hoods over the spectrographs and sites where sam-
ples were prepared for analysis, enforced wearing
of respirators and rubber gloves. Two shifts were
established so that the number of spectrographs
used was reduced and personnel were instructed as
to hazards. These measures effected considerable
improvement in working conditions.
3219 Pakistan, West, Labour Dept. (Lahore):
THE WEST PAKISTAN HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS
(LEAD) RULES, 1963. Gazette of West Pak-
istan (Lahore) Sept. 4, 1964, pp. 2835-9.
The rules contain the following provisions: Dec-
laration of an operation as hazardous; sampling;
prohibition of employment of women, adolescents
and children; medical certification and examina-
tion; exhaust ventilation; floor and work benches;
washing facilities; protective clothing; special
642
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
provisions for white Pb; duties of employees. A
model certificate of medical fitness is repro-
duced. (From Occupational Safety and Health Ab-
stracts 3, No. 9:490, 1965)
3220 Pigulevskaya, M.L. (Acad. Sci., Kazakh
SSR) : Nekotorye voprosy gigieny truda pri
dobyche svintsovo-baritovykh i svintsovo-
tsinkovykh rud. (INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE IN
MINING LEAD-BARITE AND LEAD-ZINC ORES.)
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR,
Seriya Meditsiny Nauk 1964, No. 3:50-3,
This study is limited to the determination of the
degree of dustiness and free silica exposure of
workers and the occurrence of pneumoconiosis in
the mining of Pb-barite and Pb-Zn ores. The pres-
ence of Pb is mentioned as 1 of the constituents,
uut concentrations were not determined.
3221 Steel, J. (Univ. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
England): HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE WELDING
AND CUTTING OF PAINT-PRIMED STEEL. Annals
of Occupational Hygiene 7:247-^2 (Sept.),
1964.
A wide range of anticorrosive primers has been de-
veloped to prevent the deterioration of ferrous
metal surfaces during fabrication processes. The
welding of primed prefabricated parts into their
proper position, such as is done in shipbuilding
and other structural work, gives rise to toxic
hazards due to the thermal decomposition of the
paint film. The oxidation products of the metals
or metallic salts that form the primer pigment may
vary in toxicity ranging from the relatively non-
toxic Fe and Ti oxides to the highly dangerous
oxides of Cd, C'r and Pb. Aside from these haz-
ards, the hydrocarbons and resins give rise to
other toxic decomposition products among which are
Co, N oxides, phosgene, cyanides and diisocya-
nates.
The occupational hygiene services at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, Slough, and Manchester have recently
developed standard toxicity tests for primers,
i/ith laboratory cutting and welding processes ar-
ranged to simulate those found in the field. When
the results indicate that the toxic decomposition
products do not exceed their maximum permissible
levels, the primer is stated to be suitable for
flame cutting or welding under "open shop" condi-
tions and for welding under enclosed conditions
provided ventilation complies with the standards
for good welding practice. The method used for
these tests and the results obtained, using a Zn
oxide primer, are described.
scratches of various sorts after use of these
means. The Pb content in the wash water (102-116
samples) of workers engaged in various jobs was
analyzed before work, before meal break, and after
work. The respective average concentrations found
after use of hot water and soap, or soap with soda
were, inmg: typesetters, 0.35 (0.01-2.10), 0.9
(0.01-6.4), 0.6 (0.20-1.33); printers, 0.40 (0.01-
0.90), 0.5 (0.01-0.8), 0.4 (0.30-0.90); linotyp-
ists, 0.20 (0.001-0.40), 0.6 (0.30-1.4), 0.4
(0.10-0.50); stereotypists, 0.50 (0.40-0.94),
0.6 (0.30-0.90), 0.6 (0.27-1.40). As these
values showed insufficient cleansing, a paste
to be applied to the skin before washing with
cold water was formulated by the authors. It
consists of "OP-7" 1000 g, paraffin 160 g, 3%
solution Na hydroxide 800 g, glycerin 240 ml.
Analysis of 122 samples of wash water after its
use before work and after work gave the follow-
ing average Pb content in mg: typesetters,
0.010 (0.007-0.070), 0.02 (0.001-0.08); printers,
0.007 (0.004-0.014), 0.01 (0.005-0.02); lino-
typists, 0.006 (0.005-0.024),0.01 (0.001-0.70);
stereotypists, 0.020 (0.010-0.040), 0.001
(0.009-0.06). This paste is stated to promote
softness of skin, maintain its elasticity, and
to have slight bacteriostatic property.
3222 Vengerskaya, Kh. Ya., Salikhobzhaev, S.S.,
Nazyrov, G.N., and Polykovskaya, M.L.
(Uzbek Inst. of Sanit., Hyg., and Occup.
Diseases, Tashkent, USSR): Otmyvochnaya
pasta dlya rabotayushchikh v poligraf-
icheskoi promyshlennosti. (CLEANSING
CREAM FOR WORKERS IN THE PRINTING TRADE.)
Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabole-
vaniya 8:47-9 (Aug.), 1964.
Since the usual hand-washing procedure does not
remove the printers' grime from the skin, workers
in the printing trade use soda, sand, and other
mechanical means for cleansing. Dermatologic ex-
amination had shown roughening, abrasions and
Occupational Exposure
643
-------
-------
VI. ATMOSPHERIC SURVEYS: POLLUTION AND EFFECTS
A. AIR
1950
3223 Brown, R. (Zurich, Switzerland): Blei-
benzin und Bestiiranung von BleitetraHthyl.
(LEAD-CONTAINING GASOLINE AND DETERMINA-
TION OF TETRAETHYLLEAD.) Mitteilungen aus
dem Gebiete der Lebensmitteluntersuchung
und Hygiene 41:94-7, 1950.
At a symposium the technical factors of internal
combustion were briefly described and the state-
ment made that the present engines can be generat-
ed virtually only with relatively high antiknock
leaded gasoline. It was calculated on the basis
of an annual gasoline consumption of 220,000 tons
(1948) in Switzerland that a mixture of 76 tons of
pure Pb or 135 tons of Pb bromide is used. A
brief description of the determination of Pb in
gasoline and the chemical composition of the ex-
haust gases is presented. In conclusion it was
stated that the TEL gasoline problem can be solved
in Switzerland, by addition of 15-20 vol % ethyl
alcohol. All that is needed is cooperation of the
gasoline industry.
3224 Cholak, J., Schafer, L.J., and Hoffer,
R.F. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): COLLECTION
AND ANALYSIS OF SOLIDS IN URBAN ATMO-
SPHERES. Archives of Industrial Hygiene
and Occupational Medicine 2:443-53 (Oct.),
1950.
Daily, diurnal, and seasonal variation in the at-
mospheric dust of a number of stations were
studied from samples collected in Cincinnati with
a small portable electrostatic precipitator. Nine
constituents were determined; for Pb results in
yg/m air, averaged over a 3-yr period, were:
control areas, 0.001; residential and semi-resi-
dential areas, 0.002; business and industrial
areas, 0.0037. For the different seasons, Pb val-
ues were: cold months, 0.0038; cool months,
0.0043; warm months, 0.0027; over-all average,
0.0037.
3225 HBgger, D. (Zurich, Switzerland): Die
hygienische Bedeutung der Einfilhrung des
Bleibenzins. (HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE INTRODUCTION OF LEAD-CONTAINING GASO-
LINE.) Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der
Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Hygiene 41:
90-4, 1950.
The author reviews the history of the introduction
of TEL antiknock and its attendant health hazards
to the personnel manufacturing and handling the
fluid in the early 20's in the US, followed by
experiences in Britain when this antiknock agent
was introduced there in 1944. The decision in
1947 of the Swiss Government to use the TEL anti-
knock agent in gasoline has led to the creation of
a Commission to study the effects of Pb-containing
gasoline on the population, garage mechanics, and
others exposed to auto exhausts containing Pb.
The conclusions of the author are that there is no
need for excessive apprehension; however, the pub-
lic and the auto industry personnel should be
alerted as to any precautions that need to be tak-
en.
3226 Roemmele, 0. (State Vet. Res. Inst.,
Braunschweig, Germany): Das Problem der
Bleivergiftung bei Mensch und Tier. (THE
PROBLEM OF LEAD POISONING IN MAN AND ANI-
MALS.) Tiera'rztliche Umschau 5, No. 7/8:
109-14, 1950.
Pb poisoning occurs in animals in the neighbor-
hood of Pb foundries and other industries which
emit Pb fumes or dust. The most contaminated
places are located in the Harz, Westphalia, the
Rhineland and WUrttemberg. Contamination of air
and of water by Pb dust or Pb wastes as well as
flooding of fields by such contaminated water can
also produce poisoning; finally also Pb water
pipes. The physiologic and toxicologic question,
the symptomatology, diagnosis and therapy of Pb
poisoning in animals are discussed and measures
for the control of these hazards are recommended.
They consist primarily in the removal and decon-
tamination of Pb-containing industrial dusts, in
the avoidance of feeding Pb-contaminated plants,
thorough cleansing of contaminated feeds, in the
shielding of chicken houses against fly ash and
in the education of the farmers in the affected
areas. Many questions are still not clarified
and need further study by means of animal experi-
mentation. (From Zentralblatt fur Arbeitsmedizin
und Arbeitsschutz 1:93 (Abstracts), 1951)
1951
3227 Anonymous: AIR POLLUTION - FLORIDA.
Industrial Hygiene Newsletter 11:24
(Feb.), 1951.
A troublesome problem in atmospheric pollution was
presented by the operation of a small Pb smelter.
Discarded storage battery plates were being re-
duced to metallic Pb with a .small content of Sb •
The dense fumes given off in the process created
a serious nuisance in a nearby housing develop-
ment, as shown by the fact that the Pb concentra-
tion in the smoke at a distance of 1,000 ft down-
wind was in excess of the MAC permitted in indus-
trial operations. Executives of the company made
some changes in the process when the hazard was
645
-------
drawn to their attention, but the nuisance per-
sisted. The residents of the community obtained
an injunction, halting the operation of the
smelter until the nuisance could be corrected.
3228 Ely, S.B. (Dept. Public Health. Pitts-
burgh, Pa.): AIR POLLUTION IN PITTSBURGH,
A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and
Occupational Medicine 3:44-7 (Jan.), 1951.
A study was made of the mineral matter in dust in
8 areas of Pittsburgh. The average content of Pb
monoxide for all districts in 1949 was 0.05% and
for 1948 it was 0.005%.
3229 Lamb, F.W., and Niebylski, L.M. (Ethyl
Corp., Detroit, Mich.): FORMATION OF EN-
GINE-DEPOSIT COMPOUNDS BY SOLID-STATE RE-
ACTIONS. X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY. Analy-
tical Chemistry 23:1388-97 (Oct.), 1951.
In making an X-ray diffraction study of the inor-
ganic Pb compounds occurring in engine deposits,
the importance of their formation by solid-state
reactions was recognized. In a study of numerous
solid-state addition and replacement reactions be-
tween inorganic Pb salts, it was learned that all
the compounds commonly found may be produced as
a result of addition reactions which take place
in the solid state between various Pb salts and
Pb monoxide when mixtures of these are heated at
temperatures well below their melting points. The
resulting or surviving products of the solid-
state reactions are determined only by the temper-
ature and by the mole ratio of the Pb monoxide
to the normal Pb salts. Examples are given of in-
creased reactivity due to the ability of metasta-
ble yellow Pb monoxide to form a reactive red Pb
monoxide when heated in the presence of a 2nd com-
pound with which Pb monoxide will readily form an
addition product. This property is believed to
be important in the mechanism of ttie solid-state
reactions studied, and its possible relation to
engine combustion phenomena is suggested. Inter-
planar spacing values are given for the major re-
flections of inorganic Pb compounds commonly oc-
curring in engine deposits: PbO.PbBr2 (2 forms),
PbO.PbCl2, PbO.-PbCl.Br (2 forms), 2PbO.PbBr2,
2PbO.PbCl2, 2PbO.PbCl.Br, PbO.PbSO^ and 4PbO.
PbS04- (From authors' abstract)
1952
3230 Bainbridge, R. (Consolidated Mining f.nd
Smelting Co. of Canada, Trail, B.C.):
LEAD BLAST FURNACE GAS HANDLING AND DUST
COLLECTION. Journal of Metals 4, Trans-
actions Aime 1302-6 (Dec.), 1952.
Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada has
operated a Pb smelter at Trail, B.C. This company
commenced planning a program of smelter revision
and modernization some years ago. The 1st stage
of this program involved design and construction
of a new blast-furnace gas-cleaning system. The
essential problem was to clean and collect 100
tons of dust/day from 153,000 cfm (12,225 Ib/min)
of Pb blast furnace gas varying in temperature
from 350-1100°F. It was desired to collect the
dust dry; therefore either a baghouse or a Cottrell
cleaning plant was to be selected. The equipment,
design of facilities, and preliminary operating
details of the baghouse system (chosen because of
limitation of space) are described.
3231 Cholak, J. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): THE
NATURE OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN A NUM-
BER OF INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. Proceed-
ings of the Second National Air Pollution
Symposium, 1952, pp. 6-15.
The purpose of the report was to describe the
nature of air pollution in Cincinnati, and to
compare Cincinnati data with findings obtained
during the course of shorter studies in other com-
munities, as well as with observations reported in
the literature. Pollutants discussed were: CO,
C02, N oxides, aldehydes, S02, chlorides, ammonia
and its salts, F, and particulate matter.
The average composition of suspended matter in
the Cincinnati atmosphere showed Pb ranging from
<0.1-11.5 Mg/m air in 724 samples, mean for all
areas sampled being 2.7 and the rural area mean,
1.2. Quantities of the 22 individual components
tended to vary with the increasing activity of an
area. For Pb, increase in quantities occurred
proceeding from rural through industrial areas,
with density of traffic also affecting quantities.
Yearly Pb variations for various sections in Cin-
cinnati (rural, residential, industrial and com-
mercial, all areas, respectively) in pg/m air
were: 1946-47: 0.8, 2.3, 4.1, 3.0; 1947-48: 0.95,
1.6, 3.4, 2.7; 1948-49: 1.3, 1.7, 3.6, 2.7; 1949-
50: 1.3, 1.7, 3.5, 2.5; 1950-51: 1.2, 2.5, 3.0,
2.6; 5-yr av: 1.1, 1.94, 3.5, 2.7. The drop in
average Pb concentration in the atmosphere in
1947-48 was due to a city code requiring the use
of low volatile coal in hand-fired units, in-
creased use of gas and oil for industrial pur-
poses, and installations controlling fly-ash emis-
sions. From then on the average remained station-
ary. In comparing communities the following fig-
ures for atmospheric Pb in Mg/m air were given:
Cincinnati, 2.7; Baltimore, 1.0; Charleston, 0.6;
Donora, 4.5; Los Angeles, 0.8-6.0. (16 refer-
ences)
3232 Cholak, J., Schafer, L.J., and Hoffer,
R.F. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): RESULTS OF
A FIVE-YEAR INVESTIGATION OF AIR POLLUTION
IN CINCINNATI. A.M.A. Archives of Indus-
trial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine
6:314-25 (Oct.), 1952.
This report concerns the nature and quantities of
some of the commoner materials which were found
in the atmosphere in Cincinnati from Nov 1946-
Nov 1951 covering 12-18 fixed stations. Deter-
mined were: settled dust, suspended matter, S
compounds, halides, CO, C02, aldehydes, nitrates,
and odors. Twelve pollutants, including Pb
(<0.01-1.7%, av 0.122%), were analyzed quantita-
tively in ^300 samples of settled dust. (See also
preceding abstract)
3233 McCabe, L.C. (US Bur. Mines, Washington,
D.C.): ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry 44:113A-4A, 116A
(Jan.), 1952.
The concentration of Pb in the Los Angeles atmos-
phere, based on area sampling, was calculated to
be ^0.0065 mg/m3 (TLV =0.15 mg/m3). From indus-
trial sources this probably occurs as Pb oxide and
646
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
from automotive exhausts as Pb chloride or bro-
mide. The role of Pb fumes as possible smog-
forming contaminants in Los Angeles air is still
a matter of conjecture. Nevertheless, a concen-
trated effort is being made by nonferrous indus-
trial concerns to reduce Pb emissions in order to
protect employees and improve air hygiene. These
reductions are aimed at Pb reclaiming operations,
Pb alloys, and Pb in furnace fumes (ie, stack
effluents, recovery equipment).
3234 Ryazanov, V.A. (F.F. Erisman San. Inst.,
Ministry of Health, Moscow): BASIC PRIN-
CIPLES OF HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF AT-
MOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANTS. In Ryazanov,
V.A., ed.: Limits of Allowable Concentra-
tions of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 1,
Moskow, Medgiz, 1952, translated by B.S.
Levine, Washington, US Department of Com-
merce, Office of Technical Services, 1959,
pp. 6-21.
The principles of the Committee for the Determina-
tion of Allowable Concentrations are discussed.
The headquarters of this Committee are at the
F.F. Erisman State Sanitary Institute. In this
report, norms for 10 pollutants and their substan-
tiation are given. Additional material will be
published by the Committee as results of further
investigations accumulate. The author admits
that the limits are not based on irrefutable evi-
dence; indeed, they are also based on some arbi-
trary assumptions and values. The norms present-
ed here should be evaluated as collective opinions
of groups of specialists who, in the light of
existing knowledge, agreed that certain concen-
trations could be adopted as limits of allowable
concentrations; they will be subjected to reexam-
ination, refinement, correction and revision as
more scientific and basic evidence accumulates.
Emphasis is laid on the study of the higher ner-
vous activity, on which practically no data were
available at the time of preparation of the re-
port. The 10 substances for which MAC's were
proposed include Pb: for single exposure, not
determined; daily average, 0.0007 rag/ia3. A note
specifies that the norm for Pb does not apply to
TEL; this will be specified later. Requirements
for the calculation of levels of exposure, dis-
charges from source, collection and determination
procedures are outlined.
3235 Ryazanov, V.A., Alekseeva, M.V., and
Senderikhina, D.Ya.: METHODS FOR THE
COLLECTION AND STUDY OF AIR SAMPLES IN THE
'CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERE CLEANLINESS IN IN-
HABITED LOCALITIES. In Ryazanov, V.A.,
ed.: Limits of Allowable Concentrations
,-of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 1, Moscow,
Medgiz, 1952, translated by B.S. Levine.
Washington, US Department of Commerce,
Office of Technical Services, 1959, pp.
89-125.
The determination of Pb in air is included (pp
120-1). The colorimetric method used, which is
based on a reaction with K chromate, has a sensi-
tivity of 0.001 mg/ml. The limit of allowable con-
centration of Pb in atmospheric air is given as
.0.28 yg/m3.
3236 Tomson, N.M.: LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF LEAD IN THE AIR OF RESIDENTIAL
REGIONS. In Ryazanov, V.A., ed.: Limits
of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Book 1, Moscow, Medgiz, 1952,
translated by B.S. Levine. Washington,
US Department of Commerce, Office of Tech-
nical Services, 1959, pp. 65-73.
The occurrence of Pb in nature, including the ani-
mal organism is briefly reviewed on the basis of
the Russian literature. Pollution of air by vari-
ous processes is discussed. Examples: in the
smelting of silver, the air becomes polluted with
dust which may contain 25-45% Pb. In the Dwight-
Lloyd process of calcining Pb ore, the air in
close proximity may contain 273-1799 mg/nr' dust
with 109-245 mg/m3 Pb. It was estimated that 25
tons of Pb are discharged annually by 1 calcining
oven. The slag contains 0.8-1% Pb; it should not
be used in street and road improvement. The effi-
ciency of S-filters for the control of Pb-contain-
ing dust was found to be 94-96%. The quantity of
dust falling out of the air near a nonferrous
metallurgical plant was found to be (in mg/m-Vday):
at 100 m, 2602; at 300 m, 2141; at 500 m, 1355;
Pb content, in %: 6.7, 0.4, 1.4, respectively.
Dust washed off window panes contained Pb in mg/m3
on the outside of the building: at 300 m, 8.0;
at 800 m, 2.3; at 1,000 m, 0.3; on the inside:
0.5, 0.5 and 1.5 mg/m3, respectively. By the
aspiration method, the air over the factory grounds
contained_0.05 mg/m3 Pb; at 300 m from factory,
0.02 mg/m3. Fly ash from coal combustion contains
0.015-0.01% Pb and is a constant source of pollu-
tion. A distinction is made of the hazards of Pb
exposure as to ingestion vs inhalation. The lat-
ter is more harmful since Pb bypasses the liver
and enters the blood stream in a more direct man-
ner. Kantaron found Pb by inhalation to be 10 to
100 times as toxic as Pb is by ingestion. The
significance of the physico-chemical state of Pb
and particle size and health hazard are discussed.
Experiments with rats kept for 5 mo at 300 m dis-
tance from the point of discharge of a nonferrous
metallurgical plant, atmospheric Pb 0.02 mg/m3,
proved that the continued inhalation of this con-
centration led to an accumulation of Pb in the
organs, which can produce chronic poisoning. Ac-
cumulation of Pb in leaves and soil near the fac-
tory was also demonstrated. On the basis of
Kehoe's observations the daily ingestion of 0.15-
0.20 mg Pb causes no harm; since, however, inhaled
Pb is 10-100 times as toxic, the safe daily intake
via respiration should be 0.0015-0.0020 mg. On
the basis of a daily air ventilation of 15 m3, the
air breathed in should not contain more than
0.00010-0.0013 mg/m3. The author proposes the
average of the 2 values, 0.7 yg/m as the maximum
allowable concentration in air in residential re-
gions. This is ^14 times lower then that for work-
rooms, which is 10 yg/m3. The low MAC of 0.7 yg/m3
is justified on the basis that if 1.23 mg% is taken
as the average Pb content of clean soil, an atmos-
spheric dust concentration of 0.2 mg/m will con-
tain 0.0025 yg/m3 Pb, and one of 2 mg/m3, 0.025
yg/m3; thus, the proposed MAC exceeds the Pb con-
centration of clean air at least 28 times.
3237
West Virginia Department of Health, Bu-
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
647
-------
reau of Industrial Hygiene, and Kettering
Laboratory, College of Medicine, Univer-
sity of Cincinnati: ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
IN THE GREAT KANAWHA RIVER VALLEY INDUS-
TRIAL AREA. FEBRUARY 1950-AUGUST 1951.
Report prepared with consultation and as-
sistance by the U.S. Fublic Health Ser-
vice, Division of Occupational Health,
1952, 168 pp.
The purpose of this study was to (1) establish
factual information as to the air pollution prob-
lem of the Valley, (2) compare the present parti-
cle-fall load to that of a previous survey made by
the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene from June 1945-
December 1947, and (3) determine the present or
future needs of establishing an aggressive air
pollution control program for the area. It was
not the intent to study the effect on health of
the air pollutants in the Valley nor to determine
the specific control measures that might be needed.
The work is divided into 5 chapters: (1) General
information, scope of survey, methods of survey,
and factors limiting survey; (2) presentation and
interpretation of pollution data collected by the
Bureau of Industrial Hygiene of airborne contami-
aants other than that measured by particle-fall
methods, also an account of some noticeable ad-
verse effects due to air pollution in 1950-51;
(3) particle-fall study by the Bureau of Indus-
trial Hygiene including comparison of data ob-
tained with previous soot-fall study by the Bu-
reau; (4) presentation and interpretation of at-
mospheric pollution data of studies by the Ketter-
ing Laboratory using mobile sampling unit with a
summary of results obtained (report prepared by
J. oholak and L.B. Roberts); (5) emissions to the
atmosphere (exclusive of the area from Cabin Creek
to Glen Ferris).
A table giving concentrations of 18 elements
(collected with high volume filter samplers) in
the atmosphere as found in particulate matter at
9 locations in the Great Kanawha River Valley in-
dustrial area listed Pb as ranging from 0.01-0.65
yg/rn^ air. The 8 stations and their results were:
Chelyan, 0.18; Station Belle, 0.01; Kanawha City,
0.12; Charleston, 0.65; North Charleston, 0.12;
South Charleston, 0.02; South Charleston station,
0.02; Saint Albans, U.16; Nitro, 0.18. Another
table showing results of spectrographic analysis
of particle fall collected at 17 stations for the
month of July 1951 showed Pb ranging from 0.015-
>0.2 mg/10 mg of particle fall. All stations reg-
istered >0.2 except 2 (Belle, 0.015 and South Mai-
den, U.o8). In response to questionnaires to
various plants, railroads, steamboats, municipal
operations, laundries, lumber mills, and hospi-
tals, Pb fume was emitted to the atmosphere from
industrial processes at a rate of 0.4 tons/day.
Total particulate matter emitted was 505 and total
gases and vapors, 369 tons/day.
The results of the study showed that a major air
pollution problem does exist in the Great Kanawha
River Valley industrial area, particulate matter,
gases, and vapors constituting a major portion of
the problem. While some of these latter are
known to be extremely toxic in sufficient concen-
tration, their toxic effects in the lower concen-
trations found in this survey are unknown. It was
further concluded that the major air pollution
load of the area is undoubtedly of industrial
origin.
1953
3238 Boldyrev, T.E. (USSR Chief State Sanitary
Inspector), and Zhdanov, V.M. (Chief of
Main Sanitary-Epidemiologic Administra-
tion, USSR Ministry of Health): A COLLEC-
TION OF MOST IMPORTANT OFFICIAL ITEMS RE-
LATED TO SANITARY AND ANTI-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
(PROPHYLACTIC) PROBLEMS. AN AID TO THE
STATE SANITARY INSPECTOR-PHYSICIAN AND
PHYSICIAN-EPIDEMIOLOGIST. 3d. ed. Medgiz,
Moscow, 1953. In Levine, B.S.: USSR Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occu-
pational Diseases. Washington, US Depart-
ment of Commerce, Office of Technical Ser-
vices, 1961, Vol. 6, pp. 113-48.
Volume 2 of above publication deals, in Part 4,
with industrial sanitation: Chapter I. Prelimi-
nary Inspection. I. Sanitary Standards for Plan-
ning Industrial Enterprises. ISP 101-51 (replac-
ing COST 1324-47). The present standards apply to
the planning of new, or improving and rebuilding
of existing industrial establishments. The basic
requirements for general planning are defined,
such as site of enterprise, conditions, classifi-
cation of industries according to volume of dis-
charges with magnitude of required clearance zone.
In Supplement 1, the types of industries are list-
ed under the Sanitary Classifications of Produc-
tion and Processing Plants in Relation to Sanitary
Clearance Zones: A clearance zone 1000 m wide is
required for smelting of non-ferrous metals direct-
ly from ores or concentrates, including Zn, Pb, Sn,
Ni; a 500-m-wide zone, secondary processing of non-
ferrous metals in quantities up to 3000 tons/yr;
a 300-m-wide zone, production of storage batteries
on a large scale, of non-ferrous metals up to 1000
ton/yr, of Pb-coated or rubber-insulated cables;
a 50-m-wide zone, thermal working up of metals
(except foundries), production of batteries on
small scale; a 500-m-wide zone for production of
Pb, As, and Mn ores.
Supplement 2 lists contraindications for employ-
ment of workers in industries: specific contrain-
dications apply to workers undergoing periodic med-
ical examinations; in addition, there are general
contraindications for employment of workers. These
are presented in 3 lists for Pb and its organic
compounds, Pb containing gasoline, and TEL and
ethyl fluid. The contraindications are certain
disorders of the central and peripheral nervous
system, the endocrine system, visual and auditory
apparatus, cardiovascular, liver, kidney, alcohol-
ism and all diseases of the respiratory system
contraindicating use of gas masks.
Supplement 3 gives the Limits of Allowable Con-
centrations of Poisonous Gases, Vapors and Dust in
the Air of Working Zones in Industrial Premises.
Those applying to Pb and its inorganic compounds,
Pb sulfide excluded, are 0.00001 mg/1, and for Pb
sulfate, 0.0005 mg/1.
Supplement 4 includes Sanitary-Hygiene Labor
Protection Regulations, Item 27, Periodic Medical
Examination of Workers (from Order No. 443, dated
June 17, 1949). Production and occupations involv-
ing Pb exposure reouires according to industry and
648
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
operations, from once quarterly to once annual ex-
amination.
3239 Bridge, A. (Children's Hosp., Melbourne,
Australia): LEAD INTOXICATION IN THREE
FAMILIES. Medical Journal of Australia
2:62-5, 1953.
Five children and 5 adults in 3 families were found
to have absorbed Pb from a common source. Three of
them had clinical symptoms. One child of 18 mo had
Pb encephalopathy; one, age 2 yr, 9 mo, had gastro-
intestinal symptoms; and 1 adult had malaise and
pains in the limbs. The remainder all had definite
evidence of Pb absorption, but no symptoms. Inves-
tigation of the source revealed that the houses in
which these families lived were in a narrow lane
with a coffin factory opposite. Pb used in fittings
was moulded and polished in the back of the factory,
and 2 extractor fans blew dust from the factory into
the lane. There were also many small waste pieces
in the gutters that were being collected by the
children to play with. The urinary Pb concentra-
tions ranged from 0.03-0.55 mg/1. Findings in all
10 cases are briefly described.
3240 Cook, E.B., Smith, R.W., Jr., and Brink-
ley, S.R. , Jr. (U.S. Bur. Mines, Pitts-
burgh, Pa.): EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITION OF
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF LEADED OCTANES
WITH AIR. U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest.
No. 4947, 1953, 15 pp.
Results are given of the calculations of equilibri-
um composition of the products of combustion with
air of 6 different mixtures of octane (CsHis) plus
TEL and halogen-bearing scavengers of 3 air-fuel
ratios at pressures of 5 and 30 atmospheres and at
temperatures of 350, 1000, 1800, and 2000°K. The
air-fuel weight ratio has the values 1.200, 1.512,
and 1.800. The concentration of TEL in ml/gal
isoilctane had the value of 1 or 3. (From Chemical
Abstracts 47:6127, 1953)
3241 Fatzer, R. (Wadenswil, Switzerland):
Anzeichen von Bleivergiftung? (SIGNS OF
LEAD POISONING?) Schweizerische Medizin-
ische Wochenschrift 83, No. 27:631-3, 1953.
Air pollution and hazards to health arising from
the use of leaded gasoline are discussed and il-
lustrated with the author's observations acquired
in his dental practice from patients regarded by
their physicians, in many cases, as hysteriacs or
malingerers because of their various unexplainable
ailments ranging from headache, dry nose, colitis,
kidney disturbances, rheumatic signs, tremor, etc
to itching of the skin, eczema, temporary visual
impairments, and others. He describes his own
case when he and his wife got sick after a car
trip during which they had been exposed to gaso-
line odor coming from a faulty carburetor. For
several days he had suffered from backache accom-
panied by vegetative dystonia and inflammation of
the nose with abscess formation while his wife had
impetigo-like skin lesions of the nose. Personal
communications with garage workers, families liv-
ing in apartments located above garages, and
others, as well as his own experiences are quoted
as evidence against the use of leaded gasoline.
3242
Kane, J.M., and Walpole, R.H. (Am. Air
Filter Co., Louisville, Ky.): PRINCIPLES
OF PRESENT-DAY DUST COLLECTORS AND THEIR
APPLICATION TO MINING AND METALLURGICAL
INDUSTRIES. Transactions of the American
Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi-
neers 196, Technical Publication No. 3427-
B; Mining Engineering 5, No. 1:85-8, 1953.
While the review concerns the evaluation of dust
collectors to improve working and operating condi-
tions, the authors point out that when there are
possibilities of air pollution or public nuisance,
and/or when there is a valuable product to be col-
lected, selection is often guided by the maxim of
"highest available collection efficiency at reason-
able cost and reasonable maintenance." The princi-
ples of dry centrifugal collectors, fabric arrest-
ers, wet-type collectors, the high-voltage Electro-
Static precipitator, and high-temperature gas
cleaning are discussed. In connection with the
latter, the Pb sintering process is discussed;
there, the loss of salvageable material and atmos-
spheric contamination require maximum dust control
measures. High dust loads occur, varying from 3-
10 grains because of the release of hot gases, as
do duct accumulations since gases in the exhaust
system are frequently below the dew point. Test
analyses, using good wet collectors gave collection
efficiency >99% Pb.
3243 Widmaier, o. (Lingen, Germany): Reaktions-
zerfall von Bleibenzin. (DECOMPOSITION
REACTIONS OF LEADED GASOLINE.) Brennstoff-
Chemie 34, No. 5/6:83-7, 1953.
Autoclave experiments with a 10% ethyl-fluid-con-
taining gasoline solution showed that with the
use of S-free gasoline, Pb bromide, oxide, trieth-
yl Pb bromide and oxidized hydrocarbons occur as
decomposition products. The decomposition of the
ethyl fluid is principally temperature dependent.
At temperatures up to 100°C and pressures of 20-
60 kg/cm2 mainly Pb oxide is formed; at higher
temperatures and various pressures, the formation
of Pb bromide is favored. The Pb triethyl bromide
forming at lower temperatures (up to 100°C) and
high pressures (60 kg/cm2) has good antiknock
properties. (From author's summary)
1954
3244 Cholak, J. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): MEA-
SUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION. A.M.A. Ar-
chives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupa-
tional Medicine 10:203-9 (Sept.), 1954.
In discussing the title subject, the author points
out that the determination and measurement of the
constituents of the atmosphere on a comprehensive
scale are of rather recent origin. Interest has
been stimulated by dramatic incidents such as the
Meuse Valley (1930), Donora (1948), Poza Rica
(1950) and London (1952) disasters. While inves-
tigating air pollution around well-defined indus-
trial processes is often a simple matter, the mea-
surement of air pollution in relation to community
health offers many difficulties, not the least of
which is the fact that single pollutants can rare-
ly be incriminated. In only 1 of the above dis-
asters (Poza Rica) could a single pollutant be
held responsible (l^S) . The exact composition of
the atmosphere will always remain somewhat inde-
terminate because it contains a great variety of
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
649
-------
materials, not all of which are man-made. From
time to time numerous materials of known toxicity
will be reported as having been found. While very
sensitive analytical methods are available for the
determination of many of the pollutants, there are
a number of common pollutants for which no specif-
ic methods are available. For this reason, even
so-called comprehensive investigations are con-
cerned with the determination of relatively few
pollutants. Examples of this situation are given
in respect to several investigations in the US and
England. Among them, recent data from a coopera-
tive country-wide investigation of the USPHS and
the Kettering Laboratory are shown in a table,
giving averages and ranges, and, for comparison,
threshold concentrations for Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be,
S compounds, nitrates and benzpyrene, in which Pb
values are 2.0, 0.1, and 150 yg/m , respectively.
In closing, the author states that although data
are available on certain air pollutants, proce-
dures and equipment are lacking for collecting and
analyzing these and many other pollutants during
adverse weather conditions, and that no satisfac-
tory understanding of the impact on community
health can be achieved without fairly comprehen-
sive information of this type. (18 references)
3245 Gtlnther, H.: Ftttterungsversuche mit Flug-
staub einer Metallhlltte an Pferden und
einem Schaf. (FEEDING EXPERIMENTS IN
HORSES AND A SHEEP WITH FLUE DUST FROM A
METAL FOUNDRY.) Dissertation, Veterinary
College, Hanover, 1954, 47 pp.
Signs of poisoning were observed in animals graz-
ing within a 5—km radius around a Zn and a Pb
foundry. Analysis of the flue dust in 1951-52 in
these areas and around 2 Dwight furnaces showed
it to contain 5.21-53.5% Zn, 5.2-44.8% Pb, and
smaller amounts or traces of S, Cl, Cd, As, Fe,
and F. Cattle, and particularly young horses,show-
ed signs thought to be characteristic of chronic
and/or acute Pb poisoning. There was rapid emaci-
ation, cachexia, swelling and stiffness of joints;
milk production decreased. The foundries granted
compensation for dead animals with livers showing
iO.2 mg Pb/100 g. Findings on 3 affected colts
are reported in detail. Two showed leukocytosis;
otherwise the blood findings were not remarkable.
Rickets could be excluded. Of interest was the
finding at necropsy of an increased volume of syn-
ovial fluid in affected joints and detachment of
the articular cartilage from the bone. Analysis
of the livers for Pb and Cu gave 0.23-0.39 and
1.0-3.4 mg/100 g, respectively. A colt and a
sheep were fed hay grown around the Pb foundry
(60-65 mg Pb/kg content) and flue dust collected
from the Pb foundry (44.8% Pb) with their ration.
The colt received 5 g of the dust 3 times/day for
22 days and 20 g/day for another 7 days. It be-
came unable to swallow, the mucosa appeared icter-
ic, leukocytes increased greatly. Toward the end
of the feeding period, severe paralysis of the re-
current nerve caused swallowing difficulties and
led to pneumonia. This, and the "roaring" found
in the affected areas were attributed to Pb poi-
soning. The liver contained 1.52 mg Pb/100 g.
The sheep was given flue dust in doses increasing
from 2-24 g/day. When the appetite decreased
sharply, the dose was reduced to 4 and 2 g. The
liver was found to contain 0.14 mg Pb/100 g at
the end of the experiment. This relatively low
content is thought to be attributable to differ-
ences in the metabolism of Pb in the 2 species.
The author carried out an experiment on a 6-mo-
old colt, not previously exposed, by feeding it
flue dust from 1 of the plants (23.41% Zn, 16.87%
Pb, 5.8% Fe, 12.53% S, 2.22% Fe, 0.05% F, 0.52%
As). The daily dose in the ration (in the later
stages the dust was administered through the nose)
was variable (in g with number of days in paren-
theses) : 3 (8), 5 (13), 8 (26), 10 (12), 15 (6), 20
(9), 30 (48); after 15-day interruption, 10 (31),
30 (29) followed by sacrifice. A total of 3270
g flue dust was thus ingested. The appetite began
to decrease at the 10-g dose; the gait became
stiff, the animal appeared very sick. The leuko-
cyte count increased and fluctuated, the Pb con-
tent in the blood was 0.466 mg/100 ml in the high-
ly acute stage and 0.200 mg/100 ml shortly before
death. Necropsy revealed no macroscopic changes.
Microscopically, the liver contained some fine
intracellular yellow-brown pigment and the kidneys
were slightly necrosed. Analysis of tissues and
fluids yielded, in mg Pb/100 ml, 0.200 in the blood,
0.055 in the spinal fluid; in mg Pb/100 g, 2.770
in the liver, 0.670 in the kidneys; 0.06% F in the
rib bones (ash). Although the F content of the
flue dust was low, special attention was paid to
it because of the bone changes observed. The au-
thor's opinion is that this was not purely a Pb
or F injury but one attributable to the combined
action of several constituents of the flue dust.
Thus, in this instance the syndrome should be con-
sidered as an injury typical of flue dust.
1955
3246 Chambers, L.A. , Foter, M.J., and Cholak, J.
(US Public Health Service, Cincinnati, 0.):
A COMPARISON OF PARTICULATE LOADINGS IN THE
ATMOSPHERES OF CERTAIN AMERICAN CITIES.
Proceedings of the Third National Air Pol-
lution Symposium, Pasadena, California,
April 18-20, 1955, pp. 24-32.
In an air sampling program carried on in >30 major
US cities, T-90 high-volume samplers are routinely
contributing to the survey, representing practi-
cally all geographic subdivisions and possessing
the statistically desirable feature of randomness
in many respects. Sampling sites operate from a
daily to weekly basis. Each sample, taken from
urban, suburban and rural sites, represents a to-
tal of particulate matter in sizes down to 0.3 y
removed from ^2000 m of air during a 24-hr per-
iod by the Staplex high-volume sampler. Each sam-
ple is subdivided and distributed among appropri-
ate laboratories for determination of total par-
ticulate weight, radioactivity, organics, proteins,
and a variety of inorganic cations and anions.
Data from about half the urban areas are now avail-
able to justify preliminary presentation. Total
maximal urban air loadings, involving ^2000 samples
analyzed for particulates,soluble organics and pro-
teins, and V>00 samples for inorganic components
gave a maximal total of 3112 yg/m3 which amounted to
26.6 yg. In most cases, the figures represent ex-
treme 24-hr integrated dosages obtained under most
adverse conditions encountered in an 18-mo survey.
650
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Five cities with populations >2,000,000 sampled
for at least 1 full yr exhibit a high organic-
fractional average and a high totc-1 particulate
loading (av 264 yg/m3, almost the same as Los An-
geles, av 265 yg/m3). Pb, the occurrence of which
may be related to the production and combustion of
Pb automotive fuels, amounted to an average of 9.5
yg in Philadelphia, 5.2 in Los Angeles, 2.8 in Chi-
cago and New York, and 2.9 in Detroit. Values for
the' same kinds of averages for cities of intermed-
iate populations (500,000-2,000,000) showed a total
av of 137 yg/m3 (7 cities) with averages of Pb
ranging from 0.5 yg/m3 in Minneapolis to 2.4 yg/m3
in San Francisco. The other cities were: Cincin-
nati, Kansas City, Portland, Atlanta, Houston.
Five small cities with atypical (high) loadings due
to volcanic dusts or ashes (Anchorage), heavy indus-
try (Charleston, W.Va.), dust storms (Ft. Worth),
or other unknown causes (Louisville) showed a total
particulate load ranging from 308 yg/m3 (Anchorage)
to 110 (Ft. Worth). Pb concentrations ranged from
0.6 yg/m3 (Louisville) to 1.2 (Anchorage). Five
rural sites gave a total average load of ^65 yg/m3,
the composition seeming to relate best to the com-
position of the local topsoil. Pb values ranged
from 0.1-0.9 yg/m3.
Discussion of percentages of daily and seasonal
distribution for the various urban and non-urban,
as well as atypical areas mentioned above, are in-
cluded and illustrated by several figures and
graphs. Studies which demonstrated no obvious sea-
sonal trend for particulate loadings in the 5 rur-
al areas indicated that the causes of the central
city autumnal rise must be sought within the city
itself and not in terms of regional climatology.
However, the authors point out that evaluation of
the data may not meet the demands for perfection,
as they do not, for instance, include analysis of
vapors and gases, and that many choices have had
to be made on the basis of practical expedience
rather than scientific merit, thus leaving room
for possible criticism of data presented.
3247 Cholak, J., Schafer, L.J., \aeger, D.W.,
and Kehoe, R.A. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.):
THE NATURE OF THE SUSPENDED MATTER. In
Rensetti, N.A. ,cd.: An Aeromatic Survey
of the Los Angeles Basin August-November,
1954. Los Angeles, Calif., Air Pollution
Foundation, Report No. 9, 1955, pp. 201-25.
The particulate matter in the atmosphere of the
Los Angeles area, collected daily at 2 stations
for 4 mo (Aug-Nov 1954) was analyzed to determine
its composition and the fluctuations in the con-
centration of certain components, and compared
with that found in other metropolitan areas for
the same period of time. The amounts of Pb pres-
ent in ^2400 spot samples of dust collected on
paper tapes with AISI smoke samplers were deter-
mined by a chemical method.
Mean Pb results (ranges in parentheses) for the
2 stations (Los Angeles station 3 and Pasadena
station 4) for Aug, Sept, Oct, and Nov, respec-
tively, in yg/m air, uere: Station 3: 0.13
(1.7-7.6); 6.2 (1.4-14.7); 7.5 (3.1-13.8); 8.3
(3.2-16.4). Station 4: 2.2 (1.1-4.1); 4.4 (0.8-
12.8); 5.0 (1.9-10.4); 4.65 (1.2-11.4). The same
Pb information for 30 metropolitan areas in the US
and Alaska during 1954 was 2.15 yg/m air (0.1-
26.6). Thus the average concentration of Pb in
the atmosphere of the Los Angeles area was 2-3
times greater than that for the 30 metropolitan
areas. However, the maximum concentration found
was lower than the maximum which occurred from
time to time in the atmosphere of certain other
American communities. The higher concentrations
of Pb in the Los Angeles area occurred usually
during periods of low-lying haze. The highest
single concentration during the investigation
(16.4 yg/m3 air) occurred during the 24-hr period
which began at noon on Nov 24. Figures are also
given which illustrate that the Pb concentrations
at both Los Angeles stations increased during the
early hours of the evening. In addition daily
averages, in yg/m , of particulate Pb compounds
analyzed in the atmosphere of certain cities were
tabulated: Los Angeles, 6.75; Pasadena, 4.2; New
York and Chicago, 4.25; cities <2 million popula-
tion, 2.79. (13 references)
3248 Dettling, J. (Kedicolegal Inst. Univ.
Bern, Switzerland): Zur hygienisch-
toxikologischen Bedeutung von Bleistaub
aus dem Auspuff von mit bleitetraHthyl-
haltigem Benzin betriebenen Motoren.
(HYGIENIC AND TOXICOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
LEAD DUST IN EXHAUSTS OF MOTORS DRIVEN BY
TETRAETHYL LEAD PETROL.) Archiv fur
Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene 13,
No. 6:624-36, 1955.
The investigations of Kehoe and Machle in the USA
over a period of 8 yr into the use of TEL contain-
ing gasoline as a motor fuel indicated that the
addition of TEL in the permissible proportion of
1:1260 was harmless to drivers and to the general
public. Its addition was, however, forbidden in
some European countries after the occurrence of
some cases of severe poisoning in 1924.
The author has investigated the possible contami-
nation of the atmosphere by TEL and its combustion
products, especially in crowded roads, by estimat-
ing the Pb content of the dust. Pure TEL is never
used in cars and airplanes, but as a mixture with
ethylene halogens ("ethyl fluid"), so as to avoid
the deposition of PbO on the cylinders and to ex-
pel as much Pb as possible in the exhaust. In the
presence of chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons
pure TEL is decomposed into triethyl Cl or Br com-
pounds, which volatilize at 800°C. There is thus
no danger of injury from the vapor of TEL but a
potential danger from Pb dust and residues.
The dust from the exhaust of an Opel car and an
army jeep was examined by passing it directly from
the exhaust on to a nitrocellulose film on the
slide of an electron microscope. Numerous solid
globular particles, between 10 and 100 my in size
(av 30.6 my for the Opel and 35.4 my for the jeep)
with some aggregates, and a few larger white
flakes, representing rust and oil, were observed.
A control experiment with pure gasoline showed no
globular particles. Radiographic and microchemical
examination showed the presence of PbS04, insoluble
in water, PbBr2> soluble in water (^9'%) and proba-
bly some PbO. The total amount of dust in 1 m3
was 1.25-1.5 mg, and its Pb content 0.3-0.6 mg/m3.
This was a smaller amount than that of a chemical
investigation in 1950 when the Pb content was 8.3
mg/m3. The difference is explained by the fact
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
651
-------
that in the filter method used in this investiga-
tion particles >5 my in size are excluded, suggest-
ing that the chief constituents of the dust are
finer than the granules observed by the electron
microscope, and this fine particle size may indi-
cate the danger of deposition in the bronchial
'systeia. A comparison of the amount of Pb in the
dust of streets with automotive traffic and field
roads showed a content 100 times higher in the
former, but this was small in comparison with the
dust of Pb works and garages. (The work here
described was performed by the "EMPA" (Society
for Testing Materials) for the Federal Leaded
Gasoline Commission of Switzerland.)
3249 Hupka, E. (Veterinary Coll. Hanover, Ger-
many): ttber Flugstaubvergiftungen in der
Umgebung von MetallhUtten. (POISONING BY
FUME DEPOSITS ON PASTURE IN THE VICINITY
OF METAL WORKS.) Wiener Tierarztliche
Monatsschrift 42:763-75, 1955.
The author's conclusion in regard to the illness
affecting cattle and horses at pasture within a 5-
km radius of Pb and Zn foundries, is that the pecu-
liar clinical picture of the poisoning was due to
Pb in combination with another toxic substance,
probably Zn. (Findings were described and summa-
rized by GUnther in his thesis published in 1954.)
3250 Jecklin, L. (Basel, Switzerland): Blei-
staub in der Luft. (LEAD IN AIR.)
Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift
85:685-6, 1955; Leben und Umwelt 11:234-5,
1955.
Since 1947, Swiss gasolines contain ethyl fluids
as an anti-knock agent, consisting of (in weight
%): TEL 63.3, ethylene bromide 25.8, ethylene
chloride 8.7, and coloring matter 2.2. One liter
of gasoline contains 0.4-0.6 ml TEL (or 425-640
mg "pure" Pb), 0.6 being the MAC in both Swiss
and German gasolines. Frequently, gasolines also
contain ICA (o-tricresylphosphate) to reduce the
deposition of Pb oxide in the engine, and 0.02-
0.03 weight % of S. It is estimated that only 15-
35% of the Pb contained in the gasoline is removed
with the exhaust gases, but according to investi-
gations carried out by the Shell Corporation, only
2-3% of the gasoline Pb is deposited in the engine.
Supposing a car uses 10 1. of gasoline/100 km, the
Pb deposit after driving it for 50,000 km would
amount to 1625-2125 g, which seems to be rather
high. Pb content of the exhaust gases varies with
type of motor and is lowest during idling of the
motor. Experimentally, an Austin A-30 car which
had run 15,000 km was powered with Shell supergaso-
line, Pb content of which was 530 mg/1. Exhausts
were collected in a funnel and passed through a
cellulose filter, extracted with HNOj and dis-
tilled water and then colorimetrically determined.
Pb content ranged from 274-404 mg, indicating that
after burning 1,000 1. of a gasoline containing
500 mg/1, Pb deposit in the engine of this car
would amount to 96-226 g rather than 325-425 g, as
demonstrated by the estimation mentioned above.
Accordingly, in Switzerland, 165,000 kg of Pb in
form of highly poisonous Pb salts are given off
yearly by car exhausts. In order to determine how
much of the Pb contained in inhaled air is retained
in the body, air samples of 100 1. each were taken
in the following 3 rooms of a printing establish-
ment: melting room, type foundry and make-up room
(used for sawing and planing the Pb). In addition,
exhaled air of persons working in these 3 rooms,
also as 100 1. samples, was collected in glass
tubes and then passed through cellulose filters.
It was measured with a gas meter and determined by
the nephelometer method, ie, measured as PbCrO^
against buffered chromate solutions of known Pb
content, maximum probable error being 2y. The
following concentrations of Pb were found in the
air of the 3 rooms, in order stated above: 0.009,
0.02 and 0.045 mg. No Pb could be detected in any
of the samples containing the respiratory air.
It was concluded that all of Pb inhaled with the
air is retained in the lungs of the workers. In
light of the constant increase of motor traffic,
the latter fact is continually gaining importance.
It is suggested that use of Pb-containing anti-
knock agents represents a growing danger and it
is recommended that it be substituted by Pb free
agents, such as benzol in the German gasoline
BV-Aral.
3251 Khachatryan, M.K. (Erevanskii Med. Inst.
USSR): Makoplenie svintsa v organizme
podopytnykh zhivotnykh v svyazi s za-
gryazneniem atinosf ernogo vozdukha. (AC-
CUMULATION OF LEAD IN THE ORGANISM OF EX-
PERIMENTAL ANIMALS FROM AIR CONTAMINA-
TION.) Gigiena i Sanitariya 19, No. 1:
12-6, 1955.
Air samples taken at distances of 300, 500, 1000
and 2000 m from a non-ferrous foundry showed aver-
age values of 0.041, 0.030, 0.0072 and 0.0009 mg
Pb/m3; 0.019, 0.015, 0.0071 and 0.0008 mg Cu/m3;
'and 0.350, 0.285, 0.148 and 0.052 mg Zn/m3, re-
spectively. Soil samples taken from the surface
at 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 m distance contained
0.056, 0.018, 0.025 and 0.004% Pb; 0.070, 0.040,
0.042 and 0.015% Cu; and 0.712, 0.197, 0.170 and
0.020% Zn, respectively. Those taken at a depth
of 0-0.25 m contained 0.040, 0.026, 0.017 and
0.003% Pb; 0.0053, 0.020, 0.019 and 0.011% Cu
and 0.441, 0.130, 0.105 and 0.021% Zn, respective-
ly. Twenty-four rabbits (1.5 mo-old) were divided
into 4 groups of 6 each. Groups I, II, III were
kept within 500 m from the factory for 3 mo, group
IV was kept in an uncontaminated area. All ani-
mals received fresh tap water 2-3 times daily.
Groups III and IV received food grown in uncontam-
inated area; group II received food grown in the
immediate vicinity of the factory but carefully
washed before use. Group I received the same food
as group II, unwashed. After 3 mo the animals of
all groups were sacrificed, and the Pb contents of
bones, liver and muscle were determined spectro-
^raphically. Compared to the control group IV,
the Pb content in these organs had increased as
follows: in group III, 3-1/2, 5 and 6 times; in
group II, 5, 9 and 9 times; in group I, 20, 18 and
27 times, respectively.
The author concludes that it is evident that
most of the Pb had been ingested from the dust on
unwashed food, followed by inhalation of contami-
aated air, and only a minor amount had been ob-
tained from contaminated soil by consumption of
food grown on this soil.
652
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
1956
3252 Ermilov, P.I.: (RECOVERY OF LEAD DUST
FROM AN AIR STREAM BY A WET METHOD.)
Uchenye Zapiski Yaroslav. Tekhnol. Inst.
1:111-28, 1956.
It was established that gases after cleaning with
electric precipitators contain 1-2.2 g dust/m3,
mainly Pb oxides. On recovery of dust in wet
chambers with intensive spraying, the gases dis-
charged into the atmosphere contain 0.1-0.3 g
Pb oxide/m3. The cause of the incomplete recov-
ery of Pb dust is its high degree of dispersion,
resulting in adsorption of gases, mainly 0, pre-
venting wetting of dust particles. Use of foam-
forming wetting agents of the type DB and OP-10
in concentrations double those corresponding to
minimum surface tension (correspondingly 0.15 and
0.3%), leads to instantaneous displacement of the
adsorbed gas, to complete wetting of dust parti-
cles and to recovery of 99.7-99.9% of dust. Addi-
tion of a small quantity of Pb acetate to the
solutions of wetting agents permits decreasing
their consumption to 1/3-1/4 without changing
their effectiveness. Film-type equipment is re-
commended for dust recovery with the aid of wet-
ting agents. Gas-stream velocity, at a 27-30 erg/
cm^ surface tension of the spray solution, should
not exceed the value corresponding to Reynolds no.
4800-900, otherwise turbulent flow of gases begins,
leading to the breaking of film and foaming of
solution. (From Referat. Zhur., Met. 1957, Ab-
stract No. 528; Chemical Abstracts 52:12285, 1958)
3253 Jecklin, L. (Basel, Switzerland: Unter-
suchungen uber den Bleigehalt der Aus-
puffgase beim Benzinmotor. (STUDIES ON
THE LEAD CONTENT OF EXHAUST GASES FROM
THE GASOLINE MOTOR.) Archiv fUr Gewerbe-
pathologie und Gewerbehygiene 14, No.
6:626-30, 1956.
The use of Pb gasoline as motor fuel has been per-
mitted in Switzerland since 1947. The "ethyl
fluid," added to the gasoline as an anti-knock
agent, contains (in weight %): TEL 63.3, ethylene
dibromide 25.8, ethylene dichloride 8.7 and color-
ing matter 2.2. In both Switzerland and Germany,
gasoline contains 0.4-0.6 ml of TEL or 425-640 mg
of Pb/1. In addition to soot and gases, the ex-
hausts of cars running on such gasoline also con-
tain PbS04, PbBr2, PbCl2, Pb3(P04)2 and PbO. Nu-
merous investigations have been carried out in
order to determine the Pb content of exhaust gases.
In the study reported here, an Austin A-30 car,
using 1 1. of gasoline/18 km driving at 50 km/hr,
was chosen for a series of 5-min test drives. The
amounts of Pb deposited on cellulose filters in a
funnel attached to the exhaust pipe was determined
colorimetrically with dithizone. The values found
for the Pb content of the exhaust gases ranged
from 274-404 mg Pb/1 of gasoline, the difference
being due to the changes in speed. During 1955,
a total of 540,978 tons of gasoline was imported
into Switzerland. It is calculated that at least
200,000-290,000 kg of Pb have escaped into the air
with the exhaust gases in the course of that year.
The Pb contents of air samples, taken at various
locations, ranged from 5-7 ug/m3 of air in down-
town Basel to 2-4 yg/m3 of air in a village. None
of the samples were found to be completely Pb-free.
In dust samples, the following ranges of Pb content
were detected: from traces and 0.03 mg Pb out of
town to 0.2-1.2 mg Pb/g of dust in downtown Basel.
If each gram of dust, having the specific gravity
of 1.4, contains 0.6 mg Pb, each m3 will contain
840 g of Pb. It is stated that the toxic effect
of Pb, when taken in through the lungs, is 10-100
times greater than when it is ingested. The mini-
mum toxic dose for human inhalation of Pb has been
established at 100 yg/day.
It is recommended to discontinue the use of TEL
as anti-knock agent, or else to reduce the Pb con-
tent of exhaust gases by attaching filters to the
exhaust pipes in order to absorb the escaping Pb.
(16 references)
3254 Jecklin, L. (Basel, Switzerland): Blei-
staub und Lungenkrebs. (LEAD DUST AND
LUNG CANCER.) Schweizersche Medizinische
Wochenschrift 86:891-2, 1956.
The study reported here followed a publication of
an article in a Swiss magazine on the correlation
between the presence of exhaust gases and the In-
cidence of lung cancer. Among various views on the
subject, in a personal communication, Kehoe stated
that there is no relationship between an increase
of Pb in the atmosphere and the incidence of pul-
monary carcinoma; that Pb compounds have been used
in the treatment of cancer; that there are no data
indicating that exposure to Pb in industry is ac-
companied by an increase in the frequency of lung
cancer, and that numerous autopsy findings on Pb
contents of lungs of persons exposed or nonexposed
to Pb show wide ranges, partly due to the differ-
ence in analytical methods. Jecklin has analyzed
lung specimens from 5 persons who had died of lung
cancer and from 5 persons with normal lungs, using
the colorimetric method (dithizone) as described
by Htigl and Sulser. The results demonstrated no
differences in Pb contents. The values found (in
mg/10 g of fresh tissue) ranged from 0.011-0.018
in the cancerous lungs and from 0.010-0.016 in the
normal lungs. The conclusion was drawn that Pb is
not a carcinogenic agent.
3255 King, P., Lockhart, L.B., Jr., Baus, R.A.,
Patterson, R.L., Jr., Friedman, H., and
Blifford, I.H., Jr. (Naval Res. Lab.,
Washington, D.C.): RaD, RaE, AND Po IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. Nucleonics 14:78, 80-2,
84 (June), 1956.
Facilities were installed in different parts of
the world to collect natural radioactive products
from the atmosphere. The quantities of Pb,
210Bi, and 210Po in the atmosphere were deter-
mined. (From Nuclear Science Abstracts 10:7062,
1956)
3256 Lebedev, Y.D., Nedogibchenko, M.K., and
Glebova, L.F.: HYGIENIC SCIENCE AND SANI-
TARY PRACTICE IN PRESERVATION OF CITY
ATMOSPHERE. Gigiena i Sanit. 21, No. 11:
3-8, 1956.
The general problems of city air pollution are dis-
cussed. The following levels of single maximum
and average daily tolerances of contaminants in
city air as recommended in USSR are given:
S dioxide 0.5, 0.15; Cl 0.1, 0.03; H sulfide 0.03,
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
653
-------
0.01; C disulfide 0.5, 0.15; CO 6.0, 2.0; N oxides
0.5, 0.15; general non-toxic dust 0.5, 0.15; soot
0.15, 0.05; P oxides 0.15, 0.05; Mn compounds
0.03, 0.01; F compounds 0.03, 0.01; sulfuric acid
0.3, 0.1; phenol 0.3, 0.1; inorganic As except
arsine -, 0.003; Pb compounds (except TEL)
0.0007; and Hg -, 0.0003 mg/m3. (From Chemical
Abstracts 51:5335, 1957)
3257 Paccagnella, B., and Fontanella, E.: AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY METALS MEASURED PO-
LAROGRAPHICALLY. Igiene Mod. (Parma) 49:
1093, 1956.
A polarographic method was used for determining
heavy metals, including Pb. The results show the
existence of amounts of these substances which are
considerably less than the generally accepted tol-
erable limits'. Hypotheses as to possible syner-
gistic action, formation of toxic products of
interaction, etc, are considered. (From Fuel
Abstracts 23, Abstr. No. 4620, 1957; Chemical Ab-
stracts 54:20028, 1960)
3258 Roubal, J., and Vasak, V.: POLLUTION OF
THE ATMOSPHERE BY COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC
' WHEN METALLURGICALLY WORKING UP LEAD ORES.
Ceskoslovenska Hygiena 1:129-34, 1956.
The dispersion of suspended dust with high contents
of As was determined in the surroundings of metal-
lurgical works processing Pb ores. The potential
danger of such pollution of the atmosphere is dis-
cussed. It is pointed out that health disorders
inside the factory as well as in its surroundings
are mainly caused by technical defects in the flue
gas cleaning devices. (From Scientific Reports,
Institute of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases, Prague, 1952-56:117)
3259 Wohlers, H.C., and Bell, G.B.: FINAL RE-
PORT: LITERATURE REVIEW OF METROPOLITAN
AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS — PREPARA-
TION, SAMPLING AND ASSAY OF SYNTHETIC
ATMOSPHERES. SRI Project No. SU-1816.
Prepared for Chemical Corps Research and
Development Command, Biological Warfare
Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.,
Stanford Research Institute, 1956.
In the 1st phase of the study a literature review
and extensive tabulations of measured concentra-
tions of all pollutants found in surveys were to
be related to broad class intervals of population
increments and to the fuel and industrial economies.
Since most studies were planned to deal with specif-
ic nuisances, data related to fuel and industrial
economies were too few to be statistically represen-
tative, rience a new approach was tried for calcu-
lating pollutant component concentrations, using as
basic data published statistics on domestic and in-
dustrial fuel consumption. Finally, summary tabu-
lations of measured and calculated pollutant con-
centrations were prepared. These 3 phases are
shown in Appendices A, B, and C. In Appendix A,
the Pb concentrations ranged from 0.10-42 yg/m3
(based on 40 references). Pb was not included
among the substances for which calculations were
made. In Appendix C, tables I-III summarize the
literature data on measured air pollutant concentra-
tions throughout the world; in tables IV-V, the cal-
culated concentrations for 7 metropolitan areas are
given. In Table C-III, the average and range of
measured particulate air pollutant concentration in
metropolitan areas of >2,000,000, 500,000-2,000,000,
and <500,000 was found to be: 3.2, 0.23-4.5; 1.0,
0.13-1.8; 0.65 yg/m3 respectively. In Table C-VI
the average concentration of Pb in air is shown as
0.0002-0.003 mg/ro3. In Table C-VHI, the average
concentration of particulate Pb (maximal loading,
26.6 yg/m3) is given for 5 cities >2,000,000 as
4.6 yg/m3; for 7 cities 500,000-2,000,000, 1.7;
for 4 selected small cities, 0.9; and for 5 non-
urban areas, 0.4. In addition, a synthetic atmos-
phere was prepared to test the viability of bac-
teria on the basis that since "average maximum"
concentrations show no detrimental effects on the
candidate bacteria, it might be assumed that there
are no bacteriostatic or bactericidal substances
in city air. It is admitted that this approach is
not a positive solution of the problem. The "av-
erage maximum" of Pb for heavily industrialized
areas was 4.5 vs maximum concentrations found in
3 cities, 4.5-42.4 yg/m3. (38 references)
1957
3260 Arkhipov, A.S. (Inst. Ind. Hyg. Occup.
Dis., Gor'ki, USSR): Gigienicheskoe
znachenie zagryazneniya atmosfery zavod-
skikh ploshchadok khimicheskikh proiz-
vodstv. (HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF POLLU-
i'lON OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CHEMICAL MANU-
FACTURING AREAS.) Gigiena i Sanitariya
1957, No. 2:22-31.
The area under investigation was characterized by
a large number of sources of pollution and by the
presence of 2 zones of discharge (the upper and
the lower) as well as by a considerable irregular-
ity of discharge of waste products and by the com-
plex nature of air pollutants, fhe zones with
heaviest pollution, for each separate industrial
process, were situated differently: 250 m from the
source of waste discharge in the production of red
and yellow phosphorus, 500 m in the production of
concentrated sulfuric acid, and 500-750 m in the
production of TEL and ethyl fluid. However, pol-
lutants in the case of TEL manufacture, or inor-
ganic Pb and sulfuric acid were carried 3000 m, in
the case of phosphoric acid production, >1500.
Tables show the results of analyses in air and in
snow for phosphoric acid and S oxides. In the
case of TEL manufacture, the concentrations of TEL
in the surface layer of show amounted to an aver-
age at 100-m distance of 57.7 mg/m , and in the
soil, 152; the corresponding concentrations for
inorganic Pb were 4965.2 and 7750. At 3000-m dis-
tance, an average of 8.1 and 25 mg TEL/m was
found in snow and soil and 8.1 and 190 mg Pb/m ,
respectively. TEL content near the inlet of the
ventilating duct within the factory was 0.192
mg/m ; at various levels of the platform; at
ground level, 0.063 (av), at 6-m height, 0.073,
and at 19-21 m, 0.289. In view of these investi-
gations, the author proposes that the MAC of TEL
in the air of working premises be set at 0.005
mg/m3 and in the outside atmosphere, at 0.0005;
the corresponding concentrations of P compounds
should be set at 0.15 mg/m3 (single exposure) and
0.05 mg/m average for the day.
654
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
3261 Dettling, J. (Univ. Bern, Switzerland):
Zur hygienisch-toxikologischen Bedeutung
von Bleistaub aus dem Auspuff von mit
bleitetraHthylhaltigem Benzin betriebenen
Motoren. (THE HYGIENIC AND TOXICOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF LEAD DUST IN THE EXHAUST
OF MOTORS USING FUELS CONTAINING TETRA-
ETHYLLEAD.) Zeitschrift fur PrHventiv-
medizin 2, No. 4:140-51, 1957.
See Abstract No. 3248.
3262 Fontanella, E., and Fornasari, E. (Center,
Polarographic Studies, Padova, Italy):
Metodo polarografico per la determinazione
contemporanea di vari metalli nell'aria
atmosferica inquinata. (POLAROGRAPHIC
METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION
OF DIFFERENT METALS IN POLLUTED ATMOSPHERIC
AIR.) Ricerca Scientifica 27, Suppl. A,
Polarografia 3:235-42, 1957.
A polarographic method for the simultaneous deter-
mination of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in polluted air is
described. The following ranges of concentration,
mg x 10~3/m3, were determined in samples taken in
the environment of chemical factories; Cu 0.25-12,
Pb nil-40, Cd nil-15.0, Zn 0.6-27.
3263 Giubileo, M. (Univ. Milan, Italy): Ri-
cerche sull'inquinamento da prodotti di
scarico dei veicoli a motore nella citta'
di Milano. (INVESTIGATIONS ON AIR POLLU-
TION FROM MOTOR-VEHICLE EXHAUSTS IN MILAN.)
Medicina del Lavoro 48:165-86 (Mar.),
1957.
The CO content in exhaust gases of several motor
vehicles was found to range from 0.4-8.4%. Elec-
tromicroscopic investigations of the smoke showed
the presence of spheric particles of a diameter of
400 my that may be related to the presence of Pb.
The average CO concentration at central street
intersections was 28 ppm, in the center of the city
21 ppm, in the environment of the city center 18
ppm and at the outskirts 0. In 2 tunnels the CO
concentration ranged from 20-80 ppm. The Pb con-
centration in the air was 5.3-7.4 yg/1 in the
center of the city, 3.6 yg/1 at a street inter-
section near the center, 2.4 yg/1 in the outskirts.
The Pb content of the street dust was 0.136-0.236%
in the central streets, 0.08% in the peripheral
streets, 0.048-0.052% at the sidewalks in the cen-
ter and 0.044% in a courtyard. The amount of Pb
on the street surface varied during the day from
1-8.1 mg/m3. In 3 auto garages 0.8-10.6 mg Pb/m3
were found and in a testing shed for motor scooters
7.5-17 mg/m3. In a test performed on 20 urban
traffic policemen, the Hb-CO was found to vary from
0-10%, Pb in the blood from 30-65 yg/100 ml, Pb in
the urine from 30-85 yg/1 (in one case blood Pb
was 90 yg and urinary Pb 130 yg), coproporphynuria
from 0-3 yg%. (40 references)
3264 Giubileo, M.: Ricerche sull'inquinamento
dell'atmosfera cittadina causato dei
veicoli a motore. (THE POLLUTION OF CITY
ATMOSPHERES CAUSED BY MOTOR VEHICLES.)
Revista dei Combustibili 11:157-66, 1957.
See preceding abstract.
3265
Grandjean, E. (Inst. Hyg. Work Physiol.
ETH, ZUrich, Switzerland): Die Verunreini-
gungen der Stadtluft. (AIR POLLUTION IN
TOWNS.) Zeitschrift fur PraVentivmedizin
2, No. 1-2:1-19, 1957.
The principal sources are smoke from factories and
domestic chimneys, and the automobile exhausts.
(As concerns the latter, the composition of gaso-
line and diesel motor exhausts is tabulated, with
traces of Pb being present.) Besides suspended
particles, S02, aldehydes and N dioxide are the
principal substances of practical importance.
Their additive action may produce irritation and
inflammation of the mucous membranes of eyes and
respiratory passages. The level of Pb in polluted
air is immediately related to the density of
traffic. In crowded streets CO may be present in
the air in concentrations of 0.002-0.004%. Of
special interest are carcinogenic compounds present
in the exhausts of cars. Reference is made to smog
disasters (Donora, London). The damage to materi-
als produced by polluted air is pointed out. Pre-
ventive measures are discussed. (29 references)
3266 Hirschler, D.A., Gilbert, L.F., Lamb,
F.W., and Niebylski, L.M. (Ethyl Corp.,
Detroit, Mich.): PARTICULATE LEAD COM-
POUNDS IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS. Indus-
trial and Engineering Chemistry 49:1131-
42 (July), 1957.
Studies to determine the amount, composition, and
particle size distribution of Pb compounds present
in engine exhaust gases were made with laboratory
engines and with 2 conventional cars operated on
fuels containing TEL. Exhaust carbon and organic
particulate matter were not investigated.
About 20-30% Pb burned in the fuel was retained
in passenger car exhaust system deposits and lubri-
cating oil, 70-80% being exhausted over 20,000-
30,000-mile periods of city and country driving.
Pb emission was increased by speed. Under city-
type driving conditions (idling, accelerating, de-
celerating, cruising) Pb recovered from exhaust
gas ranged from 20% of Pb burned when the exhaust
system was comparatively clean to as high as 60%
when the system was heavily deposited after exten-
sive light-duty service. However, under sustained
high-speed driving conditions and during high-
speed full-throttle accelerations, the amount of
Pb exhausted was initially several times lower
than that burned but diminished in quantity as the
exhaust system became cleaner with continued
severe service.
Exhaust particles ranged from 0.01 y to several
mm in diameter. Particles <1y were more numerous
but accounted for <5 weight % of exhausted Pb.
Heavy particles (i5y) represented ^27% of exhaust-
ed Pb under city-type driving, increasing to ^30%
under accelerating conditions.
Pb was exhausted principally as PbCl-Br, a and
B forms of NH4Cl-2PbCl-Br and 2NH4Cl-PbCl-Br. The
amount of Pb exhausted was proportional to the
concentration of TEL in gasoline, but particle
size distribution and composition were independent
of this variable. The quantity of Pb exhausted in
particle sizes which might remain suspended in the
atmosphere appeared to be reduced by conditions
which produce low gas velocities and low tempera-
tures in exhaust systems (ie, design factors such
as larger engines and multiple exhaust systems as
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
655
-------
well as operating factors). That low-speed driv-
ing as encountered in congested areas tends to
minimize Pb emission, probably explains why analy-
ses of urban air show Pb concentrations which are
low in relation to the amount of Pb burned.
(From authors' summary; 13 references)
3267 Preis, H. (Federal Inst. Materials Testing
and Research, Zurich, Switzerland): Un-
tersuchungen liber die Blelgehalte der
Luft, verursacht durch bleihaltiges Auto-
benzin. (INVESTIGATIONS ON THE LEAD CON-
TENT OF AIR CAUSED BY LEAD-CONTAINING
AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE.) Zeitschrift fur
Praventivmedizin 2, No. 11:397-408, 1957.
The Pb content of the air on various streets of
Zurich, Switzerland, ranged from 0.05-4.9 yg/m,
in the center of a tunnel it was 18.8 Ug/m3. The
air in 8 garages contained 3.7-37.0 yg TEL/m3 or
2.7-29.1 yg Pb/m3. In hangars and shops for
planes where tanking was done the air contained
5.5-300 yg TEL/m3. Dust sediments on rural roads
not frequented by motor vehicles contained 0.000-
0.018/1000 Pb while settled dust on city roads in
1948 had a Pb content 100 times as large. The Pb
content in samples of settled dust collected at
19 different sites in Zurich during 1948-55
ranged from 0.10-7.0/1000. Comparison of Pb con-
tent in settled dust showed in 6 samples taken
from Zurich streets an average of 1.4/1000, in 15
samples from 7 workrooms, 18.9, in 22 from 11 ga-
rages, 16.1, and in 6 from 3 Pb smelters, 303/1000.
Three series of tests were made with 6 different
persons while the Pb concentration in the air and
the respiratory rate were varied. Evaporation of
aviation gasoline was used as the exposure. At a
Pb concentration in air of from 100-300 yg/m3 the
average Pb retention in the lungs and respiratory
organs at rest was ^58%. During physical work
equivalent to 100 watt, retention rose to an aver-
age of 68.8%. The results showed that changes in
Pb concentrations in air had practically no influ-
ence on the degree of retention, but that changes
in respiratory rate did.
3268 Rost, R. (Tech. Univ., Berlin-Charlotten-
burg, Germany): (THE DEPOSITION OF LEAD
COMPOUNDS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES OPERATING
ON LEADED FUELS.) Deut. Kraftfahrtforsch.
Strassenverkehrstech. 1957, No. 106:5-26.
Currently used German automotive fuels contain
0.07-0.08% S and a maximum of 0.06% by volume TEL.
During operation Pb-S compounds of low volatility
are formed and deposited. Deposits are most tena-
cious where metal temperatures are high. A micro-
scopic study of the deposits on the cylinder heads
and exhaust valves showed the presence of Pb sul-
fate, Pb oxide, Pb oxide sulfate, smaller amounts
of metallic Pb, C, Pb halides and Pb oxyhalides,
occasionally Pb sulfide and more often Pb thio-
sulfate. The Pb compounds were found in layers
that alternated with C layers. If Pb and S com-
pounds are entrained as dusts in the combustion
air, and a nonleaded gasoline containing 0.02% S
is used, these compounds are preferentially con-
verted to Pb sulfate as the final product of a
sequence of reactions. Fuels of different origins
did not differ in their tendency to form deposits;
however, deposition increased with an increase in
the boiling range of the fuels. (From Chemical
Abstracts 56:1669, 1962)
3269 Tipikin, G. (City of New York Dept. Air
Poll. Control, N.Y.): A CRITICAL REVIEW
OF TWO RECENT RUSSIAN BOOKS ON AIR POLLU-
TION. Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association 7:227-33 (Nov.), 1957.
The following 2 books are reviewed: (1) Ryazanov,
V.A.: Sanitary Safeguard of Atmospheric Air. Mos-
cow, 1954; (2) Maximum Allowable Concentration of
Air Pollutants. Ed. Ryazanov, V.A., Moscow, 1955.
The author proposes to establish limits for maxi-
mum single exposure besides limits for average
daily concentrations of pollutants in air. He also
points out that adaptation to a poison does not
mean that its harmful effect on the organism has
ceased. Limits should be set according to the most
sensitive index, ie, if a gas can be detected at
concentrations below the toxic threshold, limits
should be established according to the threshold
of sensory perception. S02 and Pb contamination
is discussed in particular. The maximum average
allowable concentration of Pb in air approved by
the All-Unlon State Sanitary Commission is 0.7
yg/m3. This figure is based on a MAC in drinking
water of 0.1 mg Pb/1 or 0.2 mg/day. Assuming that
man inhales 15 m3 air/24 hr, the safe concentration
of Pb (by calculation) would be 0.013 mg/m3. How-
ever, since inhaled Pb is more harmful than oral
Pb, this figure must be reduced by at least 20
times, ie, to 0.65 yg/m3. Threshold industrial
limit values for a number of contaminants are tabu-
lated. In measuring the dust content of air, the
author does not recommend konimetric methods since
he maintains that the harmful effect of dust is
proportional to the mass of dust that penetrates
into the organism and not to the number of parti-
cles. Therefore, concentration by weight in
mg/m3 and distribution of the particles should be
measured, and MAC's of dust in air must be ex-
pressed in mg/m3 for various fractions of dust
(size of dust particles). The author objects to
the method of sedimentation for testing air because
man is exposed to the effect of suspended particles
and not to those that settled on the ground. In
the USSR restricted zones from 1000-50 m are es-
tablished around industrial enterprises and no new
plant may start operation without a permit from
the State Sanitary Control which tests its puri-
fying installations. (14 references)
3270 Zan, E.: (DATA ON THE MELTING OF FAG-
GOTED SCRAP IN THE SIEMENS-MARTIN FURNACE
AND THE ZINC- AND LEAD-CONTAINING SMOKE
PRODUCED.) Radex Rundschau 1957, 476-81.
Data are reported on the melting process occur-
ring in a 30-ton Siemens-Martin furnace charged
in part with faggoted scrap. The causes of the
prolonged fusion process and the increased con-
sumption of crude Fe are to be found in the smoke
issuing from the furnace. Among the 17 mi-'tal-
oxides contained in dust taken from the waste-
heat boiler, 7.29% PbO was present. When the
scrap is introduced at the end of the run, during
the slow melting, an intensive oxidation of non-
ferrous metals occurs, especially of Pb, Sn, Sb,
Cu, and Zn. These oxides are carried off in the
gas current, while the oxides of the nonvolatile
656
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
metals are taken up by the slag present. (From
E.7ar. Radex Rundschau 1957, 476-81; Chem. Zentr.
129, 248, (1950); Chemical Abstracts 53:19751,
1959)
3271 Zykova, A.S. (Moscow Reg. San. Hyg.
Inst.): POLLUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH
LEAD AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HEALTH OF THE
POPULATION. Gigiena i Sanitariya 22, No.
2:12-7, 1957. In Levine, B.S.: U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. Washington, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Tech-
nichal Services, 1960, Vol. 1, pp. 55-62.
The total daily discharge of Pb from a storage
battery plant, equipped with precipitators, was
5.7 kg; from a Pb smelter, 14.7 kg. Contamina-
tion of snow with Pb over a distance of 1000 m
from the Pb smelter was 10 times higher than
from the storage battery plant: 25.8 mg/m vs
2.56 mg/m^. The chromate micromethod (Polezhaev)
was used for determining Pb in air. Air samples
from the vicinity of the storage battery plant
showed in summer maximum daily averages of 0.0041,
0.003, 0.0023 and 0.0031 mg Pb/m3 at distances of
100, 300, 500 and 700 m, respectively. Samples
collected in the area of the Pb smelter gave the
following maximum daily averages, in mg/m-*, in
summer, autumn, and winter, respectively: at
100 m, , 0.0021, 0.027; at 250-300 m, 0.018,
0.0034, 0.039; at 500 m, 0.0048, 0.0022, 0.017;
at 700 m, 0.0053, , 0.015; at 900-1000 m,
0.016, , ; at 1500 m, , , 0.0041.
Twenty-one dust samples of 29 analyzed from
dwellings in the vicinity of the Pb smelter showed
presence of Pb, ranging from 0.012-0.03%. The
artesian wells, used as water sources, contained
up to 0.0019 mg Pb/1. Four hundred four persons
(18-50 yr old and residents for >2 yr) living
within 1000 m of the Sn foundry and 147 persons
as controls from a distant area were examined.
The total incidence of disease in these 2 groups
was 136.2 and 46.3%, respectively, falling into
the following categories: respiratory, 12.4 and
16.9%; nervous system, 50.2 and 6.3%; cardiovas-
cular system, 38.9 and 19.3%; digestive system,
34.7 and 3.9%, respectively. Urine samples were
taken from 78 persons (no data) living in the
contaminated area and from 15 controls. Sixty-
six samples of the first group contained 0.01-0.2
mg Pb/1 (25 of these showed 0.1-0.2 ing Pb/1).
The control samples showed physiologically normal
values (0.03-0.04 mg/1). Four cats maintained
within 100-200 m distance from the Sn smelter
(where air contained av 0.0021-0.027 mg Pb/m3) for
2, 3,4 and 7 yr and a control (4 yr) showed the
following Pb content in tissues: tibia, 120, 180,
1000, 2000 and 20 mg/kg; femur, 200, 260, 880,
1640 and 10 mg/kg; brain, 300, 400, 140, 200 and
(-) mg/kg; kidney, 65, 125, 120, 70 and 30 mg/kg;
liver, 175, 90, (-), 150 and 70 mg/kg, respective-
ly-
It is recommended that better controls be insti-
tuted for the removal of Pb from effluents; that
new construction and improvement of dwelling units
in a radius of less than 100 m from Pb smelters be
forbidden; and that a zone of tall-growing trees
be planted around the factory.
1958
3272 Bersin, 1.: Prophylaxe und Therapie der
larvierten Bleivergiftungen durch blei-
haltige Kraftstoff-Abgase. (PROPHYLAXIS
AND THERAPY OF LATENT LEAD POISONING RE-
SULTING FROM LEAD CONTENT IN VEHICULAR EX-
HAUST GASES.) In Niickel, H.: Neue Ergeb-
nisse der Aerosol Forschung, Stuttgart,
1958, pp. 380-6.
Hazards resulting from the Pb content in exhaust
gases are discussed. (From APCA Abstracts 5:
2475 (June), 1959)
3273 Chambers, L.A. (Los Angeles, Calif.):
TRANSPORTATION SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION.
1. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SOURCES IN LOS
ANGELES. Proceedings National Conference
on Air Pollution, Washington, D.C., Nov.
18-20, 1958, pp. 167-70.
Although vehicular exhausts are a major source of
air pollution, it is not possible to conclude that
equivalent amounts of pollutant losses will pro-
duce equivalent effect in all cities. This is due
to differences in topographical and climatical
situations.
It is stated that the use of 1000 gal of gaso-
line releases 0.3 Ib of solids, which is a mixture
of Zn, Pb, other metallic oxides and C or that
every 1000 operating automobiles emit daily 0.6
Ib of this mixture. This serious community prob-
lem will be brought to an end when a means for
substantially eliminating some constituents of the
exhaust is put to effective use.
3274 Effenberger, E. (Inst. Hyg., Hamburg,
Germany): Gefahrdung der Beamten des
Passkontroll- und Zolldienstes an Grenz-
ubergangen durch Auspuffgase. (HAZARDS
TO PASSPORT AND CUSTOM OFFICIALS AT
BORDER AREAS FROM EXHAUST GASES.) Zeit-
schrift fllr Hygiene und Infektionskrank-
heiten 145:403-21, 1958.
The elaborate study described in this paper was
undertaken because passport and customs officers
had complained of symptoms at rush hours which
they attributed to exhaust gases from the running
engines of stationary motor vehicles. Sections of
the paper deal with: (1) The toxic constituents
of exhausts from petrol and Diesel engines which
include C0; N gases and aldehydes (a description
from the literature of the clinical effects of
these and of Pb dust from ethyl fluid is given);
(2) the movement of exhaust gases under different
meteorological conditions; (3) the symptoms com-
plained of by officers at 2 frontier stations be-
tween Germany and Switzerland (a long list of com-
plaints of the officers and their frequency is
given and the most important were headache (48%),
a feeling of oppression in the gastric region
(8%); (4) the traffic concentration at different
periods; (5) measurement of the CO concentration
in the air; (6) the association of traffic densi-
ty and CO content (this was examined at length by
statistical methods); (7) statistical examination
of the relation between frequency of symptoms and
the traffic concentration and also the velocity of
the wind; (8) the CO content of the blood of the
officers, which was found to increase during work
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
657
-------
periods.
From the results of the study there is consider-
ed to be no doubt that the officers at these 2
frontiers are endangered by exhaust gases at times
of heavy traffic and when the air is still. Some
recommendations are made for lessening this danger
which arises not only from CO but also from other
constituents of the exhaust.
3275 Fatzer, R. (Wadenswil, Switzerland): Gift
in der Atemluft. (POISON IN THE RESPIRA-
TORY AIR.) Schweizerische Apotheker
Zeitung 96, No. 21:418-20, 1958.
Author demonstrates the danger of Pb poisoning in
everyday life. He reasons that since man ingests
with his food about 200 pg Pb/day, the Pb content
in air should not exceed 12.5 yg/m3, considering
the fact that the inhaled portion of Pb is 10-100
times as toxic as the ingested. He claims that
due to the use of leaded gasoline the limit of
tolerance has been generally reached and that for
instance in automobile repair shops it is often
considerably exceeded. He states that in Switzer-
land 300,000 kg Pb are thrown into the air by
motor vehicles every year. Although according to
authoritative statements no signs of Pb poisoning
have yet been noted, he questions whether the in-
crease of certain diseases which has been attribu-
ted to different causes, may not be a sign of
chronic Pb poisoning. In discussing the fouling
of the air in Los Angeles the author calculates
that at a daily discharge of 10 tons of Pb into
the city air a yearly amount of 360 m^ pb is dis-
charged which corresponds to a "cube with sides
7 m long." In view of all facts Pb should no
longer be considered as a trace element. (29
references)
3276 Getskin, L.S., Batyuk, A.G., Tsyb, P.P.,
Savraev, V.P., Gorokhvodatskaya, R.I.,
and Zinov'ev, V.P.: (TREATMENT OF LEAD
SMELTER DUST BY SULFATION.) Sbornik
Nauch. Trudov, Vsesoyuz. Nauch.-Issledo-
vatel Gorno-Met. Inst. Tsvetnykh Metal.
1958, No. 3:44-68.
A new method of sulfating pulverulent material
was developed based on granulation of dust fol-
lowed by sulfation of the granules. The be-
havior of various elements in the granulation and
sulfation of Pb production dusts was investigated.
(From Chemical Abstracts 54:18236, 1960)
3277 Giovanardi, A. (Univ. Milan, Italy):
Finalita del Convegno sui metodi di stu-
dio degli inquinamenti atmosferici da
prodotti delle combustion! domestiche e.
industrial! e da scarichi dei veicoli a
motore. (PURPOSE OF THE CONFERENCE ON
METHODS OF STUDYING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
FROM DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS AND MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST.)
Minerva Medica 49:953-6 (Mar.), 1958.
A very general discussion of atmospheric pollu-
tants and the possible presence of Pb as combus-
tion product from motor vehicles is presented.
3278 Goossens, J.F., and Lafontaine, A.: La
pollution chimique de 1'air dans les cites
modernes et le probleme particulier des gaz
de combustion des moteurs a explosions et
des installations de chauffage. (CHEMICAL
POLLUTION OF THE AIR IN MODERN CITIES AND
THE PARTICULAR PROBLEMS OF GAS FROM COM-
BUSTION ENGINES AND FROM HEATING INSTALLA-
TIONS.) Archives Beiges de Medecine
Sociale, Hygiene, Medecine du Travail et
Medecine Legale 16:217-37 (May), 1958.
Atmospheric pollution originating from industrial
and domestic sources, including radioactive mate-
rial from nuclear explosions or power stations
and carcinogenic substances in the air, is dis-
cussed. Concentrations of such contaminants as
CO, Pb and S02 in modern cities in the US and
Europe, their irritating effects and possible
measures of prevention are reviewed. The compo-
sition of motor exhaust gases is dealt with in
detail. An extensive bibliography is included and
a table listing the maximum allowable concentra-
tions of toxic substances as published by the 16th
Conferenre of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
is presented.
3279 Grunvald, A., and Earth, A.: Nase dosavad-
nf zkusenostis pouzitim ethylovanSho benzi-
nu k pohonu motorovych vozidel po strance
hygienicke. (EXPERIENCE WITH TETRA-ETHYL
LEAD FOR CARS, FROM THE HYGIENIC ASPECT.)
Pracov. Lek. 10, No. 4:346-8, 1958.
The authors investigated garages for the concen-
tration of Pb in the atmosphere due to the use of
TEL gasoline. The average Pb concentrations found
ranged from 0-1.32 mg/m3, the admissible concen-
tration of Pb, 0.05 mg/m , was surpassed 5-10
times. The state of health was not influenced by
the use of TEL gasoline. Simultaneously high val-
ues of CO which surpassed the MAC 3-13 times were
found. Although so far no adverse effect on the
state of health has occurred it will nevertheless
be necessary to require perfect ventilation of
garages to keep the concentration of Pb and CO
within permissible limits. (From Excerpta Medica,
Sect. 17, 5:Abstr. No. 2095, 1959)
3280 HHgger, D. (Natl. Board Ind ., Trades,
Labor, ZUrich, Switzerland): Die TMtigkeit
der eidgenBssischen Bleibenzinkommission
von 1947 bis 1957. (ACTIVITY OF THE SWISS
LEADED GASOLINE COMMISSION FROM 1947 TO
1957.) Zeitschrift fdr Unfallmedizin und
Berufskrankheiten 51, No. 2:150-7, 1958.
A Commission was set up by the Department of the
Interior in Switzerland in 1947 to study the ef-
fects of TEL, officially permitted to be added in
specified amounts to motor fuel in 1947, on the
health of those who worked with the gasoline and
on the health of the general population. Certain
regulations were first introduced and these in-
cluded general precautions in garages and in the
storage of the Pb-gasoline. Gas containing TEL
must be colored and its containers must be special-
ly marked. Its use for any other purpose than as
motor fuel was prohibited. A number of investi-
gations relating to the subject have been carried
out and reports on several of these have been pub-
lished. Reports of these studies are given in
this paper with tables of results. The data so
recorded are the TEL content of various motor
fuels in different years, the Pb content of ex-
658
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
haust gases, the Pb content of the air, the extent
to which Pb in air or dust is retained in the lungs
when inspired, the daily intake of Pb from food or
water or inhalation of dust and gases and the Pb
content of the blood of medical students, garage
personnel and workers in Pb trades.
The conclusion reached by the Commission, to whom
all cases of suspected TEL poisoning have to be
reported, is that no danger from the Pb was es-
tablished except in isolated cases in workers with
airplane fuel, which contains much more TEL than
does the auto gasoline.
In the discussion which followed the presenta-
tion of the report the opinion based on it was
that at present in Switzerland there was no Pb
risk and that, judging by the experience of other
countries, it was unlikely that a dangerous con-
centration of Pb in the atmosphere would be built
up. Nevertheless, the continuation of control
measures is essential. Some doubts about the
safety of the present state of affairs and anxiety
about the future were, however, also expressed.
3281 Morriss, F.V., Bolze, C., and Goodwin,
J.T., Jr. (Midwest Res. Inst., Kansas
City, Mo.): SMOG CHAMBER STUDIES OF UN-
LEADED VS. LEADED FUELS. NEITHER TETRA-
ETHYLLEAD NOR HALOGEN-CONTAINING SCAVEN-
GERS OF LEAD HAVE ANY DETECTABLE EFFECT
ON THE SMOG-FORMING POTENTIAL OF AUTOMO-
BILE EXHAUST. Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry 50:673-6 (Apr.), 1958.
As automobile exhaust gas has been implicated as
a major source of smog-producing chemicals, the
effect of TEL and halogen scavengers used in anti-
knock fluids was investigated. Experiments were
carried out in 2 large reaction chambers equipped
with air-sampling systems, on 3 fuels, with and
without antiknock addition. The schedule for
sampling and testing included physiologic measure-
ments in the form of eye irritation. The 1st was
measured by sending 1 or 2 persons, from a panel
of 20, into each chamber at 9-min intervals. They
stayed there 2 min, then indicated their reaction
on a questionnaire. Typical smog symptoms were
found throughout the experiments. Levels of eye
irritation ranged from zero to severe and large
amounts of oxidants were formed, ^40 pphm after
20 min. The average levels of eye irritation were
low. Statistical evaluation of the data from 48
individual runs showed no significant differences
as to eye irritation, aldehyde concentration, and
rubber cracking, as well as oxidant, hydrocarbons,
CO and NO's for the 3 chambers. The authors con-
clude that additions of TEL to gasoline do not
contribute materially to the Los Angeles smog
problem.
3282 Nedogibchenko, M.K. (USSR Ministry of
Health): PRESENT DAY CONDITIONS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY AUTOMOBILE EX-
HAUST GASES IN CITIES AND PROBLEMS OF ITS
CONTROL. Gigiena i Sanitariya 23, No. 8:
6-9, 1958. In Levine, B.S.: U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. Washington, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Techni-
cal Services, I960, Vol. 3, pp. 195-9.
In connection with the planned increase in motor
vehicles (6th 5-yr plan: 1956-1960) the problem of
air pollution in cities compels serious attention.
With CO, soot, tarry substances containing carcino-
genic components (eg, 3,4-benzpyrine), N-oxides,
and TEL-containing gasoline, Pb compounds are emit-
ted.
The data obtained on CO are first presented and
discussed. It was noted that concentrations found
in city streets were such that CO pollution violat-
ed the sanitary living conditions of the popula-
tion, and caused changes in blood composition,
heacaches, vertigo, weakness, etc. The suggested
MAC should not exceed 6 mg/m^ in single tests and
2 mg/m^ in av 24-hr tests. Concerning Pb, tests
showed that Pb deposited in the motor amounts to
63% and the remainder escapes with the exhaust gas-
es. In burning 1 kg Pb gasoline an idling GAZ-51
motor discharged 0.3 g Pb; at a speed of 15 km/hr,
0.87 g and at 40 km/hr, 0.92 g. Results of an in-
vestigation carried out in Sverdlovsk showed that
Pb content in exhaust gases ranged from 0.069-3.70
mg/m^, in streets with heavy motor traffic Pb con-
centration in air exceeded the MAC of 0.0007 mg/m^.
Pb was detected in water used by traffic police for
washing hands, on outside and inside surfaces of
windows and windshields of automobiles. Large
quantities of Pb were found on leaves of shrubs and
trees (up to 15.5 mg/m^). In an investigation car-
ried out in Moscow, from 0.001-0.003 mg/m^ was
found in street air. Improvements of air condition
and prevention of further pollution are suggested,
such as improvements in motors, strict inspection
of engines, and discontinuance of use of TEL.
3283 Pakhotina, N.S. (Sanit.-Epidemiol. Station
E. Kazakhstan, USSR): Sanitarno-gigieni-
cheskaya otsenka promyshlennykh vybrosov
svintsovo-tsinkovogo kombinata. (SANITARY-
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISCHARGES FROM A LEAD-ZINC PLANT.)
Gigiena i Sanitariya 23, No. 4:3-6, 1958.
In Levine, B.S.: U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. Washington, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Office of Technical Services,
1960, Vol. 3, pp. 93-7.
The SOj, Pb and As content of air, soil and vege-
tation in the neighborhood of a Pb-Zn plant were
determined. The atmospheric pollution of Pb
(mg/m^) in leeward direction at a distance of
150-5,000 m from the plant averaged from 0.1212-
0.0068. The corresponding values for S02 were
4.63-1.01 and for As, 0.062-0.008, respectively.
Air-dried loam soil in a distance of 500-16,000 m
from the plant, at a depth ranging from 0-25 and
75-100 cm contained 4.1747-0.0778 and 0.0748-
0.0292 mg Pb/100 g. For S02, 148.11-22.86 and
10.76-4.24 was found, and for As, 1.882-0.305 and
0.196-0.007 mg/100 g. Author recommends measures
for abatement of pollution.
3284 Rogers, D.T., and Jonach, F.L. (Esso Res.
Eng. Co., Linden, N.J.): MECHANISM OF IN-
TAKE-VALVE UNDERSIDE DEPOSIT FORMATION.
Society of Automotive Engineers Preprint
No. 106C, 1958, 25 pp.
Laboratory and field studies showed that, in re-
cent model passenger car engines, the deposits are
derived both from the fuel and the lubricant. From
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
659
-------
the use of TEL gasoline, the deposits contain Pb
and halogen derived from reactions in the intake
system, from blowback of the combustion chamber,
and from fuel residues carried by the crankcase
lubricant. Multigraded lubricants prepared from
low-viscosity base stocks and containing viscosity
index improvers have a higher rate of deposit for-
mation than conventional lubricants. The main
sources of deposits are apparently the high-temp-
erature oxidation products of the lubricating oil
base stock, and the amount of deposit formed is a
function of the amount of lubricant reaching the
valve underside area.
3285 Serruys, M. (Natl. Conservatory of Arts
and Trades, France): Faits et chiffres
concernant les substances nocives des gaz
d 'e'chappement des vehicules automobiles et
en ge'ne'ral des moteurs a combustion in-
terne. (FACTS AND FIGURES CONCERNING TOXIC
SUBSTANCES IN THE EXHAUST GASES FROM AUTO-
MOBILES AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION MOTORS IN
GENERAL.) Revue de Pathologic Generale et
de Physiologie Clinique 58:239-47 (Feb.),
1958.
It is stated that the maximum weight of TEL in the
exhaust gases/10 kg burnt fuel amounts to 7.2 g;
other components are C02 31.15, CO 19.83, hydro-
carbon 10.0, and S02 0.2 kg; Br 3.35, Cl 2.36, P
0.147 g. Detailed data are given for gasoline and
diesel motors. Possibilities for the reduction of
quantities of toxic products in the exhaust gases,
and what the driver can do to avoid pollution
within the vehicle and of the ambient air are dis-
cussed .
3286 Weichardt, H. (Frankfurt/M, Germany):
Gesundheitsgefahren durch Abgase und die
gewerbehygienischen Massnahmen zur Reiner-
haltung der Luft. (HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO
EXHAUST GASES AND SANITARY MEASURES FOR THE
PURIFICATION OF AIR.) Zentralblatt fur
Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz 8:234-42
(Oct.) , 1958.
The Pb content of exhaust gases in Basel (accord-
ing to Jecklin), was found to be 2-7 yg/nP of air.
Since the Pb level in the blood of the population
is constantly Increasing, it is proposed to use
harmless antiknock agents. The author discusses
various types of equipment to measure the exhaust
from various sources, so that measures can be taken
to prevent intoxication of man, animal and plant.
1959
3287 Bersin, T.: Enzymgifte der Autoabgase.
(ENZYME POISONS OF AUTO EXHAUST GASES.)
Vitalstoffe (Hannover) 3:160-5, 1959.
TEL and inorganic Pb are known to have an inhibit-
ing effect on enzyme actions. The unconsumed
gasoline in auto exhausts contains unsaturated
hydrocarbons tending to produce smoke and aero-
sols of Pb compounds. The question is raised
whether the absence of an increase in reports of
toxic effects from Pb compounds, while traffic
density continues to increase, may be due to un-
suitable diagnostic procedures. Central nervous
system damages after exposure to TEL have been
reported to appear 14 yr after the original ac-
cident. Other known toxic substances found in
automobile exhaust gases are CO and 3,4-benz-
pyrene. CO is known to block Fe-containing en-
zymes and produce a decline in performance; 3,4-
benzpyrene has been suspected to be at least par-
tially responsible for the increased incidence of
pulmonary cancer in town populations. Among the
unsaturated hydrocarbons in unburned gasoline are
the olefins which under specific atmospheric con-
ditions react with the ozone of the air to produce
the olefin ozonides, which are said to block
enzymatic action because of the deflection of the
active group. Technical measures are needed to
control air pollution, including better utiliza-
tion of gasoline to leave less unburned fuel, and
the use of catalysts to combat pollution with
olefins. It would also seem possible to exchange
the Pb-containing antiknock compounds in gasoline
with other compounds. (From APCA Abstracts
5:2551, 1959) .
3288 Cannon, W.A., and Welling, C.E. (Ford
Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich.): VANADIA-
ALUMINA CATALYST FOR THE OXIDATION OF EX-
HAUST HYDROCARBONS. S.A.E. (Society of
Automotive Engineers) Preprint 29T, 1959,
24 pp.
The nature and composition of Pb accumulation on
the catalyst bed and in the catalyst are among
the problems studied in experiments with a Ford
converter. Pb reacts with P pentoxide to form
complex compounds resulting in a slow, cumulative,
and nonuniform deactivation of the catalyst bed,
but the average activity remained for a consider-
able time on a level comparable to that after
10,000 miles of test run. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 55:862, 1961)
3289 Gusev, M.I. (Ryazansk Med. Inst., USSR):
Vliyanie malykh kontsentratsii svintsa na
porfirinovyi obmen u detei. (THE EFFECT
OF LOW LEAD CONCENTRATION ON THE PORPHY-
RIN METABOLISM IN CHILDREN.) Gigiena i
Sanitaria 24:6-9 (July), 1959.
Pollution of air with Pb was measured around a
cable manufacturing plant and a tin works. Re-
sults of 33 around-the-clock collections at 200-
400-m distance from Plant 1 showed concentrations
from 0.56-1.93 yg/nH, with an average of 1.02 yg,
thus more than the MAC. Near Plant 2, concentra-
tions ranged from 1.39-3.61 yg/m^ (32 samples),
with an average of 2.53. A control area showed
averages of 0.007 yg/m . Porphyrin excretion was
studied in 5-7-yr-old children. The control child-
ren (100) excreted daily 2.03-11.05 or an average
of 6.5 yg coproporphyrin/8 hr; those near Plant 1
(100) 3.38-15.80, av 8.2 yg (in 18.9%), and those
near Plant 2 (111), 3.87-31.07, av 10.5 yg/8 hr.
The latter increase occurred in 42.3% of the child-
ren.
3290 Hargrave, J.H.D., and Snowball, A.F.:
RECOVERY OF FUME AND DUST FROM METALLURGI-
CAL GASES AT TRAIL, BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Can. Mining Met. Bull. 52:359-65; Trans.
Inst. Mining Met. 62:180-5, 1959.
The processes used for the treatment of waste gases
(^900,000 ft-Vmin) from Cominco's operations are
listed. Recovery of >99% of the fume and dust is
660
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
achieved. The plants treat Zn concentrates, Pb
concentrates, and ores to produce refined Zn and
Pb primarily, also Ag, Au, Cd, Bi, In, antimonial
Pb, and Cu materials. The processes are chemical,
electrochemical, and pyrometallurgical, the last
involving the use of dryers, roasters, blast fur-
naces, fuming furnaces, reverbatory smelting and
melting furnaces, kettles, and electric melting
furnaces. (From Chemical Abstracts 53:17392,
1959)
3291 Horiuchi, K., Horiguchi, S., Yamamoto, K.,
and Takeuchi, T.: DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD IN
THE ATMOSPHERE OF OSAKA CITY. Osaka City
Medical Journal 5, No. 2:129-34, 1959. In
Contributions from the Department of Pre-
ventive Medicine and Public Health, Osaka
City University Medical School, Vol. 2,
April 1959-March 1961, pp. 215-9.
Surveys were performed in Jan.-March 1955 and
March-June 1956, with 44 samples collected in the
residential and factory (non-Pb) districts and
main streets of Osaka from 10 AM-5 PM. Collection
was by Greenburg impingers, and carried out at a
rate of 30 1/min for ^30 min. Pb analysis was by
a modified polarographic method. On one of the
main streets, the number of passenger cars, motor
lorries and small vehicles were counted according
to the classification of traffic statistics by
police. The medians, the upper and lower limits
of Pb content in air were tabulated; the medians,
in yg/rn-^ were: residential districts, 4.5; non-Pb
factory area, 9.4; main streets, 10.2; same with
dense traffic, 36.4; average, 16.4. The relation-
ship between Pb in air and the number of passing
motor cars during sampling ranged from 18.6 vig/m^
from 336 cars to 54.5 yg/m3 from 468 cars. From
the results, the authors calculated the Pb intake
from the air as follows: by supposing that the
volume of inspired air by an adult/day is 10 in-*,
the Pb inspired would be 16.4 x 10 yg; since about
1/2 of it may be retained in the body, the daily
Pb intake from city air in Japan can be estimated
at ^82 ug/day. (17 references)
3292 Kawabata, Y.: (OBSERVATION OF ATMOSPHERIC
DIFFUSION AT TOKAI-MURA.) J. Atomic Energy
Soc. Japan 1:330-9, 1959.
Atmospheric diffusion was observed at Tokai-mura
by measuring the diffusion of Pbl2 from a stack
65 m in height. The results were found in good
agreement with theoretical calculations. (From
Nuclear Science Abstracts 14: Abstract No. 3255,
1960)
3293 Lampert, F.F. (Moscow Mun. San.-Epidemiol.
Station): EFFECT OF GARAGES AND FILLING
STATIONS LOCATED IN RESIDENTIAL SECTIONS
ON HEALTH AND LIVING CONDITIONS. Gigiena
i Sanitariya 24, No. 3:74-6, 1959. In
Levine, B.S.: U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases. Washington, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Office of Technical Services,
1960, Vol. 4, pp. 161-4.
Investigations of selected Moscow residential
properties indicated that of 1042 garages located
in this area and housing up to 10 automobiles, 66%
were distributed contrary to the sanitary clear-
ance regulation and 40% were in the immediate
proximity of children's and medical institutions.
While of itself this would affect the sanitary liv-
ing conditions of the population, the progressive
change to TEL-containing gasoline imparts to this
problem a more serious aspect. It was also found
that in nearly all cases the garages occupied a
considerable part of the backyard, thus presenting
a constant danger to children's safety, and that
the exhaust gases penetrated into the apartments;
windows were also coated with resinous substances.
In the investigation described, CO was determined
in the air of garages, near the filling station,
in the air of apartments facing the filling sta-
tions and garages, and compared with findings in
apartments in the same building, but facing in
the opposite direction. To eliminate the possi-
ble effect of household gas appliances, the lat-
ter were shut during sampling. The greatest num-
ber of samples with CO >0.03 mg/1 was found near
the gasoline pump and in apartments located 18 m
from the pump. A study of the Pb oxide content
in the air was conducted before the city trans-
port changed over to TEL gasoline. As determined
by the sedimentation method in 204 air samples,
the highest percentage of samples with Pb >0.1
mg/m^ in 24 hr was found among those collected on
a busy highway and near a filling station. It
was assumed that the Pb issued from cars using
TEL-gasoline. The finding of Pb in the air of
nearby garages and apartments (values are not
indicated) was attributed to repair work using
Pb-containing solders. The author concludes that
the heavy pollution in apartments indicates the
necessity of enforcing the regulation that filling
stations be located at prescribed distance from
living quarters.
3294 Morik, J., and Morlin, Z.: Ipari tele-
pu'le'sek levegojenek feiSszennyezodese.
(POLLUTION OF THE AIR OF INDUSTRIAL RE-
GIONS BY METALS.) Nepegeszsegugy (Buda-
pest) 40:288-93 (Nov.), 1959.
Spectroscopic studies were made of sedimented dust
collected over 3 city areas (Miskolc, Gyor, P£cs).
It was determined that the air was polluted by the
following substances: Si, Fe, and Al in amounts
>10%; Ca, Cu, Mg, and Na, 0.1-1.0%; Ba, Co, Hg,
Mn, Pb, Sb, Zn, Sn, and U, 0.001-1.0%. The
amounts of trace metals in the air of each area
manifested great variations. (From APCA Ab-
stracts 6: Abstract No. 3417, 1960)
3295 Portheine, R. (Hyg. Inst., Ruhr Region,
Gelsenkirchen, Germany): Luftverun-
reiningungen in unseren Strassen durch
Autoabgase. (POLLUTION OF AIR IN THE
STREETS BY EXHAUST GASES OF MOTOR VEHI-
CLES.) Therapiewoche 9, No. 7:348-55,
1959.
The various orographical and topographical para-
meters which have an unfavorable effect on the
mass-exchange of the exhaust gases are pointed
out. In 1957, 3.5 million tons of gasoline and
3.5 million tons of diesel oil were burned to
provide power. The problem of exhaust gases is
definitely not a problem of CO, since in homo-
genous masses of air under unfavorable conditions
only values of 1/3 to 1/4 of the MAC value of CO
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
661
-------
were demonstrated at points where the traffic was
densest. Attention must be paid to effects of
combined poisons and enzymatic damage. Personal
studies on the amount of Pb in samples of grass
from the highways yielded values that must be
checked in various countries. The values ranged
from 15,000 Pg of Pb/100 g of grass at the start
of the growing period to 100,000 ug of Pb/100 g
of older grass. Pb is an enzyme poison. (From
Excerpta Medica, Sect. 17, 6:Abstr. No. 1628, 1960)
3296 Shalamberidze Yu.P. (Ministry of Health,
Georgian S.S.R.): THE DETERMINATION OF
LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD
SULFIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i
Sanitariya 24, No. 3:9-14, 1959. In Le-
vine, B.S.: U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseas-
es. Washington, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Office of Technical Services, 1960,
Vol. 4, pp. 154-60; also in Ryazanov, V.A.,
ed.: Limits of Allowable Concentrations
of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 5, trans-
lated by B.S. Levine. Washington, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Techni-
cal Services, 1962, pp. 29-38.
Limits of allowable Pb sulfide concentrations were
developed on the basis of determinations of actual
concentrations present in the air around a Pb ore
concentrating plant and studies of the effect of
exposure to Pb sulfide in laboratory animals. The
concentrations of Pb ranged from 18.8 pg/m3 at a
distance of 250 m to 1.3 yg/m3 at 500 m; the con-
centrations of Pb-containing dust, from 1.24 yg/m3
at 250 m to 0.69 yg/m3 at 500 m. Distribution of
the Pb sulfide was found to be influenced by wind
velocity and direction, as well as by atmospheric
precipitation. Analysis of Pb ore concentrate
dust showed that its toxic component was Pb sul-
fide.
Rats exposed to 48.3 yg/m3 of ore dust 6 hr/day
for 6 mo exhibited conditioned reflex shifts,
which differed with the typological characteris-
tics of the rat's higher nervous activity pattern.
No shifts in higher nervous activity were observed
in rats exposed to 13.5 yg/m3 of Pb sulfide.
Brain tissues of exposed rats showed the presence
of dystrophic changes in isolated ganglia cells.
No changes attributable to Pb poisoning were seen
in internal organs or blood. It is suggested that
the allowable 24-hr concentration of Pb sulfide be
set at 1.7 pg/m and that the Pb ore concentration
plant be surrounded by a sanitary clearance zone
not <500 m wide.
3297 Suzuki, Y.: (STUDIES ON SELENIUM POISON-
ING. I. EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POL-
LUTION ON THE COMMUNITY HEALTH IN THE
NEIGHBORHOOD OF A SELENIUM-REFINING PLANT.)
Shikoku Acta Medica 14:846-54 (May), 1959.
Particles discharged from a Se-refining plant were
estimated to contain Se, Pb (no values) or S di-
oxide. Clinical signs observed among the popula-
tion in the vicinity of the plant are considered
to be suggestive of Se-poisoning. (From APCA
Abstracts 6: Abstract No. 3333, 1960)
3298 Urakubo, G., and Yamate, N.: (AIR POLLU-
TION BY EXHAUST GAS. IV. DETERMINATION
OF EXHAUST GAS IN KANMON VEHICULAR TUN-
NEL.) Bull. Natl. Hyg. Lab. (Tokyo)
77:23-6 (Sept.), 1959.
An air pollution study in the Kanmon underwater
vehicular and pedestrian tunnel in Japan showed
3.96 yg Pb/m3 air at 9 AM under the following cir-
cumstances: traffic flow, av 36 gasoline-powered
vehicles and 24 diesels/hr; air flow, 0.245 m/sec
with a volume displacement of 35 m3/sec; tempera-
ture, 23.2°C; humidity, 100%. Further studies
were made at 10 AM and 4 PM and it was concluded
that the levels of air pollution in the tunnel
would not constitute any hazard to health since
ventilatory conditions were good. (From APCA
Abstracts 7:Abstract No. 3852, 1961)
3299 U.S. Advisory Committee on Tetraethyl Lead
to Surgeon General of Public Health Ser-
vice (H.J. Magnuson, M.D., Chairman):
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF INCREASING TETRA-
ETHYL LEAD CONTENT IN MOTOR FUEL. U.S.
Public Health Service Publication No. 712,
1959, 49 pp.
The Committee which convened on Jan 8-9, 1959, con-
cluded that "(1) a change in the maximum concen-
tration of TEL in motor fuel from 3.0 to 4.0 cc/
gal would not increase the hazards involved in the
manufacture and distribution of Pb gasoline and
(2) available data do not indicate that such
change would significantly increase the hazard to
public health from air pollution." Should the in-
dustry increase the concentration of TEL, it is
recommended that: "(1) the industry proceed
cautiously with the increase so that the increase
in any one year in the TEL content of US pool gas-
oline not exceed 0.25 cc, and the concentration of
TEL in US pqol gasoline not be >3.2 cc/gal at the
end of 5 yr; (2) the industry supply annually to
the Public Health Service the domestic consumption
figures for TEL; (3) the Public Health Service,
in collaboration with the manufacturers of TEL,
the petroleum industry, and other appropriate
organizations, conduct studies to provide more
definitive data on levels and trends of atmospheric
Pb contamination in selected urban areas and of
the body burden of Pb of selected population
groups. If these studies should bring to light
new data of significance, you may wish to recon-
sider the recommendation of this Committee." The
report gives tables on consumption of TEL in USA
for the years 1924-58 and estimated consumption
based on 3- and 4-cc limits for 1959-63; particu-
late atmospheric Pb concentrations in selected
cities. The technical aspects and advantages of
increasing TEL concentration are presented; the Pb
exhausted (weight %) in particulate size ranges,
Pb retained by automobile exhaust systems and lu-
bricating oil are tabulated. The hygienic aspects
are reviewed by R.A. Kehoe: Evidence gained from
surveys of the Pb content of urban atmospheres,
general sources of human exposure to Pb, experi-
mental studies of the metabolism of Pb under ab-
normal conditions demonstrate conclusively that
the contribution made by the TEL contamination
of the atmosphere to the total absorption of Pb
by the American population has been remarkably
small in either relative or absolute terms and
that it has been minute physiologically and in-
significant hygienically, despite the tremendous
662
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
increase in the use of TEL. During the past 11
yr, during which the greatest expansion of TEL has
occurred, there has been no sign that the average
individual in the US has sustained any measurable
increase in the concentration of Pb in his blood
or in the daily output of Pb in his urine. In
considering the hygienic effect of an increase in
the content of Pb in gasoline there is assurance,
based upon earlier experience and further investi-
gations, that the effects of the proposed changes
could be established in advance of any harmful con-
sequences.
3300 U-S. Public Health Service: PROCEEDINGS.
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AIR POLLUTION,
Washington, D.C., November 18-20, 1958.
U.S. Public Health Service Publication No.
654, 1959, 526 pp.
At this Conference, Pb is mentioned briefly by L.A.
Chambers in his discussion of "Where Does Air Pol-
lution Come From"; in that by J. Cholak, "Can
Standard Methods be Established for Identifying
and Measuring Air Pollutants"; in N. Nelson's
"How Air Pollution Has Its Effects on Health," and
in R.L. Chass's "Extent to Which Available Control
Techniques Have Been Utilized by Communities (1);
Los Angeles County." In the latter, effective
control has been achieved in secondary smelting
and associated operations, including Pb, con-
ducted in the County. In the discussion by L.A.
Chambers on "Transportation Sources of Air Pollu-
tion (1) Comparison With Other Sources in Los
Angeles," the author estimates that the use of
1000 gal gasoline releases to the air among other
constituents (CO being the largest with 3200 Ib),
0.3 Ib solids (Zn, Pb, other metallic oxides and
carbon); and every 1000 operating automobiles emit
daily 3.2 tons CO, 0.6 Ib solids (Pb, C, etc),
among the various constituents.
3301 White, H.J. (Research-Cottrell, Inc.,
Bound Brook, N.J.): CHARACTERISTICS OF
PARTICULATE MATTER. Industrial Wastes 4:
158-66 (Sept.), 1959.
The title subject is discussed because of the
growth in importance of particle suspensions in
gases and in the atmosphere. In the discussion on
formation and classification, the terms of dust,
smoke, fumes, mists, or fogs appear to be the most
convenient in classifying particles of various
sizes. General properties (including a chart of
dispersoid properties), stability, particle size
and structure, particle size statistics, resistive
forces on particles and settling velocities, nat-
ural electric charges and conductivity, optical
properties, and relation to gas cleaning processes
are the main headings under discussion. Pb fume
is included in a table of natural charges on some
representative dispersoids.
1960
3302 Bainbridge, C.A.: FUME CONTROL AND RE-
COVERY IN LEAD SMELTING FURNACES. Chem.
and Process Eng. Atomic World (London)
41:344-7, 351 (Aug.), 1960.
Because of its toxic nature Pb fume has become
the subject of control legislation in most coun-
tries of the world. The Alkali Inspectorate
controls the problem of air pollution as it af-
fects the community at large. The requirements
to control air pollution specify maximum concen-
trations and weekly mass emissions in inverse
ratio to the volume of gas discharged from a fur-
nace or chimney minimum. Fully automatic filters
with properly designed ancillary equipment are
compact, labor-saving and highly efficient, but
their application to Pb furnace problems requires
careful appraisal because of certain factors pe-
culiar to this process. Under the maximum oper-
ating conditions the total volume of gas entering
the filter, including the atmospheric air for
secondary cooling should be 5000 ft3/min at 100°C.
Estimated maximum dust concentration is ^1 ton/24
hr of which a useful proportion would be Pb oxide,
the remainder consisting of carbonaceous material
from the fuel and battery plates and dust from
the metallurgical additions. The recovery effi-
ciency is up to expectations and the plant is now
operating satisfactorily. (From APCA Abstracts
6:Abstract No. 3267, 1960)
3303 Blythe, D.J., ed., Technical Co-ordinating
Committee TI-8: LEAD AND ARSENIC REPORT.
Informative Report No. 1. Journal of the
Air Pollution Control Association 10:296,
343 (Aug.), 1960.
In some areas the allowable emission discharge for
Pb permitted by air pollution statutes is extreme-
ly low, such as 0.00006 grain/ft3, -while in other
areas the tolerances are higher. Consequently,
methods and techniques used for prevention of air
pollution vary in the secondary Pb plants through-
out the country. Plants engaged in secondary Pb
smelting with either a blast furnace or reverbera-
tory furnace require an extensive system of air
pollution control. Secondary smelting entails
treatment of scrap Pb storage batteries and Pb
residues which generate a heavy metallic laden
fume having an unpleasant odor. These fumes have
to be filtered or cleaned. The filtering of the
fume through cloth bags is the best accepted pro-
cess with a collecting efficiency of >99% of the
solids. Other methods are also described.
Where air pollution control is very strict,
emissions are first cooled to 250°F and then sent
into a baghouse which has woolen or synthetic
fiber bags. The gas stream may be further treated
in an electrostatic precipitator to meet the or-
dinance requirements. Measures of control of
pollution are discussed further in respect to re-
fining and alloying of secondary Pb, as is the
recovery of Pb from the discharges.
3304 California, State Department of Public
Health: TECHNICAL REPORT OF CALIFORNIA
STANDARDS FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND MO-
TOR VEHICLE EXHAUST. Berkeley, 1960, 136
pp.
The report includes a chapter on Pb in which the
hazards of Pb intoxication are discussed as well
as routes, indices, MAC values, etc, of Pb expos-
ure. On the basis of published data, it seemed
reasonable to allocate to air pollution exposure,
half of the allowable body burden, or ^45 yg/day
of absorption, in addition to that from food and
water. Air analysis made by the California State
Department of Public Health gave the following
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
663
-------
average Pb values for 1957 (yg/m3): Berkeley,
1.04; Los Angeles, 4.30; San Diego, 1.34; Mt.
Hamilton, 0.12; the highest values were observed
during fall and early winter when low level inver-
sions and light winds are most frequent. In con-
clusion, it is stated that a considerable amount
of data is available on the toxicity of Pb, al-
though not sufficient to set a standard. Since
relatively high atmospheric concentrations, compar-
ed with other cities, exist in LA, it is suggested
that average Pb levels of blood and possibly urine
of persons living in places with air pollution and
with known occupational and smoking history be
determined; also that balance studies be made in
LA, including Pb in air breathed, and the Pb con-
tent of autopsy materials be determined.
3305 Dordevic, S., and Stankovic, M.: Aero-
zagadenje i komunalni saturnizam u selu
Malo Rudare. (AIR POLLUTION AND COMMUNAL
SATURNISM IN THE VILLAGE OF MALO RUNDARE.)
Higijena (Belgrade) 12:35-44, 1960.
A group of 107 individuals, mostly women and child-
ren, living in the title village near a Pb-Zn
foundry (Trepca) was studied. Analyses were made
of S02, inert dust, ZnO and Pb dust in the atmo-
sphere; of urinary coproporphyrin (CP) and Pb in
the blood and urine of the subjects. The concen-
tration of S02 in air was 1 mg and of total dust,
3.4 mg/m3; at times it was >10 ppm.
The effects attributed to S02 are first dis-
cussed. Among the 107 inhabitants examined (of a
total of 114), 86% suffered from pharyngitis, 70%
from enlargement of the tonsils, 62% from conjunc-
tivitis, 33% from rhinitis, 10% from bronchitis, 3%
from bronchial asthma, and 2% from nephritis. In
addition to this, the frequency of dermographism
was seen in 25%, Pb gingival line in 1%, hyper-
tension in 2%, and red cell counts of 4-4.5 mil-
lion in 21.8% and of 2.5-3.5 million in 78.2%.
The latter findings are discussed under the head-
ing of "communal Pb poisoning." Overt signs of
poisoning were not seen, except for frequent com-
plaints of pains in body and dermographism, and
the frequency of tremor was not high. In blood,
stippled cells were not found; Pb content, deter-
mined in 71 inhabitants ranged from 37-70.8 Ug%,
mean 49.38; the corresponding values for Belgrade
residents were 20-57.8 and 33.7; urinary Pb, 56-
301.8 yg/1, mean, 136.8; in Belgrade, 15-70.8 and
40.4; CP in urine, 9.9-109.8 yg/1, mean, 43.48; in
Belgrade, 3-66.6 and 28.88. Aside from atmospher-
ic concentrations which ranged from 59-136 yg/m3
(mean, 117), Pb content in water ranged from 33-
63 yg/1, compared with 23 yg in Belgrade; in the
surface soil, Pb ranged from 86.0-222.1 mg%, mean,
141.1, and at 30-cm depth, 18.4-26.8 and 22.6; in
a Belgrade park, 0.35 mg%; in dust collected from
a roof, 252 mg%. In analyses of animal products,
cheese made from sheep and cow's milk showed 132
and 124 yg%, respectively, while Belgrade milk
showed 10-15.5 yg%; onions contained in 2 samples,
0.580 and 0.784 mg% Pb.
The results of the study pointed out to the
authors that care should be taken in establishing
industries near inhabited places, since many harm-
ful effects of factory effluents are not neutral-
ized at a distance of 1000 m. They stress that
what can be tolerated under occupational condi-
tions, cannot be permitted under communal condi-
tions .
3306 Dubrovskaya, F.I.: CITY STREET AIR POLLU-
TION BY AUTOTRANSPORT USING ETHYLATED GAS-
OLINE. Gigiena i Sanitariya 25, No. 4:
15-8, 1960. In Levine, B.S.: U.S.S.R.
Literacure on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. Washington, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Techni-
cal Services, 1962, Vol 7, pp. 275-9.
Investigations carried out in 1957 and 1958 by the
F.F. Erisman Moscow Scientific Research Institute
of Sanitation and Hygiene in cooperation with the
cities Tula, Chelyabinsk, Kuibyshev, Perm, and
Gor'kii are described. Samples were collected at
pedestrians' breathing level during periods of
heavy traffic in an area where no industries were
located, during the spring and summer of 1958,
but only in the winter of 1957. The K chromate
method was used and results were made on the basis
of 24-hr averages. The average concentrations
found in 1957 and 1958 were as follows in yg/m :
Tula, 140 and 0.24; Chelyabinsk, 3.86 and (not de-
termined); Kuibyshev, 0.36 and 0.68; Perm, 1.90 and
below sensitivity of method; Gor'kii, - and 0.03.
The lower concentrations in 1958 are explained by
the fact that a lower amount of Pb was added to
gasoline, and Pb-free gas was used in Perm. In
addition, traffic directing personnel (^40 yr old)
at points of heaviest traffic, 41 within the city,
and 44 outside the city limits were subjected to
rigid examinations. Some manifested deviations
in the nervous system (vegetative dysfunction) and
in the cardiovascular system (dystrophic and hy-
per- or hypotonic). Blood pictures showed reticu-
locytes and erythrocytes with basophilic stip-
pling; the latter were also seen in the Chelyabinsk
personnel. Deviations from normal functioning of
individual organs were found less frequently among
men stationed at city outskirts. Of 2 men examin-
ed while in the hospital, 1 had Pb poisoning de-
spite the fact that he had never been in contact
wirh Pb. The author recommends that the use of
TEL-gasoline be discontinued.
3307 Emel'yanov, B.V., Shemyakina, Z.N. , and
Khalyavin, M.N.: (PURIFYING AIR CONTAIN-
ING TETRAETHYLLEAD VAPORS.) USSR patent
127,263, March 25, 1960.
The air to be purified is mixed with a gas contain-
ing ozone, eg, ozonized air or anode gas. (From
Chemical Abstracts 54:18842, 1960)
3308 Fatzer, R. (Wadenswil, Switzerland):
Zur Frage der Blei- und Bleibenzinvergif-
tung. (INTOXICATION BY LEAD AND LEADED
GASOLINE.) Ars Medici (Switzerland)
6:404-5, 1960.
The greater hazard of intoxication by TEL as com-
pared to intoxication by Pb is discussed. It is
also pointed out that inhaled Pb compounds have a
much more harmful effect than ingested Pb com-
pounds. In mentioning Dr. Kehoe's publications,
the author claims that the erroneous opinions of
American scientists are based on the supposition
that TEL, due to its high boiling point of 200°C,
does not evaporate together with the gasoline.
This supposition, according to Fatzer, has been
664
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
proved to be wrong by Jecklin.
3309 Fatzer, R. (WSdenwil, Switzerland): Eine
Entgegnung auf "Vergiftungen durch Blel-
benzin in Kritischer Sicht." (A REPLY TO
"CRITICAL APPROACH TO CASES OF POISONING
BY LEADED GASOLINE.") Praxis 49:1151-3
(Dec. 8), 1960.
A review of the literature favoring the author's
standpoint in his crusade against the use of lead-
ed gasoline, and in answer to StHckly's criticism
of Fatzer's publications. (35 references)
3310 Goldsmith, J.R. (California State Dept.
Pub. Health, Berkeley): DISCUSSION OF
SYMPOSIUM ON LEAD AND CARBON MONOXIDE. In
California State Department of Public
Health: The Fourth Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Dec. 7, 8, and 9,
1960. Berkeley, Calif., 1960, proceedings
of the third day, pp. 62-88.
A number of people participated in the discussion
which centered on the Pb and CO levels in tissues
of humans in urban areas. Several participants
mentioned that nothing has been reported clinical-
ly that would indicate a state of poisoning in
populations by the minute amounts of metals in
the air.
3311 Hill, C.R. (Royal Cancer Hosp., London,
England): LEAD-210 AND POLONIUM-210 IN
GRASS. Nature 187:211-2 (July 16), 1960.
The observed a-activity of grass may be increased
by the natural fall-out of "Opb from the decay
of atmospheric Ra, which is deposited on foliage
by rainfall, combined with a fraction of the
91 n
equilibrium amount of luPo. The presence of
210p0 in the kidneys of sheep of local origin,
purchased in each of 2 Welsh towns close to areas
of high rainfall, indicated a metabolic uptake of
some of this activity.
3312 Khrustaleva, V.A. (F.F. Erisman Inst.
Sanit. Hyg., Moscow, USSR): Opredelenie
malykh kolichestv svintsa i tetraetil-
svintsa v vozdukhe i drugikh sredakh pri
gigienicheskikh issledovaniyakh (v svyazi
s primeneniem etilirovannogo benzina).
(DETERMINATION OF SMALL CONCENTRATIONS OF
LEAD AND TETRAETHYL LEAD IN THE AIR AND
IN OTHER MEDIA DURING HYGIENIC INVESTIGA-
TIONS (IN CONNECTION WITH ETHYL GASO-
LINE).) Gigiena i Sanitariya 25:57-60
(Mar.), 1960.
Since in'the usual methods of determining atmos-
pheric Pb, large losses of Pb result from its ex-
traction from filters or other collecting media,
a method was developed to determine Pb directly
in the filter. Air is aspirated through an ash-
less filter (FPP-15) , converted to PbS04 with
H2S04, the filter is ashed at 500-550°, and Pb
determined nephelometrically as PbCr04 after solu-
tion of the PbSO^ in NH^ acetate. A motor, brand
"Pobeda" was operated at various rates of speed
with TEL or Pb-free gasoline. In both cases, the
values for 0, H, C02 and CO in the exhaust gases
were similar, but the TEL-exhausts contained a
significant amount of inorganic Pb. No TEL was
found in the exhaust gases or in the air of
garages, car barns or buses. Exhausts from an
automobile, brand GAZ-51 showed 64-81% Pb; at
the speed of 15 and 30 km/hr, 1.4 g Pb/hr was
emitted. Air in buses standing in garages or
carparks contained up to 0.1 mg Pb/m^. In Tula,
74 air samples from streets with heavy traffic
showed 0.1-6.9 yg Pb/m^. Recognizing the hazard
of absorption of TEL through the skin, 10 samples
of water in which automobile mechanics had washed
their hands were analyzed as to total quantity of
Pb, deducting the value representing TEL and then
calculating the remaining Pb. The values tabu-
lated of actual Pb and TEL found in yg (unit
wherein determined is not given) were: 4-70 of
Pb and 6.9-120 of TEL, and in one exceptional
case the values were 290 and 2830, respectively.
3313 McKee, H.C., and McMahon, W.A., Jr.
(S.W. Res. Inst., San Antonio, Tex.):
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST PARTICULATES - SOURCE
AND VARIATION. Journal of the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association 10:456-62 (Dec.),
1960.
The study includes the determination of Pb emis-
sions in particulate samples taken from a 1954
Plymouth engine. The Pb emissions were measured
as Pb compounds, containing an average of 62.6%
Pb, at various operating conditions in mg/min:
idle, 4.8; 30 mi/hr cruise, 22; 50 mi/hr cruise,
97; 30 mi/hr acceleration, 2.6; 30 mi/hr deceler-
ation, 13.
3314 rfaga, J.A. (Calif. State Dept. Public
Health, Berkeley): STATEWIDE AIR POLLUTION
STANDARDS IN CALIFORNIA. American Indus-
trial Hygiene Association Journal 21:430-5
(Oct.), 1960.
The following statement relating to Pb is pre-
sented concerning standards for ambient air quali-
ty: "It is clear that Pb levels should be set on
the basis of average values for long periods.
While data are abundant concerning hum^n response
to 8-hr-a-day, 5-days-a-week exposures, data are
insufficient for the effects of the continuous
exposure inherent in community air pollution.
While laboratory studies will be pursued with
vigor, it becomes very important that local agen-
cies collect data on existing Pb levels. Since
Pb exposures are from multiple sources, community
air pollution standards should be based on a por-
tion of the total limit for population exposure."
3315 Maga, J.A., and Goldsmith, J.R. (Califor-
nia State Dept. Pub. Health, Berkeley):
STANDARDS FOR AIR QUALITY IN CALIFORNIA.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association 10:453-5, 467 (Dec.), 1960.
See preceding abstract.
3316 Manhood, J., Roman, C., Bertin, V.,
Latorre, M. , and Doberti, A.: Estudio de
la intoxicacidn por plomo en los nifios de
la poblacion San Enrique de las Condes.
(LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN OF THE SAN
ENRIQUE DE LAS CONDES SETTLEMENT.) Revue
Chilena de Pediatria (Santiago) 31:286-93
(June), 1960.
A fatal disease called "soroche" had been observed
in animals in the area of an abandoned Pb factory.
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
665
-------
When a dozen families with a total of 58 children
settled in this spot a few years ago, 14 of the
children soon developed chronic Pb poisoning, and
13 had fits which in 6 of them were caused by Pb
encephalopathy. Analyses showed 0.15-0.25 mg Pb/
1 in drinking water, and the soil contained 5.8-
9.5% of insoluble and 0.4-0.7% of water-soluble
Pb. (From Toxic Episodes in Children 2:Abstr. No.
1, 1961)
3317 Schuck, E.A., Doyle, G.J., and Endow, N.
(Stanford Res. Inst., Calif.): A PROGRESS
REPORT ON THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF POLLUTED
ATMOSPHERES. Air Pollution Foundation
Report No. 31, 1960, 79 pp.; Appendices:
A 1-7; B 1-8; C 1-18.
The study of the photochemical interaction of at-
mospheric pollutants includes investigations on
the effects of various nuclei sources on the for-
mation of aerosol particles in photooxidized ole-
iin-N02-S02 mixtures. Besides the aerosol forma-
tion via the S02 mode, aerosol growth from other
nuclei known to be present in air was investi-
gated. Pb-bearing nuclei resulting from the vola-
tilization of PbCl2 into moist air had no effect
in the absence of S02, but in the presence of 0.1
ppm S02, light scattering was suppressed, and the
number of countable particles tended to be great-
<_r, especially at low humidities. It is concluded
that Pb-containing nuclei are prominent suspects
in the nucleation of aerosols in air contaminated
by motor vehicle exhaust.
33J8 Stokinger, H.E. (US Pub. Health Serv.,
Cincinnati, 0.): CONTROL OF THE ENVIRON-
MENT: ATMOSPHERE AND WATER. Federation
Proceedings 19:543-8 (July), 1960.
Pb in a variety of forms is recognized as a poten-
tially toxicologic air pollutant. Basic data-
collecting is being done by the Public Health
Service in both engineering and medical fields.
Included in this program are studies of body Pb
levels on "high-exposure" groups to automobile
exhausts of leaded gasolines. In the most recent
Rule No. 63 of the State of California on air
pollution standards for community air quality no
thresholds have been established for Pb as ad-
verse, serious or emergency levels due to insuf-
ficient data. Pb compounds are among the sub-
stances proposed for revised USPHS drinking water
standards.
3319 Stokinger, H.E. (US Pub. Health Serv.,
Cincinnati, 0.): WATER AND ATMOSPHERE.
Federation Proceedings 19, Part II
(Suppl. 4):26-30 (Sept.), 1960.
In this discussion, Pb is listed among the recog-
nized air and water pollutants.
3320 Warren, H., and Delavault, R.E. (Univ.
Brit. Columbia, Vancouver, Canada): OB-
SERVATIONS ON THE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF LEAD
IN CANADA. Transactions of the Royal
Society of Canada 54, Sect. IV.-11-20
(June), 1960.
Data obtained from 60 analyses of Canadian soils
suggest that all normal soils contain Pb, usually
at a level of between 0.5-5 ppm. Soils over some
rocks may contain as much as 25-300 ppm Pb. Pb
contamination of the soil may result from mine
waste, orchard sprays (Pb arsenate) and exhaust
fumes of TEL. Results of analyses of vegetation
at various localities in Southern British Columbia
were divided into 3 groups according to their Pb
content (ppm in ash): normal, ranging from av
8-39; moderately anomalous, av 48-250; and strong-
ly anomalous, av 300-1600. The last group con-
sisted of conifers growing within 100 yards from
a highway in the Vancouver area. The method used
for ashing of plants and Pb determination is
described.
1961
3321 Anonymous: SAFE AIR AND MOTOR-^ARS? Lan-
cet 2:883-4 (Oct. 14), 1961.
Various aspects of air contamination by road ve-
hicles are discussed including Pb emission in ex-
haust gases. Appeals to the public on the impor-
tance of vehicle maintenance, avoidance of over-
loading, and the hazards of smoke emission should
be more urgent.
3322 Blanariu, D.: (THE NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
OF RAIN WATER.) Acad. Rep. Populare
Romine, Filiala lasi, Studii Cercetari
Stilnt., Fiz. Stiinte Tehn. 12:191-8,
1961.
The natural radioactivity of rain at Jassy in the
summer of 1961 was investigated. The samples were
always collected within 10 min and then a fixed
quantity of the liquid was evaporated to dryness.
The g activity of RaB (21^Pb) and RaC was measured
with a thin-window G-M counter. The specific ac-
tivity of the 29 samples measured varied between
0.88 x 10-11 and 10.11 x KT11 Ci/ml with a
mean value of 4.02 x 10~H Ci/ml. The effective
half-life of the activity was 25-36 min. It was
found that the specific activity of rain is in-
versely proportional to their intensity (as ex-
pressed in ml/cm2/min). During rainfall there
was no systematic variation in specific activity;
this indicates that the main raindrop activation
mechanism occurs in the cloud system. (From Nu-
clear Science Abstracts 17:Abstr. No. 21903, 1963)
3323 Cappuccilli, P.: Moderne vedute sugli
inquinamenti atmosferici. (MODERN VIEWS
ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.) Ann. Med. Nav.
(Rome) 66:613-32 (Sept.-uct.), 1961.
The pollution of air in Italy from motor vehicles
and industrial plants is discussed. The amount of
Pb chloride and Pb bromide (among other sub-
stances) present in the exhaust gas as a result of
the TEL content of gasoline, depends on the run-
ning speed and efficiency of the motor. A liter
of gasoline ethylated at 0.5%, produced 0.35 g Pb.
The possible harmful effects of air pollution on
man are mentioned and several suggestions, such
as reducing motor vehicle emissions, decentral-
izing industry, and separating industrial and res-
idential areas, for control of air pollution are
made. (From APCA Abstracts 8, Abstr. No. 4533,
1962)
3324 Cholak, J., Schafer, L.J., and Sterling,
T.D. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): THE LEAD
CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE. Journal of the
666
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Air Pollution Control Association 11:281-
8 (June) , 1961.
Since 1946, many determinations of the levels of
atmospheric Pb at various sites in a number of
cities have been made and an extensive and inten-
sive air monitoring program was carried out in
Cincinnati from January 1957 - December 1959.
Samples of airborne particulate Pb were generally
collected by electrical precipitation or filtra-
tion, and, later, by a staplex high volume sample.
The Hemeon or AISI smoke sampler was also used to
determine the fluctuations of Pb in air during
successive periods of 1 or 2 hr. Spectrochemical
and dithizone methods were used for the determina-
tion of Pb.
For the comparison of Pb in the air of cities
of varying population, only the samples collected
during comparable years (1954-55) were considered.
A total of 1229 samples from 24 cities, classified
by populations, were analyzed. Of these samples,
700 were analyzed for the National Air Sampling
Network, and another 280 in Los Angeles during the
"t>mog" of 1954. The cities represented in this
survey were: Anchorage, Alas., Frederick, Md.,
Ypsilanti, Mich., <100,000; Chattanooga, Tenn.,
Charleston, W.Va., Salt Lake City, Utah, Tampa,
Fla., Elizabeth, N.J., 100,000-500,000; Atlanta,
Ga., Denver, Colo., Kansas City, Mo., Louisville,
Ky., New Orleans, La., Portland, Ore., 500,000-
1,000,000; Cincinnati, 0., Houston, Tex., Minne-
apolis, Minn., Washington, D.C., 1,000,000-
2,000,000; Detroit, Mich., Los Angeles, Calif.,
New York City, N.Y., Chicago, 111., Philadelphia,
Pa., San Francisco-Oakland, Calif., >2,000,000.
The findings are tabulated along with the mean
and median concentrations. In cities of 1-2 mil-
lion (M), the mean concentrations in the air
ranged from 1.47-1.99 lag Pb/m3 while the median
ranged from 1.20 ug-1.42 yg Pb/m3; those for
cities >2 M show that levels of Pb concentration
were higher with respect to the range of values
as well as to mean and median values (2.85 with-
out L.A., 4.28 with L.A., and 2.38 and 3.52, re-
spectively; in L.A. only 5.41 and 4.91). The di-
urnal patterns and yearly trends, obtained from
around-the-clock monitoring at stations in
Washington, San Bernardino, L.A., and Cincinnati,
which were considered representative at individual
stations, are shown in 2 graphs, and the frequen-
cy of occurrence of certain concentrations in Cin-
cinnati at all stations for the years 1946-1959
are tabulated. From the overall results, the au-
thors conclude that contrary to predictions, a
downward trend in Pb values in air is noticeable.
The steady increase in the number of automobiles
and housing could be expected to produce higher
Pb values in air, but improvements in the quality
of fuels and enforcement of air pollution controls
as well as changes in traffic patterns due to
movement of the population to the outskirts, slum
clearance, infiltration of expressways, etc, are
among the factors causing lower Pb values in the
city air. Analysis of the sources of Pb in air
shows that combustion of leaded motor fuel does
not account for all or even the major proportion
of Pb in air. Other sources include Pb-containing
industrial dusts, the weathering of Pb-containing
products (paint, solder, bearings), combustion of
coal, top soil at the sites of old built-up areas,
etc. The general findings are not in agreement
with the predictions that the increased consump-
tion of leaded motor fuel will cause a proportion-
ate increase in the overall average Pb concentra-
tion in the air over expanding metropolitan cen-
cers.
3325 D'Ambrosio, A. (Chemical Lab. Hyg. and
Prevention, Province of Milan, Italy) :
tiber das Problem der Grundverunreinigungen
der AtmosphMre. (PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE
BASIC CONTAMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.)
Microchimica Acta 1961, No. 6:927-67.
The principal problems regarding the basic contam-
ination of the atmosphere are reviewed. The pres-
ence of Pb in the atmosphere as the result of mo-
tor exhausts, and the use of TEL are included in
the discussion. Also mentioned are the effects
of Pb on the enzymatic system. A demand is made
for a more effective legislative enforcement of
the precautions essential to preserve the purity
of the atmosphere.
3326 Farnbach, R.J. (Dept. Health, Victoria,
Australia): HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLU-
TION. Proc. Clean Air Conf., Univ. New
South Wales, 1961, 1:6.1-10.
The effects of S dioxide, CO, Pb and carcinogens
in the atmosphere on human health are assessed.
Industrial air pollution and effects caused by
acute episodes are discussed. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 39:1027, 1963)
3327 Fatzer, R.: Zur heutigen Situation in der
Bleivergiftungsfrage. (THE CURRENT SITUA-
TION OF THE PROBLEM OF LEAD INTOXICATION.)
Vitalstoffe Zivilisationskrankh. 1961,
No. 26.
The author emphasizes the danger of exposure to Pb
by inhalation and lists the following reasons:
The beneficial detoxicating action of the liver is
lost in respiratory absorption of Pb; Pb dust is
especially fine and penetrating; the absorption of
Pb by the intestine represents only 1/10 of the
quantity absorbed orally whereas by inhalation 1/2
of the Pb absorbed is passed through th'e circula-
tory system. Motor vehicle exhausts, responsible
for the pollution of the street air, release va-
pors of TEL in quantities sufficient to cause fre-
quent, unrecognized chronic Pb intoxication.
Therefore, the suppression of the use of Pb as an
additive in gasoline, and the adoption of protec-
tive measures on an international scale, are sug-
gested.
3328 Goldsmith, J.R. (Calif. State Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley): HEALTH EFFECTS
OF MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST. A report pre-
jented to the Motor Vehicle Pollution Con-
trol Board, Los Angeles, August 11, 1961,
27 pp.
The public health problem of atmospheric pollution
from additives in motor fuels, including that
caused by the use of Pb additives, is discussed.
Recent studies conducted by the Department of
Health of the State of California on atmospheric
Pb concentrations, Pb particle size, and their
possible relationship to Pb absorption and levels
in blood and urine, are reviewed. Also included
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
667
-------
are tables of atmospheric concentrations of Pb in
various cities in California. (19 references)
3329 Hofreuter, D. (US Pub. Health Serv., Cin-
cinnati, 0.): THE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
PROBLEM. ITS RELATION TO HEALTH. Ar-
chives of Environmental Health 2:559-63
(May), 1961.
The author'o discussion centers on the problem of
how automotive exhaust products may affect the
public health, considering the following: The
chemical composition of automobile exhaust; some
past investigations; the possible irritating qual-
ities of these exhausts; the possible relation-
ship to lung cancer; the possible effects of spe-
cific substances (CO and Pb), and a few of the
current medical projects that are under investi-
gation by the Division of Air Pollution. Among
the latter are extensive studies concerning the
range of blood Pb levels among a cross-section
of urban and rural populations. Blood samples
were drawn from ^125 people in each of 8 cities
(New Orleans, Da'llas, Denver, Chicago, Cincinnati,
New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco) and in
1 rural area in central Ohio, with subjects se-
lected from volunteers at blood banks in the var-
ious areas. Another survey was of the blood and
urine Pb levels of ^35 employees of an automobile
inspection center in a large Midwestern city.
This was to provide conditions similar to the typ-
ical stop-and-go traffic of a city street corner.
Also included were 65 garage mechanics. Aero-
metric measurements of the working environment
were made concurrently. The above studies are
under evaluation. Additional studies are planned
to include people with certain chronic diseases
and the very young to determine if they represent
populations more susceptible to the effects of Pb.
A study is also being conducted, aside from those
concerning CO, to determine the short-term ef-
fects of irradiated automobile exhaust on experi-
mental animals.
3330 Honda, R., and Honda, M. (Univ. Califor-
nia, San Diego): NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. Journal of Geophysical
Research 66:3227-31, 1961.
The activities of cosmic-ray-produced radioiso-
uopes, among them Pb, arising from the decay of
radon, were measured in samples of dust filtered
from stratospheric and tropospheric air. The iso-
topes are produced at widely different rates in
different regions of the atmosphere depending on
altitude and latitude and these characteristics «of
the production make it possible to use the iso-
topes to measure the time scales of air transport
from one region of the atmosphere to the other.
The uncertainty in the measurements (the error may
be as large as 20-30%) stems from the fact that
tne exact volumes of air sampled are not accurate-
ly known. The purity of the sources was ascer-
tained from the characteristic y spectra of the
isotopes; that of 210pb from the growth of 210]3i
in them. The results of the various measurements
are given in a table. The activities of ^ Pb
were found to be O.l-u.2 dpm/10^ 1, and markedly
uniform. The inventory of -10Pb in the strato-
ophere was of the order of 0.001 dpm/cm , which
is a very small fraction ("^0.01%) of the average
inventory of radon in the atmosphere. The con-
centrations in the stratosphere are in general
higher than or comparable to those in the tropo-
sphere. The loss of 210pb from the stratosphere
occurs by the process of decay and of transfer to
the troposphere.
The concentrations as measured by Burton and
Stewart (1960) over England are 5 times higher
than in the greater part of the stratospheric
regions over the US, which may be due to some
local causes.
3331 Jones, A.i;., Brief, R.S., Bennison, B.E.,
and Hausheer, W.i. (Esso Res. Eng. Co.,
Linden, N.J.): EVALUATING THE HAZARDS OF
AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE ADDITIVES. RECOM-
MENDED PROCEDURES. Archives of Environ-
mental Health 2:635-40 (June), 1961.
The various aspects in assessing the public health
implications of a toxic gasoline additive were
examined. The regimen covered 3 phases. The ex-
perimental phase included a literature review, a
toxicity, environmental, and a clinical program.
In the toxicity tests, the pure additive (an or-
ganic Hg compound) showed the same order of tox-
icity as TEL, but at the anticipated concentration
in gasoline, it did not significantly increase the
toxic effect of the gasoline. In the field trial
phase, the atmospheric sampling program called for
a baseline study prior to the introduction of the
new fuel, and a test period study after a steady-
state marketing level was reached. Among the
samples and measurements considered desirable
were air samples for the determination of Hg, par-
ticulate Pb and CO, with the last 2 to give an
indication of the concentration of auto exhaust in
the air. This phase also included discussions
with health officials. In regard to the commer-
cial phase which was not started because of tech-
nical reasons, a general program for evaluating
potential health problems was presented.
3332 McKee, J.E., Faith, W.L., Heukelekian, H.,
Mancuso, T.F., Mark, E.M., and Sawyer,
C.N.: 100 PROBLEMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH; A COLLECTION OF PROMISING RESEARCH
PROBLEMS. Washington, D.C., Jones Compo-
sition Co. and Kirby Lithograph Co., 1961,
pp. 17-8.
The public health problem of motor-fuel additives
such as TEL and TML is discussed. From what is
known of the toxicity of TEL, it is clear that
the likelihood of acute toxicity in public expo-
sure is very slight. The problem is therefore
one of chronic toxicity. Studies of Pb values in
blood and urine, at occupational and non-occupa-
tional exposures should be conducted to resolve
this problem without delay.
3333 Maga, J.rt. (California State Dept. Pub.
Health, Berkeley): A STATE APPROACH TO
AIR POLLUTION. American Journal of Public
Health 51:1662-9 (Nov.), 1961.
The approach to the air pollution problem taken by
California is discussed. It is similar to that of
other states in many respects but differs in re-
quirements with certain problems, especially with
vehicular emissions. The latter has resulted in
the requirement of air pollution control devices
668
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
on motor vehicles. An orderly procedure for
dealing with the problem has been developed. The
tables presenting the standards for ambient air
quality, established in 1959, show for Pb under
the column 'Vdverse" i^evel, not applicable; for
the "Serious" Level and 'Vmergency" Level, foot-
note states: "It is clear that Pb levels should
be set on the basis of average values for long
periods. While data are abundant concerning human
response to 8-hr-a-day, 5-days-a-wk exposures,
data are insufficient for the effects of the con-
tinuous exposure inherent in community air pollu-
tion. While laboratory studies will be persued
with vigor, it becomes very important that local
agencies collect data on existing Pb levels. Since
Pb exposures are from multiple sources, community
air pollution standards should be based on a por-
tion of the total limit for population exposure."
3334 Monaci, V. (Univ. Parma, Italy): Sull'in-
quinamento dell'aria causato dai veicoli a
motore. (AIR POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES.)
Ateneo Parmense Suppl. 1, 32:36-40, 1961.
The author starts his discussion of the title sub-
ject by stating that the latest news on air pollu-
tion by motor vehicles stems from Los Angeles with
the 1957 publication by Faith on photochemical
smog. In Italy, investigations have centered pri-
marily around the CO content of urban air, as pub-
lished from 1956-60. In a tabulation of 6 pub-
lished surveys, Pb findings contributed by
Giubileo (1957) for Milan were 2.4-7.4 yg/m3 in
air and 0.44-2.24 mg/g in dust.
3335 Schroeder, H.A., and Balassa, J.J. (Brat-
tleboro, Vt., and Hartford, Conn.): AB-
NORMAL TRACE METALS IN MAN: LEAD. Jour-
nal of Chronic Diseases 14:408-25 (Oct.),
1961.
The concentrations of Pb in a variety of foods,
tissues, vegetation and manufactured products were
measured by a microanalytical chemical method and
data on human tissues obtained by spectrographic
methods were analyzed statistically. Pb values
(yg/g of wet weight) in a variety of foods were:
condiments, 0.0-1.5; sea food, 0.06-0.87 (mean
0.49); meats, 0.0-0.57 (mean 0.21); grains and
grain products, 0.0-7.49 (mean 0.37); vegetables
0.0-1.26 (mean 0.21); fluids, 0.0-1.37 and 5-100
Ug/1; cigarettes, 24.11; spices, 0.10-0.64. No
obvious increase in Pb exposure from foods or
fluids during the last 20 yr was demonstrated, al-
though airborne Pb had probably increased. How-
ever, this increment to the total body is usually
small. Analysis of potable water (yg Pb/1) showed:
tap water, 2.3; spring, 0.0-112.5; melted snow at
the edge of town, 0.0-77; melted snow on top of
mountain where auto exhausts gases were expelled
for 5 min, 1858. Tissues of various animals con-
tained (yg Pb/g wet weight) 0.0-2.8 in liver; 0.0-
26.17 in kidney; 0.16 in bone; 0.15-0.20 in mus-
cle; 0.2-1.71 in heart; 2.13-2.51 in aorta. The
Pb level (yg/g) in vegetation was found to range
from 0.0-22.0 and in some common materials from
0.0-196.00. The mean Pb values in adult human
kidney and liver (261 samples) from various areas
of the world were (ppm ash), respectively, 23-160;
20-213. Levels in Africans were generally higher
than in other races. The accumulation of Pb with
age in tissues of American human beings in kidney,
liver, lung, bone, pancreas, and aorta demonstrated
a consistent pattern, reaching a maximum in the
5th or 6th decade. In 4 tissues the highest mean
concentrations were 4-10 times those at birth or
in childhood. Results indicate that daily amounts
usually ingested by American adults are much
lower than the limits set by Monier-Williams (0.40
mg) and Kehoe (0.35 mg). The authors conclude that
Pb seems to be ubiquitous, that wild animals and
birds are exposed to it, and that probably it is
not an essential element; that Pb in human tissues
appears to come from natural sources and from in-
dustrial contaminants, although the proportions
from each source could not be estimated. (34 ref-
erences)
3336 Schulz, A.P. (Dtlsseldorf, Germany): Rein-
haltung der Luft. Ruckblick auf eine VDI-
Tagung. (THE PROBLEM OF CLEAN AIR, REVIEW
OF A VDI-MEETING.) Chemiker-Zeitung 85,
No. j:141-3, 1961.
It was pointed out at the meeting that air pollu-
tion by exhaust from automobiles is one of the
most serious problems. A comparison was made be-
tween diesel engines and spark ignition engines;
both though different in quantity are identical
in quality of polluting agents. The preventive
measures for both types of engines were mentioned.
The seriousness of the problem was illustrated by
an example where Pb-containing dust had caused
increased Pb content in the milk of cows grazing
on pastures along a highway. Frequently the
calves of these cows could not be reared. This
illustration was used to point out that there is
danger of pollution even where it is least ex-
pected. The VDI Commission for Clean Air set up
a list of essential sources of air pollution,
which includes traffic, analogous to the list set
up by law for industries requiring a permit.
3337 Switzerland, Federal Leaded Gasoline Com-
mission: Bericht der Eidg. Blelbenzin-
ixommission an den Bundesrat Uber ihre
Titigkeit im Zeitraum 1947-1960. (REPORT
OF THE SWISS COMMISSION ON LEADED GASOLINE
TO THE FEDERAL COUNCIL ON ITS ACTIVITIES
DURING THE PERIOD 1947-60.) Mitteilungen
aus dem Gebiete der Lebensmitteluntersu-
chung und Hygiene 52, No. 3:135-244, 1961.
The preliminary investigation of the Swiss Commis-
sion on leaded gasoline, appointed on Apr. 11,
1947, to study the effect of TEL gasoline on pub-
lic health showed that the quantity of Pb in the
exhaust gases from cars varies much and amounts
to ^20-50% of the Pb present originally in the
gasoline. It consists mainly of inorganic Pb
salts with traces of volatile organic Pb deriva-
tives. It may reach much higher levels at higher
motor speeds since the Pb deposited in the exhaust
pipe is then swept off by the gases. The Pb par-
ticles have a diameter which averages <125 my and
so behave practically like a gas. These particles
are dispersed by the air currents and finally
washed out by rain. The few larger particles
quickly fall to the ground. It was shown that
these are only slightly soluble; therefore, the
hazard of water contamination is small. The quan-
tity of Pb absorbed by the lungs av 60% of the Pb
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
669
-------
present in the air. The average city person, with
no special exposure to Pb gasoline, takes up daily
20-30 yg of Pb from the air by breathing. In con-
sidering reports of sickness cases allegedly
caused by Pb, the Commission found that of the 65
cases reported, in decreasing numbers over 8 yr,
only 35 were proved to be related to gasoline.
Of these 35 cases, 30 were caused by gasoline it-
3elf and only 5 by TEL. In persons working with
Pb-containing gasoline, during 1955-56, the Pb
blood content was 22 yg% (range of 10-40 yg%)
against an average of 12 yg% (6-20 yg%) in those
who were not so occupied in 1955-J6-57. Persons
working in the manufacture of Pb storage batteries
had a much higher Pb content, 61 yg% (5-155 yg%) .
A maximum Pb content of blood of 40 yg may still
be considered normal.
In the streets of Zllrich, with intense traffic,
the Pb content of the air was 1.4 yg/m^ in 1949-
50 with an increase to 4.5 yg/m in 1960-61.
These levels cannot be considered dangerous in
view of the levels of 100-150 yg/nH established
as limits for workers exposed to Pb. In the dust
of the streets the amount was higher, from 0.052-
0.25% (1948-60). Before Pb gasoline was intro-
duced, soil adjoining road contained 0.006% and
dust of rural roads, 0.0008% Pb. The quantity of
Pb ingested with food was about 0.2-0.3 mg/person/
day in Switzerland and, under worst conditions,
the air from the streets contributed 0.03 mg/per-
son/day.
It is concluded that TEL in gasoline has not and
is not currently endangering health, out that it
might become a problem since the Pb content in the
air is increasing as traffic increases and since
no substitute has yet been found for Pb in the
manufacture of gasoline.
The report closes with recommendations which in-
clude supervision of commerce in Pb gasoline,
continuation of periodic investigations, possi-
oilities of using Pb-free fuels, and removal of
Pb from exhausts, ventilation of garages, regula-
tion of traffic. Appendices cover the Department
of Interior regulations for the distribution and
use of Pb gasoline; special regulations for garage
and filling station proprietors and their em-
ployees; notices pertaining to the handling of Pb
gasoline; special regulations for consumers with
own tank installations (agricultural, etc); for
import and wholesale commerce; technical and phys-
iologic investigations (by H. Preis) ; form for
medical serial examinations (by D. HHgger); elec-
trochemical determination of Pb in blood (by H.
Rosenmund); determination of Pb in blood, dithi-
zone method) (by E. Lauber). The report was
prepared by 0. H8gl.
3338 U.S. Public Health Service: RADIOLOGICAL
HEALTH DATA MONTHLY REPORT, MARCH 1961.
Volume II, No. 3, US Public Health Service
Publication PB-161371-12, 57 pp.
Data are tabulated on the radioactivity in samples
of air, surface waters, milk, and foods collected
from various parts of the US. The bulk of the
sampling was done during October I960, but some
data from previous months are included. Results
are included on environmental levels of radio-
activity in the vicinity of 5 major Atomic Energy
Commission installations during the 2nd and 3rd
quarters of 1960. Factors contributing to the
occurrence of radionuclide levels in market milk
are discussed. Results are included from a survey
in Michigan of medical radiation exposure during
pregnancy and measurements of the natural Pb
content of man. (From Nuclear Science Abstracts
15:Abstract No. 14588, 1961)
3339 Voukydis, T. (Athens, Greece): DANGEROUS
VAPOURS FROM GASOLINE ENGINES. Praktika
tes Akademias Athenon 36:364-8, 1961.
Ethyl fluid added as antiknock to automobile gaso-
line contains 61.42% TEL and 35.68% ethyl bromide.
In the process of combustion, Pb bromide is
formed which is by far more poisonous than TEL.
The author concludes that the recent increase in
heart disease and cancer may very probably be due
to the inhalation of exhaust gases of automobiles.
3340 Warren, H.V. (Univ. British Columbia, Van-
couver, Canada): SOME ASPECTS OF THE RE-
LATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH AND GEOLOGY.
Canadian Journal of Public Health 52:157-
64 (Apr.), 1961.
The geochemical aspects of Pb, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Hg,
and Cd in relation to health and the variations
found in the soil are discussed. As to Pb, analy-
sis of 112 carbonate rocks from various localities
in Southern Ontario showed that 75% of the samples
contained 1-5 ppm Pb and 5-10% >25 ppm. Vegeta-
tion which concentrates Pb, orchard sprays and
automobile exhausts of TEL are considered as
sources of Pb contamination of the soil. The
author states that soils derived from rock may
contain a much greater amount of Pb than the orig-
inal rock, and that vegetation can on occasion
concentrate Pb by as much as 10 times the Pb con-
tent of soil (ie, vegetables contained up to 700
ppm Pb). Samples taken near a highway contained
unduly high amounts of Pb. Trees growing on a
university campus contained several 100 ppm Pb
instead of the normal level of 10-50 ppm. A pos-
sible relation between the amount of Pb in the
soil and the incidence of multiple sclerosis is
suggested. In areas where the incidence of multi-
ple sclerosis was high, a different set of geo-
logical conditions was found and a greater amount
of Pb was present in the earth's crust. The
author urges combined effort by medical men, agri-
culturalists and geochemists, to study the anomal-
ous food supplies.
1962
3341 Baranov, V.I., and Vilenskii, V.D.:
(LEAD-210 (FALL-OUT IN ATMOSPHERIC PRECIP-
ITATION).) Radiokhimiya 4, No. 4:493-6,
1962.
Measurements on fallout indicated 210pb may be an
important component of natural background radio-
activity. Data on precipitation were used for es-
timating the possible elimination of 210pt, from
the air. (From Nuclear Science Abstracts 17:
Abstr. No. 14512, 1963)
33J2 Brief, R.S. (Med. Res. Div. Esso Res. &
Eng. Co., Linden, N.J.): AIR LEAD CON-
CENTRATIONS FROM AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES.
COMPARISON OF CONCENTRATION WITH USE OF
670
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
GASOLINES CONTAINING TETRAMETHYLLEAD AND
TETRAETHYLLEAD . Archives of Environmental
Health 5:527-31 (Dec.), 1962.
The difference between the quantity of Pb found in
atmosphere in and around automobiles burning fuel,
containing either TML or TEL, was studied with 4
pairs of foreign cars of which each pair of the
same make was run under identical conditions and
the same period of time. Samples of air were taken
for periods varying between 10-125 min. Atmospher-
ic total Pb concentrations (vg/m3) , resulting from
TML- and TEL-containing gasolines were, respective-
ly: 1950-8620, 1430-8160 in exhaust gas; 15-121,
18-138 in air under the hood; 8-107, 7-14 in air
at driver's seat; 16-44, 12-113 in ambient air,
4 ft behind the car. Differential values for the
quantities of organic, inorganic, and total Pb in
the atmosphere resulting from the use of TEL- and
TML-containing fuels were tabulated. No signifi-
cant increase in concentration of Pb in air was
noted when gasoline containing TML was used, as
compared with atmospheric Pb concentration result-
ing from gasoline containing TEL.
Cannon, H.L., and Bowles, J.M. (US Geol.
Surv., Denver, Colo.): CONTAMINATION OF
VEGETATION BY TETRAETHYL LEAD. Science
137:765-6 (Sept. 7), 1962.
See Abstract No. 212.
3343 Drummen, M. , and Reinl, W. (St. Vinzenz
Children's Clinic, Stolberg, Germany) :
Uber kindliche Bleivergif tungen und Ihre
Behandlung mit Ca EDTA. (ON LEAD POISON-
ING IN CHILDREN AND THEIR TREATMENT WITH
Ca-EDTA.) Medizinische Klinik (Munich)
57:604-8 (Apr. 13) , 1962.
Pb intoxication in 2 sisters, 18 mo and 6 yr old,
respectively, and a brother aged 7 yr is de-
scribed. The children lived in a house close to
a Pb foundry and played in a courtyard which
probably was strongly contaminated with Pb oxide
dust. The youngest child showed a typical Pb en-
cephalopathy and kidney damage; the 2 other chil-
dren had less distinct symptoms and no affliction
of the brain or kidneys. X rays revealed inter-
ference of the bone growth in the distal epiphysis
of the lower arm and lower leg. The children re-
sponded favorably to CaEDTA treatment in the form
of Mosatil tablets.
3344 Editorial (F. Princi) : CHEMICAL PROGRESS
AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST. Archives of Envi-
ronmental Health 5:525-6 (Dec.), 1962.
Attention is called to 2 papers (the 1st of 6)
that describe the comparative hazards of 2 organic
Pb gasoline additives. The series is of interest
and of fundamental medical importance because the
investigations were based on the knowledge that
a measure of the toxicity and hazard of a rela-
tively new substance is a comparison of the bio-
logical activity of the material with that of a
related compound of known characteristics with
which there has been extensive experience. The
article by Brief is a careful appraisal of the
concentrations of Pb in the air, produced in cars
using gasolines containing TEL and TML. That by
deTreville et al provides a comparison of the ac-
tual hazard of exposure to the compounds as well
as experience in routine monitoring of an indus-
trial production procedure, demonstrating the col-
laboration of medical and industrial hygiene sur-
veillance. Finally, attention is called to the
fact that these investigations were carried out at
the direction of and with the support of the manu-
facturer or distributor, demonstrating the aware-
ness of industry of its responsibilities to the
public health and safety.
3345 Fatzer, R. (Wadenswil, Switzerland): Blei-
benzin als dringliches hygienisches Problem.
(LEADED GASOLINE AS AN URGENT HYGIENIC
PROBLEM.) Ars Medici 2:119-24, 1962.
The literature on the biological effects of TEL is
briefly reviewed. The previously used MAC of 0.15
mg Pb/m3 is considered to be invalid; instead, a
maximal allowable emission concentration, MEC, of
0.003-0.004 mg Pb/m3, applicable for the 24-hr day,
should be established. Abolishing TEL as an addi-
tive to gasoline is advocated because of its possi-
ble harm to public health and because it appears to
be technically feasible. Simultaneously, 3 other
toxic additives, ie, ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide
and tricresyl phosphate should be eliminated.
3346 FrV> L.M., and Menon, K.K. (Univ. Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Ark.): DETERMINATION OF THE
TROPOSPHERIC RESIDENCE TIME OF LEAD-210.
Science 137:994-5 (Sept. 21), 1962.
210pb activities and 210Bi/210pb ratios with corre-
sponding mean tropospheric residence times were de-
termined in 12 samples of rainfall collected at
Fayetteville, Arkansas. 210pb values ranged from
1.1-7.9 yyCi/1. The mean tropospheric residence
time of 210pt> was 5.9 ancj 5,5 days and in agreement
with the mean interval of 6 days between 2 succes-
sive rainfalls in this area. This illustrates
that 210pt>) formed by the disintegration of Rn in
the atmosphere, is efficiently captured by rain-
drops and removed from the atmosphere.
3347 Garber, K. (Govt. Inst.-Applied Botany,
Hamburg, Germany): Neuere Literatur Uber
Rauch-, Staub- und AbgasschHden. II.
(RECENT LITERATURE ON INJURY CAUSED BY
SMOKE, DUSTS AND GASES.) Angewandte
Botanik 36:127-84, 1962.
Included in this review are 8 papers on injury
caused by Pb dusts emitted from Pb works. (607
references)
3348 Gusev, M.I.: NEW STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF
LOW LEAD CONCENTRATIONS ON THE HUMAN OR-
GANISM. In Ryazanov, V.A., ed.: Limits
of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Book 5, translated by B.S.
Levine. Washington, US Department of Com-
merce, Office of Technical Services, 1962,
pp. 19-28.
Porphyrin metabolism and urinary Pb excretion were
studied in 3 groups of children 4-7 yr old, 196
living in the neighborhood of a cable-manufacturing
plant, 111 from the vicinity of a Pb smelter and
100 from a control area. Air samples were taken
from the 3 regions and the results of 24 hr Pb con-
centrations (yg/m3) were: Control, 0-0.27 (av
0.27); cable plant, 0.56-1.93 (av 1.02); Pb smelter
1.39-3.61 (av 2.53). The average CP concentrations
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
671
-------
in the 8-hr urine of the children were: 6.5 ± 0.2
for the controls; 8.2 ± 0.3 for those in the cable
plant region; 10.5 1 0.4 in the smelter region.
The data showed that continued residence in an
area of which the ambient air contains an av 24
hr concentration of Pb from 1.02-2.53 yg/m3
causes an increase in urinary CP elimination. The
Pb concentration in 8-hr urine of 56 controls and
54 children (both groups 5-7 yr old) in close
proximity to the Pb smelter were determined (200
ml was taken for analysis). No Pb was detected
in the urine of 12 children of the test group and
in 25 controls. The concentrations for the con-
trols ranged from 0.01-0.03 mg/1 (av 0.015), and
in the 42 near the smelter, 0.01-0.05 mg/1 (av
0.023). Only 1 of the controls had a urinary Pb
level >0.02 mg/1 but 16 of the test group exceeded
0.02 mg/1. The author concludes that the results
confirm the validity of the official MAC of Pb in
atmospheric air. (21 references)
3349 Hogger, D. (Swiss Commission on Air Hy-
giene, Zurich): Die Verunreinigung der
Atmosphere und ihre hygienische Bedeutung.
(THE CONTAMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND
ITS HYGIENIC ASPECTS.) Mitteilungen aus
dem Gebiete der Lebensmitteluntersuchung
und Hygiene 53:431-42, 1962.
The history, sources, and effects on health of
air pollution are discussed, with chief emphasis
on S oxides in connection with several disasters.
In connection with pollution by motor exhausts,
the work of the Swiss Commission on the use of Pb-
gasoline is mentioned with the statement that so
far Pb has posed no danger to the population.
Conditions in cities and industrial areas of
Switzerland are discussed.
3350 Husson, G., and Septier, L.: (AIR POLLU-
TION PROBLEMS IN MARTIN AND ELECTRIC
STEEL MILLS IN RELATION TO THE USE OF
OXYGEN.) Centre Doc. Siderurg., Circ.
Inform. Tech. 1962, No. 9:1959-66.
Martin furnace dust amounts to 2-i kg/ton of
steel, 95% of the particles being 0.8-6 y in diam-
eter (av 2). Martin dust is 25-30% Fe oxides,
40-bO% CaO, with smaller amounts of alkali metal
oxides, along with those of Zn, Pb, Mn, Si, P, Mg
and Al. In order to eliminate all visible fumes,
90-99% of the particles must be retained, leaving
<100 ug dust/m . The proper design of vents,
hoods, flues, etc, can simplify dust collection,
by cooling and slowing down the escaping gas
streams. (From Chemical Abstracts 58:9546, 1963)
3351 Larsen, R.I., and Konopinski, V.J. (R.A.
Taft Sanitary Eng. Center, Public Health
Service): SUMNER TUNNEL AIR QUALITY.
Archives of Environmental Health 5:597-
608 (Dec.), 1962.
Two aerometric studies, each lasting 1 wk, of the
1.1-mi-long Boston Sumner Tunnel were conducted
in July and September, 1961. Approximately 35,000
vehicles ply this tunnel each day. The results
showed the following average concentrations: CO
in the tunnel, 70 ppm with instantaneous peaks as
high as 257 ppm; soiling index values in Cohs/1000
ft air, ^1 for inlet air, 2 for the Boston toll
station and 4 for tunnel outlet air; mean total
suspended particulates in inlet air, ^100 yg/nr*
(Pb 1 ug), in outlet air, ^600 (Pb 45); and in
outlet air, the following: total organics, 225
ug/m^ or ^40% of the total; benzo-(a)-pyrene,
0.69 (or ^10 times the highest measured in an
American city in winter); benzo-(g, h, i)-
perylene, 1 yg/m3; coronene, 0.53 yg/m3. The
amounts of pollutants measured per vehicle-mile
of tunnel travel were: CO, 60 g; total suspended,
0.36; organic suspended, 0.16; particulate Pb,
0.031. In estimating the relationship between Pb
in gasoline and in air, at an average speed in
the tunnel of 30 mi/hr, assuming an approximate
fuel consumption of 1 gal of gasoline/13 mi trav-
eled and using the gasoline as marketed in Boston
in September, 1961, 0.15 g Pb were burned per
vehicle-mile. In estimating the relative signifi-
cance of vehicular exhaust on outdoor concentra-
tions of suspended particulates, the order of the
first several pollutants from most to least sig-
nificant was: coronene, benzo-(a)-pyrene, benzo-
(g, h, i)-perylene, Pb, total organics, Fe, Ti,
and total suspended particulate.
3352 Lawther, P.J., Martin, A.E., and Wilkins,
E.T. (Air Poll. Res. Unit; Min. Health,
London; Warren Spring Lab., Stevenage,
Herts, England): EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIR
POLLUTION. Report on a Symposium. World
Health Organization Public Health Papers
No. 15, 1962, 31 pp.
In this report, Pb is mentioned in the introduc-
tion as a pollutant arising from motor exhaust,
but is not further elaborated.
3353 Lindsey, A.J. (Sir John Cass College, Lon-
don, England): SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE
RELATIVE QUANTITIES OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN
VARIOUS LOCATIONS. National Cancer Insti-
tute Monograph 9:235-50, 1962.
Extensive study has been made of some constituents
of the atmosphere, while other pollutants and
groups of pollutants have been relatively ne-
glected. Attention has been focused on organic
pollutants, but in England the major constituents
of total air solids are inorganic in nature.
Amounts and proportions vary according to season,
climate, and time of day, while the industrial pic-
ture changes constantly due to the imposition of
legal restraints and the use of new materials.
The objects of the paper were to review the pro-
portions of pollutants in air in relation to as
many variables as possible and to assess the rela-
tive importance of the known constituents in car-
cinogenesis under various conditions. The quanti-
tative analytical results presented were averaged
for 1 yr in 1 place. The state of knowledge as of
1961 regarding the total air solids composition of
the atmosphere is summarized, with special atten-
tion to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, As, Fe,
Ge, Pb, and V, which were plotted in air solids
against time. There was no annual cyclic regu-
larity in these pollutants, and, from such irregu-
lar results, the conclusions have no more signifi-
cance than that the ash-producing fuels were some-
what variable in nature and therefore probably
variable in origin. In a figure giving present
quantitative knowledge on total air solids, Pb is
listed at 0.09%. A list is given of 22 elements
672
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
(including Pb) detected in ash captured from an
urban atmosphere. (63 references)
3354 MacPhee, R.D., Eye, M.G., and Parkinson,
E.E. (Los Angeles Co. Air Poll. Control
Distr., Calif.; Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): A
METHOD FOR MONITORING ORGANIC LEAD IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Los Angeles, Air Pollution
Control District, September, 1962, 14 pp.
The method and apparatus for crystalline iodine
collection of small amounts of TEL, TML, and other
prgano-Pb vapors from the air are described. The
air is sampled at 1.5 ft3/min, for 1 hr. Follow-
ing the collection of the samples in iodine, a
double extraction with dithizone is employed to
eliminate interfering ions. The color of the fi-
nal extraction is measured spectrophotometrically.
The mean error for the combined processes of pre-
paring and recovering known samples of Pb within
the range of 1.5-4.6 yg Pb/m3 was 0.4, with a
standard error of estimate of 0.6 yg/m .
Atmospheric organic Pb, measured in Los Angeles
from Mar.-Apr., 1962, ranged from 0.0-2.2 yg/m3.
The samples were collected in a 4-wk period from a
6th floor level window above an alley. All sam-
ples were taken in the morning, except 5 which
were collected in early afternoon, in typical
spring weather.
3355 Mueller, P.K., Helwig, H.L., Alcocer,
A.E., Gong, W.K., and Jones, E.E. (Cali-
fornia Dept. Publ. Health, Berkeley):
CONCENTRATION OF FINE PARTICLES AND LEAD
IN CAR EXHAUST. American Society for
Testing and Materials, Special Technical
Publication No. 352:60-73; discussion,
74-7, 1962.
A study was made of several new sampling methods
concerning the concentration of fine particles
and their Pb content in the exhaust of several
cars operated under cruising conditions and of the
effects of car, speed, and type of Pb antiknock
fuel additive on these concentrations. Three
makes and models of cars, 3 speeds, 25, 45, and 60
mph, and 2 Pb antiknock additives (3 ml/gal of
either TEL or TML (3.18 g Pb/gal)) were selected.
Fine particle concentrations and concentrations of
Pb found in the fine particles per unit volume of
auto exhaust were not significantly affected by
variations in car, speed, TEL and TML fuel addi-
tives. The average concentration of fine parti-
cles <2 u was 32 yg/1 of exhaust and the average
Pb concentration found in these particles was 13
yg/1 of exhaust. The exhaust particulates con-
tained 62-80% by weight of particles <2 y under
cruising conditions: >68% by weight of the fine
particles were <0.3 y. The average Pb content of
all particulate samples obtained was ^40%. Vari-
ations in this value among individual tests re-
sulted from an interaction between speed and car.
This observation suggests a method for studying
the effect of car variables on particulate ex-
haust emissions, using Pb as a tracer. The Pb
content appeared to be independent of particle
size when averages of broad size ranges were com-
pared. This observation can be utilized for esti-
mating the maximum contribution of auto exhaust
aerosol to atmospheric aerosol.
In a discussion following the article, D.A.
Hirschler (Ethyl Corp., Detroit, Mich.) reviewed
some of his own studies (Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry 49:1131-42, 1957), the results of which
were not in as close agreement with Mueller's re-
sults as he would like to see them. His work in-
dicated that from 1/2 to 2/3 of the Pb exhausted
under typical city driving conditions is <5 y and
^4-12% <1 y. The fact that his results differ
from those of the present authors points out the
difficult nature of this type of work and the im-
portant effects that different approaches to parti-
cle collection and classification may have. Al-
though the methods used by Mueller and coworkers
have much to recommend them, the difficult problem
remains of adapting these methods to driving con-
ditions which are entirely representative. For
this, the problem is that of sampling.
To this Mueller replied that Hirschler presented
data obtained from cars operated at a city driving
cycle and using a total sampling procedure fol-
lowed by sedimentation analysis of the particulate
sample resuspended in a liquid. In contrast, his
data were obtained under cruising conditions using
size selective sampling methods. Also the tests
were conducted on an all-weather chassis dynamo-
meter. However, neither unrealistically high under-
car temperatures nor the sampling method could ac-
count for the differences in size distributions
found by the two groups of investigators. Mueller
believes that his process of sampling minimizes
the risk of changing the nature of the particles.
3356 Pavlicevic, M. : (FATAL PARALYSIS IN LAMBS
RESULTING FROM POISONING WITH INDUSTRIAL
FUMES.) Vet. Glasn. 16:1085-8, 1962.
The disease occurred in the vicinity of a Pb smelt-
ing plant. First cases were noted during early
spring when the snow which had been exposed to
fumes all winter began to melt, leaving consider-
able Pb deposits on roofs and soil. The disease
was typical of Pb poisoning. Cheese made from
ewes' milk contained 132 ug% Pb. (From Veterinary
Bulletin 33:Abstract No. 1692, 1963)
3357 Petrilli, F.L., and Kanitz, S. (Univ.
Genoa, Italy): Osservazioni sull'inquina-
mento dell'aria derivante dall''uso di anti-
detonanti a base di piombo nelle benzine.
(CONTAMINATION OF THE AIR FROM THE USE OF
LEAD-BASED ANTIKNOCK AGENTS IN GASOLINE.)
Giornale di Igiene e Medicina Preventiva
2:107-15 (Apr.-June), 1962.
In order to study the potential risks from gas-
olines containing TML or TEL, air samples were
collected over a period of >1 yr near 4 service
stations and in the streets at different distances
around motor vehicles. Where TML-contalning gas-
oline was served, the atmospheric dust contained
3.32 and 3.6 ye organic Pb plus 3.90 and 3.82 yg
inorganic Pb/m3; with TEL-containing gasoline
these values were 3.15 and 4.04, and 4.25 and 4.79.
After 70 1. had been served, the ambient air con-
centration of organic Pb within 150 m3 ranged from
2.3-3.1 yg/m3 for TML-gasoline and 2.1-2.9 yg/m3
for TEL-gasoline. Atmospheric Pb concentrations
contributed by exhaust gases =3 m behind ve-
hicles were 2-60 ug/m3 and 1-62 ug/m3, respective-
ly. Pb levels of blood and urine were normal in
the service station attendants. Experiments with
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
673
-------
animals (mice, rats, rabbits, etc) showed that
TML was somewhat less toxic: LD^Q values in mice
weighing 20 g after 10 min exposure to TML or TEL
were 14.11 and 6.03 ppm, respectively; however,
animals died more quickly after TEL. Aside from
this difference, there were some differences in
the symptomatology of the poisoning. Changes found
in liver, lungs, kidneys and central nervous system
in acute and chronic intoxication were similar.
TML contains 77% Pb, TEL 64%; the vapor pressure
of TML is 60 times greater than that of TEL. It
is concluded that no particular risk is created
when TML is used as antiknock agent in concentra-
tions of the same order as TEL.
3358 Robinson, A.J., Specht, C.A., and Albert,
C.G.: REDUCING AIR POLLUTION FROM ENGINES
OPERATED ON LEADED FUEL. US Patent 3,025-
133, Mar. 13, 1962.
A method is described for using Pb-3usceptible oxi-
dation catalysts by pretreating the engine exhaust
with granules of aluminosilicate activated with
phosphoric acid to convert the Pb compounds to Pb
materials of low volatility. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 57:1196, 1962)
3359 Rozsa, J.T., Stone, J., and Schruefer, J.
(Natl. Spectrograph. Lab., Cleveland, 0.):
AIR MONITORING FOR LEAD AND BERYLLIUM.
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Conference Abstracts 1962, p. 73.
Air sampling is accomplished by collection of par-
ticulate matter on a filter medium contained in a
coupon mounting. Rapid analysis of the coupons
is made by a direct reading emission spectrograph.
The concentration range covers normal-toxic condi-
tions.
3360 Ryazanov, V.A. (Inst. Higher Med. Educ.,
Moscow, USSR): SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY AS
BASIS FOR AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. THE
APPROACH USED IN THE SOVIET UNION. Ar-
chives of Environmental Health 5:480-94
(Nov.), 1962.
The methods used in the USSR for the establishment
of MAC for a single exposure to air pollutants are
discussed. The 1st index considered is that of
levels causing reflexive reaction of the respira-
tory organs (including the nose) upon a single ex-
posure. The method of optical chronaxy determina-
tion was used widely, and correlated with odor
detection threshold. As the chronaxy method
proved insufficiently sensitive, the procedure was
changed to the study of the visual adaptation to
darkness and light sensitivity. In studying sub-
sensory reactions, EEC's are followed for deter-
mining rhythm assimilation.
Application of these methods to various sub-
stances for which MAC's have been established is
discussed. Among the MAC's those for Pb and its
compounds and of Pb sulfide (as Pb) are 0.0007 and
0.0017 mg/m3 during 24 hr, respectively. In the
discussion, the author mentions that in the USSR
Pb is considered to be more toxic than in the USA.
Experiments with children in the USSR showed that
coproporphyrinuria and accumulation of Pb in the
bones occurred at exposure to 1 yg Pb/nH but were
absent at exposure to lower doses of Pb.
3361 Savraeva, K.E., and Bogatyrev, M.F.:
(ELECTRIC FILTER PURIFICATION OF PROCESS-
ING GASES FROM THE UST-KAMENOGORSK LEAD
FACTORY.) Sb. Nauchn. Tr. Vses. Nauchn.
Issled. Gorno met. Inst. Tsvetn. Metal.
1962, No. 7:226-40.
The dependence of the specific electric resistance
of Pb dusts on the temperature and moisture con-
tent of the gas was studied. (Ref. Zh., Met.,
Abstract 2G217, 1963; Chemical Abstracts 59:6892,
1963)
3362 Smokotnina, T.N. (Div. Public Hyg. Kazakh
Med. Inst., USSR): Gigienicheskaya otsenka
zagryazneniya atmosfernogo vozdukha vybro-
sami svintsovogo zavoda. (HYGIENIC EVAL-
UATION OF AIR POLLUTION WITH WASTES FROM
A LEAD FACTORY.) Gigiena i Sanitariya
27:87-90 (June), 1962.
From 1959-1960 an investigation was conducted of
the effluents discharged by a Pb refining factory.
Fly ash emitted at stack height of 75 m amounted
up to 0.4 g/m-*, the Pb content of which was up to
0.2 g/nr'. Aside from Pb, As and S gases were also
determined at various distances from the factory
(polarographic method for As and Pb) at 1.5 m
above ground, and at 40 km distance for control.
The following average concentrations were found
at the factory site, at 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 5 km from
the factory, in mg/m3: Pb, 1.17, 0.22, 0.14,
0.103, and 0.014; S, 7.6, 5.4, 3.5, 2.4, and 0.7;
As, 0.29, 0.077, 0.06, 0.0055, and 0.0014 (at 3
km) . An inquiry made of 1000 persons who lived
at various distances from the factory brought
forth complaints of disagreeable odors by all who
lived within 2 km, and by 66% of those who lived
5 km away. At a distance of 0.5 km, 75% com-
plained of dusts getting into their eyes; 100%
at 1-km distance complained also that it was im-
possible to air their dwellings. At 5 km from the
factory complaints as to the latter were voiced by
only 19%. Pb and As were also determined in the
soil at the distances stated above and were found
in the following average concentrations at the
surface and at 0.25-m depth, respectively, in
mg/100 g: Pb, 5546.6 and 3143.3; 1156 and 458;
613 and 430; 369 and 340, and 88.5 and 43.0. As
concentrations ranged from 160 and 78.5 to 11.0
and 8.5 mg/100 g.
In order to determine the effects of such pollu-
tion, 5 groups of 6 rabbits each were placed at
distances of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5, and 40 km from the
factory. All rabbits were fed feed from a clean
area and given Pb-free water. After 100 days the
animals were sacrificed and the organs were ana-
lyzed for Pb by a spectrographic method. The av-
erage Pb contents, in mg/100 g wet tissue, were
as follows: in bone, 10.9407, 8.2187, 3.8935,
3.2362, and 1.0799; in liver. 1.2870, 0.3863.
0.2293, 0.2202, and 0.0867; in muscle, 0.3547,
0.1816, 0.1319, 0.0572, and 0.0188. On the basis
of these findings, the author considers that the
1-km protective zone specified in the regulations
for nonferrous factories is not sufficient, and
that no <5 km should be allowed.
3363 Timofeeva, L.V., Moskvicheva, T.V., Koma-
rova, A.P., Gobunova, K.N., and Kochurov,
V.A.: (CONTAMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN
674
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
KIROVOGRAD BY INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND THEIR
EFFECT ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN.) Mater-
ialy 2-oi (Vtoroi) Nauchn.-Prakt. Konf,
Sverdl. Gor. i Oblastn. Sanit.-Epidemiol.
St., Sverdlovsk, Sb. 1962:5-18.
Dusts of Pb, As, and S02 and vapors of H2S04, Cl2,
and HC1 in concentrations considerably exceeding
the maximum permissible were found in the atmos-
phere around the Kirovograd Cu smelting plant and
solid alloy factory. Concentrations were highest
within a radius of 0.5-1.5 km from the factory.
The frequency of infectious diseases and diseases
of the respiratory tract and of death was higher
than in controls. (From Ref. Zhur., Khim. 1963,
Abstr. No. 131263; Chemical Abstracts 60:13782,
1964)
3364 U.S. Public Health Service, Division of
Air Pollution: MOTOR VEHICLES, AIR POL-
LUTION, AND HEALTH. A REPORT OF THE SUR-
GEON GENERAL TO THE U.S. CONGRESS (87th,
2nd Session) IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC
LAW 86-493. THE SCHENCK ACT. House Docu-
ment No. 489. Washington, D.C., U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1962, 459 pp.
In this report the problem of Pb as air pollutant
is dealt with on pp 141-8. In order to evaluate
the public health hazard created by the use of TEL
and TML as additives in gasoline, the research
conducted on environmental levels of Pb, on animal
and human exposure to Pb and its accumulation in
tissues, is reviewed. It is concluded that the
maximal atmospheric levels of Pb currently ob-
served have been much too low to produce clinical
evidence of Pb poisoning. However, problems re-
garding the level of human tolerance to additional
continuous daily exposure to Pb resulting from
vehicular and nonvehicular sources, remain un-
solved .
3365 Warren, H.V., and Delavault, R.E. (Univ.
Brit. Columbia, Vancouver, Canada): LEAD
IN SOME FOOD CROPS AND TREES. Journal of
the Science of Food and Agriculture 13:
96-8 (Feb.), 1962.
The Pb content of some cereals and vegetables
grown in various parts of Great Britain and Brit-
ish Columbia was determined. Average Pb values
(ppm) in samples taken in British Columbia within
300 yards of a well-travelled highway and in Great
Britain where they were either subjected to Pb
pollution or grown on soils abnormally high in Pb
ranged from 1-5 and 0.6-11, respectively. Dry
Ist-yr stems of well known trees, collected at
London suburbs where traffic was heavy, and at a
district of Sussex, remote from automobile traf-
fic, contained 2-52 and 0.3-2.0 ppm Pb, respec-
tively. It is suggested that normal Pb content of
food products, and of leaves and twigs of decidu-
ous and evergreen trees (oven dried), be taken as
0.1-1.0 ppm and up to 2.5 ppm, respectively.
Higher Pb values may be assumed to be abnormal,
and to have been caused by geological anomalies or
by pollution.
3366 World Health Organization: AIR POLLUTION
IN EUROPE. WHO Chronicle 16:413-4 (Nov.),
1962.
Pointing out first that it is not yet possible to
establish definitely what pollutant of the many
different combinations in the air of cities are
responsible for causing specific illnesses or ag-
gravating existing disease, the Symposium organ-
ized by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, which
dealt with the problem of agreement on measurable
indices of pollution and of disease, is briefly
reviewed. Pb was included in the presentations
and discussions.
1963
3367 Astolfi, E. (Soc. of Legal Med. and Toxi-
col., Buenos Aires, Argentina): Realidad
del problema toxicologico en la infancia.
(PROBLEMS OF POISONING IN CHILDREN.)
Semana Meciica 123:1670-3 (Nov. 21), 1963.
Data on poisoning in children and adults, caused
by common household and industrial poisons, are
discussed. Among other opportunities for poison-
ing, a number of cases of Pb poisoning in the vi-
cinity of a factory emitting Pb fumes, at La
Tablada, are mentioned. After the occurrence of
Pb encephalopathy in an infant, numerous other
cases of Pb poisoning in children and adults were
discovered. A fetus originating from a spontane-
ous abortion and the placenta of the dead mother
were found to contain large amounts of Pb. Pos-
sibly this death was also due to Pb poisoning.
3368 Berge, H.: Phytotoxische Immissionen
(Gas-, Rauch- und Staubschaden). (PHYTO-
TOXIC EMISSIONS (GAS, SMOKE, AND DUST
DAMAGE).) Berlin, Paul Parey, 1963, 100
pp.
The immissions of modern industrial civilization
and the resulting atmospheric pollution by gases,
vapors, smoke, fog, fumes, smog, dust and ash
causing direct and indirect acute and chronic mi-
croscopic and macroscopic damage and disease to
plant life are dealt with in great detail. The
origin of pollution is of great importance in as-
sessing the potential damage to the vegetation.
It is recommended that the amount of industrial
activities which emit harmful elements and com-
pounds be reduced to a nonhazardous minimum. In
the case of Pb, the author conducted tests in
which plants were exposed to dust containing Pb
carbonate, Pb oxide and Pb sulfate. It was shown
that these metal dusts have little or no direct
or indirect harmful effect on vegetation. Deci-
sive for any positive or negative effect of these
dusts, besides the amount of dust and duration of
exposure, are environmental factors such as loca-
tion and surroundings and, of course, the condi-
tion of the plant itself.
3369 Coghi, L., and Bellelli, E. (Univ. Parma,
Italy): Ricerche sull'inquinamento dell'
aria da parte di uno stabilimento di pro-
duzione di piorobotetraetile. (RESEARCH ON
AIR POLLUTION BY A TETRAETHYLLEAD PRODUC-
TION PLANT.) Nuovi Annali d'lgiene e
Microbiologia 14:207-24 (May-June), 1963.
Air samples were collected in the neighborhood of
a factory near the little town Fidenza, producing
TEL. Analysis of 25 samples in the area adjacent
to the factory gave the following Pb concentra-
tions, in yg/m^ of air: 200-500 in 6 samples,
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
675
-------
100-199 in 5, 50-99 in 6, 10-49 in 6, <10 in 1,
absent in 1. In the residential area of the town
of 15,000 inhabitants the distribution and con-
centration of Pb was as follows: (yg/m-^ of air):
50-100 in 3 samples, 10-49 in 3, <10 or absent in
6. Blood tests were made in 30 subjects who were
employed in 3 industries adjacent to the factory
for TEL or at the railway station close by. The
Pb levels in the blood of these workers ranged
from 20.18-297.6 yg Pb (av 113)7100 ml, while in
14 control subjects not exposed to Pb inhalation
the corresponding values were 24.20-71.42 (av 53).
The authors conclude that the concentrations of
Pb in air were greatly higher than tolerable, and
note that in US, recently proposed control programs-
provide for Pb concentrations ^5-7 yg/m^ of air.
3370 Fatzer, R. (WHdenswil, Switzerland): Zur
Diagnose und Therapie der Bleivergiftun-
gen. (THE DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF LEAD
POISONING.) Therapiewoche 13:408-11,
1963.
The author sets out by stating that Pb poisoning
is as old as the human race, since it has existed
in the earliest antiquity through use of the metal
in cooking utensils, as sweetening agent (Pb ace-
tate), cosmetics, and other applications. He does
not mention the possible magnitude of the intake
from these sources but enters into just a brief
discussion of the possibility of Pb poisoning by
the use of TEL as antiknock agent in gasoline,
whereby "millions of tons of Pb are released year-
ly..." as much as "510 tons yearly in small Swit-
zerland..." (as calculated by Jecklin a few years
ago, who found 850 g Pb/m of street dust in
Basel). He also points out that some, of whom
Kehoe is an exponent, oelieve that the threshold
limit of human tolerance has by far not been
reached whereas others emphasize that the blood-Pb
level has increased to the point that the toxic
limit of 0.06 mg% has by now been exceeded. He
holds the economic and financial factors as play-
ing a role in the first complacent point of view.
He then reports two cases of Pb poisoning from his
own experience. The first of these cases was that
of a chauffeur, referred to the author (a dentist)
by a physician friend of his. The patient suf-
fered from a severe inflammation of the gums be-
sides having intestinal troubles, insomnia, fa-
tigue and pains in the joints and back. He stated
that he often was aware of an odor of gasoline in
the cab. After treatment with EDTA, the gingival
inflammation subsided and his general health im-
proved. No blood tests were made because the au-
thor did not consider them as conclusive and be-
cause the costs would have been prohibitive for
the patient since no insurance would have accepted
a diagnosis of Pb poisoning. The 2nd case was that
of the wife of a garage owner who suffered from
eczema. Since there was a suspicion of chronic
TEL poisoning, EDTA therapy was tried and proved
successful.
The author points out that pyorrhea is not con-
sidered as a symptom of Pb poisoning by the Swiss
Federal Commission of Leaded Gasoline although
Koelsch (1959), Cimasoni and Oltramare (1960)
have shown it as such. He points further to Plet-
scher (1955) and others, who found that Pb levels
in blood were not always abnormally raised in mas-
sive Pb intoxication and that the mobilization
test with EDTA is indispensable for the diagnosis
of Pb poisoning; to the fact that Pb is deposited
in bone to be withdrawn from it years later by
various illnesses, old-age degeneration, giving
rise to "convenient diagnosis of senile manifesta-
tions"; also to findings by a number of authors of
an involvement of the vascular system in Pb poison-
ing particularly so since recently it was shown
that greatest deposition of Pb is in the aorta,
as well as to a possible connection between mul-
tiple sclerosis and chronic Pb poisoning. The
author further quotes the "Technical Reports of
California Standards for Ambient Air Quality and
Motor Vehicle Exhaust" in which it is stated that,
assuming man inhales daily 15 m air, the thresh-
old for Pb in air should be set at O.U06 mg/m-*
air. This value is 25 times lower than the one
established by Kehoe (1962).
In conclusion, by pointing to differences of ac-
tion of inorganic versus organic Pb compounds and
that inhaled Pb is 10-100 times as toxic as the
ingested, the author demands that Pb-containing
antiknock agents be forbidden and that legislation
concerning Pb be revised.
3371 Feldstein, M. (Bay Area Air Pollut. Con-
trol Distr., San Francisco, Calif.):
TOXICITY OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Progress in
Chemical Toxicology 1:297-316, 1963.
The toxicity of air pollutants is discussed with
respect to the major differences between occupa-
tional exposure which generally occurs for an 8-
hr period during 5 days/wk, with adult male popu-
lations, and exposure of the general population
which involves the young, the aged and the ill
populations exposed to continuing exposure of air
pollutants. Pb is one among a number of air pol-
lutants discussed. The MAC for exposed workers
has been set at 200 yg/m air. The average na-
tional value of Pb in the air has been reported
as 1.4 yg/m-", with values ranging from 0.1 yg in
rural areas to ^3.5 yg/m in populated areas. The
toxicity of Pb in the atmosphere is greatly in-
fluenced by the particle size distribution. Expo-
sure to community levels of Pb is estimated by
comparing Pb levels in blood and urine in exposed
and control groups, with higher levels found in
urban residents and those with occupational expo-
sure to auto exhaust than in persons living in
rural areas. Blood Pb levels >80 yg/100 g of
blood indicated incipient Pb intoxication. Addi-
tional sources of exposure to Pb are cigarette
smoking, food and beverage intake and occupational
exposures. Intake from these various sources may
in some cases result in increased Pb storage and
chronic toxicity. Further community studies are
in progress.
3372 Hofer, L.J.E., Shultz, J.F., and Feenan,
J.J.: EFFECT OF LEAD DEPOSITS ON ACTIVITY
OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST CATALYSTS. U.S.
Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
6243, 1963, 22 pp.
The effect of particulate Pb in the exhaust gases
of internal combustion engines on the activity of
oxidation catalysts was studied. These catalysts
destroy the hydrocarbon and CO in these exhausts.
676
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
For this study 3 catalysts were chosen in addition
to the y-alumina support, among which chromia-on-
alumina (Cr-on-Al) proved to be the most active
both before and after poisoning. The catalysts
were subjected to an amount of Pb corresponding
to a 20,000-mi trip using gasoline containing 3
ml TtCL/gal. The pure alumina catalyst was treated
only with the exhaust corresponding to a 10,000-mi
test. Approximately half the Pb was deposited on
the catalyst; the rest probably deposited on the
engine, crankcase oil, and exhaust pipe, or es-
caped into the atmosphere. The Pb gradients were
such as to suggest that only a minor portion of
the Pb escaped into the atmosphere. X-ray powder
diffraction analysis showed that the Pb deposits
were in the forms of PbSOi, PbSO,.PbO, and
Pb(Br,Cl)2.
All the catalysts were adversely affected by
the Pb deposit. The Cr-on-Al catalyst was least
adversely affected, requiring an increased temper-
ature of only 100°C to maintain the same conver-
sion observed in the fresh catalyst. The cata-
lysts were relatively more effective in oxidation
of isopentane than in oxidation of CO. Because
the isopentane is one of the hydrocarbons most
difficult to oxidize, it may be concluded that the
catalysts are considerably more effective for the
oxidation of hydrocarbons than for the oxidation
of CO.
3373 Holtzman. R.B. (Argonne Natl. Lab., 111.):
THE Pb210 (RaD) CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME BI-
OLOGICAL MATERIALS FROM ARCTIC REGIONS.
US Atomic Energy Commission Document No.
ANL-6769, 1963, pp. 59-65.
Data are presented on the 210pb content of some
biological specimens from the arctic; lichens from
Finland and Alaska; the stomach contents of some
caribou; a Finnish water plant used for fodder
(Equisetum flaviatile); antler, meat and bone from
reindeer and caribou; and bones from an Icelandic
lamb. For comparison some measurements of grass
210
from Chicago are shown. Pb was determined by
first wet ashing the samples in nitric and per-
chloric acids, removing the nitrates by repeated
fumings with HC1 and plating the Pb decay prod-
uct on a silver disk which was then a—counted.
Concentrations of 210pb in pCi/g dry weight were
found as follows: lichens, 8.29-61.2; grass in
Chicago, 0.128-0.819 (in decreasing order from
root to stem); reindeer and caribou meat, 0.174-
0.366; bones (per g ash) of reindeer and caribou,
5.00-13.8, of lamb, 0.269-0.353.
3374 Jacobi, W. , and Andre, K. (Hahn-Meitner
Inst. Nuclear Res., Berlin, Germany): THE
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RADON 222, RADON
220 AND THEIR DECAY PRODUCTS IN THE ATMOS-
PHERE. J. Geophys. Res. 68:3799-3814
(July), 1963.
The vertical equilibrium distributions of 222^n>
220Rn, and their decay products in a horizontally
isotropic atmosphere are calculated from diffusion
theory with the help of a digital computer. The
change of the turbulent diffusion coefficient with
altitude and the removal of 210Pb and 210po by
fallout were taken into account. Vertical pro-
files of the natural radionuclides in the atmos-
phere are presented for several typical profiles
of the turbulent diffusion coefficient. Agree-
ment with available experimental data is rather
good. The results indicate the importance of the
natural radioactive tracers in the study of mixing
processes in the troposphere and in the mechanism
of transport from the troposphere into the lower
stratosphere. (From Nuclear Science Abstracts
17:Abstr. No. 30700, 1963)
3375 Jaworowski, Z. (Inst. Badan Jadrowych,
Warsaw, Poland): CORRELATION BETWEEN THE
CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD-210 (RADIUM D) AND
CESIUM-137 IN GLACIER ICE. Nukleonika 8,
No. 12:853-3, 1963.
Pb and "7Cs were estimated in ice samples
collected from a Tatra glacier, and the results
compared to the data obtained for rain water in
1952, 1956, 1958, and 1959. Annual changes in
210pb concentration were roughly consistent with
those found for •'-^Cs, as well as with the liter-
ature data of "^Sr concentration in rain water.
For the years investigated results (ranges) in
pCi were: rainwater: 210pb 2.3-8.5, 90Sr 4.6-
1"7Cs 4.7-24.5. Ob-
2.4-23.1,
Pb concentration was con-
29.43; ice: 210Pb
served increase of
eluded to be caused by the nuclear tests, either
by hastening the fallout of the natural 210Pb
from the stratosphere or by partial formation of
210pb in the explosion.
3376 Kehoe, R.A. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): THE
HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF THE PRODUCTION AND
USE OF LEAD ANTIKNOCK COMPOUNDS. Journal
of the Air Pollution Control Association
13:314-21 (July), 1963.
The following topics are discussed: Air pollution
from plants engaged in the manufacture of Pb al-
tcyls; air pollution in connection with the trans-
portation, storage, and handling of concentrated
antiknock compounds; pollution of the ambient at-
mosphere of urban areas with Pb alkyls derived
from the commercial distribution and use of leaded
gasoline as motor fuel; pollution of the ambient
atmosphere of urban areas with Pb from the ex-
hausts of automobiles; Pb in the atmosphere of
American cities; sources of Pb in urban atmos-
phere; Pb in the environment of the American popu-
lation - absorption, excretion, and accumulation;
absorption and excretion of Pb under "abnormal"
conditions of exposure; standard for the quality
of air with respect to the concentration of Pb.
The discussion and conclusions are based on the
author's experience in industry and experiments
with human subjects. Concerning the development
of a standard for the quality of air with respect
to the concentration of Pb, based on above experi-
ments, " the available facts indicate clearly that
no public threat is posed by the Pb in our cities;
that we are able to recognize such a threat well
in advance of its possible materialization," as
well as satisfactory experimental means for ob-
taining the information required to establish a
standard. On present evidence the best that can
be done is to select some point between 75 ug/m
which is too high, and the range of 1-6 ng/m^
which is too low. Kehoe cautions against ac-
cepting the written record of a number as being
authoritative at this stage and emphasizes the
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
677
-------
importance of particle size in considering stan-
uards. (28 references)
3377 Korth, M.S. (Robert A. Taft Sanit. Eng.
Center, Cincinnati, 0.)= DYNAMIC IRRADI-
ATION CHAMBER TESTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST.
US Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare,
Public Health Service Publication No. 999-
AP-5, Nov., 1963, 53 pp.
As part of an intensive study by government and
private agencies the US Public Health Service
built an irradiation chamber facility for investi-
gation of irradiated auto exhaust under mixing
conditions similar to those in the atmosphere.
The facility consisted of a programmed continuous-
cycling chassis dynamometer, an exhaust dilution
system, a dilution-air purification system, 2 ir-
radiation chambers, and exposure facilities.
Three variables were considered: (1) initial ex-
haust concentration (^13 ppm C and 35 ppm C), (2)
average irradiation time (85 and 120 min), and (3)
fuel composition (14% and 23% olefins), The ef-
fects of varying these test parameters were deter-
mined by use of appropriate test criteria includ-
ing N02 formation rate, oxidant production, total
hydrocarbon losses and reaction of specific spe-
cies, aldehyde production, plant damage, and bac-
teria kill. In the tests described fuels contain-
ing 0.53 and 1.38 ml TEL/gal were used.
Of the 3 variables studied during the 1st test
series, the exhaust concentration at the start of
irradiation appeared to produce the most signifi-
cant effects. Fuel composition had a lesser in-
fluence. Very little difference was noted in the
effects produced at 2 different average irradia-
tion times.
3378 Mutschlecner, J.P. (Univ. Michigan, Ann
Arbor) : THE ABUNDANCE OF LITHIUM, BERYL-
LIUM, AND LEAD IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE.
Dissertation, University of Michigan,
1963.
Computer programs and measurement techniques ap-
plicable to the determination of abundances of
elements in the solar atmosphere were developed.
The number of atoms per million silicon atoms were
found to be 1.1 for Li, 6.9 for Be and 1.4 for Pb.
The Pb abundance lends support to the s-process
theory of nucleogenesis. (From Dissertation Ab-
stracts 24, ,,0. 7:2651, 1964)
3379 Osborne, R.V. (Royal Cancer Hosp., London,
England): PLUTONIUM-239 AND OTHER NU-
CLIDES IN GROUND-LEVEL AIR AND HUMAN LUNGS
DURING SPRING 1962, Nature 199:143-6
(July 13), 1963.
Samples of dust from ground-level air at Button,
Surrey, were collected on the plates of an elec-
trostatic precipitator. By following the long-
term build-up of total a-activity in these dust
samples, the concentration of 210pb in air ancj tne
ratio of 210p0 activity to 210p]-, activity were es-
timated. The following results were obtained for
samples taken in February, March, April, May and
June 1962, respectively: 210ph in 10-15Ci/kg air,
3.3, 2.0, 3.3, 3.2, 3.9; 210Po/2l°Pb, 0.24, 0.48,
0.21, 0.15, 0.09.
3380
Picciotto, E., and Wilgain, S. (Univ.
Libre, Brussels, Belgium): FISSION PROD-
UCTS IN ANTARCTIC SNOW, A REFERENCE LEVEL
FOR MEASURING ACCUMULATION. Journal of
Geophysical Research 68:5965-72 (Nov. 1),
1963.
In the area around King Baudouin Station (70°
South, 24° East), it is shown that a reference
horizon, easy to identify, was formed by the
stratospheric fallout of radioactive debris from
thermonuclear bomb tests. Gross g-activity and
Sr were measured in snow and firn samples from
1935-1960. The contribution of natural radionu-
clides is negligible, and the gross g-activity
can be taken as a measure of the fission-products
concentration. A sharp 10-fold increase in the
g-activity at the beginning of 1955 is attributed
to the sudden release in the Antarctic troposphere
of fission products from the Castle thermonuclear
tests series (March, 1954). The previous and 1st
thermonuclear test (Ivy, 1952) is less marked.
The g-actiyity before 1952 is essentially due to
Pb and K. There are indications that this
radioactive horizon has been formed at the same
time over the whole ice cap, but direct checks are
needed on more, well-dated firn profiles. (From
authors' summary)
3381 Princi, F. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): AIR
POLLUTION—FACTS AND FABLES. Journal of
Occupational Medicine 5:461-7 (Oct.), 1963.
The author points out that air pollution problems
cannot be remedied without a reasonable under-
standing of both environment and man. Before any
activity can be instigated to eliminate this pol-
lution, one must have facts that define the char-
acteristics of a clean atmosphere and concerning
which most reasonable persons can agree. This can
be accomplished only when facts and their inter-
pretation are not confused with fables. The au-
thor discusses 8 fables of air pollution. Fable
No. 7, in which Pb is mentioned, is: "The automo-
bile is wholly responsible for our unclean air.
Many well and poorly defined materials are emitted
from engine exhausts, and the population is being
poisoned in some insidious fashion." To show the
unreasonableness of this statement, the author ex-
plains that few pollutants have been studied as
extensively as automobile exhausts, the chemicals
emitted therefrom being products of gasoline and
its additives. One additive, Pb, is well known
and its action understood. Quantities of Pb in-
troduced into the atmosphere from automobile ex-
hausts have been proved insignificant through
clinical and laboratory data. The author further
states this does not mean, however, that automo-
oile exhausts do not contribute to air pollution,
but it does mean that all the facts are not known
yet. (40 references)
3382 Robinson, E., Ludwig, F.L., DeVries, J.E.,
and Hopkins, T.E. (Stanford Res. Inst.,
Menlo Park, Calif.): VARIATIONS OF ATMO-
SPHERIC LEAD CONCENTRATIONS AND TYPE WITH
PARTICLE SIZE. Stanford Research Insti-
tute Project No. PA-4211, Final Report,
November 1, 1963, 80 pp.
A technique to determine the size distribution of
the atmospheric Pb aerosol was developed. A modi-
fied Goetz Aerosol Spectrometer was used and the
678
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
analysis procedure was similar to cumulative sedi-
mentation methods of particle size determination.
On the basis of data obtained for field samples
in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles
basin, a typical size distribution for the Pb
aerosol would be one with a mass median equivalent
diameter of 0.20 p with 257, of the mass being ac-
counted for by particles with an equivalent diam-
eter of <0.1 p and another 25% of the mass in par-
ticles >0.3 u- ihe principal source of the Pb
aerosol in these tests was automobile exhaust.
The various compound constituents which make up
the atmospheric Pb aerosol could not be deter-
mined. The fraction composed of water-aoluble
compounds averaged a solubility from <1-18%. The
data indicate that the more soluble Pb salts such
as the chloride, bromide and sulfate are probably
minor constituents of the Pb aerosol.
3383 StHfen, D. (Cons. Eng. Montabaur, Germany):
Die Verunreinigung der atmosphHrischen
Luft mit Blei und ihr Einfluss auf die
Gesundheit der BevOlkerung. (POLLUTION OF
ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH LEAD AND ITS INFLU-
ENCE ON THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION.)
Zentralblatt fur Arbeitsmedizin und Ar-
beitsschutz 13:39-40 (Feb.), 1963.
The author reviews in part a paper by A.S. Zykova,
(1957), pointing out the following facts: that
Pb was found in the USSR in 73-79% of all air
samples collected in the vicinity of a storage
battery plant and a tin smelter, the discharge
for these 2 industries amounting to 5.7 and
14.7 kg/24 hr, respectively. The average Pb con-
centrations in the atmosphere at distances of 500-
700 m from the battery plant were 3-4 times higher
than the MAC of 0.0007 mg/m3, and at a distance of
1500 m from the tin smelter 5-6 times higher. The
Pb penetrating from the outside air into dwellings
exceeded the MAC 3-5-fold, and concentrated in the
dust as found by analyses. People who had lived
for some time in a Pb-polluted atmosphere showed
a tendency to a higher incidence of diseases of
the digestive, cardiovascular and nervous system,
as compared with a control group. In many cases,
their urinary Pb levels were indicative of Pb
absorption. Analyses of tissues of chickens
demonstrated that Pb accumulates in the organism.
The reviewer points out Zykova's recommendation
that protective zones around the Pb-discharging
plants be created, and states that this had been
considered in the German Federal Republic, but
has not yet been realized. He goes on with a re-
view of a paper by the German authors Drummen and
Reinl (1962) who reported Pb poisoning in 3 chil-
dren who had lived in a house close to a Pb foun-
dry. StHfen reports an additional case from his
own experience which occurred in a child living
close to another Pb foundry. The child had a Pb
level in the blood of 100 ug%, urinary CP of 520
Mg% and displayed the characteristic brain in-
volvement. Although SttiTen wonders why Zykova
did not investigate the health of children and of
persons >50 yr old, her investigation does point
to the fact that the risk of Pb poisoning in a
population living in areas where Pb is discharged
is much greater than previously expected. The
electrofliters mentioned by Zykova are not used
by many Pb smelters in Germany which lack even
effective control of the S effluents. From the
economic standpoint it does not appear possible
to apply the Soviet MAC values for residential
areas or to establish protective zones. Stiffen
suggests that the Department of Public Health of
the German Federal Republic investigate the ex-
tent of the health hazards. In order to avoid
apprehension on the part of the people, such
studies (blood and urine analyses) should be car-
ried out by the Sick Funds in an inconspicuous
manner. This might involve a change of the Feder-
al compensation laws (RVO). Furthermore, all
suspected cases should be reported. Since Pb
salts are used as abortive agents, the possible
effect of Pb effluents on the fetus should be
investigated. Effects by effluents of Pb smelt-
ers, juch as acidification of the soil by S02 and
Pb accumulation in the soil with all its implica-
tions, effects on forests, all plants, domestic
and wild animals aside from man, are mentioned.
Emphasis is laid on the need of protecting the
child and the embryo. It is also indicated that
workers of Pb foundries live as far away from
their work as possible so that they are not ex-
posed to Pb also at times when they are away from
work.
3384 Tatsumoto, M. , and Patterson, C.C. (US
Geol. Surv., Denver, Colo.): CONCENTRA-
TION OF COMMON LEAD IN SOME ATLANTIC AND
MEDITERRANEAN WATERS AND IN SNOW. Nature
199:350-2, 1963.
Samples of Atlantic and Mediterranean waters were
obtained from 5 stations and at various depths from
each station. Snow was collected from the Lassen
'Volcanic National Park and Pb was determined by an
isotope dilution procedure. The Si02 content of
the snow samples was also determined and used as
an index of the silicate dust concentration. At
depths from 2725-5134 m, Pb concentration in sea
water ranged from 0.02-0.20 ug/1. Measurement of
the isotopic composition of Pb in snow gave the
following ratios: 206/204, 18.01; 206/207, 1.144;
206/208, 0.469. In discussing the results and the
sources of Pb, the authors conclude that amounts
of additional Pb introduced into oceans by agri-
cultural activity is only ^1/10 of Pb contributed
by TEL and other industrial Pb compounds.
3385 Tatsumoto, M., and Patterson, C.C. (Cali-
fornia Inst. Technol., Pasadena): THE CON-
CENTRATION OF COMMON LEAD IN SEA WATER.
In Nuclear Geophysics, Proceedings of a
Conference, Woods Hole, Mass., June 7-9,
1962. National Academy of Sciences-
National Research Council, Publication
1075, 1963, pp. 167-75.
As discussed by Patterson, unfiltered samples of
sea water taken off the coast of S. California
show an abrupt decrease in Pb concentration from
surface to deep water. Sprface water Pb cones
ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 yg/1. Deeper waters
had Pb cones of 0.02 yg/1. The origin of the high
surface Pb concentrations is discussed in terms of
run-off of rivers and is attributed to mining and
processing of Pb for TEL which is converted to
aerosols with ^100% efficiency, thus finally reach-
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
679
-------
ing ocean waters.
1964
3386 Tatsumoto, M., and Patterson, C.C. (Cali-
fornia Inst. of Technol., Pasadena): THE
CONCENTRATION OF COMMON LEAD IN SEA WATER.
In Geiss, J., and Goldberg, E.D., com-
pilers: Earth Science and Meteoretics,
Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co.,
1963, pp. 74-89.
Pb was determined in sea waters off southern Cal-
ifornia, using isotope dilution techniques. Sam-
ples were collected in 100-1 stainless steel car-
boys with teflon and polyurethane seals (Pb con-
tent of the latter, <5 ppra). Care was taken
against contamination during handling. In surface
waters, the concentrations of dissolved Pb varied
from 0.4-0.08 yg/1, with an average of 0.2 yg/1.
In deep waters, the concentrations did not vary
much about an average of 0.03 yg/1. Assays of
the particulate matter showed that Pb may be about
equally distributed among dissolved and particular
forms in sea water, so that the total concentra-
tions of Pb may be about twice the values found
for dissolved Pb. A diagram of the Pb profiles in
sea water illustrates the abrupt decrease in con-
centrations from surface to deep waters. Pb con-
centrations in the surface waters increase in
going away from the shore.
In discussing the results, the authors conclude,
on the basis of their earlier estimates, that the
present rate of introduction of Pb to the oceans
is 27 times greater than at the time of Pleisto-
cene. The reason for this increase they believe
to be the accelerated chemical denudation of soils
in agriculture by man, and by the mining of Pb and
the converting of it into paints, insecticides, and
fuels. The industrial contamination has become
important during the last 50 yr. In their calcu-
lations, in the last 3 decades, exhausts of Pb
from automobiles as burned TEL has increased in
the US from zero to ^1.6 x loll g Pb/yr. Since
the conversion of TEL in gasoline to atmospheric
aerosols is ^100%, the total amount of Pb intro-
duced to the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere
as burned TEL has increased from zero to 3.5 x 10-1-1
g/yr. This amount is washed out by rain each year,
2.5 x lO^ g/yr falling directly to the oceans and
the remainder on land where a portion of it enters
the oceans as river runoff. If all industrial
sources are counted together, the present annual
input of Pb to oceans of the northern hemisphere is
43 x 10!0 g and the input for the entire earth is
about 46 x 1010 g/yr.
The input of Pb from all sources is shown in a
diagram. Evidence suggests that Pb entering the
surface layers of the oceans is quickly ingested
by living organisms and a part, estimated to be
2 x lOH g/yr, is transported from surface waters
to sediments by means of biological material serv-
ing as a carrier. Based on estimation of the
rate constant for the biological removal of Pb, a
half-life of 7 yr can be calculated for Pb in sur-
face waters. If the values estimated for the re-
moval constant, the preindustrial surface concen-
tration, and the present rate of introduction of Pb
are used to predict its present concentration in
surface waters, a value is obtained which agrees
closely with the observed values. (25 references)
3387 Bacaner, M. (Univ. Minnesota Med. School,
Minneapolis) : PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES IN
ABSORPTION OF POLLUTANTS. Archives of
Environmental Health 8:77-84 (Jan.), 1964.
As stated in the introduction, the major factors
that determine the body burden of absorbed pollu-
tants involve the chemical nature, size and physi-
cal state of the material, the portal entry into
the body, the chemical and physical interaction
within the body tissues, utilization and damage
or interference with normal mechanisms, and the
excretion from the body either of the original
product or of metabolites. Pollutants may enter
by absorption through the skin, inhalation, or in-
gestion, although skin is not ordinarily an im-
portant route in this case. Illustrations of the
transport of particles, lung deposition and reten-
tion of several substances are included. Refer-
ence to Pb states its metabolism to parallel that
of Ca. In closing, the author draws attention to
the fact that the true estimation of body burden
for any individual pollutant requires comprehen-
sive study of multiple parameters.
3388 Baker, R.A., Sr., and Doerr, R.C. (Frank-
lin Inst., Philadelphia, Penn.): CATALYTIC
REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST. Journal of the Air Pollution Con-
trol Association 14:409-14 (Oct.), 1964.
The authors demonstrate that catalytic reduction
of nitrogen oxides from Pb automobile exhaust, us-
ing Cu-containing catalysts, is technically feasi-
ble. Regular grade Pb gasoline, containing 0.6-
2.9 g Pb/gal, was used for the experiments.
3389 Cholak, J. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): FURTHER
INVESTIGATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRA-
TION OF LEAD. Archives of Environmental
Health 8:314-24 (Feb.), 1964.
Some recent investigations concerning the atmos-
pheric concentration of Pb are reviewed. Observa-
tions made in 1941 at a number of sites in Cincin-
nati yielded an average Pb concentration of 5.1
yg/m3. Analysis of samples from 24 cities in the
US during 1954-1955 yielded a mean concentration
ranging from 1.47-1.99 yg Pb/m3, while median
values ranged from 1.2-1.42 yg. Cities with a
population >2 millions had significantly higher
mean and median values; Los Angeles had the high-
est mean level of concentration. Air over heavily
traveled streets contains more Pb than does air
over lightly traveled streets and considerably
more than ambient air of representative large
areas at the community. Average daily and hourly
patterns were established. Distinct peaks were
observed in the 4-hr period of 7 AM-11 AM; other
peaks appeared in relation to increases in motor
traffic and domestic and industrial activity. In-
vestigations carried out in Cincinnati from 1941-
1962 portray a continual and gradual downward
trend in both mean and median concentrations of Pb
in air. The mean concentration of 5.1 yg/m3 in
1941 decreased to 1.43 ug/m3 in 1962 while the
median level fell to 1.27 yg in 1962. After 1954,
no concentration >8 yg/ffl3 of air was found. It is
pointed out that the higher average values and
680
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
ranges found from 1941-1951 may be partly due to
the manner of sampling during this period, and
therefore may be somewhat biased, while today con-
tinuous monitoring over 24 hr is more representa-
tive. The decrease in atmospheric Pb is attribut-
able mainly to a spread of motor traffic in cities
over a larger area along with the spread in hous-
ing. Also, the mean concentration of particulate
matter found in the air in 1961-1962 averages only
0.082 mg/m3 as compared to 0.37 in 1946-1951. Lead
alkyls may be detected in the air in certain areas
of gasoline service stations, and occur at times
over heavily traveled streets. Most of the find-
ings (in filling stations) were within the range
of 0-3.5 yg/m3 air. The error of analysis is
greatest when small volumes of air are sampled be-
cause the Pb values are near the limit of detec-
tion. Sampling of adequate volumes of air in Cin-
cinnati yielded average amounts of 1.1 yg Pb in
the form of Pb alkyls, which approximates 10% of
the total Pb. Using still larger volumes of air,
the proportion of atmospheric Pb existing as vapor-
ized Pb alkyl was found to be 1.3% of the total
Pb in air.
3390 Cominelli, A. (Provincial Med. Officer,
Italy): Autoveicoli e inquinamento atmos-
ferico. (MOTOR VEHICLES AS A SOURCE OF
AIR POLLUTION.) Annali della Sanita Pub-
blica 25, No. 5:955-1006, 1964.
After reviewing minor emissions such as evapora-
tion of gasoline and blow-by gases, the products
resulting from automotive internal combustion are
considered. This heterogeneous mixture of gases
varies in composition with the type of engine used,
gasoline of Diesel, and also with the conditions
under which the engine is operated. Toxic emis-
sions described in detail include carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, sulfur
anhydride and Pb, the latter from the addition of
the antiknock agents TEL or TML in amounts ranging
from 0.4-0.6 ml/1 of gasoline. Concerning the con-
tribution of Pb to air pollution, the author cites
some concentrations reported in the literature,
such as a range of 3.6-14 yg Pb/m3 for Los Angeles
(Rose, 1962), and 2.42-5.10 yg/m3 for Milan (D'Am-
brosio et al, 1958); Petrilli and Kanitz (1962)
found 8.83 yg/m3 in gasoline service stations and
up to 60 yg close to a motor vehicle within the
city. He comments that atmospheric Pb concentra-
tions found by various authors are difficult to
compare because of the different sampling and
analytical methods used. He then refers to experi-
ments that have shown that prolonged daily inges-
tion of 1-2 mg Pb results in a notable increase of
Pb in the blood and of urinary and fecal Pb ex-
cretion, without, however, causing clinical signs.
According to Kehoe, an individual who absorbs
^0.03 mg Pb daily through the intestine (which is
1/10 of the total amount ingested) and ^0.02 mg
from the air, will tolerate, with a sufficient mar-
gin of safety, another daily dose of 0.03 mg,
which implies that the daily amount of Pb absorbed
from the air could be safely doubled as long as
the ingested amount remains the same. Although
investigations made in 1947-1960 by the Swiss Fed-
eral Committee on Gasoline Additives are also gen-
erally optimistic, further studies concerning pro-
longed exposure to minimal doses of Pb should not
be neglected. In general, the author recommends
the adoption of exhaust control devices for motor
vehicles.
He finally comments on regulations recently
adopted in the State of California and in France,
by saying that the California regulations appear
to be stricter, prescribing fixed standards of
pollutants, but to date they do not seem to be en-
forced. The French ones are broader, in conform-
ity with the general European trend in the matter,
aiming to a mere control of discharges. (30 ref-
erences)
3391 Crozaz, G., Picciotto, E., and De Breuck,
W. (Univ. Libre, Brussels, Belgium): ANT-
ARCTIC SNOW CHRONOLOGY WITH Pb210. Journal
of Geophysical Research 69:2597-2604 (June
15), 1964.
The mean 210pb concentration in Antarctic air at
ground level at the Base Roi Baudouin for the year
1958 was found to be 1.3 x 10"3 decay/min/kg air.
In samples of surface snow accumulated for 2-5 yr,
910
the average Pb activity was of the order of 100
decay/hr/kg of snow. This activity seemed to be
independent of the local rate of accumulation. The
variations of 210pD activity as a function of
depth, studied on two vertical flrn profiles span-
ning an interval of >200 yr at two bases showed
the 210pb activity to decrease exponentially with
depth. The most plausible interpretation is that
the rate of water accumulation and the initial
210pb concentration in the snow have remained con-
stant at both places over the last 100 yr.
3392 Editorial (Cohen, G.): Le sort du plomb
tetraethyle. (THE FATE OF TETRAETHYLLEAD.)
Nature (Paris) No. 3350:230, 1964.
Three American oceanographers and geologists have
studied the fate of TEL in nature after its use
as automotive antiknock agent. Since Pb is not
combustible, Pb particles escape into the atmos-
phere from where they are washed out by rain and
carried into the water of rivers and eventually to
the oceans. In the Pacific and Atlantic ocean and
in the Mediterranean, considerable Pb deposits
have been found at depths of <900 m, while at lower
depths the Pb concentration rapidly decreases. The
American investigators estimate that extraction of
Pb from plumbiferous rocks may contribute to these
deposits at most 10,000 tons/yr, that the rivers
carry ^200,000 tons of Pb compounds, and rain
dumps ^275,000 tons directly into the oceans.
These figures will soon be ascertained by a com-
parative study of the Pb content of snow in the
mountains of California and fossil snow from moun-
tains in Greenland.
According to H.V. Warren (1963) , vegetables grow-
ing near highways in the US contain 50 times as
much Pb as is permissible for human consumption.
In Derbyshire in England, a disease called "Derby
stomach" exists which is characterized by colics
and which is caused by prolonged ingestion of Pb.
There is also a "Derby goiter" due to Fe deficiency
in the soil. Phenomena of this kind have induced
Warren to some general considerations. He main-
tains that man originally settled in the alluvial
plains such as the valleys of the Nile and Yang-
tse, where the soil was propitious for human life.
With the arrival of culture, soil deficiencies and
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
681
-------
excesses have developed. It is perhaps still too
early to draw conclusions concerning health with
respect to human geography. It could be possible
that the disturbance of a dietetic balance between
Cu, Zn, Hg, As, Se, V, etc, has an influence on the
e'tiology of diseases like cancer and cardiac af-
flictions. Pb could be responsible for multiple
sclerosis, that is,progressive degeneration of the
nervous system, thus leading to serious damage or
premature death. Statistics seem to indicate that
multiple sclerosis is relatively frequent in re-"
gions where the soil is rich in Pb compared to
areas where the Pb content is average or below
average.
3393 El'terman, V.M.: IMPROVING THE ECONOMY
OF FILTERS FOR REMOVING HARMFUL GASES IN
EJECTED VENTILATION AIR. Nauchn. Raboty
Inst. Okhrany Truda Vses. Tsentr. Sov.
Prof. Soyuzov 1964, No. 6:3-9.
Air ejected during the production of highly toxj.i_
substances such as tetraethyllead, chlorcyan and
prussic acid, was purified by means of a recircu-
lation apparatus which reduced the total amount of
harmful substances by a factor of 10-12 and the
cost of filters by a factor of 4-5. (From Refera-
tivnyi Zhurnal, Khimiya 1966, No. 3, Pt. II Ab-
stract No. 31451; Chemical Abstracts 65:Abstr.
No. 4522, 1966)
3394 Engler, H. von (Offenbach, West Germany):
Reinigung der Abgase bei der Aufarbeitung
von Accuschrott. (THE PURIFICATION OF THE
FLUE GAS OF LEAD RECLAMATION PLANTS.)
Batterien 18:606-8 (May), 1964.
A Venturi purification system for storage battery
factories, which is economical in investment and
maintenance costs, is described. A battery scrap
refining plant using this system may be installed
near residential areas since the flue gas leaving
the stack is similar in composition to the gases
leaving the chimneys of residences.
3395 Gold, S., Barkhau, H.W., Shleien, B., and
Kahn, B. (Robert A. Taft Sanit. Eng. Cen-
ter, U.S. Public Health Service, Cincinna-
ti, 0.): MEASUREMENT OF NATURALLY OCCUR-
RING RADIONUCLIDES IN AIR. In Adams,
J.A.S. and Lowder, W.M., ed.: The Natural
Radiation Environment. Chicago, Univ. of
Chicago Press, 1964, pp. 369-82.
Measurements of naturally occurring radioactivity
associated with air particulates in Cincinnati,
Ohio, are reported. Measurements were made daily
for extended periods and, at the same time, mete-
orological variables such as wind speed and pre-
cipitation were observed so that their influence
on radionuclide levels could be evaluated. Sam-
ples were taken at a height above the ground at
which air would be inhaled. 222^ an(j 220^
daughters were collected by drawing air through a
membrane filter from which their activity was
counted. Seasonal and daily variations were stud-
ied. A gross annual 222^ value of 260 pCi/m3 was
estimated for Cincinnati from the average 8 AM and
3 PM concentrations. 210Pb and beryllium (7fie),
together with fission products from fallout, were
measured in particulates collected on glass-fiber
filters during April and May, 1961. 2l°Pb was
separated chemically from the filter and its col-
lected air particulates; the basic solution con-
taining the Pb was acidified, precipitated as Pb
sulfide and metathesized to the sulfate by heating
with sulfuric acid in the presence of Bi holdback
carrier. Activity of the 210pjj parent was comput-
ed from the 210Bi count rate, measured on a low-
background 3 counter. Highest and lowest values
found for 210Pb were 0.015 and 0.0030 pCi/m3, re-
spectively, with a daily weighted average of
0.0082.
3396 Goldsmith, J.R. (California State Dept.
Public Health, Berkeley): THE BODY BURDEN
AND AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. Archives of
Environmental Health 8:39-43 (Jan.), 1964.
The value of the concept of the body burden in set-
ting air quality standards is discussed. Body
burden of a pollutant is defined as such level of
the substance in organs or fluids of the body as
either produces or is capable of producing damage
or significant interference of the body or of the
respective organ or tissue. Estimation of the
body burden in relationship to exposure depends on
the development of sensitive and valid methods for
measuring the levels of substances in biological
materials, choice of populations of persons, and
their availability for study, and the manner in
which the biologic system is sampled. A formula
found uceful for exposure to carbon monoxide,
for which the body burden concept has been used
for setting the air quality standard, is shown.
However, dynamic models should be developed and
more widely used for greatest use of body burden
estimates.
Work is under way to set air quality standards
for Pb. From field studies so far undertaken, an
estimate of the body burden of Pb has been obtained
from the collection of blood samples. These indi-
cate a substantial difference between urban and
rural residents, somewhat higher values in males
than in females and a tendency of slightly greater
values in smokers than in nonsmokers. The latter
difference is thought to be due to Pb arsenate
sprays which were formerly used in tobacco cultiva-
tion.
It is concluded that the body burden is valuable
because of its relevance to exposures not only to
elementary, but also to complex substances, and to
the association of several trace metals.
3397 Goldsmith, J.R. (Dept. Public Health,
Berkeley, Cal.): USES OF MEDICAL AND EPI-
DEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE CONTROL AND
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION. Proceedings
of the Royal Society of Medicine 57, No.
10, Part 2:1034-40, 1964.
Pb is not mentioned in the discussion, the conclu-
sions of which include the statement that in Cal-
ifornia, air quality standards for "oxidant" and
for CO have been used as a basis for control of
motor vehicle emissions. Pb is shown in the ap-
pendix which is a table of California Standards of
Ambient Air Quality (amended by State Board of
Public Health, 1962, incorporated into the Cali-
fornia Administrative Code, Title 17, Chapter 5,
Subchapter 5, Article 1). There it is noted "not
applicable" in "adverse" level of pollutants, with
a footnote to the effect that Pb levels should be
682
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
set on the basis of average values for long peri-
ods. While data are abundant concerning human re-
sponse to 8-hr/day 5 days/wk exposures, data are
insufficient for the effects of continuous expo-
sure in community air pollution. While laboratory
studies will be pursued with vigor, it becomes
very important that local agencies collect data on
existing Pb levels. Since Pb exposures are from
multiple sources, community air pollution stan-
dards should be based on a portion of the total
limit for population exposure.
3398 Hammond, P.B., and Aronson, A.L. (Univ.
Minnesota, St. Paul): LEAD POISONING IN
CATTLE AND HORSES IN THE VICINITY OF A
SMELTER. Annals of the New York Academy
of Sciences 111, Art. 2:595-611 (Apr. 24),
1964.
An outbreak of Pb poisoning in 1962 in horses and
cattle from 3 different farms in the vicinity of a
Pb smelter near St. Paul, Minn., where old battery
plates were melted down, is reported. After 4
cows had died at Farm A, the veterinarian serving
the area requested assistance. Pb poisoning was
confirmed on the basis of characteristic clinical
signs exhibited by one of the surviving cows and
the presence of ^18 ppm Pb in the liver of a dead
cow. In total, 9 cows, 2 horses and 6 ponies died
and 3 additional horses showed signs of illness
while 4 cows from Farm C never exhibited signs of
poisoning. The Pb concentration in the blood of
12 cows which had survived the episode, ranged
from 0.30-1.26 mg/1, compared to an average normal
of 0.10-0.129. The range of Pb concentrations in
the blood of 6 horses tested in the vicinity of
the smelter was 0.23-0.47 mg/1 compared to a normal
of 0.04. The Pb content of alfalfa-clover hay and
corn silage grown immediately across the road from
the smelter and fed to the animals, was 26-284 ppm
(analyzed without further drying). In order to get
a better picture of the extent of contamination,
samples of wintered-over vegetation were analyzed.
Contamination with Pb decreased with the distance
from the smelter and was appreciably greater when
the samples were taken close to busy highways. It
was estimated that the minimum cumulative fatal
dose of Pb for cows was 6-7 mg/kg/day while horses
appeared to be more susceptible, calculating that
they had ingested 2.4 mg Pb/kg/day. Even under
conditions of prolonged intake the syndrome in
cattle was acute or peracute. Analysis of the Pb
content of the milk from 8 normal cows (0.006-
0.013 ppm) and from the affected showed a rather
constant relationship between Pb excretion in milk
and Pb concentration in the blood cells, the ratio
of Pb in blood to Pb in milk being ^23. The high
level of Pb in the colostrum of a Pb-exposed cow
about to freshen suggested that the blood-milk
barrier acquires different permeability charac-
teristics for metals at the time of parturition.
Also, Pb excretion in milk was not enhanced during
therapy with EDTA. The conclusion was drawn that
the mammary gland and the kidney apparently behave
differently with regard to excretion of the Pb
EDTA complex.
Evidence was presented that excessive mobiliza-
tion of Pb by means of EDTA, at least under condi-
tions of long-term accumulation in cattle, is a
hazardous procedure. The authors point out that
although this observation was made only on 1 ani-
mal, it is of sufficient importance to warrant
study. No adverse reactions were seen in chroni-
cally poisoned horses, given 110 mg EDTA/kg iv on
3 successive days. There was no effect whatever
on the Pb concentration in blood, leading to specu-
lation on the mobility of Pb deposited in the
erythrocytes and in soft tissue generally under
conditions of chronic intake as compared to the
acute.
Since public reaction to the Pb poisonings on
the farms was vigorous, the state health department
was requested to analyze well water, home-grown
vegetables, and milk, and to test blood and urine
of residents. In no cases was any evidence of ab-
normal Pb accumulation found. The problem was
clearly one of hazard to herbivorous animals in
the vicinity of the plant.
3399 Hettche, H.O. (Univ. Hamburg, West Ger-
many) : Benzpyrene und Spurenelemente in
Grosstadtluft. (BENZOPYRENES AND TRACE
ELEMENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF CITIES.)
International Journal of Air and Water Pol-
lution 8:185-91 (Mar.-Apr.), 1964.
The study was undertaken for the purpose of corre-
lating atmospheric pollution and mortality from
cancer in German cities. Dust from city streets
in Hamburg was collected over 19 mo and the weight
of dust, ash, benzopyrenes and trace elements was
determined. The dust content of 19 samples taken
between September, 1961 and April, 1963, ranged
from 0.16-0.36 (av 0.233) mg/m3; for the year 1962
alone, the mean concentration was 0.217 mg/m-^. The
proportion of the dust which was soluble in metha-
nol was 45% or 0.106 mg/m^. On the average, 1000
m-' air contained 100 yg 3,4- and 76 yg 1,2-benzo-
pyrenes. However, there were great differences
in 3,4-benzopyrene levels between summer and win-
ter. A maximum of 388 Pg/m3 was reached in Janu-
ary, 1963, compared with only 17 ug in the previous
spring and summer, although the motor vehicle
traffic had not Increased. The average concentra-
tion of trace elements during 1962 was found as
follows, in mg/1000 m^: Pb, 2; Zn and Cu, 1 each;
Ti, 0.5; Mn, 0.2; V, Ni, Cr, Sb and Co, 0.1-0.01;
Mo and Be, <0.01. The high Pb content was attri-
buted to the fact that the sample was taken close
to a traffic light. Seasonal and local differences
in the concentration of the trace elements are
pointed out and compared with findings by other
authors. The relationship of cancer of the lung
and other organs, and of respiratory diseases to
atmospheric contaminants, as reported for the US
and other countries, is discussed.
3400 Hettche, 0. (Kongressbund Deutscher Medi-
zinalbeamten, Baden-Baden, West Germany):
Gesundheitsgefahrdung durch Kraftfahrzeug-
abgase. (HEALTH HAZARDS BY AUTOMOTIVE EX-
HAUST GASES.) Offentlicher Gesundheits-
Dienst 26:480-8, 1964.
The author states that the atmospheric pollution
by CO, Pb and N oxides is still below the tolerat-
ed level. Aldehydes are obvious because of their
odor and ozone and oxidants occur solely in sub-
tropical areas. (From Deutsche Zeitschrift fur
die Gesamte Gerichtliche Medizln 56, No. 5:436,
1965)
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
683
-------
3401 Hill, C.R. (Royal Cancer Hosp., Surrey,
England): 210po: A NATURALLY OCCURRING
COMPONENT OF FALLOUT. ORAU, 4th Symposium
on Radioactivity in Scandinavia, Riso, Den-
mark, Oct. 5-6, 1964, 15 pp.
The natural occurrence and behavior in the biosphere
of isotopes of Po, in particular of 210p0 which
arises, in association with lead 210pb as a 5 y. From 4-12% of the exhausted Pb had a parti-
cle size £l u. Of the total Pb collected, 99.7%
was removed from the gas by the 1st filter in the
sampling train; of the balance passed by this fil-
ter, ^2/3 was inorganic and 1/3 organic.
3403 Hochheiser, S., Nolan, M., and Dunsmore,
H.J. (Robt. A. Taft Sanit. Eng. Center,
Cincinnati, 0.): AIR POLLUTION MEASURE-
MENTS IN DUQUESNE, PENNSYLVANIA. SEPTEM-
BER-OCTOBER, 1963. U.S. Public Health Ser-
vice Publication, Oct., 1964, 36 pp.
A cooperative, 1-mo study of ambient air quality
was conducted in Duquesne, Pennsylvania, from Sep-
tember 23 to October 30, 1963, to define the exist-
ing and potential community air pollution problems.
"Samples were collected continuously with automatic
sampling equipment, and 30-min, short-term samples
were collected periodically, using manual sampling
techniques. Total atmospheric particulate pollu-
tants were estimated, and, additionally, particu-
late samples were analyzed spectrographically for
content of metals (a total of 15, including Pb).
Other pollutants determined were the various ox-
ides, oxidants and aldehydes. Particulate concen-
trations during the study ranged from 99-963 yg/m3.
In correlating the percent composition of the met-
als and total atmospheric particulate concentrations,
that of Sb, Cd, and Mn tended to increase with in-
creasing particulate concentration while that of the
other metals did not generally so increase signifi-
cantly. The percentages of Pb for the various
ranges of particulate concentrations varied from 0.1-
0.6. The atmospheric concentrations of the metals
were also compared to the national urban average.
The metals content in Duquesne was higher than this
average, particularly for Mn, Fe, and Cr. That of
Pb was 1.7 yg vs the national average of 0.5 yg/m3.
3404 Horiuchi, K. (Osaka City Univ. Med.
School, Osaka, Japan): A STUDY ON THE
STATUS QUO OF AIR POLLUTION IN JAPAN.
Osaka City Medical Journal 10, No. 1:181-
200, 1964.
The history of Japanese industry and the problem
of public health as a matter of governmental con-
cern are described and illustrated in maps and
charts. Lack of legislation in regard to exposure
standards, environmental standards, and MAC's
brought proposals from the Japanese Public Health
Association. Discharge Standards laid down in the
Smoke Control Law (1963) established an allowable
concentration of 0.5-2.0 g/N m3 for soot and dust.
The regulations controlling public nuisance from
enterprises in Osaka Prefecture (1954) set the up-
684
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
per limit for harmful substances. The limit for
Pb discharge was set at 0.15 mg/m^. No laws have
yet been established for emergency measures. Var-
ious methods for measuring and analyzing atmos-
pheric pollutants are described. (14 references)
3405 Imano, K.: AIR FILTER. Japan Air Clean-
ing Association (Tokyo) 1, No. 1:41-8,
1964.
Air pollutants were discussed and the chemical com-
position of automobile exhaust was given. The fol-
lowing MAC from industrial emission sources were
stated: ppm, As 1, Cl 1, perchloric acid 10,
cyanic acid 20, nitric acid 40, P compounds 2, C
disulfide 20, Cr compounds 0.5, sulfuric acid 5,
Hg 0.1, Pb 0.5 mg/m3. Three methods for the elim-
ination of pollutants were discussed: the absorp-
tion technique, the adsorption technique and the
incineration technique. (From APCA Abstracts 13,
No. 3:Abstr. No. 8457, 1967)
3406 Karol, I.L.: PLANETARY DISTRIBUTION OF
210pb IN THE FREE ATMOSPHERE AND ITS USE
IN ESTIMATING VERTICAL EXCHANGE PARAMETERS
AND WASHOUT OF AEROSOLS BY CLOUDS AND PRE-
CIPITATION, AS WELL AS THE RATE OF EX-
CHANGE BETWEEN THE TROPOSPHERE AND STRATO-
SPHERE IN THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMI-
SPHERES . In Radioaktivnye Izotopy v At-
mosfere i Ikh Ispol'zovanie v Meteorologii.
Moscow, Atomizdat, 1964, pp. 132-52.
A theoretical 3-layer model of the atmosphere is
used to determine the vertical profile of Pb in
the extratropical latitudes of the Northern Hemi-
sphere and to estimate the exchange rate between
these layers and the washout of aerosols by clouds
and precipitation. The annual balance of 210pt, in
the stratosphere of both the northern and southern
latitudes was calculated. (From Nuclear Science
Abstracts 20:Abstr. No. 16641, 1966)
3407 Kehoe, R.A. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): STAN-
DARDS WITH RESPECT TO ATMOSPHERIC LEAD.
Archiver of Environmental Health 8:348-54
(Fee.;, 1964.
The prospect for the establishment of a standard
for the satisfactory quality of the ambient air
in respect to Pb is discussed on the basis of
threshold ladies established for workmen and on the
basis of observations in the laboratory over more
than 20 yr. A hygienic standard of the quantity
of Pb in air to which workmen may be exposed with
reasonable safety has long existed and the value
set has been subject to much re-examination and
just recent revision. Despite any technical re-
finements in revisions of the standard, it is still
a rough specification through the fulfillment of
which a serious industrial hazard is reduced by
purely technical means to reasonably acceptable
dimensions. While, despite its shortcomings, it
has proved applicable as good operating practice
in the Pb industries, it is not adequate for it
fails to portray fully the occupational exposure
of workmen to Pb.
There is no evidence at present that the Pb con-
centration in the general atmosphere in the US is
a source of hazard to any person or segment of pop-
ulation in this country. While there are cases
of Pb poisoning in industry and in the general pop-
ulation, their sources differ widely in type and
magnitude from those causing contamination of the
ambient air, food and beverages of entire communi-
ties. Although lack of evidence that the concen-
trations in air are hazardous is not, in itself,
convincing, there already is the required evidence
as to conditions, quantitative and reproducible,
that cause Pb poisoning, and as to the order of
magnitude of the present margin of public safety.
Extensive experience in industry and laboratory
experiments have shown that Pb poisoning occurs in
man only when certain well-defined conditions are
fulfilled. These rest on a range of concentration
in blood (and a corresponding but less defined
range in urine) which denotes an unusual (or ab-
normal) absorption rate and extent as compared to
that common to the "normal" person or population
group. Up to a certain point in concentration,
no known or presently demonstrable symptom or sign
of Pb intoxication may be expected to occur even
in the least tolerant (or most susceptible) person
of any age;
Therefore, there is now an empirical standard
whereby the present population in the US or an in-
dividual member of it can be identified as "normal"
in terms of the range of the concentration of Pb
in the blood (and urine), which has been found to
be characteristic over a period of >20 yr of obser-
vations in the Kettering Laboratory. A standard
which defines the limit of human safety with re-
spect to the absorption of Pb also exists.
It is highly dubious that a standard for the Pb
content of ambient air would be adequate or even
relevant in the maintenance of public safety, so
long as the amount of Pb absorbed by the average
citizen from food and beverages is larger than that
absorbed from the air. The control of atmospheric
Pb, therefore, cannot obviate a potential hazard
of Pb intoxication to the general population. In
order to justify and enforce an air quality stan-
dard for Pb, there must be a reasonable certainty
that the alimentary absorption of Pb has been sta-
bilized. Since Pb excretion in the feces repre-
sents 90-95% of the ingested Pb, a faithful por-
trayal can be had of the daily intake of Pb in
food and beverages.
The standard of safety as to the Pb content of
air in industry, while crude, is reasonably valid,
for in occupational exposure, the Pb increment
associated with inhalation of Pb can become suffi-
ciently large to reduce the significance of the
dietary Pb. However, the variable of intermittency
has to be considered since occupational exposure
occurs only for 8 hr daily, 5 days/wk while expos-
ure to ambient air is continuous, although some-
what variable in intensity. Precise observations
in the laboratory are required to validate the es-
tablishment of a concentration to which populations
may be exposed safely. Experiments are under way
to study the pattern of the metabolism of Pb upon
varying duration of exposure to a constant level
of atmospheric Pb. After following the daily in-
take and output of Pb of 2 healthy subjects for
^1 yr, the subjects were exposed in 2 parallel
respiratory chambers to air containing 0.15 mg Pb
(as sesquioxide)/m3, in particles of 0.05 y in
diameter; for 4 mo they spent 3 hr daily there and
for corresponding and successive periods of time
6, 9 and 12 hr, respectively. Six more months of
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
685
-------
observation with no further exposure, will permit
determination of the mathematical relationships in-
volved in varying degrees of intermittency of an
otherwise constant type and degree of exposure.
A question that still needs investigation is
what least change in concentration of Pb in ambient
air is capable of inducing a demonstrable change
in the output of Pb from the body. This threshold
has been established experimentally as to inges-
tion of Pb, thus providing a basis for a standard
of safety with respect to dietary Pb. Such a
threshold for respiratory absorption, considered
together with the factor of time, will designate
a level of Pb concentration in the air to which
healthy persons can be exposed over a lifetime
without accumulating a potentially dangerous body
burden of Pb.
3408 Kloke, A., and Riebartsch, K. (Federal
Biol. Inst. of Agriculture and Forestry,
Berlin-Dahlem, Germany): Verunreinigung
von Kulturpflanzen mit Blei aus Kraftfahr-
zeugabgasen. (THE CONTAMINATION OF
PLANTS WITH LEAD FROM MOTOR EXHAUSTS.)
Naturwiasenschaften 51, No. 15:367-8, 1964.
In introducing their discussion, the authors con-
sider that the constantly increasing contamina-
tion of the atmosphere and vegetation by Pb is
almost exclusively caused by automotive exhausts.
According to a German regulation, automotive fuels
must not contain >0.06 vol% of TEL, and a content
of not >0.05 vol% is recommended. The contamina-
tion of grass with Pb in concentrations up to
300 yg/g of dry substance along traffic-bearing
roads in the USA, as reported by Cannon and
Bowles (1962), is cited and remarked upon that
cattle ingesting such grass would not only exhibit
Pb poisoning but that considerable Pb would appear
in the milk, rendering rearing of offspring im-
possible in some cases.
In the summer of 1963 the authors investigated
the relationship of traffic density to the Pb con-
tent of plants and soil at different locations in
West Berlin. They found Pb in ug/g of dry sub-
stance (with percent that can be washed off given
in parentheses): in garden in Frohnau and Botani-
cal Garden, both remote from traffic: in grass, 6.0
(<5) and 8.5 (<10), respectively; in roots, 43.0
and 46.5; in soil, 18.5 and 66.0. At 300 m from
main road the corresponding values were: 15.3
(10); 56.2; 29.3. On divider strip in a road
bearing 11,000 autos in 12 hr: 16.2 (30), 38.8,
and 6.4; the same in a road bearing 23,000 cars in
12 hr: 47.9 (20) 38.0, and 12.3; traffic island
of square bearing 32,000 autos in 12 hr: 57.0
(30), 65.2, and 36.5, respectively in grass, roots
and soil. The high percentage of Pb which can be
washed off the grass points to a high adsorption at
the surface of the leaf so that total absorption
and transport in the plant would scarcely occur.
The Pb contained in the roots is thought to have
been taken up from the soil. According to the
authors' findings adsorption of Pb by the root in-
creases with the Pb content of the soil but the
root transports only small amounts of Pb to the
surface parts of the plant. The high Pb content
of soil in the Botanical Garden is thought to be
due to frequent fertilization with leaves gathered
in the streets.
3409 Kochnev, M.I., Olesova, A.I., and Dushin,
L.N.: (TREATMENT OF DUST FROM EXPERIMEN-
TAL SMELTING IN AN OXYGEN JET.) Tsvetn.
Metal. 37, No. 5:88-90, 1964.
Flue dust containing Cu 9.7, Zn 14.4, Pb ^1, Cd
0.08, Se 0.008, Te 0.012, Tl 0.0016, and In 0.003%
was granulated with coke and roasted in a pilot
horizontal tubular furnace for 1 hr at 1150-1200°.
Extraction into fume was Zn 97, Pb 74, Se >88, Cd
100, Te SlOO, and Tl 82%. The fume product con-
tained Zn 75.4, Pb 8.4, Se 0.009, Cd 1.6, Te 0.11,
In 0.009, and Tl 0.005%. (From Chemical Abstracts
61:11664, 1964)
341Q Kotin, P., and Falk, H.L. (Natl. Cancer
Inst., Bethesda, Md.): ATMOSPHERE POLLU-
TANTS. Annual Review of Medicine 15:233-
54, 1964.
A review with 109 literature references on atmos-
pheric pollutants is presented. On page 246 of
the paper, the importance of Pb as a pollutant is
briefly discussed. The toxicity of Pb has been
proved in studies on occupational exposure. Emis-
sions from motor exhausts are the almost exclusive
sources of Pb found in polluted air as most gaso-
lines contain up to 3 ml Pb/gal. According to
Cholak and coworkers (1950, 1952), acute Pb toxici-
ty with characteristic signs of chronic Pb poison-
ing have not been observed as a result of exposure
to Pb concentrations in air. However, in view of
the presence of Pb in the general environment (in
food, beverages and household products), the author
believes that the potential hazards of Pb in rela-
tion to the total body burden needs to be assessed,
by citing, in part the work by Hofreuter et al
(1961) who analyzed Pb levels in blood and urine
of urban and rural populations and who confirmed
earlier studies on the body burden of Pb in rela-
tion to residence.
3411 Kreichelt, T.E., and Dahle, E.W., Jr.
(Robt. A. Taft Sanlt. Eng. Center, Cincin-
nati, 0.): AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS IN
BALTIMORE, MD. MARCH AND APRIL 1964. U.S.
Public Health Service Publication, Novem-
ber, 1964, 55 pp.
A 5-wk pilot study of ambient air quality was con-
ducted in Baltimore, Maryland, in March and April,
1964. Typical atmospheric particulate pollution
in Baltimore and several other American cities of
similar size as measured by the National Air Samp-
ling Network were tabulated. Total suspended par-
ticulates and Pb composition, both in pg/m , were
as follows: Baltimore, Md., 144, 0.7; San Francis-
co, Calif., 76, -; Washington, D.C., 119, -; St.
Louis, Mo., 176, 0.4; Cleveland, 0., 168, 0.6;
Houston, Tex., 117, 0.5; Milwaukee, Wis., 151, 0.5;
national av, 136, -. The other cor.iponents analyzed
were S and N dioxides, CO, nitric oxide, aldehydes
and total hydrocarbons.
3412 Larsen, R.I. (Robt. A. Taft Sanit. Eng.
Center, Cincinnati, 0.): UNITED STATES
AIR QUALITY. Archives of Environmental
Health 8:325-33 (Feb.), 1964.
A National Air Sampling Network was established by
the Public Health Service to measure US air quali-
ty. Concentrations of total suspended matter and
19 metallic (including Pb) and other pollutants,
686
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
as determined in 24-hr collections every 2 wk on
a random schedule in the central business districts
of cities in the US, are tabulated according to
several parameters depicting air quality (these
include the arithmetic and geometric means, stan-
dard geometric deviations and concentrations ex-
ceeded by the highest 1% of samples and their mean
ratio). The following 6 cities recorded highest
concentrations for 2 metallic pollutants, as in-
dicated: Baltimore, Sb, and Cr; Birmingham, Sn and
Zn; Boston, Ni and V; Cleveland, Mn and Ti; Los
Angeles, Cu and Pb; Tacoma, Si and Cd. Maximum
pollutant concentrations are also compared with
the threshold limits established by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Gaseous pollutant parameters as found in a Contin-
uous Air Monitoring Program are also given for
S02 concentrations measured in 8 cities and for CO
and N oxides for some cities. Gaseous pollutant
concentrations on the worst 1% of days were less
than the ACG1H levels but greater than those estab-
lished in the USSR. Pollutant concentration was
found to be related to size of city and distance
from its center. The sulfate particulate concen-
tration was related to S02 concentration.
In discussing means for improving US air quality,
combustion processes, including coal combustion
and motor exhausts, are held to be the major
sources of pollutants. Means are presently avail-
able or are being developed to control the emission
of all these pollutants except the N oxides, which
come from all combustion sources. There is no
known easy method for controlling N oxides. In
the decades ahead, the ultimate solution to pollu-
tion from the N oxides as well as the other pollu-
tants may be the use of much less high temperature
combustion, in homes, vehicles, and industry.
Fuel cells and atomic fission or fusion might then
power the nation electrically.
3413 Lockhart, L.B., Jr. (US Naval Research
Lab., Washington, D.C.): RADIOACTIVITY OF
THE RADON-222 AND RADON-220 SERIES IN THE
AIR AT GROUND LEVEL. In Adams, J.A.S. and
Lowder, W.M., ed.: The Natural Radiation
Environment. Chicago, Univ. of Chicago
Press, 1964, pp. 331-44.
Extensive measurements of atmospheric radioactivi-
ty have been made at various sites by using air
monitor equipment of the US Naval Research Labora-
tory, primarily designed for the detection of
nuclear explosions. The technique used involved
the estimation of the contribution of 214pb plus
214jii, 212pt, plus 212Bi and gross fission products
to the total 3 activity collected on air filters
through measurement of the rate of decay during a
16-hr period. The procedure permits the determina-
tion of the contribution of 222Rn daughters (214pb
plus 214Bi) and 220Rn daughters (212pb plus 212Bi)
to the initial radioactivity. The measured con-
centrations of 222Rn an(j its daughters were repre-
sentative of the minimum in the diurnal variation
of this activity, and those measured of 212pb,
because of its longer effective life-time on the
filter, were more characteristic of the daily aver-
ages of this isotope in the air. Measurements of
natural radioactivity in ground-level air made
during 1950-1962 in Wales and Kodiak, Alaska, Wash-
ington, D.C., Yokosuka, Japan, Lima, Peru, Chacal-
taya, Bolivia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Little
America V, Antarctica and at the South Pole ranged
from 0.47-122 PCi/m3 for 214pb and from <0.01-
2.54 212pb. The data show that sites located in
the path of maritime air have generally lower
natural atmospheric radioactivity than those whose
environmental air has had an overland route. Dia-
grams are included of monthly and seasonal varia-
tions and explanations of these findings with re-
spect to geographical location are attempted.
In conclusion it is stated that the radioactivity
of the air is the result of the interaction of
many factors, including time of day, season, and
weather.
3414 Nozaki, S.: SELECTION OF AIR FILTER. Ja-
pan Air Cleaning Association (Tokyo) 2,
No. 2:20-9, 1964.
The selection of air filters for dusts was discuss-
ed. Types of dust collectors available and the
sizes of particles collected were tabulated. Tab-
ulations were made of collection of dust and mists
pf such substances as Cd, P, Pb, o-dinltrocresol,
Ba, pentachloronaphthalene, ^SO^, Mn, etc. (From
APCA Abstracts 13:Abstr. No. 8682, 1967)
3415 Patterson, R.L., Jr., and Lockhart, L.B.,
Jr. (US Naval Research Lab., Washington,
D.C.): GEORGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD-
210 (RaD) IN THE GROUND-LEVEL AIR. In
Adams, J.A.S., and Lowder, W.M., ed.: The
Natural Radiation Environment. Chicago,
Univ. Chicago Press, 1964, pp. 383-92.
210pb, which has a 22-yr half-life, is formed in
the atmosphere by the normal process of decay of
222Rn. ihe removal process for 210pb is rainout,
with small quantities removed by dry deposition
or fallout.
In the study reported, some of the observed con-
centrations of 210pb in the air were considered as
a function of time and space, and an attempt was
made to correlate these results with the concen-
trations of 222Rn observed concurrently at the
same sites. The sampling sites were located pri-
marily along the 80th meridian (west) except for
the Mauna Loa, Hawaii station which is at a high
altitude in the Southern Hemisphere. 'lOpb con-
centrations in the air at ground level were deter-
mined monthly or bimonthly from September 1960
through 1962, by radiochemical analysis, and the
data obtained in units of 10~^^ Ci/m^ air were tab-
ulated and presented in bar graphs as a function
of time and latitude. At the subtropical and
tropical sites (Miami to Antofagasta), definite
changes according to periods were found which oc-
curred at roughly comparable times of the year
regardless of latitude or season, both at high-
altitude and sea-level sites. Month-to-month
changes at the other stations in the Northern
Hemisphere were often large and erratic, with no
discernible seasonal pattern. A decreasing con-
centration of activity was obvious in the more
southerly regions, due to the lack of appreciable
222Rn sources in that area. The effect of lati-
tude on average 210pb concentrations in ground-
level air was studied for 2 successive 1-yr peri-
ods. The profile obtained for 2lOpb was similar
to that of 90sr in the air, as measured at the
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
687
-------
same sites. The lowest concentrations of air-
borne radioactive isotopes were found at the South
Pole. Measurements of the ratio of 21Opb-222Rn
were not suitable for the determination of the
time 210pb remained in the atmosphere.
Some data on the concentration of 210pb in rain
water are included. Islands and coastal sites
were found to exhibit lower 210pb concentrations
than inland sites or sites lying in the path of
continental air masses. Thus, the 210pb activity
in rainwater at Samoa was 0.23 pCi/1 compared to
2.5 in Glenview, Illinois.
3416 Primavesi, C.A. (Hyg. Inst. of Ruhr Area,
Gelsenkirchen, Germany): Die Autoabgase
und ihre Bedeutung fur die menschliche
Gesundheit. (AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTS AND
THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR HUMAN HEALTH.)
Zeitschrift fUr PrHventivmedizin 9:148-59
(May-June), 1964.
The significance for human health of automobile ex-
haust gases, such as CO, Pb compounds and carcino-
genic agents, is discussed and precautionary meas-
ures are suggested. It has been estimated by
Hettche (1961) that 35% of air pollutants are at-
tributable to industry, 42% to domestic heating and
20% to automobile exhausts; in some large American
cities, automobile exhausts may contribute even
60-80%.
CO is emitted practically solely by gasoline
motor vehicles. The CO concentration at metropoli-
tan traffic centers in Germany av 15 ppm, though
in the industrial Ruhr area sporadically values of
200 ppm have been noted. Pb as chloride and bro-
mide, of a particle size of 0.68-2.70 p, is emitted
in the automobile exhausts through the addition of
TEL as antiknock in the fuel. In the environment
of the Institute for Hygiene in Gelsenkirchen, the
author found atmospheric Pb concentrations of 0.5-
3 yg/m3; Dubrowskaya's (1960) values from Russia
ranged around a few yg/m3, while American cities
with heavy automobile traffic report 30-40 with a
rush-hour peak of 120 yg/m3. In Switzerland, at-
mospheric Pb levels are generally <5 yg/m^. The
prohibition of adding Pb to fuels, in force until
1947, has been abolished because the amounts were
too small to constitute a health hazard. The MAC
of Pb in work places in Germany is 150 ug/m^; this,
however does not apply to pollution of the general
atmosphere. The blood of normal man contains 20-
30 yg Pb/100 ml. The toxic threshold of 50-60 yg/
100 ml has not even been reached by individuals
particularly exposed to exhaust gases, but Hofreu-
ter observed that city people have a higher Pb
blood level (av 20 Ug/100 ml) than the rural popu-
lation (av 14 yg/100 ml). According to the au-
thor's observations, the average Pb concentration
in the blood of healthy subjects has been increas-
ing slightly during the last few years though re-
maining still far below the toxic threshold. But
he questions whether, with increasing use of motor
vehicles, critical values may not be reached some
time.
Among cancerogenic substances, emitted as auto-
mobile exhausts, benzpyrenes and anthracenes pre-
sent the greatest hazards. These polycyclic hydro-
carbons reached concentrations of 330 yg/1000 m3 in
Hamburg during winter and in Liege and Bologna
values of 360 and 200, respectively, were measured.
These levels are much lower during summer, decreas-
ing for example in Bologna to 6 yg/1000 m3. At
the present time, a relation between automobile
exhaust gases and lung carcinoma could not be
proved experimentally although statistics seem to
indicate such a relationship.
The author next considers the possibility of
additive or synergistic action of the individual
components of the exhausts, which may be even higher
than the sum of the effects of the individual com-
ponents. Apprehensive of a situation in European
cities such as had been reported for California,
he advocates the installation of filter or after-
burner equipment in motor vehicles. He also sug-
gests exhausting the gases through the roof of the
vehicles as some trucks already do, instead of
having the exhaust pipe several inches above the
ground, in the breathing level of children and in-
fants. Careless and faulty emission of exhaust
gases should be forbidden by law and a continuous
monitoring of air pollutants should become manda-
tory in all cities.
3417 Pulewka, P. (Univ. Tubingen, Germany):
Vergiftungen im Beruf. (OCCUPATIONAL POI-
SONINGS.) Medizinische Welt 44:2355-63
(Oct. 31), 1964.
This paper was given as part of a symposium on
"occupational diseases" on May 30, 1963, at the
University of TUbingen, Germany. Various toxic
substances occurring in industry are discussed
and the following is said concerning Pb: Chronic
Pb intoxication caused by the inhalation of Pb-
containing dust has occurred frequently but due to
sanitary measures this hazard has decreased. How-
ever, a new hazard has developed by the increase
of motorized traffic. Pb alkyls such as TEL are
added to motor fuel and after combustion exhausted
as Pb chloride or bromide or are deposited in the
motor. Chronic Pb poisoning may occur in places
where automobile or plane motors are cleaned.
The atmosphere in large garages is also harmful
when inhaled over a prolonged period of time.
Whether the amount of Pb in street dust has al-
ready reached a critical threshold, is a matter
of argument.
3418 Robinson, E., and Ludwig, F.L. (Stanford
Res. Inst., Menlo Park, Calif.): SIZE
DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD AERO-
SOLS. Stanford Research Institute Pro-
ject No. PA-4788, Final Report, April 30,
1964, 36 pp.
This report covers Pb aerosol sampling carried
out during the winter of 1964 in several midwest-
ern and eastern areas of the US. It also includes
the description of a change in the size distribu-
tion calculation used in the previous report
(1963). From all of the analyses of Pb aerosol
size distributions, the conclusion was drawn that
a single average size distribution can be used to
characterize atmospheric Pb aerosols, regardless
of geographical location. The mass median diame-
ter is 0.25 y, upper and lower quartile points
are 0.16 and 0.45 y, and relatively little of the
total mass is larger than 1 y.
3419 Selegean, E., and Barnea, M. (Inst. Igiena
Protectia Munci, Bucharest, Romania):
688
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Raspindirea plumbului si zincului in atmos-
fera din jurul topitoriilor de metale ne-
feroase. (DIFFUSION OF Pb AND Zn IN THE
AIR AROUND NON-FERROUS METAL FOUNDRIES.)
Igiena (Bucharest) 13, No. 2:137-44, 1964.
The contamination of the atmosphere, soil and veg-
etation at a location ^3 km from 2 Pb smelters was
studied. Pb, Zn, Cd and Al were determined po-
larographically on 1 polarogram. The air was
passed through a 1-4% solution of nitric acid,
the nitric acid was then evaporated and the salts
were transformed into chlorides and polarographed
in a 2% solution of citric acid in an atmosphere
of pure N.
Concentrations of Pb in the atmosphere ranged
from 2.5-200, and of Zn, 8.U-700 yg/m3. Dust
settled in containers on the ground had a Pb con-
tent from 0.42 to 2.827.. Soil at 200 m from the
source contained 495 mg Pb/g and 385 mg at 4000
m. At 2-km distance, the Pb content in cherry
leaves and in grass was 7.66 and 0.628 mg/kg, re-
spectively. Atmospheric pollution was reduced by
90% by passing the smelter fumes through a 100-m
tunnel, then through an 80-m high stack.
The possibility of absorbing excessive amounts
of Pb and the metabolism of Pb are briefly dis-
cussed.
3420 Stern, A.C. (US Publ. Health Service,
Washington, D.C.): SUMMARY OF EXISTING
AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS. Journal of the
Air Pollution Control Association 14:5-15
(Jan.), 1964.
The author discusses air quality standards (AQS),
specifications, and threshold limit values; pro-
cedures used in setting such standards in USSR and
in West Germany as compared with the US; applica-
tion of the zoning concept to these standards;
procedures used for setting emission specifica-
tions in West Germany, and American emission
standards; single-valued vs multi-valued emission
standards, and application of the zoning concept
to emission standards. Included among the 19
tables is 1 showing New York State surface water
classification for the purpose of assigning stan-
dards of quality and purity.
The conclusions of this presentation are as fol-
lows: The averaging time incorporated in an ambi-
ent AQS must be carefully chosen with relation to
the effects of excessive air pollution intended to
be prevented by the imposition of the standard.
The relationship between an emission standard and
the AQS for the pollutant emitted is complex. For
administrative purposes, it is preferable that
both standards be stated in as simple terms as
possible, even though this may result in a depar-
ture from the actual relationship between them.
Where an attempt is made to include this relation-
ship, the recommended combination is for the AQS
to be stated in simple form; the emission standard
to be in as complex format as necessary for valid-
ity. The application of the zoning concept to
both ambient AQS and emission standards appears to
be fundamentally unsound. Nevertheless, some ap-
plications of zoned ambient AQS may be justified
where buffer zones are employed; and some applica-
tions of zoned emission standards justified to the
extent that they allow those standards which are
feasible now to be imposed now.
3421 StBfen, D. (Montabaur, West Germany):
Ermittlung von BleitrHgerschaft bei Kin-
dern aus der Umgebung eines Weiterverar-
beitungsbetriebs fur raffiniertes Blei.
(STUDY OF THE LEAD BURDEN IN CHILDREN
LIVING IN THE VICINITY OF A FABRICATOR
OF REFINED LEAD.) Zentralblatt fUr Ar-
oeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz 14:141
(June), 1964.
D.D. Smirnov's publication in 1962 (Abstract No.
3011) concerning a study of 263 children from
nurseries and kindergartens situated in the vicin-
ity of a fabricating plant for refined Pb is re-
viewed. The report records incipient calcifica-
tion of long bones seen in X rays of 48 children,
together with urinary Pb of 0.01-0.028% in 27 of
them. StBfen remarks that West German readers
will wonder why the urinary Pb was measured rather
than the urinary CP. The same procedure was fol-
lowed by A.S. Zykova in her paper on pollution of
the atmosphere with Pb and its effect on the
health of the population. (Gigiena i Sanitariya
No. 2:12, 1957, reviewed in Zentralblatt fdr Ar-
beitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz 13:39-40 (Feb.),
1963). As Smirnov found more Pb in coal ash in
the contaminated area, StOfen wonders whether
this is not derived totally or partially from the
atmospheric Pb dust instead of from the soil. He
also regrets that the state of the children's
health was not described, nor were the climatic
conditions (duration of dry periods, summer tem-
peratures) considered for a country with such
vast differences in climate as the USSR. In hot,
dry weather, Pb contained in the soil is inhaled
along with the dust. Otherwise, the reviewer
commends Smirnov's report and recommends that a
similar study be made in West Germany.
3422 Timofeeva, L.V., Sadilova, M.S., and Ku-
perman, E.F. (Inst. Gig., Sverdlovsk,
U.S.S.R.): (POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ATMOSPHERE BY PLANT WASTES OF FERROUS AND
NONFERROUS METALLURGY AND CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.) Okhrana Prirody Urale, Ural. Filial
Akademii Nauk SSSR 4:19-36, 1964.
Air pollution studies in industrial regions of the
Urals during 1950 to 1962 showed that dust, SO2,
C oxides and phenols exceeded the admissible norm
so that people suffered from diseases of the up-
per respiratory tract. Values were also given
for the average and maximum concentration of F,
or, Pb, As, Cl, H chloride and N oxides at various
distances from industrial plants. (From Chemical
Abstracts 67:Abstr. No. 14654, 1967)
3423 World Health Organization: ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTANTS REPORT OF A WHO EXPERT COMMIT-
TEE. WHO Technical Report Series No. 271,
1964, 18 pp.
The Expert Committee, at a meeting in Geneva Octo-
ber 15-21, 1963 discussed the following topics in
relation to air pollution: progress made in con-
trol; problems of international interest; interna-
tional standardization- nomenclature, units and
methods of measurement; criteria and guides for
air quality; evaluation of recent investigations
and research; recommendations for futher action.
Reference was made to the 5th report of WHO Expert
Committee on Environmental Sanitation (1958) for
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
689
-------
background information. Pb is not mentioned spe-
cifically, but need for control of emissions from
motor vehicles is stated under several of the
above headings.
B. SOIL AND WATER
1950
3424 Mllller, J. (Dresden, Germany): (PROTEC-
TIVE COATINGS IN LEAD PIPES FROM VERY SOFT
WATER.) Gesundh.-Ing. 71:325-32, 1950.
The formation of protective coatings on Pb pipes
under various conditions (water treatment, C02 con-
tent, etc) and the composition of the coating (Pb
carbonate, phosphate, silicate) are discussed.
In conclusion, it is stated that there is a possi-
bility that an external thin, Pb rich layer found
on the coating could come loose in household pip-
ing and form a suspension in the water which would
be harmful to health. (From Chemical Abstracts
45:3535, 1951)
1951
3425
N. V. Keurings-Instituut Voor Water-
leidingartikelen: Rapport inzake het on-
derzoek van loden en gelegeerd loden
buizen. Grafieken behorende bij het rap-
port inzake het onderzoek van loden en
gelegeerd loden buizen. (REPORT ON THE
STUDY OF LEAD AND LEAD ALLOY PIPES.
GRAPHS RELATING TO THE REPORT ON LEAD AND
LEAD ALLOY PIPES. ENGLISH SUMMARY OF THE
REPORT CONCERNING THE INVESTIGATIONS IN-
TO PIPES OF LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS CARRIED
OUT BY THE "NON-FERROUS METALS RESEARCH
COMMITTEE" OF THE K.I.W.A. LTD.) 1950,
1950, 1951, 66 pp., 23 graphs, 8 pp.
(SUMMARY.) Tech. Eau, Bruxelles 5, No.
58:27-9, 40, 1951.
Studies by the above Institute on the amount of Pb
which passes into various types of water in distri-
bution systems constructed of Pb and Pb alloys
showed that, with the exception of pipes carrying
dune water, there was little difference in the
amount of Pb dissolved from pure Pb and Pb-alloy
pipes. Amount of Pb dissolved from Pb-alloy pipes
was much greater when dune water was transported.
In stagnant water most of the Pb was dissolved
during the 1st few hours. Concentration of Pb in
old distribution systems was found to be less than
that in recently constructed water mains. (From
Water Pollution Abstracts 25:Abstr. No. 846, 1952)
3426 Royer, V.: (EXPERIMENTAL PART OF THE
STUDY ON THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD.)
Bull. Centre beige Et. Document. Eaux 13:
170-3, 1951.
Using the dithizone method, experiments were made
to determine the concentration of Pb in 4 differ-
ent water supplies after the water had remained in
Pb pipes for 8 hr and after the water had been
flowing for some time. After standing for 8 hr
the concentration of Pb varied from 0.06-0.496
ppm. Detailed results of the decrease in concen-
tration of Pb after the water had been flowing for
various periods are shown in graphs. (From Water
Pollution Abstracts 25:1968, 1952)
3427 Schmitt, M.: (REMOVING LEAD FROM WATER.)
French Patent 980,709, May 17, 1951.
Water containing Pb was treated with an alkaline
earth carbonate and then filtered through a bed of
Ca carbonate or a similar substance to remove both
the precipitate of Pb salt and the free C02< Be-
fore filtering, an alkaline earth oxide may be
added to remove free C02> and a final filtering
may be effected through active C. (From Chemical
Abstracts 47:8950, 1953)
1952
3428
Muller, J(osef) (Munich, Germany): Bedeut-
same Feststellungen bei Grundwasserverun-
reinigungen durch Benzin. (CONTAMINATION
OF GROUND WATER SUPPLIES BY GASOLINE.)
Gas- und Wasserfach 93, No. 8:205-9, 1952.
Ground water contamination by gasoline in the vi-
cinity of Munich, 1 case in 1939 (4000 1. with a
strikingly high degree of nitrite and only a trace
of nitrate) and 1 in 1940 (670,000 1. containing
TEL) from leaks in underground gasoline storage
tanks affected the drinking water drawn from wells
in nearby residential areas. The first signs of
the contamination were gasoline-like taste and odor
of the water. The water from the affected wells
was examined and the area of contamination found
to be less extensive than initially expected. The
contaminated wells were closed for public usage and
the residential areas connected to the city water
supply lines pending examination of the cause of
the contamination and correction.
The gasoline had penetrated the soil for a dis-
tance of ^2.5 km. In chemical analysis, it was
surprising that the gasoline had mainly caused a
reduction in the nitrates, a reaction not achieved
under laboratory conditions but evidently easily
accomplished in the ground, giving rise to the
intermediary product, nitrite. Formation of am-
monia did not ensue. Pb content, examined by the
dithizone method, was not found in the 1st 2 yr
of the contamination period. The highest value es-
tablished was 0.05 mg/1. In February 1942, the
highest Pb value was 0.4 mg/1 but in 1943 no Pb was
found except in some isolated cases at the negligi-
ble level of 0.02-0.1 mg/1.
Nitrate reappeared in considerable amounts after
2 yr, justifying the assumption that no significant
690
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
amount of gasoline was present in the soil. In
1943, tests in case 1 showed the water to have re-
turned to normal. Gasoline taste and odor had dis-
appeared as early as May 1941. In case 2, where
the gasoline contamination had largely disappeared
by the summer of 1942, "hydraffrin" filters were
installed in those wells still affected by gasoline
taste and odor with satisfactory results. However,
in June 1944 in both cases, a slight gasoline odor
and reduction in nitrate content recurred in the
well water believed to be the result of the strong
precipitation occurring in June of that year which
activated the gasoline in those portions of the
soil not reached by the ground water.
After the end of World War II, tests on the
basis of an isolated complaint concerning oily
spots in drinking water showed that the spots
were not the result of gasoline but most likely
the residue of fatty foods cooked or stored in
the containers which had not been entirely re-
moved by washing. The ground water was found to
be normal. Pb exposure or Pb intoxication was
out of the question in these 2 cases of consider-
able gasoline leakage, since the population was
supplied with normal drinking water during the
period of contamination and since the well waters
did not contain any significant amount of Pb.
1953
3429 Doudoroff, P., and Katz, M. (Environ.
Health Center, U.S. Public Health Ser.,
Cincinnati, 0.): CRITICAL REVIEW OF LIT-
ERATURE ON THE TOXICITY OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES AND THEIR COMPONENTS TO FISH. II.
THE METALS, AS SALTS. Sewage and Industri-
al Wastes 25:802-39 (July), 1953.
The review of 155 publications includes Pb.
3430 Gad, G., and Naumann, K. (Inst. Water,
Soil, and Air Hygiene, Berlin-Dahlem,
Germany): (AVOIDING LEAD POISONING FROM
NEWLY INSTALLED LEAD PIPE.) Gesundh.-
Ing. 74:85-7, 1953.
Treatment of Pb pipe with a solution containing
30 ml Na silicate (40-42°Be)/l for 48 hr formed
a protective layer that prevented solution of Pb
when distilled water saturated with COj was
passed through the pipe. Na phosphate gave no
protection. Na2HP04 was partly effective, and a
mixture of Na silicate and Na2HPO^ was not as
effective as Na silicate alone. (From Chemical
Abstracts 47:11612, 1953)
3431 Sushinskaya, L.Ya. (Irkutsk Med. Inst.,
USSR): Stabil'nost svintsa v vode. (STA-
BILITY OF LEAD IN WATER.) Gigiena i Sani-
tariya 1953, No. 8:49.
As determined in laboratory experiments, using Pb
nitrate in concentrations of 1, 10, and 50 mg/1,
the best absorbent for dissolved Pb in water was
found to be clay. Pb solutions are completely
stable in neutral or acid solutions, but in alka-
line solution (pH 8.4) Pb content gradually precip-
itates on standing in contact with air. For remov-
al from industrial liquors an alkaline solution in
combination with clay adsorbent is recommended.
1954
3432 Drobeck, W.: (THE HAMBURG WATER SUPPLf.)
Gas- u. Wasserfach 95:650-7, 712-18, 1954.
Problems in the interconnection and unification of
17 different waterworks supplying Hamburg are de-
scribed. Pb, Cu, and cast Fe service pipes are
used. Unprotected steel corrodes rapidly; water
fast removes Zn coating from galvanized Fe; plas-
tic pipe is promising for services <2 m, but re-
quires improvement before full use can be made.
Pb is believed to offer no health hazard; when
pipe is new, water standing overnight should be
discarded. Laboratory tests are being carried out
to determine the actual amount of Pb dissolved
under such conditions. (From Chemical Abstracts
49:1995, 1955)
1955
3433 National Sanitation Foundation: A STUDY
OF PLASTIC PIPE FOR POTABLE WATER SUPPLIES.
Directed by W.D. Tiedeman, and assisted by
N.A. Milone. Ann Arbor, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, 1955,
90 pp.
Twenty-two different samples of plastic pipe ex-
truded from definite formulations of polyethylene
(PE) , polyvinylchloride (PVC) including saran,
rubber modified polystyrene, and cellulose acetate
butyrate were tested under the following condi-
tions: Aggressive water (Ann Arbor water, consid-
ered to be as aggressive as any of the natural wa-
ters, was selected because of pH, high Cl, high
natural F, hardness, high mineral, sulfate and bi-
carbonate contents; pH was lowered to 5 to make
it more aggressive in the extraction of heavy met-
als) ; effect of weathering; of burial in soil;
prolonged submersion in water; extraction tests.
In the latter, cut specimens were immersed in wa-
ter; special samples were prepared of a PE electri-
cal insulation compound and a PVC compound contain-
ing Pb and Cd. Enough color was extracted from
the PE to turn the color of the water orange-brown.
From the PVC sample, 0.34 mg/1 Pb was extracted
at natural pH 9.6, and 1.25 mg/1 when the pH was
lowered to 5. However, <6% as much Pb was extract-
ed from the PVC pipe at pH 9.6 than from Pb pipe
under similar conditions. Special samples were
also prepared to contain varying quantities of Pb,
Cd and Ba much greater than was likely to be used
in making plastics. Pb extracted from 1 sample
was 2.4 ppm, and from another sample containing
twice as much Pb, 3.90 ppm. Similarly, 0.15 ppm
Cd was extracted from 1 sample containing Cd and
Ba, and 0.30 ppm from 1 containing twice as much
Cd. No Ba was detected. Other chemical constit-
uents of the water were not changed. In addition
to these tests, taste and odor were examined and
effect on Cl residuals. In animal feeding tests,
rats received their drinking water from plastic
pipes. The results showed that such exposure for
18 mo gave no evidence of any trouble insofar as
growth, food consumption, and autopsy findings were
concerned. Separate experiments with rats fed wa-
ter in contact with the special specimens of plas-
tic pipe containing Pb, Cd, and Ba, showed no ex-
cessive amounts of Pb in the blood at the end of
the feeding period. All pipes tested showed sus-
ceptibility to rodent attack.
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
691
-------
1956
3434 Pariaud, J.C., and Archinard, P.: Essal
d'interpretation theorique de la solubilite
des metaux dans 1'eau. (THEORETICAL INTER-
PRETATION OF THE SOLUBILITY OF METALS IN
WATER.) Journal de Chimie Physique et de
Physicochimie Biologique 53:765-9, 1956.
An attempt is made to interpret the observed solu-
bility limits of 5 metals, including Pb, in water.
The hypotheses of direct ionization of metal, or
of formation of colloidal metal particles are
shown to be untenable.
1957
3435 Butler, E.J., Nisbet, D.I. and Robertson
J.M. (Moredun Inst., Edinburgh; West of
Scotland Agric. Coll. Auchincruive, Ayr,
Scotland): OSTEOPOROSIS IN LAMBS IN A
LEAD MINING AREA. I. A STUDY OF THE
NATURALLY OCCURRING DISEASE. Journal of
Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics 67,
No. 4:378-96, 1957
An osteoporotic condition of young lambs which had
occurred regularly for many years in an old Pb min-
ing area in South Scotland is described. The study
was carried out on the lamb crops of 3 yr, ie, 1953,
1954 and 1955 on 7 farms. Although Pb content of
soil and pasture (19,500-17,800 ppm and 162-764 ppm,
respectively)', and blood (70.3 ug/100 ml), liver
(58.2 ppm), kidneys (77.0 ppm), and bones (275-314
ppm) of many affected lambs was unusually high,
lambs with osteoporosis did not present a classical
pathological picture of chronic Pb poisoning. In
lambs with higher Pb values there was basophilic
stippling of red cells and acidophilic inclusion
bodies were present in liver and kidney. Unusual-
ly high values for Zn were found in blood and tis-
sue of affected lambs. Possible involvement of
these elements and chelating metabolites such as
vitamin C in the etiology of the disease is dis-
cussed. (59 references)
3436 Buydens, R. (Brussels Intercom. Water
Comp. Lab., Belgium.): Du danger de
saturnisme par 1'addition de phosphates
condenses aux eaux de distribution
incrustantes. (DANGER OF LEAD POISONING
BY ADDING CONDENSED PHOSPHATES TO HARD
WATER SUPPLY.) Bulletin de 1'Academie
Royale de Medecine de Belgique 22, No.
6/7:293-318, 1957.
A mixture of Na pyro- and metaphosphates is often
added to a water supply to avoid scale formation in
the piping system. Phosphates inhibit precipita-
tion of Ca carbonate and corrosion of metals. How-
ever, it was shown experimentally, using a piece of
Pb pipe 2.25 m long, that by this procedure Pb con-
tent of water increased above the tolerated limit.
3437 Cairns, J., Jr. (Acad. Natural Sci., Phil-
adelphia, Pa.): ENVIRONMENT AND TIME IN
FISH TOXICITY. Industrial Wastes 2:1-5
(Jan.-Feb.), 1957.
In introducing his discussion, the author notes
that a common fallacy that fish will avoid an area
contaminated by industrial wastes, is not always
true; eg, it had been found that fish appeared to
be lured to gas-polluted water. He discusses the
relationship between fish toxicity and tempera-
ture, dissolved oxygen, synergism and antagonism,
time and toxicity, and alteration of washes in
streams, by illustration with experimental work
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. Among this, it was found that concentra-
tions of TEL too low to cause death immediately
will do so with prolonged exposure; that death
occurred when a fixed concentration was reached
in the fish's body. The concentration in the di-
lution water was important only with respect to
the time interval required to produce a kill.
1958
3438 Buydens, R. (Laboratory of Intercommunal
Water Board, Brussels, Belgium): (EFFECT
OF PLASTIC PIPING ON THE QUALITY OF POTABLE
WATER.) Bull, centre beige etude et docu-
ment, eaux (Liege) No. 40:84-8, 1958.
The amount of Pb extracted from various plastic
hose by water adjusted to pH 4.5 with C dioxide
varied with the type of plastic, the temperature
of the water, and the wettability of the plastic
surface. The public health aspects of the results
and the specifications for plastic hose for water
transmission were discussed. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 53:1605, 1959)
3439 Drabek, B.: (WASTE WATERS FROM PLANTS FOR
THE TREATMENT OF LEAD AND ZINC ORES.)
Rudy (Prague) 6:354-7, 1958.
From Czechoslovakian examples the operation and
efficiency of treatment plants for waste waters
from the preparations of Pb and Zn ores are de-
scribed. As most of the works are situated on
small streams, recirculation of water is important.
(From Chem. Zbl. 131:1971, 1960; Water Pollution
Abstracts 35:Abstr. No. 1200, 1962)
1959
3440 Beilikhis, G.A., Lapisova, N.P., and Par-
shina, A.M.: WASTE WATER CONTAINING TETRA-
ETHYL LEAD. Gigiena i Sanitariya 24, No.
2:27-31, 1959. InLevine, B.S.: U.S.S.R.
Literature on Water Supply and Pollution
Contol. Washington, US Department of Com-
merce, Office of Technical Services, 1961,
Vol. 1, pp. 191-7.
The authors start the discussion by saying that
although the problem of waste water pollution with
TEL is of primary importance, it has not been dealt
with adequately. Grushko, and Elizarova and Zamys-
lova, who had studied this subject, gave contra-
dictory results; the 1st, whose experiments in-
volved only 1 or 2 animals/concentration of TEL,
indicated a concentration of 0.001 mg/1 as elicit-
ing barely perceptible or negligible pathologic
changes, whereas E. and Z. regarded 0.0002 mg/1 as
the minimal active concentration. Next discussed
are methods for the purification of TEL-polluted
effluents as developed by Lisitsin and Parshina and
others, and an installation using Na sulfide treat-
ment is diagrammatically illustrated. A removal
method had also been developed by Rodnevich for
crude oil distillation plants which produce ethyl
692
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
gas. While sanitary regulations related to storage,
transportation and use of ethyl fluid prescribe the
construction of discharge outlets, there are no
sanitary requirements to cover the waste water from
those points on. The regulations pertaining to
decontamination of soil are considered to be in-
adequate. The author suggests that they be re-
vised or amended.
The conclusion is that since the minimum active
TEL concentration in waste water is 0.0002 mg/1,
purification must be nearly complete and, in ac-
cordance with the present degree of sensitivity of
analytical methods, must be diluted to not less
than 1:1000 before the water is run into natural
water basins. In the author's opinion, effective
purification is possible; also, a considerable
volume of the water can be reutilized at different
industrial stages without having been purified.
Secondary waste water from gasoline storage centers
can be successfully freed of TEL by the method of
Rodnevich.
3441 Elkins, H.B. (State Div. Occup. Hyg.,
Boston, Mass.): THE LEAD CONTENT OF WATER
FROM RED-LEAD PAINTED TANKS. Industrial
Medicine and Surgery 28:112-4; discussion,
114-6 (Mar.), 1959.
Ninety analyses for Pb were made of water from 11
standpipes painted with red Pb. The greatest
number of samples contained <0.005 mg/1. A small
number contained 0.006-0.010 mg/1 and an approxi-
mately equal number 0.011-0.02 mg/1. Two samples
contained between 0.02-0.05 mg/1. Tests of the
extraction of Pb from panels coated with red Pb
oil paint indicated that no significant quantity
of Pb will be added to the average water supply by
the paint if the average daily consumption ap-
proaches the capacity of the tank. If a phenolic
base paint with red Pb pigment is used, a substan-
tially lower rate of turnover will keep the Pb
concentration below significant levels. Available
evidence indicates that only in extremely excep-
tional conditions, if at all could the Pb paint
produced a hazard to health. (From author's
summary).
3442 Elkins, H.B.: LEAD CONTENT OF WATER FROM
TANKS PAINTED WITH RED LEAD. Journal of
the American Water Works Association 51:
570-4 (May), 1959.
See preceding abstract.
3443 Eraser, D.A., and Fairhall, L.T. (US Pub.
Health Serv., Cincinnati, 0.): LEAD DIS-
SOLUTION FROM RED-LEAD PAINTS IN WATER.
Journal American Water Works Association
51:561-9 (Hay), 1959.
The effects of a number of variables on Pb solu-
bility were studied for oil-, phenolic- and vinyl-
base paints. The oil-base paint was found to be
at least 10 times more soluble under the conditions
of the test than either of the other two. It is
noted that the oil-base paint did not contain the
added litharge found in current specifications.
3444 Fraser, D.A., and Fairhall, L.T. (Cincin-
nati, 0.): LABORATORY STUDY OF THE SOLU-
BILITY OF RED LEAD PAINT IN WATER. Public
Health Reports 74:501-10 (June), 1959.
The solubility of red Pb powder and of Pb from red
Pb paint of linseed oil, phenolic or vinyl base
was studied. The solubility of purified red Pb
in distilled water was found by analysis to be
8.9 x 10~7 g M of Pb304/l (0.553 ppm) at room tem-
perature., The uptake of Pb by water standing in
contact with oil base red Pb paint varies with the
length of contact and the amount of Pb dissolved
by water varies inversely with the time of drying
of the paint film. The leaching is a surface ef-
fect and the dissolution of Pb tends to reach a
constant value. Na hexametaphosphate reduces the
rate of Pb solvency in distilled water within the
range of concentration used in treating public
water supplies while at >15 ppm, it increases its
solubility. Na hydroxide up to 25 ppm depresses
the rate of Pb solution.
3445 Kurennova, A.M., and Selitrennikova, M.B.:
(THE DISPOSAL OF WASTE WATERS OF THE
ALMALYK LEAD-ZINC BENEFICIATION PLANT.)
Trudy Uzbek. Nauch.-Issledovatel. Sanit.
Inst. 1:73-80, 1959.
Waste waters from the flotation of sulfide ores
contained 0-14.8 mg Pb/1 while the waters from
oxidized ores showed no Pb. (From Referat. Zhur. ,
Khim. 1960, Abstract No. 89040; Chemical Ab-
stracts 55:14768, 1961)
3446 Stolbov, F.N.: (TREATMENT OF TECHNICAL
WASTE WATERS OF THE LEAD COMBINE SYRYA-
NOVSK.) Soviet Journal of Non-Ferrous
Metals 32, No. 3:5-8, 1959.
Waste waters from the collection and treatment of
ores contain Pb and other substances. Mixing with
domestic sewage reduces the percentage content of
harmful substances and produces conditions for
biological decomposition without the use of a bio-
filter plant. Chlorination is used for prelimi-
nary treatment, combined, for recovery of metals,
with electrolysis. (From Chem. Zbl. 131:2991,
1960; Water Pollution Abstracts 35:Abstr. No.
1199, 1962)
1960
3447 Chancellor, S.F. (Bakelite, Ltd., Tyseley,
Birmingham, England): TOXICITY OF PLAS-
TICS. Nature 185:841 (Mar. 19), 1960.
The leaching of Pb compounds from Pb-stabilized
polyvinyl chloride compositions in contact with
a constant volume of hard and soft water was in-
vestigated. Six liters of water were stored at
room temperature in tanks 18xl2xl5-in. deep made
from the sample material by welding press-pol-
ished sheet. After 18 mo contact, it was shown
that, with a compound stabilized with 3.77% basic
Pb phosphite and lubricated with 0.95% basic Pb
stearate, 0.5 ppm Pb was extracted by soft water
and no Pb by hard water, while a compound con-
taining only 3.81% dibasic Pb phosphite had none
of its Pb extracted by either hard or soft water.
Thus only some types of Pb compound are extracted
from these compositions by water. It is concluded
that polyvinyl chloride compositions should not
be condemned as being toxic just because they
contain toxic substances, but should be considered
in light of the applications for which they are
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
693
-------
intended.
3448 Gill, J.M., Huguet, J.H., and Pearson, E.A.
(Ethyl Corp., Pittsburg, Calif.; Baton
Rouge, La.; Berkeley, Calif.): SUBMARINE
DISPERSAL SYSTEM FOR TREATED CHEMICAL
WASTES. Journal of the Water Pollution
Control Federation 32:858-67 (Aug.), 1960.
In view of an expansion program of the Ethyl Cor-
poration, permission was obtained for discharge of
residual process and sanitary wastes into the wa-
ter of the New York Slough near Pittsburg, Calif.
tin estimate of the plant's effluent characteristics
was made and because of some concern as to possible
or relative toxic characteristics, representative
samples of waste, simulating the proposed dis-
charge, were collected and used for preliminary
bio-assays with fish. Relatively low levels of
toxicity were determined, and it was found that the
toxicity degree was significantly reduced when sea-
water was used as the diluent.
Along with background Pb concentrations in the
receiving water as well as in the bottom sediments,
additional chemical and biological observations
were made. Although occasional high spot values
were observed, most results were well below or
within the recommended level of 0.05 mg/1 of total
Pb. The Pb concentrations of bottom sediments var-
ied from as low as 2-3 mg/1 to 76, 129 and 250 mg/
1. It appeared that the values obtained were fair-
ly representative of the concentrations and varia-
tions reported by earlier investigators of similar
soil and sediment samples. The waste characteris-
tics were prescribed by the Regional Water Pollu-
tion Control Board of the San Francisco Bay and
water quality criteria were specified, including
Pb, with a maximum concentration of -0.5 mg/1, 1/2
mi from the diffuser, and a median of =0.3 mg/1,
from 3 or more representative samples 100 ft down-
stream from the diffuser. Pb in the bottom sedi-
ments 100 ft beyond the geometric center of the
diffuser as reported by the median of 5 samples
was limited to a maximum of 1 mg/1 greater than
the median of 5 similar samples taken in a control
area 1/2-3/4 mi from the diffuser. Pb accumula-
tion or increase in the median of 5 bottom samples
was limited to 0.1 mg/1 yr maximum.
3449 Kozyura, A.S., Mirnaya, A.P., and Lad, M.
D.: (DECONTAMINATION OF WASTE WATERS CON-
TAINING TETRAETHYLLEAD.) Tr. Ob'edin.
Seminara po Gidrotekhn. i Vodokhoz.
Stroit., Kharkov 1959, No. 2:64-8 (Pub.
1960).
The waste water, after passing through an oil
separator, is acidified and passed for 1 hr
through a reduction column packed with Fe shavings,
where TEL is decomposed into ethane and Pb. The
water is then neutralized with 10% Ca hydroxide,
settled for 2 hr, diluted with relatively clean
water, and discarded. (From Chemical Abstracts
58:337, 1963)
3450 Nebel, I.U. (Sci. Lab. Dynamit Nobel A.G.
Troisdorf, Germany): Bleibestimmung im
Wasser aus Bffentlichen Versorgungsleitung-
en. (DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN WATER FROM
PUBLIC WATERWORKS.) Angewandte Chemie 72:
322, 1960.
Photometric analyses showed no Pb in the water
from polyvinyl chloride pipelines which were in
service for 6-18 mo, and 50 jjg Pb/1 in water pass-
ing through a 6 m-Pb pipe (sensitivity of method
4 yg Pb/100 ml). The limit of tolerance for Pb is
given as 100 yg/1 in circulating and 300 pg in
standing water.
3451 Schmeling, E.L., and Roschenbleck, B.
(Natl. Bd. Mat. Res. Westphalia, Dortmund/
Aplerbeck, Germany): (CORROSION OF LEAD
PIPES.) Korrosion 12:83-6, 1960.
Pitting of the external surface of Pb water pipes
was noted; in many cases this was accompanied by
surrounding or adjacent white deposits, sometimes
edged with black deposits. The black deposits
were Pb sulfide, and the white deposits basic Pb
carbonate. Such pitting did not occur when ground
waters carried sufficient Ca bicarbonate to form
a protective coating. The use of Pb should be
avoided in S-containing salts, especially where
H sulfide is being formed, and also for potable
water supplies of low hardness. The danger of
differential aeration must also be considered.
(From Chemical Abstracts 54:24288, 1960)
3452 Shtern, M.A., and Gorelik, G.N.: (PURI-
FICATION OF WASTE WATERS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF ZINC AND LEAD CHROMATES.)
Lakokrasochnye Materialy i ikh Primenenie
1960, No. 6: 34-8.
At a pH of 10-11 obtained by adding milk of lime
to the waste water, satisfactory results are ob-
tained with Pb sulfate by using 3-10% excess,
100-200% excess being permissible. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 55:14769, 1961)
3453 Stones, T. (Sewage Dept., Salford, En-
gland) : FATE OF LEAD DURING THE TREAT-
MENT OF SEWAGE. Inst. Sewage Purif.,
J. Proc. 1960, Part 2:221-3.
Tank sedimentation reduced Pb content (^0.62 ppm)
of sewage by 40.3%. By using sterilized control
samples, it was ascertained that ^8% of the re-
moval is due to biological activity. In biologi-
cal filtration ^70% Pb in the filter feed was
recovered in the effluent. Of this ^80% was con-
tained in the human solids and 20% in the liquor.
Film washed from the surface medium of the fil-
ters contained 0.075% Pb on a dry basis. Acti-
vated sludge treatment removed ^90% Pb, the rest
passing out with the effluent. (From Chemical
Abstracts 55:5822, 1961)
3454 Zimmermann, W.: Gefahrdung der Trink-
wasserversorgung durch Versickerung
flussiger Brennstoffe. (DANGEROUS POLLU-
TION OF THE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY BY FLUID
FUEL.) Off. Gesundh.-Dienst 22, No.4:
119-24, 1960.
The steady increase of fuel tanks causes contamina-
tion of the soil and the sub-soil water. In West
Germany, leakages from fuel tanks amount to ^2000-
20,000 m3/yr; theoretically, this quantity could
render 20 milliard m3 of water unfit for drinking.
One part of fuel putrefies ^1 million parts of
water. The possibility of an enrichment of Pb
in soil by oozing of Pb-containing gasoline is
stressed. The effects of this penetrated fuel on
694
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
the soil, its bacteria, nitrification, etc, are
also discussed, and some preventive measures are
suggested. (From Excerpta Medica, Sect. 17, 7:
Abstr. No. 2696, 1961)
1961
3455 Axt, G.: (CARBON DIOXIDE EQUILIBRIUM IN
THEORY AND PRACTICE.) Vom Wasser 28:208-
26, 1961.
The introduction of 2 characteristic factors, the
lime dissolving capacity and the lime corrosivity,
is proposed for describing the behavior of water
toward solid CaC03- The lime corrosivity can be
considered as a function of Ca and CO-j actually
present in the water. The Pb dissolving capacity
of a water can be estimated by means of the con-
centration of CO-j considered till now as an unes-
sential component of the bound C02- The concen-
tration of 003 can be calculated by means of the
HCO-j concentration, and the pH. The quantities
of chemicals in the treatment of drinking water
can be described in the form of equations. The
activity coefficient can be described as simple
functions of the hardness of water. A simple
method of determining the concentrations of C02
and C03 and of the lime corrosivity by means of
nomograms is given. (From Chemical Abstracts 61:
1612, 1964)
3456 Gockel, H.: (THEORY AND PRACTICE OF
SLUDGE PRECIPITATION. I.) Vom Wasser 28:
94-7, 1961.
The rate of sedimentation of sludges can be accel-
erated by using organic flocculants. These sub-
stances are used in very small quantities and are
to a large extent precipitated with the settling
sludge so that the effect on the oxygen demand of
the water is slight. From a study of the effects
of some 20 commercial coagulants on different
types of waste waters, the author discusses the
most suitable pH values, the method of adding the
coagulant, and the necessity with some waste wa-
ters of preliminary treatment before flocculation.
Analyses before and after treatment are given of
waste waters from galvanizing and pickling works
(including Pb), leather works, textile works, and
the milk industry. (From Water Pollution Ab-
stracts 36:Abstr. No. 1850, 1963)
3457 Kehoe, R.A. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): IM-
PACTS OF POLLUTION ON HEALTH. In Proceed-
ings, The National Conference on Water
Pollution, U.S. Public Health Service,
Washington, D.C., December 12-14, 1960:60-
6, 1961.
This discussion concerns itself with 3 aspects of
the general subject of the Conference: (1) pres-
ent chemical hazards to human health associated
with community water supplies, (2) similar hazards
which may be anticipated in the foreseeable future,
and (3) what is to be done to eliminate or control
these hazards. In connection with the 1st, the
author mentions the bibliographic work of the
Kettering Laboratory conducted in the early 50's
at the behest of the Ohio River Valley Water Sani-
tation Commission for biochemical and toxicologic
information on series of chemicals as potential
pollutants of water. A series of some 28 reports
were prepared through the years. These made evi-
dent the fact that toxicologic investigations, ex-
cept in relation to industrial hygiene and occupa-
tion disease, have not extended into the field of
knowledge concerning the effects of prolonged ab-
sorption of small quantities of ingested chemicals.
In fact, only 2 contain information from which
sound and durable standards for human safety and
well-being can be and have been recommended, ie,
F and Pb. As to the future hazards, the author
points to the urgency of developing methods of
recognizing the increasing complexity of modern
technology with an enormous growth of the problems
of waste disposal. For the control of hazardous
pollution, physiologic, toxicologic and epidemio-
logic research is advocated, as well as the pres-
ervation, so far as possible, of uncontaminated
water supplies and the regulation of drainage
areas and disposal of wastes in streams so as to
limit contamination of water sources within speci-
fied limits. Information for this can be obtained
only by the combined and coordinated efforts of
government and other public and private agencies,
including the industrial.
In the discussion Dr. Kehoe was asked to comment
on the possibility of Pb content in public water
supplies which are used for recreation wherein
motorboats using Pb-gasoline are utilized. The
answer was that the small quantitity of Pb escap-
ing from the exhaust of motorboats is minute com-
pared to that in industrial wastes from Pb proces-
sing plants along the streams. Even this is not
of great importance because the Pb content of wa-
ter is generally not high enough to be a source of
danger except where wastes are dumped. Under
these circumstances a large portion of the Pb will
separate out as a sediment; in any event, it is
not likely to be carried along the stream in suf-
ficiently high concentration. As concerns Pb con-
tamination from spillage of gasoline, the toxicity
of gasoline itself would be of more concern.
3458 Kozyura, A.S., Smirnova, A.N., and
Mirnaya, A.P.: (STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY
OF DECOMPOSITION OF TETRAETHYLLEAD UNDER
NATURAL CONDITIONS.) Tr. Ob'edin. Sem-
inara po Giderotekhn. i Vodokhoz. Stroit.
Kharkov 1961, No. 3:55-9.
TEL in sewage, at concentrations of 0.01-1.5 mg/1
is decomposed in time into an inorganic form; a
resultant decrease in the toxicity of the sewage
was confirmed by experiments with algae. For
safe discharge of sewage into reservoirs of water
currents or reuse, it is recommended that the
sewage be allowed to accumulate for 10 days, a
time sufficient for the decomposition of TEL.
(From Ref., Zh. Khim. 1962, Abstract No. 121358;
Chemical Abstracts 58:1233, 1963)
3459 Niklas, H., and Meyer, W. (Res. Inst.
Mannesmann Co., Cologne, Germany): (MI-
GRATION OF LEAD FROM POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)
PIPES CONTAINING LEAD STABILIZERS.)
Kunststoffe 51:2-6, 1961.
Static and flushing tests with poly(vinyl chlo-
ride) pipes with 0.8-4.5% Pb showed that most of
the Pb dissolved during the first few days stand-
ing, and after several flushings, only traces of
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
695
-------
Pb dissolved. The pipes were found to be safe
for drinking water if they contain <1% Pb and are
adequately flushed before use. (From Chemical
Abstracts 55:11913, 1961)
3460 Pazzaglia, L., Peretti, M. , and Brau, G.:
(CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF PUBLIC WATER FROM
AN INDUSTRIAL SOURCE IN THE PROVINCE OF
CAGLIARI AND APPLIED MEASURES. II. CHEM-
ICAL POLLUTION OF WATER COURSES, LAKES,
AND SEA WATERS WITH HARMFUL EFFECTS IN
AGRICULTURE AND FISHING.) Ann. Sanita
Pubblica 22:671-714, 1961.
The effects of residual waters from Pb, Zn, Mn,
Fe, and other enrichment plants at Cagliari,
Italy, were studied. The results of 17 particular
cases reported from 1946-1957, were presented.
Corrective measures were suggested. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 57:8374, 1962)
3461 Robb, L.A. : WASTE WATER TREATING FACILI-
TIES AT ETHYL CORP. OF CANADA LIMITED.
Papers Ontario Industrial Waste Confer-
ence, 8th, 1961, pp. 90-6.
An illustrated description was given of the waste
treatment facilities at the plant of the Ethyl
Corp. of Canada Limited, Corunna, near Sarina,
Ont., which manufactures TEL. The waste treatment
system is similar to that of the parent company
in the US. The effluent is diluted with cooling
water before submarine discharge to the St. Clair
River. (From Water Pollution Abstracts 35:Abstr.
No. 1204, 1962)
1962
3462 Demidov, V.I., and Lepisa, V.G.: (PURIFI-
CATION OF SEWAGE IN THE TEKELI LEAD-ZINC
FACTORY.) Sb. Tr. Vses. Nauchn.-Issled.
Gorno-Met. Inst. Tsvetn. Met. 1962, No.
7:219-25.
Data are given on the composition of shaft waters
and sewage from this concentrating plant and the
effect of these waters on the Tekeli and Chazha
rivers. To eliminate suspended solids, shaft wa-
ters and flotation tailings should be combined and
discharged into the tailings pool. Since the sew-
age contains 18-30 mg/1 phenols, phenol frothing
agents should be replaced with nonphenol agents.
Shaft waters and tailing waters can be purified
together in any proportion. Complete clarifica-
tion of this mixed sewage is achieved in 6-8 hr.
(residual suspended solids concentration 5-10 rag/
1). (From Ref. Zh., Khim. 1963, Abstr. No. 71220;
Chemical Abstracts 60:2631, 1964)
3463 Genkin, V.ji., Bluvshtein, S.Z., and
Mokina, A.A.: (PURIFICATION OF WASTE
WATER.) Tsvetn. Metal. 35, No. 12:29-35,
1962.
The treatment of Pb-Zn plant waste water with
Ca(OH)2 is described. The waste water contained
0.5-5.9 mg Pb/1 and the precipitate 4-14.6% Pb.
Recommended improvements are discussed. (From
Chemical Abstracts 59:1372, 1963)
3464 Klein, L. (London, England): RIVER POLLU-
TION. II. CAUSES AND EFFECTS. London,
Butterworth & Co. Ltd., 1962, 456 pp.
In Chapter 7, J.R.E. Jones reviews the effects of
river pollution on fish, mainly in connection with
Pb-Zn mining wastes. In Chapter 8 on biological
aspects ofi river pollution, H.A. Hawkes reviews
the biology of stream life, and the ecological
effects of effluents discharges, including Pb.
3465 Loshakov, Yu.T.: (SEWAGE WATERS OF CON-
CENTRATION PLANTS OF ORES OF NONFERROUS
METALS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON A RESERVOIR.)
Tr. Khar'kovsk. Med. Inst. 1962, No. 50:
328-33.
Sewage waters of Mo-W and Pb-Zn concentration
plants are similar as to their composition and
their effect on the sanitary regime of the water
streams. Sewage waters impart an unpleasant odor
to the water; there is a complete disappearance
of the odor with a dilution of 1:5000. On heat-
ing to 50° the odor is intensified. With a dilu-
tion of 1:10 sewage waters give the water a metal-
lic taste, and with 1:50 the taste is not discern-
ible. With chlorination of the sewage waters a
chlorophenol odor appears, the intensity of which
with a dilution of 1:1000 is No 1-2. With a di-
lution of 1:5 the biochemical processes and the
development of microflora are drastically retard-
ed; at 1:10 the biochemical processes begin to
flourish and the growth of microflora is delayed;
at 1:200 there is no effect on the processes.
With dilutions of 1:10 the sewage waters are toxic
for Daphnia (destruction sets in the first day);
with 1:50 Daphnia retain life, but do not propa-
gate; with 1:100 the effect is not noticeable.
(From Ref. Zh., Khim. 1963, Abstr. No. 151170;
Chemical Abstracts 60:11742, 1964)
3466 Miller, A.P. (Consultant, Community Water
Supplies): WATER AND MAN'S HEALTH. U.S.
Department of State, Agency for Interna-
tional Development, Community Water Supply
Technical Series No. 5, 1962, 92 pp.
As stated by L. Baumgartner in the foreword, this
publication was prepared in view of the initia-
tion in 1959 of the development of community water
supplies in many countries. The review and discus-
sion of the subject covers: The role of water,
parasites, relationship of water to other diseases,
chemical substances in water with a comparison of
the International and US Public Health Service
Standards, radioactive materials in water. The
discussion applying to Pb (pp 68-9) includes, aside
from natural levels and contamination by Pb water
pipes, a brief summary of sources of intake by
man, with the conclusion that Pb in drinking water
should be held at <0.05 ppm (US Standard, 1962)
and water containing more than that should be con-
sidered unacceptable for human consumption.
3467 Van Beneden, G.: (BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
OF DRAINING PEAT BOGS OF THE BARAQUE
MICHEL PLATEAU (BELGIUM). EROSION OF HU-
uIC MATERIAL AND ITS CHELATION WITH LEAD.)
Bull. Classe Sci., Acad. Roy. Belg. 48:
344-58, 1962-63.
Water from drained peat bogs (high moor) in the
Hautes Fagnes of Belgium is used for drinking pur-
poses in villages where the water pipes consist of
Pb. Many cases of Pb poisoning occur. The che-
lating action of different types of drainage water
696
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
with Pb was tested by placing the water in a Pb
pipe 4.5 m long and 1 in wide with a capacity of
1250 ml, and determining the amount of dissolved
Pb after 1-hr and 16-hr contact. The water dis-
solved 25 mg/1 of Pb after 1 hr, and 115 mg/1 af-
ter 16 hr. The same water, adjusted to pH 9.0-
9.5, dissolved 60 mg/1 of Pb after 1 hr, and 200
mg/1 after 16 hr. Removal of C02 did not elimi-
nate the problem. The corrosive action of such
waters is caused partly by free (X>2 but mostly by
the humic materials. (From Chemical Abstracts 58:
4299, 1963)
3468 Zemskov, I.F., Stepanov, A.S., and Gnez-
dov, V.I.: (PURIFICATION OF WATER CON-
TAINING LEAD CHLORIDE WITH ION-EXCHANGE
RESINS.) Zh. Prikl. Khim. 35:674-6, 1962.
The purification of water containing 6.1 mg Pb
chloride/1 with ion-exchange resins was studied at
room temperature and atmospheric pressure by fil-
tering through columns filled with resins KU-2,
KU-1, and KU-4 in the H-form. The effectiveness
of KU-2 was high. Not a trace of Pb chloride ap-
peared in the filtrate during the 1st 150 ml.
(From Chemical Abstracts 57:1998, 1962)
1963
3469 Ball, H.K. (Ethyl Corp., New York): A NEW
APPROACH TO LEADED GASOLINE SLUDGE DIS-
POSAL. Hydrocarbon Processing and Petrol-
eum Refiner 42, No. 5:147-8, 1963.
(This is an abstract from "Method of disposing of
sludge from leaded gasoline storage tanks," pre-
sented by the author to the API Division of Refin-
ing, Philadelphia, May 1963.) Sludge from Pb
gasoline storage tanks is normally disposed of by
burial. Various other methods of disposal ie,
roasting, chemical treatment, leaching, etc, have
been studied and found to be only partially ef-
fective. Thermal treatment and weathering are the
most effective substitutes. Heating sludge con-
taining 0.012% TEL for 20 min at 200°C reduces the
TEL content to 0.00001-0.00002% by weight. Spread-
ing sludge in a 3-in layer on a ground or concrete
surface and leaving it for 4 wk at temperatures
>0° will reduce the TEL content to <0.002% by
weight (20 ppm). It can then be treated as any
non-hazardous waste. The limit of 20 ppm organic Pb
was set by the Ethyl Corporation as being safe in
the open air after the sludge has weathered. The
disposal procedure developed, so that a uniform
method would be followed, includes protection of
personnel. In handling and spreading the sludge,
special clothing as recommended for tank cleaning
should be worn; masks will be required when there
is no air movement and vapor can be detected by
odor at face level.
3470 Demidov, V.I.: (UTILIZATION OF ION EX-
CHANGE RESINS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF
WASTES FROM THE LEAD-ZINC INDUSTRY.)
lonoobmen. Sorbenty v Prom., Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Inst. Fiz. Khim. 1963:160-6.
The wastes from Zn extraction plants (pH 6.5-8.5,
containing up to 100 mg Zn/1 and 1.0-1.5 mg Cu,
Pb, and Cd/1) were filtered through 300 mm high
columns of cation exchange resins (catexes) KU-2,
SBS, and sulfonated coal in H form (filtration
rate 5.5, 8.3, and 11.0 m/hr; total dynamic ex-
change capacity 8-9, 3-4, and 2.5-3.5% Zn/dry catex
weight, respectively). The Pb wastes from Zn con-
centration, containing 40-60 mg Pb/1 with pH 11-
12, were fully purified on anex EDE-10P or catex
KU-2, which had a total capacity of 32-37 and 13-
14% Pb/dry ionex, respectively. Pb was recovered
with 1-3% HC1. (From Chemical Abstracts 60:6612,
1964)
3471 English, J.N., McDermott, G.N., and Hen-
derson, C. (R.A. Taft Sanitary Eng. Cen-
ter, Cincinnati, 0.): POLLUTIONAL EFFECTS
OF OUTBOARD MOTOR EXHAUST - LABORATORY
STUDIES. Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation 35:923-31, 1963.
A preliminary study was made of the pollution con-
tributed by outboard motors by operating motors
(a 5.4-hp 1939-49 and a 10-hp 1960 model) in small
tanks of water. The fuel mixture consisted of
regular Pb motor gasoline and an outboard motor
lubricating oil. Fish toxicity tests and tainting
of fish flesh were included in the study. Based
on the results of this study, an estimate was made
of the total quantity of fuel constituents con-
tributed to water by such exhausts in the US in
1959: 3-13 million gal gasoline, 7-15 million gal
oil, and 0.2-0.7 million Ib Pb. The average con-
centration of pollutants in receiving water at
assumed extreme-critical situation, as tabulated,
is shown, in mg/1: nonvolatile oil, 1.7; volatile
oil, 0.94; Pb, 0.0087; phenols, O.ul; chemical
oxygen demand, 7.1. The recommended quantity of
water dilution/gal fuel consumed for the protec-
tion of aquatic life is estimated as 10 times the
quantity that produces fish mortality, or ^19,000
gal. A dilution of 16,000 gal water/gal fuel con-
sumed may have a significant toxic effect on fish
life. The authors conclude that the quantity of
water diluting the exhausts is of major signifi-
cance. Unusually low water volume per unit of
fuel consumed will result in severe pollution from
outboard motor operation alone.
3472 Hoather, R.C., and Rackham, R.F. (Counties
Public Health Lab., London, England): SOME
OBSERVATIONS ON RADON IN WATERS AND ITS RE-
MOVAL BY AERATION. Journal of the Insti-
tution of Water Engineers 17:13-22 (Feb.),
1963.
Five samples of ground water from Devon, Cornwall,
and Palestine were analyzed for Ra, Rn, RaD
(210pb), the total content of saline constituents,
and K. The Rn content of the water (2.7-15 nCi/1)
was sufficiently high to require its removal.
210pb content was l-<6 yyCi. Since the planned
treatment by aeration was unlikely to reduce the
Rn content of the water sufficiently from its
natural figure of 15 uCi/1, experiments were
carried out using a sintered glass disk from which
air was made to rise through the water in small
bubbles. Partial removal (^75% after 4 hr) was
obtained with an air/water ratio of 2/1. If cir-
cumstances permit storage of the water for a suf-
ficient length of time for radioactive decay, de-
pending on the Rn content and the half life of
3.8 days, treatment by aeration would be unneces-
sary. If the air were frequently to stagnate
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
697
-------
around the aeration works it appears that any
population in the area considered would be likely
to be exposed to a long-term hazard>. For any very
large-scale aeration treatment, the plant should,
therefore, be situated in an isolated position.
3473 Kondrashina, A.M., and Yakovleva, Z.M.:
(STRENGTHENING OF MINERAL ORE TAILING
DUMPS AT THE TEKELI CONCENTRATOR.) Tsvetn.
Metal. 36, No. 10:77-80, 1963.
Only freshly produced tailings were almost sterile.
Those 1 yr and older were inhabited by microflora,
showing that the tailings had low toxicity. Mark-
ed leaching of Zn and some migration of Pb occur-
red in the soil under growing plants. Biological
growth would strengthen the tailings and prepare
the contents for additional extraction of metals.
(From Chemical Abstracts 60:9007, 1964)
3474 Scott, H.M. (Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia):
LEAD POISONING IN SMALL ANIMALS. Veteri-
nary Record 75:830-3 (Aug. 17), 1963.
An outbreak of 28 cases of Pb poisoning in dogs
and cats at Broken Hill Mine Township, Northern
Rhodesia, is described. Abdominal signs included
restlessness, pains, vomiting, diarrhea; nervous
signs consisted of symptoms of anxiety, hyper-
excitability, fear, hysteria, continuous barking
and convulsions. The onset of symptoms was usu-
ally very sudden; in cats only nervous signs were
observed. Blood slides showed no basophillc stip-
pling. The minerals mined at Broken Hill are Pb
and Zn; it was suspected that the animals were in-
gesting Pb. Treatment with CaEDTA (1 g daily for
7 days for a dog weighing 30 Ib) was very success-
ful. Pb determinations in tissues from dogs and
cats that had died of suspected Pb poisoning gave
the following results, Pb in ppm: blood, 1.3-1.5;
kidney, 2.5-3.7; bone, 5.5-42; liver, 2.5-9.2;
stomach contents, 1.5-2.1. Since there was a pos-
sibility that the Pb hazard may involve also hu-
man beings, Pb assays were made of the soil and
the vegetation in the area. The Pb content of
soil from the yard of a house at the surface, and
3, 6 and 12 in deep, respectively, was, g/kg soil,
2.^, 3.0, 1.6, 2.8. Four samples of smelter ash
from drives in the housing area contained, in
g/kg, 0.20, 42.6, 0.10, 0.20, respectively. Other
assays taken at different locations gave the fol-
lowing data, in g/kg: soil, traces to 5.9; un-
washed grass, 0.09-0.672; grass ash, 0.04-6.65;
water, mg/1, 0.1-25.4.
3475 Shacklette, H.T. (U.S. Geol. Survey, Den-
ver, Colo.): VARIATION IN ELEMENT CONTENT
OF AMERICAN ELM TISSUE WITH A PRONOUNCED
CHANGE IN THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SOIL.
US Geological Survey Professional Papers:
475-L, Article 86.-C105-6, 1963.
The element content was studied in the tissues of
2 American elm trees, one growing in normal soil,
the other in a location where its base was flooded
by galena and sphalerite tailings from an ore mill
in Wisconsin. Elements determined included Ca,
K, P, Cu, Pb and Zn. The Pb content of tailing
fines and of soil near normal trees was 0.02 and
0.015% of dry weight, respectively. The differ-
ences in the Pb (and Cu) content of the ash had
no clear-cut relation to the increased amounts
found in soil. As the higher amounts of Zn and P
in soil resulted in an increase of these elements
only in wood formed subsequently, chemical analy-
sis of tree rings may be a useful method of deter-
mining the year when the trees were exposed to
increased amounts in soil; also, in geochemical
exploration, for determining if a chemical anom-
aly in the soil is caused naturally or by man-
made contamination, by determining the date of
this increase, it may be possible to determine the
cause.
3476 Shumaev, V.D., Nevskaya, A.I., Shanina,
T.N., Dmitrieva, V.P., Volkov, D.G., and
Chigrina, T.A. (Kazakh Inst. Epidemiol.,
Microbiol., Hyg., and Rep. Sanit.-Epide-
miol. Station): Stochnye vody lenino-
gorskogo polimetallicheskogo combinata i
ikh vliyanie na otkrytye vodoemy goroda.
(EFFLUENTS FROM THE LENINOGORSK POLYMETAL-
LURGICAL COMBINE AND THEIR EFFECT ON OPEN
WATER RESERVOIRS.) Gigiena i Sanitariya
28:69-73 (July), 1963.
In 1959-61 an investigation was made of the efflu-
ents from beneficiation, Pb, hydrometallurgic,
chemical and mine works, and their effect on water
quality. The following were determined before and
after settling or treatment for the above facto-
ries: odor: its disappearance with dilution; sus-
pended solids; pH; residue; oxidizability; total
Fe; F; Pb; Cu; Zn. Of the chemical substances, Fe
ranged from traces to 150 ml/1; F was found only
in the discharge from the beneficiation works
(0.96 and 1.1 mg/1); Pb ranged from 0-9.7; Cu,
from 0.03-8.22; Zn, from 0.08-400.2. The concen-
trations of the above ions and several flotation
reagents were also determined above and below dis-
charge area in the Filippovka River, Tishinsko
reservoir and Ulba River. The authors conclude
that since in the discharge waters of the nonfer-
rous industry >20 different elements were found,
for 14 of which maximum allowable concentrations
have not yet been set, such limits should be
determined as soon as possible.
3477 Skrylev, L.D., and Mokrushin, S.G.: (EX-
TRACTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM INDUS-
TRIAL WASTE WATERS.) Zh. Prikl. Khim. 36:
454-5, 1963.
A method was developed for large scale extraction
of heavy metal ions from industrial waste waters
by precipitation with K4Fe(CN)g, trapping the
solid phase in a foam formed by blowing air
through the suspension to which gelatin or animal
glue was added as a foam former. The foam with
the entrapped precipitated heavy ferrocyanides was
then separated from the bulk of the solution in a
specially designed column. A mixture of the fer-
rocyanides of Cu, Mn, Ca, Ni, Zn, Th, Hg, Cd, Ag,
U, and normal Pb2Fe(CN)g were separated in ^5-10
min at 18°. Increasing the temperature increased
the rate of extraction. Surface-active substances
can be simultaneously removed by this method.
(From Chemical Abstracts 58:11094, 1963)
3478 Stones, T. (Sewage Dept., Salford, Eng-
land) : A STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF THE
BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF SETTLED DOMESTIC
SEWAGE. J. Inst. Sew. Purif., 1963, Pt.
698
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
3:285-90.
Experiments on the kinetics of biochemical oxida-
tion of settled domestic sewage have shown that
the presence of toxic metal ions including Pb not
only causes an initial lag period until the micro-
organisms become adapted, but also causes a marked
reduction in the total BOD, and under these con-
ditions, therefore, the amount of C>2 absorbed in
a given period indicates the metabolic activity
of the microorganisms rather than the amount of
oxidizable matter present. In the absence of tox-
ic matter, however, the rate of biochemical oxida-
tion appears to be controlled by the dissolved 02
concentration and the residual BOD, and the pro-
cess then conforms closely to a 2nd order reaction
until the secondary effect of nitrification be-
comes significant. (From Water Pollution Ab-
stracts 37:Abstr. No. 1318, 1964)
3479 Zdybiewska, M., and Strutynska, B.: (EF-
FECT OF SOME CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ON THE
INDEXES OF CONTAMINATION OF SEWAGE RESER-
VOIRS.) Przemysl Chem. 42, No. 4-5: 250-
3, 1963.
Increasing quantities of Pb caused a decrease in
0 consumption and chemical and biochemical 0 de-
mand and showed toxic effects on bacteria. (From
Chemical Abstracts 59:7234, 1963)
1964
3480 Jones, J.R.E. (Univ. College Wales,
Aberystwyth): FISH AND RIVER POLLUTION.
London, Butterworths, 1964, 200 pp.
Chapter 5 (pp 53-65; 29 references) deals with the
coagulation film anoxia theory regarding Pb, Zn,
and Cu. After reviewing the literature in relation
to pollution of rivers by Pb, Zn, and other heavy
metals through industrial and mining wastes and in
relation to toxicity experiments on fish, the au-
thor discusses more recent research on the toxicity
of Pb, Zn, and Cu to fish: (1) toxicity of a solu-
tion as influenced by the degree of hardness of
water; (2) reexamination of the coagulation film
anoxia theory; (3) toxicity of solutions containing
both Cu and Zn.
In experiments on rainbow trout with Pb nitrate,
•it was found that with water of 14 ppm hardness
(as CaC03), all the Pb added remained in solution;
some precipitation occurred with water of 27 ppm
hardness while in that of 53 ppm hardness most of
the Pb was precipitated with not >1.6 ppm remain-
ing in solution. The precipitated Pb appeared to
be nontoxic. Solutions made up with soft water
Were toxic to the rainbow trout down to a concen-
tration of <1 ppm. It is possible that the exact
nature of the toxic action of heavy metal ions on
fish may depend on the nature and quantity of
their gill secretions, the heavier the gill secre-
tions the more protection. Experiments with fish
in this respect are revie-wed, with evidence sug-
gesting that the toxic action of the heavy metal
salts (including Pb) produces damage to the gill
tissues, the formation of a film of coagulated
mucus, or both, bringing about death by asphyxia-
tion. Of the 3 metals, Cu is the most toxic to
trout; the lethal limits of Pb and Zn are very
similar for water of the same degree of hardness.
Synergism and antagonism are included in the dis-
cussion. The combination of Cu and Zn is syner-
gistic; Pb, however, reduces the toxicity of Cu,
ie, it is antagonistic.
Chapter 6 (The Metals as Salts, pp 68-82; 31
references) also deals in part with the reactions
of fish to Pb, Zn, and Cu. Salts of Pb, Zn, Cu,
hydrolyze to some extent, but there is little evi-
dence to suggest that the acidity of the solutions
resulting from this hydrolysis is sufficiently
high to be a lethal factor except, perhaps, at
very high concentrations. The lethal limits of
the metal salts (including Pb chloride and nitrate)
are shown in a table. The capacity of fish to de-
tect and avoid toxic concentrations of metallic
salts, including Pb, varies very much with differ-
ent species. Experiments with 4 heavy metals
showed the ability of the stickleback to detect
and avoid them in the order of Pb, Hg, Zn, and Cu.
3481 Lamb, R. (Simon-Carves Ltd., Stockport,
Chesh., England): A SUGGESTED MEASURE OF
TOXICITY DUE TO METALS IN INDUSTRIAL EF-
FLUENTS, SEWAGE AND RIVER WATER. Interna-
tional Journal of Air and Water Pollution
8:243-9 (Mar.-Apr.), 1964.
Although the toxicity of metals, at certain con-
centrations, to bacteriologic treatment processes
of wastes is well known, there is no simple test
for the quantitative measure of this toxicity.
Since pyridyl azo-resorcinol (PAR) gives a reddish-
brown color reaction with a number of metals (in-
cluding Pb), the author suggests that the PAR or
PAR minus iron (PAR-I) values be recognized as
such a measure.
In the development of the method, the decision
to base the calibration on Fe was made because Fe
is not regarded as a toxic metal and is not subject
to very strict control. The optimum pH for the
measurement of optical density was found to be 9
(using metanil yellow as reagent), and the wave-
length, 500 mp. After construction of calibration
graphs based on Fe, optical density/concentration
graphs of other metals were then constructed and
their PAR factor determined. This factor is that
which the actual concentration of the metal, ex-
pressed in pg/ml (or ppm), has to be multiplied
by to obtain the same results as would be obtained
using PAR and the Fe calibration curve. The appli-
cation of this method is illustrated in the analy-
sis of a plating shop effluent before and after
treatment.
3482 Malina, J.F., Jr. (Univ. Texas, Austin):
TOXICITY OF PETROCHEMICALS IN THE AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT. ' Water and Sewage Works 111:
456-60 (Oct.), 1964.
The discussion of the potential hazards of organic
chemicals which are increasing in many water
courses as a result of the growing industrial,
agricultural, and domestic application of petro-
chemical products (including TEL) covers the po-
tential toxicity to man, and toxicity to aquatic
organisms. Included is a tabulation of the re-
sults of toxicity bioassay on fish and aquatic or-
ganisms reported by numerous investigators of many
compounds including TEL, for which the 96-hr median
tolerance limit, that is the concentration of ma-
terial at which 50% of bluegills can survive for
96 hr, was found to be 0.20 mg/1. The author con-
Atmospheric Surveys: Pollution and Effects
699
-------
eludes that there is no assurance that trace con-
centrations of complex organic compounds have no
deleterious effects on the water and on the aquatic
organisms. The available information on this sub-
ject is limited and deals primarily with the
acute effects of chemicals on the biological popu-
lation in the hydro-environment. Additional infor-
mation which deals with the physiological effects
of trace concentrations of these chemical compounds
which have been consumed by man over long durations
of time is required.
3483 Shanin, T.N.: SANITARY-HYGIENIC CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE FROM NON-
FERROUS METALLURGY ENTERPRISES IN SOUTHERN
KAZAKHSTAN AND THEIR EFFECT ON BODIES OF
WATER. Materialy 6-oi (Shestoi) Itog.
Nauchn.-Prakt. Konf. Kazakhsk. Inst. Epi-
demiol., Mikrobiol. i Gigieny, Alma-Ata
1964:141-3.
Sewage from the Chimkent Pb factory had the follow-
ing characteristics, in mg/1: solid residue 500,
Pb 1.6, Cu 0.29, Zn 0.14, As 1.0, Cd 0.17, Mo 0.04,
oxidizability 25. After entrance of the sewage
into an irrigation canal, the canal water showed
Pb 0.9, Cu 0.15, Cd 0.17, Zn 0.6, As 1.0. Sewage
from 3 ore-beneficiating factories, before and
after settling in a tailings reservoir, respec-
tively, contained, in mg/1: solid residue 837-
1672, 744-1268; suspended solids 20,044-88,564,
13.7-90; total Fe 0.38-0.5, 0.24-0.54; Pb 0.02-
0.06, 0.01-0.12; Cu 0.42-6.0, 0.42-3.4; Zn 2.81-
6.0, 1.0-4.0; cyanide 0.022-0.045, 0.016-0.029;
phenol 4.64-8.5, 0.4-4.32; xanthates 0.5-200,
0.3-25; S 0.02, 0; oxidizability 5.91-12.40, 8.0-
24.8; clearness, in cm, 0, 2.5-15. (From Ref.
Zh., Khim. 1965:Abstr. No. 151261; Chemical Ab-
stracts 64:3195, 1966)
3484 Tsivoglou, B.C., and O'Connell, R.L. (R.A.
Taft Sanit. Eng. Center, Cincinnati, 0.):
NATURE, VOLUME, AND ACTIVITY OF URANIUM
MILL WASTES. In Symposium on Radiological
Health and Safety in Mining and Milling of
Nuclear Materials, International Atomic
Energy Agency, Vienna, 1963. Proceedings
2:101-22, 1964.
In-plant surveys were made of U mill processes to
determine the qualitative and quantitative nature
of the liquid and solid wastes. Liquid wastes
contained 22&Ra and 210pb at concentrations poten-
tially hazardous to downstream water users. Dis-
solved Th and U were usually not present in sig-
nificantly high concentrations. Most of the ac-
tivity in the ore is made into solid waste, which
cannot be safely discharged to surface waters.
Streams may be chemically polluted by compounds
leached from the ore or added in the processing.
The toxicity of mill wastes to aquatic organisms,
particularly the organic raffinate from solvent
extraction was shown by visual observation of the
stream and bioassays. Waste neutralization sig-
nificantly decreases dissolved 22^Ra, and treat-
ment with Ba compounds decreases it further.
Final disposal of liquid waste by evaporation and
seepage minimizes the amount discharged to sur-
face waters, and injection into underground for-
mations was successfully carried out. Satisfac-
tory methods for the permanent retention of the
highly active solids remain to be developed.
3485 Wilson, D.O., and Cline, J.F. (General
Electric Co., Hanford Atomic Products
Operation, Richland, Wash.): REMOVAL OF
PU239, \il851 and Pb210 FROM SOIL BY
PLANTS AND ION EXTRACTION SOLUTIONS.
US Atomic Energy Commission Document No.
HW-80500, 1964 pp. 187-90.
The uptake of 210Pb, 1°5W and 239Pu by plants and
the interaction of these elements with soil and
chelating agents was studied. A modified Neubauer
9 T n
technique was used to study the uptake of ziuPb
by barley. The Pb isotope was added to the soil
as Pb chloride, at a level calculated to give 0.1
pCi/g dry soil at the time of harvest. L/S ra-
tios ranged from 0.002-0.005 for 210pb. (From
Nuclear Science Abstracts 18:Abstr. No. 41042,
1964)
700
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
VII. LEGAL ASPECTS
1950
3486 Great Britain, Statutory Instruments 1950,
No. 65 - Factories: THE POTTERY (HEALTH
AND WELFARE ) SPECIAL REGULATIONS. Lon-
don, H.M. Stationery Office, 1950, 26 pp.
The regulations prepared in 1950 came into opera-
tion on April 2, 1950. They apply to the manu-
facture and decoration of pottery, the calcining,
crushing, grinding or sieving of flint or quartz,
the mixing of flint or quartz with other material
in the preparation of a pottery body, and the
manufacture of transfers, frits or glazes for use
with pottery. The employment of women and young
children is prohibited in 11 groups of processes,
including some which involve the handling of Pb
compounds, and others where there is a silica-
dust hazard. Other restrictions apply to loading,
carrying, and lifting by women or young persons.
Young persons may not work as wheel turners at
tile presses, or other work involving Pb or col-
ors. Persons <16 yr are not to be employed on
certain scheduled processes when carried out in
factories other than leadless glaze factories, and
girls <16 may not work as lathe treaders. All
persons employed on the scheduled processes con-
cerned with Pb and colors must be medically exam-
ined each month, and health registers are re-
quired. The Appointed Doctor may suspend persons
from work on these processes. For specified oper-
ations prescribed protective clothing must be pro-
vided, and must be worn. Outdoor clothing must
be kept in accommodation to be provided outside
any room in which a scheduled or dusty process is
carried on. Further regulations related to the
provision of washing facilities with hot and cold
water, soap, towels and nail brushes, the provi-
sion of mess-rooms, the washing of hands before
taking food, drink or tobacco, and the prohibition
of food and drink in workrooms where scheduled
processes are carried on. Each workroom must be
ventilated without direct draughts on workers.
Drying stoves must generally be used for the dry-
ing of ware by means of heat. The temperature of
any workroom must not be >75° F., unless the ex-
ternal temperature exceeds 65° F., and then it
may not exceed the external temperature by more
than 10° F. In specified shops the temperature
must not be <55° F. after the first hr of work.
For a variety of processes efficient exhaust .
draught is required, and the work must be done
under a suitable hood whenever possible. Various
appliances for handling dry materials must be en-
closed and have exhaust draught. Dust removed by
exhaust plants must not escape into a workroom,
and the air discharged from such plants must be
discharged into the open air. There are also
provisions as to the construction, maintenance and
cleaning of floors and work-benches, the prepara-
tion and storage of clay dust, the control and
spacing of tile presses, the use of raw and Pb
compounds, glazing, color-blowing, hydrofluoric
acid, lithographic transfer making, and separation
of processes. Among provisions as to the general
suppression of dust is a requirement that the
cleaning of potters' shops shall only be done by
adult males, and with vacuum-cleaning apparatus.
Respirators are to be provided for use where
specified. (From Bulletin of Hygiene 25:474-5,
1950)
3487 Great Britain Ministry of Labour and Na-
tional Service. Factories Acts, 1937 &
1948. REVISION OF REGULATIONS FOR SHIP-
BUILDING AND SHIP-REPAIRING. Preliminary
draft of new code. London, H.M. Station-
ery Office, 1950, 27 pp.
The title of this Draft Statutory Instrument is
The Shipbuilding and Ship-ilepairing Special Regu-
lations, 1950. The Regulations deal with safe
access to ships, safety ladders and staging, and
with fencing and other precautions against falls
of persons, materials and articles. They deal
with machinery and plant used in raising and low-
ering loads in shipyards. There are required
precautions against asphyxiation, injurious fumes,
or explosions, including provisions concerning
the ventilation of enclosed or confined spaces.
Other miscellaneous safety provisions deal with
fencing of machinery, air receivers, lighting,
work in boilers, etc, hatch beams, and jumped-up
bolts. Protective wear for the workers includes
adequate protection for the hands, goggles, hel-
mets or other shields for the protection of those
using cutting or welding apparatus, eye protection
for other processes and respirators for specified
tasks. Miscellaneous health and welfare provi-
sions include the prohibition of the employment
of young persons on the handling of asbestos or
containers which have been used for asbestos. Pb
paint may not be sprayed inside a vessel. There
are detailed first-aid requirements. Finally,
there are requirements concerning the training of
young persons, and safety supervision. (From Bul-
letin of Hygiene 26:69, 1951)
3488 Greener v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and
Co.: LEAD POISONING - COVERAGE OF ACT -
EVIDENCE OF OCCURRENCE TO PRIOR TO EFFEC-
TIVE DATE OF LAW. Tennessee Supreme
Court, March 17, 1950.
"Suit was brought to recover compensation for
disability. The case was once previously re-
versed and remanded by this court on the suffi-
ciency of the petition. Upon a trial on the mer-
its, the case was dismissed by the lower court
701
-------
upon the defendant's motion. Evidence was ad-
duced at the trial to show the petitioner suf-
fered from Pb poisoning, symptoms thereof having
been discovered as early as November, 1945, and
prior to the effective date, March 12, 1947, of
the amendment to the Act covering such claims.
The Act, as so amended, outlawed occupational
diseases existing prior thereto. Where there is
material evidence, as in this case, to support the
finding of the trial judge, we do not look to the
preponderance of the evidence. The judgment of
the lower court is, therefore, affirmed." (From
Industrial Hygiene Digest 14:Abstr. No. 664 (June),
1950.
3489 Gulf Casualty Co. v. Hughes: ACCIDENTAL
INJURY - INHALATION OF PAINT FUMES - bEAD
POISONING, NEPHRITIS HYPOTHESIS - GOOD
CAUSE FOR LATE FILING - INABILITY TO EM-
TLOY COUNCIL. Texas Court of Civil Ap-
jjeals, 9th Supreme Judicial District,
Beaumont, No. 4683, Apr. 27, 1950. Re-
hearing denied, May 11, 1950.
"Inability to employ counsel to take the case may
be found to constitute good cause for delay in
filing a claim. In this case, the evidence that
nephritis caused the death did not require that
judgment be rendered in favor of the carrier.
Although the widow's case was not wholly based on
a hypothesis that the decedent died of Pb poison-
ing (so that failure to prove exposure to Pb was
not fatal to the claimant) and although there was
some evidence that inhalation of paint fumes was
connected with the illness, the lack of testimony
as to the effect of the fumes on the human body
and the failure to show an injury in the course of
employment required that the case be remanded for
new trial." (From Industrial Hygiene Digest 15:
Abstr. So. 9, 1951)
1951
3490 Foreman v. Dorsey Trailers, Inc.: LEAD
POISONING - PAINTER - SAFE PLACE TO WORK -
INSUFFICIENT VENTILATION - r'ELLOW SERVANT.
Alabama Supreme Court No. 622, Oct. 11,
1951.
"^n employer owes an employee the duty of exer-
cising due care to provide a reasonably safe place
in which the employee may perform his duties.
This is a common law duty, not dependent upon the
Employers' viability Act. The duty is not dele-
gable and the fellow servant doctrine does not
apply. Knowledge by the employee that certain
work is harmful to him is not good defense to a
complaint charging the employer with wanton injury
of an employee. It is a good defense to a count
based on negligence, but not to one based on wan-
tonness. A painter used a spray gun in painting
truck trailers produced by his employer. It was
alleged that the employer wantonly injured the
employee by causing him to work in a room which
was not properly ventilated.
For overruling the demurrer to the plea by the
employer of the claimant's knowledge of the dan-
ger, the judgment is reversed and the nonsuit set
aside and the cause restored for further proceed-
ings." (From Industrial Hygiene Digest 16: Abstr.
No. 264 CMar.), 1952.
3491 France, Ministry of Public Works and
Transportation: Matieres dangereuses.
Plomb tetraethyle et melanges. (REGULA-
TIONS GOVERNING TRANSPORTATION OF DANGER-
OUS MATERIALS: TETRAETHYL LEAD AND MIX-
TURES.) Archives des Maladies Profession-
nelles de Medecine du Travail et de
Securite Sociale 12:712-3, 1951.
The essentials of the modifications of regulations
adopted in April 1945 are as follows: (1) Trans-
port of unstable TEL is prohibited. (2) Oils and
fuels containing a maximum of 0.35 wt % TEL are
subject to the same conditions as ordinary oils
and fuels. (3) Containers of TEL and its mixtures
and those which had contained these products and
were not disinfected must be labeled as to nature
of product, name, address and telephone number of
sender. (4) Containers will be considered as con-
taminated unless they have been completely neu-
tralized and labeled "decontaminated." (5) The
shipper must deposit with his shipping declaration
a portable box with handle and a box of decontami-
aant, both labeled according to regulations. The
box must contain 3 samples of the notice approved
by the minister, showing what to do in case of
accident and also 2 pairs of rubber gloves, 1 gas
mask with a case containing 400 cc active carbon,
and placards carrying the inscription "Danger, TEL
fluid. Do not approach without mask." (6) Con-
tainers of these products must be loaded into
covered cars. (7) No vehicle contaminated by TEL
is to be put back into service unless it has been
decontaminated under the direction of a competent
person; the wooden parts must be removed, burned
and replaced.
3492 Maxwell Motor Corp. v. Winter: LEAD POI-
SONING - AFTER AMENDMENT. (1928) 163
N.E. 198.
"rfhere a painter contracted Pb poisoning, it was
held that he had the right to elect within 90
days from the time he had become disabled to sue
for damages for violation of a safety requirement,
under Section 1465-76, permitting such election."
(From Industrial Hygiene Digest 15: Abstr. No.
1083 (Oct.), 1951.
3493 Smith v. Federated Metals Corp.: LEAD
POISONING - TIME FOR FILING CLAIM. (1939)
133 S.W. 2d 1112.
"It is held that the claim for compensation for
Pb poisoning was filed within the required time.
It was filed within 6 mo from the time that it
became reasonably discoverable and apparent that
a compensable disease had been contracted. Appli-
cation for writ of certiorari to quash the opinion
denied by the Missouri Supreme Court." (From In-
dustrial Hygiene Digest 15:Abstr. No. 682 (July),
1951.
3494 Wesley v. Warth Paint and Hardware Co.:
CHRONIC LEAD POISONING - PAINTER - MEDI-
CAL TESTIMONY TO SUPPORT CLAIM. Florida
Supreme Court, No. 21,702, Apr. 20, 1951.
"The court held that claimant, a painter, had sub-
mitted sufficient evidence to support his claim
that his illness resulted from chronic Pb poison-
ing. The claimant had been in the employment of
702
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
the defendant when he was forced to leave because
of illness which responded to treatment for chron-
ic Pb poisoning, a disease to which painters are
susceptible." (From Industrial Hygiene Digest
15: Abstr. No. 548, 1951)
1952
3495 Frazier v. National Bearing Division:
METAL SORTER - LEAD POISONING - CONFLICT-
ING MEDICAL TESTIMONY - SUFFICIENCY OF
EVIDENCE. Missouri Supreme Court, No. 42,
716, July 14, 1952.
"A metal sorter in a bearing works became incapac-
itated from a uremic and hypertensive cardiorenal
ailment and subsequently died. His attending
physician was of the opinion that a contributing
cause of the employee's death was Pb poisoning
contracted as a result of the employee's work con-
ditions. A nurse of the plant, an industrial hy-
gienist, and a physician, with 7 yr experience in
matters dealing with Pb poisoning, all contributed
testimony and interpretations of the decedent's
medical record that tended to substantiate the
employer's contention that the decedent was never
unduly exposed to air containing Pb in excess of
the nationally recognized limits of safety. The
court ruled that there was substantial evidence to
support the conviction that Pb poisoning was not
a contributory cause of the employee's death."
(From Industrial Hygiene Digest 16:Abstr. No.
1161 (Dec.), 1952.)
3496 U.S. Congress, House of Representatives:
HEARINGS BEFORE THE HOUSE SELECT COMMIT-
TEE TO INVESTIGATE THE USE OF CHEMICALS
IN FOOD PRODUCTS. 81st, 2nd Session, 1950,
82nd, 1st and 2nd Sessions, 1951 and 1952.
CREATED PURSUANT TO H.RES. 323, 74, and
447 (CONTINUING INVESTIGATION BEGUN UNDER
H.RES. 323). J.J. Delaney, Chairman.
Washington, D.C., Government Printing Of-
fice, 1951-2.
Pb arsenate was included among the pesticides at
almost all hearings held in Washington, Chicago,
Spokane, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and
New York City from Sept.1950-March 1952.
1953
3497 Australia, Victoria Government Gazette:
LEAD WORKERS (MEDICAL EXAMINATION) REGU-
LATIONS, 1953. EFFECTIVE 13 NOVEMBER
1953.
These regulations require a medical examination
to be carried out within 4 wk of the commencement
of employment in all occupations listed in the
1st schedule. This schedule also indicates the
periodicity of medical examinations. Every medi-
cal examination is to include a general clinical
examination, a blood examination and an examina-
tion of the urine. The 2nd schedule prescribes
the manner in which the determination of the
number of stippled red blood cells/million red
cells must be carried out. The medical practi-
tioner who carries out the examination must re-
port to the chief health officer the result of the
examination and certify whether or not the worker
is suffering from Pb poisoning of a degree render-
ing him unfit for work in any occupation involving
exposure to Pb. A warning notice setting forth
the dangers of Pb poisoning, the measures of pre-
vention and the occupations, trades or processes
in which medical examinations are obligatory must
be posted in the workplaces. The methods of treat-
ment of paint and of glaze for the purpose of de-
termining the percentage of Pb or compound of Pb
present are described in 2 other schedules. (From
Occupational Safety and Health 4, No. 3:82, 1954)
3498 Doane v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.,
Inc.: LEAD POISONING — THIRD PARTY AC-
TION - LIABILITY OF CONTRACTOR ENGAGED IN
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE EMPLOYER'S PRINCI-
PAL BUSINESS. U.S. Court of Appeals,
Fourth Circuit No. 6734. Jan. 30, 1953.
Appeal from the U.S. District Court for
the Eastern District of Virginia.
"An action by 10 employees of an oil company for
injuries sustained in the inhalation of Pb fumes
in cleaning storage tanks, which was brought
against the contractor who had agreed to furnish
their employer with a skilled technician to di-
rect their work, was properly dismissed since the
employees could not maintain an action against a
fellow employee or the contractor who was engaged
in performing the employer's principal business.
Affirmed." (From Industrial Hygiene Digest 18:
Abstr. Ho. 707, 1954)
3499 Lederer, E. (Govtl. Ind. Med. Officer,
Munich, Germany) : Tabellen liber die durch
Verordnungen, durch berufsgenossenschaft-
liche Krankheits-VerhUtungsvorschriften
oder sonstwie durch "Anweisungen" bzw.
"Richtlinien" vorgeschriebenen Hrztlichen
Einstellungs-Uberwachungsuntersuchungen
in Betrieben. (TABLES OF PREPLACEMENT OR
FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATIONS IN INDUSTRIES PRE-
SCRIBED BY LAW, BY UNION HEALTH REGULA-
TIONS OR OTHER "DIRECTIVES" OR "REGULA-
TIONS.") Zentralblatt fur Arbeitsmedizin
und Arbeitsschutz 3:71-7, 1953.
Until the time of this publication, examinations
of workers in hazardous occupations were performed
in part by the governmental industrial medical
officers or by duly authorized physicians or in-
dustrial physicians or by physicians appointed by
the unions. The disadvantage of this was that no
survey was available on the execution of the title
examinations, or failure to execute them; there-
fore, it seemed necessary to the author to arrive
at a better recording and uniformity. The exist-
ing regulations, etc, are segregated under (1) no-
tification regarding regulations providing medical
preplacement or follow-up examinations; (2) guide
lines; (3) notices; the various industries or
occupations, type and time of prescribed examina-
tions, other provisions, and basis of regulations,
are the column headings. Pb-exposure is involved
in the following: storage battery plants; decora-
tors and painters; Pb foundries; Pb paint and com-
pounds manufacture; glass manufacture; demolition
of ships; work with Pb-containing powders; potter-
ies. Many of the regulations date back to the
earliest part of this century.
Legal Aspects
703
-------
1954
3500 France, Ministries of Industry and Com-
merce, and of Economic Affairs: Plomb
Tetra-e'thyle (Concentration maximum admise
dans 1'essence pour moteur). (LEAD TE-
TRAETHYL (MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION
IN MOTOR FUELS).) Archives des Maladies
Professionnelles de MSdecine du Travail et
de Securite Sociale 15, ito. 2:183, 1954.
Article 1. - Article 2 of the order of November
28, 1950, octane number is modified as follows:
The octane number of gasoline, measured by C.F.R.
Research method must be at least equal to 75. The
maximum quantity of TEL that can be mixed with
gasoline is fixed at 5/10,000. The Director of
Fuels is charged with the execution of the present
order, which shall be published in the official
journal of the French Republic and shall be effec-
tive March 1, 1954.
3501 Great Britain Ministry of Food: REVISED
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIMITS FOR LEAD IN
FOOD. London, H.ii. Stationery Office,
1954, 11 pp.
The report sets out the various ways in which
food and drink may be contaminated with Pb. It
also points out that Pb is stored in the body
and under certain conditions this immobilized Pb
may be released with toxic effects. This cumula-
tive effect makes the control of Pb in foods of
particular importance. Owing to practical con-
siderations it was not possible to set out maxi-
mal amounts to apply generally to all foods. The
limits for different classes of foods and bever-
ages vary from 0.5-10 ppm, with 2 substances,
food colorings and solid pectin, having still
higher allowed limits. The reasons for these
variations are discussed. The details are set
out in the Report. It is recommended that the
proposed limits should be made statutory but sub-
ject to periodical review. It is also proposed
that the use of Pb piping for conveyance of beer,
cider or other beverages, the use of Pb-contain-
ing material for packing or wrapping food, and
the sale of domestic cooking equipment lined with
Pb containing tin or pottery glaze should be con-
trolled. (From Bulletin of Hygiene 30:55, 1955)
3502 Shafir, A.I.: LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS. A
COLLECTION OF STUDIES UNDER THE EDITORSHIP
OF PROFESSOR RYAZANOV, MOSCOW, MEDGIZ,
1952. A CRITICAL REVIEW. Gigiena i Sani-
tariya 1954, No. 2:59-60. In Ryazanov,
V.A., ed.: Limits of Allowable Concentra-
tions of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 1
(Supplement), translated by B.S. Levine.
Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Office of Technical Services, 1959, pp.
126-30.
The significance of the activity of the special
committee created by the Chief State (Governmen-
tal) Sanitary Inspection administration of the
USSR, under the chairmanship of Professor Ryazanov,
is discussed. The first book, published in 1952,
includes papers by the following authors who are
members of the Committee: Beryushe on CS25 Vino-
kurov and Kosourov on NO's; Vol'fson on CO; Gol'd-
berg on nontoxic dust; Gurinov on SO^; Tomson on
Pb; Ugryumova-Sapozhnikova on Cl. Included is
also an article by Ryazanov, Alekseeva and Sender-
ikhina on methodology.
1955
3503 American Standards Association: AMERICAN
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS TO MINIMIZE HAZ-
ARDS TO CHILDREN FROM RESIDUAL SURFACE
COATING MATERIALS. Z66.1-1955.
A liquid coating material to be deemed suitable,
from a health standpoint, for use on toys, furni-
ture or for interior surface painting shall not
contain Pb compounds of which the Pb content (cal-
culated as Pb) is in excess of 1% of the total
weight of the contained solids (including pigments
and drier). Soluble compounds of Sb, As, Cd, Hg,
Se, or Ba also should not be contained.
This standard was sponsored by the American
Academy of Pediatrics.
3504 Bacon, P. (Ministry Labor Publ. Safety,
Paris, France): Intoxication saturnine.
(Mesures d'hygiene preventive). Approba-
tion des termes des recommandations pre-
vues pour les visites medicales effectuSes
en vertu du decret no 48-1901 du 11 decem-
bre 1948, modifie par le decret no 55-849
du 23 juin 1955, concernant les mesures
particulieres d'hygiene applicables dans
les etablissements dont le personnel est
expose a 1'intoxication saturnine. (LEAD
POISONING. (PREVENTIVE MEASURES).) (AP-
PROVAL OF RECOMMENDATIONS PROVIDED FOR
MEDICAL VISITS EFFECTUATED BY VIRTUE OF
ORDER NO. 48-1901 OF DECEMBER 11, 1948,
MODIFIED BY ORDER NO. 55-849 OF JUNE 23,
1955, CONCERNING THE MEASURES APPLICABLE
TO ESTABLISHMENTS WHOSE PERSONNEL IS EX-
POSED TO LEAD INTOXICATION.) Archives
des Maladies Professionnelles de Me'decine
du Travail et de SecuritS Sociale 16, No.
6:647-8, 1955.
It is recommended that in preemployment examina-
tions for work involving exposure to Pb persons
showing the following conditions be excluded:
emunctory lesions; liver and kidneys; arterial hy-
pertension; blood disorders; lesions of the central
or peripheral nervous systems. In subsequent
examinations, those should be excluded as being
unfit because of presenting one or more of the
above symptoms or those of Pb intoxication, ie,
severe Pb colic or recurrences of it, persistent
hyperazotemia or anemia, confirmed by the pres-
ence of basophilic stippled erythrocytes. Article
12 prescribes the scope of hematologic examination.
Furthermore, it is recommended that 3 successive
examinations be performed in case of doubt and that
a decision should not be based on one single re-
dult. It is also advised that the medical examiner
keep abreast of the studies of Pb intoxication, be-
cause of the importance of recognization of the
degree of Pb intoxication.
The inability to work in a place where there is
risk of Pb intoxication does not mean total inabil-
ity for other work.
3505 Faure, E. (Ministry Labor, Safety, Paris,
704
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
France): Intoxication saturnine. (Me-
sures d'hygiene preventive). Decret no.
55-849 du 23 juin 1955 modifiant le d£cret
no. 48-1091 du 11 novembre 1948 portant
reglement d'administration publique en ce
qui concerne les mesures particulieres
d'hygiene applicables dans les etablis-
sements dont le personnel est expose a 1'
intoxication saturnine. (LEAD POISONING.
(PREVENTIVE MEASURES).) (ORDER NO. 55-349
of JUNE 23, 1955, MODIFYING ORDER NO. 48-
1091 OF NOV. 11, 1948, BEARING ON PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION REGULATION CONCERNING MEA-
SURES APPLICABLE PARTICULARLY TO ESTAB-
LISHMENTS WHOSE PERSONNEL IS EXPOSED TO
LEAD INTOXICATION.) Archives des Maladies
Professionnelles de Medecine du Travail et
de Securite Sociale 16, No. 6:646-7, 1955.
The Ministry of Labor and Public Safety approved
a revision of articles 10-14 with more detailed
articles 10-16. These specify that workmen should
not be assigned to jobs in areas where Pb intoxi-
cation is possible without a medical approval, and
that he should not be continued in the same occu-
pation unless medical approval is obtained 1, then
3 mo after employment, and at least every 6 mo
thereafter. The responsibilities of the manage-
ment of the plant are also determined in the arti-
cles. The specifications for physical check-up
are minutely described. These provide for stip-
pled cell and erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin
determinations at stated intervals. The physician
for the industry has the right to perform complete
hematologic tests and tests for blood urea upon
his discretion. If the management is convinced of
the efficacy of the preventive measures taken and
if no cases of Pb poisoning have been reported in
its plant, it may apply for exemption of the an-
nual hematologic examinations to the regional Fac-
tory Inspector. An up-to-date register should be
kept either for the entire plant or parts of it,
in which the dates and durations of absence for
occupational disease and name of the physician
verifying the absence are recorded. In the plant
a bulletin in a conspicuous place should show the
name of the physician and location where physical
examinations will take place, as well as informa-
tion on the dangers of Pb toxication, the precau-
tions to be taken for prevention, and the cure.
These notices will have to be in accordance with
those set by the Ministry of Public Safety.
3506 Raymond, V. (Paris, France): A propos de
la prevention me'dicale du saturnisme.
(MEDICAL PREVENTION OF LEAD POISONING.)
Proceedings of the Society of Industrial
Medicine and Hygiene. Archives des Mala-
dies Professionnelles de Medecine du Tra-
vail et de Se'curitg Sociale 16, No. 6:576-
8, 1955.
The essential regulations adopted by the Ministry
of Labor and Public Safety (of France) for the con-
trol of Pb poisoning in industry on June 23 and 24,
1955, are presented and discussed.
1956
3507 Association of Food and Drug Officials:
LEAD IN DECORATIVE PAINT FOR CHILDREN'S
TOYS AND FURNITURE. Association of Food
and Drug Officials of the United States
Quarterly Bulletin 20:36-7 (Jan.), 1956.
Considering 1.5 mg Pb/day as the maximum amount
that may be ingested without harm and that a child
with severe pica may ingest the paint from 12 in2,
this film should contain not >1.5 mg Pb. Since
indoor paint contains a minimum of 60% pigment or
7.2 Ib/gal, the amount of Pb necessary to deposit
1.5 mg/12 in2 is equivalent to 7.2 and 10.8 g/gal
(based on estimates of 400-600 ft2 coverage), or
Pb content of 0.22-0.3%. Therefore, 0.3% is sug-
gested as the level below which decorative paints
for children's toys and furniture can safely be
labeled as nontoxic.
3508 Fournier, E.: Les osteopathies profes-
sionnelles. (OCCUPATIONAL BONE DISEASES.)
Bulletin Medical (Paris) 70, No. 3:92-3,
1956.
A concise review is given of the osseous, articu-
lar and musculo-tendinous affections which may
occur as the consequence of occupational accidents
or in the course of occupational diseases. A dis-
tinction is made between occupational risks for
which in France compensation is obligatory (teta-
nus, brucellosis, carbon disulfide poisoning, Pb
poisoning, injury from roentgen rays or radioac-
tive isotopes, chromic acid poisoning, arsenical
poisoning, compressed air lesions, pneumoconiosis)
and those for which it is not (Cd and F poisoning,
occupational rheumatism, vibration lesions).
(From Excerpta Medica, Sect. 17, 3:Abstr. No.
1896, 1957)
1957
3509 American Academy of Pediatrics: Report
of a Joint Meeting of the Committee on
Accident Prevention and the Subcommittee
on Poisoning: LEAD POISONING HAZARD FROM
PAINT ON CHILDREN'S TOYS. Journal of the
American Medical Association 165:1996
(Dec. 14), 1957.
See Abstract No. 3503
1958
35JO American Smelting and Refining Corpora-
tion v. Kaiser: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE.
LEAD POISONING. SUFFICIENCY OF MEDICAL
EVIDENCE. Illinois Supreme Court No. 34,
596. March 20, 1958.
An employee of a smelting company was improperly
denied compensation for disability occasioned by
Pb poisoning on the basis that there were conflict-
ing views among medical experts. The order of the
commission was reversed. (From Industrial Hygiene
Digest 22, Abstr. No. 561, 1958)
3511 Baltimore, City of: MAYOR D'ALESANDRO
SIGNS LEAD PAINT LABELING ORDINANCE.
Baltimore Health News 35:57-8 (Aug.),
1958.
The ordinance states as follows: No person, firm,
or corporation shall have, keep, offer for sale,
sell or give away in the City of Baltimore any
paint containing >1% Pb, determined as metallic
Pb based on the total nonvolatile content of the
Legal Aspects
705
-------
paint, unless it bears the following warning state-
ment : "Warning - contains lead. Harmful if
eaten. Do not apply on any interior surfaces of
a dwelling, or of a place used for the care of
children, or on window sills, toys, cribs, or
other furniture." The ordinance shall take effect
30 days from the date of passage; it was approved
on June 9, 1958.
3512 Barkley v. City of Alva: AGGRAVATION-
LEAD POISONING-OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE-MEDI-
CAL TESTIMONY-DEATH BENEFITS-SUFFICIENCY
OF EVIDENCE. Oklahoma Supreme Court No.
37,703, March 18, 1958.
"An award to the widow of a deceased employee was
properly granted where the medical testimony was
sufficient to support the conclusion that Pb poi-
soning, contracted by the employee while at work,
was a contributing or aggravating cause of his
death. The employee's duties required him to work
around Pb fumes and vapors which he inhaled. Af-
ter being on the job for a long period' of time
he developed myeloma, and soon thereafter he died.
Medical testimony established that his death was
caused by the combined effects of the Pb poison-
ing and the myeloma. The court, in holding that
Pb poisoning contracted while at work constituted
an occupational disease and was thus compensable
under the Workmen's Compensation Law, ruled that
the evidence was sufficiently competent to support
the award. Sustained." (From Industrial Hygiene
Digest 22, Abstr. No. 682, 1958)
3513 Hanson, E.J.: THE STRUGGLE AGAINST LEAD
POISON IN THE PAINTING TRADE. Brisbane,
The Operative Painters' and Decorators'
Union of Australia (Queensland Branch),
1958, 24 pp.
The object of this booklet is to celebrate the
Queensland legislation of January 14, 1956 by
which the manufacture, sale and use of paint con-
taining white Pb is banned, and the use of other
Pb-containing paints is strictly limited. It re-
counts the history of Pb poisoning in Queensland
and the successful efforts of the Operative Paint-
ers' and Decorators' Union of Australia to achieve
the abolition of white Pb. (From Occupational
Safety and Health Abstracts 9:Abstr. No. 116,
1959)
1959
3514 Foulger, J.H. (E.I. du Pont de Nemours &
Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.): PRECAUTION-
ARY LABELING OF LEAD PRODUCTS. Industrial
Medicine and Surgery 28:122-4; discussion,
124-5 (Mar.), 1959.
The author discusses the problems of labeling po-
tentially harmful substances from the point of view
of a physician who has been a member of the Federal
Trade Commission since its inception. On the basis
of his experience, he is in favor of the basic
principles of labeling established by the Manu-
facturing Chemists' Association, which include in-
formation of the name of the compound (preferably
true chemical name); words such as "danger" for
very hazardous compounds, "warning" for less
hazardous, "caution" for least hazardous, and "poi-
son" for highly hazardous; route of hazard, and
brief description of simple methods of avoiding
the hazard, and simple remedial methods of treat-
ment. He then discusses certain Pb compounds and
the form (dust or solution, paint) in which they
are distributed. Concerning paint hazards, Kehoe
is cited as estimating that a child of 3 yr must
ingest 7 g of paint (6 times that weight if it
should contain 5% Pb) to get Pb poisoning, but the
ASA Standard would require that the child eat 210
g (7 oz) to be poisoned. This he considers a safe
standard.
3515 Schrenk, H.H. (Ind. Hyg. Foundation, Pitts-
burgh, Pa.): HYGIENIC LEAD STANDARDS.
Industrial Medicine and Surgery 28:106-9;
discussion 109-11 (Mar.), 1959.
The author points out that a figure of standards or
limits has no significance per se but must be in-
terpreted in terms of analytical, toxicological and
medical data applicable to each individual com-
pound. From this viewpoint standards relating to
Pb concentration in air, urine, blood, water and
paints are discussed.
3516 Waters, T.C. (Miles and Stockbridge, Bal-
timore, Md.): A LAWYER LOOKS AT LEAD.
Industrial Medicine and Surgery 28:134-5;
discussion 135-6, 1959.
In his discussion of legal matters, the author
gives advice to the representatives of manufactur-
ers and producers of Pb as to their liability to
employees and to the consuming public. He points
to the lack of uniformity in compensation statutes
and the giving of medical testimony. As to lia-
bility to the consuming public, he points to the
American Medical Association Committee on Toxicol-
ogy recommendation that a uniform state Hazardous
Substances Act be enacted, questioning whether
there is to be a federal law or 49 state laws, or
countless municipal ordinances and regulations.
1960
3517 Association of Food and Drug Officials,
Committee on Sanitary Food Processing
Equipment: C.A.S.A. ADVISORY REPORT 1959:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DESIGN, CONSTRUC-
TION AND INSTALLATION OF BULK LIQUID FOOD
EQUIPMENT IN PLANT. Association of Food
and Drug Officials of the United States
Quarterly Bulletin 24:42-5 (Jan.), 1960.
The recommendations made include the following
paragraph: Pb must not be used within or adjacent
to the product zone with the exception of its in-
clusion in dairy solder in an amount not to exceed
5% of Pb.
3518 Desoille, H. (France) : Sur la mauvaise
redaction du paragraphe relatif a 1'anemie
dans le tableau de reparation du satur-
nisme. (POOR WORDING OF PARAGRAPH RELATING
TO ANEMIA IN THE LISTING OF COMPENSATIONS
FOR LEAD POISONING.) Archives des Mala-
dies Professionnelles de Medecine du Tra-
vail et de Securite Sociale 21:219-21
(Apr.-May), 1960.
An illness is considered to be an occupational
disease requiring compensation if its symptomatol-
ogy corresponds to one as defined in the law.
706
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Since 1931 the listing contains a paragraph con-
cerning anemia due to Pb poisoning. An anemia is
defined to be subject to compensation if it is us-
ually normochromic and aplastic. The author points
out that the word "usually" should be omitted if
compensation is limited to normochromic and aplas-
tic anemias for it is ambiguous. He argues that
if it is the intent of the law that only normo-
chromic anemias be compensated, it should state
so; if it is the anemia found in Pb poisoning, the
wording should state "anemia confirmed by globular
counts." In this connection, he cites one of his
reports as having confirmed a severe anemia in a
case of Pb exposure to be an aplastic type, accom-
panied by stippled cells; it was not normochromic.
Therefore, if compensations are granted only for
certain anemias, the presence of blood cells with
basophil granulations should be included in the
list of diseases eligible for compensation.
3519 Flaxman, N. (Chicago, 111.): LEAD POISON-
ING. Medical Trial Technique Quarterly
1960 Annual (Vol. 6):117-74.
Causes of chronic Pb poisoning including predis-
posing factors, hazardous occupations, industries
using Pb or its compounds, other sources of possi-
ble Pb poisoning, toxicity of various Pb salts,
routes of entry of Pb into the body and its dis-
tribution and elimination are discussed. Pathology,
subjective (Pb colic) and objective symptoms (gum
line, peripheral neuritis, palsy, cerebral enceph-
alopathy and cardiovascular signs), laboratory
tests (urinalysis, blood counts, Pb determination
in urine, blood, feces, tissues and fluids), X-ray
examination, diagnosis and differential diagnosis,
prophylaxis, treatment and prognosis are reviewed.
Medico-legal decisions in courts of 23 states are
appended. (22 references)
3520 Goldstein, I., and Flaxman, N., ed.: MED-
ICAL TESTIMONY IN A LEAD POISONING CASE,
INCLUDING THE DIRECT AND CROSS-EXAMINATIONS
OF THE ATTENDING PHYSICIAN, PATHOLOGISTS,
MORTICIAN, PERSONNEL DIRECTOR, AND BIO-
CHEMIST - A WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION CASE.
Medical Trial Technique Quarterly 1960
Annual (Vol. 6):373-411.
The testimony applies to a fatal case of Pb who
had the following signs and symptoms when seen by
his physician (with experience of having treated
300 cases of Pb poisoning): pains in abdomen,
cramp-like type, pain in limbs, headaches of
varying severity, loss of memory, constipation,
loss of appetite, nausea, history of vomiting, and
arteriosclerosis starting shortly after beginning
the 4-mo treatment period, which led to his death.
Upon questioning, Pb was not determined in the
urine, but albumin indicated the presence of ne-
phritis. There was also hypertension. Treatment
was by orally administered K iodide and Ca; also
Ca iv and symptomatic treatment. The pathologistfe
testimony included microscopic examination of the
liver, showing some cloudy swelling of cells,
vacuolizations in the cytoplasm and faintly stain-
ing nuclear structures; aorta showed slight changes
in the intima. Traces of Pb were found in the
kidney and liver, using Lederer's test, estimated
to be 1/10 or 1/100 mg in ^200 g tissue. Micro-
scopic changes indicated a chronic interstitial
nephritis. Further questioning brought out that
Pb in normal urine, as reported by Kehoe, amounts
to 0.0138 mg/1. Respondent's internist and path-
ologist gave testimony to the effect that it was
not possible to conclude that deceased had Pb poi-
soning, since many people who are never exposed to
Pb have Bright's disease. Biochemist's testimony
questioned the method used for the identification
of Pb in tissues, having found in kidneys and
liver in Pb poisoning of from 10-20 mg/100 g.
3521 Great Britain Ministry of Labour (London,
England): TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN FACTORY AT-
MOSPHERES. Safety, Health and Welfare
New Series No. 8. Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, March 1960, 12 pp.
MAC's in air are given for Pb as 0.2 and for Pb
arsenate 0.15 mg/m3.
3522 Hopkins, O.C., and Gullans, 0.: NEW
USPHS STANDARDS. Journal of American Wa-
ter Works Association 52:1161-8 (Sept.),
1960.
A USPHS Advisory Committee for the revision of the
1946 Drinking Water Standards has proposed the re-
duction of the mandatory limit for Pb from 0.1 ppm
to 0.05 ppm because: (1) Pb is a cumulative poi-
bon; (2) daily intake of Pb in excess of 0.6 mg
may result in the accumulation of Pb in the body
at rates that increase as the daily dose increases;
(3) the amount of Pb intake from food sources is
probably approaching an irreducible minimum,
whereas exposure from other sources, such as the
atmosphere is increasing; (4) it is believed Pb
exposure should be reduced wherever possible.
3523 International Commission on Radiological
Protection Committee II: REPORT OF ICRP
COMMITTEE II ON PERMISSIBLE DOSE FOR IN-
TERNAL RADIATION (1959). Health Physics
3:1-233 (June), 1960.
The contents of the report, aside from the intro-
duction, are: Basic standards of maximum permissi-
ole internal exposure; maximum permissible values
(MFC) for occupational exposure; calculation of
MP exposure values; factors needed for calculation
of MFC equations; appendix; references (43).
These are followed by tables showing: MP body bur-
dens and MP concentrations of radionuclides in air
and in water for occupational exposure; radionu—
elides which do not reach equilibrium in the body
within 50 yr; MFC of unidentified radionuclides in
water for continuous occupational exposure; MFC of
unidentified radionuclides in air for continuous
occupational exposure; effective energies; effec-
tive energies for chains; element distribution in
total body of the standard man (SM); elements in
the body organs of SM; organs of SM; intake and
excretion of the SM; particulates in respiratory
tract of the SM; gastrointestinal tract of the SM;
biological and related physical constants; index
of report.
MFC's for 2°3' 21° and 212Pb are included; Pb
distribution in total body of the SM is 1.1 x 10~4%
by weight and 0.08 g in 70-kg man. Pb in body
organs are mainly those derived from Tipton's work
(1960). Pb and isotopes are also included in the
biological and related physical constants.
Legal Aspects
707
-------
3524 Nesswetha, W. (Kelsterbach/Main, W. Ger-
many) : Uber die maximalen Arbeitsplatzkon-
zentrationen in der UdSSR. (MAXIMUM CON-
CENTRATIONS IN WORK PLACES IN THE USSR.)
Zentralblatt fttr urbeitsmedizin und Ar-
beitsschutz 10:112-4 (May), 1960.
In discussing the great discrepancy between the
Russian and German MAC's of workroom air, with the
lowest almost always on the Russian side, the rea-
son advanced is the different approach to the
problem. The Russians' medical theory is concen-
trated essentially on the response of the so-
called higher nervous activity to the chronic ex-
posure to minute concentrations of poisons, by use
of very subtle physical, biochemical and psycho-
physical methods. The author wonders, however,
the extent to which such experimental and clinical
findings and proofs can be integrated into the W.
European medical studies in order to become gener-
ally binding.
In conclusion, the author states that how far
the industries have succeeded in realizing these
surprisingly low values is not known, and that ac-
cording to the literature, considerable disagree-
ment between the norms and actuality may exist.
"Aside from any polemics, a total evaluation could
be at best only theoretical in the absence of own
comparative experience." Among the tabulated sub-
stances for which MAC'b have been set, that recom-
mended in Germany for Pb is 0.15 mg/m3, and that
legally established in the USSR is 0.01 mg/m .
3525 Ryazanov, V.A. (State Med. Comm., USSR):
NEW DATA ON MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR IN THE
USSR. Proc. Intern. Clean Air Conf.,
London ]959:175-6 (Publ. 1960).
The list includes the following tentative MAC
values in air (mg/m3): Pb, 0.0007; PbS, 0.0017.
Criteria for setting maximum limits are dis-
cussed. (From Chemical Abstracts 55:13726,
1961)
3526 Van de Kamp, J.L.J. (Netherlands): Pan-
orama storico delle malattie professi-
onal! protette dalla legislazione olan-
dese. (HISTORICAL SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASES COVERED BY LEGISLATION IN THE
NETHERLANDS.) Rivista degli Infortuni e
delle Malattie Professional! 47, Jo. 6:
865-71, 1960.
The review begins with the Law of July 2, 1928,
in which for the first time several occupational
diseases were made equal to industrial accidents.
The successive developments to the Law adopted in
1957 are described; these include interpretation
and additional sources of diseases with expanding
technology. Many ambiguities and inequalities
in indemnity in the earlier years were due to
lack of precision of exposure; eg, in the case of
Pb poisoning, it was impossible to grant indem-
nity if the worker was employed in the manufac-
ture of white Pb paint (basic Pb acetate). In
time, the terminology was changed to the elements
in question and their compounds, eg, "Pb and its
compounds."
3527 Welsh, G.B., and Thomas, J.F. (Univ. Cali-
fornia, Berkeley): SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMI-
CAL LIMITS IN USPHS DRINKING WATER STAN-
DARDS. Journal American Water Works Asso-
ciation 52:289-300 (Mar.), 1960.
Maximum permissible limits for Pb in USPHS drink-
ing water standards at their adoption in 1914 and
at revisions in 1925, 1942 and 1946 were set at
0.1 ppm. Occurrence of Pb in natural waters and
its effects on the organism are reviewed. The Pb
contents of natural waters is normally very low
except in the New England area. Samples from 37
systems throughout US showed a mean Pb content of
0.011 ppm. (45 references)
1961
3528 Brandt, A. (Inst. Ind. Hyg., Berlin-
Lichtenberg, Germany): Die arbeitshygien-
ischen Normen in der Deutschen Demokrat-
ischen Republik. (INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
STANDARDS IN THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUB-
LIC.) Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Maximum Allowable Concentra-
tions of Toxic Substances in Industry,
Prague, Czechoslovakia, April, 1959. Pure
and Applied Chemistry 3, No. 1-2:57-62,1961.
The standards discussed for nontoxic dusts, for
toxic gases, vapors and dusts, and for noise
levels have not been firmly established, but are
to serve as guides in industries. They are to be
reviewed carefully in 2-3 yr. Among these, the
MAC recommended for Pb in air is 0.2 mg/m3; the
biological "norm" for Pb in blood is 100 yg/100 ml.
3529 Horiuchi, K.: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRIAL
ATMOSPHERES. Osaka City Medical Journal
7:63-93 (May), 1961. In Contributions
from the Department of Preventive Medicine
and Public Health, Osaka City University
Medical School, Vol. 2, April 1959-March
1961, pp. 114-44.
This is a review of the history of the development
of MAC's, presented at the Seminar on Occupational
Health sponsored by WHO and ILO, held in Tokyo in
Oct. 1960. The resolution of the International
Symposium on Maximum Allowable Concentrations of
Toxic Substances in Industry, adopted in Prague,
in April 1959, is presented and discussed, as are
the methods used to provide the information needed
in order to propose a MAC, and the development of
MAC's in biological material. The recommended
values in USA established in 1960 and those in
Russia in 1959 are shown in appendices. Much of
the work performed by the author and his asso-
ciates for establishing the MAC's in Japan are in-
cluded in the review. (17 references)
3530 International Symposium on Maximum Allow-
able Concentrations of Toxic Substances
in Industry: RESOLUTIONS OF THE INTER-
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN IN-
DUSTRY. Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Maximum Allowable Concentra-
tions of Toxic Substances in Industry,
Prague, Czechoslovakia, April, 1959. Pure
and Applied Chemistry 3, Nos. 1-2:8-16,
1961.
The articles of the Resolutions published in En-
708
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
glish and in French, are arranged under the follow-
ing headings: (1) General principles relating to
maximum allowable concentrations of toxic sub-
stances in industrial atmospheres; (2) methods
used to provide the information needed in order to
propose a MAC; (3) MAC's in biological material;
(4) importance of suitable methods of physical or
chemical analysis. These are signed by R. Truhaut,
President of the Symposium.
3531 Kaloyanova-Simeonova, F. (Inst. Ind. Hyg.
Occup. Dis., Sofia, Bulgaria): THE EFFECT
OF INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY AND PHYSICAL EX-
ERTION IN POISONING WITH SMALL DOSES OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES. Proceedings of the In-
ternational Symposium on Maximum Allowable
Concentrations of Toxic Substances in In-
dustry, Prague, Czechoslovakia, April,
1959. Pure and Applied Chemistry 3, Nos.
1-2:83-4, 1961.
In the author's country, MAC is defined as that
concentration which does not cause even the slight-
est symptoms of poisoning in the course of daily
work over the entire working life, by considering
individual sensitivities and factors affecting the
resistance of the organism to these substances.
In support of this attitude, she gives an example,
based on animal experimentation, of individual
variation to parathion; another deals with effect
of physical exertion on resistance to small, near-
threshold doses of TEL in rats. Small, repeated
doses in the group which was exhausted by swimming,
produced a more rapid intensification of the pro-
cess of inhibition of conditioned reflexes, and
the time required for the conditioned reflex to
die down was shortened. Rats trained to swim
showed disturbances of the conditioned reflex
activity after a much longer time. This shows
that exertion which results in training gives a
higher resistance, while exhaustion lowers it.
3532 Kettner, H. (Berlin, Germany): Sowjetis-
che MAK-Werte (Maximale Arbeitsplatz-
Konzentrationen) fur das Jahr 1960. (SOVI-
ET MAC VALUES (MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCEN-
TRATIONS FOR THE WORKROOM) FOR THE YEAR
1960.) Zentralblatt fur Arbeitsmedizin
und Arbeitsschutz 11:63-5 (Mar.), 1961.
The industrial MAC values in air for numerous sub-
stances, published in the USSR in 1960, are dis-
cussed and compared with those established by the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists in 1959. The values are set for gases
and vapors on the one hand and dusts and aerosols
on the other; ths previous division of poisonous
and nonpoisonous has been abandoned. The USSR
value for TEL is 0.005 mg/m3; for Pb with its in-
organic compounds, O.Ol mg. A table of general
MAC values in community air gives 0.0007 and
0.0017 mg/m3 for Pb and Pb sulfide, respectively.
3533 Parmeggiani, L. (Univ. Milan, Italy): Les
orientations predominantes en Italie, en
matiere de concentrations maxlmales tol-
erables pour les toxiques industrielles.
(THE PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS IN ITALY CON-
CERNING MAXIMUM TOLERABLE CONCENTRATIONS
FOR INDUSTRIAL POISONS.) Proceedings of
the International Symposium on Maximum
Allowable Concentrations of Toxic Sub-
stances in Industry, Prague. Czechoslova-
kia, April, 1959. Pure and Applied Chem-
istry 3, Nos. 1-3:29-32, 1961.
In view of recent interest in Italy in MAC's for
toxic substances, the author submitted a question-
naire to university institutes, organizations
concerned with health surveillance, industrial
health services, etc, for their opinion on the
matter. The following definition, based on that
of the American Conference of Governmental In-
dustrial Hygienists in 1956, was adopted: the
highest average concentration of a substance in
the work atmosphere that can be absorbed without
damage to the health of people working 8 hr/day,
6 days/wk throughout their working life. For
certain substances, 2 values have to be set, de-
pending on the form in which they exist, or are
subject to absorption other than by inhalation,
such as TEL and others that can be absorbed through
the skin as well. The author discusses the prin-
ciples and conditions for the values adopted, and
closes by saying that it is the aim in Italy to
maintain the MAC's at a practical level that could
be attained even by the employer who has no in-
dustrial hygienist. The MAC's already constitute
an instrument of prevention for the improvement of
working conditions. If international agreement
could be reached as to values and their interpre-
tation, their usefulness would be considerably
augmented. A bibliography of selected articles,
applying to a number of substances, including Pb,
by Italian authors is appended.
3534 U.S. Public Health Service: DRINKING
WATER STANDARDS, 1961. Journal Ameri-
can Water Works Association 53:935-45
(Aug) 1961.
In a report of the Advisory Committee on Revision
of USPHS 1946 Drinking Water Standards the follow-
ing standards, as approved by the Secretary of
Health, Education and Welfare and published in the
Federal Register, are given for Pb: Pb in excess
of 0.05 mg/1 shall constitute grounds for re-
jection of the supply.
3535 Vigliani, B.C. (Univ. Milan, Italy): THE
SO-CALLED "MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE BIOLOGICAL
CONCENTRATIONS." Proceedings of the In-
ternational Symposium on Maximum Allowable
Concentrations of Toxic Substances in In-
dustry, Prague, Czechoslovakia, April,
1959. Pure and Applied Chemistry 3, Nos.
1-2:285-8, 1961.
In his discussion, the author shows examples of
what is measured in assessing the maximum biolog-
ical concentrations (MABC), in which Pb is in-
cluded; the MABC's used at the Clinica del Lavoro
(Pb: 0.150 mg/1 in urine and 0.8 mg/1 blood; co-
proporphyrin: 0.1 mg/1 urine and protoporphyrin,
1.0 mg/1 red blood cells; TEL, 0.07 mg Pb/1 in
blood; advantages of determining the biological
concentrations; limitations of the MABC's.
3536 World Health Organization: EUROPEAN
STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER. Geneva,
1961, 52 pp.
Limits of tolerance for toxic substances in piped
Legal Aspects
709
-------
supplies are presented. The upper limit of con-
centration for Pb is 0.1 mg/1. In use of Pb piping,
the concentration of Pb should not exceed 0.3 mg/1
after 16 hr of contact with the pipes. Refer-
ences are given for methods of estimation.
3537 Zimmerman, J.G.: FOREIGN LAW COMMENT.
Food, Drug, Cosmetic Law Journal 16:121-6
(Feb.), 1961.
A translation of the Latin-American Food Code,
Chapter IV, is given. Materials and weldings of
containers, utensils, wrappings, etc, which come
into contact with food are not permitted to con-
tain >1% Pb, and no Pb-containing paints, enamels,
or varnishes may be used in the finishing of those
articles. Pb or Sn foil containing too much Pb
which are considered harmful, but do not rub off
easily, may be used, provided that a sheet of white
or waterproof paper is placed between them and the
food. Granulated metals, small shot or bird shot
used to clean receptacles and containers intended
for food, etc must be free from Pb.
1962
3538 De Bruin, J. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands):
Een merkwaardig geval van loodvergiftiging.
(A REMARKABLE CASE OF LEAD INTOXICATION.)
Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
106:2273-6 (Nov.), 1962.
The author describes briefly the pattern he has
followed for many years in the routine check-up and
presents the graphs which repeatedly occur at the
onset and in the therapy with CaEDTA of Pb intoxi-
cations. In exceptional cases there will be a
break away from these graphs, an example of which
is presented in the paper. The author claims that
the graphs, as presented, never failed him in his
experience as an occupational physician. In a
case of chronic Pb poisoning, treatment with
Ca2EDTA seemed to be unsuccessful although large
quantities of Pb were excreted. The suspicion
arose that the patient continued to ingest Pb.
When compensation for sickness was stopped, con-
tinued therapy with Ca2EDTA quickly resulted in
the patient's complete recovery.
3539 Elkins, H.B. (Massachusetts Div. Occup.
Hyg., Boston): MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF MIXTURES. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Journal 23:132-6
(Mar.-Apr.), 1962.
Because of the possible additive toxic effects of
mixtures of industrial poisons as compared to
pure substances, the author suggests establishing
for their major component a MAC value somewhat
lower than that established for the pure substance.
A MAC of 0.15 mg for Pb in bronze fumes is recom-
mended instead of 0.20 mg.
3540 Indian Council of Medical Research, New
Delhi, India) MANUAL OF STANDARDS OF
QUALITY FOR DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES. Spe-
cial Report Series No. 44, 1962, 10 pp.
The manual states that drinking water supplies
which contain Pb in excess of the MAC of 0.1 mg/1
must be rejected as unfit for human consumption.
3541
Parkhomenko, G.M.: (MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
DOSES OF IRRADIATION AND CONCENTRATION OF
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN AIR AND WATER.)
Radiats. Gigiena (Moscow: Cos. Izd. Med.
Lit.) Sb. 1:31-9, 1962.
MAC and the relative biological effectiveness of
f- and B-rays, X rays, and ct-particles, p, highly
charge ions, emission nuclei, and thermal and fast
n are presented. The MAC of external and internal
irradiation are given. The MAC of 31 radioactive
substances in the water of uncovered reservoirs,
in the air of installations, and in atmosphere air
of a sanitary-shielded zone and beyond its limits
are presented. The MAC of Si02, Pb, Be, and Hg
in air are given together with the maximum allow-
able levels of contamination of surfaces. (From
Ref. Zh., Khim. 1963, Abstr. No. 141225; Chemical
Abstracts 60:12855, 1964)
3542 US Public Health Service: DRINKING WATER
STANDARDS, REVISED, 1962. Washington,
D.C., 1962, 61 pp.
In a report of the Advisory Committee on Revision
of USPHS 1946 Drinking Water Standards the follow-
ing standards, as approved by the Secretary of
Health, Education and Welfare and published in the
Federal Register, are given for Pb: Presence of
Pb in excess of 0.05 mg/1 shall constitute grounds
for rejection of the water supply. The following
limits and ranges of Pb affecting health are also
listed: Physiologically safe in water: life
time, 0.05 mg/1, short period a few wk, 2-4 mg/1.
Harmful range in water: borderline, 2-4 mg/1 for
3 mo, toxic, 8-10 mg/1 for several wk, lethal, un-
known but probably >15 mg/1 for several weeks.
1963
3543 American Conference of Governmental Indus-
trial Hygienists: THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
FOR 1963. ADOPTED AT THE 25th ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF
GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS, CIN-
CINNATI, OHIO, MAY 6-10, 1963. Journal
of Occupational Medicine 5:491-8 (Oct.),
1963.
The maximum average atmospheric concentrations of
contaminants to which workers may be exposed for
an 8-hr working day without injury to health are
listed. These threshold limits are based on the
best available information from industrial experi-
ence and experimental studies. They are intended
for use in the field of industrial hygiene and
should be interpreted and applied only by persons
trained in this field. These values are reviewed
annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for
revisions or additions as further information be-
comes available. The recommended threshold values
for Pb and Pb arsenate in approximate milligrams
of particulate per m3 of air are 0.2 and 0.15,
respectively.
3544 Denmark, Ministry of Social Affairs (Bund-
vad, K. , and Kompmann, K.): bekendtg^Srelse
om regler for arbejde med blyholdig emalje.
(NOTIFICATION CONCERNING RULES FOR WORK
WITH LEAD-CONTAINING ENAMEL.) Ministry
of Social Affairs (Socialministeriets),
Copenhagen. January 26, 1963, 2 pp.
This regulation was put into force on March 1,
710
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
1963. It lists precautionary measures against Pb
poisoning, especially in the jewelry industry, as
follows: dust suppression during milling and agi-
tating of enamel powder by local exhaust ventila-
tion or watering; brushes and styli should never
be moistened with the lips nor cleaned with the
handkerchief; food and beverages should not be
brought into the work place; hands and face should
be washed and the mouth rinsed immediately when
work is finished; no persons <18 yr of age should
be employed; regular medical examinations should
be made; dressing rooms should be equipped with
separate compartments for work and town clothes
and with washing facilities; etc.
3545 Teisinger, J. (Inst. Occup. Hyg., Prague,
Czechoslovakia): PHAKMACOLOGICAL ASSESS-
MENT OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS.
Pracovni Lekar. 15:48-51, 1963.
Official values for Pb which are 0.2 mg/m^ of
air in USA and 0.05 mg/m^ of air in Czechoslo-
vakia may be excessively high since the detoxi-
cation mechanism is less dependable in sudden
absorption of relatively large doses than in
regular intake of small doses used in pharmaco-
logic experiments. (From Chemical Abstracts 59:
10682, 1963)
1964
3546 American Conference of Governmental Indus-
trial Hygienists: THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
FOR 1964. Archives of Environmental Health
9:545-54 (Oct.), 1964.
The threshold limit values, as adopted at the 26th
Annual Meeting of the Conference, Philadelphia,
Pa., April 1964, refer to airborne concentrations
of substances and represent conditions under which
it is believed that nearly all workers may be re-
peatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse
effects. The values are based on the best avail-
able information from industrial experience, from
experimental human and animal studies and, when
possible, from a combination of the three. The
threshold limits should be used only as guides in
the control of health hazards and should not be
regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous
concentrations.
Although most threshold limits have built-in
safety factors to guard against adverse effects of
moderate deviations from normal environments, judg-
ments must be exercised in the proper adjustment to
meet unusual conditions of heat, ultraviolet and
ionizing radiation, overtime, and others. The
limits should be interpreted and applied only by
persons trained in the field of industrial hygiene.
They are not intended for use, or for modification
for use, as a relative index of toxicity, by making
a ratio of 2 limits, in the evaluation of control
of community air pollution or air pollution nui-
sances, in estimating the toxic potential of con-
tinuous uninterrupted exposures, or as proof or
disproof of an existing disease or physical condi-
tion.
Generally, the values listed refer to time-
weighted average concentrations for a normal work-
day, which might be exceeded, by certain amounts,
for short periods of time.
Referring to threshold limit values of mixtures
(Appendix B) containing several hazardous sub-
stances, in the absence of information to the con-
trary, the effects of the different hazards should
be considered as additive.
The recommended threshold values for Pb and Pb
arsenate in approximate mg/m3 of air are 0.2 and
0.15, respectively. The tentative value for TEL
at overall exposure by the cutaneous route, includ-
ing mucous membranes and eyes, is 0.075 mg/m^.
3547 Okusa, H. (Inst. for Science of Labour,
Tokyo, Japan): ON THE MAC OF INJURIOUS
SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT (Re-
port 2). Journal of Science of Labour
(Tokyo) 40:141-5 (Apr.), 1964.
The Threshold Limit Values as published ty the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy-
gienists is criticized as follows: (1) "The aver-
age concentration and the ceiling seem to be con-
founded;" (2) some figures seem to be too high;
(3) some values have not been revised for 20 yr or
more; (4) the fact that the toxicity of metallic
compounds varies with the state (fume or dust) in
which these are present is ignored. The author in-
troduces some data on IIAC's established by Japanese
scientists. For Pb, he quotes Horiuchi's value of
0.05 mg/m3.
3548 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (T.
Nikolaeva, Chief San. Inspector): MAXIMUM
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF POPULATED
PLACES. Predel'no dopustimye kontsentra-
tsii vrednykh veshchestv v atmosfernom
vozdukhe naselennykh mest. Hygiene and
Sanitation (Translation of Gigiena i
Sanitariya) 29:166-8 (May), 1964.
The table containing the standards approved for
40 substances by the Chief Sanitary Inspector in
June 1963, superseding the earlier values, lists
for Pb and its compounds (with the exception of
TEL) and for Pb sulfide 0.0007 and 0.0017 mg/m3,
respectively, as the MFC of average daily expo-
sure. (TEL is not included in this listing.)
3549 U.S. Food and Drug Administration: COLOR
ADDITIVES. TOASTED PARTIALLY DEFATTED
COOKED COTTONSEED FLOUR; LISTING FOR FOOD
USE; EXEMPTION FROM CERTIFICATION. Fed-
eral Register 29:1801-2 (Feb. 6), 1964.
Part 8 (Color Additives) of the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act is amended by adding to
Subpart B the new section 8.315 specifying that
toasted partially defatted cooked cottonseed
flour conform to the following specifications:
As not >1 ppm; Pb, not >10 ppm; free gossypol, not
>450 ppm. Toasted partially defatted cooked cot-
tonseed flour may be safely used for coloring
foods.
Legal Aspects
711
-------
-------
VIII. THERAPEUTIC USES
1954
3550 Griffiths, R.B. (Univ. Liverpool, England):
THE APPLICATION OF SOME ANTHELMINTICS IN
VETERINARY PRACTICE. Journal of Pharmacy
and Pharmacology 6:921-43 (Dec.), 1954.
In veterinary practice anthelmintics are mainly
used as adjuncts to the control of parasitic dis-
ease and as curative agents when prophylaxis either
has not been practiced or failed. As prophylactic
agents anthelmintics are used to eliminate the sig-
nificant burdens of harmful parasites and the pre-
vention of their further accumulation to clinical
or sub-clinical levels. To achieve this the ani-
mals have to be dosed periodically, though the
numerous species of animals involved have their own
special requirements for particular drugs. It is
well known that Pb arsenate and some others are
effective no matter whether they are swallowed into
the rumen or into the abomasum, while others must
be swallowed directly into the abomasum. Pb arse-
nate as a cestode anthelmintic has been reported
(Harwood and Guthrie) to remove tapeworms success-
fully from chickens, but too toxic for general use.
It was also successful for the treatment of Moni-
eria infection of sheep, lambs,-kids and calves
(McCulloch, Radeleff). Habermann and Carlson and
Ward and Sales confirmed its value against M. ex-
pansa. Since knowledge of its toxicity is too in-
complete, caution should be exercised especially
in pregnant animals. Morgan et al, found a dose
of 1 g to be 100% efficient against M. expansa in
sheep while 0.5 g reduced the efficiency to 62%.
Pb arsenate is compatible with phenothiazine and
the 2 drugs can be administered together. Despite
the high degree of efficiency against Moniezia, it
has been shown that Pb arsenate is ineffective
against the fringed tapeworm of ruminants, T.
actinioides which lives in the bile ducts. (135
references, 8 on Pb arsenate.)
1955
3551 Anonymous: LOCAL USE OF LEAD OR TIN ACE-
TATE. Queries and Minor Notes. Journal
of the American Medical Association 157:
1266, 1955.
The questioner wished to know whether the local
application of Pb acetate or Sn acetate results in
any toxic manifestations. The answer was: Appli-
cation of either Pb or Sn acetate to the unbroken
skin causes no harmful effects of consequence.
Percutaneous absorption is unlikely. In general,
only some organic Pb compounds penetrate the skin.
Damaged skin may react differently as to absorp-
tion chiefly with Pb, the more toxic of the 2
metals mentioned. However, the local application
of such metallic salts is not wholly unaccompanied
by physiological response. Rothman notes: "Salts
of Pb, Sn, Cu, As, Bi, Sb, and Hg tend to form
compounds with the fatty acids of the sebum. Thus
an originally lipid-insoluble compound in aqueous
solution may be transformed on or in the horny
layer into a lipid-soluble metal oleate. The per-
cutaneous absorption, then, quantitatively depends
on this transformation. The same reaction may
take place outside the body to a larger extent if
the heavy metal or its salt is incorporated in
ointment bases which contain fatty acids. This is
one reason for the increased absorption of heavy-
metal salts from some ointments as compared with
their absorption from aqueous solutions."
3552 Monnet, R., Sabon, F., Grignon, H., and
Viala, A. (Coll. Med., Algeria): (INVES-
TIGATION OF LEAD, HEAVY METALS, AND IRON
IN CHEMICAL PRODUCTS IN THE FRENCH PHARMA-
COPEIA.) Ann. pharm. fran9- 13:618-33,
1955.
The test with NaS described in the French Pharma-
copeia is considered as obsolete. Comparisons
with the tests of other pharmacopeias are made.
(From Chemical Abstracts 50:6748, 1956)
1956
3553 Garkavi, B.J^. (Vet. Inst. Krasnodar):
EVALUATION OF LEAD ARSENITE IN MONIESI-
OSIS OF SHEEP. Veterinariya 33, No. 9:
41-2, 1956.
It was shown that Pb arsenite is 86-100% effective
in this disease when given at dosage of 1 g/young
animal and 2 g/older animal; the above levels
failed to produce toxic symptoms. In actual treat-
ment a dose of 0.3-1.0 g can be employed. (From
Chemical Abstracts 51:1466, 1957).
3554 Shapiro, R. (Hosp. St. Raphael; Yale
Univ. School Med., New Haven, Conn.):
CHELATION IN CONTRAST ROENTGENOGRAPHY WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LEAD DISODIUM EDTA.
American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium
Therapy and Nuclear Medicine 76:161-7,
1956.
The chemistry of chelation and the pharmacology
and toxicology of PbNa2EDTA are reviewed. In ex-
periments with cats and rabbits, excellent opaci-
fication was noted in kidneys, renal pelves and
calyces, urinary bladder as well as of the cardio-
vascular system, liver and spleen. Unfortunately
this agent is too toxic to have clinical useful-
ness; however, further study of chelates for use
as contrast roentgenographic agents is suggested.
(18 references)
713
-------
1957
3555 Yokozuka, S. (Nippon Med. School, Tokyo,
Japan): THE ADJUVANT EFFECT OF DIBASIC
LEAD ACETATE ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION.)
Nippon Saiklngaku Zasshi 12:897-903, 1957.
Dibasic Pb acetate had bactericidal action on
Salmonella typhosa, Shigella dysenteriae, and
Escherichia coli, and treatment of these bacteria
with this salt decreased their virulence markedly.
The antigenicity of the vaccines prepared with
thus treated bacteria was stronger than that of
ordinary heated vaccines. Pb acetate could also
be an adjuvant with diphtheria toxoid and egg
albumin, representative protein antigens. (From
Chemical Abstracts 53:1523, 1959)
1958
3556 Field, J.B., Kloetzel, M.C., and Thienes,
C.H. (Univ. S. California, Los Angeles):
NEW AGENTS FOR INHIBITION OF MOUSE TUMORS.
In Cancer Chemotherapy Screening Data I.
Cancer Research 18, No. 8, Part 2 (Supple-
ment 5):365-71, 1958.
Among the substances tested as tumor-inhibiting
agents against Sarcoma 180 and RC carcinoma in
mice were the following Pb compounds: Pb chromate
(empirical formula PbCrO,;,) , Pb nitrate (Pb(N03)2>
and Pb rubeanate (C2H4N2S2.Pb). Average reduction
in tumor size was 25, 15, and 5% respectively.
1961
3557 Sarsunova, M. , and Tftlgyessy, J. (West
Slovakian Reg. Health Inst., Pressburg,
Czechoslovakia) : Anwendung der Rlickstreu-
ungsmessung der (3-btrahlung zur Kontrolle
offizineller Salben, Pasten und anderer
Zubereitungen mlt Gehalt an Bleisalzen und
Zinkoxyd. (USE OF THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
SCATTERING OF B-i
-------
Enlarging paper (9 x 12 cm) was Imprinted first
with the index finger as control, then with the
same finger following application of 0.01 g of the
ointment to be studied to the tip, and lightly
spread for 45 sec with the aid of a thin metal
spatula. Contact with the paper was maintained
for 3 sec, prints were made in 4 rows of 5 each.
The paper was then developed, fixed, and dried
under constant conditions. The results showed
that hydrophylic ointments had good adhesive prop-
erties; they were quickly absorbed by the skin.
Ointments containing hydrocarbon gels, lipogels,
lanolin, or mixtures of these were found to have
varying adhesion, which was increased with in-
crease in lipophyl per cent content. Because of
changing amounts and ratios, the influence of
solid material content (fatty oils, soaps, etc)
could not be determined with absolute accuracy.
Viscosity of the base also affected the adhesive
properties of an ointment: the more viscous and
firm liquid (such as lanolin) based ointments were
more adhesive than the more fluid based (such as
liquid paraffin).
It is recommended that evaluation of protective
ointment qualities should include experimentation
in industrial conditions as well as in the labora-
tory. Since these analyses in effect only deter-
mined whether the ointment in question was more
adhesive to paper or skin, further experiments are
planned using textiles, metals, glass and leather.
(17 references)
1964
3563 Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Cen-
ter: CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY SCREENING DATA
XXXII WITH COMPLETE CUMULATIVE INDEX.
Cancer Research 24, No. 11, Part 2, Sup-
plement (Dec.), 1964.
As entered in the latest cumulated index of sub-
stances screened for chemotherapy of cancer, the
following compounds of Pb have been so tested,
with the pertinent references indicated in paren-
theses. Where toxicity data have been included,
they are so noted.
Dimethyl-(3 -(triphenylplumbyl)-propyl) ammonium
methyl sulfate, 24 rag/kg toxic to mice (Cancer Re-
search, Supplement 1, 1953, entry No. 1981); Pb
subacetate, Pb chloride, Pb carbonate, Pb acetate,
Pb iodide (ibid, Supplements 2-3, 1955, entries
No. 3031, 3034, 3037, 3041, 3043, 6295); Pb chro-
mate, Pb nitrate, Pb rubeanate (ibid, Supplement
5, 1958, entries No. 9916, 9917, 9918); Pb (II)
salt of tartaric acid (ibid, Screening Data II-
IV, 1959, entry No. 14533); Pb tetraacetate, 500
mg/kg caused 1 death in a group of 5 mice (ibid,
Screening Data V-VIII, 1960, entry No. 17358); Pb
(II) salt of bis(2-methylallyl) dithiocarbamic
acid, Pb (II) derivative of ethanethiol, Pb (II)
salt of 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ibid, Screen-
ing Data XIII-XVIII, 1962, entries No. 28429,
33579, 33589); trimethyllead chloride, triphenyl-
lead chloride, triphenyllead iodide, triphenyl-
lead, tetraphenyllead, Pb (II) salt of abietic
acid (ibid, Screening Data XXIII-XXVI, 1963,
entries No. 42041, 42053, 42054, 42095, 42265,
45546); Pb (II) derivative of 2-benzimidazole-
thiol, Pb (II) salt of ethylxanthic acid, Pb (II)
salt of isopropylxanthic acid, Pb (II) deriva-
tive of 4,6,6-trimethyl-6H-l,3-thiazine-2-thiol,
Pb (II) salt of 0,0-bis(6-tert-butyl-m-tolyl)
ester of phosphorodithioic acid, dilead (II) salt
of N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)-glycine (ibid, Screen-
ing Data XXVIII, 1964, entries No. 48688, 48819,
48824, 48832, 48850, 50028); Pb (II) salt of
0,0-dithymyl ester of phosphorodithioic acid,
Pb (II) chloride complex of the methyl ester of
glycine, Pb (II) chloride complex of the methyl
ester of alanine, tetrakis(tetrahydro-2-thienyl)
lead, Pb (II) salt of 1-dodecanesulfonic acid
(ibid, Screening Data XXXI, 1964, entries No.
54778, 54809, 54813, 55044, 56281).
3554 Carlsson, E., and Love, J.W. (Washington
Univ. School of Med., St. Louis, Mo):
LEAD COATING OF THE TRICUSPID VALVE IN
DOGS. Acta Radiological Diagnosis 2:517-
22 (Nov.), 1964.
A method was developed of applying a thin coating
of an adhesive plastic impregnated with Pb as a
radiopaque material to the endocardial surface of
a dog's heart, which would be Derated and com-
patible with survival, in order to study cinera-
diographically the dynamics of the cardiac valves
as well as changes in volume and shape of the 4
cardiac chambers in a dog recovered from thoracot-
omy.
Six mongrel dogs, weighing 15-25 kg each, were
used. The Pb-adhesive mixture, consisting of fine
Pb powder (measuring =200 mesh), and Eastman 910
Adhesive, was prepared only a few minutes before
application to avoid premature polymerization.
This contrast medium was applied to the tricuspid
valves by opening the heart after resection of a
piece of the right auricular appendage. The Pb-
adhesive mixture was fixed to the endocardial sur-
face and covered by endothelium. Attempts are in
progress to apply the Pb-adhesive mixture without
cardiotomy by catheter introduced from the neck
or groin and to produce stenosis of the pulmonic,
aortic, tricuspid and mitral valve leaflets by
application of the mixture.
Surface-coating of the intracardiac and intra-
vascular structures of an experimental animal
with such contrast medium offers a new approach
to the study of the intricate intracardiac dynam-
ics under normal and abnormal conditions.
Therapeutic Uses
715
-------
-------
IX. ANALYTICAL METHODS
1950
3565 Baker, R.W.R. (Guy's Hosp. Med. School
London, England): POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMI-
NATION OF LEAD IN URINE. Biochemical
Journal 46:606-12, 1950
Two relatively rapid methods for the polarographic
determination of pathologically increased Pb in
urine are described, together with a modification
for the estimation of lower concentrations. The
quantitative recovery obtained in the entrainment
procedures of Ross and Lucas (1935) is confirmed.
Applications to cases of suspected Pb intoxication
are described; there is evidence that BAL increas-
es the excretion of Pb in the urine. Estimates
have been obtained for the diffusion coefficients
of the complex Pb ion in citrate buffer in the
presence and absence of Ca. (17 references)
3566 Blaxter, K.L., and Allcroft, R. (Veteri-
nary Lab., Weybridge, Surrey, England):
LEAD AS A NUTRITIONAL HAZARD TO FARM
ANIMALS. I. THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL. Journal of Compara-
tive Pathology and Therapeutics 60:133-9
(Apr.), 1950.
A rapid method for the determination of Pb in
biological materials is described in which almost
the entire operation is carried out in a 8 x 1 in
Pyrex test tube. The material is subjected to
rapid wet oxidation, ammonium citrate is added to
prevent precipitation of earthy phosphates and
interference by Fe, and the solution is rendered
alkaline with ammonia. Cyanide is added to pre-
vent interference by other metals, chloroform and
dithizone are added and the excess reagent removed
by alkaline cyanide. The extinction coefficient
of the chloroform layer is then read photometri-
cally. Minor modifications are given for urine
and for materials such as bone, rich in Ca phos-
phate. The method is accurate to within ±3.2%.
3567 Cavanna, D., and Angeleri, C.: (SPECTRO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.)
Boll. Chim. Farm. 89, 213-9, 1950.
Blood (3 cc) was mixed with a solution of 5 ug Mo
as a citrate salt, evaporated, and incinerated at
420° for 1 hr; then 1 drop of water was added,
after which it was sparked between 2 pure C elec-
trodes. Mo has a line at 2816 A which serves as
a standard for the line of Pb at 2833 A. (From
Chemical Abstracts 44: 8988, 1950)
3568 Chizhevskaya, M.S. (Molotov Med. Inst.,
USSR): Primenenie polyarograficheskogo
metoda pri opredelenii svintsa v promysh-
lennykh stochnykh vodakh. (APPLICATION OF
POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD TO DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS.) Gigiena
i Sanitariya 1950, No. 9:11-3.
Pb can be readily determined polarographically in
waste liquors in an NH^ acetate medium. The deter-
mination of 10 ug/ml is possible.
3569 Griffon, H., and Le Breton, R. (Prefec-
ture Police, Paris, France): (STUDY OF
THE DIAGNOSIS OF LEAD POISONING. A NEW
METHOD OF ASSAY FOR LEAD IN BLOOD WITH
APPLICATION TO OTHER ORGANIC MEDIA.) Ann.
Med. Legale, Criminol., Police Sci., Med.
Sociale et Toxicol. 30:335-40, 1950.
The method involves digestion with HNOj, electroly-
sis with Pt electrodes, solution of the cations,
evaporation of the acid, solution of the residue
in 1^0 at pH 6.8, and colorimetry with diphenyl-
carbazone in CC14- Analyses of blood and tissues
in cases of Pb poisoning are given. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 45:3292, 1951.)
3570 Gruszczynski, T., and Sfominska-Czyzowa,
E. (P.Z.H., Kielce, Poland): (DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN TOOTHPASTES.) Roczniki
Paristwowego Zakjadu Hig. 1, 191-6,
French summary, 196-7, 1950.
Samples were dried at 550-600°, dissolved in 10%
nitric acid, and precipitated Sn was filtered off.
Pb was determined in the filtrate by the colori-
metric dithizone method; interference of other
heavy metals was prevented by addition of citric
acid and K cyanide. It was essential to use Pyrex
ware and to adjust the pH to 8.5-10 before adding
dithizone. Pb varied from 0.16-72 mg%, 5 mg% be-
ing the permissible content. The paste scraped
off the inside of the tube after cutting it open
had a 10 times higher Pb" content than a sample
squeezed out of the tube. (From Chemical Abstracts
45:6799, 1951)
3571 Hahn, F.L. (Univ. Mexico, Mexico City):
Nachweis und Bestimmung von Bleispuren
neben Zink. (DETECTION AND DETERMINATION
OF TRACES OF LEAD IN THE PRESENCE OF ZINC.)
Analitica Chemica Acta 4:453-7, 1950.
A very sensitive test for traces of Pb in the
presence of large quantities of Zn is based on the
fact that no ZnS is precipitated from strongly
ammoniacal solutions by small quantities of H2S.
It is possible to detect 2 x 10~5 parts of Pb in
1 part of Zn, while somewhat greater contents can
be measured colorimetrically. The assay of Pb as
chromate in the presence of Zn is much easier and
more sensitive in strongly ammoniacal than in
acetic acid solution; the limit of Pb/Zn is 2.5
x 10" . (From author's summary)
3572
Lacroix, and Amsallem: Le depistage
717
-------
pratique de 1'intoxication saturnine.
(PRACTICAL DETECTION OF LEAD POISONING.)
Bulletin Academie Nationale de Medecine
134:430-1, 1950.
In the June 1949 issue of Cahiers Medicaux de
1'Union Francaise, the authors, together with
Fortes, announced a simple method for the deter-
mination of porphyrin for the diagnosis of occupa-
tional Pb intoxication, which was named the uro-
silicotungstic-pyridic method, the technique of
which is described as follows: Acidify 100 ml
urine with 2 ml pure HC1, add 10 ml 5% silico-
tungstic acid, shake (a precipitate will form
which contains porphyrin I and III), wash the
precipitate 3-4 times with B^O (distilled), dis-
solve in 4 ml pyridine, add 5% ethyl acetate,
shake carefully, and examine in Wood's light. A
red fluorescence indicates >4 yg porphyrin in 100
ml serum; a green fluorescence indicates either
absence of porphyrin or <40 yg/1. A positive
reaction was obtained in persons working with Pb,
and the results are presented in tables.
3573 Michel, G., and Maron, N. (Univ. ^iege,
Belgium): Determination polarographique
du cuivre, du plomb, et du zinc dans les
gelatines alimentaires, techniques et
photographiques. (POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMI-
NATION OF COPPER, LEAD AND ZINC IN EDIBLE,
TECHNICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC GELATINS.) An-
alytica Chimica Acta 4:542-50, 1950.
i'he polarographic method was applied to the analy-
sis of gelatins in order to increase the simpli-
city, rapidity and accuracy of the quantitative
determination of traces of Cu, Pb and Zn. Ashing
at 450°, and dissolving at a suitable pH, practi-
cally eliminates the eventual adsorption and co-
precipitation due to the simultaneous presence of
Fe, Al, and phosphates in commercial gelatins.
(From authors' summary)
3574 Schrader, G. (Univ. GBttingen, Germany):
Der quantitative Bleinachweis 1m Trinkwas-
ser und im Blut. (QUANTITATIVE DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN DRINKING WATER AND IN
BLOOD.) Klinische Wochenschrift 28:759
(Nov. 15), 1950.
See following abstract.
3575 Schrader, G. (Univ. Gfttingen, Germany):
Die Spektrographische Bestimmung von Blei
im Trinkwasser und Blut. (SPECTROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN DRINKING WATER
AND BLOOD.) Zeitschrift fllr Hygiene und
Infektionskrankheiten 131:636-40, 1950.
By the method described, Pb in a 10-ml sample of
venous blood can be determined by spectrography
without addition of citrate. In analyses of 34
samples of blood submitted to the author's labora-
tory (11 workmen's compensation cases, 22 acute Pb
poisoning, 1 with poisoning from waterborne Pb),
1 showed <100 ug/100 ml, 17 100-300, and 6 >300 yg
Pb. The author considers values <100 yg/100 ml as
not pathologic, and >300 yg to warrant suspicion
of Pb poisoning even when signs and symptoms are
not present.
3576 Valentinuzzi, M., Gonzalez Lanuza, L.G.,
and Varela, J.O. (Inst. Public Health,
Buenos Aires, Argentina): (POLAROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN THE BLOOD.)
Semana Med. (Buenos Aires) 1950, I, 596-8.
The polarographic method of determining Pb in
blood as introduced by Teisinger (1936) is rapid
arid simple. (From Chemical Abstracts 44:6906,
1950)
3577 Vuillet, H. (France): Porphyrinurie dans
le saturnisme (dosage simplifie.) (POR-
PHYRINURIA IN LEAD POISONING (SIMPLIFIED
METHOD).) Archives des Maladies Profes-
sionnelles de Me'decine du Travail et de
Securite Sociale 11:391-3, 1950.
A method for the determination of porphyrins de-
veloped by Senellart is described briefly and
evaluated in comparison with counts of stippled
cells. In the comparison the author used his 3
categories: (1) for those who are not at all ex-
posed, (2) relatively little exposed, (3) highly
exposed workers. In the method recommended by
Senellart, the division was based on the yg Pb/1-
urine. The comparison is tabulated. The author
states that if he had to choose between the 2
tests, he would still prefer the basophilic stip-
pling counts.
3578 Zakrzewski, K. , Malec, J., and Komar, A.
(Acad. Med., Warsaw, Poland): (DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.) Medycyna Doswiad-
czalna i Mikrobiologia 2, 577-85, 1950.
A wet digestion method for the determination of Pb
in blood is described and Pb is determined accord-
ing to Horwitt and Cowgill (1937). The method is
an improvement over previously described proce-
dures.
1951
3579 Frank, 0., and Lachnit, V.: (DETERMINA-
TION OF PORPHYRINS IN URINE OF WORKERS IN
INDUSTRIES USING LEAD.) Wien. Ztschr.
Inn. Med. 32:413 (Sept.), 1951.
The usefulness of de Langen and ten Berg's method
for determining an increase of urinary copropor-
phyrins was tested in 715 workers in industries
using Pb, including plumbers, Pb-founders, paint-
ers, color-grinders, enamel burners and composi-
tors.
A slightly increased excretion of porphyrin was
observed in the urine of 17 workers, and a more
pronounced increase in that of 12. Because of
possible errors, quantitative determinations were
carried out in all instances in which limit values
or positive results were obtained with the afore-
mentioned method; pathologically increased 24-hr
amounts were observed regularly. The maximum val-
ue was found to be 1,631.9 yg.
Of the workers with slightly increased concen-
tration of porphyrin in the urine, no one present-
ed any subjective or other objective signs of Pb
poisoning; of those with pronouncedly increased
porphyrinuria, 2 complained of refractory consti-
pation and colics, and 1 had neuritic complaints.
Sporadic basophilically stippled erythrocytes were
demonstrated in blood streak preparations of 3
workers. The other workers had no subjective com-
plaints, and neither the clinical state nor the
morphological condition of the blood suggested the
718
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
presence of an increased Pb stream.
With the reservation that there are other dis-
eases which may be responsible for increased renal
excretion of porphyrin, the described rapid method
for determining an increase of urinary copropor-
phyrins is particularly suited for serial examina-
tion of workers in industries using Pb. (From
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Medicine 5:172 (Abstracts), 1952)
3580 Germek, O.A. (Univ. Sao Paulo, Brazil):
(DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN URINE.) Anais
Faculdade Farm, e Odontol., Univ. Sao
Paulo 9, 123-35, 1951.
With Baker's method (1950), but using 3 times the
amount of urine and dissolving the final precipi-
tate in a solution of 10% tartaric acid in hydro-
chloric acid (Cranston and Nielsen, 1944), an aver-
age of 98.6% Pb was recovered. (From Chemical
Abstracts 46:11292, 1952)
3581 Hart, H.V. (St. Albans, Herts, England):
THE LEAD CONTENT OF WHEATEN FLOUR AND ITS
DETERMINATION. Analyst 76:692-6 (Dec.),
1951.
The described method involves dry ashing of the
samples, preliminary separation of Pb as the di-
ethyldithiocarbonate complex and its determination
absorptiometrically by the mixed color technique.
Destruction of organic matter by dry ashing under
controlled conditions has been investigated and
shown not to result in any significant loss of Pb
from flour. Quantities of Pb of <1 ppm were esti-
mated with good duplications of results. In the
samples of flour examined, the normal range of Pb
was from 0.03-0.20 ppm (av 0.10). (From author's
summary)
3582 Landry, A.S. (Inst. Inter-Am. Affairs,
Lima, Peru): OPTIMUM RANGE FOR MAXIMUM
ACCURACY IN BIOLOGICAL LEAD ANALYSES BY
DITHIZONE. Industrial Health Monthly
11:103, 105 (July), 1951.
Because many methods involving photometric analy-
ses are highly erroneous, the author checked the
method he uses for Pb (Bambach and Burkey, 1942)
for reassurance and also summarized the method of
Ringbom (1939) for consideration by chemists work-
ing in the field of industrial hygiene. This was
accomplished by plotting on logarithmic paper the
per cent absorptance against a given range of con-
centrations, the maximum attainable accuracy being
easily derived from the slope of the curve and the
optimum range defined by inspection of the curvex
(concentration range with the steepest slope).
The author's method showed optimum results, ie,
4-40 pg Pb/aliquot of urine with a relative analyt-
ic error of 0.7%. The range could be extended to
higher concentrations, with an increase in accura-
cy, by measuring transmittancy ratios.
3583 Mirnik, K. (Inst. Ind. Hyg., Zagreb, Yugo-
slavia) : (THE ANALYSIS OF THE AIR FOR THE
CONTENT OF LEAD IN A FACTORY FOR THE MANU-
FACTURE OF STORAGE BATTERIES.) Arhiv Hig.
Rada 2:19-26, 1951.
In the sampling of air at many different points
in the factory, 18 1. were collected at the rate
1.8 1/min. The temperature and the relative hu-
midity were measured during the analyses. Analy-
ses were made of urine and blood of 46 employees.
Each sample of air was passed through traps with
10 ml of nitric acid. The Pb content of each sam-
ple was then measured directly by means of a po-
larograph. The procedure for determining Pb in
the blood by polarography is described in detail.
(From Chemical Abstracts 47:10402, 1953)
3584 Moser, R.E. (Oregon State Board Health,
Portland): DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
ATMOSPHERE AND URINE. Industrial Health
Monthly 11:94 (June), 1951.
In commenting on the Levine polarographic method
(1945) for determining atmospheric Pb, the author
found that if ethyl alcohol has been used to wash
precipitator tubes, deposits of gummy material are
formed, resulting in poor (high) polarographic
results. Alcohol should be evaporated off before
adding the nitric and hydrochloric acids.
In regard to the rapid screening test for uri-
nary Pb (Cholak, Hubbard, and Burkey, 1948), the
author feels that the ammonium solution of dithi-
zone used in preparing the buffer solution is
quite unstable and should be added to the solution
containing the citrate, sulfite, and cyanide as
soon as possible. His experience showed that
allowing the dithizone to stand in ammonia even
only a few minutes results in decomposition to
such an extent that extremely weak colors with Pb
are produced.
3585 Murata, H. (Osaka Munic. Tech. Res. Inst.,
Japan): (SPECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN SMALL QUANTITIES OF BLOOD.)
J. Chem. Soc. Japan, Pure Chem. Sect.
72:863-5, 1951.
Pb in blood and urine was determined by an inter-
mittent ac arc method with Bl as the internal
standard, using lines Pb 2833 and Bi 2898 A. The
sensitivity was 1 yg/ml Pb. About 30 Mg Pb was
found in 10 ml of blood of healthy Japanese per-
sons by this method. This value is higher than
the value determined by dithizone method. (From
Chemical Abstracts 46:6696, 1952)
3586 Norris, A.W. (British Ceramic Res. Assoc.):
THE SOLUBILITY OF LEAD GLAZES. PART III.
A STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR LEAD BISILI-
CATE. Transactions of the British Ceramic
Society 50:249-56, 1951.
The problem of producing Pb glazes that will con-
form to the 5% solubility limit is examined with
especial reference to high Pb content types. The
effect of the 2 main factors (variables) governing
the solubility of a Pb glaze (the intrinsic solu-
bility of the frit used and the degree of fine-
ness) is considered. The paper also contains a
suggested quality specification for Pb bisilicate.
3587 Norris, A.W., and Bennett, H. (British
Ceramic Res. Assoc.): THE SOLUBILITY
OF LEAD GLAZES. PART I. PHYSICAL
ASPECTS OF SOLUBILITY DETERMINATION.
Transactions of the British Ceramic
Society 50:225-39, 1951.
During 1947 and 1948 an investigation was carried
out into the significance of certain of the physi-
cal conditions under which the solubility of frits
Analytical Methods
719
-------
is determined. The importance of total acid-con-
tact time and the effect of temperature on various
Pb bisilicate frits are discussed. It is suggested
that the test requirements of the Factory Acts
might well be reviewed, to give greater accuracy,
especially since, for some time at least, glazes
with solubilities approaching the 5% limit will be
common in some sections of the pottery industry.
(From authors' summary)
3588 Norris, A.W., and Vaughan, F. (British
Ceramic Res. Assoc.): THE SOLUBILITY OF
LEAD GLAZES. PART II. A MODIFIED TEST
METHOD. Transactions of the British Ceram-
ic Society 50:240-5, 1951.
A modified method for the measure of Pb solubility
of frit is devised and shown to be satisfactory
for values <10-15%. Shaking is eliminated, thus
enabling temperature control to be obtained more
conveniently.
3589 Portillo, R., and Sanz Pedrero, P» (Inst.
Gregorio Rocasolano, Madrid, Spain): (PO-
LAROGRAPHIC STUDIES. XIV. DETERMINATION OF
VERY SMALL QUANTITIES OF LEAD IN BIOLOGI-
CAL MATERIAL.) Anales Real Soc. Espafi.
Fis. y Quim. 47B:413-8, 1951.
The organic matter is decomposed by ^SO^ and
HN02, preferably in a fused quartz vessel; Pb is
extracted with NH^ citrate (pH 5-6). Polarograph-
ic determination is made in a supporting solution
containing Na2S03 and NaOH. The maximum sensitiv-
ity of the galvanometer and the compensating cir-
cuit of Ilkovic and Semerano are used. The cath-
odic reduction potential is -0.36 v. The method
of wave increments is recommended. (From Chemical
Abstracts 46:8171, 1952)
3590 Sehl, F.W., and Havens, B.J., Jr. (Aetna
Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn.):
A MODIFIED AIR SAMPLER EMPLOYING FIBER-
GLAS. A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hy-
giene and Occupational Medicine 3:98-100
(Jan.), 1951.
The new air sampler is a practical and efficient
device for the determination of airborne dust and
especially fume. The materials used in the samp-
ler contain no organic matter and, therefore,
present no analytical difficulties arising from
this source. The sampler can be sealed immediate-
ly after the sample has been taken, so that there
is no chance of loss or contamination. The in-
strument is recommended for use by industrial
hygienists for the determination of toxic particu-
late matter. Tests to determine whether fumes
would be retained in the sampler included Pb
oxide fumes.
3591 Stein, C. (Food and Drug Admin., Washing-
ton, D.C.): REPORT ON HEAVY METALS IN
COAL-TAR COLORS - LEAD AND BISMUTH. Jour-
nal of the Association of Official Agri-
cultural Chemists 34:422-7, 1951.
A dithizone method for separation and determina-
tion of microquantities of Pb and Bi in coal-tar
colors is described. Pb is determined colorimet-
rically or by electrolysis and titration; Bi is
determined colorimetrically.
3592 Valentinuzzi, M., and Gonzalez Lanuza,
L.G. (Public Safety Ministry, Buenos
Aires, Argentina): (POLAROGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD WITH MULTIPLE
ELECTRODES.) Anales Soc. Cient. Argentina
151:215-24, 1951.
A procedure is described for polarographic estima-
tion of Pb in blood, using 2-5 dropping Hg elec-
trodes and 1 anode. The wave for Pb is ^2 mm in
height for normals, with 1 electrode. With multi-
ple electrodes the wave height is increased di-
rectly with the number, and more exact determina-
tion is possible. Clinical mobilization of Pb
before analysis is stressed. Photographs of the
polarograph waves are given. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 46:4041, 1952)
3593 Vesterberg, R. (Natl. Inst. Publ. Health,
Tomteboda, Sweden): Erfahrungen liber Mlkro-
oestimmungen von Quecksilber und Blei in
biologischem Material. (EXPERIENCES IN
MICRODETERMINATION OF MERCURY AND LEAD IN
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS.) Mikrochemie 36/37:
967-72, 1951.
The methods for the determination of Pb and Hg
worked out in the Swedish Industrial Hygiene Insti-
tute, and previously published, have been the sub-
ject of >5500 studies. Special mineralizing pro-
cedures have been developed for both methods. A
special vacuum concentration is first applied when
solutions are being examined for their Pb content.
The final determination is made with dithizone or
naphthyldithizone. Schematic reviews of the pro-
cedural details to be maintained are given. (From
author's summary)
3594 Vesterberg, R., and SjHholm, 0. (Natl.
Inst. Pub. Health, Tomteboda, Sweden):
MICRODETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL. Mikrochemie 38:81-91, 1951.
Two photometric methods for the microdetermination
of Pb are described. The 1st is based on a "one-
color" dithizone procedure ana the accuracy is
mostly sufficient for analysis of biological ma-
terial such as urine. A more sensitive and ac-
curate determination can be made with the reagent
di-£-naphthylthiocarbazone. The samples are
mineralized with the aid of nitric acid, hydrogen
peroxide and K chlorate. Urine samples are con-
centrated through evaporation in vacuum before
decomposition. (From authors' summary)
3595 Wildfuhr, G., and Mucke, D. (Univ. Leipzig,
Germany): Zur Frage der optimalen Farbung
der basophil getupfelten Erythrocyten.
(OPTIMAL STAINING OF BASOPHILIC STIPPLING
OF ERYTHROCYTES.) Deutsches Gesundheits-
wesen 6, No. 10:285-6, 1951.
The 2 most commonly used blood staining methods
for the detection of basophilic stippled erythro-
cytes (the differential blood staining method by
Giemsa and the Manson stain) were compared in or-
der to find the method best suited to mass screen-
ing of Pb exposed workers. (The modification of
the Manson stain by Pesch and Lemke with alcoholic
Al-Morin-solution has not been widely accepted.)
Blood specimens of a group of 286 Pb exposed
workers were tested with the Giemsa method and
those of a group of 129 with the Manson stain,
720
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
resulting in a significant discrepancy in the mean
values of the 2 groups in favor of the Hanson stain.
The values averaged 232 ±1.07 for the 1st group
and 264 ± 1.05 for the 2nd, a yield 14% higher
with the Manson stain. This discrepancy may seem
small, yet it suffices to point to the Manson
stain as the superior method.
Blood specimens from 129 persons were treated
with both methods and comparison of the counts had
the following results: In 77 cases (60%) the Man-
son stain showed greater counts; in 31 cases (24%)
the Giemsa method showed greater counts; and in 20
cases (16%) both counts showed the same results.
This evaluation also speaks in favor of the Manson
stain.
1952
3596 Brustier, V., Cornec, P., and Triche/, H.
(France): Dosage spectrographique du
plomb dans le sang. (SPECTROGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.) Comptes Rendus
Hebdomadaires des Seances de 1'Acade'mie des
Sciences 234:2367-9, 1952.
The spectrogram of powdered dried blood containing
SnCl4 as an internal standard was compared with
that of a standardized powder containing known
amounts of Pb (50, 100, 200 ug/100 ml), the inter-
nal standard, graphite, and all the blood cations.
The Pb contaminants of the synthetic solution con-
taining the blood elements are eliminated by the
coprecipitation of PbS with HgS. An AC arc is used
to excite the high frequencies. The method is
accurate to within 5-10%. The upper limit of nor-
mal Pb concentration in the blood is 70 yg/100 ml.
3597 Bykhovskaya, M.S., and Poletaev, M.I.
(Inst. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dls., Acad. Med.
Sci., USSR): Polyarograficheskii metod
pri sanitarno-gigienicheskikh issledovani-
yakh. (POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD IN HYGIENIC
INVESTIGATIONS.) Gigiena i Sanitariya
1952, No. 12:47-50.
A polarographic method for the determination of
small concentrations of Pb in air, without inter-
ference of Cu and Zn is described. Reagents used
are 5% solution of nitric acid, 30% ammonium ace-
tate, 1% Na acetate and 1% acetic acid solutions.
Methods for separate determinations of Pb, Cu and
Zn and the determination of Pb in blood are recom-
mended .
3598 El-Badry, H.M., and Wilson, C.L. (Queen's
Univ. Belfast, Ireland): THE GRAVIMETRIC
DETERMINATION OF LEAD, SILVER AND MERCU-
ROUS MERCURY ON THE MICROGRAM SCALE. An-
alyst 77:596-601 (Nov.), 1952.
With samples containing ^10 pg of cation, it is
expected to estimate the elements of Pb, Hg, and
Ag gravimetrically with an accuracy of -\-±l%.
(From authors' jummary; 14 references)
3599 Fukumura, S., and Fujisawa, Y. (Dept. Bio-
chem.): A STUDY ON THE URINARY COPROPOR-
PHYRIN. 1. A COMPARISON OF TWO QUALITA-
TIVE DETERMINATION METHODS. 2. A SIMPLE
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION METHOD. Medi-
cine and Biology (Japan) 24:114-5 (Aug.);
161-3 (Sept.), 1952. In Contributions
from the Department of Preventive Medicine
and Public Health, Osaka City University
Medical School. Vol. 1, April 1949-March
1959, p. 41.
3600 Horiuchi, K. , Miki, M., and Murata, H.
(Osaka City Univ., Japan): INDUSTRIAL
LEAD POISONING. I. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC
MICRODETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS. Igaku to Seibutsugaku (Med.
and Biol.) 25:152-4, 1952.
Pb in biological materials was determined spectro-
photometrically with Hilger E3 quartz spectropho-
tometer, and the intensity of a Pb line at 2833 A
was determined with a microphotometer, using a Bi
line at 2898 A as an inner standard. Samples
(1-2 g) containing vLO pg Pb/100 g biological
fluids (blood, feces, etc.) were determined with
an error of 10%. (From Chemical Abstracts
47:10606, 1953)
3S01 Horiuchi, K., Takada, I., and Tamori, E.
(Osaka City Univ., Japan): INDUSTRIAL
LEAD POISONING. II. A MODIFIED DITHIZONE
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD.
Igaku to Seibutsugaku (Med. and Biol.)
25:287-90, 1952.
Samples were digested in an electric furnace, the
digest dissolved in a mixture of HN03 and HC1, and
the solution was treated with NH^ citrate,
NH2OH-HC1, KCN, and dithizone in CHC13. Pb in
CHC13 was extracted with HN03, then extracted a-
gain with dithizone-CHCl3 in the presence of KCN
and NH/(OH, and the color intensity of the CHC13
1'ayer read in a photoelectric colorimeter at 510
mji. Recovery of added Pb was not <95%. Details
of the procedure are given. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 47:10606, 1953).
3602 Keenan, R.G., and Byers, D.H. (Div. Occup.
Health, US Public Health Serv., Cincinnati,
0.): RAPID ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR AIR-
POLLUTION SURVEYS. THE DETERMINATION OF
TOTAL PARTICULATES AND THE RAPID SEMI-
QUANTITATIVE SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD OF
ANALYSIS OF THE METALLIC CONSTITUENTS IN
HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLES. A.M.A. Archives of
Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medi-
cine 6:226-30 (Sept.), 1952.
In connection with air pollution investigations in
the Detroit-Windsor area, a qualitative and semi-
quantitative study carried out to determine partic-
ulate contaminants containing metallic elements in
total air is described. Samples were collected
daily for 6 wk at 31 stations; ^1200 samples were
analyzed for 21 elements in each. Since time did
not permit the development of a quantitative method
for each of the elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Pb,
Zn, Mn, Cu, Ti, Sn, Mo, Ba, Cd, Cr, Ni, Sb, V, Co,
Be), the authors developed a semiquantitative
method. The entire procedure, as described, was:
passing air through a high-volume pleated paper air
sampler, weighing the residue collected, removing
the deposits by washing with ethyl alcohol, wet-
ashing with concentrated HN03, and H2S04, treating
with HC1, adding to electrodes of a spectrograph,
and evaluating the concentrations by comparison
with spectrograms from prepared standards. The
averages of Pb found in Detroit, Windsor, and
Analytical Methods
721
-------
Charleston, W.Va., were 0.4, 0.7, and 0.2 ug/m3 of
air, respectively. The authors comment that this
semiquantitative spectrographic method does not
provide the accuracy of either the chemical or
spectrographic quantitative method, but, it yielded
results which were adequate for statistical analy-
ses to obtain the desired information for the
planning of epidemiologic and engineering programs.
3603 Kelley, M.T., and Miller, H.H.: A HIGH
SENSITIVITY RECORDING POLAROGRAPH . U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission Document No.
ORNL-842, 1952, 19 pp.
The high sensitivity polarograph described is ca-
pable of measuring diffusion currents over a range
of from 0.001-10 y amp. The instrument incorpo-
rates a compensator for nullifying the objection-
able effects of condenser currents on polaro-
graphic waves and also a "curve follower" correc-
tion device for subtracting blank curves from
those obtained on samples. Using this device,
diffusion currents for Pb have been measured in
the region 0.2xl06-2x 10~°M.
3604 Khrustaleva, V.A. (Moscow City San.-Epi-
demiol. Station): DIFFERENTIAL DETERMINA-
TION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC LEAD IN THE
AIR OF GARAGES. Gigiena i Sanitariya
1952, No. 9:48-9. In Levine, B.S.:
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases. Washing-
ton, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office
of Technical Services, 1960, Vol. '2, pp.
8-10.
The Gor'kii Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupa-
tional Diseases had proposed that the MPC of TEL
be set at 0.005 mg/m3 (equivalent to 0.003 mg/m3
Pb). Following a discussion of the disadvantages
of the sampling and determination methods speci-
fied by the Institute, the author proposes for the
collection of TEL air samples the use of conven-
tional equipment, such as a suction dust collec-
tor, a high velocity flowmeter, corrugated tubes
as adapters for cotton filters to retain metallic
Pb and Petri tubes containing 10 ml alcohol for
the absorption of TEL. The set-up as described
enables the aspiration of 600-720 1. air in 1 hr.
The alcohol from all Petri tubes is poured into
1 container and TEL is determined by the usual
method. The cotton from the corrugated tubes is
treated with HNOj and the metallic Pb is deter-
mined. Up to 1 m3 could be aspirated in 1-1/2 hr
by this method and to accumulate sufficient TEL
for a precise determination.
3605 Kitamura, S., Yoshida, K. , and Sano, S.
(Kyoto Univ., Japan): SOME CAUTIONS
NECESSARY FOR DETERMINATION OF LEAD BY
THE DITHIZONE METHOD. Japan. J. Nation's
Health 21:118-20, 1952.
For estimation of Pb in blood, NH^ citrate and
NH4 hydroxide are added to pH 10-11, then 10% KCN
is added to turn the solution green to yellow
(thymol blue) and a large amount of NH^OH-HCl add-
ed. The mixture is kept for 5 min and the method
continued as usual. If a precipitate forms on the
addition of NH^ citrate, as takes place in the
case of bones and urine, the solution is acidified
with 0.3N HC1, 5 mg CuSO^ added, H2S passed
through solution for 3-5 min, the precipitate
centrifuged, taken up in 6N HNOy NH4 citrate and
NH40H added to pH 11.5, then the solution is ex-
.tracted with a large excess of KCN and NH20H-HC1.
(From Chemical Abstracts 47:11300, 1953)
3606 Kellogg, H.W., Mahlke, E.F., and Jones,
J.T. (Ethyl Corp., New York, N.Y.): SAVE
TIME IN TEL (PbEt4) ANALYSES. Petroleum
Processing 7:1430-2, 1952.
TEL in gasoline is determined by X-ray photometry.
3607 Matochova, L.: (POLAROGRAPH1C METHOD OF
ESTIMATION OF LEAD IN URINE BY MEANS OF
ION EXCHANGERS.) Prac. Lek. 4:221 (June),
1952
A polarographic method of estimation of Pb in
urine by means of an ion exchanger is described.
The principle of the method lies in the absorption
of Pb onto the ion exchanger and its regeneration
in 7N HC1. If 25 ml of urine and 5 ml of ion ex-
changer are used, this method will allow the Pb to
be estimated within a range of 1-10 yg, ie, 4-40
ug%. If a greater or smaller quantity of urine or
ion exchanger is used, this range may move up or
down. (From English summary; Archives of Indus-
trial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 7:179 (Ab-
stracts), 1953)
3608 Weber, O.A., Voloder, K., and Vouk, V.B.:
(DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.) Arhiv
Hig. Rada 3:296-313, 1952.
A monocolor dithizone method for the determina-
tion of Pb in blood is described. The main points
in which the proposed method differs from the
usual dithizone method are the following: (1)
Extraction of Pb with dithizone is performed at
rather high pH values (10.5) and (2) the Fe is re-
moved after mineralization of blood by means of
2% aqueous cupferron solution. The first modifi-
cation increases the sensitivity of the method and
at the same time dispenses with the necessity of
washing the Pb dithizonate solution to remove the
excess dithizone before measuring the extinction.
The cupferron extraction eliminates all the possi-
ble sources of error which are connected with the
presence of Fe.
The statistical treatment of the calibration
curves shows that the method is reliable, sensi-
tive, and precise. The standard error of a single
determination is not more, than ±7 ug for Pb con-
centrations from 25-500 yg/100 ml of blood if the
measurement of the optical density is performed
with a Beckman spectrophotometer at 520 my.
If 2 parallel determinations are made in each
analysis, the standard error may be reduced to
±5 ug, (From English Summary; Archives of Indus-
trial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 7:443
(Abstracts), 1953)
3609 Weidner, H., and Hunold, G.A. (State Dept.
of Health; Robert Koch Inst. Hyg. Infec-
tious Dis., Berlin, Germany): Porphyrin-
bestimmung im Urin von Bleiarbeitern.
(DETERMINATION OF PORPHYRIN IN THE URINE
OF LEAD WORKERS.) Zentralblatt fur
Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz 2:187-9
(Nov.), 1952.
722
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Determination of porphyrin in the urine is a re-
liable test in the early diagnosis of Pb intoxi-
cation. A rapid method for determination is de-
scribed. Porphyrin is extracted from the urine
and its fluorescence under UV light is examined
and compared with standard solutions containing
100 ug% and 1000 pg% porphyrin. With some prac-
tice, 2-3 porphyrin extractions can be done simul-
taneously. The entire procedure takes less time
than the preparation and examination of blood
smears for stippled cells, and the results are
more reliable.
1953
3610 Amdur, M.O. (Dept. Ind. Hyg., Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.):
RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN OLD URINE
SAMPLES. A.M.A. Archives of Industrial
Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 7:277-
81 (Apr.), 1953.
By the extraction of old urine samples containing
10% by volume of nitric acid with n-butanol, anal-
ysis can be made for Pb by the screening method
of Cholak even after several months of standing.
Thymol is used as a preservative. The method
gives good agreement with 2 independent methods.
(From author's summary)
3611 Bennett, A., and Hudson, J.R.: MODIFIED
DITHIZONE PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN BEER. Journal of the Institute of
Brewing 59:137-40, 1953.
Difficulties encountered in carrying out the ref-
erence method are minimized by a modified method
in which the wet-ashed sample is extracted with
dithizone in toluene and the color complex meas-
ured directly in a photoelectric colorimeter
against standards. In an alternative method a
dithizone-chloroform extract is obtained, 1/2 of
which is measured directly in a Spekker colorim-
eter and 1/2 measured after shaking with dilute
^SO,/,. The difference between the readings is the
reversion value; this is compared against rever-
sion values of standard amounts of Pb.
3612 Bennett, H., and Vaughan, F. (British
Ceramic Res. Assoc.): THE SOLUBILITY OF
LEAD GLAZES. PART IV. INVESTIGATION OF
CERTAIN CHEMICAL METHODS OF LEAD DETERMI-
NATION. Transactions of the British Ce-
ramic Society 52:578-87, 1953.
Various methods are outlined for the determination
of Pb in solutions derived from the attack of HC1
on Pb frits. A chromate method, with gravimetric
or volumetric finish, has been found satisfactory.
An investigation into the effect of contaminating
ions on this method is included. Fe, Sn, and Ti
are found to yield high results due to coprecipi-
tation. The authors conclude that the accuracy of
the chromate method is as good as that of the sul-
fide-sulfate method, provided that certain inter-
fering ions are absent. Because of its simplicity
and increased rapidity, determination may be com-
pleted in 24 hr. If, however, other ions are in
the solution, from which the Pb is to be precipi-
tated, then the method is not as reliable as the
sulfate method.
3613 Bishop, L.R., and Kloss, C.A.: ESTIMATION.
OF TRACES OF LEAD IN LIQUIDS: ESTIMATION
BY ENTRAINMENT. Journal of the Institute
of Brewing 59: 213-8, 1953
Ca phosphate or Ca carbonate entrainment was
shown to be a satisfactory way of removing traces
of Pb from solution and enabled Pb to be deter-
mined with sufficient accuracy to satisfy recent
legislative requirements. The dissolved Pb may be
estimated as PbS or with dithizone. If >1 ppm of
Fe is present, either it must be removed or the Pb
precipitated as oxalate.
3614 Bobtelsky, M., and Graus, B. (Hebrew
Univ., Jerusalem, Israel): A PRECISE
HETEROMETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OF LEAD
CITRIC ACID. Analytica Chimica Acta
9:163-7, 1953.
A new heterometric method is presented for the
microdetermination of Pb with alkali citrate or
for the microdetermination of citric acid with Pb
nitrate solution. The analyzed solution may con-
tain 0.1-1.0 mg/ml of Pb or citric acid. The error
is <1% in 50% alcoholic solution. (From authors'
summary)
3615 El Badry, H.M., and Wilson, C.L. (Queen's
Univ., Belfast, N. Ireland): CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS ON THE MICROGRAM SCALE. II.
SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF LEAD,
MERCUROUS MERCURY, SILVER, AND TUNGSTATE.
III. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF LEAD,
MERCUROUS MERCURY, SILVER, AND TUNGSTEN.
Mikrochemie Vereinigt mit Mikrochimica
Acta 40:218-24; 225-9, 1953.
II. Because of the tendency of HC1 vapor to pre-
cipitate the ions of the group when the container
charged with the stock solution of the ion is
placed on the carrier beside the reagent container,
a 1:1 HC1 solution is recommended as group pre-
cipitant. Other reagents were ammonium acetate
and K cyanide. For Pb, 2 confirmatory tests were
performed, ie, the dithizone and the K chromate.
III. Estimation of the title cations is de-
scribed with an approximate variation of 10%. Pb
was estimated as Pb chromate after treatment with
aqueous K chromate solution.
3616 Elkins, H.B.; Elkins, H.B., and Rutolo,
B.P.W. (Massachusetts Dept. Labor & Ind.):
NOTES ON DETERMINATION OF LEAD BY DITHI-
ZONE METHOD. I. EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES IN
CYANIDE; II. INTERFERENCE FROM BISMUTH
AND TIN. American Industrial Hygiene
Association Quarterly 14:109-11; 111-2
(June), 1953.
I. Fresh NaCN solutions used in determining Pb
were found to suppress the extraction of Pb by di-
thizone. This action is probably due to the pres-
ence of S in the NaCN. As little as 0.003% shows
the effect, and can be minimized by aging the NaCN
solutions for at least 1 wk.
II. The substitution of HC1 for HN03 in the solu-
tion used for collecting air samples for deter-
mining Pb provides satisfactory control of Sn
occurring as a component of the Pb-bearing materi-
al sampled. The therapeutic im administration of
Bi compounds affects urinary Pb determinations by
producing erroneously high results, but Bi assimi-
Analytical Methods
723
-------
lated by prolonged ingestion does not affect Pb
determinations. The incidence of Bi therapy is
considered too low to warrant alteration of rou-
tine procedures to eliminate Bi interference, un-
less a single urine sample is of major importance.
3617 First, M.W., and Silverman, L. (US Atomic
Energy Comm., Harvard Univ., Boston,
Mass.): AIR SAMPLING WITH MEMBRANE FIL-
TERS. A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hy-
giene and Occupational Medicine 7:1-11
(Jan.), 1953.
Only recently have membrane filters become avail-
able commercially and used in the field of sani-
tary bacteriology. This report deals with an in-
vestigation for industrial hygiene application,
since a recent Russian article described their
use for dust sampling. As summarized by the au-
thors, comparative dust counts with the use of
membrane filters and the midget impinger indicate
that comparable counts may be obtained with the
filters with an appreciable saving in time, labor,
and equipment. Acid mists and metal fumes (in-
cluding Pb) may be collected at nearly 100% effi-
ciency, and in many cases sufficient sample for
analysis may be collected conveniently with a
600 ml handpump. Applications to particle size
separations and electron microscopy are subjects
for further investigation.
3618 Heggen, G.E., and Strock, L.W. (Albany
Med. Coll.; Saratoga Springs Comm. Res.
Lab., N.Y.): DETERMINATIONS OF TRACE
ELEMENTS COMBINING CHEMICAL ENRICHMENT AND
SPECTROCHEMICAL METHODS. Analytical Chem-
istry 25:859-63 (June), 1953.
Determination of trace elements in a variety of
materials usually require enrichment of the ele-
ments, sample conversion to a form suitable for
analysis, and different spectrochemical calibra-
tions. A method is described whereby organic com-
plexing reagents are used for the separation and
enrichment of 14 trace elements, including Pb,
along with In, which is the internal standard and
base material for the direct current arc spectro-
graphic analysis. The elements are present as
oxides in arcing mixtures with a constant base ma-
terial, regardless of the type of the original
sample. Thus the same spectrochemical calibra-
tions can be used. These methods have been ap-
plied for >5 yr to analyze widely different types
of samples such as waters, snow, rock and minerals,
soils, coals, petroleum, plant materials, and bio-
logical tissues and fluids, in geochemical, agri-
cultural, and medical research.
3619 Horiuchi, K., and Ida, N.: A MODIFIED
POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION METHOD FOR THE
TRACE OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS.
Medicine and Biology (Japan) 26:98-100
(Feb.), 1953. In Contributions from the
Department of Preventive Medicine and Pub-
lic Health, Osaka City University Medical
School. Vol. 1, April 1949-March 1959,
p. 31.
3620 Horiuchi, K., Takada, I., and Tamori, E,:
A MODIFIED MIXED-COLOR DITHIZONE METHOD
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS. Journal of Osaka City Medical
Center, 2:97-103 (Jan.), 1953. In Contri-
butions from the Department of Preventive
Medicine and Public Health, Osaka City
University Medical School. Vol. 1, April
1949-March 1959, pp. 31-2.
The title method for the determination of Pb in
air, water, and biological materials is described.
The accuracy of the method was established, after
addition of 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, 30.0 and 50.0 ug Pb,
by the recovery of 2.0, 4.8, 9.7, 29.5, 49.5 ug,
respectively.
3621 Irving, H.M., and Butler, E.J. (Radcliffe
Inf., Oxford, England): A REVERSION METHOD
FOR THE ABSORPTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
TRACES OF LEAD WITH DITHIZONE. Analyst
78:571-80 (Oct.), 1953.
The procedure involves wet ashing, extraction of
all the Pb and Bi, if the latter is present, with
dithizone, a preliminary separation from the bulk
of the Bi, and a final absorptiometric determina-
tion of Pb by the "reversion" technique. Quanti-
ties of Pb in the range of 0-2 ug can be deter-
mined satisfactorily in the presence of up to 20
Ug Bi and at least 100 pg Cu or Zn. (From author's
summary; 16 references)
3622 Johnston, J.H.St., and Taylor, A.E.:
RAPID METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF LEAD IN
BEER. Journal of the Institute of Brewing
59:141-2, 1953.
The method is suitable as a rapid test and gives
results differing by not >0.1 ppm from those of
the reference method. The sample is evaporated
with HN03, dry-ashed at 500°, 1/2 of the ash dis-
solved in HC1, treated with fflU), and citric acid
sufficient to dissolve any precipitate, and KCN
and H2S or Na2S solution to a final pH of 6 are
added. The color produced is compared against
those of standards.
3623 Kito, T. (Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan):
MEASUREMENT OF LEAD IN AIR DUST BY POLARO-
GRAPHY. Igaku Kenkyuu 23:1289-1308, 1953.
With a jet dust-counter 50-1000 ml of air is drawn
and Pb dust is precipitated on a cover glass, dis-
solved in HNO-j, evaporated, and dried. It is then
dissolved in a supporting electrolyte and measured
by polarography. Alternately, air containing Pb
dust is sucked through purified water in an im-
pinger. HNOj is added, evaporated, dried, and re-
dissolved in the electrolyte. Glycine was the
most suitable suppressor of Pd. Other inorganic
matters can be measured simultaneously. (From
Chemical Abstracts 47:12701, 1953)
3624 Letonoff, R.V., and Reinhold, J.G. (Vet-
erans Adm. Hosp., Coatesvllle, Pa.; Hosp.
Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia): PRE-
CAUTIONS IN THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY DIPHENYLCARBAZIDE.
Analytical Chemistry 25:838-9 (May), 1953.
Experience with the method for determination of Pb
in body fluids (Letonoff and Reinhold, 1940, 1941)
has indicated that occasional analyses were unsat-
isfactory due to 1 of 3 causes: (1) losses of
precipitate from the use of centrifuge tubes that
were asymmetrical or unsuitable for other reasons;
724
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
(2) use of ammonium acetate wash solution <7.0 pH;
(3) contamination with chromate residues. Proper
tubes have been made available recently for the
method. A proper wash solution is prepared by dis-
solving sufficient ammonium acetate (of low Pb
content) to make a solution ^1% in water contain-
ing 1.5 ml 0.1N ammonium hydroxide/100 ml, filter-
ing, and using at a temperature of VLO°C. To pre-
vent contamination, special care should be taken
to remove contaminants from tubes, stirring rods,
stoppers, etc, before proceeding with color de-
velopment. Thorough cleaning of working area,
equipment, and analysts' hands is also necessary
after the mother liquor from the precipitate has
been decanted and discarded.
3625 Muller, L. (Inst. Legal and Soc. Med.,
Strasbourg, France): Precisions sur la
recherche des hematics a granulations
basophiles du saturnisme. (IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE STUDY OF BASOPHILIC STIPPLING OF
ERYTHROCYTES IN LEAD POISONING.) Archives
des Maladies Professionnelles de Medecine
du Travail et de Securite Sociale 14:147-8,
1953.
Because of the following causes, many slides pre-
pared for stippled cell counts were found to be
unsuitable: the fixation time was too long; the
distilled water contained carbon dioxide; poorly-
prepared smears. To avoid these, the author sug-
gested measuring the fixation time with a chronom-
eter and limiting it to 3 min, boiling the dis-
tilled water for 5-10 min, and preparing smears
according to the Manson method, modified as fol~
lows: (1) Use very clean slides, washed with
alcohol; (2) Make smears as thin as possible,
dry quickly; (3) Immerse slide in methyl alcohol
for 3 min; (4) Dry for 5 min; (5) Prepare stain-
ing mixture as follows: Solution I: methylene
blue, 1 g; boric acid, 2 g; boiled distilled water,
100 ml. Solution II: Na hydroxide (Codex) 0.28 g;
boiled distilled water, 100 ml. Mix the 2 solu-
tions at the last moment, just before use, at the
rate of 6 drops of solution I and 8 of solution II.
Add 30 ml double distilled water; the stain should
be transparent. (6) Dip the slide for 10-15 sec
into the stain; (7) plunge it immediately in
boiled distilled water for washing; (8) dry in
air.
3626 Valentin, J., Stehwien, D., and Furtig, W.
(Univ. Greifswald, Germany): (DETERMINA-
TIONS OF THE HEAVY METAL IONS WITH ORGANIC
SULFUR-COMPOUNDS. I. USE OF THIOACETAMIDE
AS QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITANT FOR MERCURY
AND LEAD SALT SOLUTIONS AND A SIMPLE LIMIT
DETERMINATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING LEAD
CONTENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS.)
Pharmazie 8:638-42, 1953; Chemical Ab-
stracts 50:17327, 1956.
3627 Woessner, W.W., and Cholak, J. (E.I. du
Pont de Nemours & Co., Penns Grove, N.J. ;
Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE RAPID SCREENING METHOD FOR LEAD IN
URINE. A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hy-
giene and Occupational Medicine 7:249-54
(Mar.), 1953.
Experience gained in the application of the rapid
screening test (Cholak et al, 1948) has led to a
number of revisions which greatly improve its re-
liability and convenience, not only in monitoring
personnel exposed to inorganic Pb, but also those
exposed to organic Pb. The discrepancies between
the findings by the old and the new method are in-
dicated in a table. In this technique, designed
to be applied directly to freshly voided urine,
for workers exposed to organic Pb conversion to
inorganic forms is by iodine (I). The conversion
procedure, which precedes the cited technique, in-
cludes placing a 40 ml sample in a centrifuge
tube, adding 1.5 ml I solution (150 mg KI in H20,
making acid to Congo red paper with 1:1 HNOj, add-
ing 75 g I, and making up to 250 ml), mixing,
heating 15 min at 80-85°, cooling to 20-25°, add-
ing 1 mg NaaSOa (20 g in 100 ml distilled H20), and
mixing. Following addition of dithizone, measure-
ment is by photometer. Bi, Ti, and Sn interfere.
Applied for ^2 yr, the new revised method proved
to be practical for the appraisal of the severity
of the exposure of the TEL-exposed workers.
1954
3628 Amdur, M.O., and Silverman, L. (Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.):
DIRECT FIELD DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR.
A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and
Occupational Medicine 10:152-7 (Aug.),
1954.
A method is described for detecting airborne Pb
particles, designed to be quantitatively adequate,
simple, and suitable for use as a direct field
test. The test requires 2 reagents, a 0.2% solu-
tion of tetrahydroxyquinone in 95% ethanol and a
buffer solution of pH 2.79. For field use the
method would make the use of the hand-pump sampler
possible, or a small filter-paper holder in con-
junction with a small sample pump; 2 dropping
bottles containing the reagents, a support for the
paper, a blotter, and a set of color standards
would be required. Other metals as well as Pb
give color reactions with tetrahydroxyquinone;
the number of these interfering metals is greatly
reduced by the buffer solution, and Cd is the only
one left to give serious interference.
3629 Anatasi, A., Mercarelli, E., and Novacic,
J. (Farmitalia, Milan, Italy): (POLARO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF COPPER,
LEAD, ZINC, AND IRON IN GLASS USED FOR
PHARMACY.) Boll. chim. farm. 93:239-47,
1954; Chemical Abstracts 48:11727, 1954.
3630 Avrutova, Kh.Z., Privalova, K.P., and
Khlopin, N.Ya. (Molotov Pharmaceutic Inst.,
USSR): Izvlechenie malykh kontsentratsii
.tetraetilsvintsa iz vozdukha. (REMOVAL OF
SMALL AMOUNTS OF TETRAETHYL LEAD FROM AIR.)
Gigiena i Sanitariya 1954, No. 3:50-1.
A satisfactory method for extracting small concen-
trations of TEL in air sampling, is to absorb the
substance in a solution of 11.066 g K iodide and
16.93 g I in 100 ml water contained in a train of
3 absorption bulbs. The real determination is
then run polarographically in 2N K chloride.
3631
Bennett, H. (British Ceramic Res. Assoc.):
Analytical Methods
725
-------
THE SOLUBILITY OF LEAD GLAZES. PART V.
CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY DE-
TERMINATIONS. Transactions of the British
Ceramic Society 53:203-17, 1954.
Details are given of a method for Pb solubility de-
termination, by precipitation of Pb as sulfide,
followed by determination as chromate. The re-
sults of an investigation into its usefulness with
pure solutions and glazes is included. The con-
tamination of the Pb chromate precipitate when the
Pb is determined directly as chromate is also in-
vestigated. A survey shows that at least half the
glazes yield contaminated Pb chromate precipitates.
Analysis of these show that silica is the main
contaminant and occasionally metals of group III
and Ba cause some difficulty.
3632 Bionda, G. (Univ. Turin, Italy): (DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN ADDITIVES AND IN MINER-
AL OILS BY THE DISODIUM SALT OF ETHYENEDI-
AMINETETRAACETIC ACID.) Atti accad. sci.
Torino Classe sci. fis., mat. e nat. 88:
195-8, 1953-4; Chemical Abstracts 49:6024,
1955.
3533 Butt, E.M., Nusbaum, R.E., Gilmour, T.C.,
and Di Dio, S.L. (Los Angeles Co. Hosp.;
Univ. S. California School Med.; Univ.
California, Los Angeles): THE USE OF
EMISSION SPECTROGRAPH FOR STUDY OF INOR-
GANIC ELEMENTS IN HUMAN TISSUES. American
Journal of Clinical Pathology 24:385-94,
1954.
The spectrographic results for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn were
found to be reproducible. The average values in
the following tissues for Pb in mg/100 g tissue
were: liver: 0.517; kidney: 0.0362; heart:
0.195; brain: 0.082; lung: 0.234; spleen: 0.275.
The standard error ranged from 0.008-0.70. A
knowledge of metal contents and storage values may
be useful in the study of enzyme systems.
3634 Calabro, F. (Univ. Naples, Italy): (IDEN-
TIFICATION OF LEAD AND MERCURY IN THE
URINE.) Folia med. Olaples) 37:1095-1100,
1954
Pb is identified with diphenylthiocarbazide which
gives a yellow color at pH 7, but does not react
in an alkaline medium. (From Chemical Abstracts
49:7631, 1955)
3635 Cornish, P.E., and Shiels, D.O. (Ind. Hyg.
Div. Dept. Health, Victoria, Australia):
A SIMPLE MICROMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN SMALL AMOUNTS OF BLOOD. Brit-
ish Journal of Industrial Medicine 11:156-
8 (Apr.), 1954.
Pb is determined in 0.5 ml blood (obtained by fin-
ger prick) by wet oxidation of the organic matter
in the blood followed by determination of the Pb
by the mixed-color dithizone method. All manipu-
lations are carried out in 1 vessel, and no expen-
sive apparatus is required. Five determinations
can be done in 3 hr. Results are accurate enough
for clinical purposes, the average percentage re-
covery for all amounts of Pb equal to or >0.10 mg/
100 g blood being 98.64 ± 2.4, and the average per-
centage recovery for all values (2) 103.63 ± 3.10.
Bi or Tl if present, would interfere.
3636 Elvidge, D.A., and Garratt, D.C. (Boots
Pure Drug Co., Ltd., Nottingham, England):
A NOTE ON A BOMB TECHNIQUE FOR PREPARING
SAMPLES FOR DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN FOOD-
STUFFS. Analyst 79:146-7; discussion
147-9, 1954.
Ignition by a spark in a small Ni bomb filled with
0 has proved satisfactory for burning foodstuffs
prior to determining Pb by any suitable technique.
3637 Ferrett, D.J., ililner, G.W.C., and Smales,
A.A. (Atomic Energy Res. Est., Hartwell,
England): THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
COCOA WITH SQUARE-WAVE POLAROGRAPH. Ana-
lyst 79:731-4 (Dec.), 1954.
The rapid determination of <1 ppm Pb in a sample
of cocoa is described. The residues produced when
2-3-g samples of cocoa are ashed at 500 C are dis-
solved in HC1 and the Pb in the solution is deter-
mined directly by means of a square-wave polaro-
graph. The blanks in this procedure are equivalent
to =0.005 ppm Pb. Although the blanks are greater
when 0.5-g samples of cocoa are wet oxidized with
nitric and perchloric acid, the results confirm
those determined by the dry-ashing method.
3638 Graziani, G., Fusco, M., and Rossi, L.
(Univ. Naples, Italy): (DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN THE BLOOD WITH THE SPECTROPHOTOM-
ETER OF BECKMAN.) Folia Med. (Naples)
37:637-42, 1954.
The organic matter of the blood was destroyed with
nitric and sulfuric acids. After reduction of Fe
present with hydroxylamine-hydrochloride, the so-
lution (pH 8.5-9.0) was shaken with a solution of
dithizone in C disulfide. The red color was meas-
ured at 520 my. (From Chemical Abstracts 49:
1858, 1955)
3639 Hunold, G.A. (Berlin, Germany): Porphyrin-
bestimmung im Urin von Bleiarbeitern. (DE-
TERMINATION OF PORPHYRIN IN THE URINE OF
LEAD WORKERS.) Zentralblatt fur Arbeits-
medizin und Arbeitsschutz 4:14 (Jan.)
1954.
In order to detect the danger of Pb intoxication
early and in a relatively simple manner, the au-
thor developed an apparatus with which routine
examinations of the urine could be carried out.
He made use of the fluorescent property of porphy-
rin. The results obtained with it were M.O times
higher than are generally reported. The author
suggests that additional determinations of porphy-
rin in the urine of Pb workers be made with this
apparatus to see whether this fluorescence method
is suitable for the differentiation of normal from
pathologic coproporphyrin levels.
3640 Isshiki, T., Mashkio, Y., and Tsukagoshi,
S. (Univ. Tokyo, Japan): DERIVATIVE PO-
LAROGRAPHY. II. DERIVATIVE POLAROGRAPHY
OF CADMIUM, ANTIMONY, AND LEAD IONS.
Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 2:263-5, 1954;
Chemical Abstracts 49:14530, 1955.
3641 Kahle, G., andReif, E. (Rudolf-Virchow
Hosp., Berlin, Germany): Die Bestimmung
von Kupfer, Blei und Zink im Blutplasma
unter Anwendung der Polarographie und des
726
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Kationenaustauschers. (DETERMINATION OF
COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC IN BLOOD PLASMAS
WITH THE AID OF THE POLAROGRAPH AND CATION
EXCHANGERS.) Biochemische Zeitschrift
325:380-8, 1954.
Two procedures were followed. Either the plasma
or serum is wet ashed and subjected to a cation
exchange by filtration through a column of Wofa-
tite, or the elements are isolated by means of
cation exchange. Evidence was established that
under the same conditions the results achieved by
either procedure are equal.
3642 Khosla, B.D., Gaur, H.C., and Ramaiah,
N.A. (Univ. Delhi, India): VOLTAMMETRIC
ESTIMATION OF LEAD WITH POTASSIUM FERRO-
CYANIDE. Current Science (Bangalor, India)
23:361 (Nov.), 1954.
Pb"1"1", at a concentration of 0.001-0.008M, was titrat-
ed with 0.025-0.100M K ferrocyanide at the dropping
Hg electrode at -0.55 v vs the saturated calomel
electrode. The supporting electrolyte was 0.1M K
nitrate and gelatin was used as a maximum suppressor
at a concentration of 0.0005%. Ba and Ca did not
interfere. (From Chemical Abstracts 49:6025, 1955)
3643 Lockwood, H.C. (Cadbury Bros. Ltd., Bir-
mingham, England): DETERMINATION OF LEAD
IN FOODSTUFFS. Analyst 79:143-6 (March),
1954.
A method for the determination of Pb in foodstuffs,
based on extraction of the dissolved ash with a
solution of diethylammonlum diethyldithiocarbamate
in CC1, at a pH 7.0, is suggested. The complex is
decomposed with acids and the Pb is determined by
extractive titration with a 0.0035% solution of
dithizone in chloroform.
The method is more accurate than the usual sul-
fide technique and more convenient than the ab-
dorptiometric method with dithizone solutions.
3$44 Maltby, J.G. (Distillers Co., Ltd., Great
Burgh, England): A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF
ERROR IN THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE MET-
.AS, PARTICULARLY LEAD. Analyst 79:786-7
(Dec.), 1954.
i'he enamel used in the graduation marks on pipets
in England sometimes contains Pb. Therefore all
the enamel has been removed by appropriate sol-
vents in order to avoid contamination of Pb-free
solutions, which might have led to some peculiar
results.
3645 Marple, T.L., and Rogers, L.B. (Massachu-
setts Inst. Technol., Cambridge): COULO-
.IETRIC AND POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATIONS OF
TRACE AMOUNTS OF LEAD. Analytica Chemica
Acta 11:574-85, 1954.
A stationary Hg-plated Ft electrode in a rapidly
stirred solution has been applied to the polaro-
graphic coulometrlc determination of traces of
Pb . Once the equipment has been assembled and
calibrated, analyses of micromolar solutions can
be completed in <10 min each, with a precision of
^5%. The method avoids the lengthy preparation of
reagent solutions and the tedious extractions en-
countered in the competitive dithizone procedure.
Furthermore, it can handle more diluted solutions
than those usually analyzed by dithizone (ie, as
low as 10 ^M). (From authors' summary)
3646 Mokranjac, M., and Jovanovic, D.: (POLAR-
OGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR.)
Acta Pharm. Jugoslav. 4:52-61, 1954.
A measured amount of air is pumped through a 4%
HNOj solution which is then evaporated. The resi-
due is dissolved in 1:1 HClO^-HNO-j and again evap-
orated to dryness. If this material contains Fe,
it is dissolved in 6N HC1 and extracted with
ether. The HG1 solution is then evaporated and
the residue dissolved in 2 ml of citrate buffer,
pH 4.0, Cd ion is added, and the solution analyzed
polarographically. (From Chemical Abstracts 49:
2250, 1955)
3647 Mokranjac, St.M., and Radmic, S.: (DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.) Acta Pharm.
Jugoslav. 3:253-62, 1954.
A modified method for Pb determination in blood by
dithizone is described. Blood is digested with
nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and 0.25 ml sul-
furic acid, Fe being removed with ethyl ether
(ethyl oxide). The accuracy is within 1.1-4.3%
with blood containing 1-200 ug Pb/100 ml. (From
Chemical Abstracts 48:10099, 1954)
3648 Morozov, V.A. (F.F. Erisman San. Res.
Inst., Moscow, USSR): COLORIMETRIC DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gi-
giena i Sanitariya 1954, No. 9:46. In
Levine, B.S.: U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases. Washington, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Office of Technical Services,
1962, Vol. 7, pp. 93-4.
A colorimetric method using quinalizarin for the
determination of Pb in the atmosphere is described.
Air samples in the proximity of a metallurgical
plant and in industrial emissions were found to
contain 0.05-2.75 pg Pb/m3 of air. (Translation
of the same article appears also in Vol. 3, 1960,
pp. 27-8.)
3649 Nylander, A.-L., and Holmquist, C.-E.
(Dept. Ind. Hyg., Natl. Inst. Public
Health, Stockholm, Sweden): POLAROGRAPH-
IC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.
A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and
Occupational Medicine 10:183-91 (Sept.),
1954.
The method described may be considered to be spe-
cific for Pb and to have adequate accuracy. The
sensitivity of the method may possibly be in-
creased by using multiple electrodes, according
to Valentinuzzi (1951).
A table is included of blood Pb values obtained
by the method described and compared with analy-
ses of the same samples by a spectrographic meth-
od. (17 references)
3650 Pribil, R. , Cihallk, J., Dolezal, J.,
Simon, V., and Zyka, J. (Univ. Prague,
Czechoslovakia): (COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRA-
TIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS. VII.
DETERMINATION OF LEAD.) Ceskoslov. farm.
3:84-5 (1954).
In the method discussed, 50 mg of sample is dis-
solved in 5 ml O.iM complexon III (boil when
Analytical Methods
727
-------
needed), diluted to 20 ml with water, 5 ml buffer
solution pH 10 (ammonia and ammonium chloride) and
Erichrome Black T as indicator (mixture 1:200 with
Na chloride) added; and the solution titrated with
0.1M zinc sulfate. (From Chemical Abstracts
15478, 1959)
3651 Proctor, C.D., and Oester, Y.T. (Stritch
School Med.; Grad. School, Loyola Univ.,
Chicago, 111.): APPLICATIONS OF FOLAROG-
RAPHY TO ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY. II. AP-•
PLICATIONS OF POLAROGRAPHY TO THE PROBLEM
OF PLUMBISM. Journal of Forensic Medicine
1:301-13 (July-Sept.), 1954.
A method for the polarographic determination of Pb
in biological material was presented and evaluated
both on the basis of its quantitative validity and
on the basis of its usefulness. The method was
found to be comparable in accuracy to the dithi-
zone method and less time consuming.
Polarographic "in vitro" studies of the effect
of agents used in the chemotherapy of chronic Pb
poisoning on the extent of Pb ionization in the
plasma showed that BAL, K iodide and ammonium
chloride increased the extent of Pb ionization in
the plasma, that Ca chloride caused little if any
change, while disodium hydrogen phosphate caused
a marked depression. The authors consider that
these results furnish insight into the possible
mechanism by which disodium hydrogen phosphate
effects detoxification of Pb in vivo and lend sup-
port to the theories concerning this mechanism.
The Pb levels found by polarographic analysis on
the 24-hr urine samples from persons with normal
and abnormal exposure to Pb in the Chicago area
coincide with the ranges established by Gant using
the dithizone method for a similar study. It is
demonstrated that this method for Pb analysis ade-
quately covers the concentration range encountered
in industrial toxicological surveys for Pb. (From
authors' summary; 19 references)
3652 Ryan, E.J., and Morgan, J.L. (Emporia,
Kans.) : THE URINARY PORPHYRIN TEST IN DE-
TECTION OF LEAD ABSORPTION. Proceedings
of the Central Society for Clinical Re-
search. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical
Medicine 44:921, 1954.
The erythrocyte basophilic stipple count has been
proved to be a valuable laboratory aid in detect-
ing Pb absorption. More recently the detection of
urinary porphyrins (UP), a simple procedure, has
been advocated as a more sensitive screening test.
In comparing the merits of the stipple count (SC)
and the UP test, it was demonstrated that the UV
light source was a most important variable in the
results obtained with the porphyrin test. Employ-
ing a Hg lamp with a blue-purple ultra filter and
a core and coil ballast and using the method of
McCord slightly modified, comparisons were made
with the SC in 67 consecutive tests on battery
factory workers. In these 67 tests, there were 29
which showed SC and 45 positive UP tests. There
were 4 instances where SC were seen accompanied by
negative porphyrin tests. On the other hand, there
were 21 positive porphyrin tests when no SC were
present. From these figures, it seems probable
that the detection of UP, employing a suitable UV
light source, is a more sensitive procedure than
the count of SC in the detection of Pb absorption.
3653 Society for Analytical Chemistry, Analyti-
cal Methods Committee: THE DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN FOODSTUFFS. Report of the Lead
Panel of the Metallic Impurities in Food-
stuffs Sub-Committee. Analyst 79:397-402
(July), 1954.
The Committee recommends the use of the mono-color
technique for the assessment of Pb in foodstuffs.
An assessment can additionally be made with a tin-
tometer or even by nesslering. The results of
tests made on cocoa and syrup are shown in tables.
The Committee expresses the hope that the method
will be tried extensively and that further work
will confirm it as a standard or referee method.
3654 Suzuki, S., Ishizawa, M., and Maeda, H.
(Tokushima Univ., Japan): (POLAROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN URINE.) Igaku
to Seibutsugaku (Med. and Biol.) 32:309-
11, 1954.
An aliquot of fresh urine (50 cc) was treated with
1 cc of a precipitating reagent and 0.2-0.3 cc
concentrated ammonium hydroxide. After centrifug-
ing and washing, the precipitate formed was dis-
solved in 0.3-0.4 cc concentrated hydrochloric
acid. The solution was diluted to 3.0 cc with
distilled water and then deoxygenated with a
stream of H gas for 15-20 min. The deoxygenated
solution was used in the polarographic determina-
tion of Pb. The Pb content of urine was deter-
mined from a calibration curve prepared with stan-
dard solutions of Pb nitrate. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 50r9495, 1956)
3655 Suzutani, T., and Kanno, I.: STUDY ON
DETERMINATION-ERROR IN MICRO-ANALYSIS OF
LEAD ON SAMPLES TAKEN FROM BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS. Report 1. LEAD CONTENT IN SODI-
UM CITRATE FOR BLOOD ANTI-COAGULATION.
J. Kyoto Prefect. Med. Univ. 55:17
(English summary), 1954.
The authors point to the danger of Pb contamina-
tion in Pb analyses of blood samples for which Na
citrate had been used as anticoagulant. This
chemical, available commercially, can contain con-
siderable amounts of Pb. It is recommended that
all chemicals be tested for their Pb content before
use. (From Deutsche Zeitschrift fUr die Gesamte
Gerichtliche Medizin 44:299 (Abstracts), 1955)
3656 Teisinger, J. (Inst. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis.,
Prague, Czechoslovakia): Polyarografiche-
skii metod opredeleniya svintsa v krovi i
ego klinicheskoe znachenie. (POLAROGRAPH-
IC METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN THE
BLOOD AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICNANCE.)
Gigiena i Sanitariya 1954, No. 8:28-31.
The author briefly compares various methods for
determination of Pb in blood and describes the
polarographic method he developed and its modifi-
cations. The method is always accurate, rapid,
sensitive, and gives reproducible results; it re-
quires little blood and few reagents. The normal
level of Pb is ^0.07 rag/ml while amounts >0.1 mg/
ml are considered pathological. Determination of
Pb in urine is much more complicated because of
diurnal variations in urine volume and difficulty
728
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
of 24-hr collections. It Is for this reason that
the author prefers determination of Pb in blood.
3657 Zurlo, N. , and Meschia, G. (Univ. Milan,
Italy): Microdeterminazione titrimetrica
del pionibo con ditizone nell'aria e nei
material! biologic!. (MICRODETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN AIR AND IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
BY THE TITRATION PROCEDURE.) Medicina del
Lavoro 45:668-74 (Dec.), 1954.
The dithizone titration was used in the method de-
scribed. In order to eliminate certain difficul-
ties, the organic substance present in the sample
is destroyed by wet ashing with HNO^. The residue
is taken up with HC1 (1:1); following addition of
NH OH, KCN and Na citrate, the solution is taken
up with NH3 (pH 9-10) and from this solution, Pb
is extracted with dithizone dissolved in chloro-
form. Dithizone, which in this solution is bound
with Pb, is freed by a 1% solution of HC1 and then
titrated with a solution containing 5 mg/1 of
Pb(N03)2.
Aside from the time required for ashing, the
determination takes <15 min and can be carried out
on 50 ml urine or 5 ml blood of normal persons;
this can be reduced to 25 and 3 ml for individuals
with Pb poisoning. For air analyses, 20 1. suf-
fice. The rensitivity of the method permits the
determination of 3-4 yg Pb with an error of ±3%.
(18 references)
1955
3658 Alekseeva, M.V. (F.F. Erisman State Cen-
tral Sci.-Res. San. Inst.): METHODS FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLU-
TANTS. In Ryazanov, V.A., ed.: Limits
of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Book 2, Moscow, Medgiz, 1955,
translated by B.S. Levine, Washington,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of
Technical Services, 1959, pp. 84-130.
The author describes some sensitive methods,
approved of by the Special Committee of Methods
for the Determination of Atmospheric Pollution,
which determine concentrations of lOth-lOOth
mg pollutants/m3 of air. Among the methods des-
cribed is the colorimetrlc method for Pb, using
quinalizarin reagent. The method is sensitive to
0.05 yg/2 ml.
3659 American Public Health Association, Com-
mittee on Chemical Procedures of the Occu-
pational Health Section, Subcommittee on
Determination of Lead in Air, R.R. Sayers,
Chairman; J. Cholak, G.S. Winn: METHODS
FOR DETERMINING LEAD IN AIR AND IN BIO-
LOGICAL MATERIALS. New York, 1955, 69 pp.
The 1st edition was prepared by a sub-committee of
the Industrial Hygiene Section of the American
Public Health Association in 1944. The present
edition "represents the united thinking of the
Committee on Chemical Procedures, Industrial Hy-
giene Section." It is a complete revision of the
original manual, expresses current theory and
knowledge and outlines the laboratory procedures
"believed to present the most modern methods,
equipment and materials generally available."
There are 7 sections. A short introductory sec-
tion refers to analysis by chemical and physical
procedures and the choice of method. The proper
collection of samples is then described at some
length with stress on the precautions which the
analyst must take to secure a fair and accurate
result. A section deals with the preparation of
samples for analysis by ignition or wet ashing of
biological materials such as urine, blood, feces
and tissues; of individual and mixed foods; of air
samples and dust and of pharmaceutical chemicals.
The recommended procedures of analysis are: (1)
dithizone methods which are the only chemical
methods considered since they are regarded to be
the most accurate and capable of modification for
particular purposes; (2) physical methods of spec-
trography and polarography. These types of analy-
sis are all described in detail with suitable ref-
erence to principles, equipment and apparatus. A
selected bibliography completes the publication.
3660 Balle-Helaers, E., and de Paduwa, G.:
Dosage simple et rapide du plomb (dans le
se'rum et la salive) par polarographie,
apres surcharge optimale. (THE SIMPLE AND
RAPID DETECTION BY POLAROGRAPHY OF LEAD -
IN SERUM AND IN SALIVA - AFTER AN OPTIMUM
SURCHARGE.) Arch. Beiges Med. Sociale,
Hyg., Med. du Travail et He'd. Legale 13:
26-32 (Jan.), 1955.
Polarography, being a simple, direct way of deter-
mining Pb in serum, is made more sensitive by sur-
charging the serum with an optimum dose of Pb.
The authors give the method and some results and
explain the technique. The polarographlc wave
for Pb is well determined for concentrations of
5-8000 yg Pb/1000 cc or 1 in a million (sic). Ad-
vantages of the method are simplicity, objectivity,
specificity, and exactitude not obtained by the
usual tests for Pb in blood and urine. (From Bul-
letin of Hygiene 30:879, 1955)
3661 Bessman, S.P., and Layne, B.C., Jr.
(Children's Hosp., Washington, D.C.):
A RAPID PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN BLOOD OR URINE IN THE PRESENCE
OF ORGANIC CHELATING AGENTS. Journal of
Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 45:159-
66, 1955.
A simplified procedure for the determination of
Pb in small samples of urine and blood by the
dithizone method is reported. The entire deter-
mination is performed in a glass-stoppered diges-
tion tube. Resin deionized water is used in place
of glass redistilled water. The agreement between
duplicate determinations on urine is 3.86 i 2.61%,
and between duplicate blood levels 7.45 ± 4.20%.
CaEDTA at levels equivalent to 500 mg% in urine
and 2,500 mg% in blood does not interfere. (From
authors' summary)
3662 Buttlar, H.V.: Bleinanalyse nach der Iso-
topenverdunnungsmethode mit Ra D als
Tra'ger. (LEAD ANALYSIS USING THE ISOTOPE
DILUTION METHOD WITH Ra D AS CARRIER.)
Naturwissenschaften 42:90, 1955.
The principle of this method which can be carried
out only by specially equipped physical institutes
is as follows: an unknown quantity of some yg of
Analytical Methods
729
-------
Pb is combined with a known quantity of some (Pb
(RaD) and the mixture is subjected to isotope
separation or isotope analysis by using a mass
spectrometer or an interferometer apparatus. A
few tenths of yg of Pb may be determined with a
correctness of 10-20%. (From Zentralblatt fllr Ar-
beitsmedizin und Arbeitsschutz 8:68, 1958)
3663 Cimerman, Ch., and Bogin, D. (Israel Inst.
Technol., Haifa): MICROGRAVIMETRIC DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD WITH MERCAPTOBENZOTHIA-
ZOLE. Analytica Chimica Acta 12:218-26,
1955.
The Spacu and Kuras macrogravimetric determination
of Pb with mercaptobenzothiazole (MBTh) was adapted
to a microtechnique.
A 76%-180% excess of a 1% solution of MBTh in
2.5% NH^OH is the precipitating agent. This is
added, with stirring, to a beaker mounted in a
water bath containing the unknown. The precipitate
is washed with 4-8 ml of 2.5% NltyOH. The washings
are tested until no excess MBTh is determined. The
beaker and filter stick are dried at 110° under low
suction. They are air cooled for 25 min while
still under suction and then weighed. Specific
details are given. The maximum relative error is
±0.3% for the range of 3-8 mg of Pb.
3664 Ehrenberg, H.F., Geiss, J., and Taubert,
R.: (A HIGH-PRECISION MASS SPECTROMETER
FOR LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES.) Z. Angew.
Phys. 7:416-23, 1955.
Construction details are given for a simple-
focussing all-metal 60° sectored-field mass spec-
trometer for measurement of Pb isotope abundances.
Obtainable accuracy is 0.2%. Measurement of ion
current is done in a novel way. (From Chemical
Abstracts 50:4561, 1956)
3665 Hammond, P.B.: A SIMPLIFIED LABORATORY
PROCEDURE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF LEAD POI-
SONING IN CATTLE. Dissertation, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, 1955, 171 pp.
The analytical procedure developed was a modifica-
tion of the mixed-color dithizone method which
consists of: I, Sample preparation; II, addition
of reagents leading to color development; III,
color interpretation. All 3 phases were found to
be amenable to simplification: I. The usual ap-
proach consists of vigorous oxidation of all or-
ganic material with strong oxidizing acids and
heat. It was found that the same end could be at-
tained by the precipitation of blood and liver pro-
teins with 5% trichloracetic acid. Between 75 and
100% of the Pb known to be present in the blood or
liver samples was always recovered in the centrifu-
gates. II. Conventional methods for dithizone de-
termination of Pb require the addition of NH^ hy-
droxide, NH3 citrate, K cyanide, and a chloroform
solution of dithizone. Simplification of these
additions consisted of the substitution of Na hy-
droxide and Na carbonate for NH-j hydroxide (in or-
der to achieve greater reagent stability) and the
combining of these and K cyanide into one aqueous
solution. It was determined that this aqueous so-
lution was stable for at least 7 mo when stored at
room temperature. A dithizone solution of 8 mg/1
was used with chloroflorm as a solvent. This solu-
tion was found to be stable for 5-6 mo when stored
in a refrigerator. III. Most conventional dithi-
zone procedures require the use of either a colori-
meter or a spectrophotometer as a means of trans-
lating color into Pb concentration. This phase
was simplified by the use of a series of color
cards, each representing a specific concentration
of Pb.
For results obtained on normal and poisoned
cattle, see Abstract No. 675.
3666 Hoschek, R. (Stuttgart, Germany): Halb-
quantitative Porphyrin-Schnellbestimmung
fur werksarztliche Reihenuntersuchungen.
(RAPID SEMIQUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF
PORPHYRIN IN MASS EXAMINATIONS IN INDUS-
TRIAL HYGIENE.) Zentralblatt fur Arbeits-
medizin und Arbeitsschutz 5:163-5 (Sept.),
1955.
A new rapid method for the detection and semi-
quantitative determination of porphyrin in urine
is described. The method which is based on the
fluorescence of porphyrins, is suitable for routine
tests of workers exposed to Pb. Extraction of
porphyrins from the urine is not necessary. Inter-
fering fluorescences are eliminated by a simple
coupling reaction using Ehrlich's aldehyde re-
agent, and addition of Na hyposulfite. As little
as 10 yg% porphyrin can be detected. The time re-
quired is "VL-2 min/determination. The findings
by this method compare very well with the clinical
findings as well as with the traditional methods.
They are also much better than the spectroscopic
method with which only values of >50 yg% could be
detected.
3667 Hoschek, R., and Pfeilsticker, K. (Stutt-
gart, Germany): (INCORRECT VALUES FOR
BLOOD-LEAD CONCENTRATION.) Deut. med.
Wochschr. 80:1187-8, 1955.
Collection of blood samples by using syringes
fabricated with Pb-containing solder resulted in
false high values for blood-Pb concentration.
(From Chemical Abstracts 50:426, 1956)
3668 Jensen, R.: Microdosage du plomb dans le
sang par polarographie. (MICROCHEMICAL
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD BY POLARO-
GRAPHY.) Chimie Analytique 37:53-5, 1955.
In the method described, the organic matter is des-
troyed according to Sandell (1950); the solution
is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide and 1 ml of
5% Na diethyldithiocarbamate added. Complexes
formed and excess reagent are extracted with chloro-
form, agitating the separated chloroform with Cu
sulfate followed by treatment with HC1. After com-
plete dessication of 5 ml blood mixed with 1 ml of
50% Mg nitrate, the mixture is calcined, cooled,
and mixed with 1 ml water and 1 ml concentrated
HC1. For determination, add 3 ml of double dis-
tilled water, I ml of 20% hydroxylamine-HCl, heat
to boiling, add 4-5 drops of 50% HC1, and cool;
add 1 ml concentrated HC1 and 0.5 ml of 1% (car-
boxymethyl) cellulose as inhibitor of the maximum.
The polarogram is traced between -0.3 and -0.6 v.
3669 Johnson, E.I., and Polhill, R.D.A. (Govt.
Lab., Strand, London, England): THE USE
OF SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE IN THE DETER-
MINATION OF TRACES OF LEAD IN FOOD. Ana-
730
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
lyst 80:364-7 (May), 1955.
The alkaline-earth phosphates, including Mg-phos-
phate, can be kept in solution under conditions
suitable for dithizone extraction of Pb, by adding
Na hexametaphosphate. This facilitates the use of
a simple dithizone purification step in the deter-
mination of traces of Pb in a wHe range of foods.
A detailed procedure is given for determining
traces of Pb in foods but the only new feature is
the use of the metaphosphate to prevent or delay
the precipitation of MgNH4.6H20.
3670 Kumler, K., and Schreiber, T.P. (General
Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich.): LEAD IN
BLOOD. A RAPID METHOD FOR SPECTROCHEMICAL
ANALYSIS. American Industrial Hygiene
Association Quarterly 16:296-300 (Dec.),
1955.
By the method described, 30-40 blood samples can
be analyzed by 1 person in a day. If necessary,
1 or 2 can be completed in 45 min. This has been
accomplished by cutting the time of preparing the
sample for the arc ^50% (use of partially oxidized
blood); by reducing the spectral background to the
point where its measurement is unnecessary. This
reduction has been achieved by the use of a narrow
slit (10 u) and N in the analytical gap. Freedom
from contamination, necessary for accuracy, is
largely due to the electrode loading technique.
The accuracy of the method was established by ^300
blood analyses with this method and chemically.
3671 LaTorre, P., and Silverman, L. (Harvard
School Pub. Health, Boston, Mass.): COL-
LECTING EFFICIENCIES OF FILTER PAPERS FOR
SAMPLING LEAD FUME. A.M.A. Archives of
Industrial Health 11:243-50 (Mar.), 1955.
Several commercially available analytical filter
papers were tested to determine which are best
suited for field sampling of airborne Pb from the
standpoint of resistance, efficiency, and uniform-
ity of efficiency. Tests were made with Pb fume
produced by 4 different methods comparable with
those found in practice. Electron micrographs of
these fumes indicated mean sizes in the 0.01-0.05
V range. Discrete particles as small as 0.005 y
were recognized, but the fields contained large
numbers of aggregates, some as large as 0.6 p.
The collecting efficiency of 5 of these papers was
>75% and fairly uniform (5% average deviation).
For convenience they were placed into 3 resistance
groups. The best in the low resistance group
(<0.3 in H20/ft2/cfm) was Whatman No. 41; in the
medium resistance group the best was Munktell
No. 00, (0.3-1.0 in H20/ft2/cfm); in the high re-
sistance group, Whatman 42 and 44 and HA Millipore
(>1.0 in H20/ft2/cfm). Collecting efficiency was
found to increase with decreasing sampling rate,
indicating diffusion as the principal separating
force. No effect of fume concentration on effi-
ciency was noted except when high fume loadings
were sampled. In these cases, fume was presumed
to deposit in the void spaces of the filter media,
and efficiency was increased by the filtering ac-
tion of the deposited aerosol. (30 references;
from authors' summary)
3672 McCord, W.n., and Zemp, J.W. (Med. Coll.
S. Carolina, Charlestown): DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN URINE, analytical Chemistry
27:1171-2 (July), 1955.
rt method is described for the determination of Pb
in urine which eliminates the necessity for time-
consuming precipitation and ashing. Pb, as Pb
iodide, is extracted quantitatively from acid solu-
tion with methyl isopropyl ketone. The Pb is then
removed from the ketone layer with an aqueous Na
hydroxide solution and is determined colorimetri-
cally by the dithizone method of Snyder (1947)
using the Pb-Bi separation of Bambach and Burkey
(1939). The time required for each analysis is
^45 min. The range of sensitivity of the method,
0.70 [,ig using a 22-mm cell and a Coleman Universal
spectrophotometer, is sufficient to determine the
microquantities of Pb found in mild, chronic Pb
poisoning which would otherwise be difficult to de-
tect. By varying cell size the range may be in-
creased.
3673 Masui, M. , and Sayo, H. (Univ. Osaka, Ja-
pan): CONTROLLED-i'OTENTIAL ELECTROLYSIS.
I. COUNTER MICROCOULOMETER AND ITS APPLI-
CATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF COPPER,
LEAD AND CADMIUM. J. Pharm. Soc. Japan
75:1515-19, 1955.
By the method described, Cu, Pb, and Cd in yg
amounts could be determined with a reproducibility
within 0.2%. When the background count was made
definite and its ratio to the total count made as
small as possible, Cu could be determined within
an error of 1 vig. Determination of a mixture of
Pb and Cd gave larger error. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 50:4561, 1956)
3674 Mazza, L., Scotti, E., and Bruno, B.M.
(Univ. Genoa, Italy): (POLAROGRAPHIC DE-
TERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.) Ann. chim.
(Rome) 45:797-804, 1955.
By the method described, samples of blood taken
from many individuals contained >100 yg/100 ml.
(From Chemical Abstracts 50:6560, 1956)
3675 Minami, E. , and Sato, G. (Univ. Tokyo,
Japan): TITRATION OF A MICROAMOUNT OF
LEAD WITH ETHYLENEDIAMINETERAACETIC ACID
(EDTA) WITH DITHIZONE AS AN EXTRACTION
INDICATOR. Japan Analyst 4:579-81, 1955.
The title method was described. Since the end
point did not coincide with the equivalent point,
standardization of EDTA solution in the same con-
dition was necessary. (From Chemical Abstracts
50:16545, 1956)
3676 Mokranjac, M.S., and Jovanovic, D.A.:
(PROBLEM OF POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN FOOD.) Vojnosanit. Pregled 12:
583-7, 1955.
HN03, HC1, ZnS04, Na citrate, KOH and Thymol blue
were used as reagents. Polarograms were recorded
between -0.65 and -0,85 v vs the HgCL electrode.
(From Chemical Abstracts 50:17224, 1956)
3677 Mukherji, A.K., and Dey, A.K. (Univ. Alla-
habad, India): COMPLEX CITRATES OF METALS
IN INORGANIC ANALYSIS. II. SEPARATION AND
ESTIMATION OF SILVER AND LEAD IN A MIXTURE.
Zeitschrift fUr Analytische Chemie 145:
93-6, 1955.
Analytical Methods
731
-------
A new procedure is suggested for the quantitative
separation of Ag and Pb in a solution. Add an
excess of Na citrate solution which will first
cause precipitation of the citrates of Ag and Pb
but the precipitations will redissolve as complex
citrates. By addition of HC1, AgCl alone precipi-
tates out and can be estimated gravimetrlcally.
Pb can be determined in the filtrate as Pb chro-
mate.
3678 Nedobora, A.F.: (A PRECIPITATION-CHROMA-
TOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
LEAD.) Sbornik Stud. Rabot, Moskov. Tekh-
nol. Inst. Myasnol i Molochnoi Prom. 1955,
No. 3:100-3.
The method as described, is simple and requires
only a small quantity of solution (^4 ml). The
time for a determination is 15-20 min. (From
Chemical Abstracts 54:12892, 1960)
3679 OpajCko, S. (Centralny Inst. Ochrony Pracy,
Warsaw, Poland): (DETERMINATION OF LEAD
IN AIR BY POLAROGRAPHY.) Prace Central-
nego Inst. Ochrony Pracy 4, No. 3(13):34-8,
1955.
Air was passed through an absorber containing
sugar or glass wool. The material was boiled in
HNOo and Pb was determined in the usual way.
(From Chemical Abstracts 53:5968, 1959)
3680 Popova, T.P.: (POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD AND ZINC IN NATURAL WATERS.)
Sbornik Nauch.-Tekh. Inform., Ministerstva
Geol. 1 Okhrany Nedr. 1955, No. 1:129-30.
To prevent loss of Pb and Zn during storage and
the reduction in volume of the sample being trans-
ferred for analysis, concentration under field
conditions by means of coprecipitation with CaCO^
was made. The precipitation of CaCO^ completely
absorbs the Pb. The Ca(NO-j)2 solution resulting
from the precipitate was employed as the polaro-
graphic background in the determination of Pb.
The sensitivity of the method is 0.01-0.02 mg/1.
(From Referat. Zhur., Khim. 1956, Abstr. No. 68688;
Chemical Abstracts 53:22625, 1959)
3681 Sugihara, K., and Saito, T. (Osaka Ind.
Res. Inst., Japan): (POLAROGRAPHIC ANALY-
SIS OF HEAVY METALS IN REAGENT-GRADE SODI-
UM CHLORIDE. I. DETERMINATION OF LEAD.)
Japan Analyst 4:27-30, 1955.
Polarographic analysis of heavy metals in reagent-
grade Na chloride is described. Twenty to 60 yg
Pb was determined with a recovery of 95%. (From
Chemical Abstracts 50:4704, 1956)
3682 Tamori, E., Suekane, M., Okada, A.,
Yoshida, Y., Fujii, T., and Yuge, M.
(Osaka City Univ., Japan): INDUSTRIAL
LEAD POISONING. IX. RAPID MICRODETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN THE BLOOD. Igaku to
Seibutsugaku 37:151-4, 1955.
For the method described, recovery of added Pb
(0.20-1.20 ng Pb) was 85-108%. (From Chemical
Abstracts 52:1511, 1958)
3683 Tamori, E., Suekane, M., Okada, A., Yoshi-
da, Y., Fujii, T., and Yuge, M: A RAPID
MICRO-DETERMINATION METHOD OF LEAD IN
BLOOD. Medicine and Biology (Japan) 37:
151-4 (Nov.), 1955. In Contributions from
the Department of Preventive Medicine and
Public Health, Osaka City University Medi-
cal School. Vol. 1, April 1949-March
1959, p. 34.
3684 Weinig, E., Neugebauer, G., and Neuge-
bauer, I.: Polarographische Bleibestim-
mung in Blut und Harn. (Zugleich ein
Beitrag zur Frage des "normalen" Blutblei-
gehaltes.) (POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN BLOOD AND URINE WITH A NOTE ON
THE QUESTION OF THE "NORMAL" LEAD CONTENT
OF BLOOD.) Archiv fur Hygiene und Bakte-
riologie 139:551-64 (Nov.), 1955.
This paper gives in considerable technical detail
the authors' method for the determination of Pb
in blood and urine which, it is claimed, gives ac-
curate results with 5 cc samples of blood and 30
cc of urine. The accuracy of the method is stated
to be ±10%. fhe sample is submitted to wet ashing
with sulfuric, nitric,'and perchloric acids. The
ash is extracted with hydrochloric acid and the Pb
determined by a polarographic method. Samples of
blood from 220 persons, whose histories revealed
no contact with Pb, were analyzed, with the fol-
lowing results: in 186 cases, values ranged from
5-30 yg%; in 32, 31-50; in 2, 51-60. Determina-
tions of blood Pb values in 3 persons before and
after breakfast showed that in each the amount of
Pb was increased after the meal.
3685 Witwicka, J. (Centralny Inst. Ochrony
Pracy, Warsaw, Poland): (POLAROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD. A MODIFI-
CATION OF THE TEISINGER METHOD.) Prace
Centralnego Inst. Ochrony Pracy 4, No. 3
(13):24-33, 1955.
The Teisinger method was modified after Pachnerova,
Skramovsky and Srbova, and Zagorska. A 1% heparin
solution was used in the place of citrate, 0 from
electrolysis was used for saturation before dealbu-
minization, and the precipitated albumins were sep-
arated by centrifugation. (From Chemical Abstracts
53:7300, 1959)
1956
3686 Antisari, O.V.: ilESEARCH IN CHEMICAL COM-
POSITION OF SOME FORMS OF ATMOSPHERIC PAR-
TICLES. Chicago Univ., Dept. Meteorol.,
Tech. Note 5, 1956, 48 pp.
Methods for identification of the chemical compo-
sition and size of air-oorne particles with a spe-
cially treated gel are presented, and Pb determi-
nation is included in the series of various spe-
cific tests. (From Fuel Abstracts 24, Abstr. No.
5629, 1958; Chemical Abstracts 54:25422, 1960)
3687 Bykhovskaya, M.S., and Babina, M.D. (Inst.
Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis., Acad. Med. Sci.,
USSR): Opredelenie soderzhaniya svintsa,
tsinka i talliya v vozdukhe spektro-
graficheskim metodom. (DETERMINATION OF
LEAD, ZINC, AND THALLIUM IN THE AIR BY A
SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD.) Gigiena i Sani-
tariya 21, No. 7:26-30, 1956.
The authors have established the optimal condi-
732
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
tions for the determination of Pb, Tl and Zn by a
spectrographic method, which is described. The
spectrographic method of estimation of Pb shows no
advantage over the chemical, neither as regards
sensitivity nor specificity. Ti, Cu and Zn inter-
fere with this estimation. Zn can be estimated
spectrographically in the presence of Cu, but as
regards sensitivity this method is inferior to the
chemical. The authors have developed a spectro-
graphic method for estimating atmospheric Tl.
(From authors' summary)
3688 Chmielowski, J., and Myslak, Z. (Inst.
Med. Pracy, Zabrze, Poland): THERAPEUTIC
AND PROPHYLACTIC ACTION OF CALCIUM VERSE-
NATE IN LEAD POISONING. I. ATTEMPTS TO
DETERMINE POLAROGRAPHICALLY BLOOD AND
URINE LEAD LEVELS IN THE PRESENCE OF VER-
SENATE. Med. Pracy 7:181-7, 1956.
Teisinger's method for determining polarographi-
cally Pb in serum was adapted for examination of
urine acidified with HC1 and filtered. Presence
of Ca versenate did not interfere with the deter-
minations, the method proved valuable in deter-
mining Pb in concentrations >50 yg%; the average
error was *6.5%. (From Chemical Abstracts 53:
18294, 1959)
3689 Cholak, J. (Univ. Cincinnati, 0.): ANALY-
SIS OF EVIDENCE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON
THE DETECTION OF POISONS. Journal of
Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Sci-
ence 47:482-9 (Nov.-Dec.), 1956.
Of the ^1,500,000 deaths which occur in the US
each year ^9000 (0.6%) are homicidal and only 45
of these are due directly to the use of poison.
Nevertheless, a laboratory investigating crime is
kept busy performing tests for the detection of
poisons. The mere presence of a poison in an or-
gan is not sufficient to prove that death by poi-
soning has occurred. Total quantity rather than
mere presence and evidence that the amount was
sufficient to cause death are important factors.
For analyses, poisons are generally divided into
classes according to methods used to isolate them
(ie, Pb classified among the heavy metals). In-
struments used for detection are: microscope,
spectrograph (96 elements, including Pb, can be
detected), spectrophotometers, X-ray diffraction
apparatus (to determine nature of a compound, ie,
Pb acetate), electron microscope, and the polaro-
graph (for identifying metals, including Pb).
3690 Faber, J.S. (Rijksuniv., Groningen, Ne-
therlands): De complexometrische titratie
van zink, kwik, lood, aluminium, bismut in
geneesmiddelen. (COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION
OF ZINC, MERCURY, LEAD, ALUMINUM AND BIS-
MUTH IN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS.) Phar-
maceutisch Weekblad 91:177-89, 1956.
The di-Na ethylenediaminetetraacetate (complexo-
metric) titration of Zn is an excellent procedure.
The method is well suited for Pb compounds. (From
author's English summary)
3691 Fabre, R., Truhaut, R., and Boudene, C.
(Pharm. Coll., Paris, France): Micro-
dosage polarographique du plomb dans les
milieux biologiques. (POLAROGRAPHIC
MICRODETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS.) Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires
des Seances de 1'Academie des Sciences
243:624-7, 1956.
See Abstract No. 3711.
3692 Holecek, V.: THE DETERMINATION OF COPRO-
PORPHYRIN IN THE URINE I. Pracovni le-
karstvi 8:110-5, 1956.
A method of determining total coproporphyrin (CP)
in the urine on a Beckman spectrophotometer was
observed for ascertaining the degree of Pb poison-
ing, i'he method was simplified for purposes of
routine analysis, partly by a single extraction by
hydrochloric acid from ethyl acetate extract and
determination of the conversion factor, and partly
as a rapid, semiquantitative determination with
the visual comparison of the intensity of fluores-
cence with the scale of standard solutions of CP,
with a wavelength of excitation radiation of 405 m
y. Radiation of this wavelength can be obtained by
filtering the spectrum of Hg lamp through a fluid
filter of the Cu-ammonium complex. The difference
in the CP values found on extraction with ether
and with ethyl acetate is discussed and explained
by the easier extraction of the precursor of CP
into ethyl acetate. (From Abstracts Prague Insti-
tute of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Dis-
eases, Science Reports 1952-56, p. 63)
3693 Jouy, H. (Central Lab. Anal. Biol. Res.,
Limoges, France): Les he'maties a granula-
tions basophiles; technique de coloration.
Interpretation. (ERYTHROCYTES WITH BASO-
PHILIC GRANULES; STAINING TECHNIQUE, IN-
TERPRETATION.) Revue d'Hematologie (Paris)
11:321-3, 1956.
The staining solution consists of a saturated solu-
tion of methylene blue in 95% alcohol, buffered
with a distilled water solution of Na and acid
veronal. Very thin smears of blood are used,
fixed by plunging for 3 min in 90% alcohol, air-
dried rapidly, immersed for 20 min in the buffered
methylene blue, then washed in distilled water and
dried. This method yields a greater number of
basophilic erythrocytes than can be obtained with
May Grunwald Giemsa stain. The blood smears can
be processed the same day or on subsequent days
without any marked variation in numbers. Concern-
ing the counting procedure, the author deems it
advisable that all hematologists adopt the same
notation. He does not consider the reference of
the percentage of stippled cells to white cells
recommendable; reference should be to 1000 or
1,000,000 red cells. Change of work should be in-
uicated at 2.5 basophilic erythrocytes/1000; Pb
poisoning should be suspected at counts >0.5/1000,
He also calls attention to a factor that to his
knowledge had not even been reported, which is that
there is a considerable difference in the percent-
age of stippled erythrocytes depending on whether
counts are made on venous or peripheral blood. As
an example, in a Pb founder, 9.8 stippled cells/
1000 erythrocytes in venous blood vs 3/1000 in
peripheral blood were found. For this reason, the
site of blood sampling must be recorded, and it
would also be necessary to establish threshold
limits for basophils in peripheral blood erythro-
cytes as well as for those in venous blood.
Analytical Methods
733
-------
3694 KUhnen, G. : Bestiiranung des staubfHrmigen
Gehaltes an Blei und Bleiverbindungen in
der Luft von Arbeltsraumen. (THE DETER-
MINATION OF THE LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUND
DUST CONTENT OF THE AIR IN FACTORIES.)
Staub (Ddsseldorf). 1956, No. 45:348-53.
A brief summary is given of the chemical and phys-
ical methods which are available for the determi-
nation of Pb or its compounds in an atmosphere.
A method is described for determining Pb dusts in
konimeter and thermal precipitator samples from
air by the microscopical counting of the numbers
and size of the particles of dust.
3695 Lipchinski, A.: A NEW METHOD FOR THE
QUALITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IONS.
Godishnik Khim. Tekhnol. Inst. 3, No. 1:
271-8, 1956.
It was found that the precipitation of Ph"1""1" with
(NH4)2S04 is unsatisfactory in qualitative analy-
sis, since the PbS04 may fail to precipitate for
various reasons, or the precipitate is often not
recognized. Precipitation of the Pb"1"1" as PbCr04
in dilute HN03 at a pH of 4-6 is suggested. This
method allows determination of 14 yg Pb in 1 ml
solution. (From Chemical Abstracts 52:11657,
1958)
3696 Mauzerall, D., and Granick, S. (Rockefel-
ler Inst., New York, N,Y.): THE OCCUR-
RENCE AND DETERMINATION OF 6-AMINOLEVULIN-
IC ACID AND PORPHOBILINOGEN IN URINE.
Journal of Biological Chemistry 219:435-
46, 1956.
Methods which include the use of ion-exchange
resins were developed for the quantitative deter-
mination of porphobilinogen (PEG) and ALA in
urine. PEG is determined colorimetrically with
Ehrlich reagent and ALA is determined by condens-
ing it with acetylacetone to form a pyrrole which
reacts with a modified Ehrlich reagent. The error
of the method is <5% and the limit of detection
in a 1-ml sample of urine is 1 yg PEG and 0.5 yg
ALA. ALA has been found in high concentrations
in the urine of patients with acute porphyrla and
has also been detected in normal urine. Some of
the factors influencing the selection of optimal
conditions for the Ehrlich reaction are discussed.
(17 references)
3697 Mayer, F.X., and Schweda, P. (Univ. Vien-
na, Austria): Studien zur quantitativen
Bestimmung von Mikrogrammengen Blei.
(QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF MICROGRAM
QUANTITIES OF LEAD.) Mikrochimica Acta
1956:485-509.
The statements regarding the accurate determina-
tion of yg quantities of Pb by means of dithizone
and of the reproducibility of the colorimetric one-
color methods were reexamined. The various pH
relationships which are of significance in the
course of the dithizone procedure were established
experimentally. The determination of pg quantities
of Pb polarographically is discussed. A simple
method is given for the determination of Pb in the
presence of Fe III. (From authors' English sum-
mary; 55 references)
3698
Pfeilsticker, K. (Chemical Res. uept.,
City of Stuttgart, Germany): Eine spek-
trochemische Mikrobestimmung des Bleis in
biologischem Material. (SPECTROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL MATE-
RIALS.) Mikrochimica Acta 1956:319-33.
If Pb in biological material is accumulated in the
ash, it may be determined by means of even an in-
termediate spectrograph. The greater part of ac-
companying substances is extracted from the ash
with a reagent which leaves Pb and other heavy
metals behind undissolved. The enriched ash to-
gether with a bonding solution is dried on Al
electrodes. A duplicate determination can be car-
ried out with 2 ml blood if the Pb content is of
the order of 20 yg/100 ml. (From author's English
summary)
3699 Popper, E., Ariton, N., and Popa-Craci-
uneanu, R. : (SEMIMICROMETHOD FOR RAPID
DETERMINATION OF LEAD.) Acad. rep. Popu-
lare Rominae, Filiala Cluj, Studii cerceta-
ri chim. 7, No. 1-4:85-6, 1956.
The lower limit of described method is ^200 yg Pb.
(From Chemical Abstracts 52:7023, 1958)
3700 Popper, E., Junie, V., and Popa, L.: (NEW
MICROMETHOD FOR THE GRAVIMETRIC DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD. Acad. rep. populare Romine,
Filiala Cluj, Studii cercetari chim. 7, No.
1-4:89-94, 1956.
The method as described was used to determine Pb
concentrations as low as 6 Ug/ml with an error of
±0.2%. The alkaline and alkaline earth metals do
not interfere. (From Chemical Abstracts 52:7023,
1958)
3701 Porretta, A., Capuano, G., and Cultrera, R.
(Staz. speriment. conserve aliment.,
Palermo, Sicily): SPECTROPHOTOMETRICAL
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN FOODSTUFF. Ind.
Conserve 31:7-9, 1956.
From the solution of the ashes (containing 5-25 yg
Pb) Pb and Bi are extracted with dithizone; the Bi
is extracted by repeated treatments with dithizone,
and then the Pb with dilute dithizone. The ex-
tract obtained is divided into 2 portions, placing
1 directly in the optical cell of the spectrophoto-
meter and the other in an identical cell after
shaking 1 min with 1% H2S04- The absorbances of
the 2 portions are measured at 620 my; the differ-
ence between the 2 readings is proportional to the
concentration of Pb. (From Chemical Abstracts 50:
17224, 1956)
3702 Stout, P.R., Jones, G.B., and Delwiche,
C.C. (Univ. California, Berkeley, Calif.):
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF LEAD-212 AND
LEAD-214 in ATMOSPHERES. Conference on
Radioactive Isotopes in Agriculture, US
Atomic Energy Comm. TID-7512, 1956, pp.
323-35.
By passing air through paper filters, radioactive
particles (principally 214pbt 212pb and their
daughters 2l4Bi, 214po, 212Bi and 212po) are cap-
tured in sufficient quantity to be measured with
standard laboratory counting equipment. The ac-
tivities of 21^Pb, measured after air filtration
for =3 hr, approach maximal values for given rates
or airflow. From data given by the accumulated
734
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
activity of filter pads, the curie activity of the
atmosphere has been calculated and found to be in
reasonable agreement with earlier reports of the
Rn content of the atmosphere.
3703 Tompsett, S.L. (Northern Gen. Hosp. Edin-
burgh, Scotland): THE DETERMINATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD IN HUMAN TISSUES AND
EXCRETA. Analyst 81:330-9 (June), 1956.
A method was described in 1935 for the determina-
tion of Pb in biological materials. Organic matter
was destroyed by ignition, and Pb was separated as
the diethyldithiocarbamate in ether and finally
measured colorimetrically with dithizone. Subse-
nuent modifications and particularly the use of the
reverse procedure in the final colorimetric deter-
mination are described. Results are given to il-
lustrate the distribution of Pb in human tissue and
excreta for normal subjects and in cases of Pb poi-
soning and also the effect of medication in such
conditions. (From author's summary; 30 references)
3704 Tsao, C.-M., and Liang, P.: PAPER CHROMA-
TOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND COPPER
IMPURITIES IN DRUGS. Yao HsUeh Hstteh Pao
4:339-45, 1956.
t i -' ,
-The determinations of Pb and Cu~^~ as impurities
in glucose, sulfanilamide, and tincture of valeri-
an were carried out. In glucose samples the aver-
age deviation for Pb"1"1" was <1 yg and that for
Cu"1""1" -0.5 ug. The average deviation was greater
in tincture of valerian. (From Chemical Abstracts
52:9516, 1958)
3705 Vasyutinskii, A.I. (Pharm. Inst., Odessa,
USSR) : (DETERMINATION OF LEAD BY p-AMINO-
o-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID.) Nekotorye Voprosy
Farmatsii, Sbornik Nauch. Trudov Vyssh.
Farm. Ucheb. Zavedenii Ukr. SSR., 1956,
133-6.
A method for determination of Pb by precipitation
with p-amino-o-hydroxybenzoic acid with subsequent
bromometric determination of the acid is described.
Excess Ba, Ca, and Sr do not interfere. (From
Chemical Abstracts 53:6897, 1959)
3706 Westgate, M.w., Shurts, R.B., and Adams,
E.F.: DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN PAINTS AT
THE ONE PERCENT LEVEL. Natl. Paint, var-
nish Lacquer Assoc., Sci. Sec., Circ. No.
773:3-17, 1956.
Results of cooperative tests on the determination
of Pb in paints tinted with known amounts of Pb
chromate (in liquid and dried film form) by a stand-
ard chromate method, involving wet-ashing with
HN03-H2S04, isolation of Pb as PbS04, and precipi-
tation as PbCrO^, are reported. nil improved pro-
cedure involving wet-ashing with Caro's acid has
been developed. (From Analytical Abstracts 4, Ab-
str. No. 359, 1957; Chemical Abstracts 54:12611,
1960)
1957
3707 Abson, D., and Lipscomb, A.G. (John Mackin-
tosh & Sons Ltd., Halifax, England): THE
DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND COPPER IN ORGANIC
MATERIALS (FOODSTUFFS) BY A DRY-ASHING PRO-
CEDURE. Analyst 82:152-60 (Mar.), 1957.
A method is described for the dry ashing of food
materials and the colorimetric determination of Pb
and Cu in the solution of the ash obtained. Ini-
tial sulfation of the sample before ashing permits
the ashing to be carried out up to a temperature
of 550"C without loss of Pb or Cu. Ashing is fur-
ther speeded up by crushing the charred material
to a powder, and a suspension of Mg carbonate is
used to increase the bulk of small ashes. Inter-
ference during the determination of Pb caused by
the alkaline-earth phosphates normally present in
food materials is overcome by the addition of Na
hexametaphosphate solution before neutralization.
When large amounts of Ca sulfate are formed, the
ash is rendered completely soluble by a preliminary
treatment with hot Na carbonate solution.
Results of duplicate determinations by dry-ashing
and wet oxidations are listed for the following
food products: honey, malt, glace cherries, jam,
milk powder, condensed milk, milk crumb, cocoa
powder, gelatin, glyceryl monostearate, wax and
chewing-gum base. In the sulfated samples Pb con-
centrations ranged generally from 0.10-0.48 ppm;
glace cherries contained 0.65, glyceryl monostear-
ate, 1.05; 2 chewing gum bases had contents of
1.10, 1.68, and 0.63 ppm.
3708 Adamovic, V.M. (Higij, Inst., Belgrade,
Yugoslavia) : (A REVIEW ON THE METHODS FOR
DETERMINING LEAD IN FOODS.) Tehnika (Bel-
grade) 12:1713-15, 1957; Chemical Abstracts
52:14481, 1958.
3709 Bonastre, J. (Agron. Sta., Bordeaux,
France): M£thode colorime'trique de micro-
dosage du plomb dans le aliments. (COLOR-
IMETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
FOOD.) Chimie Analytique 39:104-5, 1957.
A special apparatus is described for the wet ash-
ing of wine. Pb is determined in the residue
colorimetrically by using dithizone. Good results
are found for 0.2 ppm Pb in wine of the Vermouth
type.
3710 Brustier, V. (Med. Coll., Toulouse,
France): (TOXICOLOGIC USE OF ULTRAVIOLET
SPECTROGRAPHY.) J. Med. Bordeaux 134:588-
91, 1957.
The author's method for urine analysis (1951) was
modified for blood analysis, riilger's spectro-
graphic apparatus was recommended for Pb, iJa, Sn,
iSi, Ag, Cd, and Hg detection in biological media.
(From Chemical Abstracts 52:15747, 1958)
3711 Fabre, R., Truhaut, R. , and Boudene, C.
(Lab. Toxicol. Ind. Hyg., Coll. Pharm.,
Paris, France): Microdosage polarogra-
phique du plomb dans le sang et les milieux
biologiques. (POLAROGRAPHIC MICRODETERMI-
NATION OF LEAD IN THE BLOOD AND BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS.) Archives des Maladies Profes-
sionnelles de Medecine du Travail et de
Securite Sociale 18, No. 1:5-8, 39-40, 1957.
The method described is based on the following
principles: After ashing at slightly <500° in the
presence of Mg nitrate, Pb is precipitated with Sr
sulfate in alcohol solution at 30°. The precipi-
tate is dissolved after washing, by means of am-
monium citrate. The citrated solution, brought to
Analytical Methods
735
-------
pH 4.5, is examined for Pb content by polarography
in a N atmosphere. The lower limit is 10 yg/100 g
blood, collected on heparin in pyrex tube; 5-ml
samples are used for analysis. This method is rap-
id, precise, sensitive and specific. It is suit-
able for the determination of Pb in blood and urine
from the diagnostic point of view.
3712 Fabre, R. , Truhaut, R., and Boudene, C.
(Coll. Pharmacy, Paris, France): (PRE-
LIMINARY ENRICHMENT IN THE PHYSICAL DETER-
MINATION OF TOXIC METALS IN BIOLOGIC MEDIA
(CADMIUM AND LEAD).) J. mgd. Bordeaux
et Sud-Ouest 134:764-75, 1957.
Blood or urinary Pb was determined by mineraliza-
tion with Mg(N03)2 at 450-80°, dissolution in
HN03, and coprecipitation with Sr(NO-j)2 as de-
scribed by Rosenqvist, but in an alcohol-water
medium at pH 1.0. The precipitate was taken up
in a pH 9 citrate buffer, acidified to pH 4.5 and
polarographed. (33 references; from Chemical
Abstracts 52:18899, 1958)
3713 Fazio, C.C.: (POTASSIUM N-BENZOYLAMINO-
ACETATE AS A MICROCHEMICAL REAGENT FOR
CATIONS OF LEAD, SILVER, MERCURY (I), AND
COPPER (II). Publs. Inst. Invest. Micro-
quim., Univ. Nacl. Literal (Rosario, Arg.)
21, No. 23:48-54, 1957.
The reagent (100 ml) was made from 8.5 g hippuric
acid and 4.5 g K.HC03 in water. A drop of reagent
with a drop of Pb(N03)2 formed starry clusters of
microcrystals in 30-60 sec. The aretate (in the
presence of HN03) and the chloride reacted simi-
larly. The sensitivity limit is 0.9M Pb, the
concentration limit, 5 X 10~5. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 53:8917, 1959)
3714 Gage, J.C.: DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN OR-
GANIC MATERIAL. Analyst 82:453, 1957.
Lead is extracted from a solution of ashed organic
material as the diethyldithiocarbamate complex.
3715 Gernet, E.V.: (DETERMINATION OF SMALL
AMOUNTS OF TETRAETHYLLEAD AND LEAD IN THE
AIR.) Nauch. Raboty Khim. Lab. Gor'kovsk.
Nauch.-Issledovatel. Inst. Gigieny Truda
i Professional. Boleznei, Sbornik 1957,
No. 6:5-16.
The described method involves the determination
of TEL and Pb colorimetrically with dithizone dis-
solved in CHC13. (17 references; from Chemical
Abstracts 54:6391, 1960)
3716 Gertseva, N.S.: (POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINA-
TION OF BISMUTH, COPPER, AND LEAD SIMULTAN-
EOUSLY.) Trudy Inst. Met., Akad, Nauk SSSR
1957, No. 1:238-40.
It is possible to polarograph Bi, Cu, and Pb simul-
taneously in a medium of HC1 (1:3) and 10% tartaric
acid. The potentials of semiwaves are correspond-
ingly equal to -0.12, -0.24, and 0.42 v (bottom Hg).
The presence of ^SO^ and of excessive HC1 does not
interfere. Pb can be polarographed with gelatin and
without it, taking into consideration that gelatin
reduces the diffusional flow of Pb. This method
permits determination of any amount of Pb. It is
possible to determine Pb at 350 mg/1. (From Referat.
Zhur., Met 1957, Abstr. No. 25494; Chemical
Abstracts 53:16814, 1959)
3717 Grigorova, L.P. (Sci-Research Inst. Labor
Protection, Sverdlovsk, USSR): (DETERMIN-
ATION OF LEAD COMPOUNDS IN THE AIR BY
AMPEROMETRIC TITRATION.) Gigiena i Sani-
tariya 22, No. 11:94-5, 1957.
See Abstract No. 3750.
3718 Gryaznova, E.A.: (ADSORPTION METHOD FOR
LEAD DETECTION IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR
COURT PROCEDURE.) Uchenye Zapiski, Pyati-
gorsk. Gosudarst. Farm. Inst. 2:296-9,
1957.
An adsorption method was developed for the detec-
tion of mg quantities of Pb in tissues. The method
was tested on liver and kidney tissue with an in-
ternal standard; 1.875-2.5 mg Pb as Pb acetate was
determined. (From Chemical Abstracts 55:16647,
1961)
3719 Jaulmes, P., and Hamelle (Mile) (Med.
Coll., Montpellier, r'rance) : iiosage du
plomb par la me'thode a la dithizone dans
le sang, le vin, etc. (DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN BLOOD, WINE, ETC., jiY THE DITHI-
ZONE METHOD.) Journal de Medecine de
Bordeaux et du Sud-Ouest 134, No. 3:635-
41, 1957.
The sample is mineralized in a quartz flask with
H2S04-HN03, diluted, and neutralized, then the pH
is adjusted with riCl to 1.8. An aliquot is
added with Hgd2 and precipitated in a centri-
fuging tube with H2S. The washed precipitate is
taken up in HC1-11N03 and transferred in a quartz
dish to evaporate HgCl2 at 450°. The residue is
taken up in an acetic acid solution of NH4CN and
(NH4)2S03 and the Pb is determined by Fischer's
dithizone method. This emergency technique
avoids the use of Pb-contaminated reagents.
3720 Johnson, E.I., and Polhill, R.D.A. (Dept.
Govt. Chemist, Strand, England): THE USE
OF AN ANION-EXCHANGE RESIN IN THE DETER-
MINATION OF TRACES OF LEAD IN FOOD. Ana-
lyst 82:238-41 (Apr.), 1957.
In the method described, microgram amounts of Pb
are separated from most other ions by adsorption
from N HC1 solution on a column of the Cl form of
an anion-exchange resin. Pb is recovered by elu-
tion with 0.01 N HC1. Comparison of results ob-
tained on several food products by the usual meth-
od (described by the authors in 1955) and by the
proposed method, gave the following, respectively:
5 g cocoa, 0.84 and 0.82, 0.84 ppm; 5 g syrup,
5.6 and 5.3 ppm; 5 g curry powder, 4.3 and 4.3
ppm.
3721 Kaufmann, H.P., and Bernard, M.: (POLARO-
GRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF PAINT DRIERS.) Fette,
Seifen, Anstrichmittel 59:843-5, 1957.
A detailed discussion of the polarographic analysis
of Pb, Fe, Co, and Mn, naphthenates, linoleates,
and octoates as used for paint driers is given.
Results obtained by this method are compared to
those obtained by the usual gravimetric methods.
(From Chemical Abstracts 53:19403, 1959)
3722 Khrustaleva, V.A.: (A COLORIMETRIC DETER-
736
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
MINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF TETRAETHYL-
LEAD IN THE WASHING WATER OF THE HANDS AND
WORK CLOTHINGS.) Inform. Byull. Moskov.
Nauch.-Issledovatel. Inst. Sanit. i Gig-
ieny 1957, No. 8:11-5.
The method for analyzing the wash water for sus-
pended Pb, Pb dissolved in petroleum, and Pb as
TEL is detailed. The PbS04 of the 3 determina-
tions is dissolved (3% CH3COONH4 and tartaric
acid) and for colorimetric analysis 1% I^C^Oy is
.added. The error of the method is ±4%. (From
Chemical Abstracts 54:5328, 1960)
3723 Korenman, I.M., and Russkikh, A.A.: (NEPH-
ELOMETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OF CHLORIDES
AND LEAD.) Nauch. Raboty Khim. Lab.
Gor'kovsk.-Issledovatel. Inst. Glgieny i
Professional. Boleznei 1957, No. 6:17-22.
The method involves a standard series of 0.1-5.0
Ug quantities in 5-100 pi of solution with a rela-
tive error of 5-6%. For the determination of Pb,
the reaction with K chromate in the presence of
AcONa in 1% AcOH was used. The method was applic-
able for the determination of Pb in small volumes
of air in the workshops of industrial establish-
ments. (From Referat. Zhur., Met. 1958:Abstract
.No. 20307; Chemical Abstracts 54:19275, 1960)
3724 Leonov, B.I.: RAPID METHOD FOR THE DE-
TERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF LEAD
IN URINE.) Trudy Kishinev. Med. Inst. 6:
267-70, 1957.
To 100 ml urine add 30 ml H202 plus 2-3 ml concen-
trated HN03 or HC1. Boil down to 10-20 ml, evapo-
rate to dryness and incinerate. To the residue
add 5-7 ml, and the same volumes of 25% CH3COOH
and 25% O^COONH^ Grind crucible residue and
transfer to graduated cylinder. Make up to volume
of 10 ml and add 5 drops of concentrated HNOo plus
4 ml 2% solution of gelatin or agar in hot CH3COOH.
Add 1 ml of 20% HCHO, mix, add 3 drops 10% Na2S
and compare with standard colorimetrically. Stand-
ard: 10 ml mixture of CH3COOH and CH3COOH4 plus
4 ml solution of gelatin or agar and 1 ml of HCHO.
The determination takes 3 hr. (From Referat. Zhur.
Khim., Biol. Khim. 1958, No. 24290; Chemical
Abstracts 53:1449, 1959)
3725 Lur'e, Yu.Yu., and Nikolaeva, Z.V.: (DE-
TERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD.)
Zavodskaya Lab. 23:652-5, 1957.
New modifications of the dithizone and chromate
methods were developed. In the dithizone method
the use of Cd(CN)2 is excluded, Cu is previously
.extracted and determined with dithizone at pH 2,
and Zn is bound with K hexacyanoferrate. In the
chromate method the interference of Fe is removed
by precipitating Pb as PbCrO^ and concentrating
from a large volume of solution by a solution of
ZnS. (From Chemical Abstracts 54:8454, 1960)
3726 Mecherly, P.A., Lilly, A., and Whitman,
N.E. (Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethlehem,
Pa.): LEAD IN AIR AND BIOLOGICAL MATER-
IAL. Modification of the American Public
Health Association's Method. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly
18, No. 2:161-4, 1957.
A speedier and more accurate method for the deter-
mination of Pb in air and biological material is
described. It was found than an overall saving
in time of 25% was effected by this modification.
The time required for preparation and ashing re-
mained the same but time was conserved by elimina-
ting the transfer from ashing beaker to separatory
funnel and by reading percent transmission direct-
ly in the colorimeter rather than estimating the
mixed color by visual comparison with a set of
standards. Increase in accuracy was confirmed by
comparing results from both the visual and colori-
metric methods. The comparison between the 2
methods was made using pooled blood samples in-
stead of pooled urine samples and essentially
the same result was obtained. The colorimeter
proved to be slightly but definitely superior to
the visual method of Pb estimation.
3727 Mokranjac, M.S., and Jovanovic, D.A.
(Univ. Belgrade, Yugoslavia): (POLARO-
GRAPHIC ESTIMATION OF TETRAETHYL LEAD IN
AIR.) Vojnosan. Pregled 14:109-12, 1957.
Samples of air were drawn at 1 l./min through
10 ml alcohol placed in a midget impinger. After
'10 min the solution was transferred to a beaker,
0.5 ml of a 1:3 Br-concentrated HBr solution add-
ed, the mixture kept 5 min, evaporated until Br
disappeared, 2 ml HN03 (d 1.49) added, evaporated
to dryness, 1 ml of a solution of 4 g NaOH, 10 g
Na citrate, and 10 mg thymol blue in 100 ml water
added, an inert gas blown through the solution,
and the solution analyzed polarographically from
0.65-0.85 v. (From Chemical Abstracts 52:9496,
1958)
3728 Neumann, F. (Zellstoff-Fabrik Waldhof,
Mannheim-Waldhof, Germany): Bestimmung
von Bleispuren in organischen Stoffen
(visuelles Mischfarbenverfahren mit Dithi-
zone). (DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF LEAD
IN ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. VISUAL MIXED-
COLOR METHOD WITH DITHIZONE.) Zeitschrift
fur Analytische Chemie 155:340-9, 1957.
Details of wet and dry ashing procedures, removal
of interferences, and the visual determination of
Pb by using the mixed-color method with dithizone
are reviewed for the determination of ppm of Pb
in human and animal foods.
3729 Pilleri, R. (Univ. Turin, Italy): PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY AND THE SEARCH FOR LEAD IN
TOMATO CONSERVE. Rass. chim. per chim e
ind. 9, No. 3:14, 1957.
Paper chromatography was used to determine Pb in
tomato conserve. Only when the Pb was present in
the concentration of at least 0.03% was a clear
'reaction obtained for the detection of Pb with Na
rhodizonate. A distinct pink color appeared even
when the Pb was present in the conserve in the
proportion of 0.0008%. Fe and Sn did not inter-
fere in the concentration <0.5%. (From Chemical
Abstracts 52:4060, 1958)
3730 Schmitz, B. (Andreae-Noris Zahn Akt.-Ges.,
Frankfurt/Main, Germany): Die komplexo-
metrische Titration des Zinks, Bleis, und
Quecksilbers in offiziellen Salben. (COM-
PLEXOMETRIC TITRATION OF ZINC, LEAD, AND
MERCURY IN OFFICIAL OINTMENTS.) Deutsche
Analytical Methods
737
-------
Apotheker-Zeitung Vereinigt 97:399-403,
1957.
Previously described EDTA titration methods 'have
been applied successfully to the ointments of
D.A.-B.6.
3731 Stankovic', M. (Inst. Hyg. P.R. Serbia,
Belgrade, Yugoslavia): A POLAROGRAPHIC
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
BLOOD. In XII International Congress of
Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland,
1957, Vol. Ill, Proceedings, pp. 292-4.
The author analyzed 'VLSOO blood specimens, 800
urine samples and 350 air samples over a 3-yr per-
iod. From this experience he recommends polaro-
graphic methods for analyzing large numbers of
samples as a routine. The recommended method has
the advantage of being very simple and consists
essentially of 2 parts: (1) partial wet ashing
of the blood samples with concentrated nitric
acid, (2) precipitation of Pb from filtered ox-
idized solutions by Baker's method for urinary Pb
determination. In order to test the accuracy of
the method 51 specimens in duplicate of blood with
a known amount of added Pb were used and blank
tests were performed at the same time.- Recovery
was almost quantitative over the range 20-200 yg
Pb/100 ml of blood. After establishing the valid-
ity of the method, blood samples of exposed and
nonexposed persons were analyzed. Nonexposed per-
isons gave values from 19-36 yg/100 ml with a mean
of 26.6 which corresponds well with the generally
accepted normal range, while Pb exposed persons
showed more or less hazardous concentrations of 65-
342 yg/100 ml with a mean of 98. The concentra-
tions were always consistent with known concentra-
tions of Pb in air and urine and with the findings
on coproporphyrin.
3732 Stegner, H.E., and Fischer, W. (Med. Akad.
Erfurt, Germany): Das Sulfidsilberver-
fahren zum Topochemischen Schwermetall-
nachweis. (THE SILVER SULFIDE METHOD FOR
THE TOPOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF HEAVY
METALS.) Archiv flir Pathologische Anatomie
und Physiologie und fUr Klinische Medizin,
Virchows 330:608-18, 1957.
The sulfides of various metals precipitate at dif-
ferent pH levels. Pb can be precipitated in 1%
HC1, acetic acid solution, ammoniacal solution,
'and in NH3 containing CN~. A differential precip-
itation procedure involving fixation of tissue
sections with H2S containing alcohol at different
pH levels was used to distinguish Zn~, Cu~, and
Pb~ salt poisoning in rats.
3733 Tachibana, T. , Tamamushi, K., and Tama-
mushi, R. (Tohoku Univ, Sendai, Japan):
STUDIES ON INTERACTION OF GELATIN WITH
LEAD IONS. Journal of Biochemistry
(Tokyo) 44:33-45, 1957.
Interaction of gelatin with Pb ions has been in-
vestigated using a polarographic technique and re-
sults have been used to calculate the thermodynam-
ic constants according to the low and high concen-
trations of Pb ions. The effect of indifferent
salts, ionic strength, and temperature has also
been investigated.
3734 Vasak, V. (Kozi 4, Prague, Czechoslovakia):
ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHERE. III. ,
DETERMINATION OF LEAD. Pracovni' Le'karstvi
9:440-1, 1957.
The Pb compounds are absorbed by suction in paper
filters which are then wet-ashed by heating with
a mixture of HN03, H2S04, and HC104, the solution
evaporated to dryness, the residue treated subse-
quently with solutions of KCN, NaOH, and gelatin,
and Pb determined polarimetrically. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 52: Abstr. No. 8831, 1958)
3735 Weber, O.A. (Inst. Medical Res., Zagreb,
Yugoslavia): NOTE ON POLAROGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD. Croa-
tica Chemica Acta 29:73-7, 1957.
A new supporting electrolyte is described, con-
sisting of 0.5N aqueous succinic acid containing
0.008% of gelatin, which can be used for a Pb
concentration of T>! yg/ml; the half-wave poten-
tial vs the saturated calomel electrode is 0.384 +
0.001 v. For the calibration curve, a series of
solutions of Pb in the supporting electrolyte,
from 1-10 yg Pb/ml were measured in duplicate af-
ter being freed from 0 by bubbling for 10 min
with H purified with alkaline pyrogallol. A plot
of mean wave-height (h) in mm, expressed in terms
of maximum sensitivity, against concentrations of
Pb in yg/ml, gives a straight line, for which a
regression equation and standard errors can be
calculated in the usual way.
3736 Zielhuis, R.L. (Netherland Inst. Prev.
Med., Leyden): METHODS OF COUNTING BASO-
PHIL PUNCTATED ERYTHROCYTES IN LEAD INTOX-
ICATION. In XII International Congress of
Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland,
1957, Vol. Ill, Proceedings, pp. 290-2.
The observed number of basophilic stippled eryth-
rocytes (BS) depends on the method of staining and
counting. The department of Occupational Medicine
of the Netherlands Institute for Preventive Medi-
cine undertook to evaluate different methods.
The results of this investigation are summarized
as follows: In light-field examination the count-
ing according to Pappenheim (May Grtinwald-Giemsa
stain) gives reliable data, if the pH of the buf-
fer solution is ^7.2 and the concentration of the
Glemsa is doubled. The observed number corres-
ponds favorably with that from a methylene blue-
borax stain.
It was possible to improve the basophilic aggre-
gation-test (McCord) by differentiating coarse and
fine aggregations. The number of the coarse aggre-
gations corresponds favorably with the BS count in
Pappenheim-stain. It was also possible to improve
the dark-field examination of a methylene blue-Na
bicarbonate stain (Lane) by differentiating
coarsely and finely stipple erythrocytes (criteria
of Bastenier). The observed number of the former
corresponds exactly with the BS count according to
Pappenheim, or methylene blue borax stain in a
tight field. The total of BS in a dark-field cor-
responds to the total of reticulocytes as counted
in vital stain (brilliant-cresyl blue). The exami-
nation in a dark-field therefore yields 2 values,
ie, the BS and the reticulocytosis, both criteria
to evaluate the reaction of the body to Pb absorp-
tion. The reliability of a single observation de-
738
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
creases with increasing BS. The reliability of
counting in a dark field is greater than that of
counting in a light field.
1958
3737 Alberti, G., Bettinali, C., and Salvetti,
F.: (BEHAVIOR AND DETERMINATION OF RaB,
RaD, AND ThB IN NATURAL WATERS.) In Studi
e ricerche della devisione geomineraria,
Volume I, Parte II. Rome: Comitato Na-
zionale per le Ricerche Nucleari, 1958,
pp. 699-706.
The conditions under which the natural radioactive
isotopes of Pb can be found in natural waters were
examined, taking into account the possible behav-
ior of the radiocolloids, and the chemical composi-
tion of the water. A simple radiochemical method
of measuring 210pb, 212pb, and 21<4Pb is described,
by the aid of which it is possible to establish
quantitatively the Rn content of natural waters.
Using this method it is also possible to determine
the Ra and 224ga that may be present. The condi-
tions are discussed under which it is possible to
relate the content of radioactive Pb in the water
to that of U and of Th and to the emissive power
of the rock from which the water issues. (From
Nuclear Science Abstracts 13:Abstr. No. 1256,
1959)
3738 Aleskovskii, V.B., Libina, R.I., and
Miller, A.D.,: (MICROQUANTITATIVE DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD AND COPPER BY PRELIMINARY
ENRICHMENT WITH AN ION-EXCHANGE COLUMN.)
Trudy Leningrad. Tekhnol. Inst. im. Lenso-
veta 48:5-11, 1958.
A 20 mm-wide and 50 mm-high column filled with 1
mm diameter cation-exchange resin was used to con-
centrate Pb and Cu in natural waters flowing
through it at a rate of 0.6-1.0 1/hr. The method
as described is useful for determining microquan-
tities in natural waters. (From Chemical Abstracts
53:16818, 1959)
3739 Amer, M.N., Ismail, A.M., and El Ghamraway,
M.A. (Univ. Cairo, Egypt): ACID-PEROXIDE
ASHING AND THE MICRODETERMINATION OF LEAD
OR THALLIUM IN FOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MATERI-
ALS. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 40,
No. 12:57-65, 1958.
The sample is treated with a mixture of 1 part
H2S04 and 2 parts HN03 heated to solution and then
to charring, then treated alternately with 30%
H202 and heating to charring until charring no
longer occurs. Pb is determined in the cooled and
diluted solution by the dithizone method. The
method can be applied to food and biological ma-
terial such as blood and urine. (From Chemical
Abstracts 54:20084, 1960)
3740 American Conference of Governmental In-
dustrial Hygienists, Committee on Recom-
mended Analytical Methods: DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN AIR. A SINGLE EXTRACTION,
MIXED COLOR DITHIZONE METHOD. (Approved
in 1951) In Manual of Analytical Methods
Recommended for Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheric Contaminants. Cincinnati,
Ohio, 1958-, LEAD-1-5.
Precautions to be taken in the collection of sam-
ples are stated in the introduction, followed by:
instructions for collection by electrostatic pre-
cipitator or by large impinger; preparation of
samples; analysis; standardization of the dithi-
zone solution; calculations; sensitivity (0.001
mg Pb in a 30 ft3 sample); accuracy; interferenc-
es; equipment (photocolorimeter or spectrophotom-
eter); reagents.
3741 Candura, F. (Univ. Pavia, Italy): Dosaggio
contemporaneo polarografico del Pb, dello
Zn e del Cu, in casi di intossicazione con
metalli, prima e dopo trattament con EDTA.
(SIMULTANEOUS POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION
OF LEAD, ZINC AND COPPER IN CASES OF METAL
POISONING, BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID.) Bollet-
tino della Societa Italian! di Biologia
Sperimentale 34:1389-90 (Nov.), 1958.
The urine sample is concentrated almost to dryness,
treated with HNO^, evaporated to dryness and ashed.
The ash is taken up in HC1. Polarographic deter-
minations were made before and after iv treatment
with EDTA.
3742 Chmielowski, J., and Mys'lak, Z. (Inst.
Med. Pracy., Zabrze, Poland): (THERAPEU-
TIC AND PROPHYLACTIC ACTION OF CALCIUM
VERSENATE IN LEAD POISONING. III. THE
USE OF ION EXCHANGER IN POLAROGRAPHIC DE-
TERMINATION OF LEAD IN THE URINE OF PA-
TIENTS TREATED WITH VERSENATE.) Med.
Pracy 9:279-84, 1958.
Wofatite P ion exchange resin, in 15 cm high pack-
ed columns, adsorbed from the urine of versenate-
treated patients all contaminants interfering with
polarographic determination of Pb; flow rate was
<0.3 ml/min. Adsorption of Pb was negligible in
the conditions described. The resin may be regen-
erated by acidification. (From Chemical Abstracts
53:18294, 1959)
3743 Czakow, J., Steciak, T., and Szczerbinska,
0. (Polish Acad. Sciences, Inst. Nuclear
Res., Warsaw, Poland): Spektrographische
Bestimmung von Verunreinigungsspuren in
LSsungen auf Metallelektroden in Funken.
(SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE
IMPURITIES IN SOLUTION ON METAL ELECTRODES
IN A SPARK.) Report No. 31/VII. US Atom-
ic Energy Commission Document No. NP-7085,
1958, 12 pp.
The application of the "copper spark" method to
the determination of trace amounts of Al, As, Be,
B, Cd, Ca, Ce, Cr, Cu, Fe, La, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, P,
Si, Ag, Na, Te, and Sn in solutions of isotopes of
low radioactivity and containing phosphate, sul-
fate, and iodide ions is given. The calculated
variability coefficient for AS solutions with a
concentration of 1 pg Ni/ml was ±5% for 95% ac-
curacy. A purification method for the auxiliary
electrode and the use of the standard paper densi-
ty scale for quantitative determinations are given.
(From Nuclear Science Abstracts 13:Abstr. No.
5288, 1959)
3744 Czarnecka, W., and Sobkowska, A. (Zaklad
Anal. Inst. Badan Jadrowych PAN, Warsaw,
Analytical Methods
739
-------
Poland): POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN ASCORBIC ACID SOLUTION. Chem.
Anal. 3:501-4, 1958.
Pb can be determined in amounts from 0.001-0.0001
g/1 in an ascorbic acid solution. The method was
proved by using standard Pb solutions; the error
was within ±4%. The sensitivity of the method
makes it possible to determine Pb in concentra-
tions of 10~6 g/1. The method was used to deter-
mine Pb in presence of ions of 7 elements and com-
pounds. The determination was not affected by
Cd"1"1", N03~, tartrates, or Cr04 . (From Chemical
Abstracts 53:8932, 1959)
3745 Dobychin, S.L, and Aleskovskii, V.B.:
(CEMENTATION FOR CONCENTRATING AND DETER-
MINING MICROAMOUNTS OF CERTAIN METALS.)
Tr. Leningr. Tekhnol. Inst. Lensoveta,
1958, No. 48; 45-8.
The method consists in the prolonged shaking of a
large volume (M. liter) of the test solution
(pH 3-3.5) containing 5-100 yg Cu, Pb, Zn, or
Cd/1, 8 g Mg S04/l, and 8 g NaCl/1, with 0.2 g
metallic Mg, separating the Mg, dissolving it in
HC1, and determining the metals polarographically
in a small volume of solution. This method can be
used in determining microamounts of these metals
in mineral waters, with not especially pure Mg;
in determining lower concentrations, purer Mg is
required. (From Ref. Zhur., Khim. 1959, Abstr. No.
45498; Anal. Abstr. 7, Abstr. No. 864; Chemical
Abstracts 58:1901, 1963)
3746 Dowling, T., Davis, R.B., Charsha, R.C.,
and Linch, A.L. (duPont Co.): LEAD-IN-AIR .
ANALYZER. A SPECIALIZED AIR SAMPLING AND
ANALYSIS KIT. American Industrial Hygiene
Association Journal 19:330-7 (Aug.), 1958.
A Pb-in-air analyzer is described, which is used
as an aid in protecting workers from harm and in-
iury. It may be used to determine whether a tank
that has been judged clean is Pb-free or whether an
area involving a spill of TEL has been properly
decontaminated.
3747 Dymshits, Ya. M., and Pavlyuchenkova,
E.G.: (METHOD FOR SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMI-
NATION OF SMALL CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD IN
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS.) Trudy Sibir. Fiz.-
Tekh. Inst., Tomsk. Univ. im. V.V. Kuiby-
sheva 36:293-6, 1958.
A method was developed for spectrographic determi-
nations of Pb in blood and excreta using a cup-
like C electrode. The method can detect concen-
trations as low as 0.1-0.2 ppm and has an absolute
'sensitivity of 10~7 g Pb. The average error var-
ied from ±12% - ±6% for a concentration range of
1-100 ppm, respectively. (From Chemical Abstracts
54:19810, 1960)
3748 Edge, R.A., and Penny, N. (Govt. Chem.
Labs., Capetown, S. Africa): PROPOSED
NONASHING TECHNIQUE EMPLOYING ION-EXCHANGE
RESINS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
WINE. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture 9:401-3, (July), 1958.
The wine, free of solid particles, is passed
through a bewex-50 column, the column is eluted
with 4N hydrogen chloride and Pb is determined in
the eluate with dithizone. Recovery of added Pb
(2 ppm) is 81-101%. Results agree with the iodic-
anhydride-nitric acid method, although they are
somewhat less consistent. Analysis time is 3 hr.
The method is suggested for use in control labora-
tories to determine whether wine contains
-------
lab. (From Chemical Abstracts 53:623, 1959)
3752 Jeney, E., and Szendrey, S.: Untersuchung
der Metallverunreinigung der Luft mit
Hilfe der papierchromatographischen Meth-
ode. (EXAMINATION OF AIR POLLUTION BY
METAL, WITH THE AID OF PAPER CHROMATOG-
RAPHY.) Z. ges. Hyg. 4, No. 5-6:249-53,
1958.
The absolute amount of pollution substances was
largest in October, the 2nd half of March and the
2nd half of April. Pb, among other elements, was
demonstrable by paper chromatography from the dust
of urban air. (From Excerpta Medica, Sect. 17,
5:Abstr. No. 3856, 1959)
3753 Kasparov, A.A.: (A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
SOME METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD
IN URINE.) Zdravookhranenie Tadzhikistana
1958, No. 5:30-2.
A comparative study of the nephelometric bichromate
method for the determination of Pb and of the Leon-
tov method was made. Used as subjects were 47
workers of a Pb-Zn mine. The Leontov method gave
exaggeratedly higher results insofar as urinary Pb
level was concerned. (From Referat. Zhur. Khim.,
Biol. Khim. 1959, Abstr. No. 13559; Chemical
Abstracts 54:3575, 1960)
3754 Korshunov, I.A., Malyugina, N.I., and
Vertyulina, L.N.: (POLAROGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD AND MERCURY IN SEWAGE.)
Trudy Khim. i Khim. Tekhnol. 1:419-22,
1958.
Ions of Pb and Hg undergo reversible reduction at
the dropping Hg electrode and give well-defined
diffusion currents. The method described gives
accurate results when applied to a solution con-
taining not <1 mg Pb/1 and not <10 mg Hg/1. (From
Chemical Abstracts 54:5993, 1960)
3755 Kulaev, F.N. (State Pedagog, Inst., Gorki,
USSR): (PRECIPITATION CHROMATOGRAPHY ON
PAPER IN THE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC CAT-
IONS.) Zhur. Anal. Khim. 13:172-9, 1958.
It was found experimentally that the precipitation
zone of a cation on a paper chromatogram attains a
stable dimension after 5-6 washings. These dimen-
sions varied for different cations and were direc-
ly related to the solubility products. Other fac-
tors studied were the size of the drop, concentra-
tion of precipitating solution and the nature of
the precipitate formed-crystalline or amorphorus.
The effect of external factors such as tempera-
ture, extent of physical adsorption, other elec-
trolytes present in solution, interaction of cat-
ion and solvent, interaction of precipitates with
another, and pH were also studied. The minimum
detectable quantity and the limiting dilution were
determined and tabulated. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 52:12664, 1958)
3755 Lipchinski, A., and Krstewa, M. (Chem.
Technologisches Inst., Sofia, Bulgaria):
Quantitative Bestimmung des Bleis nach
dem Verfahren der Oxydations-Innerelek-
trolyse durch anodische Abscheidung als
Blei (IV)-Oxyd. (DETERMINATION OF LEAD
BY INTERNAL ELECTROLYSIS WITH ANODIC DEPO-
SITION OF LEAD DIOXIDE.) Zeitschrift fur
Analytische Chemie 164:246-50, 1958.
3757 McConnaughey, P.W.: SPOT-TESTING SOLU-
TIONS, ESPECIALLY FOR DETECTION OF LEAD
AND HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. U.S. Patent
2,839,368, June 17, 1958, to Mine Safety
Appliances Co.
By depositing on a porous carrier a colorimetric
reagent in the form of a suspension in a volatile
nonsolvent, the migration of the reagent to the
periphery of the wetted area (and enhanced periph-
eral color intensity) is avoided and a uniform
color tests is obtained. Application is described
of detection of Pb down to 0.3 yg/cm2 of filter
paper. (From Chemical Abstracts 53:989, 1959)
3758 Miller, A.D., and Libina, R.I. (Inst.
Technol., Leningrad, USSR): (DETERMINA-
TION OF MICROQUANTITIES OF COPPER, LEAD,
AND ZINC IN NATURAL WATERS AND SOIL EX-
TRACTS.) Zhur. Anal. Khim. 13:664-7,
1958.
Two procedures are outlined. In one, Cu, Pb, and
Zn are extracted as dithizonates in CCl^ from a
weakly ammoniacal solution in the presence of NH^
citrate. The 2nd procedure is based on the dif-
ference in solubility of Cu, Zn, and Pb diethyl-
dithiocarbaminates in HC1 of varying concentra-
tions. Neither of the procedures requires KCN and
both are suitable for use in the field. (From
Chemical Abstracts 53:6492, 1959)
3759 Mokranjac, M.S., and Jovanovic, D. (Univ.
Belgrade, Yugoslavia): Prilog pitanju
polarografskog odredivanja olova u mokraci-
(POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
URINE.) Vojnosanitetski Pregled 15, No.
3:182-5, 1958.
Urine was treated with HNO-^, NaOH, ^SO^, and
HC102- The resulting solution was polarographed.
The error of the method was ±2.1%.
3760 Nelson, K.W., and Hamm, R.E. (Am. Smelt-
ing Ref. Co.; Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City):
ANALYTICAL STUDIES ON LEAD IN HUMAN URINE.
A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health 17:
38-44 (Jan.), 1958.
The purpose of the analytical studies was to deter-
mine whether Pb in blood and urine is in the form
of a chelate. Initial experiments were conducted
with columns of cation exchange resin, then for
a more rapid evaluation of the Pb-complexing
powers of numerous compounds (allantoln, ammonia,
aspartic acid, billrubin, citric acid, creatine,
creatinine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, nip-
pur ic acid, HF, leucine, methionine, oxalic, phos-
phoric, tartaric acids, tyrosine, urea, uric acid,
acetic, acetylsalicylic, aconitic, p-aminobenzoic,
ascorbic, carbonic, formic, fumarlc, glucuronic,
gluconic, glutamic acids) potentiometric titra-
tions of the compound with standard KOH in the
absence and in the presence of Pb were carried
out. Finally, the strengths of certain Pb com-
plexes were compared and the stability constants
of PbCit- (Kety) at 25 C° and 37 C° were deter-
mined by equilibrations against ion-exchange
resin.
In discussing the results the authors state that
Analytical Methods
741
-------
several facts support a conclusion that Pb in
urine is bound as a strong neutral or negatively
charged chelate or complex. No positive proof,
however, is given that such a compound exists,
and experiments with a number of possible chelat-
ing agents did not indicate that any of their Pb
complexes were present in the urine. Citrate is
more likely than any of the others, but no con-
clusive evidence in favor of citrate was obtained.
3761 Nozaki, T., and Ueno, K. (Ehime Univ.
Niihama, Japan): (ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRO-
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BARIUM AND
LEAD.) Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 79:484-7,
1958.
Pb chromate is dissolved in 4N HC1 and the absorp-
tion at 267.5 my is determined. As little as 3 yg
Pb can be determined. (From Chemical Abstracts
53:3995, 1959)
3762 Ol'shanova, K.M., and Koloskova, Z.A.:
(USE OF PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE QUALI-
TATIVE ANALYSIS OF CATIONS OF THE THIRD
AND FOURTH ANALYTICAL GROUPS.) Trudy,
Moskov. Tekhnol. Inst. Myasnoi i Moloch.
Prom. 1958, No. 8:109-13.
Pb, along with 8 other metals, was identified with
the aid of suitable developing agents on a 2nd
chromatogram, the 1st chromatogram indicating the
presence of Fe, Co, Bi, Hg (II), and Cu. An out-
line of the development and identification of the
zones on the chromatograms is given. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 53:5963, 1959)
3763 Rosu, D.: (HEAVY METALS IN FOOD PRO-
DUCTS.) Rev. Ind. Aliment. Produse Ani-
male 1958, No. 3:14-7.
A method for the determination Pb, Sn, and Cu in
the food industry is suggested. Pb is determined
by bringing the given solution to a pH of 9-11 and
adding a solution of diphenylthiocarbazone in
CHC1-
A red color is obtained sensitive to 2
Pb. (From Chemical Abstracts 53:7447, 1959)
3764 Roushdi, I.M., Abdine, H., and Sadek, W.
(Univ. Alexandria, Egypt): (COMPARATIVE
STUDY OF LIMIT TESTS FOR IMPURITIES IN
SOME PHARMACOPEIAS.) Egypt. Pharm. Bull.
40, No. 12:67-81, 1958.
Specifications for the limits of Cl~, SO,
Pb, As, and heavy metals and sensitivity of the
various tests as set forth in various pharmacopoe-
ias were compared. (From Chemical Abstracts 54:
20084, 1960)
3765 Santi, M.L. (S. Martino Hosp., Genoa,
Italy): La piombiuria e la plombemia.
(URINE AND BLOOD LEAD LEVELS.) Bollettino
della Societa Italiana di Biologia Speri-
mentale 34, No. 11:526-8, 1958.
A modification of a method earlier developed (1956)
if described.
3766 Stepanenko, E.M., and Vol'berg, N.S.:
(POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SOME SYS-
TEMS OF METALLIC AEROSOLS HAVING A HY-
GIENIC SIGNIFICANCE.) Trudy Nauch. Sessii
Leningrad. ^auch.-Issledovatel. Inst.
Gigieny Truda i Pofzabolevanii Posvya-
shchen. Itogam Raboty, Leningrad 1956:257-
60 (Pub. 1958).
A polarographic method for the determination of Pb
in the presence of Cu and Zn in air and for the de-
termination of Pb in the presence of Sn and "colo-
phony" was developed. (From Ref. Zhur., Met. 1959,
Abstr. No. 14153; Chemical Abstracts 54:16253,1960)
3767 Sudilovskaya, E.M. : (PHASE ANALYSIS OF
DUST FOR LEAD COMPOUNDS.) Analiz Rud
Tsvetnykh Metal, i Produktov ikh Perera-
botki, Sbomik Nauch. Trudov 1958, No. 14:
129-37.
The Pb in the dust can be present chiefly as PbO
and PbS and partly as the sulfate, arsenate, and
metallic Pb. The phase analysis is given. (From
Chemical Abstracts 53:13873, 1959)
3768 Tanaka, N., and Sakuma, Y. (Tohoku Univ.,
Sendai, Japan): CONSTANT-CURRENT POTENT-
IOMETRIC TITRATIONS OF COPPER, LEAD, AND
CADMIUM AT A SEMI-CONVECTION MERCURY ELEC-
TRODE. Bunseki Kagaku 7:223-8, 1958.
By using a semi-convection Hg electrode as an in-
dicator electrode, constant-current potentiometric
titrations were carried out for Cu(II), Pb(II),
and Cd(II) at a low concentration such as 2 X
10~5M. It was found that the titration with the
semi-convection electrode was useful in analysis
of micromolar solutions, although it was less ac-
curate and less reproducible than that with the
dropping electrode. Further, it was confirmed
that the titration curves obtained with the semi-
convection electrode satisfied the relation pre-
viously derived for a constant-current potentio-
metric titration. (From Chemical Abstracts 54:
3070, 1960)
3769 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority:
THE ABSORPTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD
IN URINE. US Atomic Energy Commission
Document No. IGO-AM/W-169, 1958, 6 pp.
Organic matter is destroyed and the inorganic
residue is dissolved in dilute nitric acid. After
adjustment of pH to 2.8, any Bi present is ex-
tracted as the dithizonate; the pH is adjusted to
8.0 and Pb is extracted as the dithizonate in
chloroform and determined absorptiometrically.
(From Nuclear Science Abstracts 12:Abstr. No.
10389, 1958)
3770 Volodjer, K. (Inst. Med. Research, Zagreb,
Yugoslavia): (DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
FLOUR AND CORN.) Arhiv. Hig. Rada i
Toksikol. 9:89-91, 1958; Chemical Ab-
stracts 53:14365, 1959.
3771 Zaltsev, V.A. (Pharm. Inst., Moscow,
USSR): (DETERMINATION OF LEAD CATIONS.)
Aptechnoe Delo 7, No. 3:21-3, 1958; Chemi-
cal Abstracts 53:18748, 1959.
3772 Zhigllnsk.ii, A.B., Zaidel, A..N., and
Chaiko, Yu. (Phys. Res. Inst. State Univ.,
Leningrad, USSR): (SPECTRAL DETERMINATION
OF THE ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF LEAD.
Optika i Spektroskoplya 4:152-5, 1958.
The spectral analysis of Pb isotopes based on hy-
perfine Pb(l) 4058-A band made use of a hollow
742
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
cathode cooled with liquid air requiring no stand-
ard. Because of the current density used, the
spectrum was practically free of self absorption,
and the Doppler width of the lines was small.
With the concentration of an isotope >10%, the
precision of the method was 2-4% for each isotope.
It was unnecessary to apply excessively large cor-
rections. (From Chemical Abstracts 52:9860, 1958)
1959
3773 Brustier, V., and Pitet, G. (Fac. MSd.
Pharm., Toulouse, France): (THE ULTRA-
VIOLET EMISSION SPECTROGRAPH. APPLICA-
TIONS IN PHARMACY, BIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE.)
Mises au Point de Chimle Analytique Pure
et Appliquee et d'Analyse Bromatologique
7:1-32, 1959; Chemical Abstracts 54:14352,
1960.
See Abstract No. 3820.
3774 Colombo, G.: Apparecchio pratico per la
determinazione dell'inquinamento da piombo
nell'aria ambiente. (PRACTICAL DEVICE FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD POLLUTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE.) Rassegna di Medicina Indus-
triale 28:533-4 (Nov.-Dec.), 1959.
The apparatus is based on the following principle:
A predetermined quantity of air is passed through
a sucrose solution, acidified with nitric acid,
contained in Meyer absorption tube. The total
amount of Pb contained in air, whether in suspen-
sion of fine dusts of Pb, PbO, Pb02 and PbS04 or
fumes, is dissolved in the above solution; Pb is
determined colorimetrically, and the color obtain-
ed by precipitation of Pb in the form of sulfate
is compared with solutions of known content of Pb.
3775 Degtyarenko, A.P., Libina, R.I., and
Miller, A.D.: (METHOD OF CONCENTRATING
Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Hg, Ag, V, W, Mo BY PRE-
CIPITATION WITH SULFIDES AND THE DETERMI-
NATION OF THE MICROELEMENTS ADAPTABLE TO
THE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL WATERS.) Gidro-
khim. Materialy 29:264-72, 1959.
A short method was developed for concentrating
some of the microelements in natural waters by
precipitation with CdS, 61283, and ZnS. The sim-
plicity of the method makes it useful under diffi-
cult expeditionary conditions. (From Chemical
Abstracts 54:20024, 1960)
3776 Deshmukh, G.S., and Asthana, O.P. (Hindu
Univ., Banaras, India): AMPEROMETRIC TI-
TRATION OF LEAD AND COPPER WITH SODIUM
SELENITE. Journal of Scientific Research
of the Banaras Hindu University 10:41-5,
1959.
Pb, 0.6-2 mg, is determined in l.OM NH^ acetate,
pH 6.5-6.9, and 0.01% gelatin by using 0.1M Na
selenite as the titrant at -0.9 v vs Hg pool. The
end point is the minimum current, and corresponds
to PbSe03-
3777 Dixon, B.E., and Metson, P. (Dept. Govt.
Chem., Strand, London, England): A FIELD
METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF LEAD FUME.
Analyst 84:46-50 (Jan.), 1959.
A field test for determining small amounts of Pb
fume in industrial atmospheres is based on the for-
mation of a purple color on test paper impregnated
with tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone. Results of the
field, dithizone and spectrographic methods are
compared. The field method is sensitive to about
0.05 mg Pb/m3. Above ^5 times the threshold toxic
limit (0.2 mg Pb/m3), the determination ceases to
be precise. Airborne particles of Pb oxide or
Pb of the same size range as Pb fume, which have
not been formed by condensation, can also be de-
termined by this method. (14 references)
3778 El Raheem, A.A.A., and Amin, A.A.M. (Natl.
Res. Center, Cairo, Egypt): OMEGA CHROME
BLACK PPV, A NEW METAL INDICATOR. Zeit-
schrift fUr Analytische Chemie 165:416-21,
1959.
Omega Chrome Black PPV can be used as the indicator
for di-Na(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate titrations
of Mg, Zn, Mn^, Ni, Pb, and Cd at pH 10. With
Pb and Mn add tartaric and ascorbic acids before
the buffer. With Pb some Mn-EDTA complex is re-
quired to sharpen the end point.
3779 El Raheem, A.A.A., and Dokhana, M.M.
(Min. Public Health Labs., Cairo, Egypt):
HETOMEGA CHROME CYANINE BLL AS A METAL
INDICATOR IN EDTA TITRATIONS. Analytica
Chimica Acta 20:133-6, 1959.
The use of Metomega Chrome Cyanine BLL forms a red
chelate compound with many metal ions at pH 5.7-7.9.
It is especially suitable as an indicator for the
titration of Zn, Cd, Mn, and Pb with the Na salt
of EDTA. The color changes to blue at the equi-
valence point. The titration is carried out at
pH 6.8.
3780 Eremenko, V.Ya.: (THE SPECTROGRAPHIC DE-
TERMINATION OF MICROELEMENTS (Ni, Co, Cu,
V, Sn, Mo, Pb, AND Mn) IN NATURAL WATERS.)
Gldrokhim. Materialy 29:248-53, 1959:
Chemical Abstracts 54:23138, 1960.
3781 Gorsuch, T.T. (Radiochem. Center, Amersham,
Bucks, England): RADIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGA-
TIONS ON THE RECOVERY FOR ANALYSIS OF TRACE
ELEMENTS IN ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL MATER-
IALS. Report to the Analytical Methods
Committee by the Society's First Analytical
Chemistry Research Scholar. Analyst 84:
135-73 (Mar.), 1959.
The behavior of Pb during the destruction of or-
ganic matter was studied and the relative merits
of wet and dry oxidations were discussed.
3782 Gnesin, Yu. D.: (USE OF m-SULFANILAMIDO-
BENZOIC ACID IN INORGANIC ANALYSIS.)
Uchenye Zapiski, Pyatigorsk. Farm. Inst.
4:107-16, 1959.
The use of the Na salt of m-sulfanilamidobenzoic
acid in the spot test or microcrystalloscopic de-
tection of Pb is described. (From Referat. Zhur.,
Khim. 1961, Abstr. No. 8D20; Chemical Abstracts
56:6635, 1962)
3783 Haerdi, W., and Monnier, D. (Univ. Geneva,
Switzerland): Microdosage de traces de
plomb dans le sang, applicable a divers
milieux biologiques. (MICROANALYSIS OF
Analytical Methods
743
-------
TRACES OF LEAD IN BLOOD, APPLICABLE TO
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.) Mitteilungen aus dem
Gebiete der Lebensmitteluntersuchung und
Hygiene 50:243-57, 1959.
A polarographic method with an accuracy of 1 pg
t 10% is described. The method involves 3 main
steps: wet ashing of the blood, extraction of
Pb with dithizone and polarography.
3784 Han, K.K. (Central Lab. Regional Hosp.
Center, Nancy, France): (DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN BLOOD BY DITHIZONE AFTER REMOVAL
OF IRON SALTS BY AMYL ACETATE.) Ann. de
Biol. Clin. (Paris) 17:168-72, 1959.
The method involves digestion of whole blood by
H2^4~HN03 mixture followed by removal of Fe salts
by extraction with redistilled amyl acetate. The
Pb is extracted from the Fe-free solution with CCl^
solution of dithizone, and the color of the solu-
tion measured. (From Chemical Abstracts 53:22181,
1959)
3785 Herrmann, A.G., and Hoffmann, R.O.: (METH-
ODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF
ELEMENTS IN SALINE DEPOSITS. I. STRONTIUM
IN ANHYDRITE. II. LEAD IN ROCK SALT AND
SYLVIN.) Monatsber. Deut. Akad. Wiss.,
Berlin 1, No. 11:690-3, 1959.
Spectrophotometric determination of Pb in dithizone
in rock salt and sylvin has been examined for the
purpose of using it in routine analyses. The mean
relative error is t 27, for Pb, in the range of
5-500 yg Pb in 50 ml CC1,. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 54:19289, 1960)
3786 Karanovich, G.G.: COLORIMETRIC DETERMI-
NATION OF HEAVY METALS WITH THIOACETAMIDE.
Trudy Vsesoyuz. Nauch. Issledovatel. Inst.
Khim. Reaktivov 1959, No. 23:96-101.
A possibility of colorimetric determination of
small quantities of Pb and Cu with thioacetamide
instead of HjS was investigated. Application of
the method for determination of Cu and Pb in mono-
NH4citrate, (NH^^MoO^, Ca salts, and alums is also
described. (From Chemical Abstracts 54:24115, 1960)
3787 Kargin, Yu.M. (State Univ., Kazan, USSR):
(DETERMINATION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS (OF
METALS) BY THE METHOD OF DIFFERENTIAL
OSCILLOGRAPHIC POLAROGRAPHY.) Zavodskaya
Lab. 25:273-6, 1959.
A differential oscillographic-polarographic method
of determination of low concentrations of Cd, Pb,
Bi, and Zn in the presence of each other was de-
veloped. (From Chemical Abstracts 54:18153, 1960)
3788 Kay, K. (Dept. Natl. Health & Welfare,
Ottawa, Canada): AIR POLLUTION. Analyti-
cal Chemistry 31, No. 4, Pt. 2:633-45,
1959.
This review covers the 2 yr 1957 and 1958, supple-
menting previous analytical reviews by the author.
In a chapter on chemical analysis of pollutants
various methods for the determination of Pb are
listed. (468 references)
3789 Klimov, I.T., and Eremenko, V.Ya.: SPEC-
TROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS
IN NATURAL WATERS. I. CONCENTRATING Ni,
3790
Co, Ag, Cu, V, Sn, Bi, Fe, Pb, AND Mn BY
MEANS OF SODIUM D1ETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE.
Gidrokhim. Materialy 29:254-63, 1959;
Chemical Abstracts 54:18836, 1960.
Krylova, M.I.: (DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND
COPPER IN FOODS WITHOUT THE USE OF HYDRO-
GEN SULFIDE.) Inform. Byul. Moskov,
Nauchn.-Issledovatel. Inst. Sanit. i Gi-
gieny 1958, No. 23:30-4 (Pub. 1959); Chem-
ical Abstracts 57:3831, 1962.
3791
Landry, A.S.: CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS A
SUPPORTING ELECTROLYTE IN THE POLAROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF TOXIC CONSTITUENTS IN AN
ATMOSPHERIC SAMPLE. I. LEAD AND CADMIUM.
Advan. Polarog. Proc. Intern. Congr. , 2nd.
Cambridge, Eng. 2:591-605, 1959.
The study of 2.7M CaCl2 at a pH of 6 as a support-
ing electrolyte has led to a sensitive method for
determining Pb in atmospheric samples. (From
Chemical Abstracts 57:10148, 1962)
3792 Lektorskaya, N.A., and Kovalenko, P.N.
(State Univ., Rostov-on-Don, USSR):
(POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF BISMUTH
AND ANTIMONY, LEAD, AND TIN, IN THE PRES-
ENCE OF ONE ANOTHER.) Nauch. Doklady
Vysshei Shkoly, Khim., i Khim. Tekhnol.
1959, No. 1:102-4.
In the simultaneous presence of Sn and Sb the
height of the Sn wave is the constant sum of the
heights of both waves, Pb and Sn; the growth of
the height of the wave of Pb on adding Sn to the
solution is directly proportional to the concen-
tration of the latter. The method for determina-
tion of Sn and Pb is given. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 53:13876, 1959)
3793 Loginova, L.G. (Ail-Union Inst. Hydrogeol.
Eng. Geol., Moscow, USSR): SPECTROSCOPIC-
ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF TIN, ZINC,
CADMIUM, ANTIMONY, LEAD, AND ARSENIC IN
NATURAL WATER. Zhur. Anal. Khim. 14:217-
21, 1959.
By the method described, a Pb content of 4 x 10~k
to 1 x 10-1% in natural water was found, the aver-
age relative error being +12%. (From Chemical
Abstracts 53:16422, 1959)
3794 Miller, A.D., and Libina, R.I.: (CONCEN-
TRATING AND DETERMINING TRACES OF ELEMENTS
IN NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATERS BY PRECIP-
ITATION WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE.) Zhur.
Priklad. Khim. 32:2624-31, 1959.
Traces of elements in l^O were coprecipitated with
CaC03. Traces of Pb among others were determined.
Methods of analysis are given. A new method for
the determination of Zn, Pb, and Cu in the same
sample in the presence of large amounts of Fe is
described. (From Chemical Abstracts 54:7938, 1960)
3795 Nemirovskaya, A.F., and Petrashen, V.I.:
(ORGANIC REAGENTS IN THE ANALYTICAL CHEM-
ISTRY OF LEAD.) Trudy Novocherkassk.
Politekh. Inst. im. S. Ordzhonikidze 97:
193-203, 1959.
A review with 31 references. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 55:8155, 1961)
744
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
3796 North, A.A., and Wells, R.A. (Chem. Res.
Lab., Teddington, England): CHEMICAL
METHODS OF TRACE ANALYSIS. ANALYTICAL
METHODS FOR GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING.
Congr. Geol. Intern., 20th Session, Mexico
City, Symposium on Geochem. Exploration,
1956:347-474, 1959.
The following papers deal with the analysis of Pb:
Accuracy and Precision of Field Methods of Trace
Analysis used in Geochemical Exploration by U.S.
Geological Survey; Field Performance of Some Ana-
lytical Methods Used in Geochemical Prospecting;
Semiquantitative Determination by Confined Spot of
Traces of As, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Au, in Soils;
Field Method for Semiquantitative Determination by
Paper Chromatography of Copper, Lead, and Zinc in
Soils; Equipment and Field Method for the Semi-
quantitative Determination of Zinc and Lead by
Dithizone. (From Chemical Abstracts 56:6639, 1962)
3797 Pollard, F.H., Hanson, P., and Geary, W.J.
(Univ. Bristol, England): 4-(2-PYRIDYLA-
ZO)-RESORCINOL AS A POSSIBLE ANALYTICAL RE-
AGENT FOR THE COLORIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF
COBALT, LEAD, AND URANIUM. Analytica Chim-
ica Acta 20:26-31, 1959.
4-(2-Pyridylazo) resorcinol is synthesized and used
as a colorimetric reagent for Co, Pb, and U. It is
claimed to be the first water soluble reagent for
Pb. Readings are taken for Pb at 520 p. Beer's
law is followed for Pb 0-5 yg/ml.
3798 Quino, E.A. (Esso Standard Oil Co., New
York, N.Y.): FIELD METHOD FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF INORGANIC LEAD FUMES IN AIR.
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal 20:134-7 (Apr.), 1959.
The field method described should be especially
useful to the industrial hygienist for environmen-
tal surveys away from laboratory facilities. The
procedure which is based on a color reaction gives
accurate results. The stains obtained on the fil-
ter paper have remained stable thus far for a peri-
od of 7 mo.
3799 Society for Analytical Chemistry, Analyti-
cal Methods Committee: THE DETERMINATION
OF LEAD. REPORT PREPARED BY THE METALLIC
IMPURITIES IN ORGANIC MATTER SUB-COMMITTEE.
Analyst 84:127-34 (Mar.), 1959.
A modified method for the determination of Pb,
based on the method developed by the Lead Panel
in 1954, is reported. When considerable Bi inter-
ference is indicated, a special procedure must be
used.
3800 Sogolovskaya, A.G., and Nemirovskaya, A.F.:
(QUINALIZARIN AS AN ANALYTICAL REAGENT.)
Nauch. Raboty Stud. Khim.-Tekhnol. Fak.,
Novocherkasskil, Politekh. Inst. im. S.
Ordzhonikidze 1959, No. 7:9-16.
Quinalizarin can be used in the determination of
Pb at pH 6.2-6.35 and pH 8.2-8.8. (From Chemical
Abstracts 55:12142, 1961)
3801 Tarasenko, M.I.: (THE USE OF SECTIONAL
CENTRIFUGE TEST TUBE FOR RAPID GRAVIMETRIC
DETERMINATIONS OF LEAD.) Sbornik Nauch.
Rafaot, Moskov. Farm. Inst. 2:107-11, 1958
(Pub. 1959).
The title method is described. (From Referat.
Zhur., Met. 1960, Abstr. No. 11716; Chemical
Abstracts 55:12141, 1961)
3802 Tarasenko, M.I.: (RAPID DETERMINATION OF
SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD BY CENTRIFUGATION. )
Sbornik Nauch. Rabot. Moskov. Farm. Inst.,
2:112-24, 1958 (Pub. 1959).
The method is based on the precipitation of Pb^"1"
as PbSO^ in a centrifuge tube with a cap jointed
to its lower end by a ground glass joint, in which
the precipitate is dried and weighed. The deter-
mination takes 30-40 min; the relative error var-
ies from +0.17% to +0.36%. (From Referat. Zhur.,
Khim. 1960,Abstr. No. 34,505; Chemical Abstracts
55:236, 1961)
3803 Tarasenko, M.I., Bulenkov, T.I., and
Mirolyubova, S.P. (Pharm. Inst., Moscow,
USSR): (RAPID AND SIMPLE METHOD FOR
DETERMINATION OF LEAD ACETATE AND OF LEAD
IN BASIC LEAD ACETATE (PHARMACOPOEIA PREP-
ARATIONS) AS THE POTASSIUM-LEAD DOUBLE
SALT.) Sbornik Nauch. Rabot Moskov. Farm.
Inst. 2:133-9, 1958 (Pub. 1959).
A gravimetric method based on the precipitation of
Pb as K2SO^-PbS04 was worked out to replace the
iodometric determination of the Soviet Pharmacopeia
VIII. The method requires 5%.
3806 Tsviling, A.Ya., and Tertilova, A.G.:
(DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN CANNED FOODS BY
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEMLMICRO ANALYSIS.)
Trudy Odessk, Tekhnol. Inst. Pishchevoi i
Kholodil. Prom 9, No. 2:149-53, 1959.
The title method using canned tomato puree is de-
scribed. 1 yg of Pb can be detected in the sample.
(From Chemical Abstracts 54:25348, 1960)
3807 Tufts, B.J. (Univ. Chicago, 111.): DETER-
MINATION OF PARTICIPATE LEAD CONTENT IN AIR.
RESULTS OF TEST IN CITY TRAFFIC. Analyti-
Analytical Methods
745
-------
cal Chemistry 31:238-41 (Feb.), 1959.
Pb particles in air can be identified by a micro
spot test on membrane filters through use of an
alcoholic solution of tetrahydroxyquinone, which
forms a red precipitate with Pb. The method, used
in a study of automobile exhaust fumes, shows ap-
plication possibilities in industrial hygiene prob-
lems involving Pb and Pb products.
3808 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND ITS
COMPOUNDS IN THE AIR. Approved by USSR
Chief State Sanitary Inspector, V.M.
Zhdanov, September 30, 1959, No. 122-1/326.
In Levine, B.S.: U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. Washington, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Office of Technical Services,
1963, Vol. 8, pp. 34-8.
The method, applicable to the determination of Pb
and its compounds in workroom air is based on the
fact that degree of turbidity formed by the inter-
action between Pb ions and K chromate increases
with the increase of Pb ion concentration; com-
parison is made with the aid of a standard scale.
Sensitivity is 1 pg of Pb in analyzed solution
volume. The method is not specific in the pres-
ence of Ba salts. The limit of allowable concen-
tration of Pb and its compounds was set at 0.01
mg/m3 by regulation No. 279-59, issued Jan. 10,
1959.
3809 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: QUAN-
TITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TETRAETHYL LEAD
IN GASOLINE OF DIFFERENT TRADE MARKS AND
IN KEROSENE. Approved by USSR Chief State
Sanitary Inspector, V.M. Zhdanov, September
30, 1959, No. 122-1/330. In Levine, B.S.:
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases. Washington,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of
Technical Services, 1963, Vol. 8, pp. 64-6.
The method is applicable to the determination of
small quantities of TEL in gasoline used as sol-
vents and as automobile fuel, and in kerosene. TEL
is decomposed by I and the Pb ion determined as Fb
chromate. Sensitivity of the method is 1.56 yg
TEL/analyzed volume of the solution.
3810 Van der Westhuyzen, J.P. (Chem. Serv.,
Capetown, S. Africa): AN IMPROVED ASHING
TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
WINES AND SPIRITS. South African Journal
of Agricultural Science 2:183-6, 1959.
The dry-ash technique compared with that of wet
oxidation for determination of Pb in wines and
spirits gave more reproducible results and higher
Pb recovery, greatly reduced time of preparation
and introduced no interfering elements. Time re-
quired, 2-3 hr.
1960
38H Babin, M.E., ed. : (TECHNICAL SPECIFICA-
TIONS FOR METHODS OF DETERMINING TOXIC
SUBSTANCES IN THE AIR.) Tekhnicheskie
Usloviya na Metody Opredeleniya Vrednykh
Veshchestv v Vozdukhe Vol. 1, I960, 91 pp.
The collection of the methods approved by the USSR
government includes sections of the determination
of Pb in air and TEL in gasoline and kerosene.
(From APCA Abstracts 6: Abstr. No. 3561, 1961)
3812 Baer, W.K., and Hodge, E.S. (Mellon Inst.,
Pittsburgh, Pa): SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
OF SOLUTIONS. A COMPARISON OF FIVE TECH-
NIQUES. Applied Spectroscopy 14:141-6,
1960.
The solutions contained Pb and other cations and
the methods used were rotating platform, flat top,
rotating disk, porous cup, and plastic cup. The
excitation conditions were high voltage, MSU
Sparklike, and MSU Arclike. General conditions
for best sensitivity and reproducibility are stat-
ed.
3813 Ball, K.E. (Mine Safety Appliance Co.,
Pittsburgh, Pa.): PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
TECHNIQUES USED TO SELECTIVELY SENSITIZE
A PARTS PER BILLION ANALYZER. Instrument
Society of America, Proceedings of the
Instrumentation and Methods of Analysis
Symposium 6, 5-1-5-5, 1960.
An instrument, the Billion-Aire, has been devel-
oped for continuously detecting and recording con-
centrations of certain gases, among them TEL, in
the ppb range. The Billion-Aire which is de-
scribed and diagrammed in detail, operates on gas-
eous conduction phenomena as affected by aerosols
or subvisible smokes. To be detected by the in-
strument in the 0-100-ppb range, TEL is pyrolyzed
for breakdown at exit gas temperature of ^400°C.
Higher sensitivity may be achieved by using ultra-
violet radiation for breakdown; with this arrange-
ment, full-scale sensitivity is possible for 8 vg/
TEL/ft3, ie, roughly in the 0-20-ppb range.
3814 Ball, K.E., Brozart, C.J., and Saltzman,
R. : DETECTION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF NICKEL
CARBONYL AND TETRAETHYL-LEAD IN AIR. Pa-
per presented at Pittsburgh Conference on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectro-
scopy, Feb. 29-Mar. 4, 1960.
The MSA Billion-Aire is capable of detecting vari-
ous toxic gases in the ppb range. An ionization
chamber is used as the detector and the mechanism
of detection is the decrease in ion current as a
finely divided particulate passes through the
chamber. The particulate is formed by chemical
reaction or pyrolysis of the gas to be detected.
Two typical applications are the detection of Nl
carbonyl and TEL in the range of 0-50 ppb. Both
are converted by pyrolysis to the elemental metal
and/or oxides. Experimental work on TEL with an
ultraviolet converter has indicated that even
higher sensitivities may be realized. (From au-
thors' abstract, Pittsburgh Conference p. 36:
Abstr. No. 16)
3815 Barbieri, R. , Belluco, U., and Tagliavini,
G. (Inst. Nuclear Chem., Padua, Italy):
(QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES OF OR-
GANO-LEAD COMPOUNDS.) Ricerca Sci. 30:
1671-4, 1960.
Compounds of the type R^Pb, RgPbCl, and R2PbCl2
(R = Me.Et, or Ph) are separated by paper chroma-
tography. The method is accurate within 2%.
(From Chemical Abstracts 55:14175, 1961)_.
746
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
3816 Barbleri, R., Tagliavini, G., and Belluco,
U. (Inst. Nuclear Chem., Padua, Italy):
(ANALYSIS OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS.)
Rlcerca Sci. 30:1963-8, 1960.
Mixtures of R3PbCl and R2PbCl can be analyzed
spectrophotometrically as the dithizones in CHC1.,.
The method yields results with a maximum error of
2.5% for concentration ^80 ug Pb. (From Chemical
Abstracts 55:14159, 1961)
3817 Barcza, L. (Ebtvos Ldrand Tech. Coll., Buda-
pest, Hungary): Igen kis mennyisegii olom
egyszerii &s gyors meghatarozasa ditizonos
mddszer segitse'ge'vel. (A SIMPLE AND RAPID
DETERMINATION OF VERY SMALL QUANTITIES OF
LEAD BY MEANS OF THE DITHIZONE METHOD.)
Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 30:250-5, 1960.
The dithizone method for determining Zn was used
for determining Pb. The advantage of the method
was that interfering (CCl^-solution) organic com-
pounds could be mineralized before measuring be-
cause the determination was not disturbed by ions
forming complexes or precipitates.
3818 Belluco, U., Tagliavini, G., and Barbieri,
R. (Univ. Padua, Italy): Contribute
all'analisi di composti metallorganici del
piombo. (A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANALYSIS
OF METALLORGANIC LEAD COMPOUNDS.) Ricerca
Scientifica 30:1675-9 (Nov.), I960.
The authors describe the argentometric and iodo-
metric methods for the determination of hexaethyl-
diplumbane. A procedure is presented for the de-
termination of hexamethyldiplumbane and TEL which
are simultaneously present as a dispersed phase in
an aqueous solution of triethyllead chloride.
(From authors' summary; 30 references)
3819 Borisova, E.N. (Med. Inst., Kazan, USSR):
(HISTOCHEMICAL REACTION FOR LEAD IN FOODS
USING DITHIZONE.) Voprosy Pitaniya 19:
85-6 (July-Aug.), 1960.
A method for qualitative detection of Pb in food
was described. (From Chemical Abstracts 56:14673,
1962)
3820 Brustier, V., and Pitet, G. (Fac. Med.
Pharm., Toulouse, France): Le dosage de
la plombemie par spectrographie d'emission
dans 1'ultraviolet. (DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN THE BLOOD BY EMISSION SPECTROG-
RAPHY OF ULTRAVIOLET RANGE.) Revue Fran-
9aise d'Etudes Cliniques et Biologiques
5:946-7 (Nov.), 1960.
The estimation of Pb in blood, using the Bouty
michrophotometer or the Vassy microdensitometer is
described. Sn was used as the internal standard be-
cause its volatility is similar to that of Pb and
its line 2840, is close to that of the Pb, 2833.
The method was applied to the analysis of blood Pb.
3821 Bryant, J.I., and Kemp, M.D. (U.S. Army
Engineer Research and Development Lab.,
Fort Belvoir, Va.): SIMULTANEOUS POLARO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND AZIDES
IN AQUEOUS MEDIA. Analytical Chemistry
32:758-60 (June), 1960.
A polarographic method has been developed for the
simultaneous determination of Pb and azide ions of
Pb azide in aqueous solutions. Its sensitivity
allows safe low concentrations of Pb and azide
ions to be effectively determined in a fraction of
the time required by classical analytical methods.
The polarographic method was standardized by gravi-
metric determinations. (From authors' summary)
3822 Bttchler, W. (CIBA Ltd., Basel, Switzer-
land) : Die Anwendung der Polarographie in
der industriellen Praxis. (USE OF POLAR-
OGRAPHY IN THE INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY.)
Zeitschrift flir Analytische Chemie 173:17-
21, 1960.
A method for the determination of Pb in food dyes
is described.
3823 Bulgakova, A.M., and Volkova, A.M. (All-
Union Inst. Chem. Reagents, Kharkov, USSR):
EXTRACTION AND PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF TRACES OF LEAD IN HIGH-PURITY REAGENTS.
Zhur. Anal. Khim. 15:591-4, 1960
This method is particularly adapted for determina-
tion of traces of Pb in Tl compounds. (From Chem-
ical Abstracts 55:15221, 1961)
3824 Chen, W.H., and Ja, J.L. (Szechung Med.
Coll., China): (RAPID DECOMPOSITION OF
URINE IN LEAD DETERMINATION.) Yao Hsueh
T'ung Pao 1960, No. 4:179-80, 1960.
Evaporate 20 ml urine to dryness, cool, add 2 ml
of acid mixture. Heat gently until white fumes
form; then increase heat until the solution becomes
clear. Cool and dissolve in 3-5 ml 3% HN03- Ex-
tract Pb with dithizone and determine photometri-
cally. (From Chemical Abstracts 56:6295, 1962)
3825 Chen, Y. (Natl. Taiwan Univ., China): DE-
TERMINATION OF MICRO AMOUNTS OF LEAD BY
THE "ISOTOPE DILUTION METHOD OF ANALYSIS"
WITH ThB(Pbzl9-) AS A TRACER. J. Chinese
Chem. Soc. (Taiwan) 6:118-26 (Mar. 15),
1960.
The determination of micro amounts of Pb in aque-
ous solutions was described.
212
Pb was obtained
from Th nitrate by extraction with dithizone. A
solution of dithizone in chloroform was saturated
with Pb containing 212Pb and equilibrium was es-
tablished with an aqueous layer containing various
amounts of Pb. A formula was presented for simply
measuring the amount of Pb in the aqueous solu-
tion. (From Nuclear Science Abstracts 18:Abstr.
No. 41334, 1965)
3826 Costa, A.C.S.: (QUALITATIVE TEST FOR
LEAD WITH CHLORANILIC ACID.) Ciencia e
Cult. (Sao Paulo) 12:27, 1960.
Pb gives a chestnut-brown precipitate slowly in
dilute solution, sensitive to 5 ug Pb at a dilu-
tion of 1:10,000 when treated with a drop of 10%
HCIO^ and a drop of 0.1% aqueous chloranilic acid.
(From Chemical Abstracts 56:2874, 1962)
3827 Dixon, B.E., and Metson, P. (Lab. Govern-
ment Chemist, London, England): A FIELD
METHOD FOR DETERMINING TOTAL AIR-BORNE
LEAD. Analyst 85:122-6 (Feb.), 1960.
A field test is described for determining small
amounts of total air-borne Pb in industrial atmos-
pheres; it can be carried out on the sample used
Analytical Methods
747
-------
for determining Pb fume by Dixon and Metson's
staining method.
3828 Dozanska, W., and Czarnodolowa, H.:
(INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND WASTE WATERS.)
Roczn. Zakl. Hig. Warsz., 11:127-42, 1960.
A comparative study was made of various methods
for the determination of Pb. For quantities up to
0.02 mg Pb in a sample, the modified dithizone
colorimetric method is recommended. Methods for
mineralization and the efficiency of different
reducing agents are described. After examination
of different volumetric and gravimetric methods
for determination of larger quantities, the sulfate
method is recommended. (From Water Pollution Ab-
stracts 35, Abstr. No. 1121, 1962)
3829 Dulinski, W., and Kbhsling, Z. (Acad.
Gorniczo-Hutnicza, Krakow, Poland):
(TETRAETHYLLEAD IN AIR.) Gas, Woda i
Tech. Sanit. 34:258-9, 1960.
A nephelometric method for the determination of
TEL is described. (From Chemical Abstracts 55:
6747, 1961)
3830 El Raheem, A.A.A., Amin, A.A.M., and
Osman, F.A. (Natl. Research Centre, Cairo,
Egypt): OMEGA CHROME BLACK BLUE G AS A
COLORIMETRIC REAGENT FOR THE MICRODETER-
MINATION OF VARIOUS CATIONS. Z. Anal.
Chem. 171:420-31, 1960
Omega chrome black blue G can be used to determine
Pb, among 4 other elements, in buffered pH 10 so-
lution by measuring the decrease in absorption at
625 my. (From Chemical Abstracts 54:8447, 1960)
3831 Eulitz, G. (Univ. Heidelberg, Germany):
(SEPARATION OF Pb, Ca, Sr, Ba, AND Ra WITH
CATION EXCHANGERS.) Nukleonik 2:85-7,
1960.
Pb, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra are separated quantitative-
ly in a single process with cation exchangers by
using gradient ej-uLion. After separation, the con-
centrations of 90Sr, 89Sr, 140Ba, and 210pb, chief-
ly in precipitates and in the air, are measured.
(From Chemical Abstracts 54:18179, 1960)
3832 Gil'manshin, G.G.: (POLAROGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF BISMUTH AND
LEAD.) Materialy 1-oi (Pervoi) Konf.
Molodykh Nauchn. Rabotn. Kazani 1959,
Sekts. Khim., Kazan 141-5 (Pub. I960).
A polarographic method for determining Bi and Pb
(10~6-10~7 g-ions/1) in Cd(N03)2 and K2Cr207 was
developed. (From Chemical Abstracts 58:3876,
1963)
3833 Gorsuch, T.T. (Radio Chem. Center,
Amersham, Bucks, England): THE SEPARATION
OF LEAD-212 FROM THORIUM. Analyst 85:225-
6 (March), 1960.
A method for the separation of 212pb from natural
thorium in equilibrium with its decay products is
described.
3834 Gulina, O.M.: (COLORIMETRIC DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN THE URINE.) Gigiena
Truda i Professional. Zabolevaniya 4,
No. 11:58-60, 1960.
Pb (organic and inorganic) was determined by
colorimetric methods with dithizone in 50 ml
urine, with an accuracy of 0.01 yg Pb. Error of
the determination was 4.5%. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 55:21216, 1961)
3835 Keenan, R.G. (Public Health Serv., Cincin-
nati, 0.): NEW ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE. A.M.A. Archives of
Industrial Health 21:261-7 (March), 1960.
The use of an anionic exchange resin to remove
completely the Pb present in solutions of normal
blood ash and in chemical reagents used in the
preparation of spectrographic standards is de-
scribed. By means of emission spectroscopy, using
a spectroscopic buffer consisting of a mixture of
Lid and graphite, sensitivities of 0.005 yg Pb
in the electrode charge were obtained routinely.
(17 references)
3836 Khokhlova, O.I. (Pharm. Inst., Moscow,
USSR): (CONTRIBUTION TO THE METHODS OF
DETERMINING Pb4^, Cu"^, AND Fe+++ IMPURI-
TIES IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS.)
Aptechnoe Delo 9, No. 1:28-34, 1960.
A method for separating Pb is described. The low-
est detectable concentration was Fb++ 1 yg/1.
(From Chemical Abstracts 54:14575, 1960)
3837 Kleinkopf, M.D.,: SPECTROGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN LAKE WATERS
OF NORTHERN MAINE. Bulletin of the Geo-
logical Society of America 71:1231-42,
1960.
The metal content is expressed as the weight per
cent of the recovered residue rather than as the
absolute metal content per volume; this largely
eliminates the effects of changes in rates of
erosion and amounts of rainfall and runoff. A
study of 3 lakes showed that variations are not
great laterally or with depth for any one element,
and it is suggested that a single sample could be
representative of the lake as a whole.
3838 Kuhnen, G. (Dust Res. Inst., Bonn,
Germany): Bestimmung von Blei in Luft.
(DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR.) Staub
20:77-81 (March), 1960.
A new filter measuring instrument is described, as
well as a technique based on color development with
dithizone by which 10-120 yg Pb can be determined
within an average deviation of 1%. Quantities as
low as 1 pg can be determined with reduced accu-
racy.
3839 Loveridge, B.A., Milner, G.W.C., Barnett,
G.A., Thomas, A.M., and Henry, W.M.: DE-
TERMINATION OF Cu, Cr, Pb, AND Mn IN SEA
WATER. At. Energy Research Estab. (Gt.
Brit.) R-3323, 1960, 36 pp.
Spectrophotometric procedures are given for deter-
mination of natural concentration of these ele-
ments. Average values for soluble Pb range from
0.6-1.5 yg/1. In sea water these elements were
found associated with suspended solids, which were
removed by filters that retained particles 1 y in
diameter or larger. (29 references; from Chemical
Abstracts 54:24118, 1960)
748
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
3840 Machata, G., and Neuninger, H. (Univ.
Vienna, Austria): Zur Methodik der Blei-
bestimmung im Harn. (METHODS OF LEAD DE-
TERMINATION IN URINE.) Wiener Medizinische
Wochenschrift 110:39-41 (Jan. 16), 1960.
The results, obtained by the total Pb method and
the method of Taeger, in the routine analysis of
urine from Pb exposed workers were critically ex-
amined. The differences in the Pb values estab-
lished are presented in a table. For a quantita-
tive determination of Pb excreted by the organism
only the determination of the total Pb should be
used. This is the only reliable method especially
in view of the application of chelates in the
treatment of heavy metal poisoning since the pre-
cipitation method will only partially detect the
complexed Pb. A simple method for the evaluation
of total Pb by means of the dithizone method is
presented. Values from 100-150 ug total Pb/1 is
accepted as the limit value, in contrast to 40 yg
found by Taeger. Any excess indicates increased
Pb absorption. (From authors' summary)
3841 Mehta, I.C.R., Mankad, N.V., and Devani,
M.B.: (L.M. Coll. Pharm. Ahmedabad,
India) DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN PHARMA-
CEUTICALS. Indian Journal of Pharmacy
22:37-9, 1960.
The results obtained by pharmacopoeial methods are
lower than those obtained by the gravimetric 804
method. A comparative study of these methods with
the complexon and salicylaldoxime methods is re-
ported by using PbO, Pb acetate, and strong solu-
tions of Pb subacetate.
3842 Munro, R.E.C., and Wise, W.S. (Imp. Coll.
Trop. Agr., Trinidad): THE DETERMINATION
OF TOTAL LEAD IN BASIC LEAD REAGENT. Pro.
Brit. West Indies Sugar Technologists
1960:224.
Total Pb in basic Pb reagent used for polarizing
sugar products is determined. The method gives
results slightly lower than those of the gravi-
metric or iodometric methods. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 59:11745, 1963)
3843 Odescalchi, C.P., and Straneo, G. : Dosag-
gio colorimetrico e polarografico del
piombo atmosferico raccolto su filtro
cellulosico. (COLORIMETRIC AND POLARO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD
COLLECTED ON CELLULOID FILTERS.) Rassegna
di Medicina Industriale 29:356-61 (Sept.-
Oct.), 1960.
The authors verify the efficiency of a simple
quantitative measure system of Pb in air, collect-
ed on celluloid filters, comparing it with con-
ventional chemical methods and with polarographic
analysis, the methodology of which is shown here.
3844 Petrova, G.S.: (A NEW REAGENT, SULFARSACEN
(PLUMBON).) Zavodskaya Laboratoriya 26,
No. 9:1162-3, 1960.
The use of sulfarsacen for the colorimetric deter-
mination of small amounts of Pa and as an indica-
tor in the complexometric determination of Pb, Zn
and Cd is described. Sulfarsacen is a red-brown
powder which is soluble in water and aqueous alka-
li, sparingly soluble in organic solvents and de-
composed by solutions of inorganic acids. Its ad-
vantages over dithizone are its solubility in
water, its simple use and the fact that it does
not require K cyanide to mask interferences.
(From Chemisches Zentralblatt 41:14968, 1962;
Chemical Abstracts 61:6362, 1964)
3845 Porter, J.D., Ullmann, W.W., and Sanderson,
W.W. (Union Coll., Schenectady, N.Y.):
POLAROGRAPHIC SCANNING OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
SAMPLES. Purdue University, Engineering
Bulletin, Extension Series 1959, 587-606
(Pub. 1960).
Rapid detection and determination of Cu, Pb, Ni,
Cd, Zn, and Co in waste effluents was accomplished
by use of a dropping Hg electrode polarograph.
(From Chemical Abstracts 56:8486, 1962)
3846 Rao, V.K.M. (Central Drug Res. Inst., Luck-
now, India): PAPER-CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARA-
TION OF SILVER, LEAD, AND MERCUROUS MERCURY
METALS. Journal of Scientific and Indus-
trial Research (India) 19B:171-3, 1960.
Paper-chromatographic separations of Group 1 cat-
ions can be made by using simple inorganic sol-
vents. The ions separate according to their rela-
tive rates of diffusibility. Pb can be estimated
usually up to ^9 yg concentration.
3847 Ro, I.H.: MICRODETERMINATION OF METALS
BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. II. MICRODETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD BY DITHIZONE METHOD. J.
Pharm. Soc. Korea 5, No. 1:24-6, 1960.
The maximum absorption wavelength of dithizone-Pb
complex in CC1/ solution is 510 my. In the range
of 5-120 Pb, Bouguer-Beer's law is valid.
(From Chemical Abstracts 55:4244, 1961)
3848 Rottova-Kloubkova, 0., and Kalvoda, R.
(Karlova Univ., Prague, Czechoslovakia):
USE OF OSCILLOPOLAROGRAPHY IN QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS. DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN THE
BLOOD.) Pracovni Lekarstvi 12:20-3, 1960.
In the described method, protein-bound Pb in ci-
trated blood samples is set free with diluted HC1,
the precipitated proteins filtered off, the fil-
trate electrolyzed, the electrodes immersed into
a solution of KC10, in dilute H2S04, and the
amount of Pb calculated by measuring the anodic
curve on photographic recordings. (From Chemical
Abstracts 54:19819, 1960)
3849 Strasheim, A., and Eve, D.J. (Natl. Phys.
Res. Lab., Pretoria, Union of South Afri-
ca): DIRECT-READING SPECTROMETRIC DETERMI-
NATION OF ZINC, COPPER, AND LEAD IN PLANT
MATERIAL. Applied Spectroscopy 14:97-100,
1960.
The metals were separated by dithizone extraction
from a solution of 1 g of the plant material.
Standard deviation from the results of the mean of
2 arcings in each of 10 replicate analyses was
6.17. for Pb.
3850 Tani, R., and Vint, M.: (THE POSSIBILI-
TIES OF THE SEPARATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS
ZINC, CADMIUM, AND LEAD BY REDUCTION WITH
HYDROGEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE.) Uchenye
Zapiski Tartusk. Gosudarst. Univ. 1960,
Analytical Methods
749
-------
No. 95-155-9.
The stability, reproducibility, and accuracy of
Geilmann and Neeb's method for the determination
of Zn, Cd, and Pb in Estonian soils were investi-
gated. This treatment incompletely separated Pb.
(From Chemical Abstracts 55:27739, 1961)
3851 Truhaut, R., and Boudene, C. (Fac. pharm.,
Paris): (MICROMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN BLOOD AND URINE.) Pharma-
cien Biologists 2, No. 16:167-70, 1960.
Pb in blood or urine is determined colorimetrical-
ly with a solution of dithizone in CHC1., by visual
comparison with a standard. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 54:19811, 1960)
3852 Van Erkelens, P.C.: RADIOMETRIC TRACE
ANALYSIS OF LEAD. Utrecht, Netherlands,
H.J. Smits, 1960, 104 pp.
This paperback volume is an English translation of
a dissertation for the Doctorate degree. Though
the purpose of the work was to develop methods for
the determination of microgram quantities of Pb in
biological material, the lowest level that could
be determined was 1 ppm Pb. (From Journal of the
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists
43:906-7 (Nov.), 1960)
3853 Vasin, A.V., and Kvitkin, Yu.P. (Vet.
Res. Sta., Saratov, USSR): (ELECTROCAPIL-
LARIMETRIC (ELECTROPHORETIC) DETERMINATION
OF POISONOUS CHEMICALS IN BIOLOGICAL MATE-
RIAL.) Veterinariya 37, No. 11:83-5,
1960.
Electrophoresis was used as an aid to the rapid
diagnosis of poisoning of animals and birds by in-
organic ions. Positive tests for certain anions
and cations in dilutions of 1:10,000-1:100,000
were obtained in 3-30 min. Pb was 1 of the ions
tested for and the reagent used was 1% KI or 10%
K2Cr04 and 10% K2Cr307. (From Chemical Abstracts
55:21229, 1961)
3854 Vouk, V.B., and Weber, O.A. (Inst. Med.
Res., Zagreb, Yugoslavia): THE EXTRACTION
CONSTANT OF LEAD DITHIZONATE. Analyst 85:
46-51 (Jan.), 1960.
The theoretical expression for the extraction con-
stant defining partition equilibrium between metal
in the aqueous phase and metal complex in the or-
ganic phase has been tested experimentally and
found to be valid over a wide range of pH.
1961
3855 American Society for Testing Materials:
STANDARD METHOD OF TEST FOR LEAD ANTI-
KNOCK COMPOUNDS IN GASOLINE. GRAVIMETRIC
METHOD. ASTM Designation: D 526-61;
POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD. ASTM Designation:
D 1269-61. In 1961 ASTM Book of Standards,
Part 7, Philadelphia, Pa., 1961, pp. 270-
4; 679-84.
Both methods were revised in 1961. In the gravi-
metric method, Pb alkyl is converted to Pb chlo-
ride and extracted from the gasoline by refluxing
with concentrated HC1. After evaporation of the
acid extract to dryness and removal of any organic
material by oxidation with HN03, Pb is determined
gravimetrically as Pb chromate.
In the polarographic method known volumes of Cd
chloride and gelatin solution are added to the
acid extract and after dilution to a specific
volume the Pb content of the solution is determin-
ed polarographically.
3856 Ardelt, H.W., and Opel, P.H. (VEB Stick-
stoffwerk Piesteritz, Wittenberg, Germany):
Bestimmung des Bleis in der fiir die Kon-
servierung von Lebensmitteln verwendeten
AmeisensSure mit der konventionellen und
der "anodic-stripping" Polarographie.
(POLAROGRAPHY IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY. V.
LEAD DETERMINATION IN FORMIC ACID USED
IN FOOD PRESERVATION, BY CONVENTIONAL AND
ANODIC-STRIPPING POLAROGRAPHY.) Journal
fur Praktische Chemie 14, No. 4-6:298-304,
1961.
A polarographic method for the determination of
Pb in formic acid used for the preservation of
foods is described. For Pb contents of <0.0001%,
anodic-stripping polarography is used. The deter-
mination is carried out directly in the formic
acid that has been diluted to ^50%. The method
is rapid and precise, the standard error for 3 pg
Pb/ml of solution being ±0.12 yg/ml.
3857 Baranov, V.I., and Gorbushina, L.V.:
(QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF RADIOACTIVE
LEAD AND BISMUTH ISOTOPES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
OF MINES.) Kernenergie 4, No. 2:154-5,
1961.
3858 Barreto, H.S.R., Barreto, R.C.R., and
Pinto, I.P. (Rural Univ., Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil): CHLORANILIC ACID AS A REAGENT
IN THE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS. II. HEAVIER METALS. Journal
of Chromatography 5:5-8, 1961.
The sensitivity of chloranilic acid as a reagent
for the paper chromatography of some of the heavi-
er metals is described. The sensitivity and color
of the spot are tabulated for Pb and 9 other ele-
ments.
3859 Berman, E. (Illinois Masonic Hosp. Assoc.,
Chicago): DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.
A SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE APPLICABLE IN A
ROUTINE CLINICAL LABORATORY. Technical
Bulletin of the Registry of Medical Tech-
nologists 31:179-84 (Nov.), 1961; American
Journal of Clinical Pathology 36:549-54
(Dec.), 1961.
A rapid method for the detection of Pb in whole
blood, requiring ^90 min is presented. The method
consists of precipitation with trichloroacetic
acid, formation of cyanide, extraction with dithi-
zone and spectrophotometric comparison of the
color complex formed. Differentiation between
normal and pathologic concentrations by this meth-
od seems well defined. Levels in 100 apparently
normal unexposed persons were <20 yg/100 ml, while
levels in 118 untreated children, diagnosed as
having Pb intoxication, ranged between 42 and 310
yg/100 ml.
3860 Bukharov, P.S., Fertman, V.K., and Kosh-
kina, V.G.: (DETERMINATION OF HEAVY
750
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
METALS IN WINE BY A POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD.)
Vinodelie i Vinogradarstvo SSSR 21, No.
7:32-4, 1961.
Ashes of 250 ml wine samples were dissolved in
HC1 and excess Nl^OH was added. Pb was determined
polarographically in the precipitate. Results
agree with chemical methods. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 57:9010, 1962)
3861 Carson, R. (Rhoanglo Mine Serv. Res. Div.
Kitwe, North Rhodesia): AN ION-EXCHANGE
SEPARATION AND POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINA-
TION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD AND ZINC IN
THE PRESENCE OF COBALT. Analyst 86:198-
200 (Mar.), 1961.
3862 Celap, M.B., Janjic, T.J., and Spanovic,
Z. (Inst. Chem. Beograd, Yugoslavia):
(DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF METALLIC
IONS ON IMPREGNATED FILTER PAPERS. I. DE-
TERMINATION OF LEAD, ZINC, CADMIUM, AND
IRON.) Glasnik Hem. Drustva, Beograd 25-
26:527-9, 1960-1.
Filter paper was impregnated with Ni2[Fe(CN)g].
The determination was carried out with solutions
containing 0.06-0.9 mg of the element present as
NOg". The movement of the double decomposition
was a linear function of the amount of the particu-
lar ion. The calculated deviation was 3-5%, de-
pending on the amount of ion present. (From Chem-
ical Abstracts 59:5761, 1963)
3863 Condliffe, W.F., and Skrimshire, A.J.H.
(Heinz Co. Ltd., London, England): POLAR-
OGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF COPPER, LEAD,
TIN, AND ZINC IN FOODS. J. Polarog. Soc.
7, No. 1:10-14, 1961; Chemical Abstracts
56:5166, 1962.
3864 Cosoveanu, G.: (COLORMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN WATER WITH DITHIZONE.) Farma-
cia (Bucharest) 9:677-80, 1961.
Full details concerning the title method are given.
The buffer solution was not previously mixed with
the dithizone solution. (From Chemical Abstracts
57:595, 1962)
3865 Costa, A.C.S. (Polytech. School, Univ.
Bahia, Brazil): A QUALITATIVE TEST FOR
LEAD WITH CHLORANILIC ACID. Mikrochimica
Acta 5:701-3 (Sept.), 1961.
The reaction between Pb and chloranilic acid, in
acidic medium, is proposed as a qualitative test
for Pb.
3866 Dick, J.M., Ellis, R.W., and Steel, J.
(Univ. Durham, England): A RAPID METHOD
FOR THE MICRO-ESTIMATION OF LEAD IN URINE.
British Journal of Industrial Medicine 18:
283-6 (Oct.), 1961.
A method is described for the determination of yg
of Pb in small volumes of urine. Recoveries from
urine samples of added Pb show that the mean re-
sults of triplicate analyses will, 19 times out of
20, lie within ±12.5 ug/1 of true concentration.
The determination of Pb in a single specimen of
urine may be carried out in 3 hr.
3867
Ensslin, F., and Dreyer, H.: (LEAD DETER-
MINATION IN BLOOD AND ANIMAL ORGANS.)
Z. Erzbergbau u. MetallhUttenw. 14:388-
94, 1961.
A critical evaluation by 5 laboratories of the
polarographic, photometric with dithizone, and
spectrographic determinations is presented. For
pig blood all 3 methods agree within ordinary
limits of analytical error. Greater deviations
are obtained in analysis of liver, kidney and bone,
which are due to variations in distribution of Pb
in these tissues. For a given laboratory, the
range of values seldom exceeds ±10-12%. (From
Chemical Abstracts 55:27511, 1961)
3868 Filippova, N.A., and Korosteleva, V.A.:
(PHASE ANALYSIS OF LEAD-ZINC DUSTS CON-
TAINING CALCIUM COMPOUNDS.) Sb. Nauchn.
Tr., Cos. Nauchn.-Issled. Inst. Tsvetn.
Metal. 1961, No.18:146-54; Chemical Ab-
stracts 60:2599, 1964.
3869 Gibson, W.M. (Bell Tel. Lab., Murray Hill,
N.J.): THE RADIOCHEMISTRY OF LEAD. Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, National Re-
search Council, Nuclear Science Series
NAS-NS 3040, August 1961, 158 pp.
The monograph deals with the inorganic, analytic,
and radiochemistry of Pb, isotopes of Pb, and other
subjects of special interest to radiochemists. The
various methods and techniques of Pb analysis are
described.
3870 Kara, S. (Osaka Ind. Res. Inst., Japan):
(EDTA TITRATION OF Zn AND Pb WITH DITHI-
ZONE INDICATOR AND MASKING OF Pb WITH 3-
MERCAPTOPROPIONIC ACID.) Bunseki Kagaku
10:633-6, 1961.
Zn and Pb in 40% alcohol at pH 4.5 were determined
by titration with 0.025M EDTA by using 2 ml of
0.025% dithizone as an indicator. (From Chemical
Abstracts 56:17, 1962)
3871 Henderson, S.R., and Snyder, L.J. (Ethyl
Corp., Baton Rouge, La.): RAPID SPECTRO-
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRIETHYLLEAD,
DIETHYLLEAD, AND INORGANIC LEAD IONS, AND
APPLICATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF TETRA-
ORGANOLEAD COMPOUNDS. Analytical Chemis-
try 33:1172-5 (Aug.), 1961.
A method for the simultaneous determination of
triethyl and diethyl Pb and inorganic Pb ions, by
the dithizone technique is described. Results
show a precision for anyone of the 3 forms of Pb
in a mixture of ±4% of the amount present at the
100 ug level. Tetraorganolead compounds may be
measured in their ionic form with a precision of
±1.3% of the amount present. The procedure for
the determination of TEL is also described. The
method can be used for the determination of organo-
lead compounds in storage stability tests of anti-
knock blends under various conditions and with
various additives.
3872 Henry, W.M., and Loveridge, B.A.: THE DE-
TERMINATION OF LEAD-210 IN HARWELL EFFLU-
ENT. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Author-
ity AERE-R-3795, 1961, 26 pp.
The method used at Harwell Atomic Energy Research
establishment to determine 210pb ^n waste waters
Analytical Methods
751
-------
is described. (From Water Pollution Abstracts 35,
Abstr. No. 1207, 1962)
3873 Herrmann, M.: (DETERMINATION OF COPPER,
LEAD, AND ZINC IN ROASTING RESIDUE AND
FLUE DUST.) Rev. Universelle Mines 17:
257-9, 1961.
The determination can be carried out with X-ray
emission spectral analysis within 45 min with suf-
ficient accuracy. A reproducible distribution of
the analysis substance in the sample carrier can
be obtained by the emulsifying method. For the
determination of Cu, Pb, and Zn a sample of 2.0 g
is needed. The emulsion produced from that is
filled into the sample carrier. A Mo tube is used
for excitation at 30 kv and 10 ma. Details of the
method are given. (From CZ 1963, No. 5:1793-4;
Chemical Abstracts 61:3677, 1964)
3874 Hill, W.H., Hengstenberg, F.H., and Sharpe,
C.E. (Univ. Pittsburgh, Pa.): DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN URINE BY AN ION EXCHANGE
METHOD. American Industrial Hygiene Asso-
ciation Journal 22:430-3 (Dec.), 1961.
An ion exchange method for the determination of Pb
in urine is described which involves (1) the auto-
matic feeding of urine into an ion exchange column;
(2) the concentration of Pb from urine by a suit-
able resin; (3) the elution of Pb from the resin
by an acid, and (4) the subsequent determination
of Pb by an acceptable method. The results ob-
tained by this method from the urines of Pb-expos-
ed persons compare favorably with results obtained
by other methods. Recovery in Pb-spiked urine is
90-100%. (From authors' abstract)
3875 Horiuchi, K.: A SIMPLE SYNTHETIC DIAGNOS-
TIC METHOD FOR LEAD POISONING. In Pro-
ceedings 13th International Congress on
Occupational Health, New York, July 25-29,
1960 (published 1961), pp. 288-9.
The method presented for the determination of mild
or latent Pb poisoning in mass screening is based
on 3 or 4 laboratory routine tests: erythrocyte
counts, hemoglobin, and urinary coproporphyrin and
perhaps stippled cell count. (From author's ab-
stract)
3876 Jacobs, M.B., and Herndon, J. (Columbia
Univ., New York, N.Y.): SIMPLIFIED ONE
COLOR DITHIZONE METHOD FOR LEAD IN URINE.
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal 22:372-6 (Oct.), 1961.
By substitution of a-naphtholphthalein as the in-
dicator instead of phenol red and the use of a
single Mojonnier extraction tube or Jacobs-Singer
separatory flask instead of multiple separatory
funnels, the manipulative steps of the one color
dithizone method for Pb are simplified and improved.
The method presented is adequate for 0.25 pg Pb.
3877 Judd, S.H., and Tebbens, B.D. (Univ. Calif.,
Berkeley, Calif.): AIR SAMPLING AND ANALY-
SIS OF LEAD ON PAPER. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Journal 22:86-9 (Apr.),
1961.
A new procedure for the analysis of air-borne Pb,
based on chromatography, is described. Samples
.collected on filter paper tape are treated with
HCl-butanol reagent to prepare the chromatogram.
Spraying with a dithizone reagent develops the
color. The system is also applicable to other
metals.
3878 Kapitanov, Yu.T., Serdyukova, A.S., and
Korenkov, A.P. (S. Ordzhonikidze Inst.
Geol. Prospecting, Moscow, USSR): (RAPID
DETERMINATION OF THE .CONCENTRATION OF
POLONIUM-218 AND THE RATIO OF THE DECOM-
POSITION PRODUCTS OF RADON IN AIR.) Izv.
Vysskikh Uchebn. Zavedenii, Geol. i Raz-
vedka 4, No. 11:106-14, 1961.
A discussion is given of a method proposed for de-
termining rapidly (in 13 min) and accurately
(±10%, at 10-10 Ci/1) the concentration of 218Po
and the 218po:214pb:214Bi ratio in air. (From
Chemical Abstracts 58:380, 1963)
3879 Kaplan, E., and Shaull, R.S. (Baltimore
City Health Dept., Md.): DETERMINATION OF
LEAD IN PAINT SCRAPINGS AS AN AID IN THE
CONTROL OF LEAD PAINT POISONING IN YOUNG
CHILDREN. American Journal of Public
Health 51:65-9 (Jan.), 1961.
A simple and inexpensive procedure is described
for rapidly screening paint scrapings for their Pb
content at the 1% level to be used to determine
compliance with public health regulations set up
to prevent Pb paint poisoning in children. In
principle, a 25-mg sample of paint scrapings is
digested with a nitric acid solution and Pb is
precipitated as I.
3880 Kawashiro, I., Kawada, K. and Amano, R.:
(4-(PYRIDYLAZO)-RESORCINOL AS AN ANALYTI-
CAL REAGENT FOR THE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN FOOD.) Bulletin of Nation-
al Institute of Hygienic Sciences (Tokyo)
79:87-9 (Sept.), 1961.
3881 Kemula, W., and Kublik, Z. (Polish Acad.
Sci., Warsaw, Poland): USE OF THE MERCURY
DROP ELECTRODE METHOD FOR DIRECT EVALUA-
TION OF MINUTE AMOUNTS OF Pb IN URINE.
Nature (London) 189:57-8, 1961.
The solution is electrolyzed at -0.7 volts for 3
min. After this time the oxidation curves are re-
corded from -0.7 to -0.2 volts. By comparing with
standard curves, concentrations as low as 10 ug/1
can be determined.
3882 Khrustaleva, V.A.: (PLUMBONE FOR DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD.) Metody Opred. Vredn.
Veshchestv v Vozdukhe, Moscow, Sb. 1961,
105-12.
For the photometric determination of Pb, the re-
action with plumbone is very sensitive, the color
is stable, plumbone solutions can be stored over
long periods, and results have good reproducibil-
ity. A method is given for determining TEL in air
and for preparing a visual scale for determination
of TEL in air. (From Ref. Zh., Khim. 1962, Abstr.
No. 18D77; Chemical Abstracts 58:8403, 1963)
3883 Klimov, I.T., and Eremenko, V.Ya. (Hydro-
chem. Inst., Novocherkassk, USSR): (SPEC-
TROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS
IK NATURAL WATERS. IV. DETERMINATION OF
752
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Ni, Co, Ag, Cu, V, Sn, Mo, Ti, Al, Bi, Fe,
Pb, AND Mn WITH Na DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE
AND 8-QUINOLINOL.) Gidrokhim. Materialy
31:191-6, 1961.
Thirteen elements including Pb, can be determined
spectrographically in 1 sample of water by the ex-
traction of the element into CHCl^ and subsequent
treatment with 5% aqueous Na diethyldithiocarbamate
and with 0.1% 8-quinolinol in CHC13- (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 55:26318, 1961)
3884 Koirtyohann, S.R., and Feldman, C.: STA-
BLE ELEMENT METABOLISM BY MAN. THE SPEC-
TROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS
IN HUMAN TISSUE. In Morgan, K.Z.: Health
Physics Division Annual Progress Report
for Period Ending July 31, 1961. US Atom-
ic Energy Commission Document No. ORNL-
3189:197-202 (July 31), 1961.
A spectrographic method for the determination of
trace elements in human tissues is described. The
dried tissues were pulverized on an impact shaker.
The limits of detection for Pb in ash, using a
quantometer, were 26 ppm. When photographic light
detection was used, this limit was 5 ppm. Samples
of brain, heart and diaphragm from 28 autopsies
from San Francisco were analyzed and the following
data for Pb (vg/g of ash) were obtained for semi-
quantitative and quantitative estimates, respec-
tively: brain 5-10, 460-1170; diaphragm 5-30,
34-430; heart 5-20,
3885 Kopeikin, Yu.A., and Zagarskikh, T.I.:
(SILICA BUFFER FOR QUANTITATIVE SPECTRAL
ANALYSIS OF SOILS, PLANTS, AND ANIMAL TIS-
SUES.) Mikroelementy v Pochvakh, Vodakh
i Organizmakh Vost. Sibiri i Dal'nego
Vostoka i ikh Rol v Zhizni Rast., Zhivot-
nykh i Cheloveka, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sibirsk.
Otd., Tr. Pervoi Konf., Ulan-Ude 1960:
258-62 (Pub. 1961).
An air-stabilized 18-20 amp ac arc is used for ex-
citation. About 2000 samples of soils, plants,
and animal tissues were analyzed. The samples
were dried at 105° to constant weight, ashed at
450° for 2 hr, the ashed material mixed with 10
times its weight of Si02, and excited. A vibrator
was employed to spread the powdered sample and
form the arc during the exposure. Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb,
Co, Mn, Sr, Zn, Mo, Al, P, Ca, Cd, and U were
determined simultaneously. A table of data, and
absolute and relative errors for soils and Mo and
Cu ores is presented. (From Chemical Abstracts
59:10745, 1963)
3886 Krasnaya, B.Ya.: (NEW PROCESS FOR LEAD
DETERMINATION IN PRESERVES.) Konserv. i
Ovoshchesushi. Prom. 16, No. 3:35-6,
1961.
A photocolorimetric method for the determination
of Pb is proposed. The colorimetric method de-
scribed permitted the determination of JO.01 mg Pb
in VL hr (duration of ashing of the sample not in-
cluded) with an accuracy of ±10%. (From Chemi-
sches Zentralblatt 1962, No. 44:16169; Chemical
Abstracts 61:4878, 1964)
3887 Kublik, Z. (Polish Acad. Sci., Warsaw,
Poland): (APPLICATION OF THE HANGING-
DROP MERCURY ELECTRODE FOR DETERMINATION
OF TRACES OF COPPER, LEAD, AND CADMIUM IN
WATERS.) Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 27:
79-86, 1961.
The hanging-drop Hg electrode makes possible the
determination of Cu, Pb, and Cd in waters at con-
centrations of 10~^M. The possibilities and dif-
ficulties of this method applied to analysis of
different waters are discussed. (From Chemical
Abstracts 55:22668, 1961)
3888 Landry, A.S. (International Cooperation
Admin., USOM to Peru, Lima): INTERLABORA-
TORY EVALUATION OF METHODS IN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH CHEMISTRY—THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD
AND QUARTZ IN LATIN AMERICA. In Proceed-
ings 13th International Congress on Occupa-
tional Health, New York, July 25-29, 1960
(published 1961), pp. 512-9.
It was the opinion of the author that an interna-
tional committee should be formed to establish
testing procedures and periodically evaluate ana-
lytical methods by statistical means. To support
this the author presented statistical evaluation
of data (quartz in synthetic mineral mixtures and
Pb in blood) obtained in various Latin American
occupational health laboratories. A replicated
series of blood samples were analyzed for Pb in
each of 5 Latin American countries to study the
precision attainable. The samples were prepared
in random order from citrated whole blood by trans-
ferring known volumes of a standard Pb solution
prepared in all cases from stock Pb nitrate solu-
tion. Pb concentration in each sample was also
determined in random order by the method of
Bambach and Burkey (1942). Amounts of Pb added
(excluding the unreliable results of 2 laborato-
ries) and averaged amounts found in ug, respective-
ly, were: 4.0, 3.84; 8.0, 7.91; 12.0, 12.25;
16.0, 16.21; 20.0, 20.14.
Using a variance test and a joint confidence el-
lipse, the author showed that the data of 2 labora-
tories were not compatible with the respective
least square values determined from the average
results of the other 3 laboratories. Based on
pooled results of the 3 laboratories showing homo-
geneity, the author was able to determine a least-
squares fit to the standard curve for the analysis
of Pb in blood. Thus, from the data presented,
along with that from the quartz analyses, the
author felt he had justifiably demonstrated that
well-established procedures, even when used by
trained personnel, to say nothing of untrained or
new workers, may result in data that are erroneous.
3889 National Lead Co., Inc., Winchester Labora-
tory (Mass.): QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT
(ON WASTE DISPOSAL AND PROCESSING),
OCTOBER 1, 1960-DECEMBER 31, 1960. US
Atomic Energy Commission Document No. WIN-
121, 1961, 40 pp.
The report includes procedures used for the de-
termination of ^"Ra by ion exchange separation
and counting daughter Pb, and the determina-
tion of ^lOpb in soil. (Nuclear Science Ab-
stracts 15:Abstr. No. 15321, 1961)
3890 Nifontova, M.V., and Ternovskaya, L.N.
(F.F. Erisman Inst. Hygiene, Moscow,
Analytical Methods
753
-------
USSR): (SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.) Lab. Delo 7,
No. 12:13-17, 1961.
Pb was determined at concentrations of 0.0008,
0.001, and 0.02 pg/ml blood, using the ISP-22 ap-
paratus. The mean error was 8.8%. (From Chemical
Abstracts 56:15766, 1962)
3891 Oka, S. (Shimadzu Seisakusho Ltd., Kyoto,
Japan): (MICRODETERMINATION OF SOME METAL
IONS BY POTENTIAL-STEP VOLTAMMETRY.)
Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 82:1202-6, 1961.
The newly devised method was applied to the deter-
mination of Pb and other metal ions. The sensi-
tivity was 500 times greater than the ordinary dc
polarographic method. (From Chemical Abstracts
57:15776, 1962)
3892 Okusa, H., and Tada, 0. (Inst. Sci. La-
bour, Tokyo, Japan): (ON THE DETERMINA-
TION OF INJURIOUS SUBSTANCES AND THE LEVEL
OF HEAVY METALS IN BLOOD.) Rep. Inst.
Sci. Labour 1961, No. 58:35-6.
Microanalytical methods are described for the
practical field measurements of heavy metals in
gases, vapors, fumes, smokes, dusts, and mists.
Normal Japanese blood levels of Pb are given.
(From Chemical Abstracts 56:13201, 1962)
3893 Pevtsov, G.A., and Manova, T.G. (Ail-
Union Sci. Res. Inst. Chem. Reagents, Mos-
cow, USSR): (DETERMINATION OF TRACE IM-
PURITIES IN SODIUM CHLORIDE AND POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE AND IN TARTARIC ACID.) Zh.
Analit. Khim. 16:720-3, 1961.
A spectrographic method was proposed for the de-
termination of Pb and other trace impurities in
NaCl, KC1 and tartaric acid. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 57:7886, 1962)
3894 Phillips, G.J., and Lewin, V.H.: POLARO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF METALS IN SEWAGE
AND SEWAGE SLUDGES. Effluent Water Treat.
J. 1, No. 4:226-32, 1961.
Preliminary studies were carried out on the meth-
ods for simultaneous determination of various ele-
ments, including Pb. N HC1 buffer was used for
simultaneous determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn
in the presence of Fe and Cr. By use of 0.01%
gelatin/phenol suppressor and N2> good reproduci-
bility was obtained, the error in the range 1-5
ppm being for Cu, Pb, and Cd, respectively, ±4.3,
3.2, and 7.0%. The use of nitrilotriacetic acid
as base electrolyte (4% weight/volume in 12.5%
aqueous NH3) was unsuitable owing to much inter-
relation of metals. The methods of preliminary
treatments of sewage and sewage sludges in prepar-
ing samples for polarographic determination were
discussed, concluding that the currently accepted
methods of organic matter destruction are subject
to losses while the controlled decomposition pro-
cedure is too time consuming. Discrepancies were
observed in preparation of sludges by acid diges-
tion or ashing of identical samples. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 58:9950, 1963)
3895 Pometun, E.A.: (SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINA-
TION OF COPPER AND LEAD IN SOILS.) Dokl.
Akad. Nauk Tadz., SSR 4, No. 3:23-7, 1961.
The method permits determination of 0.001-0.3% Pb
with an accuracy of ±3.5%. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 56:13539, 1962)
3896 Rainsford, S.G. (H.M. Med. Insp. Factories,
Great Britain): PATHOLOGIC AIDS IN THE
SUPERVISION OF LEAD WORKERS. In Proceed-
ings 13th International Congress on Occu-
pational Health, New York, July 25-29,
1960 (published 1961), pp. 345-8.
A formula for calculating the daily coproporphyrin
(CP) excretion from a single spot sample is pre-
sented. It involves using a hypothetical figure
for specific gravity (1.016), assuming that 1500 ml
of urine is eliminated in any 24 hr, and then cor-
recting findings accordingly. However, if albumin
and sugar are present, an additional correction
factor must be applied since every 0.4 g protein
or 0.27 g glucose/100 ml urine raises specific
gravity by 0.001. Four Pb workers (A-D) were used
to test this method by collecting 3 separate speci-
mens from each on the same day. Specific gravity,
real values, and values for specific gravity of
1.016, respectively, were: A, 1.016, 1632 mg/1,
1632 mg/1; 1.019, 1800, 1516; 1.021, 1260, 960;
B, 1.018, 1188, 1066; 1.009, 648, 1152; 1.014,
840, 960; C, 1.026, 326, 201; 1.024, 412, 274;
1.024, 518, 345; D, 1.015, 199, 212; 1.003, 25,
133; 1.002, 15, 120. It can be seen that results
can only have a limited degree of accuracy, but
the author feels the method is adequate for all
practical purposes.
A simple inexpensive method for quantitative
CP determination in urine is also described. A
series of dilutions ranging from 1/2 to 1/24 using
distilled water as the diluent were made from 3
samples of urine in which the concentration of CP
was known, the total volume of urine and diluent
in each tube being 1.0 ml. To each tube was then
added 0.4 ml glacial acetic acid and 1 drop water.
After shaking the mixture in each tube, it was
extracted with 1.0 ml ether and allowed to stand
in daylight for 12 hr, after which the results
were read under ultraviolet lamp. Results closely
approximated the quantity actually known to be
present. In 1 test, titer values and real values,
respectively, in yg/1 were: 1600, 1830; 1200,
1188; 600, 648. A 2nd series of 9 samples sub-
stantiated these results.
3897 Rozenfel'd, A.S.: (SIMULTANEOUS DETERMIN-
ATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF COPPER, LEAD,
AND ZINC.) Tr. Leningr. Sanit. Gigien.
Med. Inst. 69:144-9, 1961.
The method is described. The half-wave potential
for Pb is 0.55 v; 0.1 mg Pb/1 can be determined.
(From Chemical Abstracts 58:12294, 1963)
3898 Rusin, N.M., and Rabinovich, V.F.: COM-
PARISON OF THE PRECIPITATION OF HEAVY MET-
ALS WITH GASEOUS HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND WITH
SODIUM'SULFIDE. Gigiena i Sanit. 26, No.
1:66-9, 1961.
A method for the determination of Pb and Cu in
foods is described. (From Chemical Abstracts 55:
12685, 1961)
3899 Samuel, B.W., and Brunnock, J.V. (The
British Petroleum Co., Middlesex, Eng-
754
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
land): POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD FOR PARTS PER
BILLION OF COPPER AND LEAD IN CATALYTIC
REFORMER FEEDSTOCKS. Analytical Chemistry
33, No. 2:203-5 (Feb.), 1961.
The square wave polarograph is applied for the si-
multaneous determination of Pb and Cu in concentra-
tions <20 ppb with an accuracy of ±2 ppb for Pb.
3900 Schafer, H. (Acad. Sci., Berlin, Germany):
Papierchromatographischer Nachweis einiger
symmetrischer und asymmetrischer Alkyl-
bleiverbindungen. (PAPER-CHROMATOGRAPHIC
DETECTION OF SOME SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC
LEAD ALKYLS.) Zeitschrift fur Analytische
Chemie 180:15-18, 1961.
Treatment of R4Pb with Br or Cl at -60° yields
R3PbX. Mixtures of the latter can be separated by
paper chromatography by using cyclohexane or CftHg-
cyclohexane acetic acid for development. Cl- salts
are separated more easily than Br~ salts.
3901 Schmitz, B. (Andreae-Noris Zahn A.-G.,
Frankfurt, Germany): (COMPLEXOMETRIC TI-
TRATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL LEAD AND ZINC
COMPOUNDS AND PREPARATIONS.) Deutsche
Apotheker-Zeitung Vereinigt mit Sueddeut-
sche Apotheker-Zeitung 101:1673-7, 1961.
The Pb or Zn in 8 official D.A.-B VI and 1 nonof-
ficial pharmaceutical Pb compound was determined.
3902 Sereda, G.A., and Vorontsova, A.S.: (DE-
TERMINATION OF LEAD IN URINE BY THE ION-
EXCHANGE METHOD AND WITH THE AID OF A NEW
SULFARSAZEN REAGENT.) Vopr. Gigieny,
Fiziol. Truda, Prof. Patol., i Prom. Tok-
sikol., Sverdlovsk, Sb. 6:412-5, 1961.
A modification of the Matukhova method for the
quantitative determination of Pb in urine is given.
Sensitivity of the method is 1 ug Pb in 50 ml
urine. (From Chemical Abstracts 59:12075, 1963)
3903 Shtukovskaya, L.A., and Yazhemskaya, V.Ya.
'(E.F. Erisman, Sci. Res. Inst. Hyg., Mos-
cow, USSR): (APPLICATION OF POLAROGRAPHY
TO SANITARY WATER EXAMINATION.) Gigiena
i Sanit. 26, No. 3:55-7, 1961.
Determination of Pb requires concentration by co-
precipitation with CaC03 and solution of the pre-
cipitate in HN03 before polarographic determina-
tion. Details of the analysis are given. (From
Chemical Abstracts 55:21427, 1961)
3904 Singh, E.J., and Dey, A.K. (Univ. Allaha-
bad, India): SEPARATION AND MICROIDENTI-
FICATION OF METALLIC IONS BY RING OVEN
TECHNIQUE. I. OXALATE AS A COMPLEXANT.
Mikrochim. Acta 1961:366-9.
Rapid qualitative separations of various groups
of ions, including Pb"1""*", are described. (From
Chemical Abstracts 56:916, 1962)
3905 Singh, E.J., and Dey, A.K. (Univ. Allaha-
bad, India): SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICA-
TION OF MICRO QUANTITIES OF METALLIC IONS
BY THE RING OVEN TECHNIQUE. III. EDTA AS
A COMPLEXANT. Z. Anal. Chem. 183:248-51,
1961; Chemical Abstracts 56:6638, 1962.
3906 Sinyakova, S.I., and Markova, I.V.: (DE+
TERMINATION OF TRACES OF LEAD, COPPER, AND
,ZINC IN ALKALIES AND ACIDS BY AMALGAMATION
POLAROGRAPHY ON A MERCURY DROP.) Zavods-
kaya Lab. 27:521-5, 1961.
Pb, Cu, and Zn impurities in very pure NaOH and
HC1 were determined by hanging-Hg-drop electrode
polarography. (From Chemical Abstracts 56:6648,
1962)
3907 Snyder, L.J., and Henderson, S.R. (Ethyl
Corp., Baton Rouge, La.): A NEW FIELD
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANOLEAD
COMPOUNDS IN AIR. Analytical Chemistry
33:1175-80 (Aug.), 1961.
A simplified field method permits the rapid deter-
mination of several organolead compounds in air.
The method utilizes as a scrubber a small disposa-
ble glass tube containing I crystals supported by
2 glass wool plugs. Data are presented to show
relative reaction rates and intermediate products
obtained from reacting tetraorganolead compounds
with aqueous I in conventional scrubbers.
3908 Strasheim, A., and Eve, D.J. (S. African
Council Sci. Ind. Res., Pretoria): THE
CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION AND SPECTROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF CERTAIN MINOR TRACE MET-
ALS IN PLANT MATERIAL. J. S. African
Chem. Inst. 14:1-15, 1961.
A method is described for the separation and the
spectrographic determination of trace amounts of
Zn, Co, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Mo in plant material.
Pb has a CoV of 22. (From Chemical Abstracts 55:
26859, 1961)
3909 Toropov, S.A., Mizgareva, V.V., and
Gol'dina, Ts.A.: (X-RAY METHOD FOR DETER-
MINING QUARTZ AND LEAD IN AEROSOLS OF THE
ATMOSPHERE OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS.) Sb.
Nauchn. Rabot Inst. Okhrany Truda Vses.
Tsentr. Soveta Professional'n. Soyuzov
1961, No. 5:94-8.
With this method crystalline silica can be accu-
rately determined in the presence of amorphous
silica. This cannot be done by a chemical method.
(From Ref. Zh., Khim. 1962, Abstr. No. 141398;
Chemical Abstracts 58:3820, 1963)
3910 Tyukhteneva, S.N.: (RAPID MINERALIZATION
OF URINE IN ANALYZING FOR LEAD.) Gigiena
i Sanit. 26, No. 1:63-6, 1961.
This method involves treatment with HCIO^. • There
appears to be less loss of Pb. (From Chemical
Abstracts 55:12526, 1961)
3911 US Public Health Service, Sanitary Engi-
neering Center: ANALYTICAL REFERENCE SER-
VICE. AIR-LEAD NUMBER 1. Cincinnati,
Ohio 1961, 13 pp.
A study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of
the methods currently used in the measurement of
Pb in the atmosphere. Air-Pb samples were pre-
pared on filter paper tape to simulate the appear-
ance of filters through which 1 m-^ air had been
passed. Pb was added in amounts found in samples
above street level during moderate traffic condi-
tions. Each sample consisted of 5 Pb-impregnated
spots and adjacent blanks. Pb was then determined
by various methods of extraction and analytical
procedures (spectrographic and dithizone methods).
Analytical Methods
755
-------
The mean and percentage of deviation of all re-
sults obtained were then calculated. The nitric
acid wet ashing method for extraction together
with a mixed color dithizone procedure was the
method of choice for determining Pb on filter pa-
per in the 0.10 yg range.
3912 Vanderkolk, A.L., and Vanfarowe, D.E.
(Michigan Dept. Health, Lansing): SPEC-
TROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN WHOLE
URINE. American Industrial Hygiene Asso-
ciation Journal 22:368-71 (Oct.), 1961.
A method is presented for the determination of Pb
in urine without requiring the ashing of the
urine. As internal standard, In, is used in pref-
erence to Bi. AN atmosphere is introduced around
the sample electrode to minimize the wandering
of the arc around the rim of the electrode and to
lower the spectral background on the plate. The
accuracy of the method averaged ±0.013 mg Pb/1
urine with a maximum deviation of ±0.03 mg Pb/1
urine. It was developed for the use in analytical
laboratories which require a high degree of versa-
tility.
3913 Van Erkelens, P.C. (Res. Inst. Animal
Husbandry, Utrecht, Netherlands): CONCEN-
TRATION AND SEPARATION OF THE TRACE ELE-
MENTS Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Mo, AND Co. II.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION. III. PAPER CHROMA-
TOGRAPHY. Analytica Chimica Acta 25:129-
35; 226-32, 1961.
II. A combination of acetylacetone and diethyl-
dithiocarbamate allows the separation of traces of
Pb, among other elements, from the macroconstitu-
ents of ash of biological matter.
III. The determination of trace elements, in-
cluding Pb, in biological ash is described.
3914 Van Erkelens, P.C. (Res. Inst. Animal Hus-
bandry, Utrecht, Netherlands): RADIOMETRIC
TRACE ANALYSIS. QUANTITATIVE PAPER CHROM-
ATOGRAPHY OF LEAD WITH PHOSPHATE-P32.
Analytica Chimica Acta 25:570-8, 1961.
The determination of 1-4 yg Pb"1""*" in biological
materials by paper chromatography is described.
3915 Vasina, N.T.: (GRAVIMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD BY MEANS OF
CHROMOUS SALT SOLUTIONS.) Zhur. Anal.
Khim. 16:241-2, 1961; Chemical Abstracts
56:926, 1962)
3916 Willis, J.B. (Chem. Res. Lab., Melbourne,
Australia): DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
URINE BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.
Nature 191:381-2 (July 22), 1961.
The atomic absorption method described utilizes
the quantitative extraction of Pb from urine by
ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (Malissa and
Schtfffmann, 1955) and methyl n-amyl ketone at a
pH sufficiently low (1.5-4.5) to avoid precipita-
tion of the phosphates. Since only the concentra-
tion of Pb in the ketone phase is required, the
partial emulsification which invariably occurs
does not affect the accuracy of the determination.
Recovery of added Pb from normal urine and results
of the method with those by the dithizone method
were in satisfactory agreement. The method is
well suited for measurement of very low Pb con-
centrations (<0.1 ppm) since it is specific for
Pb and yields a negligible blank value. By using
larger volumes of urine (100-200 ml) it is possi-
ble to measure a Pb concentration of 0.02 ppm with
a SD of 0.002 ppm. The method is also applicable
to other heavy metals.
3917 Wynne, E.A., Burdick, R.D., and Fine, L.H.
(Fisher Sci. Co., Fair Lawn, N.J.): LEAD
DETERMINATION USING AN ANION EXCHANGER AND
SODIUM CHLORANILATE. Analytical Chemistry
33:807-8 (May); 1963 (Dec.), 1961.
This is a general method, combining the techniques
of Strel'nikova and Pavlova (I960), Frost-Jones
and Yardley (1952), and Ferro and Ham (1957). Pb
is converted to anionic complex with HCl, adsorbed
on a strongly basic anion exchanger, and eluted
with distilled water. Pb is precipitated with 1%
aqueous Na chloranilate, and 5% Na2EDTA is used to
release the acid chloranilate ion by chelation of
Pb; results are read on a spectrophotometer at
530 my vs a reagent blank. The curve is linear
for 50-250 yg Pb. Due to the fact that Pb chlor-
anilate did not precipitate in the substrate used,
<50 yg could not be determined. Solubility tests
of Pb chloranilate in various solvents indicated
that by increasing the concentration of methyl or
butyl Cellosolve, the range <50 yg could be ana-
lyzed. This would give toxicologists and indus-
trial hygienists a less tedious method than the
dithizone.
In the later article (by Wynne and Burdick), the
authors used a salting-out effect which made the
procedure applicable to concentrations <50 ppm,
using the original substrate.
3918 Yoshida, K., Hosokawa, A., and Yoshida,
S . : ON THE MICRODETEKMINATION OF LEAD BY
DITHIZONE METHOD WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO CONTAMINATION WITH REAGENTS USED FOR
DETERMINATION. Mie Med. J. 11:17-20
(May), 1961.
For the determination of Pb in urine, Japanese
commercial reagents or partially purified reagents
gave satisfactory blanks. For the determination
of Pb in blood, purification of reagents and wash-
ing of hypodermic needles with NaCN-dithizone-
CHC13 was desirable. (From Chemical Abstracts
57:3726, 1962)
1962
3919 Abbott, D.C., and Harris, J.R. (Dept. Sci.
Ind. Res., London, England): THE DETER-
MINATION OF TRACES OF LEAD IN DRINKING
WATER. Analyst 87:387-9 (May), 1962
A rapid method for the determination of Pb in
drinking water, suitable for routine use, with a
precision of ±1 yg within the range of 0-25 yg is
described.
3920 Abbott, D.C., and Waters, W.F.: A RAPID
SORTING TEST FOR LEAD AND COPPER IN DRINK-
ING WATER. Proc. Soc. Water Treatm. Exam.
11:66, 1962.
The procedure is based on the fact that while Cu
dithizonate is extractable from acid solution by
C tetrachloride, Pb dithizonate is not; however,
756
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
the addition of K cyanide destroys the Cu complex
while rendering the Pb dithizonate extractable by
the solvent. The method is applicable to waters
containing both metals, although such waters occur
infrequently. There is no interference from up to
3 ppm Cl, 3 ppm chloramine, 2 ppm Fe, 40 ppm Zn,
or 350 ppm alkalinity; if the alkalinity is >350
ppm, however, it is necessary to add 4 ml acid
hydroxylamine reagent to avoid interference from
Zn. (From Water Pollution Abstracts 36:Abstr.'No.
1260, 1963)
3921 Ballinger, D.G., and Hartlage, T.A. (Rob-
ert A. Taft San. Eng. Center, Cincinnati,
0.): POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF MET-
ALS IN WATER, WASTES, AND BIOLOGICAL SAM-
PLES. Water and Sewage Works 109:338-41,
1962.
Samples of water were prepared by evaporation of
100 ml to dryness, and of sewage and biological
materials by drying and ashing at 600°. Pb was
determined in 10 ml of electrolyte containing 0.2
g gelatin, 10 ml concentrated HC1, and 75 g KC1/1.
N was used to remove 0. Results are similar to
those of colorimetric procedures but the procedure
is simpler. (13 references)
3922 Bank, G.I.: (DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE,
ARSENIC, AND LEAD COMPOUNDS PRESENT TO-
GETHER IN FACTORY AIR.) Novoe v Oblasti
Sanit.-Khim. Analiza, (Raboty po Prom.-
Sanit. Khim.) 1962:240-1.
The air was aspirated through weighed ashless fil-
ter paper at 6-8 1/min for 20-30 min. The paper
was dried over I^SO^ and weighed, giving the dust
concentration in mg/m-\ After treatment of the
filter paper with l^SO^, Pb was determined as
PbCr04. (From Chemical Abstracts 59:9312, 1963)
3923 Belyaev, V.P., Kalinachenko, V.R.,
Kuz'min, N.M., and Yakimenko, L.M.:
(CHEMICAL-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH-PURITY
WATER.) Zavodskaya Laboratoriya 28:685,1962.
Trace contaminants are removed from 250 ml water
by 3-4-fold extraction with 2% aqueous Na diethyl-
dithiocarbamate and 7 ml CHC13- The extraction
is evaporated on spectrally pure graphite powder.
The following analytical lines are used for the
determination: Fe 3020.640, Pb 2833.065, Sn
2839.989, Ni 3050.819, Ag 3280.683, Cu 3273.962,
Sb 2598.062 A. The sensitivities are: Fe 10~7,
Mn and Ag 6 x 10"9, Pb and Sn 6 x 10~8, Ni and
Sb 2 x ID"7, Cu 5 x 10-8%.
3924 Blum, M.S., Sleva, S.F. and Kelso, F.S.
(R.A. Taft Sanit. Eng. Center, Cincinnati,
Ohio): AN EVALUATION OF ANALYTICAL METH-
ODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR.
American Chemical Society, Division of
Water Waste Chemistry, Preprints 1962
(Sept.), pp. 34-6.
A survey and evaluation of analytical methods for
the determination of Pb in air by the Analytical
Reference Service with 42 participating laborato-
ries is presented. The participants were given
Pb-impregnated filter-paper tape made to simulate
filters through which 1 m^ air had been passed.
Five different extraction methods were employed.
For determination of the extracted Pb, 3 used the
spectrograph, 27 the mixed-color dithlzone proce-
dure, 11 the monocolor dithizone procedure and 1
a green monocolor dithizone method. A pronounced
effect of the method of extraction on the results
was noted. Wet ashing with nitric acid yielded
the greatest precision and accuracy regardless of
the method of determination used. Results from
samples pulped in dilute nitric acid showed less
precision and accuracy and were generally on the
high side. High ashing temperatures produced low
results. In overall precision, the mixed-color
dithizone methods were slightly better than the
monocolor methods. Within the conditions estab-
.lished for this study, the results indicated that
the nitric acid, wet ashing method for extraction,
together with a mixed-color dithizone procedure is
the method of choice for determining Pb on filter
paper in the 0-10 yg range.
3925 Bobev, G. (Inst. Ind. Hyg. and Occupation-
al Disease, Sofia, Bulgaria): Barz metod
za opredljane na neorganicnite saedinenija
na olovoto vav vazduha na rabotnata sreda.
(THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC LEAD
COMPOUNDS IN THE WORKPLACE ATMOSPHERE.)
Nauchni Trudove, na Nauchno-Izsledovatel-
ski Institut po ohrana na truda i profes-
ionalni zaboljavanija, Profizdat, Sofia,
Bulgaria, 9:176-81 (Dec.), 1962.
A rapid method for the quantitative determination
of airborne Pb, based on the qualitative reaction
of Pb with an aqueous solution of 0.2% Na rhodi-
zonate, is described. The sensitivity of the
method is increased by the addition of 0.25% H
peroxide and Mn chloride. An instrument has been
designed to facilitate the field use of the meth-
od. (From Occupational Safety and Health Ab-
stracts 1:814, 1963)
3926 Bruusgaard, A. (Factory Inspectorate, Oslo,
Norway): Vurderingen av blyverdier i urin.
(EVALUATION OF LEAD LEVELS IN URINE.)
Nordisk Hygienisk Tidskrift 43:50-2, 1962
In commenting on Lindberg's article (Abstr. No.
2298) , the author states that when Pb values in
the urine spot samples are evaluated it is most
important, from a practical viewpoint, to take
the specific gravity of the urines into considera-
tion. Corrections of the values of the samples
according to Levine and Fahy's formula give better
accordance than do those proposed by Lindberg,
when corrections are made for urines with special-
ly high or low specific gravity. (From author's
summary)
3927 Chamberlain, G.T. (East African Agr.
Forestry Res. Organ., Kikuyu, Africa):
SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELE-
MENTS USING A THREE-STEP FILTER AND THE
RESPEKTRA CALCULATOR. Applied Spectro-
scopy 16:1-5, 1962.
The method was devised to reduce the amount of
microphotometry involved in the variable internal-
standard method and to increase the number of sam-
ples analyzed. The filter replaces the step sec-
tor and an emulsion calibration curve is prepared
from the data by using a calculating board. Pb
was among the 14 elements studied.
Analytical Methods
757
-------
3928 Coeur, A., Bouvet, R., and Boucherie, A.:
(PRACTICAL USE OF COMPLEXOMETRY IN THE
ANALYSIS OF OFFICINAL DRUGS.) Lyon Pharm.
13:287-305, 1962.
The stability (log K) of cation complexes with
EDTA for various elements are given, Pb"'""'" being
listed at 18.54. With the addition of suitable
buffers if necessary to prevent precipitation, the
following cations are determined: Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn,
Pb, with Eriochrome Black indicator, at pH 10, 10,
8-11, 10, 10-11, respectively. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 58:4375, 1963)
3929 Collins, A.G., Pearson, C., Attaway, D.H.,
and Ebrey, T.G. (US Bur. Mines, Bartles-
ville, Okla.): METHODS OF ANALYZING OIL-
FIELD WATERS. METALLICS: COPPER, NICKEL,
LEAD, IRON, MANGANESE, ZINC, AND CADMIUM.
US Bureau of Mines, Report of Investiga-
tions No. 6087, 1962, 24 pp.
An ion-exchange method (using Dowex A-l) was most
practical for concentrating Cu, Ni, Pb, and Fe.
Known amounts of the metals were added to a syn-
thetic brine solution. After separation, spectro-
photometric determination was made with: Cu Neo-
cuproine, Ni dimethylglyoxime, Pb dithizone, Fe bi—
pyridine, Mn as MnO, Zn Zincon, and Cd dithizone.
3930 Cottenie, A.H.: (QUANTOMETRIC METHOD FOR
SOIL AND PLANT ANALYSIS.) Pedologie 12,
No. 2:180-95, 1962.
A direct reading spectrograph was fitted with an
analytical program for the determination of Mg,
Al, Fe, Cu/Mn, Zn, B, Pb, Ni, Mo, and Co. The
method makes use of synthetic standards. Soil
samples are diluted 1:6 and plant ash 1:4, before
loading on center post graphite electrodes. The
diluent contains 1 part Li2CO-j, 1 part CaC03, and
2 parts graphite. The emission source is an in-
terrupted arc, the sample being the anode. For
most soil and plant samples, the sensitivity was
too low for a direct determination of Mo and Co.
(From Chemical Abstracts 61:26, 1964)
Elzinga, M.J.: Kwantitatieve bepaling van
3931 menie en bruinsteen in de lucht. (QUANTI-
TATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND MANGANESE
IN THE AIR.) Tijdschrift voor Sociale
Geneeskunde 40:27-9 (Jan. 5), 1962.
Method is based on that by Amdur-Silverman, 1954.
3932 Frank, A. (Natl. Inst. Public Health,
Stockholm, Sweden): A MODIFICATION OF
THE McCORD AND ZEMP METHOD FOR DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN URINE. American Indus-
trial Hygiene Association Journal 23:424-
30 (Sept.-Oct.), 1962.
McCord and Zemp described a method for the deter-
mination of the total Pb in urine using "wet ash-
ing" which shortened the ashing time to 30 min.
The above method was modified in order to increase
its stability and reproducibility. Identical re-
sults were obtained when this method was compared
with one which involves complete ashing. The
method can be used for the analysis of urine from
persons suffering from Pb poisoning even after
treatment with EDTA and penicillamine.
3933 Furman, N.H., ed.: STANDARD METHODS OF
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. VOL. 1. THE ELEMENTS.
6th ed. Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand Co.,
Inc., 1962, pp. 556-84.
Gravimetric, titrimetric and colorimetric methods
for the determination of Pb in biological material
and in ores are reviewed.
3934 Gleit, C.E., and Holland, W.D. (Tracerlab
Inc., Richmond, Cal.): RETENTION OF RA-
DIOACTIVE TRACERS IN DRY ASHING OF BLOOD.
International Journal of Applied Radia-
tion Isotopes 13:307-3, 1962.
An alternate method to wet oxidation or dry ash-
ing of organic materials is described. A flowing
stream of 02 at a rate of 4 cc/min is passed
through a 3-in Vycor tube containing the sample.
The tube is heated inductively using a 150 w, 27
mCi/sec oscillator. Sample temperature remains
below 90° and the sample is decomposed into H20,
C02, and CO by the highly reactive gaseous envi-
ronment. Decomposition is complete in 1.5 hr,
quantitatively retaining Sb, As, Cr, Co, Fe, Pb,
Mn, Mo, and Zn in the boat. Preliminary experi-
ments show that fat and muscle tissue and vege-
table matter as well as small whole mammals can
be treated without loss of most trace constitu-
ents.
3935 Golubev, S.N.: (THE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF
TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS.) Mikroelementy
i Estestv. Radioactivn. Pochv, Rostovsk.
Gas. Univ., Materialy 3-go (Tret'ego)
Mezhvuz. Soveshch. 1961:245-9 (Pub. 1962);
Chemical Abstracts 58:12109, 1963.
3936 Corn, L.E. (Inst. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Dis.,
Leningrad, USSR): (COLORIMETRIC DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL LIQUIDS.) Vopr.
Med. Khim. 8:625-7 (Nov.-Dec.), 1962.
The method for colorimetric determination of inor-
ganic Pb in blood and urine is described. (From
Chemical Abstracts 59:2092, 1963)
3937 Gude, A.: DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC RESI-
DUES IN HIGH POLYMERS AFTER SODIUM PEROXIDE
DECOMPOSITION - PHOTOMETRIC LEAD DETERMINA-
TION IN POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) COMPOUNDS.
Kunststoffe 52:472-3, 1962.
Pb can be determined with 50 mg samples and an
accuracy of ±1.5%. (From Chemical Abstracts 57:
13951, 1962)
3938 Hallam, K.M. (Health Dept., Baltimore,
Md.): INTERFERENCE IN DETERMINATION OF
LEAD BY DITHIZONE EXTRACTION. Analytical
Chemistry 34:1339 (Sept.), 1962.
A commercially prepared solution of 0.02% phenol
red (Fisher 5-985 M) was found to interfere in the
anaJysis of Pb in blood by the dithizone extraction
method. Correspondence with the manufacturer re-
vealed that a chelating agent is included in the
preparation of this indicator solution and there-
fore it is not suitable for analysis of Pb by
dithizone extraction.
3939 Hanamura, S. (Govt. Ind. Res. Inst. Nagoya,
Japan): AN I-Q RECORDER AND ITS APPLICA-
TION TO RAPID COULOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND
MICRO-COULOMETRY. Talanta 9:901-15, 1962.
758
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
The author recently described a direct-reading cur-
rent integrator and subsequently improved it into
a recording instrument, the I-Q recorder. It can
be used not only for coulometric analysis but also
for other purposes. The highest sensitivity range
is 10 yA; the reproducibility can be assumed to be
0.1%. Integration is possible from input zero to
rated value. Rapid determination of micro amounts
of Cu and Pb, 1-10 yg and 4-10 Ug respectively,
could be carried out. The rapid determination of
0.9 mg of Pb and 0.8 mg of Cd from their mixtures
is discussed. (From author's summary)
3940 Hublet, P.: Problemes rglatifs & la deter-
mination des he'maties & granulations baso-
philes dans le de'pistage de 1'intoxication
saturnine. (BASOPHILIC STIPPLING OF ERY-
THROCYTES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LEAD POISON-
ING.) Arch. Beiges He'd. Sociale, Hyg.,
Med. Travail, He'd. Legale 20:167-74, 1962.
Tests for counting stippled blood cells were criti-
cally reviewed. The author favors the staining
method by Hanson-Schwartz. Stippled cells are
divided into those with coarse granules, those
with fine granules, and cells with a mixed form of
granules. Data are given per mille or per million
of erythrocytes. In evaluating the data, environ-
ment and clinical findings must be considered.
(From Deutsche Zeitschrift fUr die Gesamte Gericht-
liche Medizin 54:34 (Abstracts), 1963)
394] Kawahata, M., Mochizuki, H., and Misaki,
T. (Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Kawasaki, Ja-
pan) : (SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF LEAD AND
ZINC WITH DITHIZONE-BENZENE SOLUTION.)
'Bunseki Kagaku 11:448-9, 1962.
The absorbance curve for extraction of Pb by
dithizone in C^Hg has a maximum at pH 8 and de-
creases smoothly to pH 12, pH range 7.5-11.5 being
suitable. Dithizone remains in the C6Hg layer
below pH 9.7, but is transferred to the aqueous
layer above pH 10.2. (From Chemical Abstracts
57:1518, 1962)
3942 Klimov, I.T.: (THE CHEMICAL AND SPECTRO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS
(HEAVY METALS) BY EXTRACTIVE CONCENTRA-
TION.) Sovrem. Metody Analiza Prirodn.
Vod., Akad. Nauk SSSR 1962:67-87.
The determination of microamounts of heavy metals
in water, silt, and similar materials is based on
extraction with CHCl^ using group reagents, and
on the spectrographic determination of 0,5-20 yg
Ni, Co, Ag, Zr, Cu, V, Al, and Mn; of 2-80 yg Pb;
0.5-40 ug Mo and Ti; 2-40 yg Bi; 1-40 yg Fe; and
^1 ug Sn; accuracy is ±10-20%. Amounts of any
metals >1 mg must be diluted or removed. (From
Chemical Abstracts 59:9321, 1963)
3943 Kunzi, P., Baumler, J., and Im Obersteg, J.
(Inst. Forensic Med., Univ. Basel, Switzer-
land) : Dunnschichtchromatographie der
forensisch wichtigen Metalle. (THIN LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY OF FORENSICALLY IMPORTANT
METALS.) Deutsche Zeitschrift fur die
Gesamte Gerichtliche Medizin 52, No.
4:605-9, 1962.
In the method described for the detection, deter-
mination, and separation of Tl, Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Cu,
Bi, and Sb a nitric acid benzene-acetone mixture
was used for the flow system, and tartaric acid
as complexing agent. Detection of cations de-
pended on height of ascent and dye affinity with
dithizone and ammonium sulfide solution. The
method allows a qualitative analysis of heavy
metal ions in 1 operation and enables a quantita-
tive evaluation of the chromatogram by comparing
sizes of spots with chromatograms of known metal
contents. The method is applicable to the analy-
sis of biological material; however, ashing is
necessary; certain foods can be determined
directly.
3944 Lakanen, E. (Agr. Res. Center, Helsinki,
Finland): ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE TRACE ELE-
MENTS. Ann. Agr. Fenniae 1, No. 2:109-
17, 1962.
A (1:10) by volume extraction of soils was made
with 0.5N acetic acid + 0.5N NH4 acetate (pH
4.65). The trace elements, Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu,
Fe, Ge, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sn, Tl, V, and
Zn are concentrated from the aqueous soil extract
by 3% pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid (PDCA) in
CHC13. The CHC13 layer is evaporated with A1203
and graphite and analyzed spectrographically.
The effect of pH and other complexing agents on
the use of PDCA was studied. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 59:8108, 1963)
3945 Liplavk, I.L.: (AMPEROMETRIC TITRATION
IN AIR ANALYSIS.) Sb. Tr. Fiz.-Khim.
Lab. Vses. Nauchn.-Issled. Inst. Okhrany
Truda (Sverdlovsk: Gos. Izd. Lit. po
Chern. i Tsvetn. Met.) 1962:5-24.
Procedures for amperometric titration determina-
tion of F, silica, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn are describ-
ed. With a polarograph or simple electric meas-
uring device an apparatus can be easily construct-
ed for any type of amperometric titration. (From
Ref. Zh. Khim. 1963, Abstr. No. 101271; Chemical
Abstracts 60:4686, 1964)
3946 Lukin, A.M., Chernaya, L.S., Petrova, G.S.,
and Sosnina, A.I.: (EXTRACTION AND DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD BY ARSAZEN.) Savodsk.
Lab. 28:398-401, 1962.
A method whereby 0.5 ug Pb can be determined in
water and bronze with arsazen is explained. (From
Chemical Abstracts 58:2838, 1963)
3947 Lupant-Andre, F. (Univ. Libre, Brussels,
Belgium): Detection rapide de toxiques
me'talliques dans 1'urine. (RAPID DETECTION
OF TOXIC METALS IN URINE.) Journal de
Pharmacie de Belgique 17, No. 1-2, 14-30,
1962.
A sample of 50 ml urine is heated with 2 mg con-
centrated sulfuric acid and 300 mg K permanganate
for 2 hr until all organic matter is destroyed.
Pb is then extracted with dithizone at a pH 3 and
estimated colorimetrically as Pb dithizonate.
3948 Lyaskovskaya, Yu.N. and Krasil'nikova,
T.F.: (PHOTOMETRIC METHODS OF DETERMINA-
TION OF TIN AND LEAD IN CANNED MEATS.)
Tr., Vses. Nauchn.-Issled. Inst. Myasn.
Prom. 1962, No. 12:128-48.
A spectrophotometric method, on the basis of a re-
Analytical Methods
759
-------
action with quercetin, for the determination of
Sn and Pb in canned meats was developed. The
method gives reproducible results; sensitivity is
5 jjg Pb in 50 ml solution and error averages
±11.5%. (From Ref. Zh., Khim. 1963, Abstr. No.
15P132; Chemical Abstracts 60:13794, 1964)
3949 Malyuga, D.P., and Makarova, A.I. (V.I.
Vernadskii Inst. Geochem. Anal. Chem.,
Acad. Sci. USSR, Moscow): (POLAROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN SOILS AND VEGETA-
TION OVER ORE DEPOSITS.) Teoriya i Prak-
tika Polyarograf. Analiza, Akad. Nauk
Moldavsk. SSR, Materialy Pervogo Vses.
Soveshch 1962:272-6.
In the polarographic method described, for 10-100
yg Pb/10 ml the diffusion current was proportional
to concentration. The half-wave potential of Pb
was 0.45 v, and the sensitivity was 1 yg/ml.
(From Chemical Abstracts 59:12155, 1963)
3950 Manley, C.H. (Bristol, England): DETERMI-
NATION OF TRACES OF LEAD IN DRINKING WA-
TER. Analyst 87:762 (Sept.), 1962.
The author refers to an article by D.C. Abbott and
J.R. Harris: "The Determination of Traces of Lead
in Drinking Water (1962)" in which it was stated
that "the sulfide method is not applicable to wa-
ter containing organic matter and Fe". In a paper
published by the author under the title "The Es-
timation of Lead in Drinking Water (1940)" it was
shown that it is possible to apply the sulfide
method with precision to peaty waters naturally
colored by organic matter.
3951 Markova, A.L. (Inst. Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol.
uoscow, USSR): (SULFARSAZENE FOR THE PHO-
TOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN FRESH
AND MINERALIZED WATERS.) Zh. Analit.
Khim. 17:952-4, 1962.
Sulfarsazen was used for the determination of
=1-1.5 yg Pb/1 in fresh and mineralized waters af-
ter preliminary extraction with dithlzone in CCl^.
(From Chemical Abstracts 58:11097, 1963)
3952 Musil, F. (Karlova Univ., Prague, Czecho-
slovakia) : (OSCILLOGRAPHIC POLAROGRAPHY
AND ITS UTILIZATION IN MEDICINE.) Pracov-
ni Lekar. 14:426-9, 1962.
Principles of the method are given with examples
featuring the estimation of Au, Pb, Sn, As, Cr,
Mn, Co, and Ni in the blood and other substances.
(From Chemical Abstracts 58:3682, 1963)
3953 Nikiforova, V.N., and Teplova, R.V.:
(APPLICATION OF A POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD FOR
DETERMINING COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC IN CON-
FECTIONARY PRODUCTS.) Khlebopekar. i
Konditer. Prom. 6, No. 9:6-8, 1962.
A polarographic method is outlined for determining
Cu, Pb, and Zn in confectionary products. Data
are given to show acceptability of the method for
a variety of products. (From Chemical Abstracts
58:1860, 1963)
3954 Priev, Ya.M.: (SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF
PLANT MATERIAL WITHOUT PRELIMINARY ASH-
ING.) Sb. Rabot. Molodykh Uchenykh Nauchn.
Issled. Inst. i Vyssh. Uchebn. Zavedenii
Min. Sel'sk. Khoz. Uz. SSR 1962, No. 1:
128-30.
A method is suggested for the spectroscopic analy-
sis of plant matter which does not require pre-
liminary ashing of the sample. A ground, air-
dried, weighed sample of the plant material is
tamped into a cigaret casing and placed in the
horizontal arc between C electrodes of an ABP-2
apparatus. Stabilization of the arc and the in-
troduction of the casing from above insures an air
current (20-30 mm ^0 column) controlled by a wa-
ter manometer. Sample weights of 0.2-1 g are
taken for quantitative and semiquantitative analy-
sis. The current is fed by 16-18 amp ac. The
distance between the electrodes is 5-6 mm. The
rate for introducing the casing should not exceed
60 sec for a 0.2 g sample and 145 sec for a 0.4 g
sample. Twenty-three elements can be analyzed in
this way (B, Mn, Ca, Cr, Zn, Si, Sr, Mg, K, Mo,
Al, Fe, Ag, Li, Sn, Pb, V, Na, Bi, P, Ti, Ba, Ni)
with an error of ±20-40%. The work was done on a
Q-12 quartz spectrograph. (From Ref. Zh., Khim.
1963, Abstr. No. 12G193; Chemical Abstracts 60:
8332, 1964)
3955 Prokes, J., Vorel, F., and Dolezal, V.
(Kolova Univ., Prague, Czechoslovakia):
(APPLICATIONS OF OSCILLOGRAPHIC POLAROG-
RAPHY IN TOXICOLOGY.) Chem. Zvesti 16:
411-3, 1962.
Oscillographic polarographic methods for the de-
termination of local anesthetics, ataractics, and
barbiturates are described. Pb, Tl, and Zn can be
determined after the electrolytic accumulation of
the metal on the electrode. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 58:7285, 1963)
3956 Protopopova, V.P.: (QUANTITATIVE DETER-
MINATION OF MANGANESE, LEAD AND MERCURY IN
BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL.) Novoe v Oblasti
Sanit.-Khim. Analiza (Raboty po Prom.-
Sanit.-Khim.) 1962:248-53.
Pb is determined colorimetrically in blood or urine
digested with nitrosylsulfuric acid, after adding
NH^ citrate and NH2OH.HC1 and extracting with
dithizone in CH3C1. Normal levels in blood were
0.01-0.025 mg% and in urine, 0.003-0.03 mg%.
(From Chemical Abstracts 59:2090, 1963)
3957 Razumov, V.A., and Aidarov, T.K.: (SPEC-
TROGRAPHIC METHODS OF DETERMINING MICRO-
QUANTITIES OF LEAD IN THE AIR OF INDUS-
TRIAL PREMISES AND IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES.
Gigiena i Sanit. 27, No. 8:44-7, 1962.
Pb is determined in samples of air by emission
spectroscopy using the 2833.07 A Pb and the
2897.97 A Bi lines. Pb is determined in the urine
by an analogous method. (From Chemical Abstracts
58:1848, 1963)
3958 Sagakova, V.P., and Lyubivaya, A.I.: (RAP-
ID DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN CANNED GOODS.)
Tr. Ukr. Nauchn.-Issled. Inst. Konservn.
Prom. 1962, wo. 4:62-7.
Pb is determined with dithizone without the use of
cyanides. The sensitivity of the method is 0.05
(jg/10 ml solution and only 1.5 hr is required after
mineralization. Pb was reported in various canned
760
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
goods and unprocessed material.
Abstracts 59:12079, 1963)
(From Chemical
3959 Sikorska-Tomicka, H. (Akad. Med. Bialystok,
Poland): (CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF
BISMUTH, LEAD AND MERCURY IONS.) Roczniki
Akad. Med. Bialymstoku 7:267-72, 1962.
Pb was separated by ascending chromatography on
Whatman No. 1 paper impregnated with 1% KI, 2%
caprolactam and 1% Na hypophosphate. The sensi-
tivity of Pb was 1.0 yg. (From Chemical Abstracts
58:%09, 1963)
3960 Sinyakova, S.I., and Shen, Y.C.: (POLARO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF VERY SMALL AMOUNTS
OF METALS WITH A STATIONARY MERCURY ELEC-
TRODE.) Teoriya i Praktika Polyarogr.
Analiza, Kishinev, Sb. 1962:151-3.
The effect of various factors on the quantitative
determination of certain elements in concentra-
tions of 10 -10 M by using a stationary Hg drop
electrode was studied. Diagrams are given. Pb,
In, and Cd can be determined from the same solu-
tion. Xhe accuracy is ±6% for =10~8M Pb, in the
presence of a 10-fold amount of Cu, Cd, and Zn.
(From Chemical Abstracts 58:13117, 1963)
3961 Specker, H., and Trub, H. (Inst. Spektro-
chem., Dortmund, Germany): (DETERMINATION
OF TRACES OF LEAD IN CONCENTRATED PHOS-
PHORIC ACID BY ANODIC AMALGAM VOLTAMETRY.)
Zeitschrift fllr Analytische Chemie 186:
123-7, 1962.
t'b is determined in concentrated H3P04 by deposi-
tion in a Hg drop from pyridine solution, followed
by measurement via anodic voltametry. At 1 ppm Pb
the deviation is 3%.
3962 Stepanyuk, N.V., Bulycheva, A.I., and
Mel'nikova, P.A.: (TURBIDIMETRIC DETERMI-
NATION OF LEAD IN AIR.) Sbornik Nauchnykh
Rabot Institutov Okhrany Truda Vseao-
yuznogo Tsentral'nogo Soveta Profsoyuzov
1962, No. 3:97-103.
Pb reacts with Na rhodizonate in an acid medium to
form Pb rhodizonate which is determined turbidi-
metrically with a sensitivity of 2 yg Pb/3 ml of
sample. Oxides of Fe, Cu, Sn, Al, Zn, Mg and Sb
do not interfere when masking reagents are used.
(From Chemical Abstracts 60:11368, 1964)
3963 Stromberg, A.G., Zakharov, M.S., and
Gorodovykh, V.E.: (POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMI-
NATION OF ULTRAMICROQUANTITIES OF LEAD.)
Teoriya i Praktika Polyarogr. Analiza,
Kishinev, Sb. 1962:336-40.
Concentrations of =10~°M can be determined by
oscillographic and amalgam polarography. Results
have good reproducibility if experimental condi-
tions are held constant. (From Chemical Abstracts
59:9311, 1963)
3964 Van Erkelens, P.C. (Inst. Animal Husban-
dry, Utrecht, Netherlands): RADIOMETRIC
TRACE ANALYSIS OF LEAD WITH DIETHYLDITHIO-
CARBAMATE AND Tl204. Analytica Chimica
Acta 26:32-45, 1962.
Two methods are given for determining
-------
Analysis of Atmospheric Contaminants.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1958-, LEAD (USPHS)-l-
18; Approved in 1963.
As stated in the introduction, the title method is
especially convenient for Pb analysis in the ab-
sence of Bi. The method was designed for highly
accurate analysis of minute amounts of Pb in bio-
logical materials; thus, all details erf the pro-
cedures for the collection and ashing of samples,
for the purification of reagents, and for" the
preparation of glassware and other supplies must
be followed carefully and routinely for best re-
sults. The method has been used for 25 yr for the
analysis of body tissues and fluids, air samples,
paints and diverse materials. A rapid procedure
for the removal and analysis of a known area of
paint film from a sheet metal surface is also pre-
sented.
In addition to detailed description of the above
procedures, interferences in analysis are detailed,
and the results of replicate analyses by referee's
laboratory of Pb in blood and of those by 10 col-
laborating laboratories are tabulated.
3971 Black, L.R., Lancaster, E.B., and Maister,
H.G. (Northern Regional Res. Lab., Peoria,
111): DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM AND LEAD
IN PERIODIC ACIDIC SOLUTION AND DIALDEHYDE
STARCH. Cereal Chemistry 40:66-71, 1963.
After ashing according to the described method,
Pb is determined by treating an aliquot with
diphenylthiocarbazone in CHC13 and reading the red
color at 518 mu. The slope of the standard curve
was 3.57 ppm/absorbance unit with SD from regres-
sion of 0.048. Recovery was slightly low. (From
Chemical Abstracts 59:5354, 1963)
3972 Bonelli, E.J., and Hartmann, H.: DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD ALKYLS BY GAS CHROMATOG-
RAPHY WITH ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR.
Analytical Chemistry 35:1980-1 (Nov.),
1963.
The article describes the use of the Barrell-
Ballinger type column operated isothermally and
with a Hg nitrate scrubber column. The 5 PB
alkyls were completely separated in 10 min with
good quantitative recovery. The overall accuracy
of the method is ""4%.
3973 Colony, J.A., Knoblock, B.C., and Purdy,
W.C. (Walter Reed Army Inst. Res., Wash-
ington, D.C.): COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE
DITHIZONE AND POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATIONS
FOR LEAD. Tech. Bull. Registry Med. Tech-
nologists 33, No. 5:82-5, 1963.
Results obtained by the dithizone and polaro-
graphic methods for the determination of Pb in
blood and urine were compared and possible inter-
fering ions that may cause abnormally high Values
by the dithizone method were studied. (From
Chemical Abstracts 59:5760, 1963)
3974 Echegaray, M. (Inst. of Occup. Health,
Lima, Peru): Determinacidn de plomo y
bismuto en muestras biologicas. (DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD AND BISMUTH IN BIOLOGI-
CAL MATTER.) Boletin de la Sociedad
Quimica del Peru 29, No. 3:126-44, 1963.
Bi and Pb in blood or urine were extracted with
a solution of dithizone in chloroform, in the
presence of K cyanide, ammonium citrate and
hydroxylamine chlorhydrate, at pH 8.5. After
stirring the mixture for 1 hr with a buffer so-
lution at pH 3.4, Pb was determined colori-
metrlcally at 520 my.
3975 Feldstein, M. (Bay Area Air Pcllut. Con-
trol Distr., San Francisco, Calif.):
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR AIR POLLUTANTS.
Progress in Chemical Toxicology 1:317-38,
1963.
Three categories of pollutants are considered in
this review: (1) Pollutants having a direct toxic
effect if present in the atmosphere in sufficient
concentration for a sufficient period of time;
(2) pollutants not present in the atmosphere in
sufficient concentration to cause toxicity but
creating nuisance due to odor; (3) pollutants in-
volved in the photochemical process occurring in
the ambient atmosphere, leading to the formation
of eye-irritating, vegetation-damaging, and visi-
bility-reducing reaction products. Pb belongs to
the 1st group listed; its concentration in non-
polluted and polluted air, respectively, is given
as 0-10 and 30-40 yg/m3. The collection of air
samples for the determination of Pb is described.
In view of the relatively small quantities of Pb
in the normal atmosphere extreme caution in col-
lection and analysis is mandatory to prevent con-
tamination of samples. A detailed description of
the reagents for and the procedure of Pb determi-
nation, using the dithizone method, is included.
3976 Fujinaga, T., Brodowsky, H.A., Nagai, T.,
and Yamashita, K. (Univ. Kyoto, Japan):
USE OF A TERNARY MIXTURE AS A SOLVENT IN
POLAROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS. Review of Polar-
ography (Kyoto)11, No. 3-4:217-23, 1963.
Traces of Pb were determined by adding Na diethyl-
dithiocarbamate to the sample solution and ex-
tracting the chelate formed with chloroform. A
mixture containg 5 ml chloroform, 1.7 ml concen-
trated HC1, 2 ml water and the necessary amount of
Me Cellosolve to dilute to 20 ml was used as the
medium for the subsequent polarographic determina-
tion of Pb. (From Chemical Abstracts 63:1204,
1965)
3977 Hawkes, H.E.: DITHIZONE FIELD TESTS (FOR
COPPER, LEAD AND ZINC). Economic Geology
58:587-92, 1963.
A method for the analysis of soils and stream sed-
iments for Pb, Cu, and Zn, by treating the mate-
rial simultaneously with a cold, slightly alkaline,
aqueous solution of ammonium citrate and a solu-
tion of dithizone in toluene, hexane or light
petroleum, was described. A standard Zn solution
is used for calibration and the metals are re-
ported as "Zn equivalents." (From Water Pollution
Abstracts 39:Abstr. No. 1069, 1966)
3978 Hilf, R., and Castano, F.F. (US Army Area
Med. Lab., Fort Baker, Calif.): A SIMPLI-
FIED METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF URINARY
LEAD. Clinical Chemistry 9:163-7 (Apr.),
1963.
A modification of the quantitative determination
of urinary Pb by reaction with dithizone is de-
762
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
scribed. The method takes less time than the
original procedure with no loss in accuracy. Good
recoveries were obtained in the range of 60-150
yg/1. The authors note that it has been the
practice of their laboratory to report the exact
concentration of any sample showing =50 yg/1
(because of the discrepancy in the literature as
to the normal urinary Pb content) and to suggest
analysis of additional samples for confirmation.
3979 Hollos, J. (Chinoin Pharm. Chem. Co.,
Budapest, Hungary): (DETERMINATION OF Fe,
Cu, Zn, AND Pb AS DRUG IMPURITIES IN THEIR
MUTUAL PRESENCE. II. SUBSEQUENT ISOLA-
TION AND DETERMINATION OF Cu, Ztr AND Pb
WITH DITHIZONE.) Gyogyszereszet 7, No.
5-6:204-10, 1963.
The substance to be analyzed (1 g) is decomposed
by heating in the presence of 10 ml concentrated
sulfuric acid and adequate amounts of H peroxide
and perchloric acid. After decomposition, the
volatile products are removed and the residue is
taken up in aqueous acetic acid. Pb ion is iso-
lated from weakly alkaline solution (pH 8.5); the
extracted Pb dithizonate is decomposed at pH 4.6
and the liberated Pb ion is determined in a weakly
alkaline medium containing cyanide ion with chlo-
roformic dithizone solutions. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 60:1540, 1964)
3980 Ito, Y. (Univ. Miyazaki, Japan): (METHOD
OF DETERMINATION OF DUST POWDERS. II.
SIMPLE DETERMINATION OF PARTICLES BY DE-
VELOPMENT ON PAPER - DETERMINATION OF
Pb(N03)2 PARTICLES.) Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi
66:194-8, 1963.
Known amounts (0.01-1 uM) of Pb in solution were
placed on filter paper and developed with various
solutions. The paper was then dried at 90° and
sprayed with a 0.2% Na rhodizonate solution. A
proportional relation was found between the area
of the spot and the amount of Pb. From the color
development and its area, the amount and size of
Pb nitrate (Pb(N03)2) dust particles in the air
can be determined. (From Chemical Abstracts 59:
14494, 1963)
3981 Jaworowski, Z. (Inst. Nuclear Res., War-
saw-Swierk, Poland): THE DETERMINATION
OF LEAD-210 AND BISMUTH-210 IN BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL. Nukleon ika 8, No. 5:333-40,
1963.
A method for the simultaneous determination of
stable Pb and 210Pb in hair and bone samples is
described. Hair samples are wet-washed with con-
centrated nitric and perchloric acid and dissolved
in H chloride. After extraction with dithizone
the total Pb content is estimated photometrically
and 210Pb activity by a scintillation counter.
Bone samples are ashed before extraction with
dithizone. Mean recoveries of stable Pb from hair
and of 210Pb from bone were 96.4 and 93.3%, re-
spectively.
3982 Kaminski, B., and Dytkowska, 0. (Galenical
Drugs Inst., Warsaw, Poland): DETERMINA-
TION OF HEAVY METALS IN VEGETABLE DRUGS.
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica (Translated
Reprint) 20, No. 3:210-6, 1963.
In the course of control analyses of drugs of plant
origin carried out in the Department of Galenical
Drugs in 1957, excessive contamination by heavy
metals was found repeatedly. In 1956 the Ministry
of Health revised the limits earlier specified by
the Pharmacopoeia Polonica III, setting them (as
determined as Pb) at 5 mg/kg for tinctures, 25 for
liquid and 100 for dry extracts, and 10 for syrups.
A method of determining Zn, Sn, Cu, Pb, and Fe
by paper electrophoresis is described in detail.
The limits of detection were within the range of
0.1-0.5 yg, using small samples. For illustration
the percentages of the above metals found in vari-
ous samples obtained from drug stores are shown.
The Pb content ranged from 0.005-0.01%.
3983 Keenan, R.G., Byers, D.H., Saltzman, B.E.,
and Hyslop, F,L. (US Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, 0.): THE "USPHS" METHOD
FOR DETERMINING LEAD IN AIR AND IN BIO-
LOGICAL MATERIALS. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Journal 24:481-91
(Sept.-Oct.), 1963.
The "USPHS" method for determination of Pb in air
and biological samples is described. An evalua-
tion of the method for Pb in blood shows a mean
recovery of 97.1% Pb, Also included is a rapid
procedure for the removal of a known area of
paint film from a sheet metal surface and the
determination of its Pb content in terms of per-
centage or of mg Pb/in^.
3984 Kyuregyan, E.A.: (DETERMINATION OF SMALL
AMOUNT OF LEAD IN NATURAL WATERS AND IN
SOIL WATER. EXTRACTION WITH NEW REAGENT
PLUMBON.) Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armyan-
skoi SSS, Seriya Geologicheskie i Geogra-
ficheskie Nauki 16:4-5, 163-6, 1963.
Plumbon, a new reagent for colorimetric determina-
tion of Pb, forms an orange compound with Pb at
pH 9. Plumbon can be used for the determination
of Pb in natural waters and in ground water if
present in amounts >0.01 mg. The presence of Zn,
Cu, Fe or Mo in the soil interferes in the deter-
mination. (From Chemical Abstracts 60:3870, 1964)
3985 Le Riche, H.H., and Weir, A.M. (Rotham-
sted Expt. Sta., Harpenden, Hertfordshire,
England): A METHOD OF STUDYING TRACE ELE-
MENTS IN SOIL FRACTIONS. Journal of Soil
Science 14, No. 2:225-35, 1963.
A method is described for dividing soils into Fe
oxide, sand, silt, and clay fractions suitable for
trace-element analysis. The oxides were extracted
under ultra-violet light by ammonium oxalate (pH
3.3), which dissolves goethite and other Fe oxides
but not gibbsite or boehmite; it also extracts
some soil organic matter and, probably, trace ele-
ments associated with it. Two horizons of 2 brown
earths were analyzed spectrochemically for Ba, Co,
Cr, Cu, Ga, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zr. The
extracted oxides were the fractions richest in
trace elements and contained large proportions of
the total Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, and V. Except for Sr,
Ti, and Zr, the amounts of trace elements in the
sands were small and were distributed between the
silicate-mineral fractions in the order: sand <
silt < clay. Pb results (ranges) in ppm and vg/g
of soil, respectively, were: soil, 24-71 and
Analytical Methods
763
-------
20-71; extract, 230-c!60 and 13-31; sand, <6-12 and
<2.4-6.6; silt, 10-54 and 1.9-14; clay, 23-100 and
5-u-lO. (23 references)
3986 Lifschitz-Menuchin, L., Eger, E. and
Steinitz, K. (Belllnson Hosp., Petah Tik-
va, Israel): A RAPID METHOD FOR THE MI-
CRO-ESTIMATION OF LEAD IN URINE. Bulletin
of the Research Council of Israel IDE:
206-7 (Apr.), 1963.
A technique for determining Pb in 20 ml urine by
direct titration with dithizone, omitting the
washing with cyanide, is described.
3987 Lu, M.L., Liu, T.C., and Ching, T.L.
(First Med. College, Shanghai, China):
(DETERMINATION OF Ca, Ba, Mg, Al, Cr, Zn,
Fe, Pb, Bi, Hg, and Cu IONS BY EDTA TIT-
RATION USING THE CU-PAN SYSTEM.) Acta
Pharmaceutica Sinica 10:436-41 (July),
1963.
The application of Cu-Pan system EDTA titration
of some cations was reinvestigated systematically.
The influence of various factors such as pH, tem-
perature, quantity of indicator used, was studied
in some detail and stability constants of Cu-Pan
complex were given. An improved method of appli-
cation is described. (From authors' English sum-
mary) .
3988 Matveeva, L.A.: (HYDROLYTIC PRECIPITA-
TION OF HEAVY METALS.) Gidrogeokhim.
Materialy, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Lab. Gidro-
geol. Probl. 1963:99-107.
After pretreatment, heavy metals were determined
colorimetrically (Cu by diethyldithiocarbamate,
Zn by dithizone, Pb as sulfide, and Mn as MnO^)
or titrated with EDTA (Pb and Zn). The curves in
which is presented the content of these metals in
natural waters of different pH values show that
precipitation occurs at pH 5.4-7.5 for CuS04, 6.0-
8.0 for Pb(N03)2, 7.9-8.5 for ZnS04, and 7.7-8.5
(with 0.1N NaOH) or 8.4-9.0 (0.1N Na2C03) for
MnS04. The residual concentrations are: Cu 0.2-
0.7, Pb 0.3-1, Zn 1-2, and Mn 0.5-1 mg/1. They
are increased slightly at higher pH. The precipi-
tation of Zn and partly of Mn in natural waters
starts at lower pH values than in pure solutions.
(From Chemical Abstracts 60:2642, 1964)
3989 Mehani, S. (Univ. Durham, Newcastle upon
Tyne, England): A RAPID METHOD FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF DELTA AMINO-LAEVULINIC
ACID IN URINE. British Journal of Indus-
trial Medicine 21:78-80 (Jan.), 1963.
A rapid colorimetric method, sensitive to 0.5 pg,
for the determination of ALA in urine, is de-
scribed. The method is a modification of the
picrate method of Shuster in which interference
by porphobilinogen is avoided by the use of an
exchange resin. The overall method takes about
1/3 the time required by that of Mauzerall and
Granick (1956), with no loss of precision.
3990 Monkman, J.L. (Environ. Health Center,
Ottawa, Canada): DETERMINATION OF HEAVY
METALS IN URINE BY POLAROGRAPHY. I. LEAD.
Analytical Biochemistry 6:255-62 (Sept.),
1963.
Freshly voided urine (25-75 ml) is reacted with
about 1 ml aqueous ammonia to raise its pH to at
least 10, centrifuged for 15 min and the resulting
cake dissolved in nitric acid. The acid solution
is then evaporated to dryness, ashed, and treated
with nitric and hydrochloric acids; the solution
is placed into a polarograph cell, to which Hg was
1st added, then treated with 0-free N. The po-
larogram is recorded at 25°C and the amount of Pb
present is determined by comparison with a cali-
bration curve. The method is claimed to be simple
and rapid, with excellent reproducibility. Re-
covery of Pb added to urine varied from 90-110%.
3991 Mu'ller, K.: Uber eine analytische Tren-
nung von Blei und Mangan aus biologischem
Material. (AN ANALYTICAL SEPARATION OF
LEAD AND MANGANESE IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL.)
2. Arbeitstag. Gerichtsarzte DDR, Leip-
zig 1963.
The difficulty of an accurate determination of Pb
and Mn in body fluids and organs is pointed out,
mainly because these trace elements occur normally
only in the range of yg/100 g, while the inter-
fering substances are present in relatively high
concentrations. A new electrolytic separation is
described in which Pb and Mn are precipitated as
difficultly soluble dioxides and separated from
all other elements by microfiltration. After dis-
solving the dioxides, Pb and Mn are determined by
the usual methods. The procedure offers the ad-
vantage of obtaining small final volumes from
larger samples. (From Deutsche Zeitschrift fur
die Gesamte Gerichtliche Medizin 55:32, 1964)
3992 Natelson, S., and De, P.K. (Roosevelt
Hosp., New York, N.Y.): APPLICATION OF
X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROMETRY TO THE ESTI-
MATION OF THE HEAVY ELEMENTS (AT. NO. 79-
83). PRACTICAL PROCEDURE FOR LEAD AND
BISMUTH IN WHOLE BLOOD. Microchemical
Journal 7:448-61 (Dec.), 1963.
A study with the X-ray spectrometer for the esti-
mation of yg quantities of Au, Hg, Th, Pb, and Bi
is reported. Conditions and apparatus for plating
the element sought in a confined spot on a metal
plate are described. For Pb, results suitable for
semiquantitative purposes were obtained. When
whole blood was ashed, recovery of Pb ranged from
(mean) 95.6-104.6%, with a precision of ±7%. In
pooled specimens, mean Pb values of 8.8 yg/100 ml
were found in the whole blood of individuals not
exposed to abnormal amounts of this element.
3993 Obraztsova, E.N., and Novikov, V.A.:
DETERMINATION OF TETRAETHYLLEAD. U.S.S.R.
patent 154,431, July 24, 1963.
TEL is broken down by ultraviolet light in an
automatic process. The Pb which forms is collect-
ed on paper tape, treated with an indicator and
measured with a photometer. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 60:1124, 1964)
3994 Pahler, C., and Bye, J. (Coll. Sciences,
Strasbourg, France): Voltamperometrie du
bismuth, du plomb et du cuivre a la micro-
electrode d'or. (VOLTAMMETRY OF BISMUTH,
LEAD, AND COPPER AT A GOLD MICROELECTRODE.)
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances
764
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
de 1'Academie des Sciences 257, No. 2:
441-3, 1963.
In the 0.1M perchloric medium che waves of Bi^+,
Pb^- and Cu2+ ion reduction generally interfere
with the wave of proton reduction. In contrast
the peak of the anodic oxidation of the deposit
formed on the electrode permits the determination
of traces of these ions and can serve as an end
point indicator in quantitative analysis by vari-
ous oscillographic methods, eg, the coulometric,
which gives results similar to the dithizone spec-
trophotometric method.
3995 Polezhaev, N.G.: (NEW (NEPHELOMETRIC)
DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD.)
Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya 7,
No. 3:56-8, 1963.
A method for the determination of 0.05-0.5 yg Pb
in 2 ml solution is described. (From Chemical
Abstracts 59:4536, 1963)
3996 Riebartsch, K. (Biol. Bundesanstalt,
Berlin-Dahlem, Germany): (DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN PLANT SUBSTANCES BY MEANS OF
DITHIZONE.) Landwirtschaftliche Forschung
16:290-5, 1963.
The determination of Pb in plant substances, using
the dithizone method, yielded too low Pb values.
The method could be improved by modifying the
process of ashing of substance and by reducing the
pH value in the K cyanide washing solution. Fur-
thermore, dry ashing should be replaced by decom-
position with sulfuric-nitric-perchloric acid.
(From Chemical Abstracts 60:13551, 1964)
3997 Sand, T.: Die Bestimmung von Blei in der
Luft. (DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR.)
Zentralblatt fur Arbeitsmedizin und
Arbeitsschutz 13:157-62 (July), 1963.
A modified method for the rapid determination of
Pb in air is described. The method permits the
determination of amounts as low as 0.05 mg Pb/m^.
Atmospheric Pb concentrations at various work
places in a battery factory are tabulated. The
Pb level could be reduced by the installation of
suitable exhausts.
3998 Saunier, R.: (INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF
SUGARS AND SUGAR PRODUCTS.) Sucr. Franc.
104:1-4, 1963.
Methods of determining inorganic impurities are
discussed, with recommendations as follows: for
Pb, the method of "wet ashing" with addition of Na
hexametaphosphate and hydroxylamine-HCl; for Fe,
the o-phenanthroline method; for Cl, in colored
products, the AgNO-j method with potentiometric ti-
tration; for S02, the method used by the laboratory
of the Syndicat National des Fabricants du Sucre
de France; and for alkali and alkaline earth met-
als, flame photometry. (From Sugar Industry Ab-
stracts 25:Abstr. No. 277, 1963)
3999 Snyder, L.J., and Henderson, S.R.: DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN GASES. U.S. Patent No.
3,071,446, Jan. 1, 1963, to Ethyl Corp.
Pb, particularly tetraalkyllead, in gases is de-
termined by an improvement in the Snyder dithizone
method. (From Chemical Abstracts 58:6200, 1963)
4000 Sobczynski, Z., Kolankowski, S., Kaminska,
U., and Kaczor, K. (Dept. of Exptl. Phys-
ics, School of Higher Education, Gdansk,
Poland): (INVESTIGATION OF THE ABSOLUTE
ACTIVITY MEASUREMENT OF WEAKLY RADIO-
ACTIVE PREPARATIONS USING A DIFFUSION
CHAMBER.) Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly
Pedagogicznej Gdansku, Materialy, Fiziki,
Chemii, 3:33-4, 1963.
A simple diffusion chamber was developed for ab-
solute activity measurements on 2^Pb. A value
of 0.46 x 10~6 yCi was obtained with this diffu-
sion chamber, compared with a value of 0.48 x
10~3 yCi when a scintillation counter was used.
(From Nuclear Science Abstracts 20: Abstr. No.
14896, 1966)
4001 Steiner, R.L., and Oliver, R.T. (Aluminum
Co. Am., New Kensington, Pa.): SPECTRO-
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IN
BEER. American Society of Brewing Chem-
ists 1963:111-13 .
The spectrochemical method presented consists of
evaporating a 25-ml sample to dryness, ashing the
residue at 550°C, mixing the ash with graphite
and arcing by a standard dc arc technique. The
method offers advantages over previously used pro-
cedures. It may be used for the determination of
Fe, Al, Cr, Mo, Ni, Co, Pb, Sn, V, Cu, and Mn.
The Pb content of bottled beer was found to
range from 0.005-0.04 ppm (av 0.02).
4002 Teisinger, J. (Karlova Univ., Prague,
Czechoslovakia): POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS
IN INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY. Technical Di-
gest (Prague) 5, No. 5:33-5, 1963.
The significance of polarographic methods for the
determination of low concentrations of substances
in the atmosphere and in biological material is
pointed out. The polarographic determination of
Pb in blood, as developed by Czechoslovak authors,
does not require preliminary mineralization of the
sample. The Pb which is normally firmly bound to
the red blood cells and plasma proteins is brought
into solution by treatment with HC1. After a few
simple operations, amounts of Pb as low as several
tenths or hundredths of a pg/ml can be determined
directly by polarography. A sample of only 4 ml
of blood is required. A sensitivity of this order
can otherwise be achieved only by spectrographic
methods which require expensive equipment and
complicated procedures. Several chemical methods,
such as the use of dithizone, have been used in
combination with polarography rather than color-
imetry. The method is also very useful in the
determination of Pb in urine after mobilization
with CaNa2EDTA, even many years after the individ-
ual has been removed from Pb exposure.
4003 Thielen, W.C., Alcocer, A.E., and Helwig,
H.L. (Calif. State Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley) : X-RAY SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMI-
NATION OF MICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF LEAD.
American Chemical Society, Division of
Water Waste Chemistry, Preprints 1963
(March-April):316-9.
In a sampling program for airborne particulate Pb
the analysis of Pb dithizonate of digested filters
was compared with the direct X-ray spectrographic
Analytical Methods
765
-------
analysis of the untreated filter. (From Chemical
Abstracts 62:991, 1965)
4004 Van Calker, J., and Wischgoll, B. (Univ.
Munster, Germany): Quantitative spektro-
chemische Untersuchungen mit Lichtbogen-
anregung an biologischen Analysenmateria-
lien. (QUANTITATIVE SPECTROCHEMICAL IN-
VESTIGATIONS WITH ARC LIGHT EXCITATION IN
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS.) Zeitschrift fur
Analytische Chemie 198:107-11, 1963.
Many sources of error interfere in the spectro-
scopic analysis of water-containing biological
materials. These can be avoided by drying the so-
lution to be analyzed on a strip of filter paper.
The paper is placed in a hole in a C anode, where
it is burned and excited in a dc arc (220 v, 8
amp) for 30 sec. The spectrum is measured with a
Zeiss-Quartzspectrograph Q 24. The sensitivities
of detection of various elements, in ppm in 0.1 g
of water, blood, and urine, are given for Cd, Be,
Hg, Sb, Au, Tl, Sn, In, Bi, Ag, and Pb; for the
latter, these were (wavelength 2833) 0.5, 1, 1.
The average error was 10-15%.
4005 Viller, G.E.: (DETERMINATJON OF TOTAL
LEAD IN URINE.) Mikroelementy v Sibiri,
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sibirsk. Otd., Buryatsk.
Kompleksn. Nauchn.-Issled. Inst., Inform.
Byul. 2:116-7, 1963.
An improvement of the oxidation of urine samples
with K chromate was described. (From Chemical
Abstracts 63:7552, 1965)
4006 Visintin, B., Monteriolo, S.( and
Giuseppi, S.A. (Inst. of Hyg., Rome,
Italy) : (POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
LEAD, CADMIUM, TIN, AND ZINC IN WATER.)
Atti delle Giornate di Studio sulla Ana-
litica e Chimica Fisica delle Acque Na-
turali (Proceedings of Symposium on the
Analysis and Physical Chemistry of Natural
Waters) Livorno, Sept. 27-8, 1963, pp.
102-11; Annali di Idrologia 1, No. 4:212-
21, 1963.
The possibility of contamination of drinking water
by traces of heavy metals, salts of which have
been employed as stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride
used for the water pipes, poses the problem of a
rapid method of determination of microquantities
of these metals, especially of those which have a
toxic effect. In this study, the determination
of Pb, Cd, Sn and Zn is discussed. Since most
plastics used for water pipes contain 2 or more
of these metals simultaneously, the polarographic
method was selected as the most suitable one. The
water sample was concentrated by evaporation,
organic matter was destroyed by adding nitric and
sulfuric acids and the metals to be determined
were coprecipitated with Ca carbonate. The po-
larograms were taken with a Sargent XXI polaro-
graph. The average error of the procedure was
3.6% for Pb, 2.7% for Sn, 5.6% for Cd and 0.9%
for Zn. The sensitivity of the method in mg/1
was: Pb, 0.015; Cd and Sn, 0.005; Zn, 0.02.
4007 Yanagisawa, S., Hashimoto, Y., and Mitsu-
zawa, S. (Keio Univ., Tokyo, Japan): (DE-
TERMINATION OF DUST CONSTITUENTS IN AIR.)
Bunseki Kagaku 12, No. 11:1040-6, 1963.
Suspended dust particles whose diameters are >3n
and the smaller ones are collected with a filter
paper dust collector and a small hand-made ac dust
precipitator connected in series, by passing the
air through these at a rate of 400 1/hr. The fil-
ter paper used was ashed, weighed, fused with
Na2C03, and extracted with HC1. The contents of
Al, Mg, and Fe in the extracted solution were de-
termined by emission spectrographic analysis with
the soak-up electrode. The dust precipitated on
an electrode of the precipitator was rinsed in
methyl alcohol under ultrasonic oscillations of
200 kc/sec, weighed after evaporating the solvent,
and treated by the above procedure. With this
method, the same constituents in the deposited
dust as well as suspended dust collected at vari-
ous places in Tokyo and Yokohama were analyzed.
The proposed method was also applied for the deter-
mination of Pb in the exhaust gas of an automo-
bile.
4008 Zore, V.A., and Tikhonova, Z.I. (I.M.
Sechenov 1st Med. Inst., Moscow, USSR):
(SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION
OF LEAD, COPPER, AND TIN IN FRESH FISH AND
SOME CANNED PRODUCTS.) Gigiena i Sani-
tariya 28, 2:58-60 (Feb.), 1963.
A spectrographic method for the simultaneous de-
termination of Pb, Cu, and Sn in fish and canned
fish was reported. A 2.5-g sample was dried at
100-105° and ashed at 400-450°; 20 mg of the ash
was then placed in the well of a C electrode and
burned with a 14 ampere alternate-current arc.
Pb, Cu and Sn in amounts of 0.0005% could be de-
termined spectrographically in the residue with
an error of <±5%. (From Chemisches Zentralblatt
1965, No. 10:Abstr. No. 2836; Chemical Abstracts
64:2670, 1966)
1964
4009 Adell, M.R., Gonzalez, F.A., Cellini, R.F.,
and Marti, F.B.(Inst. Quim, Fis. "Roca-
solano," Madrid, Spain): (DIRECT READING
SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS AND
PLANT ASHES.) Anales Real Sociedad Espan-
ola de Fisica y Quimica (Madrid) Series
B 60, No.6:469-80, 1964.
Limits of detection are given for various oxides
including Pb oxide when present in ^10 ppm. The
precision was ±5-15%. (From Chemical Abstracts
62:9724, 1965)
4010 Angelieva, R.: (SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD
FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF Pb
AND Cu IN INDUSTRIAL DUST.) Khigiena 7,
No. 2:55-9, 1964.
Minimal amounts of Pb and Cu in settled dust were
determined spectrographically. The method permits
determination of 2 ug Pb in 0.020 g dust. (From
Chemical Abstracts 62:7103, 1965)
4011 Anonymous: Jad-na promokasku. (POISON ON
BLOTTING PAPER.) Ohrana Truda i Social'noe
Strahovanie, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 7:33 (Oct.),
1964
A simple apparatus, patented in the USSR, is de-
scribed for rapid detection of tetraethyllead
766
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
(TEL) in hazardous workplaces. It consists of a
chamber fitted with a built-in ultraviolet lamp
and a photometer. The air to be monitored is
passed through the chamber for a few minutes; any
TEL present is decomposed by the ultraviolet light
and the Pb deposited on a strip of filter paper.
The paper belt moves forward to a dropper from
which Na sulfide is dropped on the paper. If Pb
is present, a dark spot forms. The paper belt then
moves on to the photometer where the degree of
darkening is monitored. The photometer scale is
graduated so that the TEL concentration may be read
off directly in mg/1. (From Occupational Safety
and Health Abstracts 3:242, 1965)
4012 Arievich, M.N. (Inst. Ind. Hyg. and Occup.
Diseases, Moscow, USSR): K metodike
vyyavleniya bazofil'noi zernistosti v
eritrotsitach. (TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING
BASOPHILIC STIPPLING IN ERYTHROCYTES.)
Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabole-
vaniya 8:59-61 (June), 1964.
The technique presently used for detecting baso-
philic stippling of erythrocytes in blood smears
stained with methylene blue is considered to have
insufficient sensitivity, as the granulations are
very fine and difficult to see under the micro-
scope. The "enrichment" technique developed by
D.I. Goldberg (1948), in which smears are placed
in a humid chamber for slower drying, is recom-
mended. Also counts/10,000 erythrocyts are
recommended as this enables the technician to
compare quantitatively the stippled cells and the
number of reticulocytes. A comparative study of
100 essentially healthy individuals, 32 with
radiation exposure, and 31 with exposure to Pb
gave the following values, respectively: reticu-
locytes, 6.4, 7.9, 13.5/1000; basophils (without
"enrichment"), 0.11, 0.74, 2.1; basophils (with
"enrichment"), 0.86, 2.67, 4.97/1000; index of
pathologic regeneration, 14.8, 33.7, 35.5.
4013
Aronson, A.L., and Hammond, P.B.: FASTER
ANALYSIS FOR Pb
210
IN BIOLOGICAL SPECI-
MENS. Nucleonics 22, No.2:90-2, 1964.
The availability of the Pb Isotope (210pb) has
greatly increased the analytical sensitivity pos-
sible in experimental Pb poisoning, particularly
in organs that contain small quantities of Pb. A
disadvantage is the necessity of holding speci-
mens for at least 35 days before counting Bi,
its 1st daughter which emits a B of relatively
higher energy than that of 210pb. The authors
found that ^^Pb activity can be evaluated prior
to secular equilibrium with 2i^Ri by separating
the 2 by means of dithizone at pH 3.8-3.9, and
holding the specimens at least 11 days before
counting. Recovery of 210Pb is quantitative re-
gardless of the tissue involved when >4ng of
stable Pb are present in the aliquots analyzed.
4014 Barni, I. and Querci, V. (Univ. Siena,
Italy): SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION
'OF LEAD IN THE BLOOD AFTER EXTRACTION
WITH METHYL-ISOBUTYL-KETONE. Medicina
del Lavoro 55:7-11 (Jan.), 1964.
Methods for the determination of Pb in biological
fluids are briefly reviewed. Based on their ex-
perience in the Institute for Forensic Medicine
in Siena, the authors' preferred method for the
determination of Pb in urine is that of McCord
and Zemp (see Abstract No. 3672) who use methyl
isopropyl ketone for extraction. Some slight
modifications are necessary when this method is
applied for estimation of Pb in blood. Organic
matter must be destroyed by Kjeldahl digestion,
methyl isobutyl ketone is used instead of methyl
isopropyl ketone and a Beckman DU spectrophoto-
meter instead of a Coleman one. The method de-
scribed is very sensitive, requires <3 hr and
permits working with small samples.
4015 Belyaev, Yu.I., Kostin, B.I., and Tamont'ev,
V.P.: (QUANTOMETER FOR ANALYSIS OF SOILS
AND PLANTS.) Agrokhimiya 1964, No. 5:130-
6.
The Quantometer, a multichannel automatic photo-
electric recorder used in the spectrographic deter-
mination of metals, has been applied to the deter-
mination of Pb, Sr, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, V, and Mo
in soils and plants. The reproducibility of trip-
licate repetition is 12-18%. Since only 10-12
min is needed for triplicate determinations, this
method is 3-4 times faster than photographic meth-
ods of spectral analysis. (From Chemical Abstracts
62:3380, 1965)
4016 Berman, E. (Illinois Masonic Hosp.,
Chicago): THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
BLOOD AND URINE BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. Atomic Absorption
Newsletter 3:111-4 (Oct.), 1964.
A method for the determination of Pb in the or-
ganic phase of atomic absorption spectrophotometry
is described. In the case of blood, the method
involves only precipitation of blood proteins,
addition of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
and extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone. For
urine, the sample is simply acidified before ex-
traction into the organic phase. The Pb contents
of blood from patients with probable Pb intoxica-
tion were determined by both atomic absorption
and the colorimetric dithizone extraction method;
the findings showed good agreement. When the Pb
content in blood from 50 patients with no known
Pb exposure was measured by atomic absorption,
10% of those tested showed levels of 20 yg/100 ml
and the remaining 90% had lower levels. The uri-
nary Pb concentration was <20 yg/1 in 74% of this
group, between 20-40 ug in 20% and between 40-60
ug in 6%. The detection limit of the method is
^20 yg Pb/1 urine or /100 ml blood. Ethylene-
diaminetetraacetate (EDTA) interferes with the
described extraction of Pb. However, urinary Pb
in patients in EDTA therapy can be determined by
direct aspiration of the sample into the flame,
provided the quantity of Pb is ,200 Ug/1- Peni-
cillamine does not interfere with the usual
extraction procedure.
4017 Bertrand, D. (Inst. Pasteur, Paris,
France): Methodes chimiques de dosage
des oligoelements, a usages biologiques.
(CHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF TRACE
ELEMENTS HAVING BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE.)
Annales de la Nutrition et de 1'Alimenta-
tion 18, No. 1: A1-A69, 1964.
The method for the determination of Pb as de-
Analytical Methods
767
-------
scribed in this paper is applicable to the esti-
mation of Pb in amounts as low as 0.3 Mg. The
separation and determination, using dithizone,
are described in detail.
4018 Bozhevol'nov, E.A., and Solov'ev, E.A.:
(EXPRESS METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD.) Zavodskaya Lab-
oratoriya 30, No.4:412-3, 1964.
The determination of trace amounts of Pb is based
on a very intense luminescence of Pb chloride com-
plexes at low temperatures. The method permits
determination of 1 ug Pb in 1 ml of a solution.
Most metals when present in amounts 10 times those
of Pb do not interfere, but trivalent Fe and biva-
lent Cu in a similar excess will quench the fluo-
rescence. (From Chemical Abstracts 61:2470, 1964)
4019 Byczkowski, S., Senczuk, W., and Hac, E.
(Med. Acad., Gdansk, Poland): Ocena
niektorych metod oznaczania oj!owiu we krwi.
(EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN BLOOD.) Rozprawy
Wydzialu III, No. 1:5-14, 1964.
The Pb content in blood was determined colorimet-
rically, using dithizone, or by polarography.
For the colorimetric determination, the material
was either wet- or dry-ashed. The method was
applied to 3 samples, one containing a physio-
logical amount of Pb, the 2nd 70 mg% and the
3rd 143 mg%. Statistical evaluation of the re-
sults indicated that dry-ashing yields compara-
tively the smallest errors over a wide range of
concentrations; besides, this method was the most
convenient one. Direct polarographic determina-
tion gives results with large errors and is not
applicable for low, such as physiological, Pb
contents in blood. (From authors' English summary)
4020 Cecchetti, G., Ramusino, F.C., and
Intonti, R. (Inst. Health, Rome, Italy):
Determinazione di alcuni element! nelle
materie plastiche mediante la spettro-
grafia di fluorescenza da raggi X.
Nota I - Piombo nel cloruro di polivinile
(CPV) . (DETERMINATION OF SOME ELEMENTS
IN PLASTICS BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTRO-
GRAPHY. I. LEAD IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.)
Metallurgia Italiana 56, No. 8:333-7, 1964.
Small amounts of Pb in polyvinyl chloride food con-
tainers and polyvinyl chloride pipes for municipal
water supplies could be determined by spectro-
graphic X-ray fluorescence while optical emission
spectroscopy was used for qualitative analysis.
According to legislation adopted in January 1963,
plastics containing Cu, Pb, Cd, and Sn based
stabilizers are not permitted to come in contact
with food, and in plastic water pipes, the Pb
content may not exceed 0.015% and that of Cd,
0.002%.
4021 Cholak, J. (Univ. Cincinnati, Ohio):
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF
LEAD. Archives of Environmental Health
8:222-31 (Feb.), 1964.
The collection of biological samples and air
samples is described. The need for precuations
against contamination is emphasized. The analyt-
ical laboratory should be removed from production
areas and equipped with air-cleaning systems.
Production people in work clothes should not be
admitted. The colorimetric, spectrographic and
polarographic methods for the determination of
Pb are discussed in detail, and their applicabil-
ity, reliability, advantages and disadvantages
are pointed out. The colorimetric dithizone
method is the method of choice; it is economical,
requires no unusual equipment, is adequately sen-
sitive and possesses good reproducibility and
accuracy. Quantities of 0.5 pg can be detected
with a precision of JTQ.5 yg and with some modi-
fications as little as 0,2 ±0.1 yg can be
determined.
The selection of a method will depend upon the
equipment available, the training and personal
preferences of the investigator and the nature of
the problem. While any of the chemical or instru-
mental procedures can be used directly or modified
to yield reliable results, the latter are possible
only when the investigator has an intimate knowl-
edge of all of the problems and difficulties
associated with this work. Continued daily use
of a procedure and the proficiency of the analyst
are essential for reliable analyses. For this
reason, it is advised that samples be sent to a
laboratory in which such work is done regularly,
with all necessary precautions against chance
errors, rather than doing them on a sporadic
basis by different technicians.
4022 Da Cunha, O.R.P., and Da Cunha, A.M.A.P.:
(COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS.) Bol. Escola Farm.,
Univ. Coimbra, Ed. Cient. 24:164-73,
1964.
Modifications of Truhaut and Boudene's titri-
metric and spectrophotometric methods for the
determination of Pb in urine and blood are de-
scribed. (From Chemical Abstracts 62:15057, 1965)
4023 Djuric, D. (Inst. Occup. Health, Beograd,
Yugoslavia): FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF PORPHYRINS. REPORT OF A SENSITIVE
METHOD. Archives of Environmental Health
9:742-4 (Dec.), 1964.
Since Pb poisoning is associated with porphyrinu-
ria, the determination of porphyrins is considered
as one of the most valuable laboratory findings in
suspected Pb intoxication. A new sensitive method
for the determination of extremely low concentra-
tions ofporphyrins is presented. It is based on
measurements of fluorescence of porphyrin when ab-
sorbed on Mg hydroxide. The procedure for deter-
mining urinary coproporphyrins (CP) is given as
an illustration. The CP's are extracted from an
acidified sample of 24-hr urine by shaking with
ether, then after washing, removed from the ether
by extraction with HC1 acid. If the fluorescence
of this acid extract is too low to be measured,
it is treated with NaOH and Mg sulfate, and
shaken vigorously which causes the immediate pre-
cipitation of Mg hydroxide with complete absorp-
tion of CP. Fluorescence must be measured quickly
before the suspension settles. A double extraction
is necessary in cases of old urine samples. The
method is adaptable for other kinds of porphyrins
in fluids other than urine when the concentration
of porphyrin is very low.
768
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
4024 Dubois, L. and Monkman, J.L. (Environ,
Health Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada):
POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF HEAVY
METALS IN AIR SAMPLES. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Journal 25:485-91
(Sept.-Oct.), 1964.
A polarographic method for the determination of
Pb in air is described. Two commercial polaro-
graphs, the Swiss Metrohm E 261 and the Sargent
model XXI are compared and both found adequate
for the analysis of Pb. Recovery for 20, 40, and
60 yg of added Pb were 100, 102 and 101.5%, re-
spectively.- The method is considered as precise,
accurate, and sensitive, and results may be ob-
tained very rapidly.
4025 Everett, R.J., Brewer, L.W., Edwards, G.W.,
Jack, A.J., Linn, T.A.,Jr., and Mills, R.O.
(Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, N. Mexico):
CHEMICAL AND RADIO-CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL
PROCEDURES. US Atomic Energy Commission
Document No. SC-4783 (RR), 1964, 79 pp.
The report includes an abstract on the determina-
tion of Pb in air, swipes, and urine. Samples
are oxidized with concentrated nitric acid and
heat and interfering elements complexed with am-
monium citrate and K cyanide. Pb is measured
photometrically as the dithizone complex.
4026 Ferencik, M. (State Veterinary Inst.,
Bratislava, Czechoslovakia): (POSSIBILI-
TIES QF THE USE OF PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
AND HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTROPHORESIS IN THE
DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN
TOXICOLOGY.) Chem. Listy 58, No. 2:
205-10, 1964.
Inorganic cations and anions in veterinary toxicolo-
gy may be determined by disk chromatography. The
method is applicable for the determination of biva-
lent Pb. (From Chemical Abstracts 60:12350, 1964)
4027 Ghelberg, N.W.,and Puscasiu, M. (Inst. of
Public Hyg., Cluj, Romania): (POLARO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF METALS
IN WATER.) Igiena (Bucharest) 13, No.
4:347-52, 1964.
A 1500-ml water sample was evaporated in a double
boiler until dry and the residue calcined in an
electric oven at 400-450°. A 1:1 solution of
hydrogen chloride was added 2 or 3 times and again
evaporated until dry. Doubly-distilled water was
added to the final residue which was then heated
in a double boiler and filtered, and the volume
was adjusted with doubly-distilled water to a
volume of 50 ml. The polarograms were then ob-
tained. Pb was determined to within 0.015 mg/1.
(From Chemical Abstracts 62:11529, 1965)
4028 Grebenshchikova, V.A.: (POLAROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF COPPER, ZINC, LEAD, AND
CADMIUM IN DRINKING WATER.) Materialy 6-oi
(Shestoi) Itog. Nauchn.-Prakt. Konf.
Kazakhsk. Inst. Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. i
Gigieny, Alma-Ata, Sb. 1964:144-6.
Cu, Zn and Cd were determined with an ammonium
chloride inert electrolyte; Pb was determined with
HC1 and CaCl2 inert electrolytes. The sensitivity
of the method was 10~3-10~4M and the error ±3-10%.
(From Ref. Zhur., Khim. 1965:Abstr. No. 161161;
Chemical Abstracts 64:6303, 1966)
4029 Hauck, G, (Univ. Freiburg, West Germany):
Blut-Bleibestimnmng mittels Rontgenfluo-
rescenz. (DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD
BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE.) Deutsche Zeit-
schrift fur die Gesamte Gerichtliche
Medizin 55:140-2 (Sept.), 1964.
Among the known methods for the determination of
Pb in blood, the dithizone method, polarography
and spectrography require chemicals which usually
are not completely free of Pb and therefore may
produce inaccurate results. No chemicals are
needed when X-ray fluorescence is used. Blood
samples of 10 g each were dried, pressed into
tablets and the Pb content was measured by X-ray
fluorescence. The method permits the determina-
tion of as little as 0.5 ug/10 g blood. The de-
termination can be completed within 4 hr with an
actual work expenditure of 35 min, compared to
more than a day and 120 min, respectively, for
the dithizone method.
4030 Hoschek, R. (Stuttgart, Germany): Eine
neue Methode zur Schnellbestimmung von
Porphyrin im Harn. (A NEW METHOD FOR
RAPID DETERMINATION OF PORPHYRIN IN URINE.)
XlVth International Congress of Occupa-
tional Health, Madrid, Spain, Sept. 16-21,
1963. International Congress Series No.62,
Vol. II: 761-3, 1964.
A rapid method for the determination of poryphyrin
for the regular surveillance of Pb workers was de-
scribed. By adding Ehrllch's Reagent to the urine,
the normal yellow-green fluorescence is extin-
guished and only the red fluorescence of porphy-
rins, which is visible through a red filter, re-
mains. Instead of the difficultly procurable
24-hr sample, fresh morning urine is used. The
method has an accuracy of 10 ug%.
4031 Hranisavlizevic-Jakovljevic, M., Pejkovic-
Tadic, I., Jakovljevic, K., and Miljkovic-
Stojanovic, J. (Fac. Sci., Inst. Chem.,
Belgrade, Yugoslavia) : (THIN-LAYER CHRO-
MATOGRAPHY OF INORGANIC IONS. II. SEPA-
RATION OF METAL DITHIZONATES.) Glasnik
Hem. Drustva, Beograd 29, No. 3-4:115-20,
1964.
Dithizonates of Hg, Cu, Bi, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni
are separated by thin-layer chromatography. The
metals are extracted from an aqueous solution with
a 0.1% solution of dithizone-chloroform; Pb is
extracted at pH 5. It is not necessary to devel-
op the chromatogram as the dithizone complexes
have different colors. The metals can be deter-
mined by pg quantities. (From Chemical Abstracts
64:16599, 1966)
4032 Ilcewicz, F.H., Holtzman, R.B., and Lucas,
H.F., Jr. (Argonne Natl. Lab., Argonne,
111.): RAPID SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BONE ASH.
Analytical Chemistry 36:1132-5 (May),
1964.
The measurement of the absorbance of the chloro-
complex of Pb in 9M hydrochloric acid at 271 mu
provides a simple and rapid method for the anal-
ysis of microgram quantities of Pb in bone ash.
Interfering ions were removed by extraction with
triiso-octylamine. The sensitivity of the method
Analytical Methods
769
-------
was 0.1 pg/ml and the standard error for Ca phos-
phate-Pb standards was i2%. The procedure has
been used for Pb determinations in samples of bone
ash containing 6-80 ppm Pb.
4033 Ito> M.s and Musha, S. (Prefect. Univ.,
Osaka, Japan): (AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION
OF LEAD IN WATER BY MEANS OF SINGLE-SWEEP
POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD WITH CONTINUOUSLY
CHANGING POTENTIAL.) Kogyo Kagaku Zaashi
67, No.11:1807-10, 1964.
Concentrations of 2-50 x 10 M of bivalent Pb in
water were determined with a relative error of 2.5%
by means of an automatically operating single-sweep
polarograph using anodic stripping. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 62:8831, 1965)
4034 Kashtan, M.S., Khlopina, T.N., Sobotovich,
E.V., and Lovtsyus, A.V.: (COMPARISON OF
THE RESULTS OF DETERMINATION OF ISOTOPIC
COMPOSITION OF LEAD MADE BY SPECTRAL AND
MASS-SPECTROMETRIC METHODS.) Metody Opred.
Absolyutn. Vozrasta Geol. Obrazovanii
(Moscow:Nauka) Sb. 1964, No. 6:67-71.
An improved apparatus for the mass-spectrometric
determination of Pb is described. The amount of
Pb necessary for analysis is M3.05 mg. The mass-
spectrometric determination of Pb is more accurate
than the spectral method but requires more time.
(From Referat. Zhur., Geol. V. Geokhim., Mineralog.,
Petrogr. 1965:Abstr. No.2V567; Chemical Abstracts
63:2797, 1965)
4035 Keenan, R.G. (Div. Occup. Health, US Pub.
Health Serv., Cincinnati, 0.): APPLICA-
TION OF THE EMISSION SPECTROGRAPH TO THE
ANALYTICAL NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
LABORATORY. American Industrial Hygiene
Association Journal 25:481-4 (Sept.-Oct.),
1964.
The principles of emission spectroscopy and quali-
tative, semiquantitative and quantitative methods
of spectrographic analysis as they apply to the
determination of the metallic constituents of body
tissues and fluids were discussed. The sensitivity
of quantitative spectrographic analysis of Pb,
using a Li chloride-graphite buffer, was stated as
follows for the lower end of working range: 0.002
pg/2 mg ash; 1 ppm in ash; 0.015 ppm in fresh
tissue.
4036 Korkisch, J., and Feik, F. (Univ. Vienna,
Austria): SEPARATION OF LEAD BY ANION
EXCHANGE. Analytical Chemistry 36:1793-6
(Aug.), 1964.
The method described employs the strongly basic
anion exchange resin Dowex 1, X8. As a medium for
the separation, a mixture consisting of 90% tetra-
hydrofuran and 10% 5 N nitric acid was selected.
From this solution Pb is absorbed much more strong-
ly on the resin than most other elements, so that
an ion exchange separation by column chromatography
by using the mixture as the eluent, is easily pos-
sible. U, Th, Bi, Tl, the lanthanides from Sm to
Lu, Fe, M.g, Ca, and other elements pass quantita-
tively into the eluate, whereas the rare earth
elements La to Nd are retained on the resin with
Pb which is subsequently eluted with a mixture
of 80% tetrahydrofuran and 20% 2.5 N nitric acid.
The method could be applied to a variety of mate-
rials, including foods and body fluids. (From
authors' summary)
4037 Linch, A.L., Davis, R.B., Stalzer, R.F.
and Anzllotti, W.F. (E.I. du, Pont de
Nemours Co., Inc., Wilmington, Dela.):
STUDIES OF ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR LEAD-IN-
AIR DETERMINATION AND USE WITH AN IMPROVED
SELF-POWERED PORTABLE SAMPLER. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
25:81-93 (Jan.-Feb.), 1964.
The portable "Uni-Jet" Pb-in-air analyzer was re-
vised to provide constant-rate collection of TEL
and TML, Reliable results from monitoring leaded
gasoline storage tanks, cleaning and decontamina-
tion procedures were obtained by drawing a 2 ft3
sample during 20 min through methanolic I. Under
normal operating conditions, the precision of the
method was ^0.1%. The device has been adapted
to the determination of inorganic Pb-in-air.
Maximum atmospheric concentrations currently em-
ployed for inorganic Pb, leaded gasoline tanks and
Pb alkyl manufacturing as adopted, and the numbers
as applied in practice, which have created some
confusion and misunderstanding, are given. These
are, respectively: in mg/m3, 0.2, 0.15, 0.075; in
yg/ft3, approximately 5.7, 4.0, 2.0; actual, 5.66,
4.25, 2.13; in ppm by weight, 0.166, 0.125, 0.063.
4038 Lockhart, L.B., Jr., and Patterson, R.L.,
Jr. (US Naval Research Lab., Washington,
D.C.): TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED AT THE U.S.
NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR EVALUATING
AIR-BORNE RADIOACTIVITY. In Adams, J.A.S.,
and Lowder, W.M., ed.: The Natural
Radiation Environment. Chicago, Univ.
of Chicago Press, 1964, PP- 279-89.
The study of atmospheric radioactivity which was
initiated by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in
1948 for the detection of nuclear explosions, also
served to give information on some of the natural
radioactive components of the atmosphere. Sampling
procedures involved rain collection and air-filtra-
tion techniques, the latter being preferred for
reasons of convenience, reliability and simplicity.
Isotopes separated from rain water included 2->-Opb
which was identified by measurement of its daugh-
ter, 210gi. xhe air-monitoring program permitted
determination of the 222Rn daughters (214pb and
214Bi) and 220Rn daughters (212Pb and 212Bi). A
formula for the calculation of 214pb and 212Pb is
presented. Data on the 210pb content of air at
ground level have been obtained from air-filter
samples collected along the 80th meridian as part
of a cooperative program. Results of these anal-
yses are given in the paper by Patterson and
Lockhart (see Abstract No. 3415) .
4039 Lombard!, O.W. (US Naval Ordnance Test
Station, China Lake, Calif.): DI-g-NAPH-
THYLTHIOCARBAZONE (DINAPHTHIZONE) COMPARED
WITH DITHIZONE AS AN ANALYTICAL REAGENT FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IN NATU-
RAL WATERS. A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION.
Analytical Chemistry 36:415-8 (Feb.), 1964.
The comparative extractability of various metals
with dinaphthizone and dithizone was tested in the
10~7-lQ-6 molar range in various kinds of water,
770
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
using chloroform as the extractant at room temper-
ature. Three California waters were tested: summer
brine from Owens Lake, pH 10.5; sea water near
Santa Catalina, pH 8.5; and fresh water from Lyman
Creek, Deep Springs Valley, pH 8.5-9.0. Extracta-
bility was determined in 100-200-ml samples to
which 5 x 10~8 g equivalents of the cation were
added. The results were influenced by pH and sa-
linity of the sample and the metal to be determined.
Dinaphthizone was superior in determining trace
metals in alkaline lake brines, while below pH 8
dithizone was preferable. For Pb, the per cent ex-
tractability, valid to ±20%, with dinaphthizone and
dithizone, was: Owens Lake brine, 100, 70; sea
water, 80, 90; fresh water, 80, 90, respectively.
Another set of experiments was run to show the
comparative behavior of chloroform solutions of
dinaphthizonates and dithizonates with various
coraplexing agents or stripping solutions (0.1N
solutions of ascorbic acid, H2S04, HC1, HBr, KCN
and N solutions of HC1 and HBr) . The dinaphthi-
zonates proved to be slightly more stable than
the corresponding dithizonates. KCN removed only
0-15% Pb from both the chloroform-dinaphthizone
and -dithizone phase; all other stripping agents
tested removed 85-100%.
Experiments to determine several metals with
dithizone in a single aliquot were successful for
a semiquantitative determination of Zn, Cu and Pb
in sea water. At Pb concentrations of 0.2 ppb, a
1-liter sample was required; at the 1-ppb level,
200 ml were sufficient.
Experiments were also performed, using dinaphthi-
zone-chloroform extractions as a method of concen-
trating trace metals for cathode-ray polarography.
Pb, Cd, and Zn effected a quantitative transfer
from chloroform phase to aqueous phase both with
dithizone and dinaphthizone; the other metals did
not effect such transfer though colorimetry indi-
cated quantitative transfer.
4040 Markov, K.P., Ryabov, N.V., and Stas, K.N.:
Metod nepreryvnogo kontrolya velichiny
"skrytoi" energii. (METHOD OF CONTINUOUS
MONITORING OF THE MAGNITUDE OF LATENT
ENERGY.) Gosudarstvennyi Komitet po
Ispol'zovaniyu Atomnoi Energii SSSR. Re-
port No. 108, 1964. 14 PP-
Problems of continuous monitoring of the latent
energy of Rn daughter products including 214pb were
studied using a continuous moving filter belt and
a filter with periodic motion. Precipitation of
dispersion phase aerosols on the continuous filter
belt combined with effective control of the rela-
tion between the number of the RaA and RaC a decays,
and the magnitude of the latent energy proved more
efficient than more complex operations with
periodic belts. (From Nuclear Science Abstracts
19:Abstr. No. 36704, 1965)
4041 Nangniot, P. (Inst. Super. Agron., Gem-
bloux, Belgium): (THE OSCILLOPOLAROGRAPH-
IC DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IN VEGE-
TABLE MATTER.) J. Electroanal. Chem. 7,
No. 1:50-9, 1964.
Linear sweep oscillopolarographic determinations
are reported for Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb,
Sn, Tl, V, and Zn occurring in traces in vegetable
matter. Detailed procedures including combustion
of organic matter and separation of the various
elements are given. (From Chemical Abstracts 60:
13549, 1964)
4042 Nestorescu, V.B. (Clin. Occup. Diseases,
Bucharest, Romania): (A METHOD FOR THE
RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN URINE.)
Igiena (Bucharest) 13, No. 3:257-62, 1964.
Urine was boiled for 15 min with nitric acid and
then reacted with K permanganate and ammonium
chlorhydrate until the brown precipitate formed
during boiling was dissolved. The solution was
treated with additional ammonium chlorhydrate and
ammonium citrate-potassium sulfite-potassium cya-
nide buffer, then Pb was determined photocolori-
metrically by dithizone. (From Chemical Abstracts
62:809, 1965)
4043 Ogawa, T. (Yokohama Natl. Univ., Japan):
HANGING MERCURY ELECTRODE. COULOSTATIC
ANALYSIS BY INK-PEN RECORDER. Bulletin of
the Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama Na-
tional University 13:23-33, 1964.
Small quantities of Pb can be determined by using
a recorder which records directly the potential
decay curves on a chart paper. Pb amounts ranging
from 5 x 10~^-5 x 10~^M were determined with an
accuracy of ^2% within 30-40 min. (From Chemical
Abstracts 61:13852, 1964)
4044 Petrova, A.G., Razumov, V.A., and Aidarov,
T.K.: DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR AND IN
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Zavodskaya Labora-
toriya 30, No. 9:1095-6, 1964.
The Pb line is measured at 2833 & with a mean
square error of 5-20%. Na and K have a marked ef-
fect on the line intensity; Fe, Sn, Mn, Cr, Al,
Cu, Cd and Sb do not interfere. (From Chemical
Abstracts 62:3052, 1965)
4045 Pilloni, G. and Plazzogna, G. (Univ. Padua,
Italy): Analisi coulombo-amperometrica di
piombotetrametile e piombotetraetile con
Br2 e Hg22+. (COULOMETRIC TITRATION OF
TETRAMETHYLLEAD AND TETRAETHYLLEAD WITH
ELECTROGENERATED Br2 AND Hg,.) Ricerca
Scientifica 34 (II-A):27-63, 1964.
The determination of TML and TEL by means of coulo-
metric bromination and mercurization at a constant
current with amperometric end point (deadstop) is
described. The accuracy of the method is in the
order of 0.2-2%, based on the amount of organo-
metallic product present. (17 references)
4046 Polyarkov, Yu.N.: (AMALGAM-POLAROGRAPHIC
DETERMINATION OF MICRO-QUANTITIES OF CER-
TAIN METALS.) Materialy Nauchn.-Prakt.
Konf. po. Probl. Endemich. Zoba i Mikro-
elementov, Kazan, Sb. 1964:223-5.
Amounts of 2 10~8 g-ion/1 of Cd, Pb, Tl and In were
determined by amalgam polarography in pure solu-
tions on a Hg drop obtained by electrolysis on a
Ft contact. Mean quadratic error was 5-15%.
(From Referat. Zhurn. Khim. 1965:Abstr. No. 16G46;
Chemical Abstracts 64:7352, 1966)
4047 Potapov, M.P.: (DETERMINATION OF TRACE
IMPURITIES OF HEAVY METALS IN PRESERVED
MEATS BY AMALGAM POLAROGRAPHY.) Kon-
Analytical Methods
771
-------
servnaya i Ovoshchesushil'naya Promysh-
lennost 19, No. 5:39-43, 1964.
The contents of Cu, Pb and Zn in preserved meat
were determined by amalgam polarography, using
0.1 N NaOH as supporting electrolyte, except for
preserved fish. Because of high Ca content, 0.1M
NaF or 0.5M Na tartrate was suitable. (From
Chemical Abstracts 61:11247, 1964)
4048 Potapov, M.P., and Stromberg, A.G.: (DE-
TERMINATION OF MICRO-ADMIXTURES OF INOR-
GANIC SUBSTANCES IN PRESERVED PRODUCTS OF
THE FOOD INDUSTRY BY AMALGAM POLAROGRAPHY
WITH ACCUMULATION ON THE STATIONARY MER-
CURY DROP.) Khim. Analiz Tsvetn. i
Redkikh Metal., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sibirsk,
Otd., Khim.-Met. Inst. 1964:44-54.
The simultaneous determination of micro amounts of
Cu, Pb and Zn in preserved foods, in the presence
of Fe and Sn, is described. The metal is accumu-
lated on a stationary Hg drop electrode and then
determined by anodic stripping polarography.
Three parallel tests could be run in <8 hrs with
an error not exceeding _10%. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 63:4642, 1965)
4049 Potylitsyna, L.G., and Stolyarov, K.P.-
(LUMINESCENCE REACTIONS WITH THIOUREA.)
Vest. Leningr. Univ. 19, No. 22, Ser.
Fiz. i Khim. 1964, No. 4:136-44.
Thiourea was used to detect microgram amounts of
Te, Ag, Pb, Pt and Au. The compounds luminesce
upon excitation by ultraviolet radiation from a
quartz Hg lamp. For the determination of 0.05 pg
Pb, a drop of thiourea solution was added to a
solution of Pb nitrate and the crystals were
moistened with a solution of Na sulfate before
the luminescence spectra were determined. The
sensitivity of the tests decreased about 10-fold
when they were performed as spot tests on filter
paper. (From Chemical Abstracts 62:11148, 1965)
4050 Rautu, R.: (LEAD, COPPER, AND ZINC DETEC-
TION IN FOODS.) Standardizarea 16,
No. 12:626-7, 1964.
Investigations were carried out in order to improve
the existing methods for the detection of Pb, Cu
and Zn which may contaminate foods during process-
ing or subsequent to canning. The samples were
ashed, and the ash was dissolved in HC1 acid. Pb
was determined as a yellow precipitate by precipi-
tation with a 1% K bichromate solution from an
aliquot of the Cl mixture. (From Abstr. Rumanian
Tech. Lit. 1, No. 3:237, 1965; Chemical Abstracts
65:20744, 1966)
4051 Razumov, V.A., and Aidarov, T.K.: (CHEMI-
CAL SPECTRAL MICRO DETERMINATION OF LEAD
AND MERCURY IN AIR OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
AND IN SOME BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS.) Tr. po
Khim. i Khim. Tekhnol. 1964, No. 3:397-
402.
The spectral determination of Hg and Pb in air,
urine and blood was discussed and the influence of
some other elements on the spectral line intensity
Pb 2833 & was studied. A new microdetermination
of Pb in polluted air was described in detail. Air
samples were collected in 7% acetic acid or 5%
nitric acid by aspiration, buffered with 10 ml 10%
NaCl solution/100 ml, and 0.06 ml of the resulting
solution was placed in a C electrode which was pre-
viously coated with 3% polystyrene solution in
benzene. Standards were prepared from Pb acetate.
The absolute sensitivity of the method is 4 x 10 g,
the relative sensitivity 5 x 10~6%. (From Chemi-
cal Abstracts 65:1025, 1966)
4052 Razumov, V.A., and Aidarov, T.K.: (TETRA-
HYDROXY-p-BENZOQUINONE AS A SELECTIVE
REAGENT FOR LEAD.) Zh. Anal. Khim. 19,
No.6:746-8, 1964,
The photometric determination of Pb in aerosols,
using 0.2% alcoholic tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinona,
is described. A pink spot after exposure on paper
moistened with acetic acid and H peroxide proves
the presence of Pb. (From Chemical Abstracts
61:7692, 1964)
4053 Sereda, G.A., and Vorontsova, A.S. (Inst.
Ind. Hyg. and Occup. Pathol., Sverdlovsk,
USSR): (DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN URINE BY
THE USE OF ION EXCHANGE AND THE NEW REAGENT,
SULFARSAZEN.) Gigiena Truda i Profession-
nal'nye Zabolevaniya 8, No. 2:55-7, 1964.
Pb is separated as the dithizonate and determined
colorimetrically with sulfarsazen. The whole pro-
cedure takes 4-5 hr. The sensitivity is 1 yg Pb/
50 ml urine.
4054 Sochevanov, V.G. , and Shmakova, N.V. :
(ELECTROLYTE FOR THE HIGH-SENSITIVITY DE-
TERMINATION OF LEAD BY POLAROGRAPHY.)
Spektral'n. i Khim. Metody Analiza Mater-
ialov, Sb. Metodik 1964:129-31.
The polarographic determination of Pb in concentra-
tions as low as 0.5 x 10 M, in an acetate-ascorbic
acid solution containing Cu is described. (From
Chemical Abstracts 62:3395, 1965)
4055 Spech,t, W. , and Rohner, D. : Ueber den
Nachweis von Metallgiften (Thallium) durch
Neutronen-Aktivierungsanalyse und Elektro-
nenbeugung. (DETECTION OF METALLIC POISONS
(THALLIUM) BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
AND ELECTRON DIFFRACTION.) Acta Med. Leg.
Soc. 17:27-38 (Apr.-June), 1964.
Trace concentrations of T1204 formed by thermic
neutron activation of Tl-containing body hair are
easily detected. Advantages of this method are
noted. Detection of trace amounts of elements by
electron diffraction (Tl and Pb in soot) is also
discussed. (From Biological Abstracts 46:105998,
1965)
4056 Vinter, P. (Hosp. for Sick Children, Great
Ormond St., London, England): THE ESTIMA-
TION OF LEAD IN BLOOD. Journal of Medical
Laboratory Technology 21:281-6 (Oct.), 1964.
A modification of a method for the determination
of Pb in blood, developed by the Medical Research
Council (1959), is described. Modifications in-
clude the use of a smaller quantity of blood for
each estimation, the use of 0.5 ml concentrated
sulfuric acid to minimize turbidity in the final
solution, and raising the temperature of digestion.
Blood or urine is digested with an acid per-
chloric mixture and the resulting Pb salt is
772
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
dissolved in an alkaline cyanide/citrate solution
containing an excess of dithizone which chelates
the Pb to a pink complex which is stable in the
presence of cyanide at pH 8.4. The method has
been used to determine Pb in blood in a group of
healthy children; all except 2 of the values did
not exceed 36 (jg/100 ml.
4057 Weiss, D., and Fidler, J,: (OSCILLOPOLARO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LOW QUANTITIES OF
HEAVY METALS IN MINE WATER.) Rudy (Prague)
12, No. 6:204-5, 1964.
Detailed procedure is given for the oscillopolaro-
graphic determination of trace amounts (10~5-10~6M)
of Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn after separation of the
individual elements by extraction or by ion ex-
change. The maximum relative error is 10% (av 6%).
(From Chemical Abstracts 61:9292, 1964)
4058 Wohlbier, W., and Oelschlager, W. (Agric.
Coll., Hohenheim; Stuttgart, Germany):
Die bei der Vorbereitung von Futtermitteln
zur Mengen- und Spurenelementbestimmung
mo'glichen Fehler. I. Mitteilung, II. Mit-
teilung. (POSSIBLE ERRORS THROUGH THE
PREPARATION OF FEED FOR DETERMINATION OF
MACRO- AND MICROELEMENTS. I-II.) Land-
wirtschaftliche Forschung 17, No. 1:47-
52; 128-36, 1964.
I. Errors due to the collection, drying and ashing
of feed samples for the determination of trace ele-
ments were discussed. Results are also affected
by soil contamination. Furthermore, the ratio of
trace elements differs in leaves and in stems of
red clover; the respective Pb concentrations are
0.98 and 0.79 mg Pb/100 g.
II. The effect of various ashing temperatures on
the content of trace elements was investigated.
Thus the Pb content after dry ashing at 450, 600,
and 800°C, was respectively in mg/100 g: grass, 0.70,
0.68, 0.47; clover, 0.97, 0.86, 0.75; synthetic
ashed hay, 0.49, 0.47, 0.35. Finally, different
amounts of trace elements may be retained by the
residual silicic acid; for Pb, these amount to 19%
for dry-ashed grass and to 4% for wet-ashed grass.
4059 Wolstenholme, W.A. (Assoc. Elec. Ind.
Ltd., Manchester, England): ANALYSIS OF
DRIED BLOOD PLASMA BY SPARK SOURCE MASS
SPECTROMETRY. Nature 203:1284-5 (Sept.
19), 1964.
The method of electrode preparation was that which
has been used for insulating powders and is based
on mixing pure graphite with the dried blood plas-
ma directly, or after ignition of a known weight
of the plasma. The graphite support matrix was
also analyzed separately. Photoplates were cali-
brated using the 3C+ line in the graphite blank
spectrum and the concentrations of the elements
were estimated by a visual method. Among the ele-
ments detected, Pb was 0.2 ppm weight. For the
majority of elements detected, the results agree
with known data to within a factor of 3.
(Dec.), 1964. Translation of Gigiena i
Sanitariya 29:103 (Dec.), 1964.
A spectroscopic method for the determination of
Pb in the air of workrooms and in the atmosphere
was described. The average square error is ilO.1%
for artificial solutions, ±14.5% for industrial
tests and Il3.5% for atmospheric air. The sensi-
tivity in the region of normal blackening is
1 x 10"-3 to 5 x 10~^% depending on the type of
photographic plate used. Analysis of 10 tests re-
quires 8 hr. The method can be used in sanitary
epidemiological stations which have an ISP-28
spectrograph. (This is in the "Synopses and Re-
ports" section of the journal, including only
summaries.)
4061 Yoshimori, T., Kori, S. and Takeuchi, T.
(Univ. Gifu, Japan): (MICROCOULOMETRY OF
LEAD BY CATHODIC STRIPPING COULOMETRY.)
Bunseki Kagaku 13, No.4:309-12, 1964
Microquantities of Pb (0.05-1.0 yg in 10 ml solu-
tion) were determined by cathodic stripping coulo-
metry. The method used was described. (From
Chemical Abstracts 61:1258, 1964)
4060 Yakovleva, G.K., Kvassova, N.B., and
Stenin, N.S. (Podolsk Municipal and Region-
al Sanitary Epidemiol. Station): A SPEC-
TRAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING LEAD IN THE
AIR. Hygiene and Sanitation 29:128-9
Analytical Methods
773
-------
-------
X. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
1951
4062 Plaueln, R.: (LEAD COMPOUNDS, ALLOYS, OR
PREPARATIONS CONTAINING THEM.) German
patent 804, 806, Apr. 30, 1951.
The toxicity of Pb-containing compounds, alloys
or preparations is considerably decreased by add-
ing U salts or Ge oxides in traces during the
manufacture of the Pb compounds. The additions
effect an accelerated elimination of the formed
Pb phosphate coupled on the red bone marrow and a
prophylaxis against general virulent tumors, in-
hibit the formation of unnatural d-aminocarboxylic
acids and activate the reticuloendothelial system;
a valuable immunity is imparted against Pb intoxi-
cation. An addition of ^0.008% (based on the
crude metal weight) Ge iodide or uranyl chloride
to the melt of a Pb alloy or of 0.01-0.02% (based
on the Pb weight) of a U salt or Ge oxide to the
batch in the Pb pigment manufacture is sufficient.
(From Chemical Abstracts 45:5601, 1951)
4063 Syavtsillo, S.V., and Danilina, A.F.:
(PENETRATION OF WOOD BY TETRAETHYL LEAD.)
Gigiena i Sanit. 1951, No. 7:49-50.
TEL penetrates rather rapidly into the surface
layers of lumber but prolonged exposure does not
appear to cause penetration beyond 0.5 cm if ap-
plied perpendicularly to the wood grain fibers.
Application along the grain gives 8-10 times deep-
er penetration. Similar penetration is achieved
by the vapor, especially at elevated temperature.
Immersion of lumber samples into the fluid may
cause as much as 98% by weight retention after 48-
hr exposure. A 4-6-day exposure to normal out-
door conditions serves to remove the TEL that is
retained by previous applications, but only from
the vapor state; liquid treatment causes greater
retention and complete "aeration" is impossible.
Treatment with steam at 100° is effective only
after 4-5 hr treatment. (From Chemical Abstracts
46:677, 1952)
1953
4064 Ligett, W.B., Closson, R.D., and Wolf, C.
N.: N-ORGANOLEAD PHTHALIMIDES AS FUNGICIDES.
U.S. Patent 2,640,006, May 26, 1953, to
Ethyl Corp.
The preparation of certain N-organo-Pb phthalimides
by reaction of a trialkyl or triaryl Pb hydroxide
with a phthalimide is described. Suspensions con-
taining 1 part of crystalline phthalimide containing
46.6% Pb or N-(triethyl-Pb)tetrachlorophthalimide
in a million parts distilled water and 0.01 part
Triton X-100 inhibited the germination of 50% of the
spores of the fungi Alternaria oleracea and Sclero-
tinia fructicola, which are responsible for potato
blight and peach rot, respectively. (From
Chemical Abstracts 47: 8307, 1953)
4065 Roll, K.H. (Lead Ind. Assoc., New York,
N.Y.): LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS. Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry 45:2210-4 (Oct.),
1953.
This review brings the last one, made 4 yr ago,
up-to-date. It includes new books published, re-
search progress made, corrosion data, engineering
applications, and technological advancements.
Bonded Pb has been accepted as a practical means
of combining the corrosion resistance of Pb with
the strength of steel. Pb-covered Cu similarly
couples the electrical conductivity and greater
heat transfer of Cu with the superior corrosion
characteristics of Pb. New and more reliable
methods of testing sheet Pb linings and Pb welds
for imperfections have been put into practice
along with a nondestructive method for detecting
bond discontinuities in bonded Pb linings. In-
terest has been reawakened in the use of cage-
type sheet Pb construction and in the combination
of brick and Pb for high temperature, erosion-cor-
rosion service. Installation of strapped sheet
Pb lining has been speeded up by the perfection of
automatic stud welding. The invention of an auto-
matic Pb welding machine has contributed to fur-
ther automation in the Pb fabricating industry.
Pb and Pb alloys are playing an important role
in the control of corrosive pollutants, including
acids that would normally waste into streams and
sulfurous gases and mists wasting into the atmos-
phere. (29 references)
1954
4066 Genta, V., and Ansaloni, A. (Univ. Modena,
Italy): (ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE BETWEEN TETRA-
ETHYLLEAD AND RADIOACTIVE METALLIC LEAD.)
Gazz. Chim. Ital. 84:921-6, 1954.
Optimum conditions described for preparing small
amounts of radioactive TEL of known specific radio-
activity were accomplished by direct isotopic ex-
change between TEL and metallic Pb containing
21°Pb (RaD). Metallic Pb was prepared from an
aqueous solution of Pb nitrate of known concentra-
tion by galvanic displacement with powdered Mg,
the nitrate solution being "tagged" with 210pt, so
that it had a specific activity of 320 counts/
sec/mg Pb when measured under fixed geometric con-
ditions with a Geiger counter having a window of
1.5 mg/cn>2. The "tagged" Pb (^10 mg) was prepared
directly in a Pyrex tube containing a thin glass
ampul (^16 mg) of purified nonradioactive TEL,
the tube then being sealed off in vacuo. Just
before the start of the experiment the ampul was
broken by centrifuging. (From Chemical Abstracts
49:5933, 1955)
775
-------
4067 Pamfilov, A.V., and Mikhallova, N.V.
(State Univ., Chernovitsy, USSR): (THE
OXIDATION OF LEAD OXIDE BY THE AIR. II.)
Ukrain, Khim. Zhur. 20:236-42, 1954.
The oxidation by air of active Pb oxide prepara-
tions obtained from decomposition of white Pb was
studied. The activity of the samples was increas-
ed greatly by pulverization, having a large effect
for the samples with a rhombic structure, which
was attributed to the increased rate of their poly-
morphic transition. Such factors as the state of
the surface, the previous history of the sample,
etc, often have a greater effect than does the
crystalline structure of the rate of oxidation.
(From Chemical Abstracts 50:3857, 1956)
4068 Roll, K.H. (Lead Ind. Assoc., New York,
N.Y.): LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS. Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry 46:2088-91
(Oct.), 1954.
Noteworthy technical advancements have been made
in the installation of Pb and the author reviews
the research progress, engineering applications,
technological advancements, new patents, and new
publications of the past year. Physical and chem-
ical properties of Pb and Pb alloys, particularly
creep characteristics, have been determined. The
effects of purity and additions of Sb, Sn, Cu, As,
Bi, Zn, Mg, Ca, Te, Tl, and Ag on the creep char-
acteristics of Pb were investigated. New en-
gineering applications of bonded or clad Pb lin-
ings on steel and Cu are described. The perform-
ance of Pb equipment in the handling of liquid
alum and other corrosives is covered along with
some applications of Pb in modern architecture
where resistance to atmospheric corrosion is para-
mount. Pb metallizing as a means of prolonging
the service life of steel equipment exposed to
sulfuric acid is described. The use of Pb for
radiation protection is compared with other possi-
ble shielding materials. The technique of using
a cartridge powered stud driver for anchoring
sheet Pb and steel strapping to steel or concrete
vessels has been put to practical use in the field
resulting in substantially reduced sheet Pb lining
erection cost. Corrosion performance and other
characteristics of Pb-Sn alloy coated strip steel
are described along with several patents facili-
tating the manufacture of bonded Pb-lined equip-
ment, bonded Pb covered pipe, and the Pb coating
of ferrous objects. (35 references)
1955
4069 Rabate, J.L.: (LEAD PIGMENTS IN THE BAT-
TLE AGAINST CORROSION.) Peintures, Pig-
ments, Vernis 31:776-86, 1955.
A description is given of the history, composi-
tion, use, and effectiveness of various Pb pig-
ments (basic Pb carbonate, basic Pb chromate, red
Pb, Pb molybdate, sulfate, aluminate, tungstate,
titanate, phthalate, benzoate, phosphate, sili-
cate, Pb cyanamide, and various plumbates) in the
preparation of corrosion-resistant coatings.
(From Chemical Abstracts 50:5305, 1956)
nical Committee: LEAD IN THE CERAMIC IN-
DUSTRIES. New York, 1956-. (Looseleaf)
As stated in the foreword, the manual has been pre-
pared as a permanent record of the properties and
applications of Pb compounds that may be helpful
to the ceramist. The properties and Pb contents
are presented and discussed in 12 sections: Prop-
erties imparted by Pb compounds to ceramic prod-
ucts; principal Pb compounds and their properties;
glazes; glass; enamels; glass decorating colors;
bodies; miscellaneous applications of Pb compounds
and frits; dependability of future Pb supplies;
materials handling; phase diagrams, and biblio-
graphy. Supplements have been issued periodically
for the various sections.
4071 Schafer, E.H. (Univ. California, Berkeley,
Calif.): EARLY USE OF LEAD PIGMENTS AND
COSMETICS IN CHINA. T'oung Pao (Leiden)
44:413-38, 1956.
Metallurgy of Pb in China began in the Shang Dy-
nasty (2nd millennium EC). Yellow massicot (unfus-
ed PbO) may have been used as a face paint in some
early periods. Preparation of minium (red Pb)
directly from metallic Pb was understood in Chou
times. Minium was sometimes used in cosmetics.
Ceruse (white Pb) was employed by the ancients
much more than the Pb oxides. It is first men-
tioned in writings of the Han Dynasty (206 BC-
222 AD). Ceruse has enjoyed continuous use as a
cosmetic since Han times. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 51:7779, 1957)
1957
4072
4070
1956
Lead Industries Association, Ceramic Tech-
Rochow, E.G., Kurd, D.T., and Lewis, R.N.:
THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS.
New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
1957, pp. 190-7.
Preparation, chemical and physical properties are
described. All organolead compounds are toxic
but to different extents. Some representative
alkyls, halogenated, and other derivatives are
tabulated.
4073 Struble, R.W. : MATERIALS FOR HANDLING
DEIONIZED WATER. Technical Memorandum
No. 51. US Atomic Energy Commission
Document No. NYO-7990, 1957, 16 pp.
A study was made to determine which materials
should be used in the construction of a deionized
water cooling system. Deionized water was found to
be very similar to distilled water except for the
organic content, which should have little effect
on the conductivity of water except for the corro-
sion. The methods of corrosion are discussed.
The investigation is a compilation of recommenda-
tions for material for high-purity deionized water
systems as recommended by manufacturers of deioniz-
ers and authoritative texts in the fields of corro-
sion and water systems. A galvanic series is given
of some of the metals (including Pb) investigated.
It was concluded that the most desirable metal for
this use is Al, at a maximum temperature of 177 C,
and wherever possible the system should be Al-clad.
Glass or plastics are nonmetalllc materials that
are capable of handling deionized water without
contaminating it. (From Nuclear Science Abstracts
15: Abstr. No. 13290, 1961)
776
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
1958
4074 Associated Electrical Industries Ltd.
(Mount, W.A. and Walker, P., inventors):
NONTOXIC PAINTS CONTAINING LEAD COMPOUNDS.
British Patent 873,917, July 23, 1958.
A nontoxic paint is prepared by first forming a
chelated compound of Pb and then incorporating it
into an oleo-resinous paint vehicle. Fifty per-
cent of Pb-di-Na ethylenediaminetetraacetate or
di-Pb ethylenediaminetetraacetate is ground into
a vehicle comprising a mixture of 50% linseed oil-
modified alkyd resin, 0.5% Pb and 0.05% Co added
as naphthenates, with the remainder being white
spirit. (From Chemical Abstracts 56:564, 1962)
1959
4075 De Free, D.O.: AMMOLEAD COMPOUNDS AS
HERBICIDES. U.S. Patent 2,893,857,
July 7, 1959.
Triethyllead (TrEL) was prepared by dissolving
TrEL chloride in 10 times its weight of CgHg,
mixing with a stoichiometric excess of Na secbutyl-
amine, reflexing for 30 min and filtering off the
Nad precipitate, leaving a pale-yellow liquid
which was recovered by evaporation on a steam bath.
The herbicidal effect was due to the high Pb
content of the hydroxide. (From Chemical Abstracts
53:18372, 1959)
4076 Rieche, A., and Dahlmann, J.: (ORGANIC
GERMANIUM AND LEAD PEROXIDES.) Monatsber.
Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1:491-3, 1959.
The following Pb compounds were made: triphenyl-
(tert-butylperoxy)Pb, m 97-99°, triphenyl(cumyl-
peroxy)Pb, m 113-115°, triphenyl(triphenylmethyl-
peroxy)Pb, m 110-112°. The compounds hydrolyze
readily, are stable at room temperature and decom-
pose violently when rapidly heated. (From Chemical
Abstracts 55:18640, 1961)
1960
4077 Charleston, R.J.: LEAD IN GLASS. Archae-
ometry 3:1-4, 1960.
The history of the use of Pb in glass through the
centuries is reviewed.
4078 Furness, F.N., ed.: CHELATION PHENOMENA.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
88, Art. 2:281-532 (Aug. 18), 1960.
The monograph includes reactions of chelates with
Pb. The chemistry of chelation and the biological,
medical, and industrial significance of chelating
agents are discussed.
4079 Kazantsev, A.A. (Technol. Inst. Light Ind.,
Moscow, USSR): (SOLUBILITY OF LEAD NITRATE
IN WATER.) Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 5:1598-1600,
1960.
Values for the solubility of Pb nitrate in water,
measured at 0-100°, are given. (From Chemical
Abstracts 56:2943, 1962)
4080 Martell, A.E.: THE RELATIONSHIP OF CHEMI-
CAL STRUCTURE TO METAL-BINDING ACTION. In
Seven, M.J., and Johnson, L.A., ed.: Met-
al-Binding in Medicine. Philadelphia,
Lippincott, 1960, pp. 1-18.
This review, including reactions of Pb(ll) with
1 EDTA and other chelates, based on 21 references,
is summarized by the author as follows: There are
2 general ways to influence stability; (1) a
relatively nonspecific one, and (2) an increase
in specificity in favorable cases. The nonspecific
effect, found generally in the entropy of reaction,
is favored by increasing the positive charge of
the metal ion, the negative charge of the ligand
and the number of chelate rings. This effect is
important in maintaining stability in very dilute
solutions and for strong binding of the more basic
metal ions. The other effect, which is reflected
generally by enthalpy of reaction, increases with
electronegativity of the metal and with the
basicity of the ligand. It can be made to vary
considerably by changing both the metal ion and
the nature of the donor groups of the ligand.
The attainment of relative specificity, or selec-
tivity, depends largely on this effect and on
steric factors.
1961
4081 Cooley, R.A., and Bruson, H.A. : NITRO-
CELLULOSE PROPELLANTS CONTAINING LEAD
SALTS OF ALIPHATIC ACID. U.S. Patent
2,982,638, 1961, to Olin Mathieson Chemi-
cal Corp.
Pb salt of alkoxy, keto or N-substituted amino
acid such as butoxyacettc acid, N,N-bis (2-ethyl-
hexyl)-p-amino propionic acid or 12-oxostearic
acid 0.5-5.0% was added as a burning rate stabi-
lizer into a nitrocellulose propellant, especially
suitable for use in rockets and guided missiles.
Pb butoxyacetate and Pb salts of 5 other acids
similarly stabilized the burning rate range.
(From Chemical Abstracts 55:17008, 1961)
4082 Goodacre, C.L. and Foord, D. (Associated
Octel Co. Ltd., London, England): COMPAR-
ATIVE ANTI-KNOCK EFFECTS OF TETRAETHYL
LEAD, TETRAMETHYL LEAD AND ADMIXTURES OF
THESE MATERIALS AS ORGANO-LEAD ALKYLS.
The Associated Octel Co. Ltd., Serial No.
OP.61/4, Dec. 1961, 27 pp.
The physical properties and the effectiveness as
antiknock agents in gasoline of TEL, TML and of
mixed Pb alkyls are discussed.
4083 Greenwood, J.N. (Univ. Melborne, Austra-
lia) : REFINING AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF LEAD. Met. Revs. 6:279-351, 1961.
A review with 183 references. (From Chemical Ab-
stracts 56:5739, 1962)
4084 Marcus, Y. (Atomic Energy Comm. Lab.,
Rehovoth, Israel): PARENT ACTIVITY FROM
DAUGHTER GROWTH. Nucleonics 19:76 (Mar.),
1961.
A method is given for calculating the activity of
a long-lived parent from the growth of a daughter
with a short 1/2 life. In this method, the
daughter activity is plotted vs time on one graph
and compared with a calculated curve until the
best fit is found. In this way, daughter equilib-
rium activity can be determined from data extend-
ing over little more than 1/2 life of the daugh-
Chemistry and Technology
777
-------
ter, the moment of separation can be determined,
and the daughter 1/2 life can by approximated by
using a family of curves plotted with 1/2 life as
a parameter. This method is applied to the growth
of 210Bi in a sample of initially pure 21°Pb.
(From Nuclear Science Abstracts 15:Abstr. No.
12169, 1961)
4085 Saunders, G.W., and Bengston, M. (Queens-
land Dept. Agr. & Stock, Australia):
PESTICIDE TAINT TRIALS IN TOBACCO. Queens-
land Journal of Agricultural Science 18:
497-9, 1961.
Taint trials (which must be carried out before
recommending pesticides for use) during the period
1952-1961 showed that Pb arsenate used with DDT
caused slight taints in 3 samples.
4086 Schmidbaur, H., and Schmidt, M.: METHYL-
STANNO-SILOXANES AND METHYL-PLUMBO-SILOX-
ANES. Journal of the American Chemical
Society 83:2963-4 (July), 1961.
The synthesis and the properties of methylplumbo-
siloxanes are described. Hexamethylplumbosilox-
ane, (013)3 SiOPb (CH3)3, is a colorless liquid
of high vapor pressure, unexpected thermal stabil-
ity and high sensitivity to water. It boils with-
out decomposition at 172° under atmospheric pres-
sure of dry N. At temperatures >150° the vapor
reacts explosively with 0 under formation of ele-
mentary Pb. Under normal conditions the compound
is stable against dry air and the influence of
light. Methylplumbosiloxanes have an extremely
unpleasant odor and are highly toxic because of
their good solubility in organic solvents (and in
the lipoid) and their sensitivity to hydrolysis.
1962
4087 Callaway, H.M. (Bur. Mines, Washington,
D.C.): LEAD. A MATERIALS SURVEY. Wash-
ington, D.C., US Bureau of Mines, Informa-
tion Circular.8083, 1962, 194 pp.
A compilation of data on Pb, pertinent to the
evaluation of the civilian and military supply-
demand positions, is presented. The following
topics are discussed: Properties and uses of Pb;
primary and secondary resources; Pb technology;
supply and distribution; structure of Pb indus-
try; employment and productivity in the Pb indus-
try; research and development; legislation and
government programs; strategic factors relating to
Pb. Tables and diagrams on production, consump-
tion, imports and exports, reserves and capacities
are included.
4088 Garrett, A.B. (Ohio State Univ., Columbus):
LEAD TETRAETHYL: THOMAS MIDGLEY, JR.,
T.A. BOYD, AND C.A. HOCHWALT. Journal of
Chemical Education 39:414-15 (Aug.), 1962.
The history of the research which led to the dis-
covery of TEL as an antiknock agent is summarized.
4089 Komarmy, J.M.: NORMAL LEAD STYPHNATE FOR
EXPLOSIVES. U.S. Patent 3,041,361, June
26, 1962, to U.S. Navy.
The process for the production of normal Pb styph-
nate, which avoids use of large amounts of solvent
and requires no crystallization agent, is de-
scribed. (From Chemical Abstracts 57:14046, 1962)
4090 Turner, S.W., and Fader, li.A. : NEW USES
FOR LEAD. Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry 54:52-5 (Apr.), 1962.
The consumption of Pb in the US from 1951-61 is
reviewed. The use of TEL increased from 127,500-
166,000 tons, while the use of Pb house paints and
cable sheathing decreased. New uses of Pb in the
fields of sound and vibration, thermoelectricity,
piezoelectricity, corrosion, ceramics, pigments
and paints are discussed.
1963
4091 Feldhake, C.J. and Stevens, C.D. (Univ.
Cincinnati, 0.): THE SOLUBILITY OF TETRA-
ETHYLLEAD IN WATER. Journal of Chemical
and Engineering Data 8:196-7 (Apr.) 1963.
The solubility of TEL has been measured to aid in
the understanding of the aqueous solubility of non-
electrolytes. Results are reported that indicate
the magnitude of the solubility of TEL in water
saturated with air. Two techniques, 1 for the
separation of TEL from small volumes of air and 1
for its separation from small volumes of water were
developed.
In the technique described, TEL vapor, water and
air were equilibrated in all-glass apparatus. The
phases were separated, the TEL extracted into pen-
tane, and the pentane analyzed for Pb. In the
separated phases, no decomposition products of TEL
were noted. Between 0.2 and 0.3 mg TEL saturate
a liter of water at 0-38°C.
4092 Goodacre, C.L., and Foord, D. (Associated
Octel Co., Ltd., London, England): Blei-
alkyle als Antiklopfmittel fiir Autobenzin.
(LEAD ALKYLS AS ANTIKNOCK AGENTS FOR MOTOR
GASOLINE.) Acta Chimica Academiae Scien-
tiarum Hungaricae 36, No. 1-4:235-53,
1963.
After a brief review of the role played by TEL in
the gasoline industry, the possible competition by
other compounds, some of the possible advantages
and disadvantages involved in the application of
certain Pb alkyls with higher volatilities than
TEL are discussed. Results of knock measurements
on C.F.R. engines and of road tests with various
gasolines and cars are described. With some gaso-
line-car combinations certain advantages exist
when Pb alkyls of a higher volatility than TEL are
used. (From authors' summary)
4093 Maxwell, C.W., and Parsons, E.C. (Res.
Station, Canada Dept. Agr., Fredericton,
New Brunswick): COMPARING INERT INGREDI-
ENTS IN LEAD ARSENATE SPRAYS IN LABORATORY
TOXICITY TESTS AGAINST THE APPLE MAGGOT,
RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA. Journal of Economic
Entomology 56, No. 5:626-8, 1963.
The addition of 3 lb/100 gal of either hydrated
lime, attaclay, continental clay, or Celatom MN-39
increased the toxicity rating of Pb arsenate
sprays in laboratory spray residue tests against
the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh).
With the exception of Celatom MN-39, increasing
the amounts of these inert ingredients to 6 Ib
caused reduction in toxicity ratings. A further
778
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
increase of 9 Ib of these inert ingredients resul-
ted in toxicity ratings below that for Pb arsenate
alone. Increases in toxicity ratings occurred with
increases in the amounts of Celatom MN-39 used.
Decreases in toxicity occurred when Pb arsenate was
used in combination with Bordeaux mixtures. The
addition of nicotine sulfate to Pb arsenate sprays
showed little increase in toxicity but was much
greater when hydrated lime was added. In combina-
tion with Bordeaux mixtures toxicity rating was
somewhat less than when hydrated lime alone was
used. There was some evidence that heavy residual
sprays on apples deterred insects from alighting
on such treated fruit. (From authors' summary)
4094 Moulds, J.E.: LEAD. In Minerals Year-
book, Prepared by Bureau of Mines, Wash-
ington, U.C., US Government Printing Of-
fice, 1963, \/ol. 1, pp. 701-35.
Industrial requirements in the US for Pb in 1963
exceeded the supply from all sources although do-
mestic output of recoverable Pb in ore increased
to 253,400 tons and production of primary refined
and antimonial Pb to 426,200 tons. Recovery of
secondary Pb from scrap increased 11% above the
1962 level to 493,471 tons, but imports declined
^15% to 220,400 tons. Consumption of Pb was 5%
above that of the previous year and amounted to
1,163,400 tons. Increased use was shown for all
classes except sheet Pb and type metal. Gasoline
antiknock additives registered a major gain and a
record for this use at 192,800 tons of Pb. The
two major end product uses of Pb, storage batter-
ies and gasoline additives, combined, represented
54% of the total Pb consumed. Production of Pb
pigments increased by 4% to 299,400 tons of Pb
content. The quoted New York price for common Pb
increased from 10-12.50 cents by November 1963.
In world mine and smelter production, and con-
sumption, the upward trend also continued during
1963: Mine production was an estimated 2.8 million
short tons and smelter production slightly lower;
free world consumption was 2.23 million tons of
primary Pb; producer stocks declined from 289,300
tons at the beginning of the year to 165,600 tons
at yearend. Japan, r'rance and Italy increased
imports over 1962, while United Kingdom decreased
them slightly and West Germany did so significant-
ly. The exports of Belgium, Luxembourg and of the
USSR increased, while those of France, West Ger-
many, Canada, and Australia were reduced.
The program of research and investigation initi-
ated by the Lead Industries Association and the
American Zinc Institute continued to produce ex-
panded information of the basic characteristics of
Pb and the application of Pb metal and its alloys.
uS patents were issued relating to commercial
techniques for producing a purified metal from the
sulfide, for preparing Pb azide, for producing
battery paste and for a high-temperature treatment
of Pb-Sb alloy.
4095 Stainer, H.M. : X-.UY MASS ABSORPTION CO-
EFFICIENTS. A LITERATURE SURVEY. US Bu-
reau of Mines, Information Circular 8166,
1963, 124 pp.
Published X-ray mass absorption coefficients were
compiled and tabulated for 87 elements, including
Pb.
1964
4096 Anderson, E.G., Dean, P.N., and Rose, M.
W.: CONTAMINATION OF MATERIALS OF CON-
STRUCTION. US Atomic Energy Commission
Document No. LA-3132-MS, 1964, pp. 145-52.
In collaboration with the National Academy of Sci-
ences-National Research Council's Subcommittee on
Low Level Contamination of Materials and Reagents,
the authors investigated the y contamination of Pb
and steel. Eight samples of Pb sheet prepared
from ores from different localities were compared
with 2 reference samples. The reference samples
gave identical gross spectra which were not sig-
nificantly different from those of Pb samples de-
rived from ores from Missouri, southern Illinois,
Mexico and Australia, estimated to have <2 nCi
Opb/kg, while 4 of the commercial samples, de-
rived from ores from Nebraska, Peru, Utah and Can-
ada, showed ^-^Pb contamination ranging from 40-
10 nCi/kg. In steel, contamination by Ru was
found which was ^2 orders of magnitude lower than
that of 210Pb in Pb ore.
As discussed by Rutherford et al (1930), Ra
present in the Pb ore will remain. Due to decay
of the isotope, old Pb is usually much less active
than new Pb; However, since clean commercial Pb is
available, its use for low-level shielding materi-
al seems to be more economical.
4097 Bag, S.P., Fernando, Q., and Freiser, H.
(Univ. Arizona, Tucson): FORMATION
CONSTANTS OF CERTAIN METAL COMPLEXES OF
THIOGUANINE. Archives of Biochemistry
and Biophysics 106:379-80 (July 20), 1964.
The acid dissociation constants of 2-amino-6-
mercaptopurine and the formation constants of its
metal chelates with bivalent Pb, Zn, Ni, Co and Mn
in 50% (by volume) aqueous dioxane were determined
and compared with chelate formation constants that
have been reported for other substituted purines.
4098 Caley, E.R., and Easby, D.T., Jr. (Ohio
State Univ., Columbus): A LEAD LIP PLUG
FROM WESTERN MEXICO. American Antiquity
29:497-500 (Apr.), 1964.
A corroded white-metal lip plug from Guerrero was
shown by wet-chemical and spectrographlc analyses
to have originally contained over 99% Pb. After
reviewing 16th-century eyewitness accounts, lin-
guistic evidence, the mineral resources of Mexico,
the technological problems involved in the primi-
tive extraction of Pb from its most common ore,
galena, and the few early Pb artifacts reported
from Mexico, the authors believe that the smelting
of Pb ore and use of metallic Pb were known before
the arrival of the Spaniards and that there is no
valid reason to doubt that this object was made
before the Conquest.
4099 Doornbos, D.A., and Faber, J.S. (Univ.
Groningen, Holland): STUDIES ON METAL
COMPLEXES OF DRUGS; D-PENICILLAMINE AND
N-ACETYL-D-PENICILLAMINE. Pharmaceutisch
Weekblad 99:289-309 (Mar. 20), 1964.
The complexing ability of two chelating agents,
D—penicillamine and N-acetyl—D-penicillamine,
which are used in the treatment of Pb poisoning,
was studied and their behavior was compared with
Chemistry and Technology
779
-------
that of L-cysteine. Under the experimental con-
ditions, L-cysteine and D-penicillamine gave sta-
ble 1:1 and 2:1 complexes with Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn,
Hg and Pb. The spreading factor between the sta-
bility constants K^ and K2 was small, except with
Pb. The stability constants (Kj_, K2 and 82) were
calculated on a computer (ZEBRA) with a least-
squares method. N-acetyl-D-penicillamine also
gave stable 2:1 complexes. As the calculated
spreading factor is small and K2 > K]_, only 82 is
reliable; therefore, the l:l-complex can exist
only in a small concentration range.
The order of stability constants of the com-
plexes formed by metals with L-cysteine was: Hg
> Pb > Ni > Zn > Co11 > Fe11 > Mn11; with D-peni-
cillamine: Hg11 > Pb > Ni > Zn > Co11 > Fe11 >
Mn11; with N-acetyl-D-penicillamine: Hg11 > Pb >
Cd > Zn > Ni % Co*1 > Fe11 > Mn. With each metal
studied the stability constant of the complex of
D-penicillamine was larger than that of L-cyste-
ine; the stability constant of N-acetyl-jj-penicil-
lamine was much smaller. (From authors' summary)
4100 Feldhake, C.J., and Stevens, C.D. (Univ.
Cincinnati, Ohio): ORGANOLEAD COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING THE SULFONAMIDO GROUP. Journal
of Chemical and Engineering Data 9:241-2
(Apr.), 1964.
The preparation of triphenyllead (N,N-diethylben-
zene) sulfonamide and triphenylleadbenzenesulfon-
anilide was described. The former was obtained
in 45% yield by reacting p-lithio-N,N-diethylben-
zenesulfonamide with triphenyllead chloride and
in 30% yield - though the reaction did not always
occur - from triphenylleadlithium and p-iodo-N,N-
diethylbenzenesulfonand.de. The 2nd compound could
be prepared only by coupling p-lithio-N-lithio-N-
phenylbenzenesulfonamide with triphenyllead chlo-
ride, in a yield of 43%.
4101 Lenz, G.R., and Kartell, A.E. (Illinois
Inst. Technol., Chicago): METAL CHELATES
OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS.
biochemistry 3:745-50 (June), 1964.
Acid-dissociation constants of DL-methionine, S-
methyl-L-cysteine, DL-ethionlne, L-cysteine, and
DL-penicillamine and the chelate-stability con-
stants with a number of heavy metals, among them
bivalent Pb, are reported for 25° and 0.10M ionic
strength.
The finding that Pb (II) and Hg (II) form 1:1
chelates of exceptional stability, with penicilla-
mine, shows why the ligand is effective as an an-
tidote for Pb and Hg poisoning. In these chelates
the ligand binds 3 of 4 coordinating positions to
form a stable soluble metal complex which stays in
solution over the entire range studied (pH 2-11).
8:202-12 (Feb.), 1964.
After a brief discussion of the mining, smelting
and refining of Pb, the consumption of Pb in 1962
is reviewed by first enumerating the variety of
products in the manufacture of which it is used.
The industries which employ Pb include the follow-
ing: storage battery, petroleum, cable, construc-
tion, paint (and color manufacture), ceramic, am-
munition, printing, railroad, automobile; other
uses are as insecticide, solders, coatings for
metals, stabilizer for plastics, radiation shield-
ing, for the control of noise and vibration. The
consumption of Pb in 1962 totaled >1,075,000 tons
and has averaged a little <1,100,000 tons/yr in
the past 10 yr.
4102 Lenz, G.R. and Kartell, A.E. (Illinois
Inst. of Technol., Chicago): METAL COM-
PLEXES OF CARNOSINE. Biochemistry 3:750-
3 (June), 1964.
Stability constants of complexes formed by carno-
sine and 12 metal ions including Pb were deter-
mined .
4103 Ziegfeld, R.L. (Lead Industries Assoc.,
Inc., New York): IMPORTANCE AND USES OF
LEAD. Archives of Environmental Health
780
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
The numbers following the author's name are the abstract numbers. Asterisks preceding
numbers indicate principal authorship. All names preceded by "de," "van," "von," etc., are
listed under the capitalized prefix. Where umlauts occur, the listing assumes the full
combination of "ae," "oe," etc. "Me" is considered as "Mac," and is listed in that sequence.
Entries under "Anonymous," "Editorial," "Questions," etc., name the journal in which the
article appears.
Aanonsen, A., 1812
Ababi, V., 143
Abbitt, W.H., 658
Abbott, D.C., *3919, *3920
Abdalla, A., *2357
Abdel-Ghaffar, Y., *2493
Abdine, H., 3764
Abernethy, R.F., *235
Abersold, J.N., *3080
Abou-Elnaga, M.A,, 3749
Abramova, L.I., 1006
Abramova, Zh.I., *884
Abrams, H.K., *3090
Abson, D., *3707
Achenbach, W., 561
Adam, K.R., *571
Adamovic, V.M., *3708
Adams, E.F., 3706
Adams, J.F., 2808
Adams, M.F., 658
Adamyan, R.I., 1006
Adell, M.R., *4009
Afanas'ev, V.P., *3163
Afonova, V.N., *772, *885, *981
Agerty, H.A., *2859
Agresti, A., *773
Agricola, G., *1
Aguado, F., 2024
Ahlmark, A., *1387
Ahmad, S., *261
Ahrens, W.E., 2952
Aidarov, T.K., 3957, 4044, 4051,
4052
Aingorn, N.M., *2358
Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, 3303
Aitbaev, T.Kh., 1036, *2494
Akaiwa, H., 146, 193, 210
Akenhead, W.R., 2371
Akhmedova, A.S., 1009
Akhmedshin, A.N., 3215
Akulov, K.I., *826
Albach, E., *1882
Albahary, C., 1121, 1296, 1300,
1329, 1401, 1558, 1673, *1738
*1739, 1773, 1781, 1880, *1883,
*1884, *2086, *2087, 2215,
*2222, *2223, 2254, *2359, 2581,
*2659, 2758, 2792, 2830
Alber, M.A., *435
Albert, C.G., 3358
Alberti, G., *3737
Alcocer, A.E., 3355, 4003
Aldanazarov, A.T., *886, *925,
*982, *1036, 1549, *1635,
*2088, 2494, 2533
Aldrich, L.T., 294
Aldridge, W.N., *423
Aleksandrov, A.I., 191
Alekseeva, M.V., 3235, *3658
Aleksieva, C., *2660
Aleksieva, Is., *572, *1636
Aleskovskii, V.B., *3738, 3745,
Alessandri, M., 2789
Alexander, E., *501
Alexander, L.T., 296
Alexeieva, Z., *2495, *2496,
*2660
Alfonzo, J.V., *2224
Alibegovid, S., 2397
Allan, D.W., *61
Allcroft, R., *474, *475, *486,
696, 3566
Allied, R., 2508
Almonte, J.B., 2688
Aloj, S., 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115,
1116
Al'pern, L.L., *2225
Altman, I., *2661
Altshuler, B., *2662
Altshuller, L.F., *2994
Amano, R., 3880
Amato, M., *2995
Ambanelli, U., 577, 623, *704,
2193
Ambrosi, L., *2360, *2361
Ambrosino, C., *1740
Ambrosio, L., *573, *1741
Amdur, M.O., *3610, *3628
Amer, M.N., *3739
American Academy of Pediatrics,
*2978, 3503, *3509
American Conference of Governmen-
tal Industrial Hygienists,
*3543, *3546
American Conference of Governmen-
tal Industrial Hygienists, Com-
mittee on Recommended Analyti-
cal Methods, *3740, *3970
American Industrial Hygiene Asso-
ciation, *3147, *3194
American Medical Association,
Council on Pharmacy and Chemis-
try, *1547
American Medical Association Re-
port of Chemical Laboratory,
*1548
American Petroleum Institute,
*3148
American Petroleum Institute,
Division of Science and Tech-
nology, *3209
American Public Health Associa-
tion, Committee on Chemical
Procedures of the Occupational
Section, Subcommittee on Deter-
mination of Lead in Air, *3659
American Society for Testing Ma-
terials, *3855
American Standards Association,
*3503, *3509
American Welding Society, *3149
Amin, A.A.M., 3778, 3830
Ammaniti, L., *2996
Amorati, A., *2226
Amsallem, 3572
Anatasi, A., *3629
Anatovskaya, V.S., *2227, *2362,
*2497
Ancusa, M., 236
Andelman, S.L., *3040, 3048
Anderson, A., *1306
Anderson, B.C., *4096
Andrassy, K., 190
Andr£, K., 3374
Andreani, D., 722
Andreucci, G., 1007
Andreuzzi, P., 862, 2476
Andrews, B.F., *2979, *2980
Andriescu, E., *236
Andrievich, V.V., 3217
Angeleri, C., 3567
Angeleri, F., 2015
Angelieva, R., 4010
Angevine, J.M., *2363
Angle, C.R., *2663, 3057
Anibaldi, A., *2973
Anjou, A., 1495, 1496
Ankerst, H., *2498
'Anonymous, Amer J Pub Health,
3014
AMA Arch Ind Health, 1637
Brit Med J, 3041
781
-------
Calif Dep Water Resour Bull, 113
Chem Age (London), 48
Com Naz Energ Nucl Notiz, 2664
Ind Health Mon, 1257, 1258
1259, 2854, 3081, 3082, 3083,
3084
Ind Hyg Dig, 3488, 3489, 3490,
3492, 3493, 3494, 3495, 3498,
3510, 3512
Ind Hyg Newsletter, 3227
Ind Med Surg, 18
Inform Bull BIBRA, 3042
J Amer Med Ass, 2891, 2960,
3551,
Lancet, 131, 2981, 3043, 3321,
Mich Occup Health, 3171, 3186,
3195
NY State Dept Labor Ind Bull -
Mon News Mag, 3085
Nutr Rev, 1037, 1638
Occup Hazards, 3117
Occup Health, 2860, 3091, 3092
Okhr Tr i Soc Stra, 4011
Pub Health Rep, 3196
Trans Ass Ind Med Off, 2933
Ansaloni, A., 4066
Anselmo, J.E., 1214, 1215, 2688
Antczak, K., 2506
Anthoine, D., 2161
Antisari, O.V., *3686
Antoniotti, F., *1200, 1237,
*1742
Antonov, V.M., 268
Antonov, Yu.G. , *150, *1978
Anzilotti, W.F., 4037
Aoki, K., *451
Apollaro, A., 752
Aprosina, Z.G., *2665
Aquino, R., 2688
Aragona, F., 809, 810
Arama, 0., 1952
Aratake, K., 2272
Archinard, P., 3434
Arciello, G., 622
Ardaillou, N., 1157
Ardaillou, R., *1743, 2792
Ardelean, I., *612
Ardelt, H.W., *3856
Arena, J.M., *2982
Arievich, M.N., *4012
Aring, C.D., *1388
Ariton, N., 3699
Arkhipov, A.S., *3069, *3126,
*3260
Arkhipova, O.C., *926, *983,
*1038
Armour Research Foundation of
Illinois Institute of Tech-
nology, *49
Arnaud, Y., 2262
Arnautov, N.V., 172, 912
Arnold, M., 820
Aronson, A.L., 899, *1039,
*1105, 3398, *4013
Aronson, S.M., 3031
Arrigoni Martelli, E., 1610
Artamonova, T.A., 2441, 2585
Asano, I., *2089, 2146, 2271,
2272, 2411, 2413
Asbury, A., *2974
Asgar, K., *1639
Ashbel, S.I., *1744
Ashby, M.G., *2228
Ashenbrucker, H., 671
Askerbeili, E.K., 185
Asoda, A., 807
Asoo, M., 732
Associated Electrical Industries
Ltd., *4074
Associated Ethyl Company Limited,
*3157
Association of Food and Drug Of-
ficials, *3507
Association of Food and Drug Of-
ficials, Committee on Sanitary
Food Processing Equipment,
*3517
Asthana, O.P., 3776
Astolfi, E., 2239, *3015, *3044,
*3045, *3367
Aston, E.R., *1307
Astrug, A., 2318
Astrup, P., 1563
Atanackovic, V., 2614
Atchabarov, B.A., *705, *927,
*1457, *1458, *1549, 2088,
2403, 2423
Atella, P., 1958
Atherton, D.R., 1190
Attaway, D.H., 3929
Attwood, W.A., *3118
Aub, J.C., 29, *574, 578, 589,
*1389, *2090
Aubertin, E., *1459
Austoni, M., *613, *2364, 2518
Australia, Victoria Government
Gazette, *3497
Avrutova, Kh.Z., *3630
Axt, G., *3455
Baader, E.W., *1885, *2091, *2092
Babakhodzhaev, S.M., *114
Babin, M.E., *3811
Babina, M.D., 3687
Babin-Chevaye, L., 2552
Babinets, A.E., *132
Bacaner, M., *3387
Bacon, P., *3504
Badea, G., 2683
Badinand, A., 2186
Baehner, R.L., 3035
Baer, W.K., *3812
Bassler, K.H., 338
Baetjer, A.M., 678, *827, *887,
*1106
Baumler, J., 3943
Bag, S.P., *4097
Bahadur, K., *378
Baharycz, M., *2365
Baier, H., *338, *345, *356, *774
Baikie, A.G., *575, *576, *775
Bain, K., *2880
Bainbridge, C.A., *3302
Bainbridge, R., *3230
Bairati, A., Jr., 865, 2049
Bakalov, D., 2605
Baker, G., *2499
Baker, J.B.E., *2093
Baker, R.A., 1759, *3388
Baker, R.W.R., *3565
Baker, W.H., *1390, 1480
Balassa, J.J., 1020, 1081, 1082,
1173, 3335
Balbo, W., *1886, 2135, *2366,
*2367
Baldi, G., *1391, *1745
Baldwin, R.W., *1107
Balevska, P., 2797, 2798
Balitskii, V.S., 219
Balks, R., *195
Ball, H.K., *3469
Ball, K.E., *3813, *3814
Balle-Helaers, E., *3660
Balletta, A., 1075, 1183, 1184,
1185, 2602
Ballinger, D.G., *3921
Balmaceda, J.M., 1536
Balmus, G., *656
Baltimore, City of, *3511
Baltimore Department of Health,
*1746
Balzano, I/, *1308
Bandino, R., *1460
Banerji, B., 1210
Banik, E., *3093
Bank, G.I., *3922
Barabash, T.P., 201
Baranov, V.I., *3164, *3341,
*3857
Barbaso, E., *1201
Barbera, R.C., 547
Barbieri, G., 245,
Barbieri, R., *3815, *3816, 3818
Barcza, L., *3817
Bare, C.I., *2921
Barhad, B., *3197
Bariety, M., *2666
Barjon, P., 1892
Barka, T., *502
Barkhau, H.W., 3395
Barnea, M., 3419
Barnes, J.R., 1181
Barnett, G.A., 3839
Barni, I., *4014
Baron, 2187
Baron, A., 1874, 1973
Baron, J., *1461, 1504, 2757
Barreto, H.S.R., *3858
Barreto, R.C.R., 3858
Barry, P.S.I., *1747, *2667
Barsi, C., *1748
Barsoom, K.A., 2493
Bart, 3132
Earth, A,, 3279
Bartlet, J.C., *55, *62, 81,
Bartoli, E., 2703
Bartolozzi, 0., *2094, *2668
Bartos", V., *1887, *2368
Bartousek, V., 2125
Baselga Monte, M., 2786
Bashour, F.A., *1462
Basin, B., *2500
Baskova, Z.A., 171
Bastenier, H., *1749, 2075, *2501
Bastos, R., *1202
Bate, G.L., 68, 80
Batolska, A., 2495, *2502, 2660
782
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Batskor, I.A., *2229, *2230
Battigelli, M., *1309, *1550
Batyuk, A.G., 3276
Batzenschlager, A., 960
Bauer, R.O., *503
Baumann, W.H., *3138
Baumgartner, R.J., 2934
Baus, R.A., 3255
Bautista, Z.P., *3016
Bavley, H., 3122, 3152
Bayka, I., 1943
Beard, R.R., 424, 1076, 1161,
*2369
Beauchemin, J.A., 1482
Beaudoing, A., *2961
Beaujean, P., 69
Beaver, D.L., *928, 1893
Beccari, E., *326, *614, *615
Beck, E., *616
Beck, H., 384
Becker, E., 267
Bedford, J., 3108, 3136
Bedo, A.V., 1408, 2863, 2864
Beeson, K.C., 929
Beglova, T.G., '2494
Bellikhis, G.A., *3440
Beintker, E., *2
Bekes, M., *617
Bekkering, J.H.T. *1640
Belamaric, T., *1888
Belknap, E.L., *1310, *1311,
1405, *1463, *1641, *1979,
*2095, *2231, 2877
Belknap, E.L., Jr., 1979
Bell, A., *1464
Bell, G.B., 3259
Bell, R.F., *1551 , *1642, *2370
Bellelli, E., 3369
Belli, R., *618, *619, *620,
*621, *622, 629, 630, 669,
670
Bellini, F., *2096
Bellrose, F.C., *828
Belluco, U., 3815, 3816, *3818
Belokon, A.N., 3142, 3143
Beltschev, E.G., *452
Belyaev, V.P., *3923
Belyaev, Yu.I. , *4015
Belyakova, E.E., *196
Bemrick, W.J., *3559
Benard, 101
Benard, H., *357, *776, *785,
895, 939, 1055, 1057, 1127,
1132, *1203, *1204, *1392,
*1393
Bencini, A., *1980
Bencze, G., 1481
Bengston, M., 4085
Bennett, A., *3611
Bennett, H., 3587, *3612, *3631
Bennison, B.E., 3331
Benson, P.F., *2962, *2997
Berard-Magistretti, A., *1889
Beraud, T., 616
Berdan, C., *1643
Berechet, A., 2944
Berenson, G.S., *2371
Berg, J.M., *3046
Berge, H., *3368
Berger, K.E., *1260
Berger, L.B., 2532
Berghout, C.F., *3165
Bergner, K.G., *115
Bergsman, A., *1312
Bergstrom, R., *2869
Beritic, T., *1644, *1645,
*1750, 1950, *1981, 2061,
*2232, 2319, *2372, 2438,
2461, 2474
Berjak, J., *2503
Berman, E., *3859, *4016
Bernard, J., 1157
Bernard, M., 3721
Bernstein, R., 2259
Berrod, F., *1751
Bersani, A., 2226
Bersin, T., *706, *3272, *3287
Bersworth, F.C., *1552, *1982
Bersworth Chemical Co., *1313
Bertha, H., *1261
Berthier, P., 104
Bertin, V., 3316
Bertrand, D., *73, 347, *4017
, F., *2669
an9on, M., *1752
Bessis, M., *707, *708, *709
Bessman, S.P., *1553, '*2861,
2869, 2877, *2881, 2935,
2970, *3661
Bettinali, C., 3737
Beuran, T., 1952
Beusnel, J., 2706
Beyer, T., 2097
Beyers, J.A., *504
Beyrer, K., *1394
Bezzubov, A.D., *888, 926
'Bianchi, C., *577, 614, *623
Bianchini, M., 700
Bidstrup, P.L., *1753
Biehusen, F.C., *2905
Bienvenu, P., *1040
Biesiekierska, J., *657
Biessy, 1787
Bigotto, M.R., 2123
Bilecki, G., *1205
Binder, I., *2850
Bingham, E., 1091
Binkley, F., 304
Binns, W., *929, 931
Bionda, G., *3632
Biondi, S., *624, *710, 773, 829,
*1890, 2082
Bird, J.H., 2532
Bishop, L.R., *3613
Bishop, P., *3047
Bishop, R.C., 1278
Black, L.R., *3971
Black, S.C., *930, *984
Blackburn, C.R.B., 375
Blanariu, D., *3322
Blanke, R.V., *1646
Blanquet, P., 2262
Blaxter, K.L., 475, *476, *477,
*3566
Blifford, I.H., Jr., 3255
Bloomfield, C., 216
Bloomfield, J.J., *1206
Blosser, T.H., *658
Blum, M.S., *3924
Bluvshtein, S.Z., 3463
Elythe, D.J., ed., Technical Co-
ordinating Committee TI-8,
*3303
Bobev, G., *3925
Bobtelsky, M., *3614
Boccalatte, F., 994
Boccia, D., *1754
B8hm, M., 659
BSrger, H., 30
Borner, B., 2348
Boersma, M.J., *2097
Bogatkov, P.I., 3126
Bogatyrev, M.F., 3361
Bogin, D., 3663
Boglevskaya, N.M., *1755
Boiko, V.S., 172
Bokov, A.N., 3142, 3143
Boland, J.R., 1642
Bolanowska, W., *1108, 1111
Boldyrev, I.E., *3238
Bolze, C., 3281
Bonastre, J., *3709
Bonati, F., *830
Bonchev, P.R., 142
Bonelli, E.J., *3972
Bongard, E.M., *2233
Bonsignore, D., *2234
Bonzanino, A., 2762
Bonzel, H., 1756
Bonzel, J., 1756
Boogaerdt, C.A., 2098
Borbely, F., *777, *2235, *2373
Borbolla, L., 2888, 2917
Borello, E., *1757
Borisova, E.N., *151, *3819
Borman, E.K., 2078
Borodaev, Y.S., 191
Borozenets, A.S., *133
Borra, G., 2973
Borra, J.L.R., *2374
Bors, G,, 1945, 1946, 2944
Borschke, H., *3210
Boryczka, A., 626
Bose, A.K., 3212
Bosshard, R., *2504
Botha, S.E., *1983
Boucherie, A., 3928
Boudene, C., 1702, 1703, 1738,
1739, 1773, 1781, 1883, 1884,
2087, 2215, 2223, 2581, 2758,
2830, 3691, 3711, 3712, 3805,
3851
Boudouresques, J., *1758
Bouillot, J., 1295
Boulding, J.E., *1759
Boulet, P., *1891, *1892
Bouvet, R., 3928
Bovelacci, F., 1248
Bowditch, M., *27
Bowles, J.M., 212, 3342
Boyadzhiev, V.,*831, *889, *890,
*985, *1041, *2099, *2375
Boyd, P.R., 1384, *1760, *1761
Boye, C.A., 2643
Boyett, J.D., *2376
Boyland, E., *891, *986
Boyle, R.W., *152
Author Index
783
-------
Boylen, G.W., 3122
Bozhevol'nov, E.A., *4018
Bozhkov, S., 1033, 2415
Bracken, B.C., 1893
Bradley, J.E., 2871, *2882,
*2906, *2934, *2935, 2971
Braff, A.F., *1314
Brancaccio, A., 1698
Brandt, A., *3528
Brandt, H.H., *1762
Brau, G., 3460
Braun, O.G., *50
Bravo Becherelle, M.A., 3145
Breiger, H., 1608
Brekhman, 1.1., *3166
Brem, J., 2898
Brener, K.M.H., *2377
Brennan, G.G., 2999
Bresson, J.-R., 2484
Bret, P., 1495, 1496
Breton, J., *1763
Breton-Gorius, J., 707, 708, 709
Breustedt, H., 1342
Brewer, L.W., 4025
Brezina, E., *1262
Brickman, S., 568
Bridge, A., *3239
Brief, R.S., 3331, *3342
Brieger, H., 1607, *1984, *2100,
*2101, 2945
Brigatti, L., *1395, *1396,
*2378, *2505
Brinkley, S.R., Jr., 3240
Brinton, H.P., 2532
British Industrial Biological
Research Association, *2670
Britten, R., *415
Brodie, A.G., 1170
Brodowsky, H.A., 3976
Broecker, W.S., 80
Brogdon, J.E., 848
Brooks, A.L., *1263
Brossa, S.Q., 1983
Brosteanu, R. , 702
Broussy, G., *116
Brown, A., 2857
Brown, D.V.L., 1137, 1138
Brown, J.R., *987
Brown, N.A., 1002, 1139
Brown, R., *3223
Brown, W.J., *1647
Browning, E., *33
Brownlee, G., *3560
Brozart, C.J., 3814
Bruckner, J., *2236
Brudevold, F., *1648, *2102
Bruel, M., 2757
Briischke, G., *832, *2674
Brugnone, F., 427, *1042, *1109,
*1110, 1122, 1133, 2382, 2511,
2512, 2514
Brugsch, H.G., *1985, *2671
Brugsch, J., *1315, *1764
Brunner, A., Jr., 764
Brunnock, J.V. , 3899
Bruno, B.M., 3674
Bruno, L., *2103
Brusca, A., 1018, 2468
Brushtein, I.M., 289
Bruson, H.A. , 4081
Brustier, V., *3596, *3710,
*3820
Bruusgaard, A., *1397, *2237,
*2870, *3926
Bryant, J.I. , *3821
Brykalski, D. , *1043, *1044,
Buccheri, A., 140
Buchanan, S., 3030, 3050
Buchwald, H. , *2672
Buck, W.B., *931
Buckup, H., *3, *30, *659, 746,
*1554, *1555, *1649, *1894,
*2379
Buczkowski, M., 2304, *2673,
2815
BUchler, W. , *3822
Buess, H. , *1316
Buffa, P., *393
Bugelski, Yu. Yu., *117
Bugyi, B., *2104
Bukharov, P.S. , *3860
Bulenkov, T.I., 3803
Bulgakova, A.M. , *3823
Bul'vakhter, Ya.L., 925
Bulycheva, A.I. , 3962
Bundvad, K. , 3544
Bunyan, J., *778
Buraeva, M.I. , *211
Burdick, R.D., 3917
Bureau, L., 2552
Burger, D., 897
Burger, E., *98
Burger, G.C.E., *2105
Burger, M. , 648
Burke, L.M. , *2922
Burke, W.J., 2422, 3123
Burnett, G.W. , *625
Burnum, J.F. , 1627
Burrows, N.F.E., *2855
Burstin, M. , *1986
Burton, H. , *21
Bushev, T.A., *2238
Bustelo, J. , *2380
Buster, D.S., 1190
Butler, A.M., 1389
Butler, E.J., *1317, *3435,
3621
Butler, L.R.P., 290, 3969
Butt, E.M., 29, *505, *1207,
1475, *1650, *2106, *2107,
2384, *2675, *3633
Butterworth, C.E., Jr., 2376
Buttlar, H.V., *3662
Butz, W.C., 2253
Buydens, R. , *3436, *3438
Buzzi, F. , 2669
Byczkowska, Z., *2506
Byczkowski, S., 2677, *4019
Bye, J., 3994
Byers, D.H., *1987, 3602, 3983
Byers, R.K. , 1389, *2883, *2884,
*2951
Bykhovskaya, M.S., *3597, *3687
Bynum, J.C., 1444
Cabejszek, I., *394
Cabella, G., 2523
Cabrol, P., 2707
Caccuri, S., *711, *779, *988,
*1765, *1895
Cain, J.A., 2955
Caiola, G., 961
Cairns, J., Jr., *3437
Calabrese, A., *2239
Calabro, F., 600, 1790, *3634
Calapso, P., *660, *780
Caley, E.R., *4098
Calhoun, J.A., *578, 589
Call', V., *1465
California State Department of
Public Health, *25, *29, *39,
*2240, *2241, *3070, *3304
California State Department of
Public Health, Bureau of Occu-
pational Health, *2507
California State Water Pollution
Control Board, *395
Callaway, H.M., *4087
Callaway, S., 933
Calle, R.J., *3017
Caluski, G., 3197
Calvo Melandro, J., *2851
Camba, R., *1045
Camel, G.H., 2172
Camerada, P., *989, *990, *1112,
*1988, *1989, *1990, *1991
Campbell, A.M.G., *1208
Campos, M.M., 140
Cancer Chemotherapy National Ser-
vice Center, *3563
Candela, J.L.R., 661, 712
Candela, R.R., *661, *712
Candiani, G., 613
Candura, F., *2108, *3741
Candura, M., 2108
Canepa, G., *3018
Canestri, G., *2983
Canizales Guidez, E., 2224
Cann, H.M., *2936
Cannavo, C., 1506
Cannon, H.L, *56, *212, *3342a
Cannon, W.A., *3288
Capellaro, F., 2177, 2320, 2450,
*2508
Capellini, A., *1556
Cappuccilli, P., *3323
Capuano, G., 3701
Caputi, S., Jr., *2937
Caraccia, G.C., 892
Caraway, W.T., 2890
Carducci, A., *2242
Carlfn, C.E., *1651
Carlsson, E., *3564
Carmichael, N., 565
Carminati, G.M., *833, *834
Carney, X., 3035
Caron, M., 1474
Carow, G., *2243
Carson, R., *3861
Carstens, M., *1209
Cartwright, G.E., 671
Caruso, P.L., 1130, 1176, 1177
Gary, W.H., Jr., *3071
Cassandro, M., 1164
Castano, F.F., 3978
Caste, H.G., 1344
784
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Castellanos, M., *1318
Castellino, N. , *1046, *1047,
*1048, *1049, *1050, *1051,
, *1319, *2676, *3211
Casuccl, G., 2112
Casula, D., *1992, *2109, *2110
Catala Diez, J. , *2381
Cataldi, R. , *1766, *1767, *1896
Catanzaro, E.J., *174
Catchpole, H.R., *339
Catcott, E.J., 2144, 2269
Catellani, G. , 773
Catsch, A. , *991
Cattaneo, E. , 1369
Cau, A., 1331
Caumeil, M. , 187
Cavagna, G., *424, 2680
Cavalcantl, T. , 3072
Cavanna, D., *3567
Cavigneaux, A., 1379, 1450, 1451
Cazan, 2387
Ceausu, V. , 3206
Ceccherelli, E. , 51
Cecchetti, G. , *4020
Celap, M.B., *3862
Celeblev, V., 2495, 2660
Celewycz, B.S., 3048
Cellini, R.F., 4009
Cempel, M. , 2677
Cenacchi, G.C., *835
Cerletti, A. , 602
Cermakova, 3132
Cermeno y Cenneno, F., *2111
Cerre, P., *3198
Ceruso, D., 809, 810
Cervetti, S., *2112
Chabannes, J., 2178
Chaidron, E. , *1653
Chaika, P. A., *1118
Chaiko, Yu., 3772
Chain, F., 1701, 1702, 1703
Chakraborty, M.K., *1210, 1335,
*3212
Chalmers, J.N.M., *2509
Chamberlain, G.T. , *84, *153,
*3927
Chambers, L.A., *3246, *3273,
*3300
Chancellor, S.F., *3447
Chandra, S., *436
Chandra, V., 378
Chang, M.C., 392, 2080
Chapman, R.A. , 62, 81
Charles, G.W. , 1220
Charleston, R.J., *4077
Charsha, R.C. , 3746
Charukchiev, D., *2510
Chass, R.L., *3300
Chatonnet, J. , 541
Chaumont, A.J., 1375
Chaves Carballo, E. , 3051
Cheftel, H. , *45
Chekhovskikh, M.M. , 252
Chelibonova, Kh., 1033, 2415
Chen, P.S., Jr. , *2244
Chen, W.H., *3824
Chen, Y., *3825
Cherchi, P., *416, 1992, 2109,
2110, *2113
Cherednichenko, L.K., *992, 2742,
Cherednichenko, S.V., 224
Cherkasov, M.I., 219
Chernavina, L.F., *2114
Chernaya, L.S., 3946
Chernikov, A.P., *1320
Chernyakhov, V.B., *175
Chesni, Y., 1327
Chiantera, A., 2361
Chiesura, P., 603, 1398, *2115,
2364, *2382, *2511, *2512,
2518
Chighizola, R., 516
Chigrina, T.A., 3476
Ching, T.L., 3987
Chiodi, H., *478
Chiovino, F., 2580
Chisolm, J.J., Jr., *27, *2678,
*2893, *2907, *2908, *2923,
2962, *2998
Chizhevskaya, M.S., *3568
Chizzola, A., 1095
Chmielowski, J., 1735, *3688,
*3742
Choi, H., *2513
Chojecki, Z., *2679
Cholak, J., 1359, 1489, 2564,
2565, *3224, *3231, *3232,
*3244, 3246, *3247, *3300,
*3324, *3389, 3627, *3659,
*3689, *4021
Chow, T.J., 136, *262
Chowdhuri, S., 537
Christiaens, L., *3019
Christian, J.R., *2984, *3048
Church, F.W., 3178
Cibic, B., *531
Cier, A., 1040, *1052, 1074
Cihalik, J., 3650
Cimasoni, G., *1119, *2116
Cimerman, C., *3663
Ciocco, A., 2661
Ciontea, G., 3206
Cirksena, W.J., *2383
Cis, C., *2680
Clark, L.B., 790
Clarkson, T.W., 36, *358, *359,
1488, *1654
Clavel, B., 1701, 1702, 1703
Clayton, B.E., 3060
Clement, F., 2578
Clement, J.M., 1074
Cline, J.F., 3485
Closson, R.D., 4064
Clotten, R., 2266, 2408
Coburn, D.R., *487
Cocora, D., 1134, 2544, 2545
Coeur, A., *3928
Coghi, L., *3369
Cohen, G.,*3392
Cohen, G.J., *2952
Cohen, L.A., 398
Cohen-Solal, J., *3020
Cojocaru, V., 770, 824
Colapietra, F., 1330
Colas, J., 1874, 1973
Colicchio, G., 1047, 1048, 1049,
1050, 1117, *1120
Collard, N., 1478
Collesson, L., 2161
Collet, R.A., 1119
Collier, M., *1321
Collin, M.A., 1274, 1322, 1339
Collins, A.G., *3929
Collins, C.B., *57
Collins, R.J., 2899
Colombi, R., 369
Colombo, G., *3774
Colony, J.A., *3973
Coltro, L., 2848
Comar, C.L., 220
Combrisson, A., *1121
Comfort, A., 530, *532, *533
Cominelli, A., *3390
Compere, A., *1466, 1934
Compton, L.S., *506
Concina, E., 2462
Condliffe, W.F., *3863
Congiu, M., 989, 990, 1112, 1988
1989, 1990, 1991
Connecticut State Department of
Health, Bureau of Industrial
Hygiene, *1264
Connor, J., 1680
Consolazio, C.F., *2681
Conterno, G., 1846
Contl, S.F., 1003
Cook, E.B., *3240
Cook, M.J., 2342, 2455, 2642,
2643
Cooley, R.A., *4081
Cooper, A.R., 3214
Cooper, M., *2924
Copeland, J.E., 693
Corbin, J.L., *1768
Cordier, 2387
Cordy, D.R., *713
Cornec, P., 3596
Cornish, P.E., 1443, 1530, *3635
Corsi, G.C., 1109, 1110, *1122,
1133, 1769, *2117, *2514,
*2515, *2682
Corsico, R., 2385
Corteel, M.L., 1933
Coscia, G.C., 2433, 2457, *2516,
2577, 2604, 2617, 3190
Cosma, V., *2683
Cosoveanu, G., *3864
Costa, A.C.S., *3826, *3865
Costa, F., 626
Costa, R.L., *118
Costales, F., 2888
Coste, E., 567
Cottenie, A.H., *3930
Cotter, L.H., *1467
Cottier, H., 1876
Cottier, P., *534
Cotzias, G.C., *31
Couchman, C.E., 2867
Couillaud, P., 187
Coursan, P., 2432
Courtault, J., 3198
Courville, C.B., *2384, *2517,
Coutelier, L., 2574
Coutu, C., 55
Covelli, V., 1125
Craciun, I., 2683
Author Index
785
-------
Cralley, L.J., 2532
Crandall, C.A., *425
Crane, E.H., Jr., 2371
Craveri, A., *2385
Cremer, J.E., *379, 423, *426,
*932, *933, *993, *1123
Crepaldi, V., 2537
Crepet, M., *1398, *1468, *1655,
*1656, *1769, *2518
Crepinko, I., 370
Crozaz, G., 285, *3391
Crutcher, J.C., 2253, *2519
Cruz, W.O., 1202
Csernovszky, M., 413
Csernyancky, H., 607, 609
Csernyanszky, H., see Csernyancky,
H.
Csillik, B., *453, 866
Cuccurullo, L., *1124, *1125
Cucin, D., 397
Culie, F., 2609
Cultrera, R., 3701
Cumings, J.N., *1993, *2118
Cunningham, G.J., 1107
Cupcea, S., *1469
Cushman, M., 2884
Cutui, M., 236
Czajka, J., *85
Czakow, J., *3743
Czarnecka, W., *3744
Czarnodolowa, H., 3828
Czechiell, S., 2108
Czuchro, 1970
Dabrowski, Z., 461
Dacquet, J., 2323
Da Cunha, A.M.A.P., 4022
Da Cunha, O.R.P., *4022
Dagnini, G., *1211
Dahi, M.A., 1864
Dahle, E.W., Jr., 3411
Dahlin, D.C., 2752
Dahlmann, J., 4076
.Dahlstrom, A., *2885
Dahme, E., 525
Dallenbach, F.D., 1003,*1126
Dalmais, J., 1478
D'Alonzo, C.A., *2520
Dal Palii, C., 2537
D'Ambrosio, A., *3325
Dameshek, W., 1969
•Damon, P.E., *63
Danaraj, W., *1657
D'Angelo, V., 1164, 1165, 1166
Dangl, F., *1399
Danlele, E., 1075, 2602
Daniel!, A., 2514
Daniel!, G., 940, 998, *2245,
*2386
Danielsson, A., *3
Danilina, A.F., 3101, 4063
Danilova, V.I., 3143
Danilovic, N., 1937
Danilovic, V., *1770, *1771, 1897
Dantchev, D., 1055, 1057, *1127,
1132
Dantin Gallego, J., *1557, *1898,
*2684
D'Antuono, G., *2521
Darocha, T., 2751
Dart, E.E., *1323
Darwall, J., *20
Dashash, A., *2685
Datsko, V.G., *263
Dauphin, G., *2387
David, A., *1994, *1995, *1996,
*2522
David, C., 2757
David, D.J., *86
David, I., 615
Davidson, A.N.M., *2246
Davidson, W.S., *2925, *2938
Davies, R.I., 2206
D'Avino, R., 1007
Davis, G.L., 294
Davis, I., 3113
Davis, M., 2001
Davis, P.L., *2247
Davis, R., 453
Davis, R.B., 3746, 4037
Davis, R.K., *1053
Davis, W.S., *1324
Davydov, E.N., 297
Davydova, G.N., *1400, 2638
De, P.K., 3992
Dean, P.N., 4096
Deane, G.E. , *2871
Dean Guelbenzu, M., *58, *488,
1351, 1370, 1371
De Bellis, U., 2995
Debot, P., 1778
Debray, C., 2669
De Breuck, W., 285, 3391
De Bruin, J., *2248, *2388, *3538
Debry, G., 1922
De Caturla Jimenez, M., *1652
Decker, E., 2950
De Dominicis, G., *1212, 2249
DeEds, F., 652
De Fallols, G., *1997
De Franciscis, P., *994
De Freitas Tavares, J., *2250
DeGowin, R.L., 2363
De Graef-Millet, 1749, 2075
De Grailly, *1787
Degtyarenko, *3775
Dehesa, G., 712
Deinichenko, I.M., 1624
Dejace, J., 1466, 1934
De Jager, C., *213
De Judicibus, C., 2242
De Kretser, A.J., *2571, *2572
De Kruijff, C., 2878
De Lalla, O.F., 2260, 2713
De Larrard, *1424
De Larrard, J., 2750
Delavault, R.E., 3320, 3365
Deleanu, M., 1469
De Leon, D.E.M., *1772
Deleplanque, G., 1729, 1875
Dellepiane, B., *2523
Deller, J.J., 2383
Del Magno, A., *1325
Delplace, Y., 1379, 1450, 1451
De Luca, S., *1470
Del Valle, R., *2119
Delwiche, C.C., 3702
De Michelis, F., *1265, *1266,
*1326, *1503
Demidov, V.I., *3462, *3470
De Mooij, H., 2098
DeMorsier, G., *1327
De Nicola, P., *892, *1998
Denmark, Ministry of Social
Affairs, *3544
Dent, C.E., 2879
Dentzer, G., *346, *360
De Oliveira, O.G., *3072
De Paduwa, G., 3660
De Paulet, C.(Mme), 1892
De Paulet, C., 1892
Depczyk, D., 1043
Depelchin, A., 953
De Petris, S., 1076, 1161, 1162
De Free, D.O., *4075
Dequidt, J., 683, 1933, 2035
Derby, S., 1410
DeRenzi, S., *1328
De Renzo, E.C., *74
Derevenco, P., 1469
Derivaux, J., 953
Derobert, L., 489, *1267, 2392
De Rosa, R., *535, *536, *579
Derot, M., *40
Dervillee, E., 2432
Desbaumes, P., 1911
Deschiens, R., *347
Deschreider, A.R., *75, *87,
*99, *154
Deshmukh, G.S., *3776
De Simone, A., 2883
Deslypere, P., 1749, 2075
Desoille, H., *489, *662, 1121,
*1296, *1329, *1401, *1558,
*1773, 2087, 2215, 2223,
*3518
Deszyck, E.J., *327, *396
DeTreville, R.T.P., *264, *2389
Dettling, J., *3248, *3261
Deutschberger, 0., *2963
Devani, M.B., 3841
DeVilliers, A.J., 2188
DeVries, J.E., 3382
De Wyn, J., 2456
Dey, A.K., 3677, 3904, 3905
De Young, W.A., 2890
De Zorzi, C., *2686
Dezso, I., 190
Dhar, D.C., *580, *714, *893,
*934, *995
Dianzani, M.A., 1045
Di Blasi, W., 2396
Dick, J., *46
Dick, J.M., *3866
DiDio, S.L., 1650, 2675, 3633
Dietze, A., *1402
Di Ferdinando, R., *1268
Diggs, D.R., *2524
Di Maggio, G., *715, *781
DiMaio, D.J., 3031
Dinevich, L.S., *1658
Dingwall-Fordyce, I., *2525,
*2687
Dinischiotu, G.T., *1559, *1774,
*1775, 1847, 1848, 1849, *1899,
*1900, *1999, *2000, *2120,
2179, *2251, 2306
786
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Dinu, I., 243
Dios Vidal, R., *265
Di Porto, A., *479, *1213,
*1269
DiVito, G., *2390
Dixon, B.E., *3777, *3827,
Dizon, G.D., *1214, *1215,
*2688
Djordjevic, S., 2062, 2063
Djurid, D.( *134, *1560, *1776,
*1777, 1888, 1904, *2002,
*2689, *4023
Djurisic, M., 1770, 1771, 1897,
1937
DZuzniewska, K., *2121
Dmitrlev, V.F., *836, *2122
Dmltrieva, G.V., 298
Dmitrieva, V.P. , 3476
Doberti, A., 3316
Dobrovol'skii, G.V., *176
Dobrovol'skii, V.V., *237
Dobychln, S.L., *3745
Dodic", S., 2730
Dodo, H., 2800, *3199
Doerr, R.C., 3388
Dokhana, M.M., 3779
Dolezal, J., 3650
Dolezal, V., 3955
Dominicl, L.M., *2123
Donahue, L.A., *2999
D'Onofrlo, V., *1216
Dooley, A.E., *1054
Doornbos, D.A., *4099
Dordevic, S., *3305
Dorfman, J., *2001
Dorfman, R.I., *1128
Dorfman, S.I., *1561
Doro, B., *266
Dotschev, D., 2318
Doudoroff, P., *3429
Dowda, F.W., 2007
Dowling, T., *3746
Poyle, G.J., 3317
Doyle, H.N., 2532
Dozanska, W., *3828
Drabek, B., *3439
Drassdo, A., 1856
Dresel, E.I.B., *663
Dreux, C., 1702, 1703
Dreyer, H., 3867
Drobeck, W., *3432
Drogichina, E.A., *1471
Dror, K., *1659
Drummen, M., *3343
Druyan, R., *2690
Dubois, L., 2188, *4024
Dubrovskaya, F.I., *3306
Duchateau, *1901
Duchesnay, G., *2391
Duerksen, J.D., *362
Duhl, W., 71
Dukes, C.E., *935, 986
Dulinski, W., *3829
Dulong de Rosnay, C., 1459,
*1778
Dulong de Rosnay, M., *1217
Dumitrache, S., 2544, 2545
Dumont, G., *2392
Dunn, W.S., 1551
Dunnington, W.G., 1608
Dunsmore, H.J., 3403
Dupelj, M., *1562
Du Pont de Nemours, E.I. and Co.,
*1403, *3172
Durbin, P.W., *716
Dureux, J.B., 2161
Durfor, C.N., *267
Duric, D., see Djurlc, D.
Durisic, M., see Djurisic, M.
D'Urso, S., 1839, 1840
Durum, W.H., *197, *238
Dushln, L.N., 3409
Dusic, Z., 198
Dutkiewicz, T., *717
Dvornikov, O.G., *268
Dymshits, Ya.M., *2124, *3747
Dynnik, V.I., *2393, *2526,
*2691
Dyskin, A.A., *1902
Dytkowska, 0., *269, 275, 3982
Dzhumabaev, A., *3213
Dzialoszynski, L.M., *305
Easby, D.T., Jr., 4098
Eberlein, W.R., 2893
Ebrey, T.G., 3929
Echandi, E., 284
Echegaray, M., *3974
Eckelmann, W.R., 68
Edel, V., 516
Edge, R.A., *3748
Editorial, Acta Clin Belg, 2692
Arch Environ Health, 3344
Ind Med Surg, 1472
J Amer Med Ass, 2894
J Chronic Dis, 2693
Nature, 3392
NY State J Med, 3049
Edwards, C.F., 790, *936, 1509
Edwards, G.W., 4025
Edwin, E.E., 778
Efe, S., *2527, *2694
Effenberger, E., *3274
Eger, E., 3986
Egli, R., *1779, *1780
Ehrenberg, H.F., *3664
Eichhorn, W., 2587
Eichman, P.L., 1844
Eilersen, P., *1563
Einert, C., 1362
Eisenhauer, J.H., 2593
Eisenlord, G., 437
Eisenstein, R., 1138
Eisentraut, A.M., 1722
Eisinger, 2608
Eisler, L., *2125
Elam, H., 2985
El-Badry, H.M., *3598, *3615
Elbeih, I.I.M., *3749
Elder, W.H., *581
El Ghamraway, M.A., 3739
Ellas, R., 2251
El-Kahwagy, A.S., 260
Elkins, H.B., 1480, 1518, 1943,
*2252, *3441, *3442, *3539,*3616
Ellis, G.H., 480
Ellis, R.W., 3866
El-Massry, Z.H., 2493
Elovskaya, L.T., *3173
El Raheem, A.A.A., *3778, *3779,
*3830
'El'terman, V.M. , *3393
Elvidge, D.A., *3636
Ely, S.B., *3228
Elzinga, M.J., *3931
Emanuele, F., *51
Emanuelli, G. , 2433
Emel'yanov, B.V., *3307
Emeryk, B., 2407
Emmerson, B.T., *2126, *2528,
*2529
Endow, N., 3317
Enek, Ya., 1143
Eng, G., 3028
Engel, H., *1218
Engel, M.B., 339
Engelbreth-Holm, J., *303
Engler, H., *3394
English, J.N., *3471
Ennis, J.M., *2852
Ensslin, F., *3867
Eolian, S.L., *2127
Eramian, S.G., 2127
Erdei, D., 3206
Erdodi, Z., 2069
Erdosy, S., 2683
Eremenko, V. Ya., *270, *3780,
3789, 3883
Eriksen, L., *328, *1270
Eristavi, D.I., *155
Ermakov, E.V., *2695
Ermakov, V.V., 2541
Ermilov, P. I., *3252
Eskew, A.E., *2253
Estadella-Botha, S., 2786
Esyutina, O.S., *664
Eulitz, G., *3831
Evans, E.A., *437
Evans, R.D., *2696
Eve, D.J., 3849, 3908
Evens, A., 2534
Everett, R.J., *4025
Eybl, V., 874
Eye, M.G., 3354
Eylar, E.H., 1149
Ezhdik, I., *2697
Ezmirlian, F., 493, 514, 546,547
Faber, J.S., *3690, 4099
Fabiani, A., 1520
Fabre, R., *718, *782, *1781,
*3691, *3711, *3712
Fader, B.A., 4090
Fahey, J.E., 255
Fairhall, L.T., 3443, 3444
Faith, W.L., 3332
Falbe-Hansen, I., 1066
Falisevac, J., 1644
Falk, H.L., 3410
Falk, J.E., 663
Falkowska, Z., *2254, *2698
Fallani, M., *2003
Fallentin, B., 1563
Fanci, U., *2255
Fang, C-L, *239
Faraone, G., *1404
Farber, R.E., *3021
Author Index
787
-------
Farber, S., 2953
Farkas, M., 2683
Farnbach, R.J., *3326
Farquhar, R.M., 57, 61, 192
Farrell, R.K., 897
Farris, G., *1563a
Faruqi, F.A., 261
Fassbender, H.G., *1271
Fati, S., 409, 468, 711, 779,
783, 913, *937, 1698, 1843,
2602
Fatzer, R. , *2128, *2394,
*3241, *3275, *3308, *3309,
*3327, *3345, *3370
Faulkner Hudson, T.G., *2530
Faure, E., *3505
Fautrel, M., *1903
Faye, C.L., *2531
Fazio, C.C., *3713
Fechheimer, N.S., 823
Fedorov, V.A., *938
Feenan, J.J., 3372
Feigin, I., 3034
Feik, F., 4036
Fell, A., *1660
Feiner, B., 3123
Feiser, J., *3, *30
Feitknecht, J., 246
Felder, E., 614
Feldhake, C.J. , 695, 919,
*4091, *4100
Feldman, C., 3884
Feldman, F., *417, 3029
Feldstein, M., *3371, *3975
Feles, N., 1347, 1348
Ferencik, M., *1129, *4026
Fernandez de Valderrama, E., 226
Fernandez Rozes, F., *1564
Fernandez-Sanchez, F., *2129
Fernando, Q., 4097
Ferrandiz, J.J. , 1651
Ferrett, D.J., *3637
Ferretti, G., *1219
Ferrigno, D., 1305
Fertman, V.K., 3860
Fetz, L.L., 1444
Fidler, J., 4057
Fieke, *3
Field, J.B., *626, *1473, *3556
Fields, L.B., *1220
Fierro, D., 1927
Filipovic, Z., *198
Filippova, N.A., *3868
Filippova, N.G., *1782
Fimiani, R., *1330
Fine, L.H., 3917
Fingerhut, M., 797
Finkelstein, W.E., 2868
Finulli, M., 2096, 2140, 2329,
2369
Fiocchi, F., 1369
Fiorentini, H., 557
Fiorina, L., 1706, 1713, 1846,
2056
Firch, G., 542, 543
First, M.W., *3617
Fischer, E.H., 2074
Fischer, H.J., *135
Fischer, P., *1221
Fischer, R.,
Fischer, R.E., *2130
Fischer, W., 3732
Fiserova-Bergerova, V., 1867,
1968
Fisher, F.M., Jr., *454
Fisher, H.J., *490
Fisher, L.E., *582
Fitzhugh, O.G., 1067
Flaxman, N., *3519, 3520
Fleischhacker, M., *1904, *2004
Fleming, A.J., *2699
Flerov, V.E., 455
Flerova, T.P., *455
Fletcher, A., *3073
Flinn, R.H., *2532
FISter, W., 1280
Florescu, P., 1952
Floris, M., *1331
Foa, V., 2402
Fodor, 0., 2683
Foley, J.M., 2873
Fomina, L.I., *2533
Fondarcaro, S., 2467
Fontaine, G., 1933, 2035, 2445,
3019
Fontanella, E., 3257, *3262
Foord, D., 4082, 4092
Ford, D., *3022
Foreman, H., *31, *894, 1311,
1389, *1405, *1565, *2256,
*2700
Forgacs, V., 2683
Formijne, P., *719
Fornasari, E., 3262
Fornells Martinez, E., 2786
Forssman, S., *2395
Foter, M.J., 3246
Foulger, J.H., *3514
Fourcade, J., *1474
Fournet, P.-C., 40
Fournier, E./2131, 2707, *3508,
Fournier, P.E., 2706
Fowler, F.D., 2976
France, Ministries of Industry
and Commerce, and of Economic
Affairs, *3500
France, Ministry of Public Works
and Transportation, *3491
France, National Board for Social
Security, *2701
Francheteau, M., *1783
Francois, J., *2534
Francon, F., 1866
Frank, A., *3932
Frank, M.N., 1585
Frank, 0., *1332, 1399, *1406,
1490, *3579
Frank, R.W., *1905, *2005
Franke, W., *2535
Frant, R., 2105, *2257
Fraser, D.A., *3443, 3444
Fratianne, R.B., *2006
Frede, G., *3094
Freed, C.C., *2536
Freeman, J.M., 3063
Freiser, H., 4097
Frenk, E., *438
Fridlyand, I.G., 1570
Fridrich, E., 2205
Fried, J.F., *665, *837
Friedman, H., 3255
Fritze, E., *2396
Frost, J., 1563
Fruentov, N.K., 3166
Frumkin, B.Z, 2430
Fry, F.E.J., *397
Fry, L.M., *3346
Fuller, W., *3558
Fuerst, H.T., 2939
Filrtig, W., 3626
Fuji, T., *677
Fujie, Y., *380
Fujii, S., 89
Fujii, T., 3682, 3683
Fujinaga, T., *214, 273, *3976
Fujisawa, Y., 3599
Fujita, H., 2305
Fukuda, R., 957
Fukui, S., 2588
Fukui, T., 2588
Fukumoto, J., *361
Fukumura, S., 545, 1416, 1417,
1576, *3599
Fukutsuji, S., *996, *997
Fullerton, J.M., *1333
Furlanello, F., *2537
Furman, N.H., *3933
Furness, F.N., *4078
Furuya, H., 1545
Fusco, M., *318, 507, 539, 583,
632, *783, *1334, *1477, 3638
Fuse, T., *666, *667, 677
Fyhrquist, F., *2538
Gabbiani, G., 1021, 1083, 1084,
1085, *1130, 1174, 1175,
1178
Gabor, S., 3205
Gad, G., *3430
Gaffurl, E., *1784
Gage, J.C., *3714
Gaido, P.O. , 2320, 2508
Gajdos, A., 357, *627, 776, *784,
*785, 895, *939, *940, *998,
*1055, *1056, *1057, 1127,
*1131, *1132, 1204, 1392, 1393,
1558, *1785, 2131, 2245, 2666,
*2702
Gajdos-To'rok, M. , 357, 627, 776,
784, 785, *895, 939, 940, 998,
1056, 1057, 1131, 1132, 1204,
1392, 1393, 1558, 2131, 2245
Galambos, J.T., *2007, *2008
Galbreath, M., *2862
Galea, V., *1407
Galeriu, R., 3206
Gallo, D., *1566
Callus, A., *1906
Galzigna, L., *427, 1042, 1109,
1110, 1122, *1133, 2515
Gammarrota, M., *2703
Gamo Herranz, A., 2119
Gandois, R., *1907
Ganguli, H.D., *537
Gaon, J., *2397
Garber, K., *3347
Garcia Otero, A., 2917
788
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Garcia Palacio, A., 2917
Garkavi, B.L., *3553
Garofalo, E., *3000
Garratt, D.C., 3636
Garreto'n, U.I. , *1661
Garrett, A.B., *4088
Gasiorek, M., 1412
Gasparini, P., *999
Gasparyan, A.A., 2760
Cast, P.W., 174, 294
Gastard, J., 2194, 2195
GastoJ, B., *2009
Gate, A., 2836
Gattner, H., *2704, *2705
Gattoni, L., 1521, 1611, 1612
Gaultier, M., 1602, *1908,
*2131, *2706, *2707
Gaur, B.C., 3642
Gavrilescu, S., 1737
Gayun, K.G., *156
Gazarkh, L.A., 836, 2122
Geary, W.J., 3797
Gehrke, C.W., *76
Geib, L.W., 863
Geiss, J., 3664
Geleriu, R., 2609
Gel'fer, E.A., 1510
Gel'fon, I.A., *2398, *2708
Gellnov, Kh., 2539
Gelinova, E., *2539
Gemke, G.R., *2132, *2133,
*2399, *2400, 3218
Genevols, M., 2484
Genkin, V.E., *3463
Genot, *3704
Genot, R., *2258
Genta, V., *4066
Gentile, G., *786, *838, *839,
*840, *2010
Georgescu, A.M., 1999, 2179
Georgia Medical College, *2011
Geraldino, S.M., 1661
Gerard, A., *2709, *2710, 2720
Gerarde, H.W., *41, *2134
Gerasi, L., *2711
Gerin, C., *2135
Gerlach, L.A., 3111
Gerlich, N., *538, 642, *668
Germani, C., *2540
Germano, D., 439, 440
Germek, O.A., *1272, *3580
Gernet, E.V., *3715
Gerni, R.L., 1730
Gerrits, W.B.J., *1222
Gertseva, N.S., *3716
Gervais, 3180
Gervais, M.J., *2401
Gervais, P., 2131, 2706, 2707
Gesellschaft Deutscher Metall-
hUtten- und Bergleute e.V.,
*3, *30
Getskin, L.S., *3276
Ghatak, S., 893
Ghelberg, N.W., 1407, *4027
Gherardi, M., *941, 963, 964,
*1000, *1662, 2193, *2712
Ghislandi, E., *1786, *2402
Ghosh, P.K., *1335
Gianunarco, R., *1663
Giangrandi, E., I ^4
Giannattasio, R.C., *1408,
*1664, *2863, *2864, *2872,
*2926
Giarrusso, P., 2471
Gibb, J.W.G., *2895
Giberti, C.A., 2580
Gibson, F.H., 235
Gibson, K.D., *628
Gibson, W.M., *3869
Giel, C.P., *1665, *1666
Gignac, S., 2877
Gilbert, E., *157
Gilbert, L.F., 3266, 3402
Gilbert, T.W., *42
Giles, H.McC., *2896
Gilewska, C., *119, *177
Gill, J.M., *3448
Gillberg, M., *178
Gillet, J.A., *2892, *2897,
*2916, *2927
Gilliland, J.C., 1551, 1642
Gilliland, J.G. , 2370
Gillon, J.-J., *1336
Gilly, G., 1349
Gilman, H., 12, *1409
Gil'manshin, G.G., *3832
Gilmore, L.O., 823
Gilmour, T.C., 1650, 2675, 3633
Gilsanz, V., 1282, 1283, *1567
Gilsanz Rico, G., 1567
Gimbert de Fallois, A., *2012
Gimenez, E.R., 3045
Ginzburg, D.A., 1357, 1471
Ginzburg, I.I. , *179
Giordano, C., 1795, 1796
Giordano, M., 1998
Giorgino, R., 434
Giovanardi, A., *3277
Giovanelli, E., 2451
Girard, J., 2178
Giraud, G., *2013, *2014
Girault, M., 718, 782
Girczys, J., *3200
Girsh, L.S., 2874
Gitelman, H.J., *381
Giubileo, M., 865, 1391, *1568,
*3263, *3264
Giuliani, V., 618, 619, 620, 621,
*629, *630, *631, *669, *670,
741, 742
Giuliano, R., *22
Giurgiu, I., 2609
Giuseppi, S.A., 4006
Glavatskikh, G.I., *2541
Glazovskaya, M.A., *271
Glebova, L.P., 3256
Gleit, C.E., *3934
Glenn, J., 936
Glenner, C.C., *398
Glb'mme, J., *1667
Gluck, A., *2259
Gnesin, Yu. D., *3782
Gnezdov, V.I., 3468
Gobbato, F., 1398, 1468, *1476,
1655, 1656, 1784
Gobunova, K.N., 3363
Gockel, H., *3456
Godid, V., 2197
Godoy, B.L., 1661
Godt, K.J., *180
Goffart, M., 383
Gorman, J.W., *2260, *2713
Goineau, 2187
Gold, S., *3395
Goldberg, A., *671, *2542, *2543
Goldberg, E.D., *136, 204
Goldblatt, M.W. *1569
Goldblum, R.W., *1410
Gol'dina, Ts.A. 3909
Goldsmith, J.R., *29, *3310,
3315, *3328, *3396, *3397
Goldstein, D.H., *1223
Goldstein, I., *3520
Goldwater, L.J., *2136
Golovchenko, V.P., 224
Golubev, S.N., *3935
Goncharuk, G.A., 2626
Gong, W.K., 3355
Gonsette, R., *1668
Gon£ea, I., see Gontzea, J.
Gontzea, J., 612, *1134, *1135,
*2544, *2545
Gonzalez, F.A., 4009
Gonzalez, R., 1661
Gonzalez, T., 1512
Gonzalez Lanuza, L.G., 3576
3592
Goodacre, C.L., *4082, *4092
Goodman, I., *456
Goodnight, C.J., 425
Goodwin, J.T., Jr., 3281
Goossens, J.F., *3278
Gopalakrishnan, N., 3212
Gorbunova, N.V., *2403
Gorbushina, L.V., 3164, 3857,
Gorby, C.K., *896
Gorczynska, K., 2121
Gordon, M.P., 459
Goreczky, L., 698, 699, *720,
2324
Gorelik, G.N., 3452
Gorham, J.R., *897
Gorham, L.W., 1509
Gorini, P., 369
Gorlo-Shil'ko, A.I., *2714
Corn, L.E., *1570, *3936
Gorodovykh, V.E., 3963
Gorokhvodatskaya, R.I., 3276
Gorrand, M., *1273
Gorsheleva, L.S., *491, *721
Gorsuch, T.T., *3781, *3833
Goryainova, E.F., 3143
Goss, A.E., *3105
Goto, T., *77, *78, *100
Cowing, J., *2964
Grabski, J., 1065
Gradina, C., 2251
Gramenitskii, E.M., *363
Granata, A., *439, *440, *441,
*442, 1694, 1838
Granata, M., *2137
Granati, A., *722, *723, *1669,
*1788, *2015
Grandis, C., 1395, 1396, *1789
Grandjean, E., 1779, 1780, *2138,
*2261, *3265
Grandpierre, R., *2262
Author Index
789
-------
Granick, S., 36%
Granottier, A., *64
Grant, C.L., *215
Grant, W.M., *672
Granville, N.B., 1969
Gratsianskaya, L.N., *1571
Graus, B., 3614
Graveleau, J., 2454
Gray, I., 1224
Gray, L.F. , *480
Grazhdan, P.E., *120
Grazlani, G., *492, *507, *539,
*583, *632, *1337, *1477, *1670,
*1790, *3638
Great Britain, *673
Great Britain Ministry of Food,
*3501
Great Britain Ministry of La-
bour, *1791, *2016, *2017,
*2715, *3075, *3487, *3521
Great Britain, Statutory Instru-
ments, *3486
Greau, H., 1874, 1973
Gre"aud, H., *1792, *1793, 1874,
2552
Grebecki, A., *340
Grebenshchikova, V.A., *4028
Green, J., 778
Green, W.J., *2018
Greenberg, M., *2939
Greenfield, I., *1224, *1794
Greengard, J., *2985, *3001
Greenwood, J.N., *4083
Greer, R.B., 1156
Greer, W.C., 355
Gregor, A., 2751
Greulich, R.C., 1682
GreVisse, J., *382, *383, *2139
Grezaffi, A.J., *787
Grgic, Z., 1750
Gribaudo, C., 2457, 2458, 2459,
2462
Gribnikova, A.M., 808
Grieco, A., *2263
Grieco, B., 1047, 1117, 1120,
*2546, 2676
Griffith, G.C. , *1475
Griffiths, R.B., *3550
Griffon, H., *3569
Grigarzik, H., *364
Griggs, R.C., *1909, 2006,
2397, *2716, 3030, *3050
Grignon, H., 3552
Grigor'eva, L.V., *1572
Grigorova, L.P., *3717 , *3750
Grinstein, M., 1823
Grip, E., *79
Grippaudo, G., *2717
Grippo, J., 3045
Grishchenko, E.D., *674, *788,
*942
Grisler, R., *2140
Grivaux, M., 2417
Grobdorfer, K., *1338
Groetschel, H., *1411
Grohmann, H., 157
Groos, E., *2547
Gross, E. , 1469
Grossdorfer, K., *2019
Grosser, G., *724, 1378
Groth, 0., *1671
Grover, P.L., 986
Gruenagel, H.H., *2020
Grunvald, A., *3279
Gruszc5?nski, T., *3570
Grut, A., *2718, *3086
Gryaznova, E.A., *3718
Gryglewicz, E., *1412, *1672
Grzybek, H., 1062
Guarino, A., 318, *1795, *1796
1857
Gude, A., *3937
Gueft, B., 1153
Gulculer, A.C., 1813
Gulzow, M., *1910
Gunther, H., *584, *3245
Guepin, J., *2719
Guerdjikoff, C., *1911, *2021,
*3150
Guerra, G., 1725
Guerra Milligan, C.R., *3051
Guerrin, F., 2709, 2710,
*2720
Guevara, L, 2299
Guichard, A., *1478
Guidicini, F., 910
Guilhot, J., 2961
Guillot, P., 1758
Guin, G.H., 3033
Gulina, O.M., 1744, *3834
Gullans, 0., 3522
Gupta, M.N., *1479
Gurd, F.R.N., *319
Gurevich, O.M., 2225
Gusev, M.I., *725, *898, *3289,
*3348
Gutelius, M.F., *3023
Gutesa, P., 3135
Gutniak, 0., *2404, *2721
Gutniakowa, 0., 2743
Guyotjeannin, C., *1413, 1683,
3107
Gwizdek, E., *2722
Gzhybek, G., 1143
Gzulya, F.I., 3201
Haanen, C.A.M., 2066
Haas, L., 2957
Haase, H.B., *1058
Hac, E., 4019
Hack, C.H., *4
Haddox, J.H., 1619
Hadengue, A., 1267, *1274, *1275,
*1276, *1339, *1673, *1912,
*2022, *2023
Haeger, B., *1797, *1913
Haeger-Aronsen, B., 1032
*214l, *2405, 2690
Haerdi, W., *3783
Haffty, J., 197, 238
Hahn, F.L., *3571
Haider, G., *457
Halak, D.B., 2994
Hallam, K.M., *3938
Hallden, N.A., 296
Halmai, Z., 733
Halperin, H.J., *3139
Halvorson, H., 362
Kama, G., 3113
Hamami, T., 690, 691, 1573
Hamamsy, A., 2357
Hamelle, G., 3719
Hamilton, J.C., 716
Hamlin, L.E., *27
Hamm, R.E., 3760
Hammond, J.W., *1277, *1340,
*1414, *3087
Hammond, P.B., *675, *726, *727,
*899, 1105, *3398, *3665, 4013
Han, K.K., *3784
Hanamura, S., *3939
Hancock, W., 2565
Hancox, N., *1674
Hanke, J., *2548
Hanke, J.Z., *2723
Hanna, D., 2855
Hansen, R.O., *181
Hanson, B. , 522
Hanson, E.J., *3513
Hanson, P., 3797
Hanusova', V., *1675
Hanzlfcek, L., 2205
Haq, A., 261
Kara, S., *3870
Harada, A., *676, 677, 690, 691,
*1573, *2142, 2196
Harada, H., 975
Harada, K., 2588
Harada, M., 89
Harashima, S., *508, *789, *943,
*1798, *1799, *1914, *2549
Harbers, E., *509
Harding-Barlow, I., *2264
Hardy, H.L., *27, *1278, 1311,
1389, 1405, *1480, *2265
Hargrave, J.H.D., *3290
Harihara Iyer, C.R., 1479
Haritos, N.P., *2986
Harjanne, A., 1731
Harkanyi, I., *1481
Harris, C.E.C., *1915
Harris, J.R., 3919
Harris, J.W., 1909, 2006
Harris, R.L. , Jr., 2532
Harris, W.H., *1482
Harrison, H.C., 2893
Harrison, H.E., 1389, 2852, 2893,
2907, 2908, *2909, 2923
Harrold, G.C., *1341
Hart, H., *1415
Hart, H.V., *3581
Hart, S.R., 294
Hartemann, P., 1922
Hartlage, T.A., 3921
Hartley, B., *728
Hartman, E.E., *2965
Hartmann, H., 3972
Hartogensis, F., *2406, 2492,
*3158, *3174
Harvey, C.C., 2916
Harwood, P.D., *540
Hashimoto, K., *308, 732, *900,
1804, 2146, 2271, 2272, 2411,
2413
Hashimoto, Y., 4007
Hass, G.M., *1137, *1138
Hata, Y., *399
790
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Hauck, G., *4029
Hauf, R., 1287
Haumont, S., *841
Hauschlld, F., *1001
Hausdorf, G., *1574
Hausheer, W.T., 3331
Hausman, R., *944
Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz, I., *2407
Havens, B.J., Jr., 3590
Havez, R., 2720
Hawkes, H.E., *3977
Hay, W., *1225
Hayakawa, T., *240
Hayashi, A., *400
Hayashi, E., 730
Hayashi, K., *365
Hayashi, Y., *842
Hayden, R., 3001
Hayward, F.W., 1070
Headlee, A.J.W., *65
Healy, G.M., *510
Heap, R., *1226
Hefer, B., 354
Heggen, G.E., *790, 936, 1509,
*3618
Heide, F., *88
Heidepriem, C-, *3, *1342
Heider, 1977
Heidrick, P.J. , 2955
Heilmeyer, L., *2266, *2408
Hein, J.W., 825
Heinemann, H., 1222
Heldrich, F.J., Jr., 2871
Helliwell, T.M., *199
Helwig, H.L., *29, 3355, 4003
Hem, J.D., *158
Hemingway, R.G., *1002, *1139
Hennnens, A. , 1138
Henderson, C., 412, 469, 3471
Henderson, D.A., *1575, *1800,
*1916, *2886, *2887
Henderson, I.N., 1760
Henderson, L.L., *1343
Henderson, S.R., *3871, 3907,
3999
Hengstenberg, F.H., 3874
Henry, W.H., 253, 3839, *3872
Herbert, F.K., *1917
Herdan, G., 1208
Herman, W.W., 3030
Hermann, H., *541
Hernberg, S., *2724
Herndon, J., 3876
Herrera, J.M., *1676
Herrero, F.J., *329
Herrmann, A.G., *3785
Herrmann, G., *1279
Herrmann, M., *3873
Kerry, J., 1466, 1934
Herscovici, A., 1347, 1348
Hershenson, H.M., 1482
Hertault, J., 2013, 2014
Hertz, T., *1227
Hess, B.W., 220
Hess, J.W., *2267
Hesse, E., *511, *1280
Hesse, F., 1555, *1801
Hesselberg, H.E., 2524
Hesselvik, L., *2865
Hettche, H.O., *3399
Hettche, 0., *3400
Heukelekian, H., 3332
Hewitt, E.J., *309
Heyman, A., 2589, 2770
Hiatt, R.B., 456
Hickling, S., *1483, 2940
Higuera Rojas, J., *2024
Hijiya, T., 2305
Hilf, R., *3978
Hill, C.R., *2268, *3311, *3401
Hill, W.H., *3874
Hine, C.H., *27, 437
Hirashima, N., 1452
Hirayama, A., 677
Hiromi, K., 322
Hirsch, E.F., 1869
Hirschler, D.A., *3266, *3355,
*3402
Hirth, L., *458
Hisanari, M., 677
Hiyama, Y., *310
Hlebec, F., 2060
Ho, R.K.B., *3002
Hoather, R.C., *3472
Hochheiser, S., *3403
Hock, J., *3132
Hodge, H.C., 2244
Hodge, E.S., 3812
Hogberg, B., *401
Hogger, D., *3225, *3280, 3337,
*3349
Hogl, 0., *52, 3337
Hofer, L.J.E., *3372
Hoffer, R.F., 3224, 3232
Hoffmann, R.O., 3785
Hofmann, A.F., *2143
Hofreuter, D.H., *29, *2144,
*2269, *3329
Holecek, V.", *1677, *1802,
*1803, 3692
Holland, W.D., 3934
Hollos, J., *3979
Holly, R.W., 929
Holm, L.W., *542, *543, *585
Holman, R.H.C., *241
Holmquist, C.-E., 3649
Holmqvist, I., *3, *30, *1415a,
*2409
Holstein, E., *1228
Holtaway, J.S., *3151
Holtzman, R.B., *182, *272,
*2145, *2410, *2550, 2752,
*3373, 4032
Honda, M., 3330
Honda, R., *3330
Honda, S., 1422
Honing, C., *1484
Hood, D.B., 1181
Hoover, H.C., *1
Hoover, L.H., 1
Hopkins, O.C., *3522
Hopkins, S.J., *2551
Hopkins, T.E., 3382
Hopp, K., 47
Horande, M., *945
Horeau, J., *2552
Hori, J., 451
Horiguchi, S., *200, 677, 732,
791, 947, 1106, 1592, *1804,
1918, 2025, 2146, 2271, *2411,
3291
Horiuchi, I., *946
Horiuchi, K., *26, *34, *66,
A544, *545, *677, *732, *791,
*947, *1416, *1417, *1418,
*1485, *1576, *-1577, *1578,
*1678, *1805, *1918, *2025,
*2026, *2146, *2270, *2271,
*2272, *2412, *2413, *2553,
*3119, *3127, *3291, *3404,
*3529, *3600, *3601, *3619,
*3620, *3875
Horiuchi, S, , 946
Horner, T., *2940
Horowitz, L.P., 3115
Horton, A.W., 1053
Horvat, Z., 2054
Hosaka, Y., *792
Hoschek, R., *2273, *2554, *3666,
*3667, *4030
Hosey, A.D., *3106
Hoshi, Y., 566
Hosokawa, A., 3918
Houck, J.C., *348
Howe, G.M., *2274
Hoyt, H.H., 726
Hranisavlizevic-Jakovljevic, M.,
*4031
Hrgovld, N., 1078
Hsu, Y.-H., *729
Hsil, J.H., *1919
Hsueh, H.L., *2027
Hu, Y.C., 463
Hublet, P., *2275, *3940
Huckvale, W.S., *2147
Huder *1229
Hudson, J.C., 578
Hudson, J.R., 3611
Huff, J.W., *459
Hughes, R.C., 2681
Huguet, J.H., 3448
Humperdinck, K., *1806, *2148,
*2276
Hung, W., *2954
Hunold, G.A., *2028, 3609, *3639
Hunt, V.R., *2555
Hunter, D., *1419, 1579
Hunter, R.G., 65
Hupka, E., *3249
Kurd, D.T., 4072
Hursh, J.B., *2149
Huse, T., 677, 685
Husson, G., *3350
Hutchinson, H.E., *2277
Huzl, F., *2150, *2278, *2279,
2763
Hyslop, F.L., 3983
Hyvarinen, L., *137
lafanti, F., *1281
Ichikawa, K., 361
Ichikawa, R., 310
Ichikawa, S., *730
Ichinose, 0., *677
Ida, N., 545, 1416, 1417, *1486,
1576, 1577, 1578, 1592, 3119,
*3120, 3127, 3619
Author Index
791
-------
Idzikowski, A., *183
Ikeda, T., 736
Ikeda, Y., 730
Ilcewicz, *4032
Ilchev, I., 2697
Ilea, E., 2601, 3206
Ilia, E. see Ilea, E.
Ilic, C., *2556
Ilijev, N., 1581
Illinois State Medical Society,
*2725
Iluta, G., see Ilutza, G.
Ilutza, G., 1559, 1899, 1900,
2120, *3751
Imai, M., 342
Imamura, Y., 545, *1487, 3119,
3120
Imanishi, N., *159
Imano, K., *3405
Imbert, M., *1580
Im Obersteg, J., 3943
Inami, I., 1921
India Ministry of Labour and Em-
ployment, *1420, *2280
Indian Council of Medical Re-
search, *3540
Infelise, V., 2600
Ingalls, T.H., *2987
Inghram, M., 94
Inglis, J.A., 1800
Inglis, J.S.S., 1002, 1139
Inoue, S., 677, 732, *843, 2196
Insausti, T., *1344
International Commission on Ra-
diological Protection Commit-
tee II, *3523
International Labour Organisa-
tion, *2414
International Symposium on Maxi-
mum Allowable Concentrations
of Toxic Substances in Indus-
try, *3530
Intonti, R., 4020
loanid, N., 1945, 1946, 2944
lonescu, C., 1559, 1643, 1774,
1847, 1848, 1849, 1899, 1900
2120, 2306
lordanidis, P., *901, *948,
*2557
lordanov, N., *242
Ippen, H., *2029, *2151, *2152
Irving, H.M., *3621
Ishibashi, M., *273
Ishihara, Y., 420
Ishii, Y., 902
Ishikawa, I., *844, *845, *846
Ishinishi, N., 732
Ishizawa, M., 732, 1835, 3654
Ishizawa, S., 677
Ishizuka, Y., *428
Ising, U., *793
Iskakova, R.G., *1059, *1060
Ismail, A.M., 3739
Isojima, F., *184
Isojima, H., *160
Isono, C., 730
Isshiki, T., *3640
Itakura, Y., 342
Ito, M., *4033
Ito, Y., *3980
Ivanov, K., *2415
Ivemark, B., *731
Iwai, S., 842, *847
Iwamoto, R., 2272
Iwataki, H., 677
Iwataki, N., 677, 1804, 3119
Izaguirre, B.L., 1730
Izar, G., *2153
Izurieta, E.M., 3045
Izurieta, M., *3052
Ja, J.L., 3824
Jachimowicz, T. *330
Jack, A.J., 4025
Jacobi, W., *2726, *3374
Jacobs, M.B., *3876
Jacobson, M., *3214
Jacobziner, H., 2939, *2941,
*2942, *2966, *3003, *3004,
*3024, *3025, *3026, *3027,
*3053, *3054
Jacquemain, *101
Jakoby, R.K., *2967
Jakovljevic, K., 4031
Jaliu, A., *243
James, L., 931
Jamnicki, A., *1581
Janjic, T.J., 3862
Jankova, J., 2763
Jans, V., 83
Jansch, H., 1406
Jansen, A.P., 2066
Japanese Association of Indus-
trial Medicine, *20a, *677,
*732
Jaquis, 2484
Jarcho, S., *2727
Jaulmes, P., *2416, *3719
Jaworowski, Z.S., 2268, *2728
*3375, *3981
Jean, R., *2910, *2911
Jebavy1, Z., *2558
Jecklin, L., *1807, *3250,
*3253, *3254
Jellinger, K., 2431
Jeney, E., *3752
Jenkins, C.D., 2901, *2928
Jennings, K.G., 2864
Jensen, H., 3140
Jensen, R., *3140, *3668
Jensen, W.N., *1140, 2651
Jensovsky1, L. , *2281
Jerome, M., 1922
Jimenez Dfaz, C.J., *1282,
*1283
Jinich, H., 2299
Joachimsthaler, J., 2150, 2278
Joardar, S.N.D., *678, 887
Jochmann, F., *274
JStten, K.W., *794
Johnson, A.S., *27
Johnson, E.I., *3669, *3720
Johnson, G., 2260
Johnson, L.A., 31, *35, *402
Johnson, P.C., Jr., *2559
Johnson, W.S., *1230
Johnston, G.S., 1156
Johnston, G.W., 2253
Johnston, J.H., 3109
Johnston, J.H.S., *3622
Johnstone, R.T., *1472, *1808,
*2030, *2729, *3133
Jolliff, C.R., *2955
Jonach, F.L., 3284
Jonderko, G., *460, *461, 868,
*1061, 1093, 1187, *2282
Jonek, J., *1062
Jones, A.H., *3141
Jones, A.R., *3331
Jones, D.J.C., *161
Jones, E.E., 3355
Jones, G.B., 3702
Jones, J.R.E., *3480
Jones, J.T., 3606
Jordan, J.S., *512
Jordanidis, P.J., *1141
Joseph, N.R., 339
Jouy, H., *3693
Jovanovic, D.A., 3646, 3676,
3727, 3759
Joyce, C.R.B., *320
Judd, A.W., 2491
Judd, S.H., *3877
Junie, V., 3700
Juskowa, J., 2744
Just, J., *67
Justin-Besancon, L., *2417
Kabachnik, M.I., 1038
Kaczor, K., 4000
Kadlec, K., *1809
Kahan, V.L., *1231
Kahle, G., *3641
Kahn, B., 3395
Kahnemann, F., *1810
Kalrakbaev, M.K., *2154, *3215
Kakhn, Kh.A., *2155, *2560,*2561
Kalid-Filipovid, D., *2730
Kalinachenko, V.R., 3923
Kaliteevskaya, T.N., *1811
Kaloyanova-Simeonova, F., *586,
*3531
Kalvoda, R., 3848
Kaminska, U., 4000
Kaminski, B., *275, *3982
Kamiyama, F., 273
Kampmann, K., 3544
Kanchiku, Y., 214, 273
Kane, C.A., *2873
Kane, J.M., *3242
Kanitz, S., 3357
Kanner, N.L., *2562
Kanno, I., 3655
Kano, S., 730
Kapetanovic", K. , *2156
Kapitanov, Yu.T., *3878
Kaplan, E., 2867, 2906, *3879
Kapp, H., 1779, 1780
Kappas, A., 2363
Kar, A., *2418, *2731
Kar, A.B., *903
Karanovich, G.G., *3786
Kargin, Yu.M., *3787
Karlog, 0., *1920
Karlsbad, G., 1076, 1161, 1162
Karlsen, E.O., *1812
Karnofsky, D.A., *513, 521
792
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Karol, I.L., *3406
Karpatkin, S., *2283
Karpinski, F.E., Jr., *2874,
2945
Kashkai, M.A., *185
Kashtan, M.S., *4034
Kasparov, A.A., *2284, *3753
Kastarlak, N., *1813
Kato, C., 2446
Kato, N., *276
Katsenovich, L.A., *3187
Katsnel'son, B.A., *2563
Katsunuma, H., *1421, *2419
Katsuya, K., 703
Katz, M., 3429
Katz, R.A., *2968
Kaufmann, H.P., *3721
Kawabata, Y., *3292
Kawada, K., 3880
Kawahata, M., *3941
Kawashiro, I., *89, *3880
Kay, K., *3788
Kaye, S., *2157
Kayser, P., *277
Kazachenko, L.V., 1147
Kazakov, K.S., 954, 1006
Kazakova,T.S., 954
Kazantsev, A.A., *4079
Kearley, E.J., 1443, 1530, 1718
Kee, N.S., *216
Keefer, G.P., *2875
Keeling, J., *2285
Keenan, E.G., 2144, 2269, *3602,
*3835, *3983, *4035
Kefford, J.F., *138
Kehoe, R.A., *43, 695, 919,
*1284, *1345, 1489, *1582,
*2031, *2158, *2286, *2287,
*2288, *2289, *2564, *2565,,
*2732, *2733, *2734, *2735,
*2736, *2737, *2738, 2820,
2994, 3247, 3299, *3376, *3407,
*3457
Kelentel, B., see Kelentey, B.
Kelentey, B. , 607, 608, 609,*733
Keller, N., 1190
Keller, R., *443
Kelley, M.T., *3603
Kellogg, H.W., *3606
Kelso, F.S., 3924
Kemp, M.D., 3821
Kemula, W., *3881
Kench, J.E., 358, 359, *1346,
*1488, 1654
Kennedy, J.C. , 397
Keprios, M., 498, 524
Kern, H.L., 672
Kerr, S.H., *848
Kersanc, E., 2461
Kersten, L., 949
Kert£sz, L., 502, 588, 609
KesztyOs, L., 588, 609
Ketterlng Laboratory, College of
Medicine, University of Cincin-
nati, *43, 3237
Kettner, H., *3532
Kewitz, H., *1142
Khachatryan, M.K., *3251
Khadzhiolov, Kh., *2420
Khalyavin, M.N., 3156, 3185,
3307
Kharakhokina, K.D,, 2755
Khaselev, Ya.P., 2785
Khatina, A.I., 888, 926
Khetchikov, L.N., *162, 191
Khil'tov, N.I., *3201
Khlebnikova, M.I., *1063
Khlopin, N.Ya., 3630
Khlopina, T.N., 4034
Khokhlova, O.I., *3836
Khosla, B.D., *3642
Khotenko, V.G., 2225
Khrapov, V.S., 257
Khrustaleva, V.A., *3312, *3604,
*3722, *3882
Khukhrin, E.V., *3159
Kick, H., *186
Kiehn, B.P. , 2807
Kikyo, S., *1921
Kilham, L., *1003
Kilibarda, M., 1581, 2689
Kimura, N., 3007
King, E., *2159, *2160, *2290
King, P., *3255
Kinoshita, Y., *1064
Kirchgessner, M., *734
Kirk, R.E., *4
Kiryachko, B.A., *735
Kiryakov, K., 1636, *2032, *2566
Kiseleva, A.M., *2421
Kissel, P., *1922, *2161
Kissin, B., 1389
Kitamura, S., *3605
Kitchell, J.R., 2300
Kito, T., *3623
Kittl, E., *163
Kitzmiller, K.V., *1489, *1679
Klein, J.R., *795
Klein, L., *3464
Kleinert, R., *30
Kleinfeld, M., 1665, 1666
Kleinkopf, M.D., 111, *3837
Kleinsorge, H. , *331, *587
Kleinstein, A., 2567
Kleinstein, I., *2567
Klendshoj, N.C., *2422
Kliks, I., 2772
Klimkova-Deutschova, E., 2616
Klimmer, O.R., *904
Klimov, I.T., 263, *3789, *3883,
*3942
Klimova, L.K., *796
Kline, T.S., *2969
Klinger, W., *949
Kloetzel, M.C., 3556
Kloke, A., *3408
Klopp, H.W., *1583
Klose, J,, *164
Kloss, C.A., 3613
KlosterkStter, W., 794
Klotz, B., 1702, 1703
Klyuchnikova, E.A., *2423
Kneller, L.A., *2898
KneZevic", J., 1950, 2319
Knoblock, E.G., 3973
Knop, W., *3175
Kobayashi, H., 3119
Kobayashi, J., 431
Kobayashi, S., 2305
Koch, C., *2424
Koch, G.S., Jr., *102
Koch, H.J., Jr., *1680, *1814
Kochanowicz, T., *2568
Kocher, Z., 874
Kochnev, M.I., *3409
Kochurov, V.A., 3363
Kocsa^r, L., *588, 607, 608,
609
Kohsling, Z., 3829
Koelsch, F., *849, *2739
Koppich, F., *1347, *1348
KBrbler, J., *3561
Koga, T., *905, 924
Kogan, A.G., 2742
Koike, S., *850
Koirtyohann, S.R., *3884
Kolankiewicz, J., 82
Kolankowski, S., 4000
Kolbezen, M.J., 1409
Kolkovski, P., *2291
Koloskova, Z.A., 3762
Kol'tsov, G.V., 429
Komar, A., 3578
Komarmy, J.M., *4089
Komarova, A.P., 3363
Komatsu, F., *1422
Komoike, Y., 2272
Konchalovskaya, N.M., *2740
Kondo, H., 566, 789, 842, 943,
1914, *2741
Kondrashina, A.M., *3473
Konikova, G.S., *1004, *2292,
*2425, 2742
Konopinski, V.J., 3351
Konovalov, B.T., 289
Konstantinov, R.M., 162
Kopczyk, H., *3088
Kopeikin, Yu.A., *3885
Korenkov, A.P., 3878
Korenman, I.M., *3723
Kori, S., 4061
Korkisch, J., *4036
Kornakova, A.A., 1744
Kornakova, A.L., *906
Korol'kova, M.Kh., 279
Korosteleva, V.A., 3868
Korshunov, I.A., *3754
Korth, M.S., *3377
Kosaki, T., *736
Koshkina, V.G., 3860
K6smider, S., *851, *852, *950,
*1005, 1062, *1065, *1143,
*2293, *2426, *2427, *2428,
*2569
Kosokovid, S., 2061
Kostial, K., *321, *332, *349,
*350, 354, 387
Kostin, B.I., 4015
Rostov, 2495, 2660
Kosutic", Z., *2570
Kotani, Y., 736
Kotin, P., *3410
Kotlyarevskaya, V.A., *1144
Kotsubo, Y., 732
Koumides, O.P., 3060
Koumidis, 0., *3055
Koutseff, A., *1349
Author Index
793
-------
Kovache, A., *3095
Kov3cs, E., 190
Kovacs, I., 2229
Koval'chuchenko, N.A., *2429
Kovalenko, P.N., 3792
Kovalev, M.M., *1584
Kovalev, V.F. , *278
Koval'skii, V.V., 232, *429
Kovich, E.L., 2260, 2713
Kovnatskii, M.A., *2294, *2742
Kowalskl, E., 2721
Kowalski, H., 2679
Koyama, X., 730
Koziolowa, H., 2721, 2744
Koziolowa-Lipska, H. , *2743
Koziorowski, B., 67
Kozlov, A.V., 278
Kozyura, A.S., *3449, *3458
Krainov, S.R., *279
Kralin, G.A., 278
Kramer, H., *3005
Kramer, W., *737
Krasil'nikova, T.F., 3948
Krasnaya, B.Ya., *3886
Krasnopevtsev, Yu.V., 298
Krasnov, V.N., 263
Krause, D.P., *2295
Kravchenko, L.A., 110
Krawczyk, I., 2404
Krechniak, J., 2677
Kreichelt, I.E., *3411
Kremer, H.U., *1585
Krivoglaz, B.A., *2573
Kroll, H., *31
Krotklewski, A., *2744
Krstewa, M., 3756
Krueger, R., 334
Krylov, A.A., *2430
Krylova, M.I., *3790
Kubistova, J., *633, *679, *680
Kublik, Z., 3881, *3887
Kubota, K., *853
Kiihnen, G., *3694, *3838
Kiinzi, P., *3943
Kujawska, A., 1188, 2365
Kulaev, F.N., *3755
Kulagina, N.K., *951
Kulik, A.A., *201
Kulik, G.I., *1145
Kulp, J.L., *68, *80, *90, 299
Kumler, K., *3670
Kunaev, D.S., *103
Kunz, H.A., 534
Kuperman, E.F., 3422
Kurennova, A.M., *3445
Kuromyo, M., 2272, 3177
Kusch, M., 1182
Kuschner, M., 2662
Kutyrkina, N.A , 1036
Kuvin, S.F., *2912
Kuwakl, T., *634, *635
Kuz'mln, N.M., 3923
Kuz'minskaya, G.N., 883, 884,
*1146, 2742
Kuznetsova, G.N., 447a
Kuznicki, L., 340
Kvashnevskaya, N.V., *244
Kvassova, N.B., 4060
Kvirikadze, N.A., *2745
Kvitkin, Yu.P. , 3853
Kyuregyan, E.A., *3984
Laamanen, A., 2724, 3189
Labadie, P., 1459, 1778, *1923
L'Abbate, S., 559
Laboureur, P., *462
Labrousse, M., 462
Labudovid, D., 1191, 1192
Lachnit, V., 1332, 1399, 1406,
*1490, *2033, *2431, 3579
Lacroix, *3572
Lad, M.D., 3449
Lafon, F., 1516
Lafon, K., *187
Lafontaine, A., 3278
Lakanen, E., *3944
Lalli, G., 2217
Lamanna, P., 1160
Lamb, F.W., *3229, 3266
Lamb, R., *3481
Lambert, G., 1729, 1875
Lamberton, J.N., 1912, 2023
Lamotte, M., 2417
Lamotte-Barrillon, S., 2417
Lampert, F.F., *3293
Lamy, P.R., 2417
Lancaster, E.B. , 3971
Lancaster, M.C., 1167
Lancis, F., *1815
Landing, B.H., *2943, 2994
Landry, A.S., *3582, *3791,
*3888
Lane, C.R., *2296
Lane, R.E., 1346, *1491, 2525,
*2746
Lang, H., *797
Lang, K., 338, 345
Lang, R., 2045
Lange, J., *2034, *2747
Langenbach, J., *2297
Langllle, W.M., 149
Langner, K.K., *1492
Lanlni, G., 616
Lapaton, S., *1423
Laplsova, N.P., 3440
Lardereau, M.P., *104
Larens, W., *1681, *1816
Larlzza, P., *2748
Larkln, D., *81
Laroze, A., *333
Larsen, R.I., *3351, *3412
Larson, E.E., 1053,
Larsson, L.E., 881
Lasater, R., 355
Lasch, F., *1924
Laszlo, D., 1415
Latorre, M., 3316
LaTorre, P., *3671
Latour, H., 2013, 2014
Lattlmer, J.K., *2749
Lauber, E., *3337
Lauer, D.J., *27, *1586, 3138
Lawford, D.J., *952
Lawrence, A., 2296
Lawrence, L.J., *105
Lawry, W.B., 3118
Lawson, N.L., 1156
Lawther, P.J., *3352
Layman, E.M., 2914
Layne, E.G., Jr., 1553, 3661
Lazarlni, H.-J., 1425, 2432,
*2750
Lead Industries Association, *5,
*23, *27
Lead Industries Association, Ce-
ramic Xechnical Committee, *4070
Lebedev, Y.D., *3256
LeBlond, C.P., *1682
LeBourhis, J., 2552
Le Breton, R., 489, 1267, 1275,
1673, 3569
Lechien, P., *2574
Leckie, W.J.H., *1925
Lecky, D.S., 2529
Leclerc, E., *69
Lecocq, J., *1683, *3107, *3128
Le Coultre, J., 2045
Lederer, E., *3499
Lee, W.R., *3216
Leeper, R.W., *12
Legatowa, B., *202
Leger, H., 1787, *1817
Legge, R.I., *28
Lehr, C.F.G., 719
Leigh, D.A., 2841
Leikin, S., 2881, *3028
Leiner, M., *384
Leist, J., 2243
Lejeune, E., 2186, 2187, 2464,
2836
Lejeune, R., *1472, *1493
Lektorskaya, N.A., *3792
Le Lay, J., 3107, 3128
Leleu, G., 2445
Lending, M., *3056
Lenz, G.R., *4101, *4102
Lenzi, R., 2015
Leo, P., 989, 990, 1112, 1988,
1989, 1990, 1991
Leonard, A.R., *1926
Leonov, B.I., *3724
Leonov, V.A., see Lyaonau, V.A.
L'Epe'e, P., *1425, *2432, 2750
Lepisa, V.G., 3462
Le Riche, H.H., *3985
Lerner, A.B., 1410
Lerz, H., 88
Lerza, P., *1927
Lesage, R., *1494
Lescinskaite, A., *907
Letonoff, R.V., *3624
Levanov, Yu.M., 2648
Levrat, M., *1495, *1496
LeVy, A., 2013, 2014
Lewin, V.H., 3894
Lewis, B.W., 1377, *2899
Lewis, C.E., *2162, *2575
Lewis, G., 1101
Lewis, R.N., 4072
Lezovic, J., *1350
Lhermitte, R., 1874, 1973
Li, H.C., *463
Liang, P., 3704
Liberator!, J., 1740
Libero, A., 145
Libina, R.I., 3738, 3758, 3775,
3794
794
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lichtman, B.C., 417, 2950,
*3029
Liegeois, F., *953
Lifschitz-Menuchin, L.,
*3986
Lifshits, V.M., *2576
Ligett, W.B., *4064
Lillls, M., 702, 762, 763
Lillis, R., 2611, 2783
, Lilly, A., 3726
Linari, F., *2433, *2577,
2604
Linazasoro, J.M., 1282, 1283
Linch, A.L., 3746, *4037
Lindberg, W., *2298
Lindemann, B., *403
Lindenbaum, A., 837, 917
Lindsey, A.J., *3353
Link, R.P., *854
Linn, T.A., Jr., 4025
Linschoten, J., 719
Lipchinski, A., *3695, *3756
Liplavk, I.L. , *3945
Lipscomb, A.G., 3707
Lishko, V.K., *444
Lisker, R., *2299
List, E., 55, 62
Litter, L., *2988
Litzner, S. , *1285
Liu, T.C., 3987
Llewellin, K.R., 2866
Lloyd, R., *418
Lob, M., *1818, *2578
Lobanova, G.M., 191
Lobene, R.R., 625
Lochhead, A.C., 2543
Lockhart, L.B., Jr., 3255,
*3413, 3415, *4038
Lockhart, R., *2579
Lockwood, B.C., *3643
Lodi, A., 835
Loesch, D., *2751
Lofquist, G.A., 2564
Loginova, L.G., *3793
Lombardi, A.R., *1819
Lombardi, F., 2351
Lombardi, O.W., *4039
Lombardo, F., 1404
Longobardi, G. , 2996
Lopez de Azcona, J.M., 488,
*1351, 1370, 1371
Lopez Martinez, A., 1730,
3145
LoPresi, J.M., 3033
Lorenzo; J.A., *2580
Lorkovic-, B. , 349
Los, L.I., *217, 302, 2847
Los Angeles City Health Depart-
ment, *1232
Loscalzo, B., 638, 639, 641,
*681
Loshakov, Yu.T., *3465
Lothe, K., *1066
Lou, D.-A., 729
Lounamaa, J., *106
Lourie, R.S., 2914
Love, J.W., 3564
Love, R., 472
Loveridge, B.A., *3839, 3872
Lovisetto, P., 1740, 1757, 1789,
*1820, *1821
Lovtsyus, A.V., 4034
Low, R.J., 1003
Lowe, 0., 2260, 2713
Lowicki, N., *1684
Lu, M.L., *3987
Lu, S.B., 392, 2080
Lucas, H.F., Jr., *2752, 4032
Luciano, V.J., 1214, 1215
Ludovico, P., *1497
Ludwig, F.L., 3382, 3418
Ludwig, G.D., *1822
Ludwig, J.H., 2524
Liidin, H. , 520
Liithi, H., *218
Luijten, J.G.A. , 432
Lukin, A.M., *3946
Lundberg, E.A., 1260
Lungu, D,, 1134, 1135
Lupant-Andre, F., *3947
Lur'e, Yu.Yu., *3725
Lurie, A.S., 1819
Lustinec, K., 352, 818
Lyaonau, V.A., *1928
Lyaskovskaya, Yu.N. , *3948
Lynch, G. , 1926
Lynn, D.O., 1314
Lynn, F.J., 929
Lyubetskii, Kh.Z., *954, *1006
Lyubivaya, A.I., 3958
Lyubofeev, V.N., *219
Lyubomudrov, V.E., *2163
McArthur, C., 493
McBride, W.W., *2434
McCabe, L.C., *3233
McCammon, C.P., *2753
McConnaughey, P.W., *3757
McConnell, W.C., *738
McCord, C.P., *6, *7, *8, *13,
*14, *15, *16, *24, *1286,
*1352
McCord, W.M., *3672
McDermott, G.N., 3471
MacDonald, N.S., *493, *514, *546,
*547
McGrady, K.R., 2906
MacGregor, K.L., 745
Machata, G., *3202, *3840
Macias, L.L. , 1376
Mcllhinney, J.G. , 2564
Mclntire, M.S., 2663, *3057
Mclntosh, I.G. , *682
McKee, B.C., *3313
McKee, J.E. , *3332
Mackiewicz, J., *1929
McLaughlin, J., Jr., *1067
McLaughlin, M.C., *2913, 2939
McLaurin, R.L., *2929, 2974
McLean, R., 578, *589
MacMahon, J.F. , 2895
McMahon, W.A., Jr., 3313
McNeely, J., 1814
MacPhee, R.D., *3354
McQuary, W.A., 887
Madlo, Z., *404
Maeda, B., 3654
Maeda, S., 2595
Maga, J.A., 2524, *3314, *3315,*3
Magan, C., *1823
Maggi, A.L.C., *1353
Maggio, M., 622, 631, 681
Magistretti, M., *419 , *1068
Magnanelli, P., *1007, 1079
Magnus, *2754
Magnuson, H.J., *3176, 3299
Mablke, E.F., 3606
Maikova, O.P., *2755
Mainx, F., *1287
Maisel, M., 790
Maison, G.L., 1389
Maister, H.G., 3971
Majer, V. , *47
Majoni, A. , 419
Majoor, C.L.H. , 2066
Majorca, G. , 660, *739, 780
Majors, W.J., 3035
Majsky, A. , 366, 367
Makarochkin, B.A., *188
Makarova, A.I., 3949
Makashev, K.K., 705, 927, *955,
*1008, *1009, *1147, *1148
Maksimovic, M., 225
Maksudov, N., *2435
Malakhov, S.G., 297
Malcolm, D., *3121
Malec, J., 3578
Malek, D., 2002
Malina, J.F., Jr. *3482
Malissa, B., 1261
Maljkovic, I., *2756
Mallein, M.L., *2757
Maloof, C.A., 2883, 2884
Maloof, C.C., 1278, *3122
Maltby, J.G., *3644
Malvezin, 1204
Malyuga, D.P., *280, *3949
Malyugina, N.I., 3754
Mambeeva, A.A., *430, 433, *908,
*909, *1069
Mancuso, T.F., 3332
Mandryk, M., 86
Mangieri, A., 654, 655
Manhood, J., *3316
Mankad, N.V., 3841
Manley, C.H., *3950
Mann, T.S. , *2436
Manova, T.G., 3893
Manterola, A.C., 3052
Mantovano, S., 1634
Manufacturing Chemists' Associa-
tion, Inc., *3134, *3188
Manville, I.A., *1587
Mappes, R., 2379, *2437
Maranzana, P., *1930
Marcarelli, J.L. , 2383
Marche, M., 187
Marchesini, D., *245
Marconi, E., *1426, *1498
Marcus, Y., *4084
Margaglia, F., 1018
Marian!, F., 2239
Maring PSrez, J., *1499
Marinescu, G., 656
Mark, E.M., 3332
Markicevic, A., *2438
Markov, K.P., *4040
Author Index
795
-------
Markova, A.L., *3951
Markova, I.V., 3906
Markovic, T., *91
Markus, A.C., *1588
Marlet, J.J.C. , *1824
Marliac, J.-P. , 1067
Marmet, J., 1779, 1780, *1931
Maron, N., 3573
Marple, T.L. , *3645
Marquardt, H., 511
Marquez Mayaudon, E., 3145
Marras, 0., 1165
Marrubini, G., *1932
Mars, F., 1763
Marscek, V. , 47
Marsden, H.B., *2900
Marsh, F., *3058
Marshall, R.R. , *121, *246
Marshall, S.P. , *1070
Marslc, A., 387
Martell, A.E., *4080, 4101, 4102
Martelli, G.C. , 1556
Marti, A., *2888
Marti, F.B. , 4009
Martin, A.E., 3352
Martin, J., 3062
Martin, R., 489
Martin, R.V. , 2876
Martin, S., 2359, *2581, *2758
Martin, W., 2260, 2713
Martinez, E.F., 1983
Martinez, M., *2582
Martino, P., 1655
Martorano, G., 2577, 2762
Marucci, V., 2366, 2367
Masetti, G.P., 2386
Mashkio, Y., 3640
Masiak, M., *1685
Masoero, A., *1288
Mason, E., 2904
Massachusetts Division of Occupa-
tional Hygiene, *1427
Massel, G., *910
Massey, P.M.O., 2509
Massignan, G., 1524
Mastella, G., 3000
Mastromatteo, E., 987
Masuda, A., *139 , *281
Masuda, Y., *855
Masui, M., *3673
Masukubo, M., *677
Masuya, Y., 2272, 2411, *2439,
*3177
Matassoni, G., 1015
Mathisen, H.S., *1233
Matioli, G.T., *1149
Matochova, L., *3607
Matoush, L.O. , 2681
Matsui, K. , 732
Matsuka, Y., 732, 1861, 1966
Matsukubo, M., *856
Matsumoto, B., 732
Matsushita, H., *1150
Matsuyama, G., 1482
Matthews, G.A., 2491
Matthews, J.J. , *798
Matusevich, Y.Z. , *548
Matveeva, L.A., *3988
Matyukhin, V.A., 3166
Maugsch, C., 1848, 1849
Mauzerall, D., *3696
Mavlyanov, G.A., *247
Maxwell, C.W., *4093
Mayer, F.X. , 1406, *3697
Mayer, V.K. , 2833
Mayers, M.R., *27
Mazaury, E., *1589
Mazza, L., *3674
Mazza, V., 573, 1741
Mazzoleni, A., *1500
Meachim, G., *2440
Meadows, G.S., *2583
Meagher, W.R., 1070
Mecherly, P.A., *3726
Medrea, B., 2683
Medved, T.Ya., 1038
Medvedeva, I.V., *189
Meek, S.F., 1341
Meeroff, M., 1353, *2759
Mehani, S., *3989
Mehta, I.C.R., *3841
Meier, R., *334
Meigs, J.W., 922
Meiklejohn, A., *17, *2584,
*3167
Meinsma, J.J. , *53
Meiter, E.G., *3089
Melchiorri, C., 3038
Melkonyan, A.M., *2760
Mellemgard, K., *1590
Mellins, R.B., *2901, 2928
Mel'nikova, E.A., *2441, *2585
Mel'nikova, N.D., *2761
Mel'nikova, P.A., 3962
Meltzer, L.E., *2300
Mendoza, A.Z., *1234
Meniel, M., 1375, 1729, 1875
Menon, K.K., 3346
Mentesana, G., *857, *1428
Meo, G., 2516, *2762
Meola, A., 1629
Mercarelli, E., 3629
Merkeshina, L.G. , *165
Merklen, A., *1686
Merlevede, R., *1687
Merli, A., *1501, *1825, *2586
Merville, R. , *683, *1933,
*2035
Meschia, G., 3657
Messite, J., 1665, 1666
Messmer, E., *1429, *1502
Mestern, J., 3056
Mestre, E., 3198
Metson, P., 3777, 3827
Metzler, D.W., 487
Meunier , A., 277
Meyer, K., *405
Meyer, W., 3459
Meyer, W.K., *3178
Meyers, G.B. , *1688
Meyers, J., *1826
Meythaler, F., *2587
Miani, N., *799
Miano, S., *3059
Michaelsen, G.S., 3098
Michalova, C., 1675
Michel, G. , *3573
Michel!, F., 2115, *2164
Micheloni, F., 2123
Michelson, I., *220
Michigan Department of Health,
*2036
Michon, R., 662
Middlekamp, J.N. , 2904
Middleton, J.T., *25
Mignolet, F., 1466, *1934
Mihaescu, S., 751
Mihail, G.B., 770, 824
Mil, H., 2305
Mikhailov, M.N., *1827
Mikhailova, N.V., 4067
Miki, M., 544, *800, 3600
Mikosha, A., *2037
Mila, F., 1318
Milanese, G., 245
Milan!, M., 326
Milazzo, G., *166, *167
Mileshin, P.Ya., *1151
Miljkovic-Stojanovic, J., 4031
Millar, I.E. , *2301
Miller, A.D., 3738, *3758, 3775,
*3794
Miller, A.P., *3466
Miller, H.H., 3603
Miller, L.H., *2038
Millican, F.K., *2914
Millichap, J.G., *2866
Millman, A.P., *122
Mills, R.O., 4025
Milner, G.W.C., 3637, 3839
Milojcic, B., *2165
Milone, N.A., 3433
Mimica, M., 2474
Min, K.S., *464
Minakami, S., 377
Minami, A., 2588
Minami, E., *248, *3675
Minden, II., *1010, *1152, *1828,
1910, *1935, 2343
Minogue, S.J. , *1689
Minster, M., 1722
Mircev, M., *3203
Mirchev, S., *221
Mirnaya, A.P., 3449, 3458
Mirnik, K., *3160, *3168, *3583
Mirolyubova, S.P., 3803
Mirouze, J., 1891, 1892
Mirzaeva, K.Kh., 247
Misaki, T., 3941
Misharin, A.P., 2124
Mishima, M., *636
Mitchley, B.C.V., 986
Mitsuzawa, S., 4007
Miuca, N., 1775, 2000
Miura, H., *2588
Miyake, S., *2166, 2412
Miyata, S., *406, *407
Mlyazaki, M., 677, *858
Miyazawa, M., 2446
Miyoshi, Y., *311, 508, 558, 1386
Mizgareva, V.V. , 3909
Mizuno, M., *637
Mlnafikova, J., *2763
Mochizuki, H., 3941
Mbrer, A., *1829
Moeschlin, S., *515, *1830, *1936,
*2442, *2764
796
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Mogilevskaya, S.E., *3217
Mohr, F.C. , 2893
Moiseev, V.S., *2765
Mokina, A.A., 3463
Mokranjac, M.S., *740, *801, *802,
*859, *860, *1011, *1071, 1189,
*1591, 1770, 1897, *1937, *1938,
*3646, *3647, *3676, *3727,
*3759
Mokrohisky, J.F., 2875
Mokrushin, S.G., 3477
Mole, R., 468, 1051, 1075, 2602,
*2766
Molinarl, V., 347
Molins, R., 118
Miller, K.O., 1920
Molnar, J.J., *1153
Molyneux, M.K.B., *2767, *2768
Monacl, V., *3334
Monaenkova, A.M., *1831
Monarca, G., 1476
Moncalvo, F., 1998
Moncrieff, A.A. , *3060
Mongelli Sclannameo, N., *1354,
*1355
Monkman, J.L., 2188, 3153, *3990,
*4024
Monnet, R., *3552
Monnier, A.M., *312
Monnier, D., 3783
Montaldo, S., 1045
Montanini, R., 1668
Monteriolo, S. , 4006
Montero Marchena, J., *1690
Moore, C.J. , 2896
Moore, H., 320
Moore, M.T., *2443
Morales, F.M., 1730
Morales Urbano, J.M., 3032
Morduchowicz, N. , *2444
Moreau, 2608
Moreau, J., 1602
Morel, P., *1504
Morelli, A., *549, *550, *551,
*552, *553, *554, *555, *556,
*590, *591, *592, *593, *594,
*595, *638, *639, *741, *742,
*1430
Morel-Maroger, A., 2792
Moreno, G., 1140
Moreo, L. , 1519, 1520, 1613, 1614,
1853, 1956, *2039, 2059, *2302,
2328, 2619, 2801, *3179
Morgan, J.F., 510
Morgan, J.L., *1505, 3652
Morgan, K.Z., *2769
Mori, A., *677,*684, 789, 1914
Morigerowski, E., 587
Morihara, K., *445
Moril, F., 214, 273
Morik, J., *3294
Morikawa, A., 2588
Morin, M., 2454
Morioka, S., 2411
Morita, Z., *911
Moritsugu, M., *431
Morlin, Z., 3294
Morozov, V.A., *3648
Morra, G., 1365
Morrell, (Mrs. M.E.), 2883
Merrill, E.E., Jr., *2167
Morris, C.E., *2589, *2770
Morriss, F.V., *3281
Mosci, L., *1691
Moscovici, B., 702, 762
Moser, R.E., 1587, *3584
Moseva, N., 2495, 2496, 2660
Mosevich, P.N., 1088, 2628
Moshchenko, A.I., 981
Mosinger, M., *557
Moskalev, Yu.I. , *1154
Moskowitz, S., *3123
Moskvicheva, T.V. , 3363
Mosser, R.S., *2970
Mosur, M., *2590
Motouchi, M., *640, 789, 1914
Motoyasu, M., 2446
Moulds, D.E. , *4094
Mountain, J.T., *2591
Mouriquand, C., 2187
Mouriquand, G., *516
Mozgova, N.N., 191
Mozgovaya, E.N., *912
Mrozikiewicz, A., *1072
Mucciolo, P., *140
Mucke, D,, 3595
Muller, A., 706
MUller, H.A., *1073, *1155
Muller, J(an), *1235, *1356,
*1692, *3096
Muller, J(ohannes), *54, *3424
Muller, J(oseph), *3428
Muller, K., *1431, *3991
Muller, P.A., 2224
Mueller, P.K., *3355
Muller-Freymuth, H., 410
Munzel, K., 3558
Muica, N., 1775, 2000, 2251,
2780
Mukai, T., 732
Mukanov, J.M., 179
Mukherji, A.K., *3677
Mukherji, R.N., 3212
Muller, L., *3625
Muller, M., *2445
Mulmann, M., 1157
Mumzhu, E.A., 1471, 1511
Munaka, M., 2800
Mungo, A., *2168
Munro, R.E.C., *3842
Munteanu, P., 2683
Muntoni, S., 1331
Murakami, S., *2446
Murakami, T., *420
Muraoka, K., 1064
Muraoka, S. , *446
Murata, II. , *3585, 3600
Murayama, H., 677, *23C3, 3137
Murino, P., 1742
Murphy, G.P., *1156
Murray, G.R., Jr., 319
Musha, S., 4033
Musil, F., *3952
Mutafov, B., *2592, 2660
Mutchler, M.K., 1067
Mutschlecner, J.P., *3378
Muzzetto, M., *3006
Myerson, R.M., *2593
Myslak, Z., 1735, 1881,
*2169, *2304, 3688, 3742
Nagai, T., *677, *685, 3976
Nagao, Y., 677, 732, 1804,
*2040, 2146
Nagata, M., *70
Nagy, J., 3214
Nagy, Z., *123, *190
Najean, Y., *1157
Nakade, R., *803
Nakagawa, S. , 736
Nakai, H., 2943
Nakai, S., 566
Nakajima, M., 1102
Nakanishi, Y., 677
Nakano, M., *686
Nakao, K., 377
Namba, M., *2305
Nangniot, P., *4041
Nanjo, M. , 730
Narita, I 2271
Narpozzi, A., *596
Nascimento, A.C., 93
Nasel'skii, N.B. , *2041
Nash, P.H., *3108
Nastac, E., 656
Natelson, S.G., *3992
National Academy of Sciences-
National Research Council,
Division of Biology and Agri-
culture, *687
National Clearinghouse for Poi-
son Control Centers, *2956
National Lead Co., Inc., Win-
chester Laboratory, *3889
National Safety Council, *1832
National Sanitation Foundation,
*3433
Naumann, K., 3430
Nava, C., 2329
Navarret, E.E., 1376
Navarro, A. , 2688
Navarro, J.Y. , 1214, 1215
Nazyrov, G.N., 3222
Nebel, I.U. , 904, *3450
Nedobora, A.F., *3678
Nedogibchenko, M.K., 3256, *3282
Negishi, T., 2419
Nello, P.R., *1940
Nelson, B.J., 726
Nelson, H.G., 2965
Nelson, K.W., *27, 1362, 3080,
*3760
Nelson, N., 2662, *3300
Nelson, R.A., 2681
Nemirovskaya, A.F., *3795, 3800
Neronskii, O.G., *2771
Nespoli, M., 892
Nesswetha, W., *3524
Nestiano, 763
Nestianu, V., 702
Nestor, A., 1952
Nestorescu, B., 1559, 1774, 1899
2120, *2306, 2611, 2783
Nestorescu, V.B., *4042
Neth, R., 879
Neuberger, A., 628
Neudauer, J., *2594
Author Index
797
-------
Neugebauer, G., 3684
Neugebauer, I., 3684
Neuhorn, U., 717
Neuman, W.F., 381
Neumann, F., *3728
Neumayr, A., 1332
Neuninger, H., 3840
Neven, L., 213
Nevskaya, A.I., 3476
Newill, V.A., *3030, 3050
New Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto,
*2307
Newton, B.W., 3050
Newton, G.G., 3008
Neyman, B., 1869
Nguete, M., 767
Niccoli Vallesi, R., 1325
Nichols, J.B., Jr., 2929, 2974
Nicolai, G., 1349
Nicolai, W., *1289
Nicolet, S., *1941
Niculescu, T., 2784
Niebylski, L.M., 3229, 3266
Niederstadt, D., *597, 653, 1542
Niemoller, H.K., *1833
Nier, A.O., *59
Niermann, W., 2906
Niesel, P. , 2020
Nifontova, M.V., *3890
Nigmatullina, N.K., *1158, 1159
Niimi, T., *2595
Niinuma, K., *732
Nikiforova, V.N., *3953
Nikitenko, V.V., 674, 788
Niklas, H., *3459
Nikolaeva, Z.V. , 3725
Nikulicheva, V.S., 1549
Nisbet, D.I. , 3435
Nishida, S., *168
Nishikawa, M., 1102
Nishimura, M., *141, 677, *743,
*804
Nishino, S., 732, *861, *1834
Nishio, K.,.*677, *744
Nishiyama, K., *677, *732, *1835,
*1836, 1966
Nishizono, H., *341
Nisino, S., *677
Njemirovskij, Z. , *1432, *1693
Noda, E., *805
Notzold, 0. , *30
Nofre, C., 1040,1052, *1074
Nogaki, K., *1837
Nolan, M., 3403
Noma, H., 2146, *2170, 2413
Noma, K., 2271
Nordbring, F., 2865
Nordmann M., *494
Noro, L., *3189
Norris, A.W., *3586, *3587, *3588
North, A.A., *3796
Northcote, K.E., 233
Norval, E., 290
Nottbohm, L., *2596
Novacic, J., 3629
Novak, J., *366, *367
Novak, L., 2689
Novikov, V.A., 3993
Novikova, E.P., *203
Nowacki, J., *1942
Nowotny, B., *2772
Nozaki, S., *3414
Nozaki, T., *3761
Nuffield Department of Industrial
Health, University of Newcastle
upon Tyne, *2773
Nukada, A., 677
Nul'man, F.S. , *3204
Nunes de Oliveira, J., *92
Nunziante Cesaro, A., *1506,
*1694, *1838, *1839, *1840,
*2042
Nurmaganbetov, E.K., *956, *1012,
*1013, *2447
Nusbaum, R.E. , 547, 1650, 2384,
2675, 3633
N.V. Keurings-Instituut Voor Wa-
terleidingartikelen, *3425
Nylander, A.-L., *3649
Nystrom, A., 1306
Oborn, E.F., *447
Obraztsova, E.N. , *3993
O'Connell, R.L., 3484
O'Connell, R.R., 2964
Oda, K., 1804
Odaglia, G., 1736, 1766, 1767,
1896, *2043
Odaleschi, C.P. , 1700
Odelstierna, E., 2885
Odescalchi, C.P., *806, *862,
*1695, 1699y *3843
O'Donohoe, N.V., *2915
Odynets, R.N., *1014, 1158,
*1159
Okros, S., 609
Oelschlager, W., 4058
Onen, K., 1813
Oester, Y.T., 3651
Oestreich, W., *124
Oettle, A.G., *2774
Ogata, A., 732
Ogawa, E., *957
Ogawa, K., *465
Ogawa, M., *342
Ogawa, T., *4043
Ohde, I., *2308
Ohio River Valley Sanitation Com-
mission, *169
Ohlsen, J.E., 2955
Ohlsson, W.T.L., *1507, *2448,
*2597
Ohshima, M., 732
Ohta, N., *1841
Oka, S., *3007, *3891
Okada, A., 677, 732, *1842,
3682, 3683
Okada, M., *807
Okazaki, H., *3031
Okhnyanskaya, L.G., *1357, 1471,
*1508, *2775
Oki, Y., 3120
Okusa, H., *3547, *3892
Olesova, A.I., 3409
Oliver, J.H., *125
Oliver, R.T., 4001
Oliver, W.T., *745, *863
Olivier, G., 2013
Olsen, K.B. , 790
Ol'shanova, K.M., *3762
Olson, C.K., *304
Olson, K.B., 936, *1509
Oltramare, M., *1358, *1696,
*2044, *2045, 2116
Olvera, J.E. , 3031
O'Moore, L.B. , *688
Omori, Y., 730
Ono, S., *322
Opajko, S., 1878, 1879, *3679
Opel, P.H., 3856
Opienska-Blauth, J., *71
Opitz, H., 1828
Oreshkevich, I.V., 3126
Orita, J., *689, *690, *691,
2142,
Orita, Z. , *677, 1573, 2196
Orlando, E., *1015, 2521
Orlova, A.A., *1517
Oropeza, P., *3032
Orostica, G.G., *72
Ortscheid, G., 2750
Osamura, K. , *677
Osborn, S.H. , *3109
Osborne, R.V., *2598, *3379
Oshima, M., 677, *864, 1835
*2046
Osman, F.A., 3830
Osorio Murga, M., 2224
Ostapenya, P.V. , *1510
Othmer, D.F., 4
Otsuka, I., *958
Ottaviano, G., *559
Owada, K. , 545, 677, *]592
Owen, H.R., 68
Paccagnella, B., *3257
Paces, T., *222
Pacillo, D., 1068
Paese-ri, I.A. , 2229, *2599,
*2776
Padden, D.A., 1341
Pagano, R., 598
Page, M., 62, 81
Pagliardi, E., 1954
Pagnotto, L.D., *1943, *3152
Pahler, C., *3994
Paine, R.S., *3033
Paiva Netto, J.E., *93
Pakhotina, N.S., 3215, *3218,
*3283
Pakistan, West, Labour Dept.,
*3219
Palacios, J.M., 1567
Palla, A., 2335
Fallen!, R., 2310
Pallies, W.M., *27
Palmer, G.R., 1246, 1443, 1530
Palmon, F., Jr., 2300
Paluch, J., 717
Pamfilov, A.V., *4067
Panajotov, B. , 2660
Panesi, M., 1940
Panitsa, D., 1733
Pannain, B., 2624
Panov, D., 2689
Panteleev, A.I., 223
Paoletti, G., *2047
798
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Paolino, W., *2449, *2600
Papalia, D., 441
Paparopoli, G. , *1593, *1594
Papazov, G. , 1733
Papke, E., *466
Papson, A., 397
Parasenko, Z.G., 2441, 2585
Pardoe, A.U., *517, *518, *560
Parlaud, J.C. , *3434
Paribok, T.A. , *447a
Parigi, A., 1018, *2309, 2325,
2378, *2450, *2451, *2452,
2463, 2468, 2505, 2617, 2796
*3190
Parilov, Yu.S., 209
Park, E.A., *3061
Park, W.E., 2965, *3097, *3098
Parker, J., *343
Parker, R.C., 510
Parkhomenko, G.M., *3541
Parkinson, E.E., 3354
Parkinson, E.S. , *1359
Parle, F.S., *3110
Parmeggiani, L., 1556, *1595,
*2310, *3533
Parshina, A.M., 3440
Parsons, E.G. , 4093
Pascou, L., *2601, 3206
Passow, H., *36, *344, 364, 403,
*408, *1596
Paterni, L., *1697
Patifto, H., *467
Patrick, A.D., 3060
Patrizi, L., 1886
Patterson, C.C., *94, 136, *282,
3384, 3385, 3386
Patterson, R.L. , Jr., 3255, 3415,
4038
Paul, J., *2
Pavlicevid, M., *3356
Pavlova, I.V. , *1511
Pavlova, V.N., 283
Pavlyuchenkova, E.G., 3747
Payan, L., 2961
Pazzaglia, L., *3460
Peacock, L.B., 2008
Pearce, W.G., *2777, *2778
Pearson, C., 3929
Pearson, E.A., 3448
Pearson, H.E., 505
Pease, C.N., *3008
Pecora, L., *409, *468, *481,
*599, *600, *627, 711, 779,
*913, 988, *1075, *1160, 1670,
*1698, *1843, *2171, *2453,
*2602, *2603
Pedinelli, M., *1236, 1248, *2048
Pegues, W.L., *3169
Peirone, E., 419
Peisakh, S.A., 1457
Pejkovic-Tadic, I., 4031
Pelissonnier, H., *170
Pelizza, A., 3018
Pell, S., 2520
Pellitteri, 0., 2939
Penalver Ballina, R., *1433, 1815
Penchev, N.P. , *142
Pencheva, E.N., 142, *283
Pendini, A., *1699, *1700
Pengue, L., 1166
Penickova, M., 1677, 1802
Penny, N., 3748
Pentschew, A., *1944
Pequignot, H., 1300
Pera, S., 2164
Perales, N., *1512
Perani, G., 2680
Pereira, J.F. , *284
Peretti, M., 3460
Perez Castrillo, R., 945
Perina, A.E., 3123
Perlin, A.S., *385
Perlstein, M., 2985
Pernis, B., *865, *1076, *1161,
*1162, *1360, *2049
Perol, R., *2454
Perrault, M., *1701, *1702, *1703
Perrelli, G., 2516, 2577, *2604,
2617, 2762
Perrin, P., 2387
Perry, E.F., 2050
Perry, H.M., Jr., *31, *2050,
*2172, *2311, *2455, *2643
Perry, M.C., 1463
Perry, T.L. , *2312
Peruzy, A.D., 723, 1669
Pesaresi, C., 468, 1075, 1160,
2766
Pesigan, D.E., 1214, 1215
Pestel, M., *1361
Petelenz, T., 851, 852, 2293,
2428
Petermann, E. , 2654
Petermann, H., 2654
Peters, A., *2456
Peters, H.A., *1844, *2173, *2313
Petkevich, A.N., *249
Petkov, G., 2375
Petrashen, V.I. , 3795
Petrilli, F.L. , *3357
Petrinska, S., 2318
Petrocchi, V., *1613
Petronio, L., 892
Petrosyants, S.M., 3204
Petrova, A., *2605
Petrova, A.G., *4044
Petrova, G;S., *3844, 3946
Petrovic', C., 1089
Petrovic, L., 1716, 2062, 2063,
2064, *2174, *2175, *2176, 2202,
2203, *2314, *2315, 2480, 2804,
3191
Pettinati, L., *2051, *2177, 2182,
2309, *2457, *2458, *2459, 2790
Pevtsov, G.A., *3893
Pezzeri, V., *1237, *3076
Pfeilsticker, K., 3667, *3698
Phillips, G.J., *3894
Piazza, G., *1597, *1598, *1845
Pica, A., *2606
Picard, M., *2607
Picard, R., *1704
Picciotto, E., *285, *3380, 3391
Piccoli, G., 2433
Piccoli, P., 600, 1047, 1048,
1117, *1599
Pickardt, E., 2034
Pickering, Q.H., *469
Pickett, E.E., 76
Picotti, G., 2682
Piekarski, B., 869, 1094, 1188,
2647
Fieri, J., *2608
Pieruccini, R., 1325
Pietrzykowa, A., 85
Piette, M., *368
Pigulevskaya, M.L., *1016, *1077
*3220
Pilat, L., 1847, *2780
Pilleri, R., *3729
Pilloni, G., *4045
Piluso, D.L. , 2260, 2713
Pimenta de Mello, F., *495, 1202
Pines, A.G., *2781
Pinho, B.d., *1290
Pinizzotto, G., *2052
Pinto, A.A., 1661
Pinto, I.P. , 3858
Pinto, S.S. , *1362
Pinto Grote, C., *1600
Piotrowski, J., 1108
Pipkin, R.W., 1340, 1414
Piquet, H., *2779
Piredda, P., *1363, 1988, 1989,
1990, 1991
Piredda, S., 1992
Pirozzi, M.J., 1408, 2863, 2864,
2872
Pirrie, R., *519, 775
Piskunova, V.V., 765
Pislaru, V., *2609
Pitet, G., 116, 3820
Plagne, R., 2178
Plamieniak, Z., *2610
Plaueln, R., *4062
Plavsic, P., 3135
Plazzogna, G., 4045
Pletscher, A., *520, 527, *1601
Plum, C.M., 303, *496
Podgornaya, I.V. , 1030
Podkorytov, P.M., *250
Pohl, F., 1261
Pohloudek-Fabini, R., 466
Pokotilenko, G.M., *1163
Pokrant, H., *2782
Polack, F., 1725
Poletaev, M.I., 3597
Poleti, D., 2064, 2175, 2176,
2202, 2203, 2480
Polevaya, N.I., *223
Poley, G.W., 652
Polezhaev, N.G., *3995
Polhill, R.D.A., 3669, 3720
Pollard, F.H., *3797
Pollet, L., *1602
Pollini, R.R., *1705, 2135
Poluzerov, N.P. , 179
Polyakova, E.G., 302, 2847
Polyarkov, Yu.N., *4046
Polyik, E., 123, 190
Polykovskaya, M.L., 3222
Potnarenko, V.I. , 2481
Potnerantseva, E.N., *1238
Pometun, E.A., *3895
PotranS, B. , *2178
Pompilian, V., 702, 762, 1643
Ponert, J., '''470
Author Index
799
-------
Pop, M., 1469
Popa, I., 2944
Popa, L., 3700
Popa-Craciuneanu, R., 3699
Popescu, I.G, *1945, *1946,
*2944
Popoff , N., *3034,
Popov, N., 2318
Popova, T.P., *3680
Popovic, S., 1078, 2315
Popovic, S.N., *959
Popovid, S.V. , 959
Popper, E., *3699, *3700
Popper, L., *1947
Porcsalmy, I., 190
Porretta, A., *3701
Portal, R.W., *2316
Porte, A., *960
Porter, J.D. , *3845
Porthelne, F., 659, *1364,
*1603, *3295
Portigliatti Barbos, M., *1948,
*2989
Portillo, R., *3589
Porto, A.L., 2250
Porutskil, G.V. , *224
Posalaky, Z. , 502
Posner, A., *2460
Possevinl, V., 1288
Postovskil, I.Ya., 1030
Potapov, M.P., *4047, *4048
Pott, R., *30, *2053, *2317
Potter, M., 2454
Potter, P.E. , *251
Potylltsyna, L.G., *4049
Poulet, J., 2666
Povlova, M., 242
Powell, A.E., 2906
Powell, A.M., Jr., 2882
Pozefsky, T., 2589, 2770
Pozzi, U. , 2385
Pradhan, S.N., 580
Pramer, D. , 215
Prato, V., *1706, 1713, *1846,
1954, 2056
Pratt, D. , 1107
Preda, N., 1559, 1643, 1774,
*1847, 1899, 1900, 1999, 2120,
*2179, *2611, 2780, *2783,
*2784
Prels, H., *3267, *3337
Prelskel, D., *1949
Preobrazhenskaya, A.A., 766
Pretsch, F., 1414
Preuss, O.P., *3009
Preziosi, P., 549, 550, 551,
552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 594,
595, *641
Pribil, R., *3650
Pribllla, W., *561
Priev, Ya.M., *3954
Primakov, S.V., *2785
Primavesl, C.A., *3416
Primitive Physic, *9
Princi, F., *4, *3344, *3381
Prior, A.P., 2219
Privalova, K.P., 3630
Proctor, C.D., *3651
Proctor, B.C., 2434
Prodan, L., *2612, *3205, *3206
Prodanov, P., 1033, 2415
Prokes, J., *3955
Prosper!, G., *1239
Protopopova, V.P., *3956
Prpic-MajiS, D., *2461
Pryakhin, A.I., *252
Puccini, C., *1604
Puchlev, A., *2318
Puech, P., 2013, 2014
Pugsley, L.I., 46
Puhac, I., *1078
Pulaski, E.J., 2905
Pulewka, P., *3417
Purdy, W.C., 3973
Puree, L., 321, 1626
Puscariu, F., 1407
Puscasiu, M., 4027
Pyatnitskaya, L.K., 217, 302,
2847
Quastel, J.H., 978
Quatrini, U., *961
Quer-Brossa, S., *2786
Querci, V., 4014
Queries and Minor Notes, *107,
*1434, *1435, *1436, *2856,
*2930
Questions and Answers, *2180,
*2787, *2788
Quinby, J., 1480
Quino, E.A., *3798
RabatS, J.L. , *4069
Rabinovich, A.V., *171
Rabinovich, V.F., 3898
Rackham, R.F., 3472
Raddi, R., *1164, *1165, *1166
Radford, E.P. , Jr., 2555
Radian, I.S. , 1945, 2944
Radino, G., *2181
Radkevich, E.A., *191
Radmic, S., *225, 740, 801, 859,
1011, 1591, 1937, 1938, 2156,
3647
Radonid, M., 2054
Radosevic, Z., *1950, *2054,
*2319
Radulescu, I.C., 1559, 1774, 1775,
*1848, *1849, 1899, 1900, 1999,
2000, 2120, 2179
Rafaila, E., 2784
Rafanelli, M., 22
Raffi, G.B., 2521, *2789
Rageth, S., *1437
Raikhman, L.M., *2613
Rainsford, S.G., *3896
Rajieva, V. , 2291
Rakhlmova, Z.P., 1148
Rama, K.M., *204
Ramaiah, N.A., 3642
Rambert, P., 1204, 1392
Ramjohn, K. , 2977
Ramsak, A., *1240
Ramsak, M., 1240, *1707
Ramusino, F.C., 4020
Ramzin, S., *2614
Randall, C.C. , 1893
Rankin, S.L., *3111
Rankine, B.C., *95, *126, *205
Rao, M.N., 1210, 1335, 1506
Rao, V.K.M., *3846
Rasa, R., 1025
Rasch, C.A., 3050
Rasetti, L., 1846, 2051, 2177,
*2182, 2189, 2190, 2191, *2320,
2452, 2458, 2459, *2462, *2463,
2471, *2790
Rashevskaya, A.M. , *2791
Rasmussen, G.K., *253
Rastelli, G., 1095
Rathus, E.M., *2183, *2321
Rauber, G., 2161
Raucher, C., 1469
Raule, A., *1365
Rautschke, R., 1172
Rautu, R., *4050
Rautureau, J., 40
Ravasini, C., *2322
Raybin, H.W., 2941, 2942, 2966,
3003, 3004, 3024, 3025, 3026,
3027, 3053, 3054
Raymond, V., 1276, 1380, *1513,
*3180, *3506
Razumov, V.A., *3957, 4044,
*4051, *4052
Read, J.L. , *1366
Reade, C., *18
Reddi, K.K., *313, *314
Reese, H.H., 1844
Reich, J., *1708
Reichel, L., *410
Reichenbach, G.S., Jr., 3139
Reif, E. , 3641
Reinhold, J.G., 3624
Reinl, W., *30, *1514, *1515,
*1605, *1709, *2055, *2184,
3343
Reiter, R., *286
Reith, J.F., *1951
Rejsek, K., *1241, *1291, *1367
Remoli, S., 266
Remy, H., 2417
Remy, R., 538, *642, 659, 668,
*692, *746, 1894
Renaud, M., 2456
Rendle-Short, J., 2855, 2916
Renwick, A.G.C., 3060
Resegotti, L., 2600
Restrepo, A.G., 3017
Reuber, M.D., *1017, *2971
Reva, A.D., *808
Reynard, W.A., 2777
Rezaeva, L.T., 429, *471
Reznikov, A.B., 1533
Rhode, E.A., 542, 543
Ricciardi-Pollini, R., 1328
Richards, R.T., *10
Richet, G., *2692, *2792
Richmond, J.L., 1619
Richterich, R., 520, 527
Ricklin, W., *1368
Ridgway, L.P., 513, *521
Riebartsch, K., 3408, *3996
Rieche, A., *4076
Riecken, E.G., *2615
Ried, H., 2861
Rieders, F. , *562, *601, *643,
800
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
*693, 896, *1606, *1607, *1608,
1984, *2185, 2874
Riedweg, 2464
Right, L., 393
Rigner, K.G., *1438, 1671
Rijkens, F., 432
Rimniceanu, R., *1952
Rlnaldl, H., 3052
Ringoir, S., *1953
Ritter, J. , *2323
Rizzo, A., *1710
Ro, I.H., *3847
Robakiewlcz, M., 1878, 1879
Robb, L.A., *3461
Robert, P. , *482
Roberts, D.P. , 2753
Roberts, G.E., 3060
Roberts, S.H., 1482
Roberts, W.J., 1362
Robertson, J.M., 3435
Robinson, A.J., *3358
Robinson, E. , *3382, *3418
Robinson, G.L., *1850
Robinson, M.J., *2945
Rocatagliata, M., 3045
Roche, L., 516, 1478, 1495,
1496, 1504, *1516, *1711,
*2186, *2187, *2464
Rochow, E.G., *4072
Rodi, L., 1439
Rodier, J. , *1439, *3112
Rodman, M.J., *1440
Rodriguez Navarro, M., *2793
Roe, F.J.C., *1167
Roemmele, 0., *3226
Roepke, M.H., 675
Ro'schenbleck, B. , 3451
Rb'sner, K., 331, 587
Rogers, D.T.», *3284
Rogers, L.B. , 3645
Rogick, F.A., *108
Rogulski, J., *2794
Rohner, D., 4055
Rojas, E., 2582
Roll, K.H., *4065, *4068
Romakhov, A.A., 1549, *2465
Roman, C., 3316
Romano, C., *2990
Rombola, G., *1079
Rondanelli, E.G., *369
Rosati, G., *1080
Roscovanu, A., 236
Rosen, G., *11
Rosen, R., 1969
Rosenblum, W.I., *1168
Rosenmund, H., *3337
Rosenthal, M.W., 665
Ross, A.M., Jr., 3105
Ross, C.R., *2188, *3077
Ross, J.R., *2857
Rossi, A., 1047, 1049, 1050,
1051, 1117, 1120, 2332,
*2466, *2467, 2603
Rossi, L., 507, 539, 583,
*598, 632, 752, 1477, *1609,
1633, 1634, 1670, *1712,
3638
Rosso, S., 245
Rost, R., *3268
Rosu, D. , *3763
Roth, B., *2616
R6th, I., 698, 699, 720, *2324
Roth, J.S. , *315
Roth, Z. , 2281
Rothe, R., 1152
Rothlin, E. , *602
Rothstein, A. , 36
Rotta, C., *1018, *2325, *2468
*2796
Rottova-Kloubkova, 0., *3848
Roubal, J., *3258
Rounds, D.E. , 514, 546, 547
Roushdi, I.M., *3764
Roussel, P., 2709, 2710, 2720
Roventa, A., 1559, 1774, 1899,
2611, 2783
Rowe, M.W., 4096
Rowley, W., 2985
Roxburgh, R.C., 2866, *2957
Royer, V., *3426
Rozenberg, P.A., *2326
Rozenberg, S.A., 3069
Rozenfel'd, A.S., *3897
Rozentsvit, G.F., 1571
Rozera, G. , 2082
Rozsa, J.T. , *3359
Rozsahegyi, I. , 2069
Rubanovskaya, A.A., *914
Rubin, M., 1389, 1552, 1982,
*2327, 2861, *2877, 2881
Rubino, G.F., *603, *1713, *1954,
2051, *2056, 2177, *2189, *2190,
*2191, *2469, *2470, *2471,
*2617
Rudchenko, A.V., *3142, *3143
Rudomino, M.V., 1038
Russel, H., *1169
Ruffato, C., 1598
Ruffilli, D., *306
Ruhf, R.C., *3207
Rujinski, A,, 2544, 2545
Rullo, F.R., 503
Runnels, R.T., *109
Runyon, C.V., 76
Ruotolo, B.P.W., 1480, *1518,
3616
Rusin, N.M., *3898
Russanov, E., *2797, *2798
Russell, F., 3111,
Russell, R.D., 57, 61, *192
Russkikh, A.A., 3723
Rustagi, J.S., *2799, 2820
Ruzdic, I., *370, *1242, *1243
Ruzicka, J., *2618
Ryabov, N.V., 4040
Ryan, E.J., *3652
Ryazanov, V.A., *1019, *3234,
*3235, *3360, *3525
Ryzhkova, M.N., 1471
Sabdenova, Sh.S., 886, 1458, 1549
1635
Sabnis, C.V., *3099
Sabon, F., 3552
Sacca, A., *809, *810
Sacchitelli, F., 2043
Sadchikova, M.N., 1471, *1955
Sadek, W., 3764
Sadilova, M.S., 3422
Sadokierski, W., *2057
Saenger, S., *2853
Sagakova, V.P., *3958
Sagara, M., *2800, 3199
Sagara, Y., *1851
Sagawa, F., 3007
Salkawa, S., 685
Saita, G., *1369, *1519,
*1520, *1521, *1610,
*1612, *1613, 'U614, *1852,
*1853, *1956, *2058, *2059,
*2192, *2328, *2472, *2619,
*2801
Salto, G., *323
Saito, T., 3681
Saitta, G., *1522, *1523, *1615,
*1694, 1839, 1840
Saka, T., 736
Sakaguchi, T., *644, 789, 1914
Sakai, G., *962
Sakakibara, E., 677
Sakamoto, K., 3177
Sako, M., *411
Sakuma, Y., 3768
Sakurada, T., 2446
Sakurai, H., 943
Salamone, L., *2473
Salera, U., 1007
Salikhobzhaev, S.S., 3222
Salinas, M., *1714
Salisbury, R.M., *811
Saltzman, B.E., 3983
Saltzman, R., 3814
Salukvadze, E.K., 155
Salvatierra Rios, D., 2024
Salvetti, F., 3737
Salvi, G., 577, 623, 704, 941,
*963, *964, 1000, *2193
Salvini, M., *645, *747, *748,
*749, *750, *1441, *1524, *1616,
*1617, *1618
Sambron, J., *2194, *2195
Sammartino, R., 478
Samrs, H.M., 1864
Samuel, B.W., *3899
Samuels, S., *2802
Sanchez Medal, L., 2299
Sand, T., *3997
Sanders, L.W., *2803
Sanderson, G.C., *965
Sanderson, H.P., 3153
Sanderson, W.W., 3845
Sandulesco, G., 2567
Sanford, H.N., *2902
Sanglorgi, F., 2386
Sano, S., *563, *564, *604,
*677, *732, *812, *915, *1957,
*2196, 3605
Sans, J., *1854
Santhanam, M.S., *386
Santi, M.L., *3765
Santi, R., *316
Santos Ruiz, A., 488, 1351, *1370,
*1371, 2129
Sanz, P., 661
Sanz Pedrero, P., *226, 3589
Sapeika, N., *335, *605
Saracco, C., 2457
Author Index
801
-------
Saric, M., 1950, 2002, *2060,
*2061, 2319, 2372, 2461, *2474
Sarkady, L., *1525
Sarkar, S.L. , 903
Sarsunova, M., *3557
Sartain, P., *3062
Sartorelli, E., *1526, 1556, 1612,
1614, 2263
Sartoris, S., 2600
Saruta, K., 1456, 1545, 1732
Saruta, N., *732, *1855
Sassi, 2668
Sassi, B., *1715
Sassl, C., *2329
Sastry, K.S., A59
Sato, B., 1452
Sato, G., 3675
Sato, H., 3007
Sato, T., *966
Satowa, S., 943
Sattler, E.L. , 2547
Saulay, J.A.H., *1292
Saunders, B.C. , 1226
Saunders, G.W., *4085
Saunier, R., *3998
Savay, G., *371, *866
Savidevid, M., *1442, *1716,
*2062, *2063, *2064, *2065,
2175, 2176, *2197, *2804, *3135,
*3191
Savina, A.A., *3181
Savitskii, I.V., 1087, 1180,
2626
Savraev, V.P., 3276
Savraeva, K.E., *3361
Savul, M., *143
Sawyer, C.N., 3332
Sayers, R.R., 2867
Sayers, S.S. , *3659
Sayo, H., 3673
Sbertoli, C., 1710, 1745, *2620
Scaling!, G., 2546
Scandellari, C., 2364, 2518
Scansettl, G., 1656, 2182
Scarlnci, V., *646, *916
Scavo, D., 723, 1669, 1788
Schafer, E.H., *4071
Schafer, H., *3900
Schafer, L.J., 3224, 3232, 3247,
3324
Schales, F., *2805
Schechterman, L., 515
Scheiman-Tagger, E. , *1170
Schelnberg, I.H., *31, *2693
Schepers, G.W.H. , *1171, *2475
Schiemann, D., *2198
Schikorr, G., 115
Schilling, R.S.F., *2806
Schiotz, E.H., *1244, 1527
Schlang, H.A., *2330
Schleicher, J.A., 109
Schlenker, F.S. , *2807
Schlenzig, H., 1717
Schlink, F.J., *96
Schlumberger, H.G., 1880
Schmeling, E.L. , *3451
Schmid, R., *483, 498, *522,
524
Schmidbaur, H., *4086
Schmidt, M., 4086
Schmidt, R., *1172
Schmieler, G.C., 1017
Schmitt, F., *1717, *1856
Schmitt, M., *3427
Schmitz, B., *3730, *3901
Schmoger, R., 3005
Schmouker, Y., 1892
Schneider, G., 1924
Schbberl, A., *813, 1169
Schobesch, 0., 1090
Schrader, G., *3574, *3575
Schrantz, G., 2705
Schreiber, T.P. , 3670
Schrenk, H.H., *3515
Schroeder, H.A., *31, *1020,
*1081, *1082, *1173, *2199,
2455, 2643, *3335
Schroeder, W., *1372
Schruefer, J., 3359
Schubert, J., *497, *523, 665,
837, *917
Schuck, E.A., *3317
Schuler, P., 1536
Schiitt, L. , 344
Schuttmann, Ch., *2621
Schiittmann, W. , 2308, 2621
Schuier, W., 334
Schulz, A.P., *3336
Schuman, M., *3113
Schwartz, M., 2683
Schwartz, S., 483, 498, 522,
*524
Schwarz, H., 706
Schwarzbach, W., *2622
Schweda, P., 3697
Schweiger, E., 448
Schweiger, H.G., *448
Schwerd, W., 1976, 2622, *2972
Scoca, G., *1958
Scollo, F., 1068
Scott, H.M., *3474
Scott, J.J. , 628
Scott, K.G., 716
Scotti, E., 3674
Scudier, U., 645, 750
Seaton, D.A., 2808
Sedivec, J., 2236
Sedlmeier, II. , *525
Segall, A.J., 2555
Seganti, A., *2973
Seghizzi, P., *2476
Sehl, F.W., *3590
Seideman, R.M., 1254
Seifert, P., *1293
Seignette, W.T.F., *2066
Seilhan, 1787
Selariu, C., *751
Seldinger, S.I. , 731
Selegean, E., *3419
Seleznev, A.F., 1510
Selitrennikova, M.B., 3445
Selmi, G., 2512
Selye, H., *1021, *1083, *1084,
*1085, *1174, *1175, *1176,
*1177, *1178
Semenov, D.I., *1022, 10311,
2344
Semenova, V.A., 1097
Senczuk, W., *1086, *1179, 2208,
2794, 4019
Senderikhina, D.Ya., 3235
Septier, L., 3350
Serafimov, N., 1174
Serdyukova, A.S., 3878
Sereda, G.A., *3902, *4053
Seredinina, N.V., 3126
Serizawa, S., 1921
Serra, C., 741, 742, 174], *2623,
*2624
Serra, M., 2424
Serruys, M., *3285
Sessa, G., 2168
Sessa, T., *752, *1337, ='-1857,
*2331
Seto, D.S.Y., *3063
Seven, M.J., *31, 35, 402
Shablovskaya, E.I., 244
Shacklette, H.T., *3475
Shafer, J.J., 2828
Shafir, A.I., *3502
Shakerin, M., 1137
Shakhbazyan, C.Kh., *2625
Shakhbazyan, G.Kh., *1087, *1180,
*2626
Shalamberidze, Yu.P., *3296
Shanin, T.N., *3483
Shanina, T.N., 3476
Shapiro, A.D., 2876
Shapiro, R., *918, *3554
Sharaevskaya, Z.N., *1959, *1960
Sharp, J.C., 1156
Sharpe, C.E. , 3874
Shatrova, S.P. , *2627
Shaull, R.S., 3879
Shaw, W.H.R., *324
Shay, D.E., *1619
Shchebunyaeva, I.A., 252
Shchibrik, V.I., 231
Sheftel', V.O., *287
Shemyakina, Z.N., 3307
Shen, C.-L., 230
Shen, Y.C., 3960
Sherif, Y.A., 2493
Sherman, H., *1181
Sherwood, R.J., 3108, *3136
Shestakova, N.P., 927, 955
Shibata, S., *753
Shibuya, T., *814
Shiels, D.O., *1245, *1246, *1373r
*1443, *1528, *1529, *1530,
*1620, *1621, *1718, *3635,
Shifrine, M., *1182
Shimazu, Y., 1732
Shimizu, Z., 1422
Shimooku, M., *815
Shimp, N.F., 251, 1680
Shipitsyn, S.A., 836, 1561, 2122
Shipman, T.L. , *27, 1311, 1389,
1405
Shipochliev, T., *967
Shiraishi, A., *1374
Shirley, E.T., 2201
Shkol'nik, M.Ya., *421
Shleien, B., 3395
Shlopak, T.V., *1023, *2067
Shmakova, N.V., 4054
Shone, D.K., *968
802
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Shraiber, L.B., 1006, *1088,
*2200, *2628
Shrand, H., *2991 , *2992, *3064
Shrivastava, P.C., 528, 611
Shtanchenko, M.S., 268
Shtern, M.A., *3452
Shtukovskaya, L.A., *3903
Shultz, J.F. , 3372
Shumaev, V.D., *3476
Shurts, R.B., 3706
Sibalic, M., 2614
Sibour, F., 1740, 1757, 1789,
1820, 1821
Sicca, U., 1216, 1563a
Sidbury, J.B., Jr., *1444, *1622
Siegel, G.S., *2629
Sijpesteijn, K.A., *432
Sikorska-Tomicka, H., *3959
Sikorski, M., 2772
Sillanpaa, M., *227, *228
Sillero, J. , 2024
Sillibourne, J.M., 207, 293
Silson, J.E. , *3114
Silva-Fernandes, A.M., 207
Silver, A.L.L., 2246
Silverman, L., 3617, 3628, 3671
Sllvestri, U., *1961, *2068
Silvestroni, A., 654, 655, *1183,
*1184, *1185, *2332
Simic, V.M., 3144
Simon, I., *3129
Simon, V., 3650
Simonin, C., *1375
Simonovic, I., *387
Simonsen, D.G. , 505, 1207
Simpson, J.A., *2808
Singerman, A., *2630, *2809,
*2810
Singh, E.J., *3904, *3905
Sinha, J.K., *2811
Sinitsyn, S.N., *647, *1186
Sinkulova, L., *1719
Sinyakova, S.I., *3906, *3960
Siokawa, Y., 2446
Slracusa, F., 1655
Sirec, A., 1750
Sirs, J.A., *449
Sirven, R.H., *1376
Sister Mariano, *2675
Sjoholm, 0., 1438, 3594
Sjoholm, S.G. , 1438
Skinner, H.L., Jr., *37
Skonieczny, M., *3192
Skrimshire, A.J.H., 3863
Skripnichenko, Z.M., *694, *754,
*1024, *1623, *2812
Skrylev, L.D., *3477
Skuric, Z., 2004
Sleva, S.F., 3924
Slobodchikova, A.I., *526
Slobody, L.B., 3056
Slominska-Czyzowa, E., 3570
Sluka, F., *2813
Slutzky, L., 2444
Smagghe, G., 2211
Smales, A.A., 3637
Smelhaus, V., *288
Smiley, J.D., 2143
Smirnov, D.D. , *3011
Smirnov, S.I. , 191
Smirnova, A.N., 3458
Smirnova, M.I., 2326
Smirnova, V.G., 3069
Smith, E.E., *2201,
Smith, E.R., 1680, 1814
Smith, H.D., *2889, *2958, *2993,
*3035, *3065
Smith, J.A., 2543
Smith, J.E., *1377
Smith, J.F. , *2974
Smith, J.N. , 1324
Smith, R.W., Jr., 3240
Smith, W., 3138
Smokotnina, T.N., *3362
Smolik, R., 2610
Smusin, Ya.S., *755
Snowball, A.F., 3290
Snyder, L.J., 3871, *3907, *3999
Sobczynski, Z., *4000
Sobel, A.E., *648
Sobkowicz, H., 2254, 2407, 2698
Sobkowska, A., 3744
Sobkwicz, H., see Sobkowicz, H.
Sobotovich, E.V., 4034
Sochevanov, V.G., *4054
Society for Analytical Chemistry,
Analytical Methods Committee,
*3653, *3799
Sogolovskaya, A.G., *3800
Soklakov, A.F., 3215
Sokolova, V.Yu., *254, 256
Soldatovic, D., 801, 802, 860,
1011, 1071, *1089, 1938, 2156
Solomina, V.F., *969
Solov'ev, E.A., 4018
Solyanikov, V.P., 191
Somers, E., *388
Soramermeyer, K. , 180
Sonkin, N., *2631, 2778
Soos, G., *2069
Soprana, C., *499 , *1294, *1378
Sorenson, O.K., 727
SuSrensen, G. , 1590
Sorrell, B., 863
Sorrentlno, G., 1404
Sortino, G., *1025, *1026
Sosnina, A.I., 3946
Soubrier, 2187
Soubrier, R., 2484, 2644
Sours, J.A., *2632
Sousa, J. de A., 108
Spain, P., 493, 514, 546, 547
Spanovic, Z., 3862
Spargo, B.H., 2363
Spatz, S.M., 1409
Specht, C.A., 3358
Specht, W., *4055
Specker, H., *3961
Spence, J.A., 2565
Spencer, A.G., 1588
Spett, K., 2365
Spiegelberg, H., *1962
Spiegelberg, U., 1962
Spinazzola, A., 1992, 2109,
2110, 2113
Spinu, S., 243
Spivak, L.I. , 1624
Spolyar, L.W., *27, *3100
Spooner, C., 503
Sporn, A., *1090
Springman, F., *1091
Spumy, 3132
Srbova, J., 352, 818, 1723,
1724, *1858, 2072, 2337, 2827
Sroczyriski, J., *867, *868,
*869, *870, 950, *970, 972,
*1027, 1061, *1092, *1093,
*1094, 1100, *1187, *1188,
2647, *2814, *2815, *2816
Sroka, K.H. , *1247
Stacey, G.J., 1226
Stahlhofen, W., 2547, 2817
Stahuljak, D., 2232, *2633
Stainer, H.M., *4095
Stalzer, R.F., 4037
Stancari, V., 2226
Stancev, S., *2634
Stanciu, V., 1135
Stankovic, B. , 198, 1963, *2333,
*2477, *2478, *2479
Stankovic, M., 959, 1078, *1189,
*1963, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2174,
2175, 2176, 2197, *2202,
*2203, *2480, 3305, *3731
Stankovic, R., 2065, 2197
Stantschew, S., *2818
Staples, E.L.J., *649, 811
Starcich, R., *1095
Starikov, V.S., *289
Stark, J.M., 2277
Stas, K.N., 4040
Stasiak, M., 394
Staub, H. , 520, 527
Staufer, W., *3124
Stauff, J., *372
Steadman, L.T., 1648
Stebbins, A.K., III, *206
Steciak, T., 3743
Steck, F.T., 1182
Steel, J., *3221, 3866
Stefanovic, A.N., *3144
Stefkov, D., 2539
Stegner, H.E., *3732
Stelmey, A.F. , *2204
Stehwien, D., 3626
Steiger, R.H., 294
Stein, C., *3591
Stein, E.A., 2074
Steiner, R.L., 2643, *4001
Steinitz, K., 3986
Stammer, K.L., 1053, 1091
Stenin, N.S., 4060
Stenzel, E., 2813, 3202
Stepan, J., *2205
Stepanenko, E.M., *3766
Stepanov, A.S., 3468
Stepanyuk, N.V., *3962
Stepovaya, N.E., 2483
Sterling, T.D. , 2389, 2564, *2819,
*2820, 3324
Stern, A.C., *3115, *3420
Stevens, C.D., *695, *919, 4091,
4100
Stevenson, L.G., *19, *44
Stewart, R.M., *127
Stewart, W.L., *696
Stich, W., *2334, *2821
Author Index
803
-------
Still, B.M., 2896
Still, G.W., *255
Stilo, R,, 442
Stitch, S.R., *1859
Stocks, P., *2206
Stober, M., *920
Stocker, E., *1155
Stofen, D., *3383, *3421
Stbkly, A., *2207, *3170
Stoev, V., 2375
Stojakovic, P., 1770, 1897
Stojimirovic, B., 1770, 1897,
1937
Stokinger, H.E., *27, *3318,
*3319
Stolbov, F.N., *3446
Stolyarov, K.P., 4049
Stone, J., 3359
Stones, T., *3453, *3478
Storlazzi, E.D. , *3161
Storozneva, N.N., *2635
Stout, P.R., 181, *3702
Stovbun, A.T., *256, *2481
Stover, B.J., *871, *1190
Stover, C.N., *816
Stradowski, J., 1065
Straneo, G., 2476, 3843
Strasheim, A., *290, *3849, *3908
Streit-Pawlowska, I., *2208
Stringari, M., 1236, *1248, 2048
Strock, L.W., 3618
Stromberg, A.G., *3963, 3968,
4048
Struble, R.W., *4073
Strutynska, B.( 3479
Studzinski, G.P., *472
Sturgis, B.M., *4
Sturtevant, R.A., 944
Styblova, V., 2338, 2641
Stychinskaya, M.I., *697
Suchanova, L., 2279
Suciu, I., 2612
Sudarev, P.M., *172
Sudilovskaya, E.M., *3767
Sudo, Y., *677, *1860, *1964
Suekane, M., 1577, 1578, 2025,
3130, 3682, 3863
SUmegi, I., *484, *500, *698,
*699, 720
Suetin, Y.P., *229
Suey, I., 2697
Sugihara, K., *3681
Sugiyama, H., 1805, 2026
Suleimenov, B.N., *2822
Sullivan, B.R., 1642
Sulser, H., 52
Sultan, C., 2792
Sumerwell, W.N., 2074
Sumiya, C., *872, *873, 915
Summers, L., 12
Sunada, T., 276
Sung, T.-C., 239
Sunshine, I., 3030, 3050
Suntych, F., *1445, *1720, *1721
*1965
Sushinskaya, L.Ya., *3431
Sut^escu, P., 612, 1134, 1135
Sutherland, D.A., *1722
Sutton, M., 811
Sutzesco, P., see Sufescu, P.
Suzuki, S., 957, *3654
Suzuki, T., 2636
Suzuki, Y., *732, *1861, *1966,
*3297
Suzutani, T., *1028, *3655
Sverdlov, S.L., *2209, *2637
Sveshnikov, G.B., *173, *230
Swensson, A., 1667
Switzerland, Federal Leaded Gaso-
line Commission, *3337
Syavtsillo, S.V., *3101, *4063
Syblik, J., 2150
Sykora, J., *874, 2150, 2278,
2279
Symanski, H., *1446
Syrkina, K.K., *3208
Szalay, S., 588
Szarski, P., *128, *144
Szazados, I., 733
Szczerbinska, 0., 3743
Szczurek, Z., 852
Szechuan Medical College, Depart-
ments of Industrial Health and
General Hygiene, *2210
Szegedy, L., *1967
Szendrey, S., 3752
Szewczykowski, W., *1862, *3116
Szinetar, V., 2259
Szucsne Csa'szar, E. , *3562
Szymczyk, F., *82
Tachibana, T., *3733
Tada, 0., *1863, *2070, *3892
Taddei, I., *700
Taeschler, M., *602
Tagliavini, G., 3815, 3816, 3818
Taha, A., 2357
Tahir, H.A., *1864
Taira, H., *606, 1028
Takacs, I., 733
Takada, I., 545, 1418, *1447,
*1448, 1485, 3120, 3601, 3620
Takahashi, S., 2142
Takaoka, K., *1531
Takata, T., *1865
Takayama, E., 2446
Takeuchi, T., 3291, 4061
Takhchi, K.G., *2823
Talafant, E., *373
Talenti, M., *2335
Talipov, R.M., *291, *292
Talipov, Sh.T., 2435
Tamames, C., 1282, 1283
Tamamushi, K., 3733
Tamamushi, R., 3733
Tamont'ev, V.P., 4015
Tamori, E., 66, 545, 677, 732,
1418, 1678, 1805, *3130, 3601,
3620, *3682, *3683
Tamura, Y., 975
Tanabe, M., 422
Tanabe, Y., *875, *876, *877,
915
Tanaka, A., 428
Tanaka, D., 732, 1871
Tanaka, N., *3768
Tanaka, T., 2446
Tandy, R.K., 2260, 2713
Tani, R., *3850
Tanis, A.L., *2903
Tanquerel des Planches, L., *28
Taormina, A., 316
Tara, M.S., *1449
Tara, S., *21, *971, A1295,
*1296, 1329, *1379, *1380,
*1450, *1451, *1532, *1866
Tarabaeva, G.I., *817 , *878
Tarantola, C., *145
Tarasenko, M.I., *3801, *3802,
*3803
Tarasova, A.V., *2638
Tareev, E.M., *2824
Targowla, D., *2211
Tarmas, J., *972, *1096
Tarzwell, C.M., *412
Tati, M., *677
Tatlow, W.F.T., 1208
Tatsumoto, M., 262, *3384,
*3385, *3386
Taube, P.R., *3193
Taubert, R., 3664
Tauson, L.V., *110
Taveira, M., *2482
Tavernier, J., 1459
Taylor, A., *565
Taylor, A.E., 3622
Taylor, G.T., 1340
Taylor, N.A., 2807
Tebbens, B.D., 3877
Teichmann, W., *2639
Teisinger, J., *351, *352, *353,
*374, *818, *1723, *1724,
1858, *1867, *1968, *2071,
*2072, *2336, *2337, *2338,
*2640, *2641, *2825, *2826 ,
*2827, *3545, *3656, *4002
Teixeira e Silva, H.M., 108
Telegut, M., 236
Tempone, G., 2331
Tennessee Department of Public
Health, Industrial Hygiene
Service, *3182
Teodorescu-Exarcu, I., 1848,
1849
Teplova, R.V., 3953
Tepper, L.B., *3036
Teramoto, K., *819
Terepka, A.R., 2244
Ternovskaya, L.N., 3890
Terranova, P., 1026
Terranova, S., 1594
Tertilova, A.G., 3806
Tesic, D., *1191, *1192
Teso, G.A., 2189, 2190, 2191
Teuchmann, J.K., 657, *701,
*756, *757, *973
Tew, R.P., *207, *293
Tev.-ari, S.N. , 3804
Thapar, R.K., *2212
Thibon, H., 3095
Thiebaut, F., *1868
Thiele, B.R., 2126
Thiele, H., 1935
Thielen, W.C., *4003
Thienes, C.H., 3556
Thoelen, H., 520, *527
Thomas, A.M., 3839
804
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Thomas, D.L.G., 1718
Thomas, J.F. , 3527
Thomas, R.M., 965
Thomas, W.C., 1246, 1530
Thompson, A.P., *4, 2159, 2160,
2290
Thompson, J.C., Jr., 220
Thomson, M.L., 2879
Thorsen, K., *2213
Thould, A.K., *2339
Threlfall, C.J. , 423
Thurston, D.L. , *2904
Tibonl, E.A., 2987, *3066
Tledeman, W.D., *3433
Tietz, N.W., *1869
Tletze, *3154
Tikhonov, I.I., *2340
Tikhonov, N.N. , 430, *433, *1097,
*1193
Tlkhonova, Z.I., 4008
Tills, A.Yu., *2483
Tillmann, K., *3, 1596
Tilton, G.R., 94, *294
Timar, M., *2073, 2230, *2341
Timm, F., *820, *879
Timofeev, N.N. , *1624
Timofeeva, L.V., *3363, *3422
Tine, J-, 1052
Ting, S.V. , 327, 396
Tipikin, G., *3269
Tipton, I.H., *2214, *2342, 2455,
*2642, *2643, *2828
Tishkoff, G.H. , *1969
Tiunov, L.A., *450
Tkach, B.I., 268
Todd, J.R., *758, *1029, *1194
Tb'lgyessy, J., 3557
Tonz, 0., *759
Toppich, E., *2343
Tokovoi, N.A., *821
Tolgskaya, M.S., *650, *760,
*761, *974, *1195, *1533
Tolot, F., *1970, 2187, *2484,
*2644
Tomita, K., 677, 3137
Tomita, N., *1452
Tompsett, S.L., *1381, 1925,
*2829, *3703
Tomson, I.N., 191
Tomson, N.M., *485, *3236
Toppet, N., 2075
Toropov, S.A., *3909
Toussaint, C., 2075
Toya, T., *975
Trad, J., 40
Trakhtenberg, I.M., 2625, 2626
Travers, E., *2916
Tregubenko, I.P., 1022, *1030,
*2344
Treichler, R., 487
Trelles, J.O., *1725
Trevethick, R.A., *3183
Triche, H., 3596
Trim, A.R., *389
Tripathi, D.N., *3804
Tritsmans, E., *2645
Troisi, F.M., *1249, *1382, *3102
Trojanowska, B., 1108
Tronconi, 2608
Trost, W., 1856, *1870
Trub, H., 3961
Trufant, S.A., 1388
Truffert, L., *83, 662
Truhaut, R., *295, 782, 1380,
1702, 1703, 1739, 1773, 1781,
1883, 1884, 2087, *2215, 2223,
*2345, 2581, 2758, *283Q, 3691,
3711, 3712, *3805, *3851
Trzebiatowski, W., 183
Tsao, C.-M., *3704
Tsikora, I.L., 808
Tsivoglou, E.C., *3484
Tso, T.C., *296
Tsuchiya, K., *566, 635, *677,
*732, 789, *1871, 1914, *2831
Tsuji, M., *2216
Tsukagoshi, S., 3640
Tsuru, D., 361
Tsutsumi, T., 732
Tsviling, A.Ya., *3806
Tsyb, P.P., 3276
Tucci, G., 835
Tuchmann, H., 683
Tuchweber, B., 1021, 1083, 1084,
1085, 1130, 1175, 1176, 1177,
1178
Tufts, B.J., *3807
Tugarinov, A.I., *208
Tunin, Ya.P., 3217
Tur, J., 2254, 2407, 2698
Turchetto, P., 2848
Turco, G.L., 1740, 1757, 1789,
1820, 1821
Turekian, K.K., *111
Turner, D., 2667
Turner, S.W., *4090
Tyukhteneva, S.N., *3910
Tyurina, G.I., *231
Tyutyulkov, N., 890
Udenfriend, S., *2485
Udenich, D.M., 188
Udodov, P.A., *209
Ueda, T., 677
iihlein, E. , 372
Ueno, K., 3761
Uesugi, K., 420
Uhl, H.S.M., 2898
Ullmann, H.W., 3845
Ulrich, H., *1383
Umegaki, E., *976, *977
Umegaki, I.E., *422
Umeraoto, S., *129
Ungher, I., *762,
Ungher, J., *702, *763, *822
Ungureanu, S., 2601, 2609
Union des Societes de Sciences
Me"dicales, Societ^ d'Hygiene,
*38
Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics, *3548, *3808, *3809, *3811
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Au-
thority, *3769
U.S. Advisory Committee on Tetra-
ethyl Lead to Surgeon General of
of Public Health Service, *3299
U.S. Congress, House of Represen-
tatives, *3496
U.S. Food and Drug Administration,
*3549
U.S. Public Health Service, *2946,
*2947, *3078, *3300, *3338,
*3534, *3542
U.S. Public Health Service, Divi-
sion of Air Pollution, *3364
U.S. Public Health Service, Na-
tional Clearinghouse for Poison
Control Centers, *3037
U.S. Public Health Service, Na-
tional Office of Vital Statis-
tics, *1872, *1972, *2948
U.S. Public Health Service, Sani-
tary Engineering Center, *3911
Unseld, D.W., *1971, 2297, *2346,
*2646, *2832
Upham, F., 2260, 2713
Urakubo, G., *3298
Urbanowicz, H., *2647, 2816
Urone, P., 2681
Ursan, G., 2612
Ursano, F., *651
Utsunomiya, T., 2411
Uvnas, B., 401
Uytdenhoef, A., *3125
Uzbekov, G.A., *921
Uzumasa, Y., *146, *193, *210
Vacher, J., *1296, *1329, *1534
Vaida, I., 612
Vajda, G., 720
Valade, P., *567
Valaer, P.J. , 3071
Valek, B., 288
Valentin, J., *3626
Valentinuzzi, M., *3576, *3592
Valenzuela, R.A., 1661
Valic, F., 1455
Valledor, T., *2917
Vallee, B.L., *2074
Vallejo-Freire, A., *764
Valori, P., *3038
Valtis, D.J., 576
Valty, J., 1602
Valyi-Nagy, T., 588, *607, *608,
*609, 733
Vana, V., 1241, 1367
Van Arsdell, P.M., *3079
Van Assen, F.J.J., *2949
Van Beneden, G,, *3467
Van Bogaert, L., *1726
Van Calker, J., *4004
Van Coillie, L., 75, 87, 99
Van de Kamp, J.L.J., *3526
Vandekar, M., 1645
Vanderkolk, A.L., *3912
Van der Westhuyzen, J.P., *3810
Van Dommelen, C.K.V., 1826
Van Erkelens, P.C., *3852,
*3913, *3914, *3964
Van Esch, G.J., *880, *1031
Vanfarowe, D.E., 3912
Van Genderen, H., 880, 1031
Van Klaveren, F.W., *528, *610,
*611
Van Lookeren Campagne, W.,
*3067
Van Mourik, J.H.C., 2257
Author Index
805
-------
Vanshtein, I.A., 2085
Van Wisselingh, C.J., *2878
Vardanis, A., *978
Varela, J.O., 3576
Varetto, L., 2378, 2505
Varfolomeeva, A.G., 3142, 3143
Varley, H., 1346
Varma, A., *3965
Vartiainen, A., *1873
Vasak, V., 3258, *3734
Vasil'eva, O.G., 888, *979
Vasil'eva, V.A., 2742
Vasiliu, I., 1952
Vasiljevic, M., 2397
Vasin, A.V., *3853
Vasina, N.T., *3915
Vasyutinskil, A.I., *3705
Vatter, A.E., Jr., 1034
Vaughan F., 3588, 3612
Vaughan, J.M., *1727
Vavra, J.D., *2833
Vecchione, C., 409, 711, 779,
783, 913, 1698, 1843
Vecchioni, V., 2164
Veleganov, S., 2697
Veliev, B.A., *2486, *2487,
*2488, *2648
Velikson, I.M., 2742
Veiling, E.I., 765, *766, *1728
Vencovsky, E., 2205
Venditti, G. , *2217
Vengerskaya, Kh.Ya., 2483, *3222
Verbanck, M., *2075
Vercellesi, P.Z., *1535, 1546
Verevkin, N.I., 3217
Verga, L., 369
Verhulst, H.L., 2936
Vermande-Van Eck, G.J., *922
Veronese, A., *2834
Verrett, M.J., 1067
Vertyulina, L.N., 3754
Verveen, G., *2835
Vesterberg, R., 1438, *3593,
*3594
Vial, J., 541
Viala, A., 3552
Viala, J.J., *2836
Viaud, M., *1874, *1973
Vidakovid, A., 2730
Vidal, R.D., 181
Vidali, U., 750, 1618
Videla Vial, E., *1536
Vidican, T., 2259
Vidoni, G., *1625
Vietti, T.J. , 2959
Vigliani, E.C., 1076, 1162,
*1250, *1251, *1252, *1253,
*1297, *1453, *1537, *1538,
*2076, *2837, *3535
Vilaseca, G.C. , *2347
Vilenskii, V.D. , *297 , *298,
3341
Villa, T., 2108
Villa Campos, J., 2917
Villani, C., 910, 1940
Villaume, J., *1539, *1729, *1875
Viller, G.E., 249, *257, *4005
Vincent, J., 841, *767, *1098
Vincent, P.C., *375, *390
Viniegra, G., *1730, *3145
Vink, H.H., 1031
Vinogradov, A.P., *60, *112
Vinogradova, L.M., *2077
Vinogradova, O.M., *2838
Vinogradova, Z.A., *232
Vint, M., 3850
Vinter, P., *4056
Vintila, P., 612
Vinton, W.H., Jr., 1020, 1081,
1082, 1173
Visintin, B., *4006
Vitacca, L., 598
Viterbo, B., 799
Vogt, W., *1876
Voigt, G.E., 793, *881
Voinar, A.O., *32, *1454
Voinescu, S., 822
Vol'berg, N.S., 3766
Vol'fovskaya, R.N., *1377
Volkov, D.G., 3476
Volkova, A.M., 3823
Vollertsen, I., 448
Voloder, K., 1626, 3608, *3770
Voloshina, V.V., 821
Vol'pert, E.I., *1974
Von Backstrom, U., *768
Von Ramin, D., 1073
Von Studnitz, W., *1032
Vorel, F., 3955
Voris, D.C., 3001
Vorontsova, A.S., 3902, 4053
Voss, C., 659
Vouk, V.B., 321, 349, 350, *354,
*1626, 3608, *3854
Voukydis, T., *3339
Vuillet, H., *3577
Vukotic, M., 2689
Vulpis, N., *434
Vuorinen, J., *147
Vurdelja, B., *2649
Vyskocil, J., 1809
Wachstein, M., *2975
Uacker, U.E.C., 459
Wada, N., 677, *769, 1577, 1578
1592
Wade, J.F., Jr., *1627
Wagenaar, G., *1099
Wagner, K.H., *1628
Wakizaka, I., 677
Waldman, R.K., *1254, *2078
Waldron, H.A., *473, 2571, 2572,
*2839, *2840
Walker, G., *1384, 1760
Walker, J., 1475
Wallen, I.E., *355
Wallen, L.L., *336
Walpole, A.L., 798, 880
Walpole, R.H., 3242
Walshe, J.M., *2650
Walters, R.M., 3068
Waltner, K., Jr., *413
Wampler, J.M., *299
Wang, H., *391
Wanntorp, H., *568
Ward, G.M., 658
Wark, D.C. , 86
Warren, II.V. , *258, *2079, *2489
*3320, *3340, *3365
Washburn, R.G., *823
Wasowicz, B., 2407
Wassermann, M., *770, *824
Watanabe, G., 508, *677, *1385,
*1386
Watanabe, H., *677, *3137
Watanabe, K., *980, 2446
Watanabe, S., 1804
Waters, T.C., 3516
Waters, W.F., 3920
Watrach, A.M., *1034, *1196
Watson, C.J., 483, *1255, *1298
Watson, R.J., *2950
Weatherall, M., 320, 518, *529,
*530, 532, 533, 560, 571
Weaver, N.K., *1540
Weber, H.J., *3103, *3131
Weber, M., *1878, *1879, *1975
Weber, O.A., *1455, 1626, *3608,
*3735, 3854
Wedepohl, K.H., *97
Wegelius, 0., *1731, 2538
Weichardt, H., *3286
Weidner, H., *3609
Weimer, G., 2498
Weinberg, E.D., *325, *414
Weinberg, S., 3034
Weinig, E., *1976, 2034, *2348,
*3684,
Weir, A.H., 3985
Weiss, C., 408
Weiss, D., *4057
Weitzel, R., 2260
Welling, C.E., 3288
Wells, R.A., 3796
Welsh, G.B., *3527
Wermund, K., 1142
Werner, S., 47
Werrin, M., 2987
Westerman, M.P., *2651
Westermarck, H., *771
Westfield, J., 2532
Westgate, M.W., *3706
Westoo, G., *259
West Virginia Department of
Health, Bureau of Industrial
Hygiene, *3237
Wheat, J.D., 542, 543
Wheeler, H.W., 2389
Whitaker, J.A., *2959, *3012 ,
*3013, 3062
Whitaker, P.J., *1299
White, H.H., *2218, *2976, *3301
White, I.G., *337
White, M.R., 497, 523
White, W.H., *233
Whitehead, T.P., *2219, 2509
Whitman, N.E., 1230, 3726
Whittle, E.G., 1208
Widholm, 0., 2538
Widraaier, 0., *3243
Widy, W., 1072
Wieczorek, M., 870, *1100, 2815
Wieme, R.J., *1541
Wilbur, D., 2260
Wilcocks, C., *2490
Wildfiihr, G. , *3595
Wilentz, W.C., *1256, *1629
806
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Wilgain, S., 3380
Wilkening, M.H., *300
Wilkins, E.T., 3352
Willemsens, L.C., 432
Willett, R.W., *2652
Williams, H., *2867
Williams, 11.A. , *148, *301
Williams, H.W., *2890
Williams, J.D., *2491, *2841
Williams, J.P. , 1366
Williams, M.H.C. , 880
Williams, R.T. , *2653
Willis, J.B., *3916, *3966
Wilson, A.T., *2842
Wilson, C.L. , 3598, 3615
Wilson, D.O. , *3485
Wilson, H.S., 1377, 2899
Wilson, M.R., *1101
Wilson, R.H., *652
Wilson, V.K., *2879, 2900
Wilson, W.J., Jr., 944
Wilzbach, C.A., *2858, *2931
Windish, J.P. , 2188
Winn, G.S. , 1362, *3659
Winterhalter, K.H., *2843
Winters, R.W., *2918
Wintrobe, M.M., 671
Wischgoll, B. , 4004
Wise, W.S., 3842
Wisotzky , J., *825
Witek, E., 2782
Witschi, H.P., *1197
Witters, J. , 251
Wittgens, H., *653, *1542,
*1977
Witwicka, J., *3685
Wohlbier, W., *4058
Woessner, W.W., *3627
Wohlers, H.C. , *3259
Wolf, C.N. , 4064
Wolf, S.I. , 2869
Wolff, H.P. , *2349
WolffenbUttel, E. , *2919
Wolman, l.J. , *2920
Wolstenholme, W.A., *4059
Wondrak, E., *1543
Wood, M., 55
Woodman, E., 503
Woods, G.E., *3068
Woods, S., 1844
Woolff , M.G., *3155
Woolley, P.V. , Jr. , *2932
World Health Organization,
*3366, *3423, *3536
Worms, R., *1300, *1880
Wormser, F.E. , *23
Wright, H.N., 675
Uronowa, B., 1044
Wu, H.W., *392, *2080
Wuthrich, M., 2138
Wurl, O.A., 1314
Wyllie, J., *1544, *1630,
*2654
Wynne, E.A., *3917
Wyss, V., *1301, *1302, *1303
Xintaras, C., 2144, 2269
Yaeger, D.W., 3247
Yagi, R., *1102
Yagihara, T., *923
Yakimenko, L.M., 3923
Yakovenko, M.V., *3104
Yakovleva, G.K., *4060
Yakovleva, L.S., 2481
Yakovleva, Z.M. , 3473
Yakushevskaya, I.V., 176, *194
Yamaga, S., *1456, *1545, *1732
Yamaguchi, S., *703, 732, *924,
1855, *2220
Yamamoto, K., 3291
Yamamoto, T., 361, *1631, 1678
Yamashita, K., 3976
Yamashita, S., *3967
Yamate, N., *3162, 3298
Yana, T., 1385, 1386
Yanagisawa, S., *4007
Yanase, M., *1198
Yanev, P., *1733
Yao, K.P., 1919
Yashunskii, V.G. , 2344
Yates, M.Y., *2977
Yatsyuk, M.D., 254, 256, 2481
Yaverbaum, P.M., *2081, *2655,
*2844, *2845, *2846
Yazhemskaya, V.Ya., 3903
Yeh, B., 239
Yerkovic, L., 1536
Yokohashi, G., *376,*677, *732,
*882, *883
Yokozuka, S., *3555
Yoneyama, Y., 377
Yoshiba, A., *377
Yoshida, K., *307, *317, 3605,
*3918
Yoshida, S., 3918
Yoshida, Y., *732, 1576, 1577,
1578, *1734, 3682, 3683
Yoshimori, T., *4061
Yoshimoro, H., 730
Yoshimura, Y., 1921
Yoshinaga, F., 2800
Young, E.G., *149
Youssef, M.S., *260
Yu, C.-T., 729
Yue, F.C., *3039
Yuge, M., 677, 732, 3682, 3683
Yundzel, N.K., 826
Zabrodin, N.I., *2350
Zabugina, E.A., *302, *2847
Zadorozhnyi, I.K., 60
Zagarese, G., *2848
Zagarskikh, T.I., 3885
Zahorski, W., *1735, *188l,
*2656
Zaidel, A.N., 3772
Zaitsev, V.A., *3771
Zaitseva, A.F., *569, 826
Zak, F.G., *2868
Zakharov, M.S., 3963, *3968
Zakrzewski, K., *3578
Zambrano, A., *654, *655, *1632,
*1633, *1634, *2082
Zan, E., *3270
Zannini, D., *1736, 1767, *2351
Zappella, M., 3046
Zavanella, F., *1304, *1305
Zavon, M.R., *2849
Zazo, S., 618, 619, 621, 630
Zdybiewska, M., *3479
Zecca, I., 1007
Zech, 2644
Zeeman, P.B., *3969
Zegarska, S., 1086
Zegarski, W., 1152, *2657, 2794
Zeglio, P., *1546
Zel'tser, M.E., *1035, *1103,
*1104, *1199
Zemp, J.W., 3672
Zemskov, I.F., *3156, *3184,
*3185, *3468
Zerah, A., 1715
Zezula, I., 353, 374
Zhiglinskii, A.G., *3772
Zholnerovich, L.S., 1024
Ziegfeld., R.L., *23, *4103
Zielhuis, R.L., *2083, *2084,
*2221, *2352, *2353, *2354,
*2355, 2406, *2492, *3146,
*3736
Ziliotto, D., 613
Zimmer, F.E., *2356
Zimmerman, J.G. , *3537
Zimmerman, S.L., 2253
Zimmermann, H., 659, 1603
Zimmermann, W., *3454
Zinov'ev, V.P. , 3276
Zivojinovic, J., 1770, 1897
Zollinger, H.U., 534, *570
Zolotoukhin, G.E. , 821
Zore, V.A., *4008
Zorica, M., 2061
Zorina, L.A., *2085, *2658,
2708, 2740, 2791
Zosin, P., *1737
Zucman, I., 243
Zurcher, H., 482
Zumanova, R., 353, 374
Zurlo, N., 1068, 1297, 1521,
1595, 2094, *3657
Zuskin, E., 2633
Zyka, J., 3650
Zyka, V., *130, *234
Zykov, S.I., 60, 208
Zykova, A.S., *3271
Author Index
807
-------
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
The word "effect" (of lead) has been quitted in most of the entries, unless required
for clarity. Subheadings under names of systems and organs refer, unless otherwise indica-
ted, to findings in clinically established poisoning in man (adult) from repeated exposure
to inorganic lead (Pb). Cases of poisoning are listed, with mention of the main subject of
the published study, under "Lead poisoning," "Tetraethyllead poisoning," etc. For areas in
which large numbers of investigations have been published, such as prophyrin metabolism,
effectiveness of chelating agents, and certain target systems, appropriate cross references
are indicated. From 1950 through 1964, intensive studies on chelating agents have appeared;
these are indicated by specific agent rather than "Treatment." Those that are listed under
the latter indicate references stating only that the agent had been used. "Exposure" in
subentries indicates findings of functional or metabolic tests performed to establish the
degree of exposure to Pb and does not necessarily involve poisoning. "Population" refers
to studies using groups of subjects with no unusual exposure to Pb or its compounds; i.e.,
urban or area studies. Since laboratory tests on men and animals under conditions of
unusual exposure or overt poisoning generally include control values, inclusion of such
information is understood, and not stated as "vs. normal," unless this is specifically
emphasized. Abbreviations and chemical symbols are used in subentries; e.g., UK for United
Kingdom. Other abbreviations, apart from those listed under Abbreviations and Symbols, are
given in this index.
M: Aminoacetone
Abietic acid, lead salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Abortifacients
poisoning occurrence, 1459, 1764, 1920, 2622,
2663
Absorption, fate of lead in organism, see
Metabolism of lead
Abundance of lead, see Occurrence (natural)
Accumulator industry, see Storage battery industry
Acetic acid, [[(carboxymethyl)imino]bis-
(ethylenenitrilo)]tetra, see Pentetate (DTPA)
Acetylcholinesterase (true cholinesterase), see
Enzymes
Acetyl penicillamine, see Penicillamine
Acetylcholine, see Nervous system
Acidosis
in Pb arsenate poisoning, cattle, 726
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Acute poisoning, see Lead poisoning; specific
compounds; for experimental, see Experiments
with animals
Acylcholine acylhydrolase, see Enzymes,
cholinesterase
Adaptation to lead, 2243
in blood, 1368
1-131 uptake increase, as sign, on experimental
basis, 945
to poisoning, guinea pigs, 635
prehypophyseal gonadostimulin excretion in, 1365
vs length of exposure, 1347
vs signs, survival, rats, 746
Additive effects
flue dust components, 3245
threshold limit values, recommended, 3539
Additives containing lead, see Alkyllead antiknock;
Food additives; Lubricants; Stabilizers
Adenoma, see Neoplasms
Adenosine diphosphate
effect on protoporphyrin formation in vitro,
in vivo, 1042
Adenosine monophosphate
antihemolytic action, rabbits, 1055
effect on: anemia, rabbits, 940, 998, 1057, 1132
bone marrow disorders, rabbits, 1057, 1132
porphyrin metabolism, rabbits, 940, 1075
protoporphyrin formation vs pyridoxal phos-
phate, in vitro, in vivo, 1042
therapeutic use, 2666, 2751
Adenosine nucleotides; see also Nucleosides
effect on porphyrin synthesis, in vivo, in
vitro, reviews, 1056
Adenosinetriphosphatase, see Enzymes
Adenosinetriphosphate
effect on protoporphyrin formation in vitro,
in vivo, 1042
inhibition of Pb action on isolated frog heart,
316
therapeutic effectiveness, intravenous, in
paralysis, 2419
Adolescents; see also Lead poisoning in children
regulations, occupations excluding,
international, 3086
pottery workers, UK, 3486
Adrenal glands
acetylcholine, in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 766
arteriolosclerosis, rabbits, 729
ascorbic acid, rats, 893
corticosteroid fractions, rats, 803
function, in acute, subacute poisoning, dogs,
1097
in subacute poisoning, 2562
vs poisoning degree, 2447
vs signs, 2781
809
-------
Adrenal glands (cont)
ketosteroids, in acute, chronic poisoning,
rabbits, 1012, 1013
formation, rabbits, 956
urine, vs exposure, 1523
vs signs, 2781
lipids, in acute, chronic poisoning, rabbits,
1012, 1013
cholesterol, in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 595
pathology, in acute poisoning, rabbits, 870,
1012, 1013
effect of: ACTH, guinea pigs, 557
alcohol, guinea pigs, 608, 609
tocopherol, rabbits, 536
in fatal myocardiosclerosis, 1857
hemochromatosis, 1271
rabbits, 956, 1010, 1100
in TEL poisoning, animals, 594, 1171
vs Pb content, rabbits, 556
in TML poisoning, rats, 1171
weight, in atherosclerosis, rabbits, 1146
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
removal, effect on anemia, rats, 934
weight, rats, 517, 518
vs Pb content, raccoons, 965
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
effect on: adrenal Pb content, from TEL,
rabbits, 681
anemia, animals, 775, 934
Pb pathology, guinea pigs, 557
subacute TEL poisoning, rabbits, 638
therapeutic effectiveness, in colic, 1537, 1852
Aerosols; see also Air pollution; Particles
apparatus for administration, 2271
electro-, in prevention of poisoning, 1833
nucleation, by Pb, 3317
size, as exposure measure, 3159
Aerospace programs; see also Aviation
spray painting without compressed air, health,
fire hazards, 3165
uses of Pb compounds, 4081
Age determination, use of lead in, see Minerals
Age of earth, see Minerals
Age variations
in alkaline phosphatase, blood, 2638
in aorta Pb content, 1475
in basophil erythrocytes, 2645
in blood changes, 2303
in blood Pb, 2144, 2269, 2281, 2629, 2675
in children, 2945
in blood specific gravity, 2303
in body Pb, 1173, 2732
in bone Pb, 1381, 1800, 2025, 2295, 2348
feces, urine Pb, 1842
in heart disorders, 1594, 2428
in hypertension, 2343, 2420
kidney diseases, 1218
in lung Pb, 2828
in mortality, children, 2862
in organ Pb, 2106, 2107. 2264
Pb distribution in teeth, seals, 1102
in Pb intake from foods, 1678
in poisoning degree, children, 2920, 3018
in porphyrin elimination, 1734
in response to Pb, animals, 486, 811, 1145
reflex, 2375
in response to Pb arsenate, cattle, 745
in skin Pb, 2041
in tissue Pb, 2287, 2288
in tooth Pb, 1208, 1648, 2102, 2635
in urine Pb, 1570, 1842
vs exposure, 2773
Agriculture
poisoning occurrence, 2240, 2507
Air; see also Air pollution; Air precipitations;
Air quality
absorption of Pb from, see Lead, intake;
Metabolism of lead
analytical methods for, see Analytical methods
cleaning, see Airborne wastes
monitoring, see Air pollution; Industrial
hygiene control
Pb content in clean vs polluted, 3236
Airborne wastes
composition, smelters, 3303
steel mills, 3350
control, baghouse system, smelters. 3230
dust collectors, evaluation, 3242
e q uipment, 34 0 5
design for electric, Martin steel mills,
3350
evaluation, 3303
smelters, 3290, 3419
use of Pb in, 4065
filters, automatic, evaluation, 3302
electric, evaluation, 3361
legislated, UK, 3302
US, 3303
recirculation apparatus, TEL industry, 3393
sulfation, 3276
Venturi purification system, 3394
diffusion, 3292
emission standards, US, Europe, 3420
flue dust, analytical methods, 3873
foundries, experiments with animals, 3245
fallout, 3245
poisoning in animals, 3245, 3249
Pb, Zn contents, from scrap melting, 3270
Pb removal, foam wetting agents, 3252
TEL removal, 3126, 3307
treatment, in oxygen jet, evaluation, 3409
Air pollution
aerosols, particle size distribution, 3418
water solubility, 3382
analytical methods; see also Analytical methods,
air
field, 3777
membrane filter spot tests, 3807
automobile exhaust; see also Automobile exhausts
cancer relationship, 1167, 2274, 3254
health hazards, discussions, 3287
CO content in air, 3263, 3264
dwellings, 3293
Italy, 3334
tunnels, 3263, 3264
CO fallout, 3282
control devices, 3358
recommended, 3423
regulations, California, 3333
effect on: motorcycle drivers, 1830
smog symptoms, 3281
eye irritation, human subjects, 3281
fallout, 3273, 3275
increase, 3386
Switzerland, 3286
US, 3300
form of Pb in, 3233
health hazards, children, 3293
810
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Air pollution: automobile exhaust (cont)
discussions, 41, 1830, 1936, 3241, 3248,
3250, 3253, 3261, 3265, 3272, 3275,
3285-3287, 3295, 3308, 3321, 3323, 3325,
3327-3329, 3331, 3332, 3334, 3336, 3337,
3339, 3340, 3349, 3352, 3370, 3371, 3376,
3381, 3390, 3392, 3400, 3410, 3416, 3417
editorial, 3344
by increased TEL, report, US, 3299
reports, US, 3364
industry responsibility, 3344
investigations, Switzerland, 3225, 3280, 3337
US, 3318, 3328, 3329, 3334
irradiation effect, 3377
medical survey, border officials, 3274
nucleation, PbCl2+S02, 3317
organic Pb content in air, 3354, 3389
particle size, 3317
Pb body burden, population, report, US, 3299
reviews, 3410
Pb burned/mile, 3351
Pb content in:
air; see also surveys under this and main
entry; factors affecting, see climatic
variations; meteorologic variations;
seasonal variations; topographic varia-
tions; traffic density variations
dwellings, 3293
Switzerland, 1830
from TEL vs TML, 3342, 3357
TML-gasoline service stations, 2564, 2734
trends in, US, 3324, 3389
tunnels, 3263, 3264, 3267, 3298, 3351
vs population, US, 3246
blood, urine, in service station
attendants, 3357
vs toxic limits, 3370
cow's milk, 3336
food plants, Canada, UK, 3365
reviews, 3392
forage near industries, 3398
plants, 3282, 3295, 3320, 3340
by adsorption, 3408
trees, Canada, UK, 3365
urban vs nonurban, 258
vs distance from highways, 212
road dust, 3263, 3264, 3267
vs kidney cancer mortality, UK, 1167
soil, 3337, 3340, 3408
vs distance from highways, 212
water, 3335, 3282
Pb fallout, 3250, 3253, 3282
poisoning, 1947
criticism of report, 2207
in drivers, see Automobile drivers
signs, traffic police, 3306; see also
Traffic police
reports, US, 3304
skin porphyria from, in truck drivers, 2091
as sole source, discussions, 3381
as source of, particulates, 3382
seawater Pb, 3384-3386
reviews, 3392
surveys, Germany, 3399, 3408, 3416
Italy, 3263, 3264, 3334, 3357
Japan, 3291
reviews, 3390, 3416
Switzerland, 3267, 3337
US, 3304, 3351, 3389
USSR, 3282, 3306, 3312
before, after TEL use, 3293
traffic police exposure, 3263, 3264
vs aerosol total, 3355
bacterial, reviews, 3259
blood, basophils in population, urban, nonurban,
Belgium, 2645
cancer relationship, 3399; see also automobile
exhaust
as cause of childhood poisoning, 2987
climatic variations, 3273
by coal, Pb content, 65, 3236
CO health hazards, 3282
conferences, Australia, 3326
Germany, 3336
international, 3366, 3423
Italy, 3277
US, 25, 29, 39, 3300, 3310
control, 3265
effectiveness, 3231
foam wetting agents, 3252
programs, USSR, 3269
recommendations, 3226
requirements, USSR, 3238
US, 3233
diffusion from stacks, Pb iodide as measure,
3292
discussions, 3319
diurnal variations, 3247, 3324, 3389
dust, form of Pb in 3767
effect on plants, 3368
fallout, 3237
fuel combustion, as source, 3412
reviews, 3259
health hazards, discussions, 3278, 3300, 3310,
3325, 3326, 3371, 3383, 3399, 3407,
3416, 3419
higher nervous activity changes, as basis,
3234
indices, 3366
investigations, US, 3304
history, 3349
industrial, 3093
alkyl-pb manufacture, use, 3376
As content in air, 3258
control, 3300
reports, US, 3303
disease frequency, mortality, in children,
3363
effect on: environment, 3383
plants, reviews, 3347, 3368
population, USSR, 3422
reproduction, 1762
experiments with animals, 485, 1063, 3236,
3362
eye irritation, odor complaints, 3362
fallout, 3236, 3271
increase, 3386
form of Pb in, 3233
health hazards, discussions, 3323
legislation, UK, 3302
US, 3303
medical surveys, population, USSR, 3271
metal content in dust, 3294
neighborhood complaints, 3227
organ Pb, cats, 3271
pasture contamination, 235
Pb absorption screening tests, Argentina,
2809, 2810
Subject Index
811
-------
Air pollution: industrial (cont)
Pb content in: air, Italy, 3269
air, US, 3227
USSR, 3236, 3251, 3271, 3648
Yugoslavia, 2174
blood, animals, 2174
urine, population, 2174, 3369, 3398
fly ash, 3474
food plants, 2174, 3011, 3398
forage, 3398
organs from food grown near, USSR, 3251
plants, 3419, 3474
urban vs nonurban, 258
soil, 2174, 3305, 3316, 3362, 3419
Rhodesia, 3474
USSR, 3011, 3251, 3260, 3283
water, 3305, 3316
Pb fallout, India, 3212
Pb sulfide content in air, USSR, 3296
poisoning:
animals, Germany, 813, 3226
history, 17
Rhodesia, 3474
children, Chili, 3316
Germany, 3343, 3383
Philippines, 2860
US, 3048
USSR, 3011
hazards, in children, 2870
livestock, Germany, 1169, 3245, 3249
US, 542. 3398
Yugoslavia, 3356
occurrence, reviews, 3383, 3421
population, 3305, 3367
Australia, 3239
protective zones, distance evaluation, 3362
evaluation, 3420
Pb ore processing, USSR, 3296
recommended, 3383
requirements, USSR, 3238, 3269, 3293
Yugoslavia, 3305
Se poisoning, hazards, 3297
S02 poisoning, population, Yugoslavia, 3305
as source of seawater Pb, 3385, 3386
surveys, Hungary, 3294
Italy, 3369
Romania, 3419
US, 3237
USSR, 3283, 3289, 3362, 3363, 3422
TEL content in soil, 3260
threshold limit values, Japan, 3405
urine ALA, porphyrins, in population,
Argentina, 2630
urine, Pb, children, USSR, 3348
porphyrins, children, USSR, 3289, 3348
investigations, evaluation, WHO, 3423
by isotopic Pb, see Lead isotope(s)
kidney disease hazards, 3036
legal aspects, compensation claims, Germany,
3245
injunctions, US, 3227
legislation, dust, soot discharge, Japan, 3404
recommended, 3325
US, 3364
materials damage, 3265
maximum allowable concentrations; see also
threshold limit values
USSR, bases for, 3360
committee, 3234, 3502
Pb sulfide, on experimental basis, 3296
measurement methods, reviews, 3244, 3300
meteorologic variations, 212; see also climatic
variations
monitoring; see also sampling
analytical errors in, 3389
methods, 3602
standardization recommended, 3423
USSR, 3269
programs, US, 3412
nuisance factors, 3227
particulate matter, content, vs populations,
3246
identification, 3686
national average, 3403
properties, reviews, 3301
size, 3414
distribution, 3382
measurement, 3269, 3686
Pb body burden, relationship, 3387
threshold limit value, 3304
urban, nonurban, 3396
Pb content; see also automobile exhaust; indus-
trial; surveys
in air, Finland, 2724
national average, US, 3403
seasonal variations, 3224
trends in, 2287, 2288
urban, reviews, 264, 2564, 2734
nonurban, reviews. 3975
US, 3233
vs threshold limit values, US, 3244
vs coal use, 3231
vs MAC, USSR, 3256
in blood, urine: urban, US, 2524
urban, nonurban, US, 2144, 2269
Yugoslavia, 2174
in dust on windows, 3236
in fallout, 3237
in street dust, 3253
before TEL use, 2090
surveys, Switzerland, 3248, 3261
in urine, urban, nonurban, Germany, 2297
Pb intake from, see Lead
Pb storage in deer antlers, as indicator, 2090
photochemical reactions, 3317
population, research need, US, 25
problems, reviews, 3325
protective zones, see industrial
reports, US, 3364
reviews, 2130, 3300; see also health hazards
sampling, analytical methods, USSR, 3235
errors in, 3389
programs, US, 3246
techniques, evaluation, 3671
volumes, vs errors, 3389
sampling devices, 3324, 3774
ac precipitator, 4007
filters, 3312, 3414, 3838
celluloid, 3843
cotton-wool, 3751
coupon mounting, 3359
paper tape, 3877, 3911
hand-pump, filter holders, 3931
for organic Pb, on I crystals, 3354
precautions, reviews, 3975
seasonal variations, 3246, 3271, 3399, 3752
smog disasters, 3265
soil dust as source, 3246
812
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Air pollution (cont)
solids, composition, Pb content, 3353
sources, 3236, 3265, 3273, 3324
reviews, 3278, 3349
status, Japan, 3404
surveys; see also automobile exhaust, surveys
Canada, US, 3602
evaluation, 3244
population, US, 2524
urban, Germany, 3399
Italy, 3257
UK, 3353
US, 3228, 3247, 3328, 3403, 3411
national, 3412
USSR, 3256
urban, nonurban, reviews, 3259
Switzerland, 3253
US, 3224, 3231, 3232, 3246, 3324, 3371
US, 3418
threshold limits, sensory response index, 3269
threshold limit values; see also maximum allow-
able concentrations; Threshold limit
values
interpretation, 3515
US, 3370
workroom, relationship, 3546
topographic variations, 3273, 3295
trace elements in blood, urban, 2675
traffic density variations, 3231, 3291, 3298,
3389
urban, trends, 3324
volcanic dust as source, 3246
vs population size, 3412
workroom, see Industrial hygiene control;
specific industries, processes
Air Pollution Control Association reports, 3303
Air precipitations; see also Lead isotope(s)
snow, Pb content, isotopic composition, 3384
from pollution, 3260, 3271, 3335
TEL content, 3260
Air quality standards
bases for, 3407
USSR, 3360
body burden basis, 3396
establishment, discussions, 3420
international, recommended, 3423
need for, 2287, 2288
particle size considerations, 3376
Pb content, recommendations, California, 3397
Pb limits, 3376
California, 3370
physiologic studies for, 2287, 2288
reports, California, 3304
research needs, 3314, 3315, 3397
statewide, California, 3314, 3315, 3333
threshold limit values, 3318
US vs Europe, 3390
vs emission standards, 3420
Air Sampling Network, see National Air Sampling
Network
ALA: Aminolevulinic acid
Alanine, methyl ester, lead chloride complex
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Albumin, tablets, see Protein preparations
in urine, see Kidneys and urinary tract
Alcohol
contaminated, poisoning occurrence, 1637
history, 6, 8
rum, distillation, Massachusetts law, 6, 8
EEC in poisoning vs by TEL, rabbits, 741
effect on Pb metabolism, 1762
animals, 588, 607-609
effects on tryptophan metabolism, rabbits. 1122
poisoning precipitation by, 1321, 1379, 2333
Alcohol, illegal
consumption, daily, causing poisoning, 2652
Pb content, causing poisoning, 2253, 2770
poisoning occurrence, 2011, 2253, 2376, 2383,
2519, 2589, 2652, 2979
Alcoholism, susceptibility
effect on blood Pb, 1251
effect on Pb poisoning, 2153, 2333, 2422, 2474
2582
in employee rejection, 3238
encephalopathy, vs in Pb poisoning, 2267
Korsakoff's syndrome in, with As, Pb poisoning,
1689
liver enlargement in TEL poisoning, 2402
susceptibility to Pb, 1225, 1972
subceptibility to TEL-gasoline, 1955
trace element metabolism, 2214
wine consumption in, 2830
Algae, see Plants, aquatic
Aliphatic acid lead salts
uses, propellant stabilizers, 4081
Alkyllead antiknock; see also Gasoline, leaded;
Tetraethyllead; Tetramethyllead
analytical methods, spectrophotometry, 3871
blending regulations, 3172
composition, 3250, 3253
content in gasoline, 2695
effect of increase, 3299
legislated, France, 3500
Switzerland, 3250, 3253
content in gasoline mixes, 3172
decomposition reactions in gasoline, 3243
effect on enzymes, in vitro, 419
effectiveness, reviews, 4082
elimination recommended, 3253, 3282, 3286, 3327,
3345, 3370
experiments with rabbits, subcutaneous, 694
handling, safety measures, 3210
handling regulations, 3172
health hazards, research on, reviews, 43
TEL vs TML, 1068, 3357
history, 3225, 4088
manufacture, air pollution by, 3260
Pb deposits on engines from, 3284
physical properties, reviews, 4082
poisoning occurrence, from misuse as solvent,
2220
reviews, 2217
substitutes for, 3223
TEL vs TML, automobile exhaust Pb, 3342
TML, hazards, 2546
vs organic Hg, gasoline toxicity from, 3331
Alkyllead compounds, see also specific compounds
analytical methods, gas chromatography, electron
capture detector, 3972
paper chromatography, 3900
antiknock properties, evaluation, 4092
manufacture, air monitoring, 4037
distribution, air pollution problems, 3376
skin absorption hazards, 2739
toxicity, 12
Alkyltin compounds
brain pathology, in animals, vs in children,
2974
Subject Index
813
-------
Allergy
to Pb oxide, sulfide, 2315
Allobiosis
definition, 1944
Allylisopropylacetamide
toxicity, vs Pb poisoning, animals, 915
Aluminum metabolism
content in blood, in Pb exposure, 2077
American Standards Association
paint standard, 3503
threshold limit values, 3147
Aminoacetone; see also Protein metabolism
analytical methods, 2807
Amino acids; see also Protein metabolism
sulfur-containing, Pb complexes, stability
constants, 4101
2-Aminoethanethiol, see Cysteamine
Aminoketones, see Protein metabolism
Aminolead compounds
uses, herbicides, 4075
Aminolevulinate dehydratase, see Enzymes
Aminolevulinic acid; see also Porphyrins
analytical methods, 2141
blood, in acute poisoning, 2470, 2666
after AMP, rabbits, 940
with pyridoxal phosphate, rabbits, 1042
in anemia, after AMP, rabbits, 998
after EDTA, 2619
formation, inhibition, in vitro, 671
limit values, 2245, 2659
from past poisoning, 2470, 2801
vs ALA dehydratase, in man, rabbits, 2766
vs basophils, rabbits, 915
vs blood Pb, rabbits, 1015
vs porphobilinogen, in poisoning vs porphyria,
rabbits, 875
vs porphyrins, 2463, 2602
vs in unrelated diseases, 2386
vs urine, diagnostic value, 2511
vs urine Pb, 1057, 1132, 2463
vs urine porphyrins, 2463
bone marrow, from past poisoning, 2470
conversion to porphobilinogen, heme formation,
in vitro, in vivo, 2833
effect of intravenous, on porphyrin metabolism,
rabbits, 915
identification, 2141
metabolism after intravenous, rabbits, 876
metabolism, mechanism, 2189, 2191, 2694
synthesis, mechanism, reviews, 1957
urine, 2189, 2191
in acute poisoning, 2619, 2666
rabbits, 915
ALA-like substance identification, 1913
in alcoholics, 2376
after AMP, rabbits, 940, 1057, 1075, 1132
with pyridoxal phosphate, rabbits, 1042
analytical methods, colorimetry, PEG removal,
3989
ion-exchange separation, Ehrlich reagent,
3696
in anemia, 2816
after AMP, rabbits, 998
rabbits, 895
in children, 3063
course, rabbits, 1141
diagnostic value, 1797, 2379, 2442, 2527,
2597, 2694, 2702, 2809, 2810
children, 3037, 3055
after EDTA, 1909, 2328, 2382, 2452, 2619,
2647, 2743, 2807
females, 1969
normal vs poisoned rabbits, 877
in exposure, vs poisoning, 2334
porphyrias, 2141
after glycine, 2471
after inosine, 1057, 1075, 1132, 2385
limit values, 1844, 2245, 2500, 2659, 2704,
2705
children, 3037, 3050
mechanism, 2748, 2843
from past poisoning, 2801
after penicillamine, 2543
in porphyric, 2751
in TEL poisoning, 2743
vs ALA-dehydratase, rabbits, 1131
vs ALA synthetase, animals, 1160
vs aminoacetone, -ketones, 2690, 2762
vs amino acids, rabbits, 1032
vs blood, diagnostic value, 2511
vs blood Pb, children, 3055
rabbits, 1015
vs blood porphyrins, 2686
vs creatinine, 2365
vs erythrocyte survival, 1909
vs exposure, 2630
vs liver catalase, rabbits, 1136
vs nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis, rabbits,
1183-1185
vs poisoning degree, 2266, 2408, 2694, 2814
vs porphobilinogen, 1797, 2766
rabbits, 875, 2766
vs in porphyria, 2404
rabbits, 875, 876
vs porphyrins, 1797, 2324, 2328, 2366, 2382,
2567, 2571, 2602, 2686, 2702, 2743
vs in unrelated diseases, 2386, 2702, 2807
vs urine Pb, 2324, 2382, 2571, 2686, 2702
in various diseases, 2245
Aminopolyphosphinic acids
effect of injected, on poisoning, animals, 983
p-Aminosalicylic acid
antidotal effectiveness, guinea pigs, 801
mobilization of Pb, sheep, 802
AMP: Adenosine monophosphate
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, see Nervous system
Analytical methods (Pb cation); see also specific
compounds; Lead isotope(s)
additives: EDTA titration, 3632
air: ashing, wet, HNOo, approved, 3924
chrornate, approved, 3808, 3811
as chromate, in presence of As, Mn, 3922
chromatography: paper 3752
dithizone, 3877
rhodizonate, as nitrate, 3980
colorimetry, 3774
dithizone, 3715, 3838
filter paper, field method, 3798
K chromate reaction, 3235
mixed-color dithizone, approved, 3740, 3911,
3924
double extraction, recommended, 3970
quinalizarin, 3648, 3658
rhodizonate, 3925
tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone-impregnated
paper, 3777
tetrahydroxyquinone, 3628, 3931
vs visual, 3726
814
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Analytical methods (Pb cation): air (cont)
directly on sampling filter, 3312
with EDTA, 20a, 677
evaluation, 3659
interlaboratory, 3924
field methods, 3628, 3807, 3827, 3892, 3931
for MAC's, resolutions, 3530
modified Snyder, 3999
nephelometry, 3723
as chromate, 3312
from organic Pb, spectrophotometry, dithizone,
3354
particles, gel treatment, 3686
Pb-in-air analyzer, 3746
revised, for TEL, TML, 4037
Pb-in-air-detector-kit-based, spot test, 3997
Pb nitrate titration, 3657
photometry, dithizone, 4025
tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone 4052
physical properties of dusts, 3200
polarography, 3583, 3597, 3623, 3646, 3679,
3734
CaCl2 supporting electrolyte, 3791
evaluation, 3584, 4024
in presence of Cd, Cu, Zn, 3262
in presence of Cu, Zn, Sn, 3766
rapid, 3731
precautions, reviews, 3975
reviews, 1832, 3694, 3788, 3975
sampling, 3583, 3602, 3734, 3774
celluloid filters, 3843
corrugated tubes, 3604
equipment, 3740
field devices, 3925
filter efficiency, evaluation, 3671
filter paper holder, 3628
filter paper tape, 3877, 3911
filters, 3838
cotton-wool, 3751
glass fiber, 3590
glass wool, sugar absorbers, 3679
hand-pump, 3628
HC1 for Sn interference, 3616
in HN03 solution, 3646
impinger, 3623
jet dust-counter, 3623
membrane filters vs midget impinger, 3617
precautions, 3740, 4021
spectrography, 4010, 4044, 4060
emission, 3957, 4007
direct-reading, 3359
evaluation, 3687
polystyrene-coated C electrode, 4051
rapid semiquantitative, in high-volume
samples, 3602
X-ray, direct, 4003
spot tests, membrane filters, 3807
titration, amperometric, 3717, 3750, 3945
turbidimetry, rhodizonate, 3962
USPHS, 3983
X-ray, 3909
airborne particles: microscopic counts, size
measurements, 3694
airborne wastes: spectrography, X-ray emission
3873
alcohol solution: titration, EDTA, dithizone
indicator, 3870
aqueous solutions: isotope dilution with
3825
212
Pb,
ascorbic acid solutions: polarography, 3744
beverages, carbonated: polarography, reviews,
226
biologic materials: adsorption, 3718
Ag sulfide, topochemical, 3732
ashing, acid peroxide, 3739
dry vs wet, 1603, 3781
elimination of, 3672
evaluation, 4019
Vycor tube, 3934
blood, atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
in EDTA therapy, 4016
colorimetry, dithizone, 3569, 4019
dithizone, in EDTA therapy, 3661
mixed-color, 3635, 3790
modified, 3647, 4056
rapid, 3682, 3683
dithizone, 3719
errors, laboratory, 3888
by Pb-contaminated Na citrate, 3655
by Pb-soldered syringes, 3667
evaluation, 2554
interlaboratory, 3888
mass spectrophotometry, spark source, 4059
photometry, dithizone, 2554
polarography, 3576, 3583, 3641, 3649, 3656
3668, 3674, 3691, 3711, 3783
in EDTA therapy, 3688
direct, 4002
evaluation, 4019
modified Teisinger, 3685
oscillographic, 3848
by Pb surcharge, 3660
in small samples, 3684
simple, in small samples, 3635
spectrography, 3, 3567, 3585, 3890,
emission, 3820, 3835
rapid, 3670
ultraviolet, 3710
without citrate, 3574, 3575
X-ray emission, 3992
spectrophotometry, 3638
dithizone, modified, 3608
simplified, 3859
extraction, Me-isoBu-ketone, 4014
0SPHS, 3983
wet digestion, 3578
wet oxidation 3635
X-ray fluorescence, 4029
blood protein fractions, paper electrophoresis,
2040
bones, expressed in ash weight for standard,
2410
histochemistry, 2615
photometry, dithizone, in presence of ^^Pb,
3981
spectrophotometry, Cl complex, 4032
chromatography, disk, 4026
paper, 1129, 3804
phosphate-32?, 3914
thin-layer, 3943
colorimetry, 813, 3936, 3956, 3974
diphenylcarbazide, precautions, 3624
dithizone, 1603, 3703, 3834
error elimination, 3605
Fe removal, amyl acetate, 3784
mixed-color, modified, 3665
recommended, 3970
modified, 3601
Subject Index
815
-------
Analytical methods: biologic materials
colorimetry, dithizone (cont)
monocolor, 3697
recommended, 4021
visual, 3851
pretreatment in Pb EDTA excretion, 1587
titrimetric, modified, 4022
vs visual, 3726
coprecipitation vs mineralization, 1774
dithizone, mixed-color, modified, 3620
precautions, 3918
vs polarography, evaluation, 3973
effect of drugs on Pb ionization, 3651
electrophoresis, 3853
high-voltage paper, 1129
evaluation, 3659, 3867
specific gravity corrections, 3926
hair, photometry, dithizone, in presence of
210pb, 3981
for MAC's, resolutions, 3530
muffle furnace after chelate treatment, 1467
Pb nitrate titration, 3657
photometry, ashing techniques, 3593, 3594
concentration techniques, 3593, 3594
dithizone, 3593, 3594
evaluation, 3582
rapid, 3566
naphthyldithizone, 3593, 3594
polarography, 813, 3589, 3619, 3651, 3741,
3759, 3921
dithizone, commercial, 1920
in Fe presence, 3697
multiple electrode, 3592
oscillographic, 3952
preliminary treatment, 3712
rapid, 3731
precautions in, 2416
preservatives, 3610
radiometry, 3852
diethyldithiocarbamate, 204T1, 3964
as 21DPb, 210Bi separation, dithizone, 4013
reviews, 4017
saliva, polarography, by Pb surcharge, 3660
sampling, precautions, 4021
separation, diethyldithiocarbamate, 3703
diethyIdithiocarbamate-acetylacetone, 3913
dithizone, 3783, 3956, 3974, 4053
constants, 3854
NaCN impurities, effect, 3616
electrolytic, as dioxide, 3991
extraction, double, recommended, 3970
ion-exchange, column chromatography, 4036
ion-exchangers, 1182, 3607, 3641
simple diagnostic, 675
simultaneous with Cu, Zn, in EDTA therapy,
3741
spectrography, 3698, 3747, 3884, 4044, 4051
arc light excitation, 4004
emission, 3633, 3957
evaluation, 4035
universal standard recommended, 2214
silica buffer for, 3885
SnCl4 internal standard, 3596
spectrophotometry, Bi line internal standard,
3600
ion-exchange+Na chloranilate, 3917
modified, 4022
titration, dithizone, 3805
urine, absorptiometry, as dithizonate, 3769
ashing, HC104, 3910
wet, in chelate therapy, 3932
atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 3916
3966
colorimetry, diphenylthiocarbazide, 3634
dithizone, 3672, 3866, 3947
Bi interference, 3616
in EDTA therapy, 3661
interpretation, 3840
modified, 4056
monocolor dithizone, 3876
naphtholphthalein indicator, 3876
rapid, 3724
sulfarsazen, 4053
colorimetry vs polarography, 2676
complexing with various agents, 3760
coprecipitation, in EDTA therapy, 1943
evaluation, 2306
dithizone, modified, 2884
in EDTA therapy, problems, 1310
evaluation, 2215
Hg drop electrode, 3881
ion-exchange, 3874
adsorption of interfering ions, 3742
sulfarsazen (Plumbone), 3902
nephelometry, evaluation, 3753
old, extraction, 3610
oxidation, K chromate, 4005
photometry, dithizone, 3824, 4025
improved, for Pb, TEL exposure, 3627
rapid, 4042
rapid screening, evaluation, 3584
polarography, 3565, 3583, 3607, 3654, 3691,
3711
in EDTA therapy, 3742, 3688
modified, 3580
rapid, 3990
small samples, 3684
precipitable, nonp'recipitable fractions,
2521, 2676
reviews, 3966
specific gravity corrections, 2237, 2298
vs creatinine, 2252, 2672, 2767, 2768
spectrography, 3585
In internal standard, 3912
spectrophotometry, dithizone, simplified, 39 78
titration, dithizone, direct, 3ybt>
wet-ashing vs coprecipitation, errors in,
2120
brines: extraction, dinaphthizone vs dithizone,
4039
catalytic reformer feedstocks: polarography,
square-wave, 3899
chromate, modifications, 3725
chromatography
paper, 3704, 3729, 3755, 3959
chloranilic acid, 3858
precipitation, 3678
thin-layer, extraction, dithizone, 4031
coal-tar colors: colorimetry, 3591
electrolysis, titration, 3591
colorimetry, dithizone, reversion absorptiom-
etry, 3621
Omega Chrome reagents, 3830
in presence of Zn, 3571
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol, 3797
spot tests, 3757
sulfarsazen (Plumbone), 3844, 3882
thioacetamide, 3786
816
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Analytical methods (cont)
complexemetry, indicators, sulfarsazen (Plum-
bone) , 3844
coulometry, cathodic stripping, 4061
I-Q recorder, 3939
crayons: spectrography, X-ray, 3967
dentifrices: colorimetry, dithizone, 3570
dialdehyde starch: spectrophotometry, dithizone,
3971
dithizone, modifications, 3725
drugs: f3-ray scattering vs complexometry, 3557
bromometry, p-amino-o-hydrobenzoic acid
precipitation, 3705
chromatography, paper, 3704
complexometry, EDTA, Eriochrome Black indica-
tor, 3928
dithizone, 3817, 3979
electrophoresis, paper, 3982
gravimetry
centrifugation, 3802
apparatus, 3801
sulfate, 3841
Na-S test, 3552
Pb acetate, as K-Pb sulfate, 3803
polarography, oscillographic, 3955
separation, 3836
specifications, 3552, 3557, 3764
thioacetamide precipitation, 3626
titration, complexometric, 3650, 3901
EDTA, 3690
Trilon B, 3771
dust: phase analysis, 3767
Pb-Zn+Ca, 3868
electrolysis, internal, with anodic Pb dioxide
deposition, 3756
titration, 3591
electrophoresis, continuous paper, apparatus,
2040
extraction, see separation under biologic
materials; drugs; foods; plants; sea-
water; soil; water
feed: ashing temperatures, vs results, 4058
preparation, errors by, 4058
filter paper, Ni ferrocyanide impregnated, 3826
fluorescence: Pb-Cl complexes, 4018
thiourea, UV, 4049
food additives: formic acid, polarography,
anodic-stripping, 3856
food dyes: polarography, 3822
foods: absorption spectrophotometry, 3581
ashing, acid peroxide, 3739
bomb technique, 3636
reviews, 3728
beer, Ca phosphate, carbonate entrainment, Fe
interference, 3613
colorimetry, dithizone, modified, 3611
rapid, 3622
spectrography, ash treatment, 4001
canned, reviews, 138
as chromate, 4050
chromatography, 3806
paper, 3729
thin-layer, 3943
cocoa, polarography, square-wave, 3637
colorimetry, ashing, dry, 3707
dithizone, 3763, 3770
ashing, wet, apparatus, 3709
mixed-color, reviews, 3728
monocolor, recommended, 3653
4-(pyridylazo)-resorcinol, 3880
confections, polarography, 3953
dairy products, spectrography, 76
dithizone, 3719, 3819
without CN, 3958
evaluation, 73
gelatin, polarography, 3733
H2S, NaaS precipitation, 3898
meats, polarography, amalgam, 4047
polarography, 3573, 3676, 3863
stationary Hg drop electrode, 4048
preserves, colorimetry, 3886
reviews, 3708
separation
diethyldithiocarbamate, complex, 3714
diethylammonium, 3643
dithizone, with Na metaphosphate, 3669
ion-exchange, 3720
spectrography, simultaneous, with Cu, Sn, 4008
spectrophotometry, dithizone, 3701
quercetin, 3948
sugars, ashing, wet, hexametaphosphate,
hydroxylamine-HCl, 3998
titration, dithizone, 3643
turbidimetry, as chromate, 3790
wine, ashing, dry, vs wet, 3810
atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 3969
dithizone, ion-exchange extraction, 3748
polarography, 3860
forensic toxicology, reviews, 3689
gasoline: gravimetry, standard, ASTM, 3855
polarography, standard, ASTM, 3855
gelatins: polarography, 3573
glass: polarography, 3629
gravimetry, 3598, 3700
chromous salt solutions, 3915
mercaptobenzothiazole, 3663
heterometry, alkali citrate, 3614
indicator, amperometric, FeCl3, 3965
isotope dilution, 210Pb, spectrometry, 3662
K N-benzoylaminoacetate reagent, 3713
mass spectrophotometry, spark source, electrode
preparation, 4059
microcoulometry, counter, 3673
microcrystalloscopy, m-sulfanilamidobenzoate,
3782
mineral oils, EDTA titration, 3632
minerals : symposium, 3796
nephelometry, 3995
ointments: titration, complexometric, 3730
organic matter: polarography, extraction,
dithizone, recommended, 3799
square-wave, recommended, 3799
paint driers: polarography, 3721
paint film: USPHS, 3983
paint scrapings: precipitation as Pbl2, 3879
paints, chromate: wet ashing with Caro's acid,
3706
Pb, basic, reagent in sugar processing: titra-
tion, Eriochrome Black T indicator, 3842
Pb glazes: solubility, chromate, vs sulfate, 3612
modification, 3588
Pb glaze solutions, as chromate: interferences,
3631
periodic acid solution: spectrophotometry,
dithizone, 3971
phosphoric acid, voltametry, anodic amalgam,
3961
photometric: dithizone, evaluation, 3582
Subject Index
817
-------
Analytical methods: photometric (cont)
stability of solutions, 3584
pipets, enamel-marked, as error source, 3644
plants: dithizone, modified, 3996
polarography, 3949
linear sweep oscillographic, 4041
reviews, 4017
separation, dithizone, 3849
spectrography, concentration, 3908
direct reading, 3849
as oxide, 4009
quantometric, 3930, 4015
silica buffer for, 3885
without ashing, 3954
plastics: photometry, decomposition, N3202, 3937
spectrography, X-ray fluorescence, 4020
polarography, 3832
acetate-ascorbic-acid-Cu electrolyte, 4054
amalgam, 3963, 4046
coulometric, stationary Pb electrode for, vs
dithizone, 3645
derivative, 3640
differential oscillographic, 3787
evaluation, 4021
gelatin supporting electrolyte, 3735
hanging Hg drop electrode, ink-pen recorder,
4043
Hg drop electrode, stationary, 3960, 3968
high-sensitivity recording, 3603
multiple electrode, 3592
oscillographic, 3963
potential-step voltammetric, 3891
in presence of Bi, Cu, 3716
Sn, 3792
Zn, 3861
ternary solvent mixture, 3976
in presence of Ag, separation, citrate complex,
3677
in presence of Zn, colorimetry, 3571
qualitative, chloranilic acid, 3826, 3865
chromatography, paper, 3762
precipitation as Pb chromate, 3695
ring oven, EDTA complexant, 3905
oxalate complexant, 3904
radiochemistry, reviews, 3869
radioisotopes, spectrography, Cu spark, 3743
reagents, 3713
high purity, photometry, 3823
Na-, KC1, tartaric acid, spectrography, 3893
NaOH, HC1, polarography, amalgamation, on Hg
drop, 3906
organic, reviews, 3795
quinalizarin, 3800
spectrography, emission, 3835
reviews, 4, 42, 3869, 3933
salt, rock: spectrophotometry, dithizone, 3785
seawater, separation, dinaphthizone vs dithizone,
4039
spectrophotometry, 3839
semimicro-, gravimetric, rapid, 3699
semiquantitative, K chromate, 3615
separation; see also extraction
chromatography, paper, 3749, 3846
dithizone, interference by phenol red impurity,
3938
dithizone-benzene, pH limits, 3941
HC1, 3615
ion-exchange, 3861
sewage:
polarography, 3754, 3921
in presence of Cd, Cu, Zn, 3894
sodium chloride, reagent grade: polarography,
3681
soil: chromatography, paper, field tests, 3796
diethyldithiocarbamates, 3758
dithizone, field methods, 3977
polarography, 3949
separation, dithizone, 3758
high-temperature H reduction, 3850
NH4 oxalate, under UV light, 3985
pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid, 3944
spectrography, 3895, 3935.3944
as oxide, 4009
quantometric, 3930, 4015
silica buffer for', 3885
spectrophotometry, 3985
spot tests, field, 3796
soot: electron diffraction, 4055
spectrography, 3596
arcing mixture containing graphite, 76
Cu spark, 3743
evaluation, 4021
organic chelates for enrichment, separation,
3618
techniques, evaluation, 3812
3-step filter, Respektra calculator, 3927
ultraviolet, 3710
spectrophotometry
dithizone, 3847
modified, 3765
ultraviolet, 3761
spot tests, m-sulfanilamidobenzoate, 3782
stream sediments, dithizone, field tests, 3977
titration, amperometric, Na selenite, 3766
complexometric, 3730
constant-current potentiometric, at semi-
convection Hg electrode, 3768
EDTA, 3749
Cu-Pan system, 3987
with dithizone, extraction indicator, 3675
Na2EDTA, Metomega Chrome Cyanine BLL indica-
tor, 3779
Omega Chrome Black PPV indicator, 3778
Pb nitrate, 3657
voltammetry, Au electrode, 3994
K ferrocyanide titration, 3642
wastes, liquid: concentration, Ca carbonate,
3794
' evaluation, 3828
polarography, 3568, 3845
water: arsazen, 3946
colorimetry, dithizone, 52, 3864
Plumbone, 3984
pyridyl azo-resorcinol, 3481
as sulfide, pH effect, 3988
concentration, 3903
Ca carbonate, 3680, 3793
field, 3775
Na diethyldithiocarbamate, 3789
diethyldithiocarbamates, 3758
dithizone, rapid, 3920
hanging-drop Hg electrode, 3887
ion-exchange column, preliminary enrichment,
3738
mine, polarography, oscillographic, extraction,
ion-exchange, 4057
oilfield, spectrophotometry, concentration,
ion-exchange, 3929
818
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Analytical methods: water (cent)
photometry, sulfarsazen, 3951
polarography, 3680, 3903, 3921, 4006
ashing, 4027
dithizone, 3897
HCl, CaCl2 electrolytes, 4028
Mg-metal cementation, 3745
simultaneous, with azides, 3821
single-sweep, automatic, 4033
recommended, WHO, 3536
sampling, 3680
separation, diethyldithiocarbamate, 3923
dithizone, 3758
vs dinaphthizone, 4039
evaluation, 3942
spectrography, 3574, 3575, 3780, 3793, 3837,
3923, 3942
simultaneous, 13 trace metals, 3883
spectrophotometry, dithizone, 3919
sulfide, evaluation, 3950
wash-, colorimetry, 3722
Anemia; see also Blood; Porphyria; Thalassemia
ALA-dehydratase, blood, 2190
Cooley's, trace element metabolism, 2106, 2107
Fe deficiency, blood, vitamin B]_2, vs in poison-
ing, 1865
Mediterranean, see Thalassemia
occurrence, in India, 2212
radiation-induced, iron utilization, rats, 792
Aniline poisoning
brain cortex interneuronal junctions, pathology,
rats, 760, 761
Animal experimentation; see also Experiments with
animals; Lead, toxicity in amphibians, etc;
other specific compounds; organs, tissues,
metabolic reactions (for specific effects)
carcinogenesis, rats vs man, 1167
as cause of human poisoning, 494
effect of Pb soldered water troughs, animals,
1182
gastrointestinal transit time determination with
Pb spherule, 1058
painted cages, pens, as cause of poisoning, 897
suitability of rats, 597
transfer of data to man, 1031, 1558, 2327, 2815
use of radioisotopes in heavy metal toxicity,
reviews, 947; see also Lead isotope(s)
Animals
Pb content in organs, tissues, normal, 836
distribution in kidneys, histochemistry, 879
spontaneous diseases, disorders, 1112
Anthelmintics, 3550; see also Parasiticides
effectiveness of Pb arsenate, livestock, 540
Antibiotics
antidotal effectiveness, guinea pigs, 801
therapeutic effectiveness, sheep, 802, 860
Antidiuretics
pituitary extracts of poisoned rats, effect,
rabbits, 560
Antidotes
evaluation, guinea pigs, 801
experimental studies, reviews, 786
Antiknock agents, see Alkyllead antiknock
Antimicrobial compounds
metal binding action, 414
Apes, lead poisoning in, see Lead poisoning in
animals; for experiments with, see Experi-
ments with animals
Aquatic organisms; see also Crustaceans; Fish;
Mollusks
Ascidiella aspersa, blood Pb, 429, 471
Pb content, bacterial glairins, in S springs,
116
Armed forces
poisoning occurrence, 1314
Arsenic
air pollution control, report, US, 3303
content in: air, from Pb smelters, 3258
cottonseed flour, tolerance, US, 3549
glass, solubility in boiling water, 274
hair, in As-Pb poisoning, 1516
nails, urine, in As-Pb poisoning, 1526
tobacco, 125
water, drinking, 211
wines, 225
Pb poisoning, mixed, 1516, 1526, 1689
poisoningk brain, pathology, rats, 760, 761
hazards, in spectrographic laboratories, 3218
toxicity with Cu, Sn, Pb, food additives, rats,
1090
toxicity vs Pb, 148
Arteriosclerosis, see Vascular system
Arthritis, see Musculoskeletal system
Artists; see also Painting
poisoning occurrence, 2285
Aryllead compounds
toxicity, reviews, 12
Ascidians, see Aquatic organisms
Ascorbic acid
antidotal effect, guinea pigs, 1011
effect on capillary resistance, rats, 862
effect on poisoning, animals, 548, 659, 668,
692, 890, 1135
prevention of toxicity in tadpoles, 392
requirement, in Pb exposure, 2544, 2545
therapeutic effectiveness, 1400
intravenous, 2080
Ascorbic acid metabolism
content in: adrenals, guinea pigs, 1135
blood, cytochemistry, 1839, 1840
effect of vitamin C, 1400
organs, urine, rats, 893
vs requirement, 2544, 2545
urine, effect of vitamin C, 1400
rabbits, 548
deficiency, vs nervous activity, cholesterol,
1675
Atherosclerosis, see Vascular system
Atmosphere, see Air
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, see Analytical
methods; also under specific compounds
Atomic bomb explosions, see Nuclear explosions
ATP: Adenosinetriphosphate
Auditory apparatus, see Ears
Automobile drivers
chauffeurs, poisoning occurrence, 3370
Pb content in blood, 2675
poisoning occurrence, 2128, 3241
skin porphyria occurrence, 2029, 2091
tank car, medical examination, 1306
taxicab, poisoning occurrence, 2254, 2698
TEL content in hand washings, 3166
TEL poisoning occurrence, 2721
TEL-gasoline poisoning occurrence, 1955
truck, poisoning occurrence, 1583, 2240
Automobile exhausts; see also Motor exhausts
from alkyllead vs organic Hg antiknock, 3331
catalysts for hydrocarbons, effect of Pb, 3288
Subject Index
819
-------
Automobile exhausts (cont)
composition, 3223, 3253, 3266, 3268, 3273, 3285,
3287, 3337, 3339, 3405
electron microscopy, chemical, radiologic
analysis, 3248, 3261
reviews, 3278
vs engine, fuel types, 3390
vs health hazards, 3274
vs octanes, 3240
vs temperature, pressure, 3243
concentration, vs irradiation effect, 3377
control, need for, 3273
control devices recommended, 3390
effect of increased TEL in gasoline, report, US,
3299
emissions/car, Pb as tracer, 3355
as enzyme poisons, 3287
eye irritation, human subjects, 3281
fallout, 3285
form of Pb in, 3402
irradiation chamber for study, 3377
occupational diseases from, 1906
organic Pb, vs gasoline burned, 3402
particle size, 3248, 3261, 3266, 3337
distribution, 3402
vs car make, 3355
Pb content, 3250, 3253
in automobile, from TEL vs TML, 3342, 3342
vs driving speed, 3266, 3312, 3313, 3402
vs gasoline burned, 3402
Pb deposits on engines, 3250, 3372, 3402; see
also Alkyllead antiknock
X-ray diffraction, 3229
Pb deposits on exhaust system, 3266
Pb fallout, vs driving speed, 3282
Pb particles, fine, content, vs driving speed,
from TEL, TML, 3355
Pb particle size, 3263, 3264
Pb-S deposits on engines, 3268
reduction, catalysts, Cr-on-Al, evaluation, 3372
effect of Pb deposits, 3372
NO's, 3388
pretreatment, 3358
sampling methods vs results, 3355
solubility in water, 3337
TEL content, vs driving speed, 3312
TEL release, 3327
Automobile fuels, see Gasoline
Automobile industry
health hazards, surveys, 3190
medical surveys, 1779, 1780, 2777
Pb content in air, 1263
vs operations, 2103, 2771
poisoning occurrence, 1201, 1244, 1251, 2007,
2249, 2715
Automobile inspection lanes
blood, urine Pb studies, 2144, 2269, 3329
Pb content in air, 2144, 2269
Automobile service garages, see Garages; Gasoline
service stations
Automobiles
buses, Pb content in, 3312
TEL content in washings, 3166
Aviation
fuels, as cause of accidents, 2217
medical surveys, 1819, 3110
Pb content in dusts, engine deposits, 3110
poisoning occurrence, 2715
TEL content in hand washings, 3166
TEL hazards vs occupations, 2032
Azotemia, see Protein metabolism, urea, blood
Baboons, see Lead poisoning in animals
Bacteria
effect of irradiated automobile exhausts, 3377
Bacterial diseases, trace element metabolism, 2214
BAETA: 2,2'-Bis(dicarboxymethyl)amino diethyl
ether
BAL: British Anti-Lewisite; see Dimercaprol
Barmen
poisoning occurrence, 1557, 1714
Basal metabolic rate
in Pb poisoning, 1813
vs Hg, 1831
Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes; as sign of
lead exposure, poisoning, see Blood, baso-
phils; Bone marrow
basophils, 1912
counting methods, 2045, 2390, 3693, 3736, 4012
in cells, concentrated by sedimentation, 2369
coarse, fine, mixed, 3940
per RBC vs WBC, 3693
reviews, 2391
UV light source, evaluation, 3652
vs results, 1527, 2811
determination, microscopic, precautions, 1423
differentiation, coarse, fine, 2045, 3736
staining techniques, 3595, 3693, 3736
techniques, enrichment, 4012
improved, 3625
reviews, 3940
Batteries, see Storage batteries
Becaptan, see Cysteamine
Bees; see also Lead, toxicity in insects
paint collection, contaminating honey combs, 435
Behavior, see Nervous system
Benzenedisulfonic acid, dihydroxy-, sodium salt,
see Pyrocatecholdisulfonate acid, sodium
Benzenesulfonamide, p-mercapto-, see p-Mercapto-
benzenesulfonamide
2-Benzimidazolethiol, lead derivative
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Berylliosis
trace element content in lungs, 2475
Bibliographies
Pb poisoning, 1949-52, 1684
Bicarbonates, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Bile, see Gallbladder; for lead content, see
Metabolism of lead
Bilirubin, see Pigments, biologic
Biologic materials
analysis of lead in, see under Analytical
methods
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
Biologic threshold limits, see Threshold limit
values
Biopsy
technique, rabbits, 587
Birds; see also Lead, toxicity in birds (experi-
mental); Lead poisoning in animals (case
reports)
crystalline lens, Pb content, normal, 1023
domestic, trace element content in feathers vs
color, 911
2-2'-Bis(dicarboxymethyl)amino diethyl ether:
BAETA; see also Edetate analogs
Bis [2- (bis(carboxymethyl)amino)ethyl] ether
effect on 21°pb metabolism, mice, 1043
820
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
2,2 '-Bis- [di- (carboxymethyl)-amino]-diethyldisul-
fide
effect on Pb isotope metabolism, rats, 991
Bis(2-methylallyl) dithiocarbamic acid, lead salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Bismuth
therapy, effect on urine Pb analysis, 3616
Bismuth isotope-210
content in air, monitoring programs, 3255
Blindness, see Eyes
Blood; see also Bone marrow
acetylcholine, see Nervous system
adrenaline, in acute, subacute poisoning, dogs,
1097
adsorption of Pb on, see Metabolism of lead
agranulocytosis, leading to leukemia, 2787
amino acids, see Protein metabolism
aminolevulinic acid, see Aminolevulinic acid
anemia, 1227, 1233, 1353, 1402, 1787, 2280,
2788; see also erythrocytes; hemoglobin
in acute poisoning, 1330, 1541, 1763, 1764,
2333, 2666
subacute, types, rats, 580
vs chronic, 1610, 2462
rabbits, 1027
age of occurrence, 2303
in alcohol poisoning, 2253, 2519
antibody response, rabbits, 698, 699
aplastic, in acute poisoning, 1217
vs normochromic, compensable, 3518
as cause of hypertension, rats, 534
in chickens, 811
in children, 2663, 2853, 2873
Coombs test, 1722
degree of, after prior poisoning, guinea pigs,
635
diagnosis, 1285
diagnostic value, 1449, 1515, 1536, 1846
children, 2883, 2884, 2901, 2916
dyspnea from, 1715
effect of: adaptation, rats, 746
adrenalectomy, rats, 934
AMP, 998
rabbits, 940, 1057, 1132
BAL, rabbits, 492
Co, rabbits, 561
rats, 907
corticoids, guinea pigs, 775
rats, 934
EDTA, 789, 1310, 1567, 1587, 1590, 1738,
1852, 1853
folic acid, 1635
animals, 951
inosine, rabbits, 1057, 1132
liver extract, rabbits, 528, 611, 617, 834
milk, rats, 612
mineral water, rabbits, 906
intravenous, rabbits, 967
parathyroidectomy, rats, 804
penicillamine, 1759
pentoxyl, 1635
rabbits, 697
radiation injury, rats, 884
splenectorny, guinea pigs, 832
vitamins, animals, 528, 587, 611, 612, 617,
834, 907, 1135, 1163
erythrocyte, urine porphyrins in, 1255
erythrokinetics, children, 3028
Fe utilization, rats, 792
fluorescyte patterns, guinea pigs, 666, 667,
677
frequency, 1201, 1281, 1569, 1715, 2212, 2501,
2715
children, 2903, 3060
vs exposure, 1296, 1329, 1333, 2083
glutathione vs in posthemorrhagic anemia, 2282
hemolytic, 1376, 1713, 1733, 2740
children, 3005
immunology, in vitro, in vivo, 980
from TEL, 1850
hypochromic, hypersideremic, 776, 785
microcytic, children, 2878
sex variations, 2757
legislation, 1296, 1329
in liver extracts potency determination,
rabbits, 610
mechanism of development, 473, 483, 484, 500,
575, 613, 776, 785, 910, 1079, 1369, 1713,
1790, 2056, 2364, 2430, 2600, 2716, 2816
in acute poisoning, 2283
animals, 519
children, 3028
59Fe studies, 2518
rabbits, 1027
reviews, 1461, 1687, 2657, 2678, 2821
in vitro, 369, 370
megaloblastic, vs intrinsic factor secretion,
2679
in miners, history, 10
in monkeys, 922
nucleic acid metabolism in, rats, 995
onset vs exposure, 1729, 1875
from oral, 1450, 1868, 1880, 1972, 1997, 2371
2373, 2383, 2408, 2785
from Pb arsenate, 1556
from Pb chrornate, 2406
from Pb naphthenate, 2051
rabbits, 1054
from Pb stearate, 2329, 2351, 2516, 2604
from Pb vs TEL-gasoline, 2721
porphyrin synthesis in vitro vs in rabbits,
627
in pregnancy, 2663
in presence of other disorders, 1343, 1425,
1428, 1857, 2228, 2808
animals, 496, 1083
children, 3000, 3052
in rabbits, 1164
in repeated poisoning, 1354
from retained shot, 1948, 2429
sickle cell, in thalassemic, 2709, 2710, 2720
sideroachrestic, mechanism, 2748
susceptibility factor, 2321
synergism with Zn, rats, 480
from TEL, 1761, 2559, 2682, 2712
from TEL-gasoline, 2513
in thalassemic, 2059, 2709, 2710, 2720
from TML, rabbits, 1050
from TML antiknock, rabbits, 1047, 1117, 1120
types, 1251, 1790, 1997, 2056, 2266, 2277,
2383, 2408, 2516, 2604, 2716
in acute poisoning, 1331
incipient, 1369
animals, 519, 580, 833, 897, 1092
children, 2865, 2950, 2990, 3010, 3016, 3028
in colic, 1700
reviews, 2821
vs degree of poisoning, 1817
Subject Index
821
-------
Blood: anemia (cont)
vs exposure length, 1476
vs myelograms, cytochemistry, 1995, 1996
unrelated to Pb, porphyrin metabolism, 1843
porphyrin synthesis in, vs in poisoning,
rabbits, 711, 779
urine ALA, 2386
vs blood Fe, 1865, 2657
vs blood Pb, 1557
urine porphyrins, in high exposure, 1204
vs blood porphyrin, Fe metabolism, 1613
vs erythrocyte Cu, 1954
vs exposure, 1550, 2606
vs Fe-deficiency anemia, rabbits, 867
vs heart disorder, 1441
vs neoplasms, rats, 1031
vs porphyrins, 1396
vs protein metabolism, 1309
vs sideroblasts, siderocytes, 1994
vs urine Pb after EDTA, 2825, 2826
vs urine porphyrins, 2800, 2912
vs vitamin B-12 content, 1865
in young workers, 1354
aniso-poikilocytosis, in children, 2950
antibodies, antigens, see Immunology
azotemia, see Protein metabolism
basophil aggregation, diagnostic value, 1323
in exposure, 1462
basophils; see also Basophilic stippling of
erythrocytes; disorders; findings
in acute poisoning, 1541, 1586, 1610, 1763
rabbits, 496
and aggregation counts, vs reticulocytes, 1244
in anemia, 1769, 2045, 2716
vs ALA, 2816
in aplastic anemia, 1217
in cattle, 727
in cerebrospinal fluid, 1465
in children, 2663, 2850, 2857, 2866, 2870,
2903, 2905, 2986, 2990, 2996, 3010, 3016
3017, 3048, 3060, 3067
composition vs anemia, rabbits, 1027
in Coombs test, 1722
counts/erythrocytes vs leukocytes, 1461
counts, evaluation, 1912, 3736
formula for index, 1413
legislated, 1296, 1329
light vs dark field, 1901
venous vs peripheral, 3693
vs aggregation tests in diagnosis, 1436
diagnostic point rating, 2257
diagnostic value, 1205, 1251, 1276, 1284, 1293,
1336, 1339, 1356, 1364, 1375, 1397, 1404,
1412, 1438, 1449, 1501, 1505, 1515, 1527,
1536, 1558, 1574, 1679, 1711, 1716, 1729,
1762, 1812, 1846, 1862, 1875, 1979, 2088,
2123, 2179, 2379, 2440, 2462, 2705, 2716,
2719, 2788, 2849, 3094
in children, 2883-2885, 2901, 2916, 2922
dogs, 769
reviews, 1660
in differential diagnosis, 1708
in disability case, 1857
in dogs vs sheep, 953
after DTPA, vs exposure, 2758
after EDTA, 1617, 1627, 2064, 2461, 2818
children, 2896
limit values, 2603
from past poisoning, 2058
vs exposure, 2229, 2601
effect of;BAL, EDTA, guinea pigs, 948
drugs, 1246, 1287, 1445, 1614
Splenectomy, reticuloendothelial blockade,
guinea pigs, 519
electron microscopy, chickens, guinea pigs,
1076, 1161, 1162
ferritin content, rats, 1153
formation in normal erythrocytes in poisoned
rabbit plasma suspension, 303
frequency, 1201, 1970, 2535
histochemistry, rabbits, 970
limit values, 531, 1423, 1652, 1688, 1828,
1901, 1907, 1912, 2210, 2343, 2391, 2440
2580, 2659, 2724, 2741, 2746, 2825, 2826,
3121
normal, 2083
vs method, 2811, 4012
in livestock, 504
mechanism of formation, 812, 1076, 1161, 1162
2456
in minks, 897
in monkeys, 922
from oral, 1756, 1997, 2161, 2285, 2376, 2519
2531
oxygen consumption, guinea pigs, 576
from past poisoning, 1585
from Pb chromate, 2406
from Pb-contaminated Cd, Cu exposure, 1673
from Pb-lubricant, guinea pigs, 489
from Pb naphthenate, rabbits, 1054
from Pb stearate, 2329
phase-contrast microscopy, pigeons, rabbits,
770, 824
of poisoned rabbits, effect of vitamin B-12,
in vitro, 331
during, after poisoning, time factors, rabbits,
847
population, 1856
age, sex variations, 2645
in pregnancy, 2663
in presence of other disorders, 1343, 1382,
1428, 1758, 2316
in rabbits, 531
vs in man, 1138
from red vs gray minium, rabbits, 794
after removal from exposure, 1346
from retained missiles, 1948, 2459
ribosome content, electron microscopy, rabbits,
1140
as sign of adaptation, guinea pigs, 635
size, diagnostic value, 2045
from skin contact, 1653, 2103
species variations, 1076, 1161, 1162,
from TEL, 1238, 1600, 1747, 1761, 1850, 2712
from TEL-gasoline, 2513
in TEL poisoning diagnosis, 1830
in thalassemic, 2059
threshold limit values, 2084, 2354, 2355
time factors, vs porphyrinuria, rabbits, 531
in traffic police, 3306
in unrelated diseases, 2456
vs absorption degree, 2243
vs aggregation counts, diagnostic value, 1244
vs ALA, 2141
vs blood Pb, 1368, 1443, 2535
vs blood pressure, 1581
vs blood urea, 1322
vs exposure, 1210, 1333, 1665, 1666, 2044, 2082
822
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Blood: basophils (cont)
2159, 2160, 2290, 2321, 2492, 2538, 2606
women, 2098
vs exposure time, 2479
vs fetal hemoglobin, 2673
vs fluorescytes, in anemia, guinea pigs, 666,
667
vs hair Pb, 1836
vs heart disorders, 1594
vs hemolysis, EDTA effect, in vitro, 442
vs kidney function, 2060
vs neoplasms, rats, 1031
vs porphyrins, 1300, 1462, 2141, 2196
vs reticulocytes, in vitro, 303
vs retinal stippling, 2631, 2777, 2778
vs siderocytes, time factors, guinea pigs, 901
vs signs, symptoms, 2791, 1240
vs in thalassemia, 2086
vs time of past poisoning, 2801
vs in unrelated diseases, 1451, 1527
vs urea, diagnostic value, 1274
vs urine ALA, 2500
vs urine Pb, 1272, 1443, 2773
vs urine porphyrins, 1443, 1715, 2046
diagnostic value, 1342
bicarbonate, from Pb arsenate, cattle, 726
bilirubin, see Pigments, biologic
biochemical changes, in TEL exposure, 2081
biologic activity in olfactory-humoral reflex,
1357
Ca deposits, effect of methoxamine, rats, 1130
cholesterol, see Lipid metabolism
circulation rate, 1458
coagulation, 2822
in acute poisoning, 1766, 1896
antithrombin, vs poisoning degree, 2192
after EDTA, 2451
in exposure, 2677
vs poisoning, 2113
prothrombin, activity, 1611, 2742
complex, 2110
effect of vitamin K, 1612
in vitro, 387
in rabbits, 1166
reviews, 2473
from TEL-gasoline, 2441, 2585
thromboelastography, in vitro, 434
vs platelet agglutination, rabbits, 1165
complement, see Immunology
corpuscular concentration, volume, in anemia,
2716
decay of '•'•'Pb in vivo, in vitro, dogs, 871;
see also Lead isotope(s)
determination of lead in, see Analytical methods
disorders, 2730, 2787; see also findings
in anemia with global medullary hypoplasia,
2666
in children, 2888, 2902, 2955, 2977, 3058
congenital, effect on poisoning, 2059
doses causing, rabbits, rats, 826
effect of chelates, see specific chelating
agents
effect of vitamins, 1573, 1720, 1721
frequency, 1466, 1651, 2420, 2535
in Pb vs in TEL poisoning, 1728
reviews, 1319
Pb- vs benzene-induced, spray painters, 2771
persistence, 1504
reviews, 1569, 1765, 2359, 2442, 2449, 2779
sex variations, 2757
from skin contact, 1696
from TEL, 2803
unrelated to Pb, liver Pb in, 1650
vs blood Pb, age, children, 2920
vs exposure, 1732, 2211
vs poisoning degree, 1817, 2612, 2814
vs work capacity, 2592
effect of butter, milk supplements, 2099
electrolytes; see also Calcium metabolism,
Potassium metabolism, Sodium metabolism
in acute poisoning, rabbits, 1065
effect of EDTA, rabbits, 655, 1632
ratios vs signs, 1407
enzymes, 313, 370, 460, 527, 573, 621, 647, 655,
735, 751, 766, 774, 784, 835, 892, 907,
923, 931, 1005, 1006, 1024, 1089, 1152,
1187, 2043, 2367, 2378, 2502, 2505,
2561, 2723; for specific enzymes, see
Enzyme s
erythrocytes; see also anemia; disorders;
findings
in acute poisoning, rats, 520
affinity for Pb, in vitro, 438
basophilic stippled, see basophils
to bilirubin ratio index, in diagnosis, 2259
binding of Pb with, see Metabolism of lead
cell membrane action, as cause of K loss,
ATP effect, 403
in vitro, 407
CO, 02 uptake, temperature effect, in vitro,
449
Coombs test, glucocorticoid, radiation effect,
animals, 980
counting techniques, 2390
diagnostic value, 1729, 1875, 2462, 3094
sex variations, 1923
effect of: Co, rats, 859
splenectomy, reticuloendothelial blockade,
guinea pigs, 519
effect on: electrolyte content, EDTA effect,
in vitro, 413
hemolytic resistance, in vitro, 422
electron microscopy, guinea pigs, 865
enzyme content, cell age variations, 424
Fe-containing, vs in bone marrow, 1750
Fe, nonheme, incorporation, rathits, 1066
Fe incorporation, 2674
animals, 616
vs erythroblasts, rats, 613
ferritin accumulation in mitochondria, guinea
pigs, 865; see also Iron metabolism
formation, rabbits, 910
fragility, EDTA effect, 1627
mechanical, 2572
vs osmotic, 2006, 2716
in vitro, 473, 2006
osmotic, from K loss, in vitro, 424
in vitro, 359, 464
heme synthesis, birds, in vitro, 671
hemolysis, in absence of anemia, 2056
complement effect, guinea pig serum, 858
effect of drugs, rabbits, 1055, 1127
from oral, 2539
in poisoned sera, EDTA effect, in vitro, 442
vs normal, in vitro, 2488
in rabbits, 1027
resistance to, 1713
time factors, in vitro, 440-442
Subject Index
823
-------
Blood: erythrocytes (cont)
in vitro, 320, 439
vs catalase, rabbits, 1093
K loss, EDTA effect, in vitro, 390
vs cell age, in vitro, 424
vs Pb content, in vitro, 1596
without hemolysis, in vitro, 375
K permeability, EDTA effect, in vitro, 344,
364
time factors, in vitro, 464
K turnover, in vitro, 320
limit values, 1805, 1828, 2343, 2659
membrane, electron microscopy, in vitro, 323
methemoglobin reduction, rabbits, 962
mitochondria, animals, 764, 1076, 1161, 1162
vs basophils, mice, 812
nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis, rabbits,
1183
Pb adsorption on, Pb removal, see Metabolism
of lead
phase-contrast microscopy, animals, 770, 824
phosphatides, -*2p incorporation, in vitro,
in vivo, 2651
porphyrins, Fe incorporation, animals, 873
protoporphyrin, Pb in, vs chelating action,
rabbits, 988; see also Porphyrins
red fluorescence, children, 2959
sedimentation rate, 1251
in acute poisoning, 2649
EDTA effect, in vitro, 442
from TEL, 2081
in vitro, 359
vs flocculation test, 1599
size, animals, 496, 531, 982
statistical diagnostic method, 2412
surface pH, vs electrophoretic mobility, 408
survival, 2006, 2518
in rabbits, 910, 1121
effect of drugs, 1055, 1057, 1127, 1132
vs porphyrin metabolism, 1909
ultrastructure, chickens, guinea pigs, 1076
1161, 1162
volume, 2364, 2518
dogs, 982
vs absorption, degree, 2243
vs ALA, in anemia, 2816
vs basophils, 1336
vs dose, time factors, rats, 746
vs exposure time, 2479
vs Fe content, 2439
vs fetal hemoglobin, rabbits, 2673
vs glutathione, GPD, 2617
vs hemoglobin, rabbits, 833
vs 212pb, plasma uptake, in vitro, 313
vs porphyrins, 1300
water content, 413
erythrocytometric formula, 1369
euglobin fibrinolysis, 1989, 1990
examinations, diagnostic value, 1380, 1501, 1679
legislated, 3505
preemployment, criticism, 1276
statistical evaluation, 2478
Fe content, see Iron metabolism
59Fe kinetics, 2518
findings, 1437, 1787, 2121,2796; see also dis-
orders
in acute poisoning, 1331, 1358, 1829
in rabbits, 531, 855
in anemia, rabbits, 895
in children, 2865, 2876
in asymptomatic poisoning, 2964
diagnostic value, 976, 1223, 1383, 2477
after EDTA, 1834, 2085, 2201, 2639
in animals, 689, 839
effect of cold, rabbits, 1198
effect of diets, drugs, animals, 557, 642, 653,
668, 724, 775, 886, 890, 985, 1041, 1042,
1134
in exposure, 2142
vs in poisoning, 1222
in human subjects, 1487, 2089, 2413
in mild poisoning, 2691
from oral, 1312, 1376, 2011, 2253, 2519
from organic Pb compounds, 567
in animals, 662
from Pb + EDTA, rats, 896
from Pb stearate, 2004, 2351
in porphyric, 2008
in rabbits vs in tof.n, 1138
from TEL, 1600, 1792, 1850, 2162
in animals, 554
vs TML, 2389
from TEL-gasoline, 1306, 1422, 2513
in animals, 647, 1186
skin contact, 2247
in thalassemic, 2709, 2710
from TML, 2546
in rabbits, 1050
vs blood, urine Pb, 1512
vs bone marrow, 1504
vs Cu metabolism, wethers, 1158
vs electrolytes, rabbits, 1065
vs exposure, 1214, 1215, 1506, 2146, 2468
in rats, 898
vs kidney disorders, 2319
vs muscle chronaxie, rabbits, 637
vs in thalassemia, 2187
vs urine Pb, 2284
vs urine porphyrins, 1332, 1823
in various disorders, 1225, 1268, 1321, 1349
1366, 1516, 1526, 1562, 1822, 2125, 2731,
2836
in rabbits, 1095
in young workers, 1354
granulations, types, 2716
granulocytes, phase-contrast microscopy,
pigeons, rabbits, 770, 824
Heinz bodies, 901
vs exposure route, time factors, rats, 976
hematocrit, 1536
in acute poisoning, 2283
in anemia, 2716
decrease, in vitro, 422
diagnostic value, 1979
vs basophils, blood Pb, 1462
vs porphyrins, 2196
hematopoiesis, rabbits, 867
hematology; see examinations; findings; specific
components
heme synthesis, 1909
duck erythrocytes, 795
effect of mitochondria, reviews, 1957
with 59Fe, in vitro, 357
from glycine, porphyrin, 2833
mechanism of inhibition, reviews, 2843; see
also Lead, mechanism of action
in vitro, 328
in rabbits, 939
824
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Blood: heme synthesis (cont)
in vitro, in vivo, 776, 785
vs Fe incorporation, rabbits, 895
vs porphyrin synthesis, 663, 873
vs reticulocyte apoferritin, rabbits, 1149
hemochromatosis, vs urine porphyrins, rats, 484,
500
hemochromocytometry, rabbits, 624
hemochromogen, vs exposure route, time factors,
rats, 976
hemoglobin, 1536; see also anemia; findings;
disorders
in acute poisoning, 1586
alkaline denaturation test, 1795, 1796
alkali resistant, 1778, 1821
in anemia, 1740, 1757, 1820, 1821, 2716
in children, 2986, 3067
chromatographic fraction, 1820
diagnostic method, statistical, 2412
diagnostic point rating, 2257
diagnostic value, 1356, 1505, 1923, 1979,
2530, 3094
disorders, frequency, 2535
after EDTA, 1964, 2277, 2491, 2818
in children, 2915
in rabbits, 1006
electrophoresis, 1740
in thalassemic, 2709, 2710
59Fe utilization, 2364, 2376, 2600
fetal, vs poisoning degree, 2673
infrared spectoscopy, 1757
limit values, 1828, 2343, 2724, 2746
in children, 3050
statistical evaluation, 1805
vs sex, 2715
after Na citrate, 1445
normal, 2083
during, after poisoning, rabbits, 847
after removal from exposure, 1346
in screening tests, 2574
synthesis, 2364, 2376
by reticulocyte RNA degradation, in vitro,
448
reviews, 2636
vs porphyrin synthesis, 483, 484, 500, 732
reviews, 1298
vs in thalassemia, 2086
from TEL, 1747
threshold limit values, 2084, 2354, 2355
types, children, 2716
uptake of 212Pb, in vitro, 313
UV spectrum in anemia, 1789
vs age, exposure, 2303
vs basophils, 2440
vs dose, time factors, rats, 746
vs erythrocytes, in anemia, rabbits, 833
vs exposure, 2159, 2160, 2290, 2352, 2492,
2538
vs exposure route, time factors, rats, 976
vs exposure time, 2479
vs Fe content, 2439
vs fecal urobilinogen, guinea pigs, 575
vs fetal hemoglobin, rabbits, 2673
vs glutathione, GPD, 2617
vs Pb absorption, 2243
vs porphyrins, 2196, 2839
vs retinal stippling, 2777
vs urine porphyrins, 2352
hippuric acid, see Protein metabolism
hypochromia, vs exposure, 1333
icterus index, in anemia, 2716
iodine, see Iodine metabolism; Thyroid gland
leukocytes; see also disorders; findings
basophilic, vs exposure route, time factors,
rats, 976
in children, 2986
diagnostic value, 1336
enzymes, 624
Fe incorporation, 2674
nucleic acid precipitation as Pb phosphate,
in vitro, 368
phase-contrast microscopy, pigeons, rabbits,
770, 824
ultrastrueture, guinea pigs, chickens, 1076
1161
vs neoplasms, rats, 1031
leukocytosis, sex variations, 2757
in young horses, 3245
leukopenia, after EDTA, 1567
sex variations, 2757
from TEL, 2081
lipids, see Lipid metabolism
lymphocytes, cytochemistry, 1838
large/small, vs basophils, 1245
phase-contrast microscopy, pigeons, rabbits,
770, 824
vs exposure route, time factors, rats, 976
methemoglobin, formation from porphyrins, 1560
monocytes, cytochemistry, 1838
monocytes + large/small lymphocytes, 1245, 1246,
1373, 1443, 1529, 1620
mucoid, see Carbohydrate, etc, metabolism
neuraminic acid, see Carbohydrate, etc, metabo-
lism
neutropenia, test for, 2707
neutrophils, cytochemistry, 1838
polynuclear, disorders, 2757
diagnostic value, 1923
toxic granules, 1372
nucleic acid, see Nucleic acid metabolism
oxygen consumption, guinea pigs, 576
Pb binding, content, distribution, elimination,
see Metabolism of lead; Lead isotope(s)
pepsinogen, see Enzymes
plasma, corticosteroid fractions, rats, 803
goat, protein coagulation in vitro, 311
Pb ionization, effect of drugs, in vitro, 3651
volume, 2364, 2518
platelets, agglutinability, rabbits, 1165
polychromasia, rabbits, 847
porphyrins, see Porphyrins
pressure, see Vascular system
proteins, fractions, Pb affinity, autoradiogra-
phy electrophoresis, 376; see also
Protein metabolism
prothrombin, see coagulation
reticulocytes, 1536, 1610
in anemic dog, Fe incorporation, in vitro, 377
apoferritin synthesis, rabbits, 1149
in children, 2903, 2950
in Coombs test, 1722
diagnostic value, 1244, 1846, 2462
in dogs, 769
after EDTA, 1964
in rats, 692
heme synthesis, in vitro, in vivo, 1157
histochemistry, rabbits, 970
limit values, 2084, 2354, 2355, 2724
Subject Index
825
-------
Blood: reticulocytes (cont)
mitochondria! structure, electron microscopy,
guinea pigs, 764
normal, 2083
RNA degradation, in vitro, 448
ultrastructure, guinea pigs, chickens, 1076
1161
vs basophils, fluorescytes, guinea pigs, 666,
667
siderocytes, time factors, guinea pigs, 901
vs blood Pb, 2496
vs dose, time factors, rats, 746
vs erythrocyte coproporphyrin, 1255
vs exposure time, 2479
vs glutathione, GPD, 2617
vs kidney function, 2060
vs poisoning degree, rabbits, 847
vs porphyrins, 2196
vs urine Pb, diagnostic value, 1272
reticulocytosis, rabbits, 776, 785
sampling, precautions, 1491
sedimentation rate, see erythrocytes
serum component, abnormal, rats, 952
sialic acids, see Carbohydrates, etc, metabolism
siderocytes, 2674; see also Iron metabolism
in anemia, 1994
vs basophils, time factors, guinea pigs, 901
specific gravity, limit values, 2741
vs age, exposure duration, 2303
spherocytic index, 1369
sugar, see Carbohydrate, etc, metabolism,
glucose
thrombocytes, 2822
Fe incorporation, 2674
urea, see Protein metabolism
urobilin, see Pigments, biologic
vessels, see Vascular system
Blood transfusions, see Treatment of lead poison-
ing
Body burden
definition, 3396; see also Metabolism of lead;
Lead isotope(s)
Body height, weight, see Growth and development
Body temperature
fever, 1267, 2649
hypothermia
in TEL poisoning, 1533, 2032, 2682
vs dose, rabbits, 622
in TEL-gasoline poisoning, 1955
pyrogenic activity of streptococci, in TEL
poisoning, rabbits, 631
Boilers
cleaning, poisoning hazards, 3136
Bone marrow
basophils, 2519
in erythrocytes, normoblasts, guinea pigs, 519
mechanism of formation, 812, 1461
from past poisoning, 1585
RNA, 2522
in siderocytes, -blasts, 1750
vs in blood, 1504, 1539
vs sideroblasts, in anemia, 1769
time factors, guinea pigs, 901
biopsy, diagnostic value, 1539
technique, rabbits, 587
disorders, 2742
in anemia, 2277
rabbits, 587
diagnostic value, 2578
after EDTA, 1925
frequency, 1862
reviews, 2442
in subacute poisoning, rabbits, 479
vs poisoning degree, 1817
DNA, RNA, in acute poisoning, rabbits, 814
enzymes, 850, 873, 923; for specific enzymes,
see Enzymes
erythrob lasts, electron microscopy, 2049
Fe-containing, vs in blood, 1750
in human subjects, 2089
mitosis, in vitro, 369
proliferation, 1706
in rabbits, 492
erythrocytes, electron microscopy, 2049
mitochondria vs basophils, mice, 812
vacuolation, 1461
erythrocytopoiesis, rabbits, 867
erythropoiesis, 2364
in rabbits, 998
vs hemolysis, 2056
59Fe kinetics, 2364, 2518; see also Iron
metabolism
ferritin, uptake, rabbits, 1007
findings, in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 554, 1050
global medullary hypoplasia, 2666
hemoglobin, 59pe uptake, in vitro, 1007
hemoglobin synthesis in vitro, in vivo, 1079
histology, 1645
hypoplasia, rabbits, 1057, 1132
karyokinetic index, depression, 1699
macrophage reactions, 1461, 1504
megakaryocytes, 1421
mitochondria, 812, 2522
myelograms, 2001
cytochemistry, 1995, 1996
diagnostic value, 1504
after EDTA, 1853, 1995, 1996
effect of vitamins, rabbits, 1163
in rabbits, 481
myeloid-erythroid counts, children, 3028
myeloma, see Neoplasms
pathology, in acute poisoning, rabbits, 496
in children, 2954
effect of ACTH, guinea pigs, 557
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
polysaccharides, 2522
porphyrins, see Porphyrins
reserves, test for, 2707
sclerosis, animals, 1083
by iv Pb acetate, rabbits, 1095
sideroblastosis, in anemia, 1769
sideroblasts, 2674
distribution, 1994
siderocytes, vs basophils, time factors, guinea
pigs, 901
as site of Pb action, 1394
stimulation, by electroaerosol prophylaxis, 1833
Bone meal, edible; see also Foods and beverages
composition, 55
Bones; see also Musculoskeletal system
alveolar, resorption, 1307
binding with Pb, see Metabolism of lead
crystal structure, X-ray diffraction, rats, 493
deposition of Pb, see Metabolism of lead, stor-
age
developmental disorders, mechanism, 1119
growth, metabolism, measured with radio-Pb, Ra,
574
826
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Bones: growth (cont)
Pb acetate iv as marker, animals, 1170
remodeling, dogs, 1098
hydroxyapatite, interaction, in vitro, 381
metaphyseal dysplasia, radiology, children, 3008
neoplasm, see Neoplasms, sarcoma
nucleic acid content, 676
osteitis fibrosa, in parathyroidectomized rats,
1085
unrelated to Pb, renal calculi Pb, from past
exposure, 1685
vs organ Pb, baboons, 713
osteoclast absorption, reviews, 1674
osteoporosis, radiology, young workers, 1355
vs in endemic, sheep, 3435
osteosclerosis, children, 2963
pathology, rabbits vs in man, 1138
vs dose, rats, 746
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
Pb lines, in children vs in adults, 2118, 2736
in children vs in rabbits, 1138
diagnostic value; see also Pb lines, radiology
postmortem, children, 2900
frequency, children, 2866, 2903, 3062
histology, children, 3061
mechanisms, types, children, 2930
radiation-induced, 1727
radiology, 1354
in children, 2850, 2853, 2857, 2865, 2869,
2876, 2905, 2955, 2990, 3010, 3011, 3027,
3061, 3063, 3343
diagnostic value, 2849
in children, 2875, 2883-2885, 2901, 2922,
2932, 2963, 2983, 2991, 2995, 3018, 3033,
3048, 3050, 3058, 3062
in dogs, 728
procedure, 2916
skull, long bones, 2954, 2977
specificity, children, 2963
vs blood Pb, 3048
radiology, in Cr-Pb poisoning, 1824
diagnostic value, 2104
guinea pigs, 701
in secondary gout, 1822
vs in osteitis fibrosa, baboons, 713
rickets, children, 2893
rickets-type, children vs rabbits, 1138
strength, growing wethers, 1159
swayback, lambs of poisoned sheep, 1139
Border officials
health hazards, by automobile exhaust, 3274
Brain
diseases, trace element metabolism, 2214
effect of Pb on, see Nervous system
neoplasm, see Neoplasms, sarcoma
Pb content in, see Metabolism of lead
Brass industry
health hazard surveys, 3103
poisoning occurrence, 1586, 2307, 2740
Bridge demolition, see Demolition of painted
structures
British Anti-Lewisite, see Dimercaprol; Treatment
of lead poisoning, BAL
Bronchi; see Respiratory system
Bronze industry
fumes, threshold limit value, recommended, 3539
poisoning occurrence, 2116
Burns
by explosion in TEL distillation, 3188
by melted Pb, poisoning hazards, 2836
victims, Pb metabolism, 2068, 2384
Burton line, see Gingiva
Butter; see also Foods and beverages
prophylactic effectiveness, 1, 2099
n-Butyl diethyllead chloroacetate
sternutatory action, 1226
Butyllead, see Tetra-n-butyllead
Cable industry
air pollution, effect in children, 3348
health hazards surveys, 1911
Pb stearate poisoning in, 1911
poisoning occurrence, 1583
Cadmium
basophils from, vs Pb-induced, 1673
effect on: amino acid excretion, 1654
blood cholesterol, vs Pb, Cr, 1020
survival, mice, 1081
in rats, 1082
Calcergy
definition, 1178
Calcification, see Calcium metabolism
Calciphylaxis
definition, 1178
Calcium
colloidal, therapeutic use, dogs, 728
dietary-P ratio, effect on Pb metabolism, rats,
648
effect on: acute poisoning, rats, 520
Cu metabolism, sheep, 1002
210Pb metabolism, 578
therapeutic use, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Calcium chloride
chelating action in metal poisoning, 602
Calcium complexes
biological action, in vivo, 602
Calcium glucoheptanate
therapeutic use, 2580
Calcium gluconate; see also Treatment of lead
poisoning
chelating action in metal poisoning, 602
mobilization of Pb, in hypoparathyroidism, 2143
therapeutic effectiveness, intramuscular,
children, 2977
vs BAL, 1233
Calcium isotope-45
use in metabolic studies, 1009, 1147, 2216
Calcium lactate, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Calcium levulinate, see Treatment of lead poison-
ing
Calcium metabolism; see also Blood, electrolytes
calcification, effect of drugs, rats, 1084
1130, 1176
mast-cell reactions, rats, 1174, 1177
soft-tissue, rats, 1021, 1085, 1176, 1177
vs injection route, rats, 1175
topical, rats, 1084
content in:
blood, in acute, latent poisoning, 2216
in animals, 1065, 1159
in children, 2910, 2911
after EDTA, 1473, 2639
in animals, 691, 864
in children, 2882
effect of parathyroidectomy, rats, 743, 804
vs P, Cl, 1407
vs Pb, 1386
vs phosphatases, rabbits, 923
Subject Index
827
-------
Calcium metabolism: content in (cont)
bones, after EDTA, rats, 1009
in rats, 1147
feces, animals, 1147, 1159
urine, animals, 1147
after EDTA, 1563
in animals, 864, 1009
effect of parathyroidectomy, rats, 743
from inert vs 210Pb, dogs, 578
vs Pb, rats, 924
effect of: EDTA, 1467, 2670
hormones, rats, 924, 1009
effect on Pb metabolism, animals, 905, 924
Calculi, lead content, see Metabolism of lead
Cancer, see Neoplasms
Cancer chemotherapy screening tests, 3556, 3563
Cancer therapy
with Pb, history, 3561
Candles
as poisoning source, 1352
Carbohydrate and intermediate metabolism
adenosinetriphosphate, erythrocyte, mechanism
of action, 403
brain, from alkyl-Pb vs Pb, in vitro, 932
citrate, accumulation, induced, effect, rats,
665
urine, in children, 2990, 2998, 3010
disorders, from TEL, TML, rats, 1171
fructose, urine, children, 2998
glucose
blood, animals, 1159
in fatal poisoning, 2582
from TEL, rabbits, 549
brain, from alkyl-Pb, rats, 933, 978, 993
in vitro, 978
urine, children, 2879, 2893, 2903, 2910, 2911,
2958, 2990, 2991, 2998, 3010, 3060
diagnostic value, 2957
after EDTA, 2915
vs blood, diagnostic value, 2883, 2884
glucuronic acid, urine, rabbits, 943
glycogen, liver, disorders, 2154
in rats, 715, 809
ketoglutarate decarboxylation, inhibition, in
vitro, 338
lactate, brain, from alkyl-Pb, in vitro, 379
mucoid, blood, 989, 1991, 2494
in rats, 989
neuraminic acid
blood, in exposure, 989
in rats, 989, 1112
brain, rats, 990
nerves, rats, 112
phosphates, urine, children, 2990, 2998, 3000
phosphorylation, brain, kidneys, liver, from
TEL, rabbits, 592
muscles, rabbits, 744
oxidative, liver vs exposure route, rats, 1045
polysaccharides, blood, 1838
pyruvate, blood, vs blood Pb, children, 3055,
3060
vs signs, 1980
pyruvate decarboxylation, inhibition, in vitro,
338
sialic acid, blood, 1988, 2494
Pb chelation, 1991 _^».
Carbohydrates
oxidative cleavage, effect of Pb acetate, 385
Carbon blasting
Pb content in air, 3098
vs equipment design, 3100, 3113
poisoning occurrence, 3098, 3100
Carbonic anhydrase, see Enzymes, carbonate
dehydratase
Carbon isotope-14
use in, metabolic studies, 993, 1123
paleopathology, 44
Carbon monoxide
anemia, types, 776, 785
blood, COHb content in TEL-gasoline poisoning,
1877
inhibition of Fe incorporation in protoporphyrin,
rabbits, 776, 785
synergism in TEL-gasoline poisoning, 1877
uptake by erythrocytes, in vitro, 449
Carcinogenesis; see also Neoplasms
in lifelong exposure, rats, 1173
Carcinogens
benzanthracene, acceleration of skin cancer by
Pb acetate, mice, 969
Cardiovascular system; see also Heart; Lymphatic
system; Vascular system
disease, trace element metabolism, 2214
vs water composition, 2725
disorders, effect of EDTA, 2458
near industries, 3271
occurrence, in children, 3017
reviews, 2314
in traffic police, 3306
vs blood biochemistry, 2462
vs work conditions, 2609
signs, in acute TEL poisoning, 1430
Carnosine
Pb complexes, stability constants, 4102
Carotene, see Vitamin metabolism; Vitamins
Casein
mobilization effectiveness, rats, 514, 546
Cats; see also Experiments with animals; Lead
poisoning in animals
Pb content in organs, tissues, normal, 879; see
also Metabolism of lead
tissue, experiments in vitro, 321, 332, 349,
350, 351, 352, 354
Cattle; see also Domestic animals; Lead, toxicity
in livestock; Lead poisoning in livestock;
Livestock
blood, experiments in vitro, 341
Pb content in organs, tissues, normal, 486, 675,
821, 823, 879, 912, 2415; see also
Metabolism of lead
Pb poisoning, see Lead poisoning in livestock
Pb toxicity (experimental), see Lead, toxicity
in livestock
trace element metabolism, 808
ante, postpartum, 734
in parturition, 658
CDTA: 1,2-Diaminocyclohexane-N,N'-tetraacetate
Cells and subcellular structures; see also specific
organs, systems
effect of metals on, reviews, 36
erythrocyte membrane
change vs fragility, as cause of anemia, 473
Pb action on, 403, 407, 413, 1596
permeability, 2326
in anemia, 1713
effect of EDTA, in vitro, 344
of gases, in vitro, 449
of K, reversibility, in vitro, 464
828
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Cells and subcellular structures: erythrocyte
membrane (cont)
42]c turnover, in vitro, 320
of 32P, 686
reviews, 36
in vitro, 364
HeLa cells, pb retention in nucleolus by
enzymatic reaction, in vitro, 472
jejunal epithelial cells, Pb deposition in
plasma membrane, in vitro, 465
liver lysosomes, membrane permeability, rats,
1045
mast, disruption by lecithinase, etc, 401
mast cell enzymes, in vitro, 443
mitochondria; see also specific organs, tissues
effect on heme, porphyrin synthesis, reviews,
1957
Pb distribution in, see Metabolism of lead
removal of Pb from, by EDTA, in vitro, 1039
ribosomes, in basophilic erythrocytes, electron
microscopy, 1140
Ceramics frit; see also Enamel frit
Pb content, 1473
Ceramics industry
health hazards, 3092, 3116
past, present, 3116,3189
surveys, 1862, 1905, 2005, 2123, 2279, 2718,
2772, 3092
poisoning occurrence, 1244, 1428, 1473, 1588,
1594, 1758, 2015, 2137, 2278, 2772
past, present, 1907
pneumoconiosis, 2226
vs hygienic control, 1404, 2052
vs operations, 1942, 2606
uses of Pb compounds, manual, 4070
Cerebral decompression
therapeutic, children, 2218, 2979, 2985, 3001
technique, 2929
Cerebrospinal fluid, see Nervous system; for lead
content, see Metabolism of lead
Ceruse, see White lead
Cerusite, see Minerals; Lead carbonate
Cerussa, see White lead
Chelating agents; see also specific agents
AMA report, 1547, 1548
Ca salts, cation-exchange vs Ca effect, 602
caution against, 2729
chemistry, reviews, 31, 35, 3554, 4078
effectiveness:
comparative, on Pb excretion, cattle, 899
on Pb isotope metabolism, rats, 991
mechanism of action, reviews, 917, 4078, 4080
metal binding, stability constants, 4099, 4101,
4102
mobilization effectiveness, evaluation, 2344
pharmacology, reviews, 31, 35
physiology, reviews, 35
prophylactic use, reviews, 2100, 2101
symposia, 31, 35
therapeutic effectiveness, 1793
therapeutic use, reviews, 31, 35, 1565, 1852,
1898, 1970, 1984, 2100, 2101, 2194, 2256,
2395, 2563
in children, reviews, 3065
toxicology, reviews, 35
uses, reviews, 4078
Chelation
definition, 31, 1548
Chemical industry
poisoning occurrence, 1569
Chick embryo; see also Experiments with animals
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
tolerance to Pb, 513, 521
use in research, techniques, 782
yolk sac injection as toxicity test, 1067
Chickens; see also Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in birds; Lead poisoning in animals
Pb content in tissues, see Metabolism of lead
tissues, effects in vitro, 452
Childhood diseases
similarity to Pb poisoning, 3021
Childhood poisoning, see Lead poisoning in chil-
dren
Chloride metabolism; see also Blood, electrolytes
content in blood vs P, Ca, 1407
Cholinesterase, true, see Enzymes, acetylcholines-
terase; pseudo, see cholinesterase
Chorea, Huntington
trace metal metabolism, 2312
Chromium
effect on blood cholesterol, vs Pb, Cd, 1020
effect on survival, rats, 1082
poisoning, with Pb poisoning, vs neurologic
disorder, 1824
survival, mice, 1081
Chromium isotope-51
use in blood studies, 910, 1055, 1127, 1909,
3028
Chronic diseases
as cause of employee rejection, 3504
trace element metabolism, 2199, 2455
vs accumulation of trace metals, discussion,
1037
Cider, as cause of poisoning see Food and beverage
contamination
Cigarettes; see also Smoking; Tobacco
Pb content, in ash, from printing ink on paper,
168
reviews, 3335
Cincinnati Lead Information Center, 2960
Circulation, circulatory system, see Blood;
Heart; Lymphatic system; Spleen; Vascular
system
Citrate(s); see also Sodium citrate; Treatment of
lead poisoning
aerosol, electro-, prophylactic use, 1833
as metabolic product, see Carbohydrate and
intermediate metabolism
therapeutic effectiveness, children, 2893
Citrate, cobalt
effect on Pb anemia, rabbits, 617
Citrate, potassium sodium
effect on blood changes, rabbits, 855
Citric acid
therapeutic use, reviews, 1565
Climatic effects
on air pollution, see Air pollution
on poisoning occurrence, see Temperature,
envir onmenta 1
Clothing
contaminated, as source of poisoning in children,
2965
Coal
Pb content, in ash vs Pb recovery, 65
in bituminous, 183
reviews, 235
vs in clays, rocks, 143
type, vs air pollution, 3231
Subject Index
829
-------
Coal tar
skin cancer, acceleration in Pb poisoning, in
mice, 664
Cobalt
effect on poisoning, animals, 538, 561, 642,
859, 907, 1006
Cobalt isotope-58
use in gastric secretion studies, 2679
Cobalt metabolism
content in blood, vs Pb, in lambs, 1071
Coca leaf addicts
urine porphyrins in, vs in Pb poisoning, 1234
Coffin industry
air pollution, as poisoning cause, 3239
Coke works
air pollution, 235
Cold, see Temperature, environmental
Colic, colitis, see Gastrointestinal system
Collagen
fibers, crystallization as Pb carbonate, in
vitro, 386
Complexon IV, see Cyclohexylenediaminetetraacetate,
calcium disodium
Composts, see Fertilizers
Condensation nuclei, see Aerosols; Air pollution
Congenital diseases, see Reproduction; Lead
poisoning in children
Construction industry
health hazards, surveys, 3150
by TEL-soaked materials, 3069, 3101
vs operations, 3097, 3195
poisoning, occurrence, 1483, 2061
Containers, for food, see Food containers
Contrast media, see Radiology
Control measures, see Airborne wastes; Air pollu-
tion; Industrial hygiene control; Medical
surveillance; Wastes; also specific devices
Cooperage
health hazards, surveys, 1225
Copper
effect in poisoning, rabbits, 1006
exposure to, vs Pb-induced basophils, 1673
toxicity, with As, Sn, Pb, food additives, rats,
1090
Copper metabolism
balance, in growing wethers, 1158
content in:
blood, 677
after EDTA, 1867, 1968
erythrocyte plasma partition, 1954
lambs, 1002
vs exposure, 2077
vs Pb, lambs, 1071
kidneys, sheep, 1139
liver, sheep, 1002, 1139
organs, rats, 975
rats fed EDTA, 643
urine, after EDTA, 1606, 1867, 1968
after EDTA, 1467
effect of EDTA, guinea pigs, 979
Coproporphyr ins
urine, isolation from Pb-poisoned rabbits, 529;
see also Porphyrins
Cortisone
effect on: adrenal Pb content from TEL, rabbits,
681
anemia, Pb-induced, unrelated to Pb, guinea
pigs, 775
rats, 934
Ca, P, Pb metabolism, rats, 1009
capillary resistance, rats, 862
therapeutic effectiveness, in colic, 1537, 1852
with Ca, 1453
with EDTA, 1925
Cosmetics
Pb-containing, history, 4071
Pb-Sn packaging, Pb leachability, 202
poisoning occurrence, 1657
children, 2866
history, 14
Cranial decompression, see Cerebral decompression
Crayons
as poisoning cause in children, 2957
Creosote pitch
Pb content, 3136
use as fuel, 3136
Crime investigations
analytical methods, evaluation, 3689
Crooked calf disease, 929
Crustaceans; see also Experiments with animals;
Lead, toxicity in crustaceans
Pb content in shell of Paphia philippinarum,
Corbicula leana, 420
Cutting oils, see Lubricants
Cyanocobalamin, see Vitamin Bi2
Cyclohexylenediaminetetraacetate, calcium disodium
effect on poisoning, mice, 914
therapeutic effectiveness, 2708
Cysteamine; see also Lead cysteamine
chemistry, pharmacology, animals, 614
effect, comparative, on Pb excretion, cattle,
899
effect on: adrenal Pb content from TEL, rabbits,
681
02 consumption in organs, animals, 326, 615
subacute, poisoning, rabbits, 641
TEL poisoning, rabbits, 577, 623, 641, 704
triethyl-Pb poisoning, mice, 963
metal complexes, toxicity, 830
prophylactic effectiveness, in TEL exposure,
2048
reaction with EDTA in poisoned tissue, in vitro,
383
therapeutic effectiveness, in TEL poisoning,
1662, 2193
vs BAL, 1541
Cysteamineacetic acid
effect on triethyl-Pb poisoning, mice, 963
Cysteine
effect on poisoning, animals, 659, 668, 692
Cystine
effect on poisoning, animals, 668, 692
Cytochrome c, see Protein metabolism
Daphnia, see Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in crustaceans
Dating, use of lead determination in, see Minerals
DDTE: diaminodiethyl tetraacetate
Deferexamine
therapeutic effectiveness, vs EDTA, 2789, 2790
therapeutic use, reviews, 2748
Dehydration, see Water deprivation
Delta-aminolevulinic acid, see Aminolevulinic acid
Demolition of painted structures
As-Pb poisoning, 1526
bridges, poisoning, occurrence, 2434, 2671
health hazards, surveys, 2411, 2434, 3150
medical surveillance, legislated, 3499
830
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
21CL
Demolition of painted structures (cont)
Pb content in air causing poisoning, 1464, 1526,
3196
poisoning occurrence, 1464, 1661, 2715, 2808,
past, present, 2746
ships, health hazards, surveys, 3199, 3208
poisoning occurrence, 1402, 2016, 2411, 2800
tanks, safety guide, 3209
Dental health; see also Gingiva; Oral cavity;
Teeth
periodontal disease, 1326
vs exposure, 1307, 1363
Dentifrices
Pb-containing, poisoning occurrence, 1376
Pb content, 3570
prophylactic, for workers, 1265
Deoxyribonucleic acid, see Nucleic acid metabolism
Desferrioxamine, see Deferoxamine
Determination of lead, see Analytical methods;
see also specific compounds
De Toni-Fanconi syndrome; see also Lead poisoning
in children
similarity to kidney disorder, children, 2893
Devonshire colic, see Lead poisoning
Dextran
therapeutic effectiveness, rats, 514, 546
Diachylon paste, see Lead oleate
Diagnosis, see Lead poisoning; Tetrae thy Head
poisoning, etc.
Dialysis, peritoneal, see Hemodialysis
1,2-Diaminocyclohexanetetraacetate
effect on: Pb excretion, comparative, cattle,
899
upb, excretion, rats, 1030
therapeutic effectiveness, intravenous, 2486
1,2-Diaminocyclohexanetetraacetate, lead disodium,
see Lead 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetate,
disodium
Diaminodiethyl tetraacetate
therapeutic effectiveness, evaluation, 2344
Diaphorase, see Enzymes, lipoamide dehydrogenase
Diarrhea, see Gastrointestinal system
1,2-Dibromoethane
effect on enzymes, in vitro, 419
synergism with TML, rabbits, 1047, 1117
toxicity in mice, 1051
1,2-Dichloroethane
effect on enzymes, in vitro, 419
synergism with TML, rabbits, 1047, 1117
toxicity in mice, 1051
Diethyldithiocarbamate, sodium
therapeutic effectiveness, intravenous, oral,
vs EDTA, 2310
Diethyllead
analytical methods: with triethyl-Pb, Pb, spec-
trophotometry, 3871
as metabolic product, see Metabolism of alkyl-
lead
reactions with BAL, EDTA, 379
toxicity, rats, 932
vs triethyllead, rats, 379
Diethyllead bis(chloroacetate)
sternutatory action, 1226
Diethyllead bis(thioacetate)
sternutatory action, 1226
Diethyllead bis(trichloroacetate)
sternutatory action, 1226
Diethyllead compounds
preparation, properties, 1226
reviews, 1409
sternutatory properties, 1226, 1409
Diethyllead dibenzoate
sternutatory action, 1226
Diethyllead dichloride
toxicity, oral, rats, 1091
Diethyllead di-o-, p-toluenesulfonates
sternutatory action, 1226
Diethylpropyllead chloroacetate
sternutatory action, 1226
Diethylpropyllead propionate
sternutatory action, 1226
Diets
ascorbic acid content for Pb workers, 2544, 2545
Ca, protein-rich, recommended, 2221
effect on poisoning, 1882
fat content, effect on experimental animals, 494
effect on poisoning, animals, 985
vs protein, effect on poisoning, animals, 831,
1041
Pb content, see Foods and beverages; lead intake
from, see Lead
for Pb workers, 2099
in prevention of poisoning, 659, 1538
protein content, effect on poisoning, animals,
985, 1134
in TEL exposure, 22, 1236
vegetable, uroporphyrin excretion from, 1630
Diet therapy; see also Butter; Milk
Ca-rich, 1473
in children, 2902, 2916
vs BAL, children, 2872
eggs, in acute poisoning, 1214, 1215
history, 1, 9
phosphate-rich, children, 2872
reviews, 2184
in severe poisoning, 1214, 1215, 1249, 1321, 1434
vitamin D, children, 2902
Digestive system, see Gallbladder; Gastrointes-
tinal system; Liver
Dihydrotachysterol
mobilization of Pb, in hypoparathyroidism, 2143
Dimercaprol; see also Chelating agents
aggravation of poisoning by, 1402, 1696
in guinea pigs, 515
antidotal effectiveness, guinea pigs, 801
caution against, children, 3053
clinical trials, children, 2872
intramuscular, children, 2852
diagnostic use, 1233
dosage schedule, 1664
in children, 2864
intramuscular, children, 2852
with EDTA, effect on poisoning, guinea pigs, 948
effect on: Hg, Pb excretion in Hg poisoning,
1551
mixed As-Pb poisoning, 1526
Pb excretion, comparative, cattle, 899
vs Pb dose, time factors, rabbits, 753
Pb metabolism, animals, 571, 819
dose vs injection speed, rats, 1105
poisoning, animals, 478, 492, 515, 517, 563,
840, 948
hazards, 1297
in colic, 1537
mobilization, mechanism in poisoning, 1297
of Pb vs EDTA, rats, 1105
in poisoning vs in neurologic disease, 1317
from soft vs hard tissues, 2926
Subject Index
831
-------
Dimercaprol (cont)
mobilization test, 1847
for past poisoning, 1478, 1493
overdosage, effects, children, 3053
reaction of diethyllead with, 379
reaction with tissue Pb, in vitro, in vivo, 562
reaction of triethyllead, TEL with, 379
side effects, 1233
in children, 2852
therapeutic effectiveness, 1541, 1847, 1880
in acute poisoning, children, 2864, 2926
in children, 2851, 2852, 2864, 2865, 2917
evaluation, 2871
in encephalopathy, 3039
on mental development, children, 2934
in porphyria, 2313
in TEL poisoning, 805, 1489, 2438
vs Ca gluconate, 1233
vs cortisone, in colic, 1453
vs EUTA, 1664
in children, 2923, 2936
vs unithiol, 2573
with EDTA, 1852
with Mg sulfate, 1758
therapeutic use; see also Treatment of lead
poisoning, BAL; Unithiol
in children, 2855
evaluation, 2286
experimental, reviews, 786
reviews, 1565, 2100
treatment duration, in encephalopathy, children,
2926
1,4-Dimercaptoerythritol
effect on Pb distribution, rabbits, 571
1,3-Dimercaptopropane
effect on Pb excretion, comparative, cattle, 899
1,3-Dimercaptopropanol
effect on Pb distribution, rabbits, 571
2,3-Dimercapto-l-propanol, see Dimercaprol
2,3-Dimercapto-l-propanol sodium sulfonate, see
Unithiol
Dimercaptopropionic acid
effect on: Pb distribution, rabbits, 571
Pb excretion, comparative, cattle, 899
2,3-Dimercaptopropyl glucoside
effect on Pb distribution, rabbits, 571
Dimethyl- (3- (triphenylplumbyl)-propyl) ammonium
methyl sulfate
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
toxic dose, mice, 3563
Diseases
basophils as sign of, 1527
geochemical factors in, 258
of obscure origin vs drinking water Pb, 164
simulating Pb poisoning, 1568, 2235
trace element metabolism, 1959, 1960
Dishes, see Food containers
Disodium catechol-l,3-disulfonate
effect, on Pb excretion, comparative, cattle,
899
Disseminated sclerosis, see Nervous system,
multiple sclerosis
Distribution of lead
in body, see Metabolism of lead
in nature, see Air; Minerals; Plants; Soil;
Water
2,5-Dithiohexane
effect, on Pb excretion, comparative, cattle,
899
Dithiols
comparative effect on poisoning, rabbits, 571
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
1-Dodecanesulfonic acid, lead salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Dogs; see also Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in mammals; Lead poisoning in ani-
mals
diseases, causing Pb mobilization, 1101
Pb content in organs, tissues, normal, 879; see
also Metabolism of lead
Domestic animals; see also specific species;
Experiments with animals; Lead, toxicity
in mammals, livestock; for cases of poison-
ing, see Lead poisoning in animals
sources of poisoning on farm, 474
tolerated doses, 474
trace element content in hair vs color, 911
Dopa-melanin, see Protein metabolism
Drinking water, see Water
Drug metabolism
effect of Pb, 1142
Drugs; see also specific drugs; Treatment
effect on Pb metabolism, mechanism, 497, 523
herb tinctures, Pb content, 275
Pb-containing; see also Lead, uses; Lead acetate;
Lead compounds; Lead ointments; Lead
tannate; Opium
poisoning occurrence, 1657
use, past, present, 3560
Pb content: specifications, Poland, 3982
UK, 2357
pharmacopeia tests, Czechoslovakia, 3557
France, 3552
use, contraindication in porphyria cases, 1844
xanthine oxidase factor, Pb content in source
for, 74
Dry bellyache, gripes, see Gastrointestinal sys-
tem, colic; Lead poisoning
DTPA: Pentetate
Ducks; see also Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in birds; for cases of poisoning,
see Lead poisoning in animals, birds
blood, experiments in vitro, 328
Dustfall, see under Air pollution
Dusts
particle counts on membrane filters vs midget
impinger, 3617
Dyes, lead containing
in sweat band, as cause of optic neuritis, 1268
Ears (and hearing)
cochleovestlbular disorders, 2703
from TEL, 2680
deafness, 1349, 1549
with eye disorders, 2534
reviews, 2556
disorders, 1308, 1437
in early poisoning, 2703
in employee rejection, 3238
from TEL, 2424, 2834, 1422
electronystagmography, in TEL poisoning, 2834
loss, vs exposure, 2242
vestibular chronaxie, pigeons, 516
vestibular function, in TEL poisoning, 2424,
2682
Earth
age of, see Minerals, age determination
crust vs mantle, isotopic composition, 121
832
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Earth (cont)
depth of, source of Pb in, 281
Earthenware, see Food containers
Eating on job, see Personal hygiene
Eclampsia
trace element content in organs, 2264
Edathamil, see Edetate
EDDA: Ethylenediaminediaacetic acid
Edetate (calcium and calcium disodium); see also
Chelating agents; Treatment of lead poison-
ing
acceptance, in pediatrics, 3053
aerosol, intratracheal, apparatus, 2272
AMA reports, 1547, 1548, 1582
analytical methods, complexometric titration,
1858
antidotal effectiveness, guinea pigs, 801
Ca, Mn, Pb complexes, effect on membrane-active
substance action, in vitro, 360
Ca effect of, vs of Ca salts, in vivo, 602
chelating action by, vs by protoporphyrin, ani-
mals, 988
chemistry, reviews, 614, 1565, 2139
clinical trials, aerosol, 1723, 1724, 1883
in children, history, 2327
infusion, 1480, 1606, 1878, 1879, 1883, 1925,
2461
in children, 2923
in TEL poisoning, 1878, 1879
vs intravenous, 1723, 1724
intramuscular, 2804
in children, 2923
in latent poisoning, 2075
intraperitoneal, cattle, 727
intravenous, 1310, 1390, 1444, 1467, 1518, 1749,
1956, 2062, 2108, 2426, 2804, 2877
in cattle, 727, 758
in children, 1444, 2877
in donkeys, 758
in horses, 542
in latent poisoning, 2075
with penicillamine, 2448
vs DTPA, 2758, 2581
vs oral, 1463, 1616, 2457
oral, 1444, 1878, 1879, 1883, 1956, 2062, 2202,
2452, 2804
ambulatory, 1881
in children, 1444, 2882
continuous vs intermittent, 1834
in TEL poisoning, 1878, 1879
parenteral, children, 2907
subcutaneous, cattle, 727
in children, 2923
infusion, children, 2923
in TEL poisoning, 1489
various routes, 2176
complex with Pb, excretion through kidney,
mammary gland, 3398
content in plasma after injection, rats, 1105
convalescent use, oral, recommended, 2484
detoxication in metal poisoning, reviews, 1313
diarrhea, by oral, animals, 689
dosage, see therapy
effect on: alkaline phosphatase, mechanism, 2427
2569
body weight, rats, 503
Ca metabolism, 1405, 1473, 1563, 2670
in animals, 691, 949
reviews, 1313
vs dose, rabbits, 864
Ca, Pb excretion 2-1/2 yr after poisoning,
rabbits, 924
Cu metabolism, 1867, 1968
electrolyte metabolism, 1467
erythrocyte fragility, 2716
Fe metabolism, 1867, 1968, 2108, 2670
heme synthesis, reviews, 2678
Hg, Pb elimination in Hg poisoning vs BAL, 1551
hypercholesteremia, 2172
membrane permeability in vitro, in vivo, 949
Mg metabolism, 2427, 2569
P metabolism, children, 2882
Pb-, alky1-Pb-induced disorders, see Metabolism
of lead; specific organs, systems;
metabolic processes
Pb + PbEDTA vs CaEDTA elimination, of intra-
venous, 1618
porphyrin metabolism, in normal vs poisoned
rabbits, 877
reviews, 2678
radioisotope metabolism, 1415
trace element metabolism, 1607, 1735, 1884,
2311, 2700
in animals, 643
urine Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, in Pb exposure, various
diseases, 1606
effects, reviews, 1313
systemic, domestic animals, 953
experiments with: animals, 677, 732, 874, 888,
983
cattle, intravenous, 543, 1039
chickens, oral, 503
dogs, intravenous, 789
parenteral, 1914
guinea pigs, intramuscular, 948
oral, 979
subcutaneous, 979
human subjects, intusion, 1781
intravenous, 1518, 1616
oral, 706, 1858, 1943
mice, injection, 633, 679, 680, 805
intraperitoneal, 914, 949, 1043
rabbits, 639, 819, 864, 1632
intraperitoneal, 1781
intravenous, 645, 654, 690, 747-750, 839,
861, 954, 1006, 1015, 1187, 2239
oral, 601, 655, 689, 2239
subcutaneous, 1006
rats, 712, 810
injection, 683, 1105
intraduodenal, 1858
intraperitoneal, 1017, 1038
intravenous, 837, 1039, 1115, 2239
oral, 643, 689, 691-693, 716, 896, 1008,
1009, 1038, 1044, 1111
food preparations, for prophylactic use, 1982
hypotension by, in kidney disease, 2528
kidney disorders; see also therapy
in animals, 810
pathology, vs by Na-, PbEDTA, rats, 1017
reviews, 894
lethal doses, animals, 1038
intraperitoneal, cats, 503
mice, 633, 679, 680, 1074
rabbits, 503
intravenous, dogs, 503
mice, 503, 633, 679, 680
rabbits, 503
Subject Index
833
-------
Edetate: lethal doses (cont)
rats, 503
sheep, 771
mechanism of action, 382, 601, 690, 706, 750,
1039, 1547, 1548, 1552, 1607, 1702, 1703,
1852, 1858, 2177, 2896
phases in, 1617
reviews, 1622, 1853, 2256
in vitro, in vivo, 684
metabolism; see also Metabolism of lead
absorption, intestinal, from oral, 1773
from oral, 1607
in animals, 1858
reviews, 894
content in excreta, 1405
elimination in urine vs Pb, 1553
of oral, 2239
in human subjects, 1858
Pb complex in urine, vs dose, 1943
placental transfer, 2663
reviews, 894, 2139
mobilization of Pb, vs BAL, rats, 1105
vs raercaptoethylamine, in TEL exposure, 1662
mobilization test, 1809, 1925, 2601, 2719
aerosols, 1883, 1884
in blood anomalies, 2709, 2720
calculation of results, 2506
distortion by penicillin intake, 2825
evaluation, 2072, 2353, 2388, 2724, 2788, 2825,
2826
intravenous vs oral, vs speed of injection,
1616
indications, 2506
infusion, 1883, 1953, 2087, 2131, 2185, 2186,
2223, 2501
in exposed, nonexposed, 2724
for past poisoning, 2528
urine collection, 2087, 2223
interpretation, 2736
intramuscular, children, 3012, 3013
intravenous, 1634, 1723, 1724, 1773, 1883,
1971, 2323, 2337, 2501, 2611, 2618,
2620, 2659, 2783, 2825, 2826
AMA report, 1547
in children, 2996, 3063
in kidney disorders, 2792
for past poisoning, 1585, 2058, 2126, 2450
in Pb stearate poisoning, 2604
procedure, 1971
vs oral, 2034, 2644
after water intake, 2603
for medicolegal diagnosis, 1749
oral, 1607, 1773, 1855, 1881, 1883, 2202, 2480,
2501, 2825
vs penicillamine, 2841
for past poisoning, 2346, 2801, 2832
phases in, 1617
reviews, 1751, 2166
in TEL poisoning, 2402
nomenclature, 1548
ointments, evaluation, 2568
patent, 1552
Pb contamination, 693
Pb content, 896
penicillamine formation in urine from penicillin,
2825
pharmacology, animals, reviews, 614
preparation, 1701, 1723, 1724
prophylactic effectiveness, 2094, 2176
aerosols, 2175, 2272, 2368
evaluation, 2215
experimental, 1187
oral, 692
intravenous, 2062, 2323, 2325
in male, female workers, 2279
ointments, 2568
oral, 1709, 1914, 2035, 2053, 2062-2064, 2229,
2317, 2323, 2325, 2484, 2621, 2634, 2668,
2818
in Pb stearate exposure, 2329
in TEL exposure, 2048
in TEL exposure, vs mercaptoethylamine, 1662
prophylactic use, 1672, 2150, 2308, 2596, 3191
aerosols, 1723, 1724
recommended, 1883, 1884, 2222
caution against, 1730, 1808, 2053
criticism, 1472, 1582, 2038
oral, 1739, 1881, 2401, 2451
AMA report, 1582
criticism, 2275
recommended, 1702, 1703, 2250
in small shops, 2688
recommended, 1667, 1894
vs industrial hygiene, 2763
reaction with cysteamine in poisoned tissue,
in vitro, 383
reaction with Pb, in jejunum, in vitro, 382
in tissues, in vitro, in vivo, 562
in urine, 1943
in uterus, in vitro, 382
reactions of triethylle ad, TEL with, 379
sensitivity to, children, 2903
side effects, see therapy
skin penetration, 1405
reviews, 1313
solubility of Ca, Na from, in gastric, duodenal
juice, 1858
solvents, reviews, 2218
therapeutic coefficient, 603
therapeutic effectiveness, 1507, 1605, 1687,
1730, 1735, 1772, 1892, 1939, 1995, 1996,
2012, 2208, 2328, 2619, 2694, 2714
in acute, chronic poisoning, 1627, 1667
in alcohol poisoning, 2011
in anemia, 1853, 2542
in animals vs in man, 1389, 2327
in children, 1725, 3067
reviews, 2231
in digestive disorders, 2666
in early poisoning, 2621
in encephalopathy, 2195, 2331
vs BAL, children, 2923
evaluation, 30, 1389, 2344, 2458
in children, 1405, 2218, 2265, 3041
in Pb, TEL poisoning, 2038
experimental, 677, 712, 732, 789, 810, 837,
839, 948, 949, 983, 1015, 1038; see also
experiments with animals
subcutaneous, cattle, 543
in TEL poisoning, 639, 805
vs administration route, 645
vs di-Na salts, 1008
vs injection route dose, 633, 679, 680
with BAL, 948
with Co, Cu, Fe, 1006
with vitamins, 1006
of Hungarian-made, 2069
infusion, 1588, 2186, 2644
834
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Edetate: therapeutic effectiveness (cont)
in acute vs chronic poisoning, 1563
in children, 2898
in latent poisoning, 2185
in nervous system disorders, 2786
with oral, 1936
in severe cases, 2185
with oral, 1997
vs intravenous, 1852
vs oral, 1804
injection, vs penicillamine, children, 2970
intramuscular, children, 2936, 2951, 2991
with penicillamine, children, 3060
intravenous, 1601, 1607, 1622, 1633, 1696,
1701-1703, 1731, 1738, 1739, 1773, 1850,
1874, 1886, 1973, 2018, 2033, 2085, 2155,
2201, 2427, 2486, 2560, 2569, 2646, 2877
ambulatory, 1641
in children, 1622, 2663, 2861, 2882, 2952,
2869, 2874, 2877, 2881, 2883, 2896, 2903,
2912, 2916, 2936, 2937, 2951, 3016
evaluationj 1608
in Pb stearate poisoning, 2516
in pregnancy, 2663, 3057
in severe cases, 1590, 2014, 2228, 2339, 2519,
2808
in TEL poisoning, 1760, 1850, 2559
vs BAL, children, 2934
vs diethyldithiocarbamate, 2310
vs infusion, 1826
vs oral, 789, 1310, 1444, 1473, 1567, 1642,
1914, 2239, 2458, 2784
in children, 1444
vs oral penicillamine, 1915, 2693
on mental development, children, 2934
ointments, 2568
oral, 1587, 1607, 1622, 1718, 1739, 1773, 2085,
2169, 2304, 2356, 2491, 2508, 2644
ambulatory, 2035
in children, 1622, 1718, 2917, 2936, 2951,
3016
in TEL poisoning, 1760
vs BAL, 1664
vs penicillamine, 2827
vs poisoning degree, 2230
vs prophylactic, 1463
in paralysis, 2419
in Pb vs Hg poisoning, livestock, 585
in porphyria, 2007, 2313
reviews, 1440, 1605, 1640, 1753, 1806, 1887,
1894, 2095, 2231, 2256, 2658
in severe cases, 2958
in children, 2964
vs urea, 2999
in small animals, 3474
subcutaneous, children, 2881, 2898, 2912,
2915, 2952
infusion, children, 2923, 2986
in TEL poisoning, 2330, 2402, 2438
vs deferoxamine, 2789, 2790
vs penicillamine, 2066
vs prophylactic, on in vitro basis, 461
with Fe, children, 3026
therapeutic evaluation, conference, 1389
therapeutic use, children, 3053
in children, 3053
evaluation, 2859
reviews, 2909
evaluation, 1582, 2286, 2670
experimental, reviews, 786
reviews, 1311, 1433, 1490, 1565, 1743, 1768,
1873, 1891, 1898, 1900, 1983, 1984, 2027,
2033, 2095, 2100, 2139, 2157, 3044
vs penicillamine, 2608
vs prophylactic, evaluation, 1472
therapy, abdominal pain, acute, from oral, 2719
added medication recommended, 1605
adjunctive to cranial decompression, children,
2929
aggravation of gastrointestinal disorders, by
oral, 1760
aminoaciduria, tests recommended, adults,
children, 2979, 2980
caution against, 1310, 1996, 2286
in porphyria, 2008
contraindications, in kidney disorders, 2501
in nervous disorders, 2658
in oral exposure, 2239
disorders by, prevention by drugs, diet, 2279
dosage, 732; see also clinical trials; mobili-
zation test; prophylactic effectiveness;
therapeutic effectiveness
aerosols, 2222
on basis of in vitro tests, 442
for cattle, 727
infusion, recommended, 1440, 1985
intravenous, difficulties, children, 2915
office treatment, 1641
oral, ambulatory, adults, children, 1622
recommended, 1463, 1547
regimen, 2248
oral, in mild poisoning, 1858
reviews, 2033, 2034
recommended, 2442, 2700
reviews, 1311, 1440, 2038, 2184, 2218, 2231
routes, reviews, 2256
duration, in acute poisoning, 2450
for sequela prevention, 2309
effects of oral, children vs adults, 2218
enemas before, indication for children, 2951,
2985
fatal course in porphyric, 2008
gastric disorders by, 2053
hazards, 2033
in cattle, 3398
in children, 3041
in severe poisoning, 2678
in kidney disorders, dosage, 2980
hazards, 2458, 2461
kidney disorders by, 2075, 2097, 2275, 2304,
2700
in adults, children, 2979
doses causing, 2248
fatal, 1830, 1876, 1976
in children, 2971
reviews, 1985
kidney function tests recommended before, 1985
Mg supplements recommended, 2569
oral; caution against, 2185, 2222
in children, 2936, 2951
in pregnancy, effect on fetus, 2663
recommended, children, 2894
recurrence of poisoning after, 2053
regimen, 2184
in encephalopathy, children, 2881
registry of cases, 1405
in respiratory center depression, children,
2869
Subject Index
835
-------
Edetate: therapy (cont)
safety, vs penicillamine, 2551
side effects, 1480, 1547, 1567, 1730, 1925,
1936, 2062, 2451, 2608, 2621, 2700
supportive treatment, need for, children, 2923
trace metal supplements, recommended, 2426
vitamin B supplements recommended, 2700
with Ca gluconate, intravenous, children, 3045
in colic, 1463
with hormones, 732, 1588, 1925
in children, 3045
experimental, 861
for mobilization from bones, 1701
with urea, in cranial decompression, children,
2968, 2999, 3001
intravenous, children, 3045
regimen, children, 2985
with vitamin Bi2> 2^86
tolerance, horses, 542, 3398
in human subjects, 706
in mice, 706
tolerated doses, 2033
intraperitoneal, animals, 689
intravenous, rabbits, 1006
subcutaneous, rabbits, 1006
toxic doses, mice, 1723, 1724
toxicity, in animals, reviews, 1313
in animals, vs injection rate, 1547
vs Na-, PbEDTA, 1017
in livestock, 771
in man, reviews, 1313
reviews, 1389, 2139, 2256
uses, analytical reagent, see Analytical methods
food additives, health hazards, 2670
reviews, 2327
vitamin B deficiency by, 2275
Edetate, bismuth sodium
lethal doses, intravenous, mice, 706
Edetate, calcium magnesium
lethal doses, intravenous, mice, 706
Edetate, disodium
chelating action with Pb,reviews, 894
compounding, for intravenous use, 1484
dosage, infusion, 2300
kidney stones dissolution by, 1484
pharmaceutic uses, 1484
side effects, reviews, 2300
therapeutic evaluation in coronary artery disease,
2300
therapeutic use, 2173
Edetate, disodium dihydrogen
effect on poisoning, vs Ca di-Na salts, rats,
1008
Edetate, lead disodium, see Lead edetate
Edetate, magnesium disodium
effect on blood phosphatases, in vitro, 461
effect on vascular system, reviews, 1313
lethal doses, intravenous, mice, 706
toxicity, reviews, 1313
Edetate, metal salts
preparation, 820
Edetate, piperazine
use as anthelmintic, 706
Edetate, sodium
dosage schedule, 2639
salts, effect on Pb tolerance, rats, 603
therapeutic effectiveness, infusion, 2639
toxicity, kidney pathology vs Ca-, PbEDTA, rats,
1017
Edetate, tetrasodium
Pb mobilization, evaluation, rats, 546
therapeutic evaluation, rats, 514
therapeutic use, 2213
Edetate, trisodium
mechanism of Pb binding in body, reviews, 917
Edetate analogs
intravenous, effect on poisoning, rats, 837
Edetate salts (Versenes)
pharmacology, reviews, 894
reviews, 1313, 2139
EDTA: Edetate (including salts)
Eggs, lead content, see Metabolism of lead; for
eggs as food product, see Foods and
beverages
Electrical industry
health hazards surveys, 1545
light bulb manufacture, poisoning occurrence,
2039
Pb exposure in insulator manufacture, 1305
Electric sleep
therapeutic use, in TEL poisoning, 2627
Electrocardiography, see Heart
Electrochemical industry
air pollution, health hazards, 2870
Electroencephalography, see Nervous system
Electrolyte metabolism
effect of EDTA on, 1390, 1632, 1867, 1968, 2075;
see also specific electrolytes
Electromyography, see Muscles
Electron microscopy, see specific organs, tissues
Electrotherapy, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Emblems
Pb-soldered, as poisoning source, in children,
2905
Enamel
frit, Pb content, 2509; see also Ceramics frit
Pb content, composition, 811
toxicity in chickens, 811
Pb borate, in glass industry, 3140
substitutes for Pb-containing, 2498
Enamelers
poisoning occurrence, 1346
from mouth pointing, 2509
Enamel industry
health hazards, reviews, 2498
surveys, 3077
Encephalopathy, see Nervous system
Endocrine glands; see also specific glands
disorders, in employee rejection, 3238
function, 2781
gonadostimulin, prehypophyseal, excretion vs
degree of absorption, 1365
seromucoid
in tissues, animals, in spontaneous peritoneal
inflammation, 1112
in rats, 1112
Environment, see Air; Foods and beverages; Plants;
Soil; Water
Environmental exposure, see Exposure of man,
population
Environmental health
research problems, 3332
Enzymes; unless otherwise indicated, action on or
inhibition is by ionic Pb
acetylcholine, see Nervous system; specific
organs, tissues
acetylcholinesterase, blood, by TEL, rabbits,
621
836
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Enzymes: acetylcholinesterase (cont)
brain, muscle, by TEL, mice, 755
acid phosphatase
blood, 1694
in dogs, 751
in rabbits, 1152
by TEL-gasoline, 2548
vs poisoning degree, rabbits, 923
bone marrow, rabbits, 923
brain, by TEL, rabbits, 553
heart, rabbits, 1062, 1143
intestines, rabbits, 923
kidneys, rabbits, 923
liver, rabbits, 923, 1152
muscles, striated, rabbits, 1062, 1143
organs, tissues, mice, 636
adenosinetriphosphatase, heart, rabbits, 1062,
1143
liver mitochondria, lysosomes, vs exposure
route, rats, 1045
mast cell, in vitro, 443
muscle, in vitro, 380
muscles, striated, rabbits, 1062, 1143
alanine aminotransferase
blood, 1992, 2367
diagnostic value, 2378, 2505
in rabbits, 1152
by TEL, 2515
in rabbits, 2515
by TEL-gasoline, 2548
vs blood Pb, 2840
vs exposure, 2723
vs pathology, rabbits, 892
vs protein disorder, 1188
heart, effect of EDTA, rabbits, 954
kidneys, effect of EDTA, rabbits, 954
liver, effect of EDTA, rabbits, 954
in rabbits, 1152
muscles, effect of EDTA, rabbits, 954
aldolase
blood, 1992
in mice, 2655
by TEL-gasoline, 2548
vs exposure, 2655, 2723
vs pathology, rabbits, 892
in rats, 835
• alkaline phosphatase
blood, 1694
age variations, 2638
in dogs, 751
effect of EDTA, 1632, 2426, 2427, 2569
in rabbits, 655
leukocytes, rabbits, 624
mechanism of action, in vitro, in vivo, 2427,
2569
in rabbits, 624, 1005, 1152, 2638
serum complex, in vitro, 1005
by TEL-gasoline, 2548
vs exposure, 2114, 2723
vs poisoning degree, rabbits, 923
bone marrow, rabbits, 923
effect of EDTA, in vivo, in vitro, 2426
heart, rabbits, 1062, 1142
intestines, rabbits, 923
kidneys, rabbits, 923
in rats, 520, 527
in vitro, 458
liver, rabbits, 923, 1152
in rats, 520, 527
muscles, striated, rabbits, 1062, 1143
organs, tissues, mice, 636
aminolevulinate dehydratase, 2704
blood, in anemia, 2190
in rabbits, 2766
vs ALA, porphyrins, 2766
vs body Pb, 2470
bone marrow, rabbits, 850
liver mitochondria, animals, 1131
as mechanism of poisoning, 1957
in porphyrin metabolism, 2469
purification, properties, 628
vs in Fe deficiency, children, 3029
aminolevulinate synthetases, liver mitochondria,
guinea pigs, rabbits, 1160
aminotransferases
blood, by lupine + Pb, cattle, sheep, 931
vs organ pathology, rats, 835
O-amylase
bacterial, inhibition, in vitro, 322
reactivation, in vitro, 361
digestive, vs poisoning degree, 1511
saliva, human, hog pancreas, microorganisms,
Pb content, 2074
arginase, blood, erythrocyte, in vitro, 774
liver, synthesis, rats, 774
arylsulfatases, in vitro, 305
aspartate aminotransferase
blood, 1992, 2367
diagnostic value, 2378, 2505
in rabbits, 1152, 2439
by TEL, 2515
in rabbits, 2515
by TEL-gasoline, 2548
vs blood Pb, 2078, 2840
vs exposure, 2723
vs pathology, rabbits, 892
cerebrospinal fluid, children, 3056
liver, rabbits, 1152
aspirinesterase, blood, 1992
carbonate dehydratase
blood, 2502
effect of Co, vitamin B-12, rats, 907
in vitro, 384
carboxylase, blood, by TEL, rabbits, 766
bone marrow, liver, vs copro- to protoporphyrin
conversion, 873
catalase
blood, adsorption, in vitro, 365
effect of EDTA, rabbits, 1006, 1187
in rabbits, 1152
in vitro, 370
vs blood Pb, sheep, 1089
vs protoporphyrin, rabbits, 784
vs signs, hemolysis, rabbits, 1093
liver, rabbits, 1152
vs porphyrin metabolism, rabbits, 1136
cathepsins, brain, in vitro, 444
liver mitochondria, lysosomes, vs exposure
route, rats, 1045
choline oxidase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 393
cholinesterase
blood, 1992, 2109
in dogs, 751
effect of blood porphyrins, 1242
effect of EDTA, 2561
in rabbits, 1006
by TEL, rabbits, 766, 1024, 2812
by TEL-gasoline, mice, 647
Subject Index
837
-------
Enzymes: cholinesterase (cont)
uptake of 2l2Pb, in vitro, 313
in vitro, 416
vs agglutinin response, typhoid, rabbits, 735
vs blood Pb, sheep, 1089
by TEL vs Pb, sheep, 1189
vs in vitro, 1242
brain, by TEL, mice, 755
by TEL-gasoline, mice, 647
muscles, by TEL, mice, 755
reaction in subneural apparatus, in vitro, 371
by TEL-gasoline, mice, 1186
cholinesterases, blood, 1992
in vitro, 416
coenzymes, nicotinamide nucleotide, erythrocyte;
effect, of nicotinic acid, rabbits, 1184
of penicillamine, rabbits, 1185
synthesis, rabbits, 1183
coproporphyrinogen-decarboxylase, 2704
creatine kinase, blood, liver, in subacute
poisoning, rabbits, 1152
cysteine desulfhydrase, in vitro, 404
cysteinyl-glycine dipeptidase, 304
cytochrome oxidase, effect of H sulfide, animals,
921
myocardium, rabbits, 593
dehydrogenases, effect of H sulfide, animals,
921
effect on, reviews, 32, 1337
esterases, mast cell, in vitro, 443
ferro chelatase, blood, vs body Pb, 2470
fructose-l,6-diphosphatase, blood, liver,
in subacute poisoning, rabbits, 1152
galactozymase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
inhibition in vitro, 317
glucose-6-phosphatase, blood, liver, rabbits,
1152
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, blood, 2617
g-glucosidase, Blaberus craniifer, in vitro, 454
yeast, in vitro, 362
B-glucuronidase, liver mitochondria, lysosomes,
vs exposure route, rats, 1045
heme chelatase, 2704
hemesynthetase, effect of AMP, inosine, rabbits,
1057, 1132
in rabbits, 895
hexokinase, blood, liver, rabbits, 1152
lactate dehydrogenase
blood, 1992
erythrocytes, in vitro, 460
vs pathology, rabbits, 892
in rats, 835
cerebrospinal fluid, children, 3056
heart, rats, 961
liver, rats, 961
leucine aminopeptidase, mast cell, in vitro, 443
lipase, blood, 2043
digestive, vs poisoning degree, 1511
fungal, in vitro, 462
lipoamide dehydrogenase, heart, rabbits, 1062,
1143
muscles, striated, rabbits, 1062, 1143
lysozyme
blood, dogs, 573
vs cholesterol, 1615
organs, dogs, 573
malate dehydrogenase
blood, 1992
vs pathology, rabbits, 892
in rats, 835
monoamine oxidase
brain, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, by
TEL, rabbits, 1122
by TEL, in vitro, 419
by TEL, as mechanism of poisoning, 1133
oxidases, organs, tissues, mice, 636
pepsin, vs poisoning degree, 1511
pepsinogen, blood, vs intrinsic factor secretion,
2679
phosphatases, blood, effect of EDTA, in vitro, 461
vs poisoning degree, 2814
phosphoglucomutase, animals, 677
phosphorylase
muscle, animals, 677, 744
in vitro, 744
prosthetic group, Pb as poison acting on, 450
protease, bacterial, reactivation, in vitro, 361
proteinase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibition,
in vitro, 445
quinine oxidase, in vitro, 345
ribonuclease, liver, activation, in vitro, 315
in vitro, 348
succinate dehydrogenase, kidney, in vitro, 458
tissue, in vitro, 318
thiaminase, clam, effect of metals, cooking,
in vitro, 342
trypsin-related, skin, 398
urease, effects of metals, reviews, 324
in vitro, 378
xanthine oxidase, milk, reversal by histamine,
in vitro, 446
Epidemiology
types of study, 2819
Ergot alkaloids, hydrogenated
effect on circulatory disorders, 1736
1,2-Ethanedithiol
effect, on Pb excretion, comparative, cattle, 899
Ethanethiol, lead derivative
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Ethyldipropyllead chloride
sternutatory action, 1226
N-(Ethyldipropylplumbyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide
sternutatory action, 1226
Ethylenediamine-bis-isopropylphosphinate, disodium
complex formation with Pb, in vitro, 1038
effect of: intraperitoneal, oral, on poisoning,
mice, rats, 1038
oral, on poisoning, guinea pigs, 1038
lethal doses, animals, 1038
Ethylenediaminediacetic acid
effect on Pb excretion, comparative, cattle, 899
Ethylene dibromide, see 1,2-Dibromoethane
Ethylene dichloride, see 1,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetate, see Edetate
Ethyl fluid, see Alkyllead antiknock
Ethylxanthic acid, lead salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Excretion of lead, see Metabolism of lead
Exercise, see Physical activity
Exhaust gases; see Airborne wastes; Automobile
exhausts; Motor exhausts
Experiments with animals; unless otherwise indi-
cated, exposure is to inorganic lead; see
also Animal experimentation; Lead, toxicity
in birds; Lead, toxicity in fish; Lead, tox-
icity in mammals; etc. For occurrence of
poisoning, see Lead poisoning in animals
acute, dogs, 1193
838
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Experiments with animals: acute (cont)
guinea pigs, 559
rabbits, 806, 967; TEL, 681
rats, 613, 806
chronic, dogs, 2494
guinea pigs, 559, 951
mice, 2439
rabbits, 539, 892, 962, 966, 981, 1061, 2439;
TEL, 2460
rats, 804, 884, 1035
sheep, 740
eye application, acute, rabbits, 672
guinea pigs, 857, 926
immersion
acute, fish, 355
mollusks, 347
chronic, frogs, 518
fish, 333, 418, 457
inhalation
acute, cats, TEL-gasoline, 526
dogs, TEL, TML, 1053
mice, TEL-gasoline, 647, 1186; TML, 1051
rabbits, Pb-alkyls, 933; TEL, 577, 623, 645,
704, 1110
rats, 695; Pb-alkyls, 933; 210Pb, 946; TEL,
919, 1053, 1181; TML, 1053, 1181
TEL-, TML-gasoline, 3357
chronic, cats, TEL-gasoline, 526
dogs, organic Pb, 567; Pb-Sn alloys, 2796
guinea pigs, organic Pb, 567; Pb-lubricant,
489; workroom, 701, 973
mice, 636
rabbits, 725, 847, 1087, 1180; gray minium,
794; organic Pb, 567; TEL-gasoline, 1186
near industries, 3362
rats, 485, 564, 898, 1045, 1086, 1087, 1179
1180, 2760; Pb ores, 3296
TEL-, TML-gasoline, 3357
workroom, 3201
rabbits, 842
subacute, rabbits, TEL, 623, 1110, 1122
injection
acute, chick embryo, 505, 513, 521, 565, 718,
782, 994, 1067
fish, 310, 457
guinea pigs, 210pb> 545
rabbits, 528, 538, 611, 700, 883, 1198
rats, 661, 683, 803, 907; 2l°Pb, 856, 1008;
Pb alkyIs, 379; TEL, 932
chronic, dogs, 644
rabbits, 617, 833, 958, 970
rats, 759
subacute, dogs, 644
rabbits, TEL, 556
intestinal infusion, acute, rats, 1197
intraarterial, acute, rabbits, 2l2Pb, 1154
rats, PbEDTA, 731
intracardiac, acute, guinea pigs, 307, 564
intramuscular
acute, rabbits, 499, 998, 1055, 1057, 1127,
1132, 1558, 2515, 2600; TEL, 639, 1109,
1110, 1133, 2515; PbEDTA, 918
rats, 881, 1157
seals, 1102
chronic, hamsters, 793
rabbits, 784
subacute, rabbits, 750; TEL, 638, 641
intraperitoneal
acute, guinea pigs, 1011
mice, 678, 887, 914, 949, 1040, 1052; PbEDTA,
820, 1074, 2615
rabbits, 495, 1131, 1781; Pb-alkyls, 933;
PbEDTA, 503, 918, 1781
rats, 527, 547, 580, 692, 788, 809, 830,
945, 952, 961, 989, 990, 1112, 1119,
1125, 1131, 2615; Pb-alkyls, 933; PbEDTA,
820, 2615; Pb titanate, 987; TEL, 978,
993, 1068; TML, 1068; triethy1-Pb, 1123
chronic, guinea pigs, 948
mice, 626, 887, 1052
rabbits, 659; PbEDTA, 503
rats, 493, 653, 707, 708, 746, 835, 859,
1124; PbEDTA, 1017
subacute, guinea pigs, 515, 901
mice, 1038
rabbits, 1121
rats, 527, 692, 862
intratracheal
acute, dogs, 900; Pb-Sn dusts, 1018
rabbits, Pb glazes, 717
rats, Pb-Ba-Zn dusts, 1077; Pb ores, 3213
chronic, guinea pigs, 791
rabbits, smelter dust, 1063
rats, 2760; Pb-Zn dust, 1016; smelter dust,
1063
intraureteral, chronic, dogs, 1059, 1060
intravenous
acute, cats, 588, 757, 818, 908; PbEDTA, 335
dogs, 541, 900, 902, 996, 997, 1722; 210Pb,
799; 212Pb, 816, 871, 1190; radio-Pb,
589
guinea pigs, 604; PbEDTA, 918
mice, 604, 633, 636, 678, 679, 680, 887;
21°Pb, 1043, 1106
monkeys, 1170
rabbits, 303, 331, 476, 496, 530, 531, 561,
562, 571, 587, 642, 668, 692, 714, 720,
747-749, 753, 770, 807, 824, 834,
851, 867, 868, 869, 870, 954, 1005,
1006, 1027, 1042, 1062, 1065, 1066,
1095, 1143, 1163, 1170, 2600; colloidal
PbS, 502; metal salts, 1151; 210Pb, 797;
212Pb, 1154; Pb-alkyls, 933; PbEDTA, 335,
503, 703, 753, 918; Pb-poisoned pitui-
tary extracts, 560; TEL, 549, 550, 551,
555, 1068; TML, 1068
rats, 514, 518, 546, 580, 665, 837, 893, 934,
1021, 1039, 1083-1085, 1130, 1174-1178;
DTPA, 837; 203Pb, 716; 210Pb, 497, 523,
946, 1022, 1046, 1105, 1108, 1113-1116;
212Pb, 705; Pb-alkyls, 933; PbEDTA, 335,
731, 837; TEL, TML, 1068
sheep, 476, 477
chronic, dogs, 751, 762, 763, 822, 996
monkeys, 922
rabbits, 522, 524, 525, 601, 606, 724, 729,
852, 950, 972, 1010, 1027, 1028, 1092-
1096, 1100, 1187, 2196, 2239, 2638
rats, 1153
subacute, dogs, 210pb, 578
rabbits, 479, 525, 596, 641, 654, 698, 699,
724, 750, 1152, 2673; TEL, 555, 741
rats, 862, 995
oral
acute, cats, 909; 212Pb, 588; PbEDTA, 918
cattle, 474, 475, 543, 1039; galena, 568
chickens, 503, 811
dogs, 649, 841, 900, 909, 1069, 1097, 1098
Subject Index
839
-------
Experiments with animals: oral (cont)
fish, 457
guinea pigs, 657, 832, 888, 1129
hamsters, 793
insects, 330
mice, 888
pigeons, 516
rabbits, 476, 477, 496, 651, 710, 711, 752,
776, 779, 785, 829, 839, 855, 888, 906,
1144, 1160, 1183-1185, 1558, 2766; 2l°Pb,
925; Pb-alkyls, 933; Pb powder, 744; Pb
soaps, 1054
rats, 817, 888, 929, 1025, 1026, 1039, 1195;
210pb, 925, 927, 1044, 1111; Pb-alkyls,
933, 1091; Pb titanate, 987; TEL, XML,
1068, 1171; 212pb, 705
sheep, 476, 477; galena, 568
chronic cats, 767, 849, 909
cattle, 474, 475, 688, 899, 929, 931, 1070
chickens, 811, 1182
dogs, 573, 649, 702, 767, 769, 841, 909,
953, 982, 1036, 1069; Pb-Sn alloys,
1018, 2796
ducks, wild, Pb shot, 512, 581
guinea pigs, 519, 576, 608, 650, 775, 791,
878, 888, 890, 979, 1038, 1076, 1135,
1140, 1161; Pb-lubricant, 489
hamsters, 825
horses, flue dust, 584, 3245
mice, 569, 664, 888, 960, 969, 1081, 1191,
1192
pigeons, 516
pigs, 1034, 1196
rabbits, 481, 492, 507, 530, 531, 535, 536,
548, 579, 583, 598, 600, 606, 632, 650,
656, 719, 722, 723, 735, 752, 772, 783,
826, 840, 849, 885, 888, 910, 923, 956,
976, 992, 1004, 1007, 1012, 1013, 1028,
1075, 1079, 1121, 1137, 1138, 1140, 1141,
1146, 1164-1166, 2239, 2467, 2602, 2742
contaminated feed, 3251
rats, 478, 480, 484, 500, 517, 518, 586, 607,
650, 652, 653, 674, 693, 715, 733, 760,
761, 774, 778, 817, 826, 888, 889, 896,
928, 935, 942, 955, 974, 975, 986, 1009,
1020, 1031, 1038, 1045. 1073, 1078, 1082,
1086, 1090, 1103, 1104, 1126, 1140, 1142,
1147, 1148, 1155, 1156, 1173, 1179, 1195,
2363; Pb phosphite + stearate, 904; TEL,
TML, 1171, 1181
sheep, 475, 477, 802, 931, 953, 1002, 1071,
1089, 1139, 1158, 1159; TEL, 1189
flue dust, 3245
rabbits, 842
subacute, cats, 909
dogs, 909, 1069, 1097
guinea pigs, 865
mice, 1038
rabbits, 624, 655, 895, 913, 939, 988
rats, 959, 1195
parenteral, acute, rabbits, TEL, 754
chronic, rabbits, TEL, 754
pial artery application, acute, mice, 1168
rabbits, TEL, 2812
rats, TEL, 3531
skin application, acute, rabbits, Pb soaps, 1054;
TEL, 646, 916, 1181; TML, 1181
chronic, guinea pigs, Pb-lubricant, 489; Pb
naphthenate, 662
mice, Pb naphthenate, 1107
rabbits, 606
subacute, rabbits, 730
subacute, dogs, 1193
subcutaneous
acute, guinea pigs, 1160
hamsters, 793
mice, 2357; Pb-alkyls, 1000; butyl-Pb, 1128;
hypophyseal emulsion from Pb-poisoned
rats, 817; TEL, 755, 805, 853, 941, 963,
964, 1080, 2712; TML, 941, 964, 1051
rabbits, 495, 522, 524, 814, 915, 940, 943,
1015, 1032, 1042, 1136; 212Pb, 1154;
TEL, 694, 765, 766; TML, 1047, 1051,
1117, 1120
rats, 866, 903, 924, 974, 1021, 1072, 1174,
1195; 210Pb, 946; ThB, 705; TEL, 491,
721, 1068; TML, 1068
chronic, chickens, 1076, 1161
dogs, 789
guinea pigs, 557, 635, 791
mice, 853, 977; TEL, 2712
rabbits, 522, 524, 640, 650, 976, 1006, 1028,
1149, 1966, 2083; TEL, 618-622, 629-631,
694, 742, 1024; TML, 1047-1050, 1117
rats, 534, 570, 612, 660, 760, 761, 780, 798,
1134, 1195; PbEDTA, 820; TEL, 586
rabbits, 685, 842, 864
subacute, goats, 566
guinea pigs, 764
mice, 2655
rabbits, 750, 921, 1935; TEL, 552-554; 590-
592, 594, 595, 618-622, 629-631, 669, 670,
741; TML, 1048-1050, 1120
rats, 921, 1145, 1195
suboccipital, acute, rabbits, 1944
Explosions
hazards, Pb powder, 3214
by Pb with trinitrotoluene, 3095
Explosives
Pb compounds as, 4089
Exposure of man; unless otherwise indicated,
exposure is to inorganic lead; for exposure
to radioactive fallout or isotopes, see
Lead isotope(s); see also Lead missiles
environmental, see population
epidemiologic vs laboratory evaluation, 2819
inhalation
human subjects, apparatus for, 2271
automobile exhausts, 3281
blood studies, 2089
diethyllead, mixed plumbanes, 1226
mathematical model, 2820
metabolism, 1345, 2031, 2170, 2287-2289,
2413, 2732, 2733
sweat trace elements, 2681
TEL-gasoline, 3267
intravenous, contaminated drugs, 2357
occupational (this implies repeated exposure
(inhalation) to inorganic or alkyl Pb
not involving poisoning; see also Lead
poisoning; specific compounds; specific
industries and processes; other sources;
Lead isotope(s) for radioactive Pb)
abortions from, 1435
ALA as measure, 2571
alkaline phosphatase, 2114
allergy, 2315
amino acid excretion, 1654
840
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Exposure of man: occupational (cont)
basophil counts, 2123; see also Lead poisoning,
diagnosis
biochemical studies, 1488
biologic limit values, see Threshold limit
values
biologic tests as measure, reviews, 2640
blood biochemistry, 2081
blood enzymes, 2723, 2840
blood GOT as measure, 2078
blood Pb, 1385, 1386, 1591, 1863, 2733; see
also Lead poisoning, diagnosis
from dust vs fume, 2070
reproduction, 1837
blood porphyrins, 2839
blood pressure, 1581, 2132
blood proteins, 1871, 2677
blood urea, see Lead poisoning, diagnosis
body Pb, 2465
cardiovascular disorders, 2294, 2609
classifications, 2596
death causes, UK, 2525
dental health, 1303, 1307, 1363
dental prophylactic paste for, 1265
dust particle counts as measure, 3159
EDTA mobilization, 1606, 2724, 2841
effect on: genitourinary system, 2749
gingiva, 2722
excessive, effect of EDTA, 2062-2064
vs poisoning, 1222
experiments simulating, 2289; see also inhala-
tion, human subjects
follow-up study, 2687, 2746
gingiva Pb, 1266, 1326
hair growth, strength, 732, 1861
hair Pb, see Lead poisoning, diagnosis
health hazards, prevention, see Industrial
hygiene control; Medical surveillance;
specific industries, operations
hearing loss, 2242
heart disease, 2136
in high temperature, 2625
legal aspects, see Legislation; Workmen's
compensation
liver function, 1439
long-term, kidney disorders, 2065
low-grade, vs blood changes, 2211
monocytes+large/small lymphocytes, 1529
oral conditions, 1363, 1851
Pb chromate, 2406
penicillamine mobilization, 2654
point rating, 2257
porphyric, 2008
contraindication, 1844
porphyrin precursors, 2567
in pregnancy, 1207, 2093
prevention with drugs, see specific agents;
Treatment, prophylactic
reactions to, 2142
reactions in new workers, 2146
renal calculi Pb from past exposure, 1685
reviews, 37
screening tests, 1254, 1323
seasonal variations, 3189
sense of smell, 2127
skin contact, see below
skin contamination as measure, 3187
symposia, 3, 30
TEL, 1068, 1792, 2081, 2389, 2441, 2565,
2585, 2699
TEL-gasoline, 1890, 2734
TML, 2389, 2699
TML-gasoline, 1068,2565, 2734
tooth calculus Pb, 1693
tooth Pb, 1301, 1302
trace element metabolism, 2077
urine ALA, 1797. 1913, 2366, 2630
urine Pb, 2046, 2284, 2733, 276^, 2768; see
also Lead poisoning, diagnosis
urine porphyrin precursors, 1395
urine porphyrins, 1202, 1230, 1630, 1815, 2046,
2630; see also Lead poisoning, diagnosis
vitamin C requirement, 2544, 2545
women solderers, 2098
oral; as cause of poisoning, see Alcohol,
illegal; Food and beverage contamination;
Lead poisoning in children; Water
contamination
human subjects, metabolism studies, 1293, 1299,
1487, 1528, 2031, 2287, 2288, 2732, 2733
urine porphyrin as index of absorption, 1230
occupational, 1232
in enamelers, 2509
welding fumes, 2380
TEL, 2016
TEL-gasoline, 2019
population,
basophils, Belgium, 2645
Germany, 1856
biological testb as measure, reviews, 2640
cancer vs soil Pb, UK, 2206, 2274
water Pb, 2489
EDTA mobilization, Finland, 2724
in endemic nephritis area, Bulgaria, 2318,
2415
Yugoslavia, 2397
goiter vs water Pb, Yugoslavia, 2614
near industries, see Air pollution; Water
contamination
multiple sclerosis, relationship, 2079
vs soil Pb, UK, 1208
Pb intake, Japan, 1631,
US, 2287, 2288, 2732
Pb metabolism; see also trace element metabo-
lism; for Pb content, distribution in
tissues, see Metabolism of lead
Austria, 1406
China, 2210
Czechoslovakia, 2281
Egypt, 1864
Germany, 1807, 1856, 1870, 2297, 2348, 2547,
2615, 3684
Italy, 1546, 1609
Japan, 677, 732, 1418, 1447, 1448, 1485,
1842, 2025, 2026, 2070, 3585
Poland, 2728
primitive, 2732
Switzerland, 3254
UK, 2268
US, 1648, 1987, 2144, 2269, 2287, 2288,
2295, 2524, 2728, 2732, 2752
children, 2945, 2994
USSR, 1570, 2635, 2845, 3956
Yugoslavia, 1591, 1626, 2002, 2174, 3305
trace element metabolism; for Pb content, dis-
tribution in tissues, see Metabolism of
lead
Austria, 1261
Subject Index
841
-------
Exposure of man: population (cont)
Bulgaria, 2797, 2798
C3echoslovakia, 2205
Italy, 1325, 1961, 2068, 2181, 2717
Japan, 1531, 1841
Romania, 2780
South Africa, 2264
Spain, 1351, 1370, 1371, 2129
statistical evaluation, 2799
UK, 1859
US, 1207, 1220, 1410, 1475, 1482, 1509, 1619,
1639, 1650, 1680, 1814, 1869, 2050, 2074,
2102, 2106, 2107, 2199, 2214, 2260, 23il,
2312, 2342, 2384, 2520, 2642, 2643, 2675,
2713, 2828, 2633, 2884
and foreign countries, 2455
USSR, 1454, 1561, 1584, 1658, 1827, 1928,
1959, 1960, 1978, 2037, 2041, 2067, 2122,
2124, 2350, 2358, 2435, 2481, 2541, 2576,
2745
urine ALA, Argentina, 2630
urine porphyrins, Argentina, 2630
Japan, 1576, 1734
vs occupational vs effect, evaluation 3407
skin application, human subjects, PbEDTA, 605
skin contact, adhesive bandage, 2750
occupational, fingerprinting, 1244
litharge cement, 1305
Pb metal, 1653, 2014
Pb naphthenate, 2182, 2320
prevention, 2568
putty, 2517
TEL, 2803
TEL-gasoline, 2247
sweat band dye, 1268
sources, reviews, 3371
Eyes
accomodation paralysis, 1321
amblyopia, from TEL-gasoline, 2247
toxic, 1690
atrophy, 1691
as sequela of poisoning, 1294, 2263
blindness, 1686
in cattle, 727
in children, 2874, 2904
as sequela, 1583
conjunctival hemorrhages, 1354
cornea, chemical reactions, as mechanism of
disorder, 672
corneal opacity, by applications, rabbits, 672
crystalline lens, trace element content vs
cataract formation, 1023
disorders, 2534
in case with unrelated vascular disorders,
2020
in employee rejection, 3238
from TEL, vs nervous system disorders, 2761
from TEL-gasoline, 1422, 1623, 2254, 2698
effect of workroom exposure, guinea pigs, 701
fundus, disorders, infants, 3006
pigmentation, 1349
glaucoma, from TEL, 2761, 2812
from TEL-gasoline, 2460
intraocular tension
from TEL, 2761
in rabbits, 694, 754, 1024, 2812
irritation, by automobile exhaust, human sub-
jects, 3281
complaints, near industries, 3362
miosis, from Pb arsenate, 1810
muscle disorders, guinea pigs, 657
muscle paralysis, 1889
in Parkinson's disease, 1726
nerve atrophy, in compensation case, 1977
neuritis, from oral, 1312
from sweat band dye, 1268
papilledema, 1758
in children, 2874, 2903, 2967, 2977, 3034
from oral, 1874, 1973
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
retina, disorders, 1349
neuritis, as only sign, 1930
pathology, in rabbits vs in man, 1138
in rabbits vs in rats, 1137
stippling: diagnostic value, 2631, 2777, 2778
in children, 3054
retinitis, in malignant nephrosclerosis, 1338
TEL threshold limit values, 3546
vision disorders, 1437, 1696, 1857, 2011
in rabbits vs in man, 1138
Fallout, atmospheric, see Air pollution; radio-
active, see Lead isotope(s)
Fatty acid metabolism, see Lipid metabolism
Feathers
color, vs trace element content, birds, 911
Feces, lead content, see Metabolism of lead
Feed
contamination, fatal poisoning by, 1228
by Pb arsenate, As, PD contents in cattle,
poisoning, 745
Pb content in: blood meal, 84
fish meal, 240
forage, in mining area, in sheep poisoning,
696
meat meal, 84
molasses, 84
plant products, 84
yeast, 84
Torula dry, health hazards to animals, 98
Fertility, see Reproduction
Fertilizers; see also Manure
composts, Pb availability from, 186
fish flour, Pb content, 290
fish meal, Pb content, 240
Fetus, see Reproduction
Filters for air cleaning, see Airborne wastes
Fingerprinting
poisoning occurrence, 1244
Firing ranges, see Shooting ranges
Fish; as food product, see Feed; Foods and bever-
ages; see also Lead, toxicity in fish
crystalline lens, Pb content, 1023
deep sea, Pb content, 159
effect of water pollution on, 3429, 3460, 3464
TEL, 3482
Pb content in Plecoglossus altivelis, geographic
variations, 431
time passage marking on tissue by Pb injection,
310
toxicity of TEL, 3437, 3482
Fish flour, meal, see Feed; Fertilizers; Foods
and beverages
Fish oils
Pb containing, toxicity, 1054
Fluoride
anemia, types, 776, 785
content in bones, from flue dust, colts, 3245
842
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Fluoride (cont)
inhibition of Fe incorporation in protoporphy-
rin, 776, 785
Folic acid
effect on:
anemia, 1635
rabbits, 538, 561
ascorbic acid metabolism rats, 893
blood picture, 1573
nucleic acid metabolism, animals, 676
poisoning, animals, 511, 642, 668, 692, 951
porphyrin excretion, rabbits, 530
prophylactic use recommended, 951
therapeutic effectiveness, vs BAL, vitamin B-12,
1280
Food
effect on blood protein fractions, rabbits, 842
Food additives
As content, cottonseed flour, tolerances, US,
3549
Pb content, cottonseed flour, tolerances, US,
3549
gelling agents, 62
stabilizing agents, 62
toxicity of mixtures with As, Cu, Sn, Pb, 1090
Food and beverage contamination; see also Air
pollution; Alcohol, illegal; Food cortainers;
Plant contamination; Water contamination
acids, alkalis, Pb leaching tests, see Food
containers, utensils
by bottle caps, 115, 2531
by bottling materials, 187
carbonated water, 83, 226, 243, 1282, 1283, 1557
carcinogenic hazards, 295
cider, history, 2490, 2499
coffee beans, 284
by containers, etc, legislation, UK, 3501
flour, 1330, 1604, 1770, 1771, 1897, 2024
food chain, isotope contribution, see Lead
isotope(s)
fruit, 126, 131, see also spray residues
by glasses, colored, 1637
by glazed pottery, 1267, 1450, 1525, 1572, 1644
1733, 1777, 1926, 2111, 2119, 2209, 2219,
2232, 2246, 2296, 2299, 2319, 2340, 2374,
2474, 2490, 2539, 2552, 2570, 2594, 2637,
2649, 2785, 2940
history, 17
honey combs, by bees collecting red Pb paint,
435
by millstone, 1770, 1771, 1897, 2024
by painted containers, 2387
by Pb arsenate, 1604
by Pb-contaminated utensil, 2396
Pb content: acid alkaline solutions, boiled in
metal utensils, 78
alcoholic beverage, 187, 1637, 2785, 2940; see
also Pb content, wine; wine
beverages, 83, 226, 243, 2552
canned foods, 81
effect of storage, 76
vs in solder, 51, 144
causing poisoning, 1392, 1450, 1628, 1637,
1644, 1738, 1770, 1771, 1872, 1897, 2024,
2111, 2219, 2296, 2371, 2374, 2387, 2552,
2613, 2702, 2785, 2830, 2940
confections, 177
dairy products, 53, 108, 140, 177
near industries, 3305
flour, 1770, 1771, 1897, 2024, 2613
fruits, 135
ice, 2371
labeling requirements, UK, 48
meats, 1872
phosphates, 48
reviews, 264
tea, 301
vegetables, near highways, 212, 3340
near industries, 3011, 3305
vinegar, 1450, 1738
water, boiled in metal utensils, 78
wine, 225, 1392, 1644, 2111, 2219, 2296, 2387,
2702, 2830
vs residues on grapes, 126, 255
yeast, 1628
by Pb-foil lined containers, causing esophageal
cancer, 2774
by Pb-lined presses, history, 2499
by Pb plate, in ice chest, 1972, 2371
by Pb salt in cider keg, 2373
by Pb salad spoon, 1686
Po tolerances: additives, UK, 48
Belgium, 75, 87
from containers, UK, 3501
fruit juices, recommended, Switzerland, 218
Italy, 51
Poland, 177
UK, 48, 2330
wine, France, 2830
by pesticides, hearings, US, 3496; see also by
spray residues,
poisoning occurrence, 83, 1209, 1240, 1267, 1282,
1283, 1330, 1525, 1557, 1572, 1604, 1686,
1733, 1777, 1926, 1972, 2119, 2209, 2232,
2246, 2255, 2299, 2319, 2340, 2373, 2396,
2474, 2490, 2531, 2539, 2570, 2583, 2594,
2637, 2649
in children, 2940
history, 15, 17, 44
misdiagnosis, 2235, 2392
prehistoric, 2727
reviews, 2374, 2633, 2779; see also Pb content
causing poisoning
by pouring spouts, 1738, 2392
prevention, 154
by processing equipment, 50, 126
by soil dust, 301
by soldered utensils, 2373
sources, reviews, 154, 2374
by spray residues, 126, 131, 135, 255, 284, 293
health hazards, 207
Pb intake from, 1951
pear pomace, toxicity in rats, 652
by storage in metal cans, 53, 108, 140
by storage in paper wrappings, 177
by syphons, 83, 226
by tinned containers, 76, 140, 243, 2255, 2583
from use of storage batteries as fuel, 2938
vegetables grown on storage battery dumps,
causing poisoning in children, 3060
wine, 126; see also Pb content
Food consumption
annual, beef, US, 49
effect of: dehydration, rats, 1106
Pb vs As content, mice, 1191, 1192
Food containers and utensils; see also Food and
beverage contamination; Food processing
cans, for meat products, Pb content in solder,
Subject Index
843
-------
Food containers and utensils: cans (cont)
suitability, 128
Pb leachability from solder, vs storage
temperature, 89
Pb-Sn alloy plated, Pb leachability, 166
Pb-Sn content in alloy, vs in product, 189
Pb-Sn solders, ratios, 144
solubility tests, 245
cellophane, Pb content, 177
printed, Pb content, 119
glazed, food contamination, discoloration, 50
legislation, UK, 3501
Pb content, effect of firing, 1926
Pb leachability, 261, 2374
factors affecting, 134, 1777
of new vs old, 2340
poisoning hazards, 134
treatment, for poisoning prevention, 2374
metal, food contamination, discoloration, 50
painted, Pb leachability, 50
Pb containing, recommendations, US, 3517
Pb content, legislation, Italy, 266
Latin America, 3537
Pb leachability, analytical methods, evaluation,
266
Pb-Sn alloys, Pb leachability in acids, 167
pewter, health hazards, 8
plastics, drinking straws, Pb leachability, 276
legislation, Italy, 4020
Pb leachability, toxicity in animals, 904
Pb stearate leachability, toxicity tests, 1064
tinned, legislation, UK, 3501
Pb content in coating, 53
vs in product, 140
Pb leachability in cooked product, 2583
wrapping paper, Pb content, 119
spray residue content, 148
Food deprivation; see also Starvation
effect on poisoning, mice, 887
Food hygiene
as cause of poisoning, 2927
Food processing
bottling materials, contamination of cognac, 187
canning, equipment, Pb contamination, 50
Pb content in solder, legislation, Italy, 51
contamination sources, reviews, 154
conveyers, for alcoholic beverages, legislation,
UK, 3501
equipment, Pb-containing, recommendations, US,
3517
wine, contamination sources, 126
Foods and beverages; see also Water, drinking;
Metabolism of lead (for animal tissue that
may be used as food products); Plants
meat, consumption, US, 49
from poisoned cattle, safety in use, 938
Pb content in:
animal products, 77, 100
reviews, 45, 264
apples, 218
vs altitude, 201
beverage powders, 81
beverages, 81
carbonated, 226
reviews, 45, 3335
bone meal, 55
bottled products, 1678
brandies, 205
buttermilk, 53
cake mixes, 81
canned fish, 66
canned fruit juices, 259
canned fruits, 81
canned liver products, vs storage, 189
canned meats, 66
vs Pb solder, 128
canned milk, storage effect, 76
canned products, 51, 89, 1631, 1678
brand variations, vs standards, Sweden, 259
reviews, 138
canned seafood, 46, 259
canned tomato juice, 259
cereal products, 81
reviews, 3335
chewing gum base, 3707
cocoa, 3653, 3720
cocoa beans vs shells, 99
cognac, 187
condiments, 81
reviews, 3335
corn meal, 92
crustaceans, reviews, 264
curry powder, 3720
dairy products, 81
reviews, 45
dessert powders, 81
diet, high-calorie, 2681
effect of cooking, preparation, 1678
eggs, reviews, 45
fats, 81
fish, 1631
deep-sea, 159
fish flour, 92, 290
flavorings, 81
flour, 3581
reviews, 45
fruit juices, 81, 218
fruit preserves, 81, 85
fruits, 151, 1631, 1678
reviews, 45; see also canned fruits
gelatin, 3707
grains, 82, 151
grape juice, 104, 157
vs in wine, 126
grapes, 218
unwashed vs washed, 126
high carbohydrate, fat, protein, 254
honey, 188
kale, 161
meats, 81, 1678
milk, in endemic goiter region, USSR, 165
powdered, vs dry, 107
milk products, 2481, 3707
musts, 85
fermentation effect, 145
natural vs permissible, 45
plant products, 3365
reviews, 264
potatoes, 217
preserves, 3707
rape, 161
reviews, 154, 200
rye, 217
seafood, reviews, 45, 3335; see also canned
seafood
shellfish, reviews, 264
spices, 47, 81
sugars, reviews, 45
844
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Foods and beverages: Pb content in (cont)
syrup, 3653, 3720
various products, Canada, 81
Finland, 2724
Japan, 66, 1678
USSR, 151
vegetables, 75, 77, 87, 100, 151, 256, 1678
reviews, 45, 3335
wheat, 217
wines, 85, 95, 145, 157, 225
vs consumption, in poisoning, 2830
vs processing, 126
vs residues on grapes, 255
yeast extract, 215
Pb intake from, see under Lead
Pb isotope content, see Lead isotope(s)
Pb tolerances, see Food and beverage contamina-
tion
processed, analytical methods, 73
Foraminifera
Pb content, 97
Foundries; see also Smelters
abandoned, poisoning occurrence, children, 2917
air pollution, 3245, 3249, 3271, 3283, 3305,
3343
brass, Pb content in air, 3141
bronze, Pb content in air, 3124
flue dust, composition, fallout, 3245
health hazards surveys, 2044, 2121, 2317, 2479,
3180
home, poisoning occurrence, 3017
livestock poisoning, 3245, 3249
medical surveys, 1342, 1535, 1715, 2224, 3499
poisoning occurrence, 1244, 1331, 1651, 1857,
1930, 1989, 2044, 2109, 2121, 2715
poisoning in population near, 3305
Frogs; see also Lead, toxicity in amphibians
crystalline lens, Pb content, 1023
experiments in vitro, 316, 430, 433
Fuels; see also Coal; Gasoline
creosote pitch, Pb poisoning hazards, 3136
Fungi; for toxicity studies, see Lead, toxicity
in microorganisms; specific compounds
Phycomyces blakesleeanus, carotene synthesis,
410
Fungicides
organic Pb compounds, 4064
Galena; see also Lead ores; Lead sulfide; Minerals
experiments with ruminants, oral, 486
oxidation of sulfide to sulfate on storage, 568
toxicity, ruminants, 568
Gallbladder; see also Liver
bile, Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
pigment, conversion of insoluble to soluble
Pb salts, 373
cholecystitis, 1593
mistaken for colic, 1704
simulating Pb poisoning, 1572
cholecystography, in diagnosis, 2665
disease, diagnosis of poisoning as, 1424
function, from oral, 2637
in toxic hepatitis, 2665
Galvanizing
Pb content in air, poisoning occurrence, 1752
Garages
air pollution by, 3293
attendants, health hazards from TEL-, TML-gaso-
lines, 2565, 2734
TEL content in hand washings, 3166
cars, TEL content in washings, 3166
diseases from automobile exhausts, 1906
dwellings above, resident complaints, 3241
health hazards, 1890, 3279
carbon blasting, 3098, 3100
vs equipment design, 3113
surveys, 3182
mechanics:
blood, urine Pb, 3329
vs in air, 2144, 2269
medical examination, 1306
Pb content in hand washings, 3312
TEL content in hand washings, 3166, 3312
TEL poisoning, 1830
medical surveys, 1890
Pb content in air, 3162, 3263, 3264
from TEL-, TML-gasolines, 2565, 2734
vs CO, 3279
Pb content in buses, 3312
TEL content in air, 3267
TEL poisoning occurrence, 2721
Gasoline
experiments with mice, inhalation, 647
poisoning, vs TEL-gasoline poisoning, 2667
synthetic, experiments with mice, rabbits,
inhalation, 1186
lethal doses, inhalation, mice, 647
vapor pressure, vs air pollution, 2667
Gasoline, leaded; unless otherwise specified, TEL;
see also Air pollution, automobile exhaust;
Automobile drivers; Automobile exhausts;
Garages; Gasoline service stations; Motor
exhausts
acute, chronic toxicity in animals, 1186
aviation, as accident cause, 2217
health hazards, 1502
jet, 1819
lethal doses, inhalation, mice, 647
Pb, TML content, 3172
TEL content, 2695, 3172
in hand washings, 3166
TEL poisoning, 2330, 2566
blending operations, see Tetraethyllead manufac-
ture and distribution; Tetramethyllead
consumption, Switzerland, 3223
container labeling, 3148
decomposition reactions, 3243
effect on blood proteins, in exposure, 2441,
2585
experiments with: animals, inhalation, 3357
cats, inhalation, 526
human subjects, inhalation, 3267
exposure, medical surveillance, 1782
respiratory diseases, 1890
health hazards, Commission for study, Switzer-
land, 3225
in enclosed spaces, at high temperatures, 1231
by increased TEL, report, US, 3299
regulations, 3172
from TEL vs TML antiknock, 1068, 2565, 2734
in water works, 3071
intake, causing poisoning, 2513
lethal doses
inhalation, cats, 526
mice, 647, 1186
from TEL vs TML, 3357
medical surveys, 1306
medical testimony in poisoning, 1502
Subject Index
845
-------
Gasoline, leaded (cont)
Pb, TML content, 3172
Pb deposits on engines from, 3284; see also
Automobile exhausts
poisoning: blood enzymes, 2548
blood porphyrins, 2721
CO action in, 1877
compensation claim, 1429
criticism of report, 2667, 2738
fatal, 2305
from hose sucking, 2019
glaucoma, 2460
from handling, 1422, 2438
hazards, 3166
medicolegal aspects, 1429
occurrence, 1583, 1623, 1955, 3370, 3417; see
also tank cleaning
aspiration, with cancer. 1289
criticism of report, 2207
from misuse, 1705, 2513, 2740
pneumonia from aspiration, 1902
reviews, 1888, 2764, 3309
signs, symptoms, 1955, 2009
vs from TEL, 1877, 2695
from skin contact, 2247
TEL as cause, 2695
treatment, 1955
in truck drivers, 2128
vs by gasoline, 3337
regulations, Switzerland, 3337
S, TEL content, 3268
spillage, causing TEL poisoning, 2013
storage in enclosed spaces, health hazards, 1747
tank cleaning, air monitoring, Pb in air
analyzer, 3746, 4037
health hazards control, 2158, 2699, 2735, 2793
regulations, 3157
safety guide, 3209
sediment, Pb, TEL content, 2793
sludge disposal, personal protection, 3469
TEL poisoning occurrence, 1384, 1431, 1676,
1760, 1850, 2162, 2167, 2220, 2438, 2559
compensation cases, 3498
vs Pb poisoning, 1761
tank disposal, safety guide, 3209
tanks, soil contamination, 3454
water pollution, 3428, 3440, 3454
TEL content, 3172, 3339
health hazards, 2699
legislated, France, 3500
USSR, 2695
TEL content in hand washings, 3166
TML, see also Garages; Gasoline service stations
nandlers, blood, urine Pb, 2564, 2565, 2734
tolerated doses, inhalation, mice, 1186
toxicity vs organic Hg antiknock gasoline, 3331
transportation, hazard control, 2158, 2735
uses, as fuel, with benzene, causing poisoning,
2740
for hand washing, health hazards, 3182
reviews, 3225
as solvent, poisoning occurrence, 2513
vs unleaded, exhaust, eye irritation, human
subjects, 3281
water contamination by spillage, health hazards,
3457
Gasoline service stations
air pollution, 3293
glaucoma occurrence, 2460
health hazards surveys, 1306, 1890
TEL vs TML, 1068, 2564, 2734, 3357
hose sucking, health hazards, 1289
poisoning occurrence, 2009, 2240
from skin contact, 2247
Gastrointestinal system
achylia, children, 2878
appendectomies due to diagnostic errors, 1686
appendicitis, frequency in colic, 1700
mistaken for colic, 1572, 1704, 1986
as sequela of colic, 1216
colic; see also disorders (if part of general
signs, symptoms, ie, nausea, constipa-
tion, etc)
aggravation by BAL, 1537
with anemia, 1217, 1610, 2742
blood coagulation in, 1766, 1896
in cattle, 768
circulatory changes during, after, 1775, 2000
complicated by intestinal adhesions, 1804
diagnostic errors, 1704, 1763, 1974, 2490,
2570
differential diagnosis, 1986
reviews, 2759
diseases simulating, 1652, 1704; see also
appendicitis
in dogs, 728
endocavitary electromanography, 2669
eye paralysis as sequela, 1321
fatal, vs organ Pb, 1521
frequency, 1586, 1970, 2535, 2729
from fume inhalation, 1544
hemodynamic changes, 1468
history, 6, 8-10, 17
hypertension, 2314
as sequela, 1500, 2309
kidney function after recovery, 1745
mechanism of, 806
in mixed As-Pb poisoning, 1516, 1526
Parkinson's disease as sequela, 1726
from Pb arsenate, 2432
from Pb mobilization, 1478, 1493
from Pb stearate, 2329, 2604
predisposition of alcohol in, 1379
radiology, 1260, 1700, 1811, 2377
for correct diagnosis, 1708
differential, 1495, 1496
reflex response in, 1288
repeated, from past exposure, 1304
severity, vs exposure, 1240
with stomatitis, 1425
from TEL, 2559
treatment, 1453, 1537, 1602, 1919, 2246, 2377,
2487, 2729
classic vs modern, reviews, 1361
EDTA, 1310, 1588, 1627, 1702, 1703, 1804,
1852
novocaine blockade, 1492
renal capsule block, 2080
reviews, 1251
splanchnic infiltration, 1495, 1496
unithiol, 2238
types of, 1251
vs basophils, 1901, 2045,
vs blood Pb, 1204, 1557
vs exposure, 1550
vs nervous system disorders, 2729
vs urine ALA, 2328
vs urine porphyrins, 1204, 1820
846
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Gastrointestinal system (cont)
colitis, frequency, 1910
diarrhea, cattle, 971; see also disorders
diseases, simulating acute surgical abdomen,
reviews, 2759
disorders, 1318, 1347, 1348, 1764, 2003
aggravation by EDTA, 1567
in automobile drivers, 2254, 2698
in children, 2883, 2884, 2986, 3049
from contaminated drugs, 2357
with delayed peripheral paralysis, 1211
diagnosis, 1227
diagnostic errors, 2235, 2436
diagnostic point rating, 2257
diagnostic value, 1223, 1534, 2153
in dogs, 737, 1101
effect of: EDTA, 1804, 2719
vitamin B-12a, 2540
in fatal poisoning, 2582
frequency, 1201, 1281, 1651, 1715, 1862
evaluation, 494
in gorilla, 582
near industries, 3271
from oral, 1267, 1330, 1644, 1997, 2519, 2552,
2637, 2785
from Pb arsenate, 1556, 1742
from Pb stearate, 2004, 2512
in porphyric, 2008, 2765
predisposing factors, 2168
in repeated poisoning, 1354
from skin contact, 1653
from TEL, 1430, 1760, 1850, 2013, 2803, 2848
from TEL-gasoline, 2721
unrelated to Pb, employee rejection for, 2317
vs related, 2019
vs ALA, 2743
vs exposure, 1214, 1215
vs poisoning degree, 1711, 1808, 1910
vs porphyrins, 1396
DNA, RNA vs poisoning degree, rats, 1195
duodenitis, atrophic, 1998
dyspepsia, sections affected, 1597
esophageal diverticulum, 1601
function, vs poisoning degree, 1811
gastric acidity, 1251, 1811
gastric secretions, disorders, 2679
gastritis, frequency, 1910
hypertrophic, 1470
as sequela, 1285
gastroduodenitis, 1465, 1593, 209o, 2249
from Pb stearate, 2329, 2516, 2604
gastroenteritis, 1209
gizzard, pathology, chickens, 811
hemorrhage, as death cause, children, 2929
hyperchlorhydria, frequency, 1700
hypochlorhydria, 1601
intestinal volvulus, 1260
intestines, biopsy histology, 1998
calcification, rats, 1021
enzymes, 923; see also Enzymes
fluids in, 2649
interoceptive reflexes, cats, 908
isolated, reactivity, rabbits, rats, 806
pathology, rabbits, 870
radiology, 1598
reaction with EDTA, cysteamine, in vitro, 383
in vitro, 382, 383
small, contractility, ACh-induced, in vitro,
456
weight, rats, 517, 518
intrinsic factor secretion, measured by 58co,
vitamin 812, 2679
megadolichocolon, frequency, 2168
mimicking poisoning, 1451
radiology, 2161
motor-evacuatory function, radiology, dogs, 1069
mucosa, dosorders, 1910
neoplasms, see Neoplasms
nerves, intramural, pathology, animals, 909
pathology, effect of tocopherol, rabbits, 536
in primates, 944
in rabbits, 1100
in TEL, TML poisoning, 1171
Pb content, deposition, absorption from, see
Metabolism of lead
Pb line, anal mucosa, children, 2937
radiology, 1428, 1465, 1845, 2001, 2168
for appendicitis vs colic, 1216
in children, 2876
diagnostic value, 1451
children, 2903, 2991, 3048
specificity, 1927
stomach, cancer, see Neoplasms
weight, rats, 517, 518
typhloappendicitis, frequency, 2168
ulcers: duodenal, frequency, 1700
duodenal, from Pb stearate, 2004
frequency, 1652, 1910
gastric, 1251
gastroduodenal, frequency, 2168
peptic, evaluation, 1502, 2096, 2249
as sequela, 1285
unrelated to Pb, vs Pb-induced, 2683
vascular changes, vs hypertension, rats, 534
Genital organs; see also Reproduction
androgenic activity of butyllead, in castrated
mice, 1128
disorders, from TEL, TML, rats, 1171
effect of occupational exposure, 2749
function, rats, 20a, 677
hormone activity, rats, 903
libido loss, 1348
as sequela, 1583
ovarian function, pathology, monkeys, 922
pathology, vs dose, rats, 1078
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
placenta, pathology, 2944
sexual development in mice injected with hypo-
physeal emulsion from Pb-poisoned rats,
817
spermatozoa, mammalian, motility, in vitro, 337
testes, ascorbic acid, rats, 893
pathology vs Pb content, rats, 959
uterus, muscle, effect of PbEDTA, in vitro, 335
reaction with cysteamine, in vitro, 383
reaction with EDTA, in vitro, 382, 383
Geochemistry; see also Earth; Lead deposits; Lead
ores; Minerals
depth of Pb sources, 281
disease relationship, 258
Geographic locations; analytical methods are
listed by country only; in-vitro studies
and experiments with animals are not included
Africa, East, 153, 3927
Kenya, 84
South, see Republic of South Africa
Antarctica, 285, 3380, 3391, 3413
Arctic, 3372
Subject Index
847
-------
Geographic locations (cont)
Argentina, 1344, 1353, 1376, 1754, 2444, 2759,
2809, 2810, 3576, 3592, 3713
Buenos Aires, 1564, 1823, 2239, 2347, 2580,
2630, 3015, 3044, 3045, 3052
La Tablada, 3367
Atlantic Ocean, 3384
Australia, 86, 95, 126, 138, 205, 1647, 3036,
3326, 3497, 3513, 3916, 3966, 4083,
4085
New South Wales, Sydney, 1689, 1800
Queensland, 105, 1800, 2183
Brisbane, 1575, 1916, 2126, 2528, 2529,
2886, 2887
Tasmania, 728
Victoria, 1245, 1246, 1443, 1528-1530, 3635
Melbourne, 1620, 1621, 1718, 3110, 3239
Mount Isa, 1373, 2321
Western, 2925
Perth, 2938
Austria, 1338, 2813, 3202, 3210, 3270, 3579,
3697, 3840, 4036
Graz, 1261, 2019
KMrnten, 1924
Vienna, 1262, 1332, 1399, 1406, 1490, 2033,
2431
Lainz, 1947
Vflcklabruck, 1279
Belgium, 75, 87, 99, 154, 258, 1541, 1687, 1749,
1901, 1953, 2275, 3074, 3125, 3426,
3436, 3438, 3573, 3660, 3940, 3947,
4041
Antwerp, 1726, 2645
Boom, 2645
Brussels, 1653, 2075, 2501, 2754
Charleroi, 1668
Gent, 2534
Hautes Fagnes, 3467
La Louviere, 2574
Liege, 1466, 2139
Malines, 2645
Namur, 2258
Verviers, 69
Bolivia, 3413
Brazil, 3072, 3413, 3580, 3826, 3858, 3865
Rio de Janeiro, 140, 1202, 2482
Sao Paulo, 93, 108, 1272, 2919
Bulgaria, 142, 242, 1033, 1041, 1636, 2032,
2099, 2415, 2420, 2502, 2510, 2697,
2797, 2798, 3203, 3531, 3756
Breznik, 967
Plovdiv, 1733
Pomoria Lake, 283
Secaseni Area (Banat), 236
Smolyan Hematurial Region, 221
Sofia, 1944, 2291, 2318, 2375, 2495, 2496,
2539, 2566, 2592, 2605, 2634, 2660
Warna, 2818
Canada, 46, 55, 62, 81, 149, 152, 192, 197, 258,
745, 863, 2147, 3340, 3365, 3788, 3990,
4024
Atlantic coast, 149
British Columbia, Boundary Bay, 233
Essondale, 1759
Mud Bay, 233
Trail, 3230, 3290
Vancouver, 3320
New Brunswick, 3153, 4093
Nova Scotia, 235, 241, 2079, 3077
Ontario, 2079, 3461
Kingston, 1544, 1630, 2654
Ottawa, 2188
Toronto, 2307, 2857
Windsor, 3602
Quebec, Montreal, 1915
Chile, 72, 1536, 1661
San Enrique de las Condes, 3316
China, 2027, 3704, 3824, 3825, 3987, 4071
Changsha, 2080
Chengtu, 2210
North-East region, 239
Shanghai, 1919
Taiwan, 3039
Columbia, Antioquia, 3017
Pamplona, 1229
Costa Rica, San Jose, 284
Cuba, 1318
Havana, 1433, 1652, 1815, 2888, 2917
Czechoslovakia, 288, 1291, 1719, 1809, 1965,
1994, 2028, 2150, 2236, 2278, 2558,
2728, 2763, 3279, 3439, 3545, 3557,
3607, 3650, 3656, 3692, 3734, 3848,
3952, 3955, 4002, 4026, 4057
Bohemia, 222, 234
Bratislava, 1350
Litomerice, 1543
Moravia, 130
Ostrava, 2125, 2618
Pilsen, 2205
Prague, 47, 1235, 1241, 1367, 1445, 1675,
1677, 1692, 1720, 1721, 1723, 1724,
1802, 1803, 1858, 1867, 1968, 1995,
1996, 2071, 2072, 2279, 2281, 2336-
2338, 2522, 2616, 2640, 2641, 2825-
2827, 3096, 3132, 3258
Pribram, 1887, 2368
Denmark, 1563, 2213, 3544
Copenhagen, 1920
Hellerup, 2718,
Egypt, 3739, 3749, 3764, 3778, 3779, 3830
Alexandria, 2983
Cairo, 1864, 2357, 2493
Unm Gheig Area, 260
Finland, 106, 147, 258, 299, 771, 1873, 3944
Helsingfors, 1731, 2538
Helsinki, 227, 228, 2724, 3189
KorsnHs, 137
France, 21, 45, 83, 101, 170, 187, 295, 971,
1203, 1217, 1273-1276, 1292, 1295, 1336,
1339, 1375. 1379, 1380, 1424, 1425, 1474,
1494, 1532, 1534, 1673, 1683, 1729, 1751,
1756, 1758, 1763, 1778, 1781, 1783, 1785,
1787, 1792, 1793, 1817, 1875, 1891, 1892,
1922, 1934, 1970, 1986, 2012, 2013, 2086,
2131, 2161, 2178, 2211, 2215, 2222. 2387,
2392, 2395, 2432, 2454, 2456, 2464, 2701,
2750, 2836, 2961, 3020, 3095, 3198, 3278,
3285, 3350, 3427, 3434, 3491, 3500, 3504-
3506, 3508, 3518, 3552, 3569, 3572, 3577,
3596, 3625, 3668, 3691, 3693, 3709-3712,
3719, 3763, 3784, 3805, 3820, 3851, 3873,
3928, 3930, 3994, 3998, 4017, 4069
Billancourt, 3107
Bordeaux, 1459, 1923, 2262, 3140,
Cauterets, 116
Colombes, 1866
Haguenau, 1539
Lille, 1933, 2035, 2445, 2500, 2709, 2710, 2720
848
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Geographic locations: France (cont)
Limoges, 1907
Luchon, 2262
Lyons, 1461, 1478, 1493, 1495, 1496, 1504,
1516, 1711, 2186, 2187, 2484, 2757
Madon, 1580
Marseilles, 2608
Montpellier, 2014, 2416, 2910, 2911
Nantes, 1704, 1874, 1973, 1997, 2719
Normandy, 1752, 1854
Paris, 1204, 1267, 1296, 1300, 1322, 1329,
1361, 1392, 1393, 1401, 1413, 1423, 1449-
1451, 1513, 1558, 1602, 1660, 1701-1703,
1738, 1739, 1743, 1768, 1773, 1880, 1883,
1884, 1903, 1908, 1912, 2022, 2023, 2087,
2223, 2245, 2345, 2359, 2417, 2531, 2552,
2557, 2581, 2659, 2666, 2669, 2692, 2702,
2706, 2707, 2758, 2779, 2792, 2830, 3128,
3180, 3392
Pau, 1321,
Plombieres-les-Bains, Vosges, 277
Rennes, 2194, 2195
Roubaix, 3019
Strasbourg, 1383, 1868, 2607
Toulon, 1349
Viviez, 1589, 2401
Xertigny, 1686
German Democratic Republic, 54, 1205, 2308,
3094, 3424, 3528, 3732, 3991
Berlin, 2674
Berlin-Lichtenberg, 1762, 1828, 1910, 1935,
2343, 2621
Greifswald, 3626
Leipzig, 3595,
Saxony, Lower, 2535
German Federal Republic, 2, 30, 97, 98, 115,
157, 180, 274, 734, 813, 849, 920, 1209,
1218, 1221, 1247, 1394, 1829, 1833,
1976, 1977, 2764, 3272, 3417, 3421,
3459, 3499, 3524, 3609, 3666, 3667,
3698, 3831, 3838, 3856, 3900, 3961,
3996, 4004, 4029, 4030, 4055, 4058
Berlin, 1315, 1764, 1856, 1870, 1882, 2726,
3639, 3641
Berlin-Charlottenburg, 1717, 3268
Berlin-Dahlem, 3408, 3430
Bochum, 1554. 1555, 1649, 1806, 1894, 2276,
2396,
Bonn, 186, 2020, 2034, 2747
Brunswick, 3226
Darmstadt, 1431
Dortmund, 3451
DUsseldorf, 1514, 1515, 1605, 1709, 2029,
2055, 2151, 2152, 2184, 3336
Duisburg-Hamborn, 1684
Erlangen, 2348, 2739, 2972
Erlangen-NUrnberg, 2622
Frankfurt, 2547, 2805, 2817, 3730, 3901
Freiburg, 124, 2266, 2408, 2704, 2705
Gelsenkirchen, 1364, 1603, 3416
Giessen, 1289, 1628
Gdttingen, 1542, 3574, 3575
Halle-Wittenberg, 2639
Hamburg, 1280, 2053, 2317, 2498, 2615, 3274,
3347, 3399, 3400, 3432
Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1962
Hanover, 1169, 2091, 3245, 3249, 3287
Heidelberg, 1293, 1429, 1502, 1681, 1816
Hildesheim, 2596
Karlsruhe, 1287
Kassel, 3997
Lingen, 3243
Ltibeck, 3093, 3154
LUbeck-Travemtlnde, 1402
Mainz, 1271, 1708
Mainz-Weisenau, 2243
Mannheim, 3728
Montabaur, 3383
Mllnster, 1885, 2092
Munich, 2148, 2334, 2821, 3428
Muschelkalk, 88
Norderney, 1801
NUrnberg, 2587
Offenbach, 3124, 3394
Oker, 1342
Partenkirchen, 286
Reutlingen, 1583
ROth in GOschwitz, 88
Rudolstadt, 164
Ruhr, 3295
SaarbrUcken, 3005
Saarland, 1446
Steudnitz, 88
Stolberg, 3343
Stuttgart, 2273, 2554
Ulm, 2297, 2346, 2646, 2832
Westphalia, 195, 794, 2379, 2437
Wiesbaden, 1411, 3175
Wtirzburg, 1971
Germany, 235, 1285, 1574, 2198, 2728, 3368,
3374, 3450, 3454-3456, 3532, 3662, 3664,
3684, 3721, 3752, 3785, 3867, 3937,
4062, 4076
Berlin, 1228
Greece, 1141
Athens, 3339
Greenland, 2102
Hungary, 123, 1525, 2069, 2599, 3294, 3562,
3817, 3979
Budapest, 1481, 1967, 2073, 2104, 2229, 2230,
2324, 2341, 2776
Hajduszoboszlo, 190
India, 1420, 3540, 3642, 3677, 3776, 3804, 3841,
3846, 3904, 3905, 3965
Calcutta, 537, 1210, 1335, 2731, 3099
Dhanbad, 2811, 3212
Jamshedpur, 1479
Kanpur, 2212
Rajasthan, 2280
West Bengal, 2418
Ireland, 688, 1029, 1194, 3598, 3615
Israel, 1659, 3614, 3663, 3986, 4084
Haifa, 2711
Tel-Aviv, 1227, 2853
Italy, 22, 51, 145, 773, 1200, 1211-1213, 1219,
1237, 1249, 1328, 1382, 1625, 1632, 1705,
1741, 1765, 1769, 1788, 1790, 1810, 1886,
1930, 1940, 2015, 2103, 2137, 2164, 2226,
2249, 2325, 2472, 2668, 3102, 3257, 3323,
3325, 3334, 3390, 3533, 3567, 3629, 3632,
3634, 3638, 3657, 3674, 3701, 3729, 3737,
3741, 3765, 3774, 3815, 3816, 3818, 3843,
4006, 4014, 4020, 4045, 4066
Abruzzi, 2255
Aosta, 1889
Apulia, 1354
Arezzo Province, 2047
Bari, 1355, 2242, 2360, 2361, 2703,
Subject Index
849
-------
Geographic locations: Italy (cont)
Bologna, 245, 1961, 2068, 2385, 2386, 2521,
2789
Cagllari, 989, 1331, 1360, 1988-1992, 2109,
2110, 2113, 3460
Castelnuovo Monti, 1426, 1498
Fidenza, 3369
Florence, 1239, 1309, 1325, 1430, 1604, 1748,
1980, 2003, 2606
Genoa, 1216, 1563a, 1691, 1736, 1766, 1767,
1896, 1927, 2112, 2234, 2351, 2523,
2990, 3010, 3018, 3357
Messina, 1404, 1506, 1522, 1523, 1615, 1694,
1838-1840, 2010, 2042, 2052
Milan, 1068, 1201, 1251, 1252, 1304, 1305,
1365, 1369, 1391, 1453, 1500, 1501, 1519-
152.1, 1526, 1537, 1538, 1550, 1556, 1566,
1568, 1595, 1610-1614, 1710, 1745, 1786,
1825, 1852, 1853, 1932, 1956, 2039, 2049,
2058, 2059, 2076, 2094, 2096, 2140, 2181,
2192, 2263, 2302, 2310, 2322, 2328, 2329,
2369, 2402, 2586, 2619, 2620, 2680, 2801,
2837, 3179, 3263, 3264, 3277, 3535
Naples, 598, 1047, 1117, 1281, 1308, 1319,
1330, 1334, 1337, 1477, 1599, 1609, 1633,
1634, 1670, 1698, 1712, 1795, 1796, 1843,
1857, 1890, 1895, 2082, 2168, 2171, 2331,
2332, 2424, 2453, 2466, 2467, 2546, 2602,
2603, 2623, 2624, 2676, 2766, 2995, 3211
Padua, 1294, 1378, 1441, 1524, 1597, 1598,
1616-1618, 1695, 1699, 1700, 1784, 1845,
2115, 2117, 2364, 2382, 2511, 2512, 2514,
2515, 2518, 2537, 2682, 2834, 2848, 3262
Palermo, 1465, 1593, 1594, 2473
Parma, 1662, 2193, 2712
Pavia, 1998, 2108, 2390, 2391, 2476
Pertusola, 1470
Perugia, 2748
Pesaro, 1268
Pescara, 1663
Pisa, 3129
Ravenna, 1250, 1253
Rome, 166, 167, 1269, 1497, 1669, 1697, 1742,
1958, 2135, 2217, 2335, 2366, 2367,
2540, 2664, 2686, 2717, 2973, 2996,
3006, 3038, 3076
San Marino, 2123
Sardinia, 1363, 1460
Siena, 2153
S. Stefano di Camastra, 1428
Trento, 916, 1236, 1248, 1250, 1253, 2048
Triest, 266
Turin, 1265, 1266, 1288, 1301-1303, 1326, 1395,
1396, 1398, 1468, 1476, 1535, 1546, 1655,
1656, 1706, 1713, 1740, 1757, 1789, 1820,
1821, 1846, 1948, 1954, 2051, 2056, 2177,
2182, 2189-2191, 2309, 2320, 2378, 2433,
2449-2452, 2457-2549, 2462, 2463, 2468-
2471, 2505, 2508, 2516, 2577, 2600, 2604,
2617, 2762, 2790, 2796, 2989, 3190
Verona, 3000
Japan, 26, 34, 66, 70, 77, 78, 89, 100, 139, 159,
160, 168, 184, 200, 262, 732, 843, 911,
1385, 1386, 1452, 1531, 1631, 1678, 1799,
1855, 1861, 1865, 1871, 2025, 2046, 2070,
2167, 2446, 2588, 2595, 2800, 3119, 3120,
3130, 3137, 3297, 3404, 3405, 3413, 3414,
3529, 3547, 3555, 3585, 3599-3601, 3605,
3619, 3620, 3623, 3640, 3654, 3655, 3673,
3675, 3681-3683, 3733, 3761, 3768, 3870,
3875, 3880, 3891, 3892, 3918, 3939, 3941,
3967, 3976, 3980, 4007, 4033, 4043, 4061
Ayu, 431
Fukuoka, 2220
Gifu, 1834
Hiroshima, 3199
Hokkaido, 141, 210
Jozankei, 146
Kanazawa, 273
Kanmon Tunnel, 3298
Keio, 1798, 1914, 2549
Kyoto, 214, 1573, 2196
Kyushu, 1837, 1851
Narugo, Miyagi Prefecture, 193
Osaka, 276, 800, 1416-1418, 1447, 1448, 1485-
1487, 1576-1578, 1592, 1734, 1804, 1805,
1842, 1918, 2026, 2040, 2089, 2142, 2146,
2166, 2170, 2216, 2270-2272, 2303, 2411-
2413, 2439, 2553, 3127, 3177, 3291
Shinshu, 1422
Showa, 3007
Tamagawa Hot Springs, 248
Tokai-mura, 3292
Tokushima, 1835, 1836, 1966
Tokyo, 240, 789, 1374, 1421, 1841, 1860, 1863,
1964, 2419, 2636, 2741, 2831, 3162
Tottori Prefecture, 129
Yamaguchi, 2305
Yokohama, 1456, 1545, 1732, 1921,
Korea, 2513, 3847
Latin America, 3537, 3888
Malaya, 1657
Mediterranean Sea, 3384
Mexico, 1730, 2299, 2582, 3145, 3571, 4098
Chihuahua, 102
Mongolia, Eastern-inner Region, 239
Morocco, 1439, 3112,
Rabat, 2323
Netherlands, 53, 504, 737, 1099, 1222, 1772,
1826, 2083, 2097, 2105, 2248, 2388, 3146,
3425, 3526, 3538, 3690, 3852, 3913, 3914,
3931, 3964
Amsterdam, 2878
Delft, 2835
Eindhoven, 2098, 2257
Gravenhage, 1484, 3158, 3174
Leerdam, 3067
Leiden, 2084, 2221, 2352-2355, 2406, 2492,
3736
Nijmegen, 2066
Rotterdam, 1640, 2949
Utrecht, 1824, 1951
New Zealand, 682, 811, 1464
Wellington, 1483, 2285, 2940
Nigeria, 122
Northern Hemisphere, 3406
Norway, 568, 1415a, 2079, 3926
Oslo, 1244, 1270, 1397, 2237, 2298, 2870
Ulleval, 1233
Pacific Islands, 2102
Pakistan, 3219
Lahore, 261
Panama, 1676
Panama City, 3051
Persia, 1231
Peru, 1725, 3413, 3791, 3974
La Oroya, 1260
Lima, 1234, 1651
850
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Geographic locations (cont)
Philippines, 2860
Manila, 1214, 1215, 2688
Poland, 82, 85, 119, 128, 144, 177, 202, 1412,
1672, 1685, 1878, 1879, 1906, 1942, 1975,
2169, 2208, 2293, 2407, 3088, 3116, 3192,
3200, 3375, 3570, 3679, 3685, 3688, 3742-
3744, 3828, 3829, 3881, 3887, 3959, 3981,
3982, 4000, 4019
Bialystok District, 2057
Cracow, see Krakow
Danzig, 2782
Gdansk, 2657, 2677, 2794
Krakow, 2009, 2121, 2722
Lodz, 2506, 2548, 2815
Lublin, 71, 1862
Poznan, 2772
Pruszkow, 2751
Silesia, 183
Warsaw, 269, 275, 973, 1929, 2254, 2404, 2590,
2679, 2698, 2721, 2728, 2743, 2744
Wroclaw, 2610
Zabrze, 1188, 1735, 1881, 1939, 2282, 2304,
2365, 2426-2428, 2568, 2569, 2647, 2656,
2673, 2814, 2816
Portugal, 92, 4022
Coimbra, 2250
Lisbon, 1290
Republic of South Africa, 768, 3748, 3810, 3849,
3908, 3969
Cape Town, 605, 2264
Johannesburg, 2503, 2536, 2774, 3047
Port Elizabeth, 3155
Pretoria, 290
Rhodesia, 122, 968
Broken Hill Mine Township, 3474
Romania, 38, 143, 1407, 1469, 1952, 2251, 2259,
2944, 3197, 3205, 3206, 3419, 3699, 3700,
3751, 3864, 4027, 4042, 4050
Bucharest, 243, 1559, 1643, 1774, 1775, 1847-
1849, 1899, 1900, 1945, 1946, 1999, 2000,
2120, 2179, 2306, 2544, 2545, 2611, 2780,
2783, 2784
Cluj, 1347, 1348, 2601, 2609, 2612, 2683
Jassy, 2567, 3322
Timisoara, 1737
South Africa, see Republic of
Southern Hemisphere, 3406
South Pole, see Antarctica
Spain, 1282, 1283, 1499, 1503, 1512, 1714, 1898,
1983, 2374, 2380, 2381, 2851, 3589, 4009
Avila Province, 2111
Barcelona, 2786
Granada, 2024
Guadalajara, 2119
Madrid, 58, 226, 1351, 1370, 1371, 1557, 1567,
2129, 2684
Pontevedra, 265
Seville, 1690
Tenerife, 1600
Vigo Estuary, 118
Sweden, 30, 258, 259, 1306, 1312, 1438, 1527,
1590, 1671, 1812, 2079, 2885, 3593, 3594,
3649, 3932
Angelholm, 2597
Laisvall, 79
Langban, 178
Lund, 2690
MalmB, 1797, 1913, 2141, 2405
bVebro, 1507, 2448,
Skelleftehamn, 2409
Stockholm, 1387, 1667
Uppsala, 2865
Switzerland, 52, 1316, 1358, 1779, 1780, 1818,
1931, 1941, 2504, 3150, 3170, 3280,
3337, 3349, 3558, 3783, 3822, 3943
Basel, 1601, 1807, 3250, 3253, 3254, 3286
Bern, 1876, 2644, 3248, 3261
Chur, 1437,
Geneva, 1327, 1696, 1911, 2021, 2044, 2045,
2116, 3086, 3536
Lausanne, 2578
Lucerne, 2207
Solothurn, 1830, 1936, 2442
Widenswil, 218, 2128, 2394, 3241, 3275, 3308,
3309, 3327, 3345, 3370
Zurich, 1368, 2138, 2235, 2261, 2373, 3223,
3225, 3265, 3267
Trinidad, 3842
Tunisia, 64, 1715
Turkey, Istanbul, 2527, 2694
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 32, 60, 133,
165, 176, 188, 189, 196, 223, 224, 254,
256, 287, 298, 447a, 569, 725, 821, 826,
898, 951, 981, 983, 1019, 1063, 1087,
1238, 1320, 1357, 1471, 1492, 1508, 1510,
1511, 1517, 1533, 1584, 1624, 1658, 1728,
1744, 1811, 1827, 1831, 1877, 1902, 1955,
1959, I960, 1978, 2037, 2041, 2067, 2077,
2085, 2114, 2122, 2127, 2163, 2294, 2344,
2393, 2398, 2429, 2481, 2494, 2526, 2533,
2626, 2635, 2665, 2695, 2714, 2740, 2755,
2760, 2765, 2781, 2785, 2823, 2824, 2838,
2844-2846, 3011, 3101, 3126, 3142, 3143,
3156, 3163, 3164, 3181, 3184, 3185, 3187,
3193, 3217, 3234-3236, 3238, 3251, 3252,
3256, 3269, 3276, 3289, 3307, 3341, 3348,
3360, 3363, 3393, 3406, 3409, 3421, 3431,
3440, 3445, 3449, 3452, 3458, 3462, 3463,
3465, 3468, 3470, 3473, 3477, 3479, 3502,
3525, 3541, 3548, 3553, 3568, 3597, 3604,
3630, 3648, 3658, 3678, 3680, 3687, 3694,
3695, 3705, 3715-3718, 3722-3725, 3738,
3745, 3747, 3750, 3753-3755, 3758, 3762,
3766, 3767, 3771, 3772, 3775, 3780, 3782,
3786, 3787, 3789, 3790, 3792-3795, 3800-
3803, 3806, 3809, 3811, 3819, 3823, 3832,
3834, 3836, 3844, 3850, 3853, 3857, 3860,
3868, 3878, 3882, 3883, 3885, 3886, 3890,
3893, 3895, 3897, 3898, 3902, 3903, 3906,
3909, 3910, 3915, 3922, 3923, 3925, 3935,
3936, 3942, 3945, 3946, 3948, 3949, 3951,
3953, 3954, 3956-3958, 3960, 3962, 3963,
3968, 3984, 3988, 3993, 3995, 4005, 4008,
4010-4012, 4015, 4018, 4028, 4034, 4040,
4044, 4046-4049, 4051-4054, 4060, 4063,
4067, 4079
Adzhikend, Khanlarskii District, 185
Alai Range, 229
Aleksandro-Zavodsk, Balei, 211
Amur, Upper Region, 252
Armenia, 151
Black Sea, 232
Bryanskoi, 2637
Central Asia, 208, 244
Chelyabinsk, 3306
Chita, 2541
Dzungarian Ala Tau, 455
Subject Index
851
-------
Geographic locations: Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (cont)
Estonia, 2155, 2560, 2561
Georgia, 155, 2745, 3296,
Gorki, 2233, 2627, 2761, 3069, 3260, 3306
Gornaya Osetia, 289
Gornyi Altai, 201
Gorodnya, 2238
Irkutsk, 1561, 2081, 2124, 2655
Irtysh Ore Province, 230
Karatau Range, 103
Kazakhstan, 117, 179, 231, 1457, 1458, 1549,
1635, 2088, 2132, 2133, 2154, 2399,
2400, 2403, 2423, 2447, 2465, 2486,
2487, 2488, 2648, 2822, 3220, 3283,
3362, 3483
Alma-Ata, 2377, 3201
Dzhusaly, 906
Ust-Kamenogorsk, 3215, 3218, 3361
Khar'kov, 2227, 2691
Kheys Island, 297
Kiev, 938, 2573, 2625,
Kirghiz, 3213
Kirginsk, 1014
Kubansk, 2441, 2585
Kuibyshev, 3306
Leningrad, 1400, 1570-1572, 1755, 1782, 1974,
2292, 2425, 2430, 2562, 2638, 2742,
3208
Leninogorsk, 3476
Lvov District, 203
Minsk, 2771
Moscow, 237, 280, 297, 2225, 2326, 2421, 2658,
2685, 2708, 2775, 2791, 3104, 3173, 3271,
3293
Nagol'nyi Ridge, 268
Nal'chik, 175
Novosibirsk, 172, 249
Baraba Area, 257
Novozybkovsk, 2209
Ol'ga-Tetyukhe Region, 191
Opol'ya, 194
Perm, 3306
Potapov, 250
Rudnyi Altai, 173
Ryazansk, 921
Saratov, 217, 302, 2847
Siberia, 162, 209, 912
Southwest, 132
Stalino-Donbass, 1454
Stanislav Region, 150
Sverdlovsk, 2563, 3282
Syryanovsk, 3446
Tadzhikistan, 2284
Takob River Basin, 114
Tartar, 151
Tashkent, 2483, 2628, 3204, 3222
Tien Shan, 110
Transbaikal, 171, 2350, 2358
Truskavets Region, 156
Tsimlyansk Reservoir, 263
Tula, 3306, 3312
Turgai Syncline, 278
Turkmenistan, Balkhany Region, 120
Ukraine, 808, 1623, 2362, 2812, 2497
Uman, 2613
Urals, 271, 3422
Uzbekistan, 247, 291, 292, 2200, 2435
Vladivostok, 3166
Volga, Don, Tseline Rivers, 270
Voronezh, 2576
White Russia, 1928
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, 11, 14, 17, 18, 20, 48, 122,
125, 148, 235, 258, 301, 475, 673, 758,
1167, 1208, 1579, 1747, 1791, 2016, 2017,
2228, 2339, 2489, 2490, 2670, 2715, 2787,
2806, 2880, 2891, 2933, 2981, 3041, 3043,
3075, 3118, 3121, 3136, 3141, 3157, 3216,
3302, 3321, 3352, 3365, 3413, 3447, 3453,
3464, 3472, 3478, 3480, 3481, 3486, 3487,
3501, 3521, 3550, 3560, 3565, 3566, 3581,
3586-3588, 3611-3613, 3621, 3622, 3631,
3636, 3637, 3643, 3644, 3653, 3669, 3703,
3707, 3714, 3720, 3769, 3777, 3781, 3796,
3797, 3799, 3827, 3833, 3839, 3861, 3863,
3866, 3872, 3894, 3896, 3899, 3919, 3920,
3950, 3985, 3989, 4056, 4059, 4074, 4077,
4082
Almondsbury, 3068
Birmingham, 2509
Bristol, 1101, 2530
Cambridge, 1226, 2650
Cheshire, 2206
Ellesmere Port, 2667
Coventry, 131
Devonshire, 2206, 2246, 2499
Essex, Epping, 3058
Hampstead, 3042
Harwell, 1859
Kernel Hempstead, 2491
Hertfordshire, Harpenden, 216
Shenley, 3046
Kent, 207
Maidstone, 293
Liverpool, 1225, 1674, 2915
London, 1333, 1384, 1419, 1588, 1753, 1760,
1761, 1850, 1949, 2093, 2118, 2268,
2598, 2653, 2855, 2866, 2896, 2957,
2991, 2992, 3055, 3060, 3064, 3108,
3353, 4092
Luton, 2159, 2160, 2290, 2571, 2572, 2839,
2840
Manchester, 1346, 1488, 1491, 1654, 2525,
2687, 2746, 2767, 2768, 2879, 2900
Middlesex, 2316, 2841
Newcastle upon Tyne, 1917, 2773, 3221
Oxford, 1317, 1727, 2777, 2778
Peeblesshire, 2842
Pennines, 696
Rotherham, 2916, 2892, 2897, 2916, 2927
St. Andrews, 2579
Salford, 2583
Scotland, 2079, 3435
Edinburgh, 1381, 1925, 2808, 2829
Glasgow, 2277, 2436, 2542, 2543, 2584,
3167
Sheffield, 2440, 3183
Slough, 2672
Surrey, 486, 3401
Epsom, 2895
Guildford, 2296
Button, 3379
Trawscoed, 161
Wales, 2206, 2274, 3311
Montgomeryshire, 2301
Warwick, 2219
Welwyn, 1569
852
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Geographic locations
United States, 6-8, 13-16, 23-25, 27, 29, 31,
35, 37, 39, 49, 50, 158, 174, 197, 206,
220, 246, 251, 255, 294, 296, 300, 506,
512, 897, 984, 1206, 1223, 1286, 1311,
1313, 1314, 1340, 1352, 1372, 1434-1436,
1472, 1547, 1548, 1552, 1637, 1638, 1682,
1832, 1982, 2095, 2102, 2134, 2145, 2172,
2173, 2189, 2185, 2199, 2214, 2231, 2256,
2260, 2265, 2295, 2342, 2371, 2455, 2485,
2532, 2551, 2693, 2725, 2728, 2788, 2856,
2873, 2880, 2891, 2894, 2930, 2936, 2946,
2947, 2956, 2963, 2970, 2978-2980, 3073,
3979, 3106, 3111, 3113, 3133, 3134, 3147-
3149, 3151, 3178, 3188, 3194, 3196, 3209,
3214, 3240, 3259, 3299, 3300, 3303, 3319,
3329, 3332, 3338, 3344, 3358, 3359, 3364,
3371, 3372, 3376-3378, 3381, 3390, 3396,
3410, 3412, 3413, 3418, 3420, 3429, 3437,
3441-3444, 3457, 3466, 3469, 3471, 3482,
3484, 3485, 3492, 3496, 3503, 3507, 3509,
3514-3517, 3519, 3520, 3522, 3523, 3527,
3534, 3542, 3543, 3546, 3549, 3551, 3554,
3556, 3559, 3563, 3564, 3584, 3590, 3591,
3603, 3610, 3616-3618, 3624, 3627, 3628,
3645, 3651, 3652, 3659, 3661, 3665, 3670-
3672, 3686, 3689, 3696, 3702, 3706 3726,
3740, 3746, 3757, 3760, 3798, 3807, 3812-
3814, 3821, 3835, 3837, 3845, 3855, 3859,
3869, 3871, 3874, 3876, 3877, 3879, 3884,
3889, 3907, 3911, 3912, 3917, 3921, 3924,
3929, 3933, 3934, 3938, 3970-3973, 3975,
3977, 3978, 3983, 3992, 3999, 4001, 4003,
4013, 4016, 4021, 4025, 4032, 4035, 4037-
4039, 4064, 4065, 4068, 4070, 4072, 4073,
4075, 4078, 4080, 4081, 4086-4090, 4094-
4096, 4103
Alabama, 3490
Birmingham, 1627, 2376
Alaska, 3247
Arizona, Point of Pines, 2727
Arkansas, Fayetteville, 3346
Atlantic Coast, 238
Atlantic Ocean, 136
California, 113, 127, 542, 2240, 2241, 2507,
3070, 3304, 3310, 3314, 3315, 3317, 3318,
3328, 3330, 3333, 3385, 3386, 3397
Berkeley, 1926, 3090, 3355
Davis, 585
La Jolla, 272
Los Angeles, 1207, 1232, 1473, 1475, 1650,
1808, 2030, 2106, 2107, 2384, 2517, 2524,
2564, 2675, 2729, 2734, 3084, 3092, 3231,
3233, 3247, 3273, 3281, 3354, 3389, 3633
Menlo Park, 3382
Pasadena, 2312, 2675, 3247
Pittsburg, 3448
San Francisco, 2564, 2734, 2828
San Lorenzo, 1323
Colorado, 56
Danver, 212, 1362, 1551, 1642, 2370, 2681,
2828
Colorado River, 204, 272
Connecticut, 135, 490, 1264, 2948
Hartford, 1254, 2078, 2988, 3105, 3109
Middletown, 1482
Rocky Hill, 2001
Delaware, Wilmington, 1403, 2475, 2520, 2699,
3172
District of Columbia, Washington, 1553, 2327,
2383, 2629, 2861, 2869, 2877, 2881, 2914,
2967, 2986, 3023, 3028, 3033, 3071, 3176,
3255
Florida, 3227, 3494
Jacksonville, 2330
Key West, 2903
Miami, 2828,
Orlando, 253
Georgia, 2011
Atlanta, 1444, 1622, 2007, 2008, 2253, 2519,
Gulf Coast, 238
Hawaii, 3002
Honolulu, 2905
Oahu, Hualalai Islands, 282
Idaho, 3082
Illinois, 182, 272, 828, 965, 2550, 3078, 3510
Argonne, 2410, 2752
Chicago, 582, 1646, 1869, 2363, 2828, 2901,
2902, 2928, 2969, 2984, 2985, 3001, 3008,
3040, 3048, 3066, 3103, 3247, 3373
Des Plaines, 3131
Urbana, 1343
Indiana, Indianapolis, 3100
Iowa, Ames, 1409
Kansas, 2218
Eastern, 109
Emporia, 1505
Kansas City, 2575, 2976
Salina, 1819
Kentucky, Louisville, 3081, 3242
Lake Mead, 204
Lassen Volcanic National Park, 3384
Louisiana, 1872
Baton Rouge, 1540
Maine, 111
Maryland, Army Chemical Center, 3165
Baltimore, 1619, 1746, 2678, 2828, 2852,
2854, 2862, 2867, 2871, 2882, 2893, 2906-
2909, 2923, 2924, 2934, 2935, 2962, 2971,
2997, 2998, 3021, 3023, 3030, 3061, 3066,
3231, 3411, 3511
Silver Spring, 2952
Sparrows Point, 3139
Washington County, 212
Massachusetts, 3122, 3152
Boston, 1278, 1389, 1390, 1427, 1480, 1518,
1943, 1969, 1985, 2074, 2090, 2252, 2555,
2671, 2883, 2884, 2953, 2968, 3036, 3161,
3539
Cambridge, 2696, 2951
Sumner Tunnel, 3351
Worcester, 2898
Michigan, 2036, 3171, 3186, 3195, 3288
Ann Arbor, 1410, 1639, 3433
Detroit, 1257, 1341, 2267, 3016, 3229, 3266,
3402, 3602
Pontiac, 1263
Minnesota, 675, 726, 727
Minneapolis, 1255, 1462, 2700, 2965, 3097,
3098, 3387
St. Paul, 3398
Missouri, 235, 3493, 3495
Columbia, 76
Kansas City, 2921
St. Louis, 1377, 2050, 2311, 2833, 2899,
2904, 3066
Nebraska, Lincoln, 2955
Omaha, 2663, 3057
Subject Index
853
-------
Geographic locations: United States (cont)
New Hampshire, Hanover, 1003
New Jersey, 3117
Baytown, 1277, 1414
Bound Brook, 3301
Linden, 3284, 3331, 3342
Newark, 1440, 2912, 3022
New Brunswick, 215
Perth Amboy, 1256, 1629
New Mexico, Los Alamos, 1405, 1565
New York, 1415, 1665, 1666, 2926, 3049, 3114,
3115, 3123
Albany, 1509
Brooklyn, 1224, 1408, 1664, 2863, 2864, 2872,
2975, 3014, 3029, 3031, 3085
Buffalo, 2422
Canandaigua, 212
Goshen, 2876
New York, 1467, 1680, 1814, 2090, 2106, 2107,
2136, 2143, 2283, 2460, 2632, 2662, 2749,
2802, 2828, 2868, 2913, 2939, 2941, 2942,
2950, 2966, 2999, 3003, 3004, 3024-3027,
3034, 3053, 3054, 3056, 3063, 3066, 3085,
3247; 3606
Rochester, 1648, 2149, 2204, 2244
Woodmere, 1794
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2918
Columbia, 2253
Durham, 2589, 2770, 2982
Raleigh, 2652
North Pacific, 299
Ohio, 823, 3037
Cincinnati, 1284, 1299, 1345, 1359, 1388,
1489, 1582, 1679, 1987, 2031, 2038, 2144,
2158, 2269, 2286-2289, 2389, 2524, 2564,
2565, 2591, 2732-2738, 2799, 2803, 2819,
2820, 2849, 2858, 2889, 2929, 2931, 2943,
2958, 2960, 2974, 2993, 2994, 3035, 3065,
3066, 3224, 3231, 3232, 3244, 3247, 3389,
3395, 3407, 3602
Cleveland, 1259, 1905, 1909, 2005, 2006,
2716, 3009, 3023, 3030, 3050, 3091
Ohio River and tributaries, 169
Oklahoma, 2201, 3512
Norman, 1220
Oregon, Portland, 1587
Pacific Coast, 238
Pacific Ocean, 136, 204
Pennsylvania, 1307, 2434, 3207
Bethlehem, 1230,
Danville, 2356
Donora, 3231
Duquesne, 3403
Paoli, 2247
Philadelphia, 1585, 1606-1608, 1688, 1822,
1984, 2100, 2101, 2300, 2443, 2524, 2593,
2850, 2859, 2874, 2875, 2920, 2945, 2964,
2987, 3059, 3066, 3388
Pittsburgh, 1586, 2651, 2661, 3138, 3228
Rhode Island, Pawtucket, 2631, 2778
Providence, 2890, 2937
Southwest, Kinishba Ruins, 2727
Tennessee, 3182, 3488
Memphis, 2807
Nashville, 1893, 2753
Oak Ridge, 2642, 2643, 2769
Texas, 787, 3489
Baytown, 3087
Dallas, 1722, 2018, 2828, 2959, 3012,
3013, 3062
Longview, 2162
San Antonio, 944, 1258, 3313
Texas City, 3169
Utah, 10
Salt Lake City, 3080
Vermont, 3335
Virginia, 65, 3083, 3498
Richmond, 1366, 2157, 2828
Washington, Seattle, 2828, 2843
West Virginia, Charleston, 3231, 3602
Great Kanawha River Valley, 3237
Wisconsin, 3475
Madison, 1463, 1844, 2313
Milwaukee, 1310, 1641, 1979, 2877, 3089
24 cities, 3324
30 cities, 3246, 3247
100 cities, 267
Venezuela, 2224, 2793
Caracas, 3032
West Indies, Jamaica, 2922
Trinidad, 2977
worldwide, 3366, 3423
Yugoslavia, 134, 1432, 1442, 1455, 1581, 1693,
1707, 1716, 1750, 1950, 1963, 1981, 2397,
2614, 2633, 2689, 2723, 2804, 3144, 3191,
3356, 3561, 3608, 3646, 3647, 3676, 3708,
3727, 3731, 3735, 3759, 3770, 3854, 3862,
4023, 4031
Ajvalija, 198
Bedenec, 2060
Belgrade, 225, 1591, 1937, 1938, 2062-2065,
2156, 2165, 2174-2176, 2197, 2202, 2203,
2315, 2477, 2480, 2556, 2730, 3135, 3305
Croatia, 2594
Kolnbara River Region, 1770, 1771, 1897
Malo Rundare, 3305
Mezica, 531, 1240
Salvonski Brod, 2054
Sarajevo, 2333, 2478, 2479
Serbia, 2314
Trepca, 198
Zadar, 2756
Zagreb, 1242, 1243, 1560, 1562, 1626, 1644,
1645, 1776, 1777, 1888, 1904, 2002,
2004, 2061, 2232, 2319, 2372, 2438,
2461, 2474, 2570, 2649, 3160, 3168,
3583,
80th Meridian W, 3415
Geographic variations
in organ Pb, 2264
in Pb intake, 2287, 2288
Germanium iodide
effect on Pb toxicity, 4062
Gingiva; see also Oral cavity
disorders, 1503
effect of dental prophylactic paste, 1265
gingivitis, 1307, 2782
from TEL-gasoline, 2128, 2207
types, vs exposure, 2722
vs Pb-llne, exposure, 1851
hemorrhages vs Pb line, children, 3006
hemorrhagic, vs Pb line, infants, 3018
Pb content in pockets, as cause of periodontal
disease, 1326; see also Metabolism of
lead
Pb line, 1227, 1348, 1353, 1851, 2535, 2722;
see also Lead poisoning, signs, symptoms
after BAL, 1402
854
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Gingiva: Pb line (cont)
in children, 2888, 2937, 2955, 3060
dental care need, 2646
diagnosis, 1350, 2558
diagnostic point rating, 2257
diagnostic value, 1205, 1363, 1364, 1432,
1762, 2153, 2782, 2849
in dogs, 728
in edentulous, 1363
after effect of EDTA, 1627, 2639
histology, vs Hg, Bi lines
history, 10, 21
in horses, 542
in livestock, 504
in monkeys, 922
from oral, 1330, 1450, 1997, 2387
from past exposure, 1304
from Pb arsenate, 1556
from Pb stearate, 2512, 2604
site variation, 1851
from TEL, 1502, 1792
from TEL-gasoline skin contact, 2247
in thalassemic, 2720
UV light differentiation, 1399, 1566
vs exposure, 1307, 1851, 2242
periodontitis, vs exposure, 1303
periodontosis, vs exposure, 2242
pockets, Pb content in exposure, 1266
pyorrhea, 2116, 3370
Glass industry
crystal engraving as poisoning cause, 1532
health hazards surveys, 1746, 2236, 3140
history, 4077
medical surveillance, 3499
Pb borate, as health hazard, 3140
poisoning occurrence, 1746, 2236, 2641
history, 14
Glass insulators
Pb content, as poisoning cause, 2039
Glass pearls; see also Jewelry
containing Pb, As, Cd, nasal implantation in
ozena treatment, as poisoning cause,
2373
Gluconates, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, see Enzymes
Glucuronic acid
detoxication factor, in poisoning, animals, 634
therapeutic effectiveness in TEL poisoning, 805
Glucuronolactone
therapeutic evaluation, rats, 514, 546
Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, see Enzymes,
aspartate ,aminotransferase
Glutamic pyruvic transaminase, see Enzymes,
alanine aminotransferase
Glutathione; see also Protein metabolism
effect on 02 metabolism, in Pb, TEL poisoning,
mice, 853
therapeutic effectiveness in TEL poisoning, 805
Glycine; see also Protein metabolism
effect on porphyrin metabolism, 2471
Glycine, methyl ester, lead chloride complex
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Glycine, N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)-, dilead salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Goats; see also Experiments with animals; Lead
poisoning in livestock
Pb content in organs, tissues, normal, 486, 879;
see also Metabolism of lead
tissues, experiments in vitro, 311, 508
Goiter, see Thyroid gland
Gold reclamation
poisoning occurrence, in home shops, 2731
GOT: Glutamic oxalacetic transaminase; aspartate
aminotransferase
Goulard's extract, see Lead acetate
Gout, see Musculoskeletal system; Purine Metab-
olism
Gray minium, see Red lead
Growth and development
adaptation to poisoning, 635; see Adaptation to
lead
cachexia, occurrence, 2501
chick embryo, 513, 521
injection time effect, 782
vs dosage, 782, 994
from dietary Pb, rats, 480
effect of workroom exposure, animals, 701, 973
of microorganisms, see Microorganisms
of plants, see Plants
in sheep born in mining area, 696
survival, in acute, chronic poisoning, cattle,
688
in acute Pb alkyl poisoning, vs dose, rats,
1091
in chronic poisoning, sex variations, mice,
1081
vs dose, rats, 1031
effect of: ACTH in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 638
adaptation, rats, 746
chelating agents, animals, 633, 679, 680,
840, 914, 2239
in TEL poisoning, animals, 623, 639, 704,
888
dehydration, temperature, animals, 678, 887,
1106
diets, supplements, vitamins, animals, 548,
561, 612, 710, 829, 888
drugs, rabbits, 598
temperature, animals, 1180
ultraviolet rays, guinea pigs, 572
vitamin C in acute poisoning, guinea pigs,
1011
from oral Pb PVC stabilizers, rats, 904
sex variations, from Pb vs Cd, reviews, 1037
in rats, 1173
in TEL poisoning, animals, 1171
in TML poisoning, animals, 1047, 1048, 1117,
1171
in trained vs untrained rats, 586
vs age at injection, chick embryo, 718
vs blood glutathione, rabbits, 868
vs in Cd, Cr poisoning, mice, 1081, 1082
vs Pb arsenate dose, mice, 1191, 1192
vs PbO, AS205 dose, mice, 1192
vs in Cd, Cr poisoning, mice, 1081, 1082
weight, from contaminated pear pomace, rats
652
in dogs, 769
effect of: diets, vitamins, animals, 548, 648,
1134, 1135
drugs, rats, 715
heat, animals, 1180
vasopressin, frogs, 518
from Pb alkyl, vs dose, rats, 1091
from Pb stearate, acetylsalicylate, animals,
567
in rabbits, 1010
in rats, 788, 1173
Subject Index
855
-------
Growth and development: weight (cont)
from skin absorption, rabbits, 730
from TEL, animals, 1171
from TML, animals, 1047, 1117, 1171
vs actomyosin, poisoning degree, rats, 674
vs metabolic rate, rats, 733
vs Pb arsenate dose, mice, 1191
weight loss, in TEL poisoning, 1238, 1663, 2712
vs exposure duration, 1347
Guichard-Barre' syndrome, see Nervous system
Guinea pigs; see also Experiments with animals
Pb content in tissues, normal, 544, 845, 879;
see also Metabolism of lead
tissues, experiments in vitro, 438, 858
Gums, see Gingiva
Hahnemann Medical College Symposium, 31
Hair
color, vs trace element content, animals, 911
growth, strength, exposure, 732
vs exposure, 1861
loss, in hemochromatosis, 1271
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
physical properties, 1966
pigment, in offspring of poisoned rats, 1072
trichosis, in acute poisoning, 1763
Hamsters; see also Experiments with animals
Pb-content in teeth, normal, 625; see also
Metabolism of lead
Hand washing; see also Washings
Pb removal by various solutions, 3177
Hazardous substances
act, recommended, US, 3516
labeling, 3514
Hearing, see Ears
Heart; see also Cardiovascular system; Vascular
system
action on, inhibition by ATP, isolated frog
heart, 316
angina pectoris, 1382
after gastroenteritis, 1209
in young workers, 1656
aorta, see Vascular system
arteriolosclerosis, rabbits, 729
ascorbic acid content, rats, 893
atherosclerosis, rabbits, 2742
atrioventricular conduction defects, 2593
auricle thrombosis, effect of methoxamine, rats,
1130
ballistocardiography, in mild poisoning, 1594
bradycardia, in TEL poisoning, 2032, 2682
cytochrome c, in rabbits, 583
disease, Pb as cause, 2136
soil-Pb relation, 258
disorders, 1224
in acute poisoning, 1224, 2622
age variations, 1594
frequency evaluation, 494
mechanisms, 2626
in mild poisoning, 2691
preexisting, effect of poisoning, 2343
reviews, 2294
in TEL poisoning, 2013, 2233
DMA, RNA vs poisoning degree, rats, 1195
dynamics, use of Pb coating in study, 3564
effect of PbEDTA, animals, 335
electrocardiograms, 1224, 1656, 1813, 2742
in acute poisoning, 1224, 1468, 1656
rabbits, 851
age variations, 2428
in alleged aneurysm, 2396
in children, 2969
effect of EDTA, 1925
in exposure, 677
mechanism in poisoning, 1517
in mild poisoning, 1594
in presence of various disorders, 1366, 1428,
1940, 2011, 2537
QT interval, 1334
in TEL poisoning, 2848
rabbits, 590
in TEL vs TML poisoning, rabbits, 1068
vs age, arteriosclerosis, 2744
vs nervous system disorders, 2293
vs pathology, rabbits, 852, 950
vs poisoning degree, 2343
vs in preexisting disease, 1441
vs rheoencephalography, 2332
endocarditis, uremic, in fatal poisoning, calves,
1099
enlargement, 1470, 2153
enzymes, 573, 593, 954, 961; see Enzymes for
specific enzymes
fatty degeneration, in atherosclerosis, rabbits,
1146
function, during, after colic, 1775, 2000
methionine distribution, rats, 788
muscle, acetylcholine, in TEL poisoning, rabbits,
766
myocardial dystrophy, 2742
myocardial infarction, in paroxysmal attack, 1292
unrelated to Pb, trace element metabolism,
2520
myocardial sclerosis, 1470
fatal, 1857
myocarditis, frequency, children, 2969
Parkinson's disease as sequela, 1726
neoplasms, see Neoplasms
orthodiagraphy, 1468
pathology, animals, 870, 961, 1010
in children, 2969
effect of tocopherol, rabbits, 536
in hemochromatosis, 1271
in malignant nephrosclerosis, 1338
in primates, 944
in TEL poisoning, 1171, 1228
vs Pb content, rabbits, 556
time factors, vs serum enzymes, rats, 835
in TML poisoning, 1171
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
phonocardiography, in anemia, 2537
plethysmography, 2742
rate, vs poisoning degree, 2343
riboflavin content, rabbits, 752
signs, in TEL poisoning, 1533
tachycardia, in TEL poisoning, 1600
ventricular aneurysm, as sequela, 1209
Heat, see Temperature, environmental
Hematology, in physical examination, results,
see Blood, disorders; specific constituents
of blood
Hematopoietic system, see Blood; Bone marrow;
Liver; Lymphatic system; Spleen
Hemochromatosis
trace element metabolism, 2106, 2107
after EDTA, 1606
Hemodialysis
in children, 2971
856
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Hemorrhages, see Vascular system
Hemosiderosis
trace element content in urine, after EDTA, 1606
Herbicides; see also Pesticides
organic Pb compounds, 4075
Histology, see pathology under organs, systems
Hogs; see also Lead poisoning in livestock
Pb content in tissues, normal, 821, 879; see
also Metabolism of lead
Home activities
poisoning occurrence, 1343, 2729
Home shops
poisoning occurrence, 1657, 1725, 2587, 2731,
3017, 3032
in children, 2888, 3045
Hormones; see also specific hormones
androgens, activity of butyllead as, 1128
therapeutic use; see also Treatment of lead
poisoning
in children, 3045
Horses; see also Lead poisoning in livestock
Pb content in tissues, normal 486, 510, 879;
see also Metabolism o£ lead
Human experimentation; see also Exposure of man,
human subjects
inhalation, protocol, 2031
Humidity
effects on Pb toxicity, animals, 8-/
Hydrocarbons; see also Automobile exhausts
as TEL decomposition products, 3243
Hydrogen sulfide
effect of oral, in poisoning, animals, 921
recommended for treatment, prevention of poison-
ing, 921
Hydroxocobalamine, see Vitamin B^2a
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, see Protein metabolism,
tryptophan metabolites
5-Hydroxytryptamine
effect on capillary resistance, rats, 862
5-Hydroxytryptophan, see Protein metabolism
Ice, see Lead isotope(s)
Immunology; see also Infections; Infectious
diseases
adjuvant effect with diphtheria toxoid, 3555
agglutination, in Coombs positive erythrocytes,
in vivo, in vitro, 980
agglutinin response against typhoid, rabbits,
735
antibodies, in anemia, 1713
formation against antimelitensis, in TEL
poisoning, rabbits, 670
formation against typhoid, in TEL poisoning,
rabbits, 620, 669
inactivation, as cause of brain pathology,
children, 2890
response, rabbits, 698, 699
antiglobulin reactions, Coombs test, 1722
antistreptolysin, blood, in TEL poisoning,
rabbits, 630
autoantibodies, blood, 2533
in dogs, 2533
autoimmune mechanisms in anemia, 2430
blood lipids, as index, 1522
compensation, by acetylcholine, cholinesterase
increase, rabbits, 735
complement activity, hemolytic action, in vitro,
858
effect on antigens, in vitro, 366, 367
globulins, against streptococcus vaccine, in TEL
poisoning, rabbits, 618, 619
opsonic activity in serum, rabbits, 720
pyrogenic activity of streptococci, in TEL
poisoning, rabbits, 631
Inclusion bodies, see Kidneys and urinary tract;
Liver
Individual variations; see also Susceptibility
acetylcholine, blood, dogs, 1193
blood alkaline phosphatase, rabbits, 2638
Indoxyl, see Protein metabolism
Industrial hygiene control
aerosols, dusts, particle size, counts, 3159
air monitoring; see also surveys
field methods, 3628, 3777, 3798, 3807, 3827,
3892, 3907, 3925, 3931
Pb-in-air analyzer, 3746
portable analyzer for TEL, TML, 4037
limit values, 3088
methods, approved, USSR, 3808, 3811
programs, effectiveness, 3094
Japan, 3119
air vs coproporphyrin analyses, evaluation, 1815
in antiknock blending, 3210
apparatus design, vs Pb content in air, 3141
in compensation testimony, 3495
conduits for molten Pb, 3192
dust analysis, vs personal protection, 3200
dust collectors, evaluation, 3242
dust removal, 2317
filters for, 3181
economics of, 3133
in small plants, 3096
effectiveness, 1264, 1335, 1342, 1783, 3180,
3190
vs urine porphyrins, 1202
equipment washings analysis, 3204
essentials of, 1941, 2287, 2288, 2737, 3191
exhaust systems, for potteries, legislated, UK,
3486
for wire patenting operations, 3117
exhaust ventilation, faulty, causing acute
poisoning, 1586
Pb bronze foundry, 3124
Pb steel production, 3207
explosions, TEL distillation, 3188
in filing operations, manual vs mechanical, 1201
fire hazards, storage battery industry, 3175
in galvanized Fe welding, recommendations, 2380
government agency, management, union relation-
ships, US, 3090
guides, 3134, 3147
tank cleaning, 3209
hand, mouth washing, wash solutions evaluation,
3142
hand washings analysis, 3204, 3208
history, 2, 9
UK, 3216
US, 7, 10
housekeeping, 3122
potteries, legislated, UK, 3486
procedures, 3121
importance of, 1205, 1227, 1232, 1256, 1438,
1466, 1534, 1649, 2536, 2590, 2729
reviews, 37
lack of, as cause of poisoning, 1338, 1473, 1748,
2052, 2121, 2201, 3145
as cause of TEL poisoning, 2167
in small shops, 1258, 1671
Subject Index
857
-------
Industrial hygiene control; lack of (cont)
in Tunisia, 1715
legislated, Pakistan, 3219
management education, 3133
mouth rinsing for Pb removal, 3130
paint analyses, legislated, Australia, 3497
in paint industry, by pigment substitution, 3093
in painting operations, recommended, 1636
in plastics industry, recommendations, 2756
by stabilizer handling procedures, 3105
in plating baths, elimination of Pb, 3104
in pottery industry, by Pb glaze substitution,
2017, 2584
recommendations, 3167
in printing industry, effectiveness, 1952
international report, 2414
reviews, 3089
in printing shops, small, 3076
by process change, 3085
programs, Czechoslovakia, 3132
foundries, Switzerland, 2044
Germany, 3, 30
India, 1420
mine installations, USSR, 3215
mines, US, 2532
municipal health department, 3091
printing industry, Japan, 2303
Romania, 3197, 3205, 3206
S Africa, 3155
smelters, US, 3080, 3090
Yugoslavia, 1240
state health departments, US, 3109
storage battery industry, Bulgaria, 3203
US, 3081, 3083
tank cleaning, Venezuela, 2793
TEL, TML manufacture, US, 2699
in TEL manufacture, Italy, 1236, 1248, 1250
1253,
in TML manufacture, Italy, 1047, 1117
UK, 3118, 3121
US, 1629, 3073, 3122
protective creams, 3222
radionuclides, in mines, > ^Pb as measure,
3164
recommendations, International Labour Organiza-
tion, 2414, 3086
Italy, 2164
Philippines, 1214, 1215
US, 3090
Yugoslavia, 3135
respirator requirements, see Respirators
reviews, 4, 5, 40, 1514, 2130, 2147
sanitary requirements, potteries, legislated,
UK, 3486
service organization, UK, 3108, 3183
in smelters, history, 10
surveys, automobile industry, 1201, 3190
aviation industry, 3110
brass industry, 3103
carpenter shops, 1483
ceramics industry, 1404
cleaning creosote residues in boilers, 3136
demolition work, 2411, 2434, 2671, 3196
electric insulator packing, 1305
enamel industry, 3077
engine carbon blasting, 3098, 3100
foundries, 3078, 3180
garages, 3162, 3182, 3279
glass industry, 1746, 3140
jet aircraft repair, 1819
mines, 3213, 2183
mints, US, 3106
oxy-torch metal cutting in open, 1464
paint industry, 2418, 2492, 3091, 3115
painting operations, 1414, 2629, 3087
Pb burning operations, 1277
Pb glaze manufacture, 2773
Pb industries, 3202
Switzerland, 3150
USSR, 3260
Pb-Sb alloy casting, 3108
Pb-steel processing, 3138
petroleum industry, 3178
pigment manufacture, 3099, 3158, 3174
plastics industry, 2512
pottery industry, 1580
printing industry, 3072, 3137, 3153, 3168, 3179
riveting painted structures, 3097
sandblasting painted structures, 3195
ship remodeling, 3208
shooting ranges, 3186
silversmithing, 3152
small battery shops, 2688
small pottery, 3084
small powder plants, 3151
smelters, 3212, 3215
spectrographic laboratories, 3218
spray painting without compressed air, 3165
storage battery industry, 3070, 3085, 3102,
3121, 3143, 3160, 3211, 3583, 3997
TEL manufacture, 3260
tile industry, 3092
tinning processes, 3141
welding, galvanized steel, 3169
shipyards, 3161
wire industry, 3139
TEL decontamination, 3156, 3193
in TEL exposure, 1747
guides, manuals, 1403, 3111, 3194
in TEL-gasoline exposure, 1955
in TEL-gasoline tank cleaning, regulations, 3157
in TEL operations, history, 2158, 2735
TEL removal from air, methods, 3184, 3185
in TEL transportation, legislated, France, 3491
in torch cutting, 3199
procedure study, 3123
safety standards, 3149
toxicity test evaluation of steel paint primers,
3221
in transport of Pb sludge from TEL manufacture,
1228
in use of gray minium paints, 794
ventilation, effectiveness, 3091, 3151, 3152,
3202
requirements, 3122
foundries, 3103
garages, 3279
glass industry, 3140
mining, 3082
shooting, 3186
spectrographic laboratories, 3218
spray painting, 3165
storage battery industry, 3211
welding, 3075, 3107, 3169
wire patenting, 3139
vs chelate prophylaxis, 1472, 1709, 1730, 1808,
2229, 2275, 2668, 2763
vs dietary prophylaxis, 1538
858
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Industrial hygiene control (cont)
vs milk prophylaxis, 1542
vs workers' negligence, 2538
welding, safety standards, US, 3149
in work with painted surfaces, 3171
Industrial medicine; see also Medical surveillance
education, discussions, 3133
history, 28
UK, 3216
practitioners, in compensation testimony, 3495
views on, Netherlands vs US, 2105
Industrial nurses
in compensation testimony, 3495
Industries, occupations, with lead exposure; see
also specific industries, occupations
Argentina, 2809, 2810
blood, dental changes, frequency, 1466
blood changes, report, Japan, 1799
experiments with guinea pigs, 701, 973
government agency, management, union relation-
ships, 3090
health hazard control, see Industrial hygiene
control; Medical surveillance
legislation, see Legislation, occupational
occupations, vs blood Pb, 1863
Pb content:
in air, 1068, 1214, 1215, 1225, 1232, 1259,
1262-1264, 1307, 1391, 1420, 1464, 1526,
1545, 1550, 1556, 1581, 1587, 1665, 1666,
1688, 1746, 1752, 1884, 1911, 1931, 1979,
2044, 2082, 2098, 2103, 2121, 2125, 2138,
2146, 2175, 2176, 2183, 2188, 2225, 2236,
2261, 2272, 2321, 2352, 2380, 2389, 2406,
2411, 2418, 2434, 2465, 2479, 2492, 2512,
2564, 2621, 2688, 2715, 2718, 2734, 2756,
2763, 2771, 2772, 2778, 2813, 2831, 3072,
3077, 3078, 3084, 3091, 3092, 3097-3100,
3103, 3105, 3107, 3108, 3110, 3119, 3120,
3123-3125, 3135-3138, 3140, 3141, 3143,
3151-3153, 3158, 3160-3162, 3165, 3168,
3169, 3174, 3179, 3195, 3196, 3202, 3208,
3211, 3212, 3128, 3260, 3263, 3264, 3267,
3279, 3357
causing poisoning, 1262, 2121
safe, vs hazardous, 3088
vs absorption, 1905, 2005
vs poisoning signs, 1569, 3127
point rating, 2257
vs in worker exhaled air, 3250
on hands, 3179
in hand washings, 2138, 3142, 3222, 3312
in mouth washings, 3142
poisoning hazards, relative, 1244
poisoning occurrence, from carelessness, 3122
in dogs, 773
porphyria relation, 2029
reviews, 4, 5, 1206
sanitary conditions, history, 2
unrecognized occupations, causing poisoning,
1532
Infections, infectious diseases
blackleg, similarity to Pb poisoning, cattle,
506
effect of Pb exposure, 1446
effect on poisoning, children, 3052
occurrence, children, near industries, 3363
from Pb+EDTA, rats, 896
septicemia, hemorrhagic, similarity to Pb poison-
ing, cattle, 506
virus activation vs Pb as cause of neoplasms,
rats, 1031
Inhalation experiments
apparatus, for human subjects, 2170, 2271
chambers, 2031, 2288, 3281
irradiation, 3377
Inosine
effect on: bone marrow disorders, rabbits, 1057,
1132
Pb anemia, rabbits, 1057, 1132
Pb hemolysis, rabbits, 1127
porphyrin metabolism, 2385
rabbits, 1075
therapeutic effectiveness, 2385
Insecticides, see Pesticides
Insects
Blaberus craniifer, enzyme activity, 454
experiments with, see Experiments with animals;
Lead, toxicity in insects
Intake of lead, see under Lead
International Commission on Radiological Protection
programs, 2643
International Labour Conference, 2806
International Labour Organization programs, 3086
Intestines, see Gastrointestinal system
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
Intranuclear inclusions, see Kidneys and urinary
tract, Liver
Iodides, therapeutic, see Treatment of lead poison-
ing
Iodine isotope-131
in metabolic studies, 722, 945, 1035
in thyroid function studies, 1103
in thyroid function tests, 1831
Iodine metabolism
uptake in blood, salivary glands, thyroid, rats,
1103
thyroid, vs poisoning signs, rats, 1104
Iproniazid: Isonicotinic acid 2-isopropylhydrazide
Iron
effect in poisoning, rabbits, 1006
prophylactic use, see Treatment, prophylactic
saccharate, effect on poisoning, rabbits, 913
therapeutic use, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Iron-containing mineral waters, see Mineral waters
Iron foundries; see also Foundries; Smelters
operations with Pb exposure, 3078
Iron isotope-59
use in: blood studies, 357, 377, 776, 785, 1066,
1079, 1157, 3028
metabolic studies, 613, 616, 1007, 2364, 2376,
2439, 2518, 2600
Iron metabolism
blood, binding capacity of plasma protein,
rabbits, 632
erythrocytes, transfer, utilization, rabbits,
939
incorporation in porphyrins, rabbits, 776, 785
in vitro, 328
reticulocytes, apoferritin formation, rabbits,
1149
incorporation, in vitro, 377
unsaturated Fe binding capacity, in anemia,
1613, 1790
uptake, in acute vs chronic poisoning, rabbits,
1027
in erythroblasts, erythrocytes, rats, 613
vs porphyrin formation, 484, 500
utilization, 1750, 2600
Subject Index
859
-------
Iron metabolism: blood (cont)
rabbits, 910, 1121
bone marrow, accumulation, Hb, rabbits, 1079
content in:
blood, 677, 1461, 1536, 1613, 2376
in acute poisoning, 1613, 2333
cells, mechanism, 2171, 2674
in DTPA treatment, 2685
in EDTA treatment, 1853, 1867, 1968, 2621,
2634, 2639
electron microscopy, rats, 707-709
extrahemoglobin, vs porphyrin, 1241, 1367
after Fe challenge, 1477
vs porphyrins, 1670
plasma, 1954
rabbits, 539, 783
as sign in exposed thalassemic, 2059
in TML poisoning, rabbits, 1050
vs blood changes, 2439
vs in bone marrow, 1994
vs Pb, lambs, 1071
vs poisoning, degree, anemia, 2657
vs porphyrins, rabbits, 507
bone marrow, 1995, 1996
electron microscopy, rats, 708
rabbits, 616, 783
vs in blood, 1994
feces, in EDTA treatment, 2108
liver, rabbits, 783
lungs, rabbits, 783
vs Pb, population, 2828
nerves, brachial, sciatic plexus, rabbits, 783
organs, rats fed EDTA, 643
vs Pb, population, 2264
spleen, macrophages, electron microscopy, rats,
707, 708
rabbits, 616
tissues, vs Pb, rabbits, 913
urine, in EDTA treatment, 1606, 1867, 1968,
2108
distribution of 59Fe, mice, 2439
effect of EDTA, 2670
electrophoretic fractions, utilization, rabbits,
1007
ferritin, accumulation in mitochondria, guinea
pigs, 865
in blood, liver, rats, 1153
granules in inclusion bodies, electron micros-
copy, pigs, 1034
hemosiderin, distribution, in hemochromatosis,
1271
in organs in anemia, rats, 792
kinetics, 59Fe, distribution, 2518
59Fe utilization, 2364
studied with 59Fe, 2376
nonheme, incorporation, in erythrocytes, rabbits,
1066
reticulocyte, vs heme synthesis, in vitro,
rats, 1157
transferrin, binding capacity, rabbits, 632
in EDTA treatment, 1853
after Fe challenge, vs porphyrins, 1670
Iron storage diseases
trace element metabolism, 1650, 2106, 2107
Isolation
effect on poisoning, mice, 887
Isonicotinic acid 2-isopropylhydrazide
effect on: serotonin metabolism, rabbits, 1110
TEL poisoning, mice, 941, 1080
TML poisoning, mice, 941
Isopropylxanthic acid, lead salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Isotopes, see specific elements
Jaundice, see Liver
Jewelry
engraving, poisoning occurrence, 1427
false diamonds from silicate manufacture, poison-
ing occurrence, 1532
pearls, Pb content, causing poisoning in children,
3019, 3049
Jewelry industry
regulations, Pb enamel work, Denmark, 3544
Joints, see Musculoskeletal system
Kelp, see Plants, aquatic
Ketosteroids, see Adrenal glands
Kidneys and urinary tract
albuminuria; see also Protein metabolism
in children 2903, 2958
in monkeys, 922
from past poisoning, 2309, 2450
vs blood urea, 1274
vs exposure, 1732
aminoaciduria, see Protein metabolism
arteriosclerosis, in alcoholic, 2153
in rabbits, 2742
ascorbic acid, 893
azotemia, see Protein metabolism, urea, blood
biopsy, electron microscopy, 2792
inclusion bodies for diagnosis, 2692
bladder colic, from TEL-gasoline skin contact,
2247
blood flow, animals, 596, 1059
vs urine Pb, 2884
Bright's disease, deaths, vs bone Pb, 1800
Pb as cause, 2692, 2792; see also nephritis
calcification, effect of methoxainine, rats, 1130
cancer, see Neoplasms
capsule block, in therapy, 2080
cells, paranecrotic changes, frogs, 363
cirrhosis, frequency, 1394
contracted, development, 1745
in rabbits, 729; see also nephrosclerosis
creatinine, vs urea clearances, 1848, 1849, 2792
cystic nephritis leading to tumors, rats, 935
diseases, endemic, poisoning relation, reviews,
1981
unrelated to Pb, Pb, Hg storage, 1207
vs bone Pb, 2529
vs related, 2019
vs urine Pb, 2528
disorders, 1251, 1686, 1940, 2785; see also
function
acute, as sequelae, 1285
in acute poisoning, 1541
basophil size in, 2045
as cause of hypertension, 1784
from childhood poisoning, 2126
in children, 2957, 2990, 3010, 3343
de Toni-Fanconi-like, children, 2893, 2910,
2911, 2990, 2998, 3010
diagnosis, 2391
modern methods, 1710, 2065
in EDTA therapy, 2097, 2248
in children, 2971
effect of EDTA, 2458
in employee rejection, 2317, 3238
860
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Kidneys and urinary tract: disorders (cont)
evaluation, 1502
fatal, compensation cases, 3489, 3495, 3520
from EDTA therapy, 1976, 1985
frequency, 1281, 1950, 2319, 2420, 2715
evaluation, 494
in long-term exposure, 2065
vs hypertension, 1737
vs poisoning degree, 1975
hypertension relation, 1712, 1950, 1975, 2140,
2314, 2692, 2792
from inert vs 210Pb, dogs, 578
management, 2422
mechanism, 2319
from Pb arsenate, 2432
from Pb naphthenate, mice, 1107
in presence of various disorders, 1304, 1349,
1441, 2431
in rabbits, 479
vs in man, 2815
as sequela, of childhood poisoning, 2886, ?.887
of poisoning, 1223
types, 1710
reviews, 1218
vs aminoacidurla, rabbits, 1032
vs azotemia, young workers, 1752
vs blood biochemistry, 2462
vs bone Pb, 2529
vs urine Pb, 2287, 2288
from childhood poisoning, 2528
vs urine Dornhyrins, 1363
DNA, RNA, animals, 814, 1195
edema, persistence from severe poisoning, 1696
effect of occupational exposure, discussions
2749
enzymes, 458, 527, 573, 923, 954; see Enzymes
for specific enzymes
failure, acute, by intercurrent infection,
children, 3052
as death cause, vs exposure, 2746
vs malignant hypertension, 2715
function, 1224, 1348, 1712, 2183, 2251
in acute poisoning, 1224, 1227, 1358
in alcohol poisoning, 2011
aminoaciduria, as measure, 2577
screening method, 2802
aminohippuric acid clearance test, 2140
blood urea for evaluation, 1276; see also
Protein metabolism
changes, frequency vs poisoning degree, 1700,
1848, 1849
from childhood poisoning, 3036
in children, 2958, 3036
diagnosis, 2393
diagnostic value, 2401
doses affecting, rabbits, rats, 826
in EDTA therapy, 2304
filtration-reabsorption, dogs, 1060
leading to contracted kidney, 1745
in mild poisoning, 2691
in Pb exposed vs in endemic neohritis, 2060
in Pb stearate poisoning, 2604
in rats, 517
in TEL poisoning, 2712
in TML exposure, 2546
in TML poisoning, rabbits, 1049, 1120
urinalysis, evaluation, 1449
vs disorders, 2792
vs inclusion body formation, rats, 1126
vs poisoning degree, 1398, 2433, 2526
in young workers, 1354
glomerular filtration of Pb, 2177
glomerular hyalinosis, histochemistry, rats, 780
glomeruloangiopathy, rats, 660
hematuria, from PbEDTA, animals, 918
as poisoning sign, children, 2925
hemoglobinuria, rabbits, 531
hepatonephritis, fatal, 1251
hypertrophy, effect of BAL, testosterone, rats,
478
inclusion bodies, in alcohol poisoning, 2253,
2770
autoradiography, 1155
in children, 2855, 2868, 2900, 2975, 3033
development, site of origin, rats, 1073
as diagnostic sign, dogs, 649, 863
DNA content, 1893
electron microscopy, 2363
animals, 928, 960, 1034, 1125, 2363
histochemistry, 2943
animals, 793, 960
vs viral inclusions, 1893
histology, rats, 1126, 1156
mechanism of formation, 960
in poisoning vs virus-caused, 928
RNA, protein content, 1155
in sheep, 3435
in urine sediment, children, 2943
vs neoplasms, rats, 1031
vs Pb content, baboons, 713
in wild rats, 1003
intracellular distribution of Pb, see Metabolism
of lead, distribution
lithiasis, mistaken for colic, 1704
malignant nephrosclerosis, signs, pathology, 1338
mechanism of action, 822
mitochondrial system, electron microscopy, rats,
1125
necrotizing disorder, fatal, in EDTA therapy, 1876
nephritis, 1534, 1874, 1973, 3125; see also
Bright's disease
chronic, 1770, 1771, 1897, 2746
from childhood poisoning, 2887
fatal, 1770, 1771, 1897
mortality, from childhood poisoning, 1575,
1916
Parkinson's as sequela, 1726
endemic, relation to Pb, 2318
type, relation to Pb, 2054
vs blood, urine Pb, 2397
vs hair Pb, 2415
vs Pb content in water, 236
vs in poisoning, reviews, 2165
frequency, 2055
hypertensive, frequency, 1970
toxic, renal infiltration treatment, 1229
vs basophils in diagnosis, 1912
vs length of exposure, 1347
nephrosclerosis, 1251, 1656
occurrence, past, present, 1240
in rabbits, 1146; see also contracted, 1146
oxygen consumption, 615
effect of cysteamine, in vitro, 326
inhibition by triethyllead, in vitro, 426
oxygen metabolism, 853
pain, from oral, 2024
pathology, 1271, 1857; see also inclusion
bodies; specific disorders
Subject Index
861
-------
Kidneys and urinary tract: pathology (cont)
in acute alkyl Pb poisoning, rats, 1091
in acute PbEDTA poisoning, animals, 918
in acute poisoning, 1920
in animals, 496, 649, 870
in calves, 1099
in chronic poisoning
animals, 517, 570, 644, 759, 1010, 1100,
1126, 1146, 1179
vs in man, 759, 780, 1138
in compensation case, 3520
in dogs, 863
effect of: diets, rats, 1134
drugs, animals, 536, 557, 809, 1130
radiation, 1156
from flue dust, livestock, 3245
initial changes, animals, 739
leading to neoplasms, rats, 798
from lupine+Pb, cattle, sheep, 931
in newborn of poisoned mother, 2944
from PbEDTA, reversibility, rats, 1017
Umbradil, rats, 731
from Pb-lubricant, guinea pigs, 489
from Pb stearate, acetylsalicylate, animals,
567
in primates, 944
from TEL 1921
vs Pb content, rabbits, 556
vs TML, rats, 1068
from TEL-gasoline, 2305
from TEL-, vs TML-gasoline, animals, 3357
time factors, vs serum enzymes, 835
from titanates, rats, 987
from TML, rabbits, 1049
vs blood proteins, rabbits, 1094
vs dose, effect of therapy, rats, 746
vs neoplasms, rats, 1031
time factors, rats, 986
Pb content, distribution, see Metabolism of lead
respiration, phosphorylation, in TEL poisoning,
rabbits, 592
in vitro, 307
riboflavin content, rabbits, 752
size rats, 759
toxic nephrosis, fatal, in EDTA therapy, 1830
tubular nephrosis, electron microscopy, rabbits,
1124
uremia, from contaminated water, 1474
fatal, 3103
unrelated to Pb, urine ALA, 2386
urethra, sphincteral spasm from self-catheteri-
zatlon, 1543
urinalyses; see also albuminuria; aminoaciduria;
function; Carbohydrate and intermediate
metabolism; Protein metabolism
abnormal, frequency, 1737
in children, 2986, 2990, 2991, 2998, 3000,
3010, 3060
in TEL poisoning, 2162
urinary retention, 1543
urine, acid-fast bodies, 2363
specific gravity, 2389
urobilin, urobilinogen, see Pigments, biologic
volume, in acute, chronic poisoning, rats, 518
effect of: pituitary extracts of poisoned
rats, in rabbits, 560
vasopressin, rats, 518
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 1122
vs urine Pb from childhood poisoning, 2528
vascular changes, 1468, 1655, 1656
vs hypertension, rats, 534
vascular effect as mechanism of Pb, 1848, 1849
water balance, in acute, chronic poisoning,
rats, 518
effect of alcohol, rats, 607, 609
water metabolism disorders, frequency, 1862
weight, animals, 517, 518, 759, 1146
vs Cu content, sheep, 1139
Kynurenic acid, see Protein metabolism, tryptophan
metabolites
Laboratories
Pb content in air, 3218
qualification requirements, 2030
spectrographic, health hazards surveys, 3218
Laboratory animals, see Animal experimentation;
Experiments with animals; specific species
Labor unions
management, government agency relationships, 3090
Lacrimal glands
red tears, as sign of TEL poisoning, rats, 919
Largactil, see Chlorpromazine
Lead
allowable concentrations, see Maximum allowable
concentrations; Threshold limit values
analysis, see Analytical methods
binding with: antimicrobials, 414
chelates, reviews, 31, 35
biologic, physical constants, 3523
biologic effects, see specific organs, systems,
tissues
biologic threshold limits, 2134; see also Thres-
hold limit values
body burden, see Metabolism of lead
chemistry, reviews, 4, 3869
complexes with: carnosine, stability constants,
4102
D-, N-acetyl-D-penicillamine, stability
constants, 4099
S-containlng amino acids, 4101
thioguanine, formation constants, 4097
consumption, 4087, 4090, 4094
reviews, 4
content in: body, see Metabolism of lead
gasoline mixes, see Gasoline, leaded
corrosion, in distilled water, effect of oxygen
diffusion, 91; see also Water; Water
contamination
reviews, 4065, 4068
in water, effect of ground systems, 96
doses causing: blood-pressure effect, rats, 534
neoplasms, rats, 570
dusts, fire hazards, 3175
effect, toxicity in plants, see Plants
essentiality, 32, 2199
explosion hazards, with trinitrotoluene, 3095
health hazards, research on, reviews, 43; see
also specific exposures
as industrial poison, effect on enzymes, 450
intake; see also Gasoline, leaded
from air, 2287, 2288, 2465, 2501, 2732, 3291
in compensation case, 1262
vs food, 3337
vs water, 3269
causing abortion in sheep, 475
causing poisoning, 1312, 1908; see also Food
and beverage contamination; Water
contamination
862
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead: intake (cont)
from food, 48, 1299, 1762, 2287, 2288, 2501,
2732, 3275, 3335
age variations. Japan, 1678
high-calorie, 2681
and water, 1631
livestock, see Livestock
from meat, 49
for neoplasm formation, 570, 1031
from paint, children, 3507, 3514
reviews, 37
from skin absorption, 2320
from sprayed plant foods, 148, 1951
threshold limits, children, 3507
from water, safe to lethal^ time factors, 3542
from wine by alcoholics, 2830
isotopic composition, 68, 121, 192
measurement, 4034
isotopic distribution, reviews, 42; see also
Lead isotope(s)
legislation, see Legislation
lethal doses; see also specific compounds
in animals, see Lead, toxicity in birds;
Lead, toxicity in livestock; Lead,
toxicity in mammals
nasal implantation, 2373
oral, 1920, 2157, 2498, 3147
in children, 2857
reviews, 2374
materials survey, 4087
mechanism of action by: adrenal secretions
disorder, 862
adsorption on erythrocytes, 1235. 1692
binding, release from erythrocytes, 353, 374
bone marrow disorder, 1394
bone marrow effect, 519
enzyme inhibition, 692, 1062, 1337, 2427, 2569
erythrocyte hemolysis, 440
Fe utilization effect, 500, 2bOO
heme synthesis inhibition, 417, 1762, 1957
reviews, 2678
vs mitochondria, RNA changes, 1076, 1161,
1162
hemoglobin synthesis inhibition, 2716
reviews, 2704
mitochondria disorder, 1957
nucleic acid metabolism disorder, 317
porphyrin metabolism disorder, 409, 417, 483,
500, 599, 915, 1131, 1255, 1638, 1957,
2189, 2191, 2234, 2302, 2469, 2470, 2471
preganglionic nerve endings as site, 349, 350
protein synthesis inhibition, 772
protein utilization inhibition, 770, 824
reticuloendothelial system damage, 484
reviews, 36, 40, 2656
pharmacology, toxicity, reviews, 36
pouring, as New Year's Eve custom, 2396
products, specifications, 5
reactions with chelates, 4080
sensitivity to, see Age variations; Race varia-
tions; Sex variations; Species varia-
tions; Susceptibility to lead
solubility in water, 3434
vs water hardness, 3455
technology, reviews, 4065, 4068
threshold doses, from air vs food, 1762
tolerance, individual variations, 1762; see also
Individual variations; Susceptibility
tolerance, tolerated doses, in animals, see Lead,
toxicity in birds; Lead, toxicity in
livestock; Lead, toxicity in mammals
tolerated doses, inhalation, 2287-2289, 3236,
3390
oral, 2287, 2288, 3390
toxic doses, in animals, see Lead, toxicity in
livestock; Lead, toxicity in mammals
chronic, 2613
inhalation, 2498, 3253
in children, 3360
oral, 1628, 2622
in children, 2908
reviews, 2374
from water, time factors, 1762
toxicity, decrease by Ge, U addition, 4062
from inhaled vs oral, 3275
reviews, 32, 40, 42
vs As, 148
uses, antidote, treatment, liver necrosis, rats,
778
in bone changes studies, autoradiographic, 767
in bone growth, remodeling studies, dogs, 1098
gastrointestinal transit time determination,
animals, 1058
history, 1, 5, 4077
reviews, 42, 4065, 4068, 4090, 4103
therapeutic, as cause of poisoning, history,
14; see also Drugs, Pb-containing
X-ray mass absorption coeffecients, reviews, 4095
Lead, toxicity in amphibians
frogs, tadpoles, lethal doses, protection by
vitamin C, rutin, 392
threshold paranecrotic doses in liver, kidney,
nerve cells, 363
Lead, toxicity in aquatic animals, see Lead,
toxicity in amphibians; in crustaceans; in
fish
Lead, toxicity in birds
chick embryo, effect on tumor growth, abnormali-
ties, 565
lethal doses, injection, 782, 994
malformations, vs dose, 994, 1067
meningocele production, 505
nervous system disorders, 513, 521
pathology, 782
survival vs injection age, 718
tolerance, 513, 521
chickens, acute, chronic, 811
erythrocytes, ultrastructure, 1076, 1161, 1162
metabolism, 1182
porphyrin metabolism, Fe incorporation, 873
protection with EDTA, 503
ducks, fertility, embryonic mortality, 581
lethal doses, oral, 487
metabolism of Pb, critical levels, 487
signs, 512
pigeons, acute, chronic, vestibular chronaxie,
516
blood changes, phase-contrast microscopy, 770,
824
Lead, toxicity in crustaceans
Daphnia magna, effect of time, salt, 394
of Pb-Zn waste dilutions, 3465
Lead, toxicity in fish
Acanthogobius flavimanus (goby), tolerated in-
jected dose, 310
bluegills, tolerance limits, 469
coagulation film anoxia theory, 3480
effect of water hardness, 412, 469, 3480
Subject Index
863
-------
Lead, toxicity in fish (cont)
fathead minnows, tolerance limits, 412, 469
Gambusia affinis, lethal, tolerated doses, 355
goldfish, tolerance limits, 469
guppies, tolerance limits, 469
Lebistes reticulatus (guppy), growth, etc, mor-
tality, 425
mechanism of action, 418
by motorboat exhausts, vs water volume, 3471
reviews, 3429, 3437, 3464, 3480, 3482
Squalius cephalus, effect of temperature, 333
by TEL wastes, seawater effect, 3448
trout, rainbow, acute, chronic, 457
effect of dissolved 02, 418
Lead, toxicity in insects
bees, lethal dose in honey, 330
Lead, toxicity in livestock; see also Lead poison-
ing in livestock, for case reports
cattle, As, Pb content in milk from Pb arsenate,
1070
congenital deformity by lupine + Pb, 929
effect of EDTA in acute, 543
Pb metabolism, 474
mobilization, chelates, 899
by EDTA, degree, mechanism, 1039
in pregnancy, by lupine + Pb, 931
signs, survival, in acute, chronic, 688
goats, Pb metabolism, 558
vs liver function, in subacute, 566
hogs, inclusion bodies, kidney, liver, electron
microscopy, 1034
liver mitochondria, electron, microscopy, 1196
horses, young, by flue dust, 3245
lethal doses, intravenous, sheep, 477
oral, age variations, cattle, sheep, 486
in cattle, 475, 486
minimum cumulative, cattle, vs horses,
3398
in sheep, 475, 477, 486
sheep, blood, Co, Cu, Fe, 1071
Ca, P metabolism in young, 115
cholinesterase, vs in TEL, toxicity, 1189
Cu metabolism, reproduction, 1139
in young, 1002, 1158
effect of penicillin on blood Pb, 740
enzymes, blood, 1089
from flue dust, 3245
Pb intake causing abortion, 475, 931
Pb metabolism, 477
Pb mobilization, by antibiotics, 802, 860
by sulfonamides, 860
in pregnancy, by lupine + Pb, 931
tolerated doses, oral, cattle, sheep, 474, 475
repeated, in pregnant cattle, sheep, 931
toxic doses, oral, vs time of storage, cattle,
sheep, 568
repeated, in pregnant cattle, sheep, 931
in water, cattle, 771
Lead, toxicity in mammals; entries represent main
subject of experiments; unless otherwise in-
dicated, exposure is chronic to ionic Pb;
for route and species, see Experiments with
animals; see also Lead, toxicity in live-
stock; specific compounds; for poisoning
cases, see Lead poisoning in animals; for
effects, see specific organs, systems
acetylcholine synthesis, brain, 966
acute, adrenal cortex function, pathology, 1012,
1013
ALA, porphyrin metabolism, 915
amino acid metabolism, 527, 1032
anemia
effect of: adrenal cortex, hormones, 934
AMP, 940, 998
drugs, 538
liver extracts, 528, 611
mineral water, 906, 967
vitamin 812, 528, 587, 611
macronormoblastic, 580
mechanism, 1027
nucleic acid metabolism, 995
protein metabolism, 714
treatment, 561
antidotes for, 801, 1011
ascorbic acid metabolism, 893
basophils, porphyrins, 531, 1558
blood, acetylcholine, 1193
adrenaline, 1097
Coombs test reactions, 1722
electrolytes, 1065
mucoid, neuraminic acid, 989
proteins, 868, 869, 1188
brain, neuraminic acid, 990
Ca, metabolism, 2216
P metabolism in parathyroidectomized, 743
vs Pb metabolism, 924
calcinosis, 1021
cumulative, of titanates, 987
effect of: alcohol, 588
BAETA, DTPA, 1043
Ca, levulose, on amino acids, enzymes, 520
chelates, evaluation, 753
citrate accumulation, 665
Co, vitamin 612, 907
Complexon, 914
EDTA, see Edetate
KNa citrate, 855
liver extracts, vitamins, 642, 834
4-mercaptobenzenesulfonamide, 559
parathyroid hormone, 861
pectin, 888
physical exercise, 661
pyridoxal phosphate on AMP inhibition of
porphyrinuria, 1042
S-containing amino acids, 668
temperature, dehydration, humidity, 887,
1106
thioctic acid, 809
vitamin C, 1011
electrocardiography, 851
enzyme activities, see Enzymes
erythrocytes, survival, effect of AMP, 1055
59pe uptake in erythroblasts vs erythrocytes,
613
gastrointestinal intramural nervous system, 909
glucuronic acid excretion, 943
hematopoietic changes, 867
heme synthesis inhibition, localization, 895
immunologic changes in serum, 720
intestinal fluid Pb excretion, 902
medullary reflexes, nerve conduction, 756, 757
methionine, metabolism, 788
nucleic acid metabolism, 814
organ pathology, 870
osteomyelosclerosis, 1083
P metabolism, 686, 1119
Pb content in tissues, organs, see Metabolism
of lead
864
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead, toxicity in mammals: acute (cont)
Pb-reactive substances in peripheral synapses,
866
phosphorylation, muscle, 744
porphyrin metabolism, 843
effect of AMP, 940
porphyrin synthesis in tissue-glycocoll homo-
genates vs in anemias, 711, 779
protein metabolism, 1144
reflexes, interoceptive, 908
riboflavin metabolism, 752
salivary gland function, 997
effect on Pb excretion , 996
seromucoid, sialic acid in blood, nerves, 1112
sex hormone activity, 903
signs, lactate dehydrogenase activity, 961
pathology, 649
vs dose evaluation, 746
in splenectomized, 832
stability of PbEDTA complex vs in chronic, 411
thyroid pathology, 1199
treatment, prevention, by various agents, 514
vascular reactivity, 541
adrenal cortex function, pathology, 956, 1012,
1013
ALA metabolism, see Aminolevullnic acid
anemia; see also Blood
effect of: drugs, vitamins, 617, 697, 775,
951, 1057, 1132
radiation injury, 884
splenectomy reticuloendothelial blockade,
519
erythrocytes, hemoglobin in, 833
Fe in blood, erythrob lasts, -cytes, 709
fluorescyte patterns, 666, 667
growth, synergism with Zn, 480
hemolytic, immune reactions in Coombs-positive
erythrocytes, in vitro, in vivo, 980
hypochromic-hypersideremic, mechanism, 776,
785
liver extracts potency determination, 610
mechanism, 1027, 1079, 2600
porphyrin, blood, synthesis, in vivo vs
in vitro, 627
types, 1092
antidiuretic action of pituitary extracts of
poisoned animals, 560
as arsenate, 1191
vs PbO, As205, 1192
arteriolosclerosis, 729, 992, 1146
atherosclerosis, 2742
auricle thrombosis, 1130
basophil erythrocytes, cytology, 812
effect of vitamin 812 in vitro, 331
electron microscopy, 1140
formation in vitro, 303
reticulocytes, histochemistry, 970
vs urine porphyrins, 531
blood, amino-N, proteins, 981
bone marrow changes, effect of BAL, 492
changes, phase-contrast microscopy, 770, 824
changes vs exposure route, 976
cholesterol, vs Cd, Cr effect, 1020
coagulation, 1166
fluorescyte patterns, 677
glutathione, 677, 685, 1061, 1187
glutathione vs glycine, 872
nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis 1183, 1184,
1185
oxygen consumption, 576
platelets, 1165
porphyrins, during, after exposure, 847
proteins, 600, 952, 1036, 1094, 1188
vs liver pathology
bone, autoradiography, 767
deposition sites, 493
marrow biopsy, 481
brain, cortex interneuronal junctions, 760, 761
histopathology, 822
Ca metabolism, 864, 1147, 2216
P metabolism, effect of cortisone, 1009
Pb metabolism, by inert, vs radio-Pb, 578
vs Pb metabolism, 905
calcergy, mast cell reactions, 1174
neurotropic, 1175
prevention with histamine, 1176
passive transfer, 1178
vs mastocalcergy, 1177
calcinosis induction, 1084
cancer acceleration, 664
chelate action, reviews 917
of porphyrins vs EDTA, 988
cholesterol metabolism, 1004
chromatography, electrophoresis for detection
1129
comparative, of gray vs red minium, 794
coproporphyrin I, III tetramethyl esters, 736
corneal opacity, 672
corticosteroid fractions in adrenal, 803
Cu, Zn metabolism, 975
cytochrome c changes, 583
detoxication, factor in liver extracts, vitamins,
634
mechanisms , 677
digestive tract motor function, 1069
drugs diminishing skeletal storage, 546
with EDTA, effects, reproduction, 896
effect of: alcohol on Pb storage, 607-609
allithiamine, 732
ascorbic acid, 548
BAL, see Dimercaprol
Ca, P, vitamin D, on bone-Pb removal, 648
chelating agents, 983
cysteamine, EDTA, by complexing, 614
dehydration, temperature, 678
dietary components, 659
diets, fat, protein, 831, 889, 985, 1041, 1134
dithiols, 571
EDTA; see also Edetate; Lead edetate
thiosulfate, prophylactic vs therapeutic, 949
vs ethylenediamine-bis-isopropylphosphinate,
1038
insecticide mixture, 652
keratinized albumin on Pb elimination, 710, 829
KI, 819
4-mercaptobenzenesulfonamide, 559
methylesculetol, 715
milk, 612, 653
Na citrate, 598
pectin, 926, 1118
proteins, vitamins, 692
pyrocatechol disulfonate, 499, 724
sedormid on porphyrin excretion, 719
S-mineral water, 1086
starvation, 677
temperature, 1087, 1198
+ Hg, 1180
humidity, 827
Subject Index
865
-------
Lead, toxicity in mammals: effect of (cont)
tetrathionate, vs poisoning degree, 656
thioctic acid vs dosage, 857
ultraviolet rays, 572
vitamins, 331, 612, 676, 677, 886, 890, 1135,
1163
electrocardiography vs pathology, 852, 950
electroencephalography, 702
in strong vs weak, 763
enzyme activity, see Enzymes
erythrocytes, 859
formation, survival, 910
phosphatides, P incorporation, 2651
plasma partition, from 2*"Pb, 501
size, 982
liver disorder, 496
survival, effect of inosine, 1127
ultrastructure, 1076, 1161, 1162
eye muscle lesions, 657
Fe, nonheme, heme synthesis, 1066, 1157
-binding capacity of plasma protein, 632
in blood, 507
macrophages, electron microscopy, 707, 708
in ferroprotein fractions in bone marrow, 1007
metabolism, 539, 616, 783, 2439
in anemias, 792
food additives + As, Cu, Sn, 1090
gastrointestinal intramural nervous system, 909
genital organs, function, 677, 922
gonadotropic activity of hypophysis, 817
growth, survival, vs Cd, Cr toxicity, 1081, 1082
hair, pigments, in offspring, 1072
hemoglobin, fetal, formation, 2673
high, low-Pb glazes, 717
histopathology, effect of tocopherol, 536
hypersensitivety to Pb, by repeated dosage, 1944
hypertension, 534
immunology, 735, 2533
intestine, isolated, reactivity, 806
kidneys, disorders; see Kidneys and urinary
tract
neoplasms, evaluation, 891; see also Neoplasms
lethal doses, in animals, 687
intraperitoneal, mice, 949, 1040, 1074
in rats, 692, 746
intravenous, mice, 633, 679, 680
in rabbits, 692
in rats, 837
vs oral, rabbits, 838
oral, rabbits, vs dose, 651
Pb-containing tartar emetic, intramuscular,
mice, 2357
vs cation EDTA chelate effect, 1150
vs cysteamine metal complexes, mice, 830
liver function, 1164; see also Liver
effect of methylesculetin, quercetin, 781
liver inclusion bodies, 1153
liver necrosis prevention, 778
liver pathology in vitamin deficiencies, 815
lung lesions by barite, Zn dusts, 1077
lung pathology, from Pb, vs Cu, Mo ores, 2760
metabolic rate, effect of exercise, 733
methemoglobin reduction in erythrocytes, 962
methionine metabolism, 942
muscle, 674
mitochondrial, lysosome lesions, 1045
mortality, tumors, metabolism vs Cr, Cd, Ni,
Ti, 1173
mucoproteins, blood, 2494
muscle chronaxie, 637
myelosclerosis, 1095
by naphthenate oil, 662
neoplasms, doses causing, rats, 570; see also
Neoplasms
nervous system, compensation reactions, 762;
see Nervous systems
nucleic acid metabolism, 676
nucleoprotein metabolism, 1195
oral mucosa pathology, 1025
effect of vitamin B, 1026
oral Pb sulfide, 732
organic salts, 567
organ pathology, 1100
osteitis fibrosa, calcinosis, 1085
oxide vs sulfide, for MAC evaluation, 1019
oxygen consumption in liver, kidney, effect of
cysteamine, 615
oxygen metabolism, 853
P metabolism, 1148
pathology, 557
Pb content in tissues, organs, see Metabolism of
lead
Pb-lubricant, 489
Pb-Sn alloys, 1018, 2796
pial artery response vs encephalopathy, 1168
pituitary-adrenocortical function, 677
plasma protein binding, electrophoresis, 700
porphyrin metabolism; see Porphyrins
protein metabolism; see Protein metabolism
PVC stabilizers, 1064
reflexes, blood, kidney changes, 826
effect of diet, 889
limit doses in water affecting, 569
porphyrins, 898
renal blood flow, 1059
reproduction, vs dose, 1078
reticulocyte biosynthesis of apoferritin, 1149
retinopathy, 1137
reviews, 953
riboflavin metabolism, 752
salivary gland function, effect on Pb excretion,
996
serotonin metabolism, 1110
signs, in parathyroidectomized, 804
pathology, 649
vs dose evaluation, 746
vs in man, 773, 1138
skeletal accumulation mechanisms, 547
skin absorption effects, 730
skin neoplasm acceleration, 969
spinal cord pathology, 972
spinal ganglia pathology, 1096
subacute, amino acids, enzymes, 527
antibody response, 698, 699
basophils, siderocytes, reticulocytes, 901
blastophthoric effect, 959
blood acetylcholine, 1193
blood adrenaline, 1097
capillary resistance, mechanism, 862
effect of, BAL vs Na citrate, 515
cysteamine, 641
hydrogen sulfide on proteins, enzymes, 921
erythrocytes, electron microscopy, 865
in reticulocytosis, 764
Fe vs Pb metabolism, 913
Fe utilization, 939
gastrointestinal intramural nervous system, 909
intrarenal circulation, 596
866
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead, toxicity in mammals: subacute (cont)
protein metabolism, 1145
serum albumin, 525
sulfanilamide acetylation, 1142
sulfhydryl groups in nervous system, 974
survival, effect of folic acid, 511
Pb accumulation, criticism of experiments, 1037
in trained vs untrained, 586
teeth, loss, 849
thyroid function, 945, 1035, 1103
as early sign, 1104
tissue respiration, 307
tolerance in repeated poisoning, 635
tolerated doses, intraperitoneal, rats, 692, 746
intravenous, rabbits, 692
in rabbits, rats, 692
toxic doses, inhalation, Pb sulfide, rats, 3296
oral, acute, chronic, dogs, 649
trace element metabolism, 958
after metal mixture iv, 1151
trimethylamine metabolism, 479
tryptophan metabolism, 937
urobilinogen excretion in feces, 575
use of isotopes in studies, reviews, 947
vascular system pathology, in low exposure, 1010
vs di-, tri-, tetraethyllead, 932
vs EDTA, PbEDTA, 1074
vs radioprotective effect, 1052
water uptake, excretion, 518
in workroom exposure, 701, 973
zinc metabolism, 2466, 2467
Lead, toxicity in microorganisms, see Microorgan-
isms
Lead, toxicity in mollusks, see Mollusks
Lead, toxicity in protozoa, see Protozoa
Lead abietate, see Abietic acid
Lead acetate
acceleration of skin carcinogenesis, mice, 969
acute poisoning from ingestion, 1459, 1541
basic, pharmacopeia analytical method, 3803
calcergy,reactions, rats, 1174-1178
calcification, in rats, intravenous, 1084, 1085
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
chemistry, 4
coagulation of milk, 436
dibasic, bactericidal effectiveness, 3555
effect on: carbohydrates, 385
plant growth in solution cultures, 253
yeast fermentation, respiration, 334
experiments with:
animals, oral, 888
cats, intravenous, 588, 908
oral, 767, 909
cattle, oral, 474, 543, 688, 929, 931
chick embryo, injection, 718, 782, 994
dogs, 644, 1036, 1193
intratracheal, 900
intraureteral, 1059, 1060
intravenous, 762, 763, 822, 900, 902
oral, 573, 702, 767, 769, 841, 900, 909,
982, 1069, 1097
subcutaneous, 789
fish, 333
injection, 310
guinea pigs, intracardiac, 307, 564
intraperitoneal, 901, 1101
intratracheal, 791
intravenous, 604
oral, 650,791,832,865,878, 890, 1135, 1140
subcutaneous, 557, 764, 791, 1160
hamsters, oral, 793, 825
subcutaneous, 793
human subjects, inhalation, 2089, 2170, 2413
oral, 1230, 1487, 1528, 2733
mice, 815
intraperitoneal, 678, 887, 1052
intravenous, 604, 636, 678, 887
oral, 664, 960
subcutaneous, 853, 977
pigeons, oral, 516
pigs, oral, 1034, 1196
rabbits, 539, 819, 892, 962, 981, 1061, 2427,
2569
injection, 528, 538, 617, 833, 958, 970
intramuscular, 750, 784, 998, 1110, 1127,
1055, 1057, 1132, 2515, 2600
intraperitoneal, 495, 659, 1131
chronic, 1121
intravenous, 331, 476, 479, 522, 524, 525,
561, 571, 587, 601, 606, 641, 642, 668,
692, 698, 699, 720, 729, 741, 747, 748,
750, 753, 797, 834, 851, 852, 868, 869,
870, 950, 954, 972, 1006, 1010, 1027,
1028, 1042, 1062, 1065, 1066, 1092-1096,
1143, 1152, 1163, 1187, 2196, 2239,
2600, 2673
oral, 476, 481, 492, 535, 536, 579, 583, 598,
600, 606, 624, 651, 655, 710, 711, 722,
723, 735, 752, 772, 776, 779, 783, 785,
829, 885, 895, 906, 910, 913, 923, 939,
956, 976, 988, 992, 1004, 1007, 1012,
1013, 1028, 1075, 1079, 1137, 1138, 1140,
1141, 1144, 1146, 1160, 1164-1166, 1183-
1185, 2239, 2602, 2742, 2766
skin application, 606
subcutaneous, 495, 522, 524, 640, 685, 750,
814, 864, 915, 921, 940, 976, 943, 1006,
1015, 1028, 1032, 1042, 1136, 1149
rats, 613, 810, 1025, 1035
inhalation, 1045
injection, 683, 907
intestinal infusion, 1197
intraarterial, 731
intramuscular, 881, 1157
intraperitoneal, 493, 527, 580, 653, 692, 707,
708, 746, 788, 809, 835, 862, 945, 952,
961, 989, 990, 1112, 1119, 1124, 1125,
1131
intravenous, 731, 517, 518, 546, 580, 862,
893, 934, 995, 1046, 1108, 1113, 1114,
1130, 1153
oral, 478, 484, 500, 517, 518, 586, 650, 653,
693, 715, 760, 761. 778, 817, 889, 896,
928, 935, 959, 975, 986, 1009, 1020, 1026,
1038, 1045, 1073, 1103, 1104, 1126, 1140,
1147, 1148, 1155, 1156, 1173, 1195, 2363
subcutaneous, 612, 660, 780, 921, 924, 1072,
1134, 1195, 1966
ruminants, oral, 486
seals, intramuscular, for age determination,
1102
sheep, intravenous, 476
oral, 476, 477, 931, 1002, 1139, 1158, 1159,
1189
experiments in vitro, 311, 318, 378, 413, 422,
427, 430, 433, 456, 460, 461, 468, 473,
508, 2427, 2569
hemolysis of erythrocytes, in vitro, 439
Subject Index
867
-------
Lead acetate (cont)
hydrolysis of microorganism RNA, 415
lethal doses, 687
chick embryo, 782
intraperitoneal, mice, 830, 949, 1040, 1074
intravenous, mice, 633, 679, 680
paramecia, 391
myelosclerosis production, rabbits, 1095
neoplasms; see also Neoplasms
in animals, 935
reviews, 1167
in rats, 891, 986, 1031
ointments, skin absorption, 3551
opium solution, suicide attempt, 2283
osteitis fibrosa, rats, from intravenous, 1085
osteomyelosclerosis, rats, from intravenous,
1083
radioactivity, as carcinogenic factor, rats,
1031
radioprotective effect, mice, 1052
soft tissue calcifying action, 1021
tetra-, lethal doses, mice, 3563
toxlcity in fish, vs water hardness, 469
uses:
in histochemistry, 472
in vivo, 866
as marker of calcified tissues, animals, 1170
in vital staining of hard tissue, rabbits, 807
for waterproofing as cause of poisoning,
infants, 3007
Lead acetate/sodium citrate complex
effect of " Sr excretion, mice, 957
Lead acetylsalicylate
inhalation toxicity, animals, 567
Lead adhesives
as contrast medium in cineradiology, dogs, 3564
Lead albuminate
formation, solubility in intestine, 710, 829
Lead alkyls, see Alkyllead; specific compounds
Lead alloys
brass, Pb content, 3141
casting, form of Pb in fumes, 3131
Pb vs Sb content in air, 3108
Pb content, vs health hazards, 2468, 3128
poisoning occurrence, 1949
reviews, 4, 5
uses, reviews, 4068
Lead arsenate
anthelminti cs, 540
effectiveness, in livestock, reviews, 3550
chemistry, 4
content in: enamel, solubility in boiling water,
274
milk of cows from feeding, 1070
experiments with: cattle, oral, 1070
rabbits, 1742
giardiacidal action, nice, 3559
intake, from sprayed apples, 148
lethal doses, 687
oral, goats, sheep, 540
in mice, 1191
in rats, 848
species variation, 848
pesticides: with DDT, taint trials, 4085
hearings, US, 3496
inert ingredients effect on insect toxicity,
4093
mixture, toxicity in rats, 652
spray
effect on: fruit quality, 463
sugar content in grapefruit, 327, 396
washoff in soil on plant growth, 253
residues on:
apples, 131, 148, 293
Pb-As ratio vs residue age, 207
coffee trees, 284
grapes, 255
tobacco, as source of smoke Pb, 3396
protozoacidal action, rodents, 3559
threshold limit values,
in air, UK, 3521
workroom US, 3543, 3546
toxicity, As vs Pb effect, 1192
chronic, mice, 1191
vs PbO, As205, mice, 1192
human, on experimental basis, 848
in mice, 3559
in rats, reviews, 1001
to soybean plants, 467
in warm-blooded animals, reviews, 777; see
also lethal doses
uses: acid reduction in citrus fruit, 253
in artificial pearls, 3049
Lead arsenate poisoning
acute, chronic, by ingestion, inhalation, 2117
in animals, 490
reviews, 854
in cattle, 726, 745, 787
in children, 2851
criminal, signs, symptoms, 1742
diagnosis, urine As, Pb, porphyrins, 2117
metabolism, content in hair, urine, 1742
miosis in, 1810
occurrence, from dust, 1310
from flour, 1604
from sprays, 2432
US, 2240, 2507
postmortem examination, 1452
in primates, 944
reviews, 2982
signs, symptoms, 1556, 2117
Lead arsenite
anthelmintic effectiveness, sheep, 3553
poisoning, reviews, 2982
Lead azide
cartridge blast, poisoning occurrence, 1437
chemistry, 4
Lead barite
dusts, experiments with rats, intratracheal,
1077
ores, health hazards, 3220
Lead-2,2'-bis(dicarboxymethyl)aminodiethyl ether
toxicity, intravenous, rats, 837
Lead bisilicate
use in Pb glazes, specifications, UK, 3586
Lead borate
exposure, in ceramics industry, 1907
use in glass industry, 3140
Lead borosilicate
exposure, in ceramics industry, 1907
Lead bromide
as air pollutant, 3233
as TEL antiknock decomposition product, 3243,
3248, 3253, 3261
toxicity vs TEL, 3339
use, in gasoline, 3223
Lead bronze
composition, Pb content, 3124
868
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead bullets; see also Lead shot
Pb content, 1426, 1498
poisoning occurrence, 1426, 1498, 2429, 2459
Lead burning; see also Metal cutting; Painted
surfaces
industrial hygiene control, 1277
Lead caprylate
use in plastics industry, 2604
Lead carbonate; see also White lead
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
chemistry, reviews, 4
content in: air, in plastics industry, 1911
face powder, causing poisoning, 1657
crystallization in collagen fibers, in vitro,
386
effect on: neoplasms, mice, 626
plants, 3368
experiments with: cats, oral, 849
dogs, oral, 649
rabbits, oral, 530, 656, 719, 849
hemolysis of erythrocytes, in vitro, 439
lethal doses, 687
poisoning, by ingestion, 2285
poisoning occurrence, 7, 1830, 1911, 2331, 2599,
2756
history, 20
toxic doses, oral, acute, chronic, dogs, 649
toxicity, relative, 1818
use as toothpowder as poisoning cause , 1376
uses in: artificial pearls, 3049
cotton industry, 2331
plastics industry, 2599, 2604
in water-color paint, as poisoning cause, 1427
Lead chloride
in automobile exhausts, 3317
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
effect on neoplasms, mice, 626
experiments with: chick embryo, 565
chickens, subcutaneous, 1076, 1161
frogs, immersion, 518
hamsters, oral, 825
human subjects, oral, 2733
monkeys, intravenous, 922
rabbits, 593
injection, 883
intravenous, 530, 531, 571
subcutaneous, 2083
experiments in vitro, 317, 356, 359, 413, 416,
449, 858, 2006,
lethal doses, 687
animals, vs cation EDTA chelate effect, 1150
in fish, 3480
in soft, hard water, 412
soft tissue calcifying action, 1021
as TEL antiknock decomposition product, 3253
toxicity in: Daphnia magna, 394
fish, effect of water hardness, 469
Lead chromate
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3556, 3563
chemistry, reviews, 4
content in spray paint, 3165
effect on neoplasms, mice, 626
exposure to, effect on amino acid excretion, 1654
lethal doses, 687
Pb content in air vs Cr, 2406
poisoning, 2606
diagnosis, 2406
solubility in gastric juice, 2771
threshold limit values, 3147
toxicity, relative, 2492
Lead citrate
experiments with rats, intravenous, 1039, 1105
oral, 1039
Lead compounds, inorganic
chemistry, reviews, 4, 5, 42
effect on neoplasms, mice, 626
formation on engine deposits, 3229; see also
Automobile exhausts
labeling requirements, US, 3514
manufacture, see Lead processing
soluble vs insoluble, poisoning risk, 2017
therapeutic, use, 12, 2739
toxicity, reviews, 42
uses, anticorrosive pigments, reviews, 4069
ceramics, 4070
Lead compounds, organic; see also specific
compounds
analytical methods: argento-, iodometric, 3818
mixtures, separation, paper chromatography,
3815
spectrophotometry, dithizone, 3816
chemistry, properties, reviews, 5, 12, 4072
preparation, reviews, 4072
therapeutic use, 12
toxicity reviews, 33, 41, 4072
uses, 12
fungicides, 4064
Lead-containing additives, see Food additives;
Stabilizers
Lead-containing minerals, see Minerals
Lead cysteamines
lethal doses, intraperitoneal, mice, 830
Lead deposits; see also Lead ores; Minerals;
Plants, Soil, Pb content as indicators
biogeochemical prospecting, USSR, 280
geochemistry, Tunisia, 64
isotopic composition, evaluation, 152
USSR, 208
ore resources, Sweden, 79
Pb content: in polymetallic Pb hematite, USSR,
114
vs Cu, Zn content, USSR, 162
in waters from, USSR, 173
stratiform, by subterranean leaching, France,
170
US, California, 127
history, 7
Lead 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetate, disodium
toxicity in animals, 918
Lead drier
composition, 1138
Lead edetate (disodium)
binding in liver cells, in vitro, 352
effect on: erythrocyte:plasma Pb, rabbits, 1781
fish, of injection in scales, 397
jejunum, uterus, in vitro, 382
KC1 muscle contraction, frog, 346
membrane-active substance action, in vitro,
360
Pb elimination, vs Pb dose, time factors,
rabbits, 753
excretion through kidney, mammary gland, cattle,
vs EDTA, 3398
formation in blood vs excretion, 684
lethal doses, intramuscular, rabbits, 918
intraperitoneal, mice, vs Pb, EDTA, 1074
in rabbits, 503, 918
intravenous, guinea pigs, 918
Subject Index
869
-------
Lead edetate: lethal doses (cont)
in rabbits, 503, 918
metabolism: content in teeth, vs injection
number, rats, 820
distribution, elimination, rats, 820
from intravenous, mammals, 703
vs LaEDTA, 1415
preparation, 918
stability, in organs, mammals, 411
in vitro, vivo, reviews, 402
tolerated doses, intraperitoneal, rabbits, 503
oral, cats, 918
in rats, 820
toxicity, intravenous, mammals, 837
kidney pathology vs Ca-, NaEDTA, rats, 1017
in mammals, 335, 605
reviews, 3554
signs, pathology, mammals, 918
uses: in paints, 4074
time marking of fish scales, 397
as X-ray contrast agent, experimental, 335,
605, 918, 3554
Lead ferrite
exposure, in ceramics industry, 1907
Lead foil
use, for food products, legislation, 3537
Lead formate
chemistry, reviews, 4
Lead foundries, see Foundries; Smelters
Lead glass reflectors manufacture
poisoning occurrence in small shops, 1671
Lead glazes; see also Food containers
experiments with rabbits, intratracheal, 717
laboratory, Pb content in air, 3084
manufacture, health hazards, 2773
poisoning occurrence, 1354
Pb bisilicate specification, compliance, UK,
3587
UK, 3586
Pb content, legislation, UK, 2584
vs in dust, 2718
vs poisoning occurrence, 2584
vs toxicity, rabbits. 717
solubility:
in acids, modified test method, 3588
test requirements, UK, 3587
vs toxicity, 717
standards, UK, 3586
tests, analytical methods, 3631
vs poisoning, 2594
substitution, vs poisoning occurrence, 2017
use on pottery, prehistoric, 2727
Lead halides; see also specific halides
chemistry, reviews, 4
Lead hydrides
formation, in Pb corrosion in water, 91
Lead Industries Association
registry of CaEDTA therapy, 1405
Lead industry; see also Lead processing; specific
industries, processes
air pollution control, electric filter, evalua-
tion, 3361
requirements, USSR, 3238
health hazards, prevention, 3073
surveys, Austria, 3202
history, 4071
medical surveillance, 3094
as source of seawater pollution, 3384, 3385
surveys, 4087, 4094
Lead iodide
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
as measure of air diffusion, 3292
Lead isotope-203
metabolism, distribution, elimination, effect
of EDTA, rats, 716
MPG, international, 3523
Lead isotope-204
content in minerals, glauconite, 223
ratios, in minerals, galena, 68
in ores, vs meteorites, 139
in sediments, seawater, 262
to 232Th, 23°U in ores, 121
Lead isotope-206
content in: meteorites, US, 246
minerals, glauconite, 223
mineral schists, 299
ratios, for age determination of earth, 94
in minerals, galena, 68
in ores, vs meteorites, 139
in sediment, seawater, Japan, 262
in Rn decay chain, 2662
Lead isotope-207
content in minerals, glauconite, 223
ratios, for age determination of earth, 94
in minerals, galena, 68
in ores, vs meteorites, 139
in sediment, seawater, Japan, 262
Lead isotope-208
content in minerals, glauconite, 223
ratios, in ores, vs meteorites, 139
in sediment, seawater, Japan, 262
Lead isotope-210
in air transport measurements, 3330
analytical methods:
air, 3164, 3395
precipitations, ion-exchange Pb separation,
3831
biologic materials, 2-^Bi separation, dithi-
zone, 4013
with Pb, 3981
diffusion chamber, 4000
rainwater, as 210Bi, 4038
soil, ion-exchange, 3889
wastes, liquid, 3872
annual balance in stratosphere, washout, N
Hemisphere, 3406
body burden, see metabolism
body dose, population, from radionuclide fallout,
206
bone dose, children, from radionuclide fallout,
206
contamination in Pb metal, steel, 4096
content in:
air, 3330
along 80th Meridian W, 3415
Antarctica, 3391
distribution, USSR, 298
from fallout, 206
geographic locations, 3415
half-life vs Rn source, 300
as measure of radionuclides in mines, 3164
monitoring programs, 3255
210Po ratio, 3379
seasonal variations, USSR, 297
surveys, US, 3395
US, 4038
vertical distribution, 3374
vs 222Rn, 3415
870
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead isotope-210: content in (cont)
air precipitations
rain, 3346
vs 137cs, 3375
snow, Antarctica, 3391
as measure of accumulation, Antarctica,
285
from nuclear tests, 3380
foods, beverages, 220
meat, bones, caribou, reindeer, sheep, 3373
glacier ice, vs 137cs, 3375
plants, grass, 3373
lichens, 3373
from soil, 3485
tobacco leaf, source, 296
vs radiation exposure, 180
seawater, depth variation, 204
soil, as cause of gastrointestinal cancer,
2301
chemical reactions, reviews, 181
vs in plants, 296
stratosphere, 206
U mill wastes, treatment, 3484
water, removal by aeration, 3472
reviews, US, 272
river, lake, 204
thermal, France, 277
treated vs untreated, US, 272
vs 226Ra, 182
equilibrium activity in plants, 296
experiments with animals, see Experiments with
animals
fallout, deposition on grass, 3311
natural, reviews, 3401
nuclear test effects, 3375
removal by precipitations, 3341
growth of 2l°Bi in, 4084
half-life, 2769
intake from diet, US, 220
metabolism: absorption in lung, lymph, vs body
dose, 2728
body burden, 2550, 2696, 2769, 3338
content in teeth as measure, 2555
intake, from water, 272
natural, 2149
from Rn, in dogs vs in man, 984
vs 210Po, 2598
content, in body, from naturally occurring,
2204
in bones, 2145, 2149, 2547, 2817
in ash vs wet-weight units, 2410
in cancer, 2268
in cattle, 2268
from mineral waters, 2262
in osteogenic sarcoma, 2752
vs in hair, U miners, 2728
in feces, after EDTA, dogs, 2370
vs urine, body burden, dogs, 984
in hair, 2728
in soft tissues, 2817
in teeth, 2145
in urine
after EDTA, dogs, 2370
as index of Rn body burden, 2370
as measure of Rn lung dose, 984
vs in air, U miners, 2689
vs from inert Pb, dogs, 578
vs in lungs, body, feces, dogs, 984
distribution, in body, guinea pigs, 677
in bones, autoradiography, dogs, 999
elimination, from body, effect of chelates,
rats, 1030
mobilization, from tissue by DTPA, rats, 1022
storage in bodies of animals from Rn, vs
930
210
Po,
MFC, international, 3523
in Pb-protein binding, autoradiography, 376
preparation, 4066
reaction with TEL, 4066
residence, in troposphere, 3346
in Rn decay chain, 2662
as source of 21°Po, 3401
sources of, in body, 2204
toxicity, vs inert Pb, dogs, 578
use in: diagnosis of Pb poisoning, 2b64
metabolic studies, 364, 497, 501, 523, 545,791,
797, 799, 856, 882, 883, 925, 927, 946,
955, 1008, 1043, 1044, 1046, 1105, 1106,
1108, 1111, 1113-1116
Pb analysis, by dilution, 3662
Lead isotope-211
analytical methods: soil, ion exchange, 3889
Lead isotope-212
analytical methods:
air, as 212Bi, 4038
sampling, paper filters, 3702
separation from Th, 3833
biologic half-life, in vivo, in vitro, dogs,
871
content in air, half-life vs Rn source, 300
meteorologic variations, 286
over oceans vs land, 3413
seasonal, meteorologic variations, 3413
7 worldwide sites, 3413
erythrocyte binding, in vitro, 313, 314
metabolism: absorption, respiratory tract dose,
2726
content in blood, decay, in vivo, in vitro,
dogs, 871
erythrocyte-plasma, dogs, 1190
distribution in:
blood, cattle, 341
erythrocyte-plasma, in vitro, 501
body, from ThX, rabbits, 509
tissues, organs, vs injection route, rabbits
1154
in dogs, 816
from ThX, intravenous, 2805
MFC, international, 3523
use in metabolic studies, 502, 588
Lead isotope-214
analytical methods:
air, 3164
as 214Bi, 4038
latent energy, continuous monitoring, 4040
218p0.214Bi.214pb ratioa) 3878
sampling, paper filters, 3702
content in:
air, as measure of radlonuclides in mines, 3164
meteorological variations, 286
over oceans vs land, 3413
seasonal, meteorologic variations, 3413
7 worldwide sites, 3413
synchrotron room, 3163
air precipitations, rain, 3322
water, mineral springs, 129
metabolism: absorption, respiratory tract dose,
2726
Subject Index
871
-------
Lead isotope-214 (cont)
in En decay chain, 2662
Lead isotopes
abundance, measurement, 59
in Pb ores, mass spectrophotometry, 57
analytical methods:
air, 3857
as Bi isotopes, 4038
sampling, 4038
mass spectrophotometry, apparatus, 3664
modern, reviews, 59
Pb composition, spectrography vs mass spectro-
photometry, 4034
reviews, 3869
spectrography, 3772
water, radiochemical, 3737
biologic, physical constants, 3523
biologic half-life, dogs, 871
cancer-inducing vs working level, 2662
composition in:
minerals, for age determination, 294
galena, mass spectrophotometry, 60
glauconite, 223
lavas, 282
ore deposits, 208
pyrite, vs age, 299
seawater, sediments, 262
vs depth, 136
snow, 3384
composition variations, ratios, 68
content in:
minerals, for age determination, see Minerals
hokutolites, 248
Pb ores, age determination, evaluation, 152
geologic significance, reviews, 112
metabolism, effect of chelates, rats, 991
in mineral age determination, vs Rb-Sr isotope
dilution methods, 90
ratios, in geochemical studies, 63
in minerals for age determination, evaluation,
80
as ocean mass indicators, 136
reviews, 42
in Rn decay chain, 2662
use in: bone formation studies, 1682
metabolic studies, 574, 589, 705, 878
reviews, 947, 2349
Lead lactate
lethal doses, 687
Lead lines, see Bones; Gingiva
Lead metal; see also Lead bullets; Lead shot
containers, for deionized water, evaluation, 4073
experiments with chickens, oral, 1182
molten, conduits for, 3192
burns, poisoning hazards from, 2836
Pb contamination, 4096
pellets for cleaning food containers, legisla-
tion, 3537
physical properties, reviews, 4083
radioactive, reaction with TEL, 4066
skin atrophy from handling, 2014
skin contact vs poisoning hazard, 3137
surgical implants, as cause of poisoning, 2235
toxicity, relative, 1818
Lead mining, see Mining
Lead naphthenate
experiments with rabbits, oral, 1138
lethal doses, oral, rabbits, 1054
percutaneous, rabbits, 1054
neoplasm production in mice, 1107
poisoning, 2320
from lubricating oil, 2051
by skin absorption, 2182
with S, toxicity in guinea pigs, 662
skin absorption hazards, 2739
uses, paints, 4074
Lead nitrate
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3556, 3563
chemistry, reviews, 4
coagulation of milk, 436
effect on: enzymes, in vitro, 305, 1242
neoplasma, mice, 626
plants, in vitro, 253, 466, 470
experiments with:
cats, intravenous, 757, 818
cattle, oral, 899
chick embryo, 505, 513, 521, 565
dogs, 1088
intravenous, 751
frogs, 363
guinea pigs, 575
intraperitoneal, 515
oral, 519, 576, 608, 657, 775, 979, 1038,
1076, 1161
human subjects, oral, 2733
mammals, oral, 674
mice, intraperitoneal, 887, 914, 1052
intravenous, 1106
oral, 1038
subcutaneous, 2655
rabbits, injection, 700
intramuscular, 499
intraperitoneal, 1781
intravenous, 596, 724, 1151, 2638
oral, 507, 650, 839, 840
skin application, 730
subcutaneous, 650
rats, 603, 615
inhalation, 1179
injection, 661
intravenous, 665, 837, 1022
oral, 607, 733, 774, 942, 1078, 1090, 1142,
1179
subcutaneous, 866, 1145
sheep, oral, 802, 1071, 1089
experiments in vitro, 318, 321, 349, 350, 369-
371, 398, 409, 416, 422, 434, 438, 453
hemolysis of erythrocytes, in vitro, 439
inhibition of mesentery mast cell disruption by
compound 48/80, etc, 401
lethal, tolerated doses, Gambusia affinis, 355
lethal doses, 687
in fish, 3480
intravenous, rats, 665
vs cation chelate effect, 1150
solubility in water, 4079
toxicity, in Alternaria tenuis conidia, 388
chronic, fish, 425
use as histochemical reagent, 371, 472
Lead ointments; see also Lead acetate; Lead
tannate
in cancer therapy, history, 3561
as cause of poisoning in nurslings, 2853, 2865,
2973
with opium, health hazards, 3560
pharmacopeia tests, 3557
poisoning occurrence, 2739
history, 14
872
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead oleate
formation, from acetate ointment, 3551
lethal doses, 687
use in ointments, 2865
Lead ores; see also Lead deposits; Minerals;
Mining; Plants, Soil, Pb content as indica-
tors
carbonate vs sulfide, health hazards, history, 7
poisoning occurrence, 2532
composition, 105
vs health hazards, 70
experiments with rats, inhalation, 2760
intratracheal, 2760, 3213
galena, poisoning vs sllicosis hazards, 3112
geochemistry, Finland, 137
isotopic composition, in earth's crust vs
mantle, 121
of primeval, 139
Pb content in polymetallic, 102
plant indicators, 455
processing, history, 4098
waste waters, Pb content from oxide vs
sulfide, 3445
toxicity in aquatic organisms, 3465
treatment, 3445, 3446, 3470
production, surveys, 4094
pyrite formation, isotopic composition, 299
source of, in earth, 281
sulfide, health hazards, 3213
210Pb contamination, 4096
Lead oxides; see also Red lead
as air pollutants, 3233
allergy to, 2315
chemistry, reviews, 4
content in adhesive bandage, 2750
effect on plants, 3368
experiments with: human subjects, inhalation,
1345, 2287-2289, 2733
rabbits, inhalation, 725, 794, 847, 898, 1180
intravenous, 303, 496, 867
oral, 496, 531
rats, inhalation, 898, 1180
exposure, in ceramics industry, 1907
as form of Pb in fumes, 3131
health hazards, vs Pb silicate, 2753
hemolysis of erythrocytes, in vitro, 441
lethal, tolerated doses, Gambusia affinis, 355
lethal doses, 687
in bees, 330
oral, 1920
manufacture, poisoning occurrence, 1748
oxidation by air, 4067
poisoning, from abortifacient use, 1764, 1920,
2622
in animals, 813
from battery residues, 2924
from oral, 1590
in reflector manufacture, 1671
safety guides, 3134
as TEL antiknock decomposition product, 3243,
3248, 3253, 3261
therapeutic use, 2739
toxicity, chronic vs Pb arsenate, As205, mice,
1192
relative, 1818
vs Pb sulfide, for MAC evaluation, 1019
uses, abortifacients, 1764, 1920, 2622
cosmetics, history, 4071
industrial, 3127
Lead pentetate
lethal doses, intravenous, rats, 837
trisodium, toxicity in animals, 918
Lead phosphate
experiments with: hamsters, intramuscular, 793
rats, subcutaneous, 534, 798
as form of Pb in blood, 358, 807
forms of, in blood, bones, 1762
lethal doses, 687
neoplasms, in animals, reviews, 1167
in rats, 570, 759, 798, 891
precipitated by leukocytes, 368
as TEL antiknock decomposition product, 3253
use in artificial pearls, 3049
Lead phosphide
lethal doses, oral, rats, 904
toxicity, as plastics stabilizers, rats, 904
use in plastics industry, 904
Lead phosphite
stabilizers, basic, dibasic, solubility in
water, 3447
use in plastics industry, 2604
Lead pigments; see also Paints; Red lead; White
lead
uses, cosmetics, 4071
history, 4071
Lead pipes, see Water pipes
Lead plaster
standardization, rheologic, 3558
Lead poisoning; entries represent main subject of
publication; unless otherwise specified,
prolonged ("chronic") and occupational ex-
posure are implied; see also Industrial
hygiene control; Medical surveillance;
Treatment; for findings, see specific or-
gans, systems
by abortifacients, see Abortifacients
accidental, 2023
acroasphyxia, -paresthesia, 1736
acute: after-holiday frequency, 1379
anemia, see also Blood
aplastic, 1217
development, 1610
with global medullary hypoplasia, 2666
hemoglobin, 1820, 1821
hemolytic, by contaminated food, 1733
in suicide attempt, 2283
blood, biochemistry, 2462
disorders, see Blood
Fe, see Iron metabolism
bone marrow disorders, 1645
cardiovascular disorders, 1656, 2343
from chronic, in alcoholic, 2333
with jaundice, kidney disorder, 1227
circulatory disorders, 1468
colic, porphyrin disorder as only sign, 1300
diagnosed as mental anorexia, 1763
effect of BAL, 1664; see also Dimercaprol
effect of EDTA, see Edetate
encephalopathy, 1816
fatal, 2299, 2652
signs, symptoms, 1681
erroneous diagnosis, 1572
fatal, by oral, 1604, 1644, 1686, 1920, 2622
organ Pb in, 1521, 1946
by repeated, 1338
by handling Pb plates, 2014
kidney disorders, reviews, 2319; see also
Kidneys
Subject Index
873
-------
Lead poisoning: acute (cont)
leukoporphyria, 1764
with metal fume fever, in welders, 1707
occurrence, past, present, 1711
prothrombin activity, 1611, 1612
reflexes, in colic, 1288
repeated, by illegal alcohol, 2519
review of cases, 2283
sequelae, 2450
signs, symptoms, 1541
frequency, specificity, 1586
reviews, 1324
by smoking, eating on job, 1232
stomatitis, 1425
in stonemasons, 1358
to subacute, repeated, 1279
unusual course, 2649
ventricular aneurysm as sequela, 1209
in young worker, 2580
adrenal gland function, 2447, 2562
by air pollution; see Air pollution
ALA, blood, in acute, chronic, 2619
metabolism, 2386; see also Aminolevulinic acid
porphyrin metabolism, 2189, 2191, 2328, 2743;
see also Porphyrins
effect of glycine, 2471
vs in porphyrias, 2404
urine, in females, 1969
vs severity of, 2382
ALA dehydratase activity, 2766
in anemia, 2190
alkaline phosphatase, see Enzymes
aminoacetone, urine, 2690, 2762
amino acid metabolism, 1309; see also Protein
metabolism
aminoaciduria, 1786, 1788, 2365
in EDTA treatment, 2979
vs kidney disorders, 2577
aminotransferases, see Enzymes
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type from, 1279
anemia, 1610; see also Blood
differential diagnosis, 2282
effect of folic acid, pentoxyl, 1635
effect of vitamin B12, see Vitamin B12
electrocardiography, phonocardiography, 2537
with encephalopathy, myelopathy, 2808
erythrocyte coproporphyrin, 1255
Fe inclusions in normoblasts, 1769
Fe metabolism in, 1790; see also Iron metabo-
lism
hemoglobin, infrared spectroscopy, 1757
UV spectrum, 1789
hemolytic mechanism, 1713
hemolytic property of serum in, 2488
mechanism, 2056, 2430, 2600, 2816
reviews, 2542, 2821
occurrence, in India, 2212
in new vs old factories, 2538
reviews, 2716
sickle-cell, with jaundice, in thalassemic,
2709, 2710
sideroachrestic, 2748
types, 1331, 2056, 2277
in acute, incipient, chronic, 1369
vitamin B^2 in blood, 1865
vs exposure, occupation, 1476
angina pectoris, 1382
antibiotics treatment, hazards of, 802
appendicitis as sequela of colic, 1216
arterial hypertension, effect of S baths, 1237
arteriosclerosis, relation, 2394
type, reviews, 1697
ascorbic acid metabolism, 1400
vs in silicosis, CN, S02 poisoning, 1839, 1840
with As poisoning, atypical neurologic syndrome,
1516
chiropodal tetraplegia, 1526
asthenovegetative syndrome, 2251
atherosclerosis development, 2742
atrioventricular conduction defects, 2593
in automobile drivers; see also Automobile
drivers
signs, symptoms, 3241
azotemia, 1322, 1391; see also Protein metabolism,
urea, blood
with benzene poisoning, in spray painters, 2771
bibliography, reviews, 1684
biochemical aspects, reviews, 1687
biologic limit values, see Threshold limit values
biochemical vs clinical signs, 2814
bladder colic, amblyopia, by TEL gasoline skin
contact, 2247
blindness as sequela, 1583
blood, antithrombin activity, 2192
basophils, in diseases other than, 2456
size vs poisoning degree, 2045
techniques, 2369; see also Basophilic
stippling of erythrocytes
variability, vs signs, 2791
vs porphyrinuria, 531
biochemistry, 2462
coagulation, capillary resistance, 2113
reviews, 2473
constituents, see Blood
Coombs test reactions, 1722
copper, see Copper metabolism
cytochemistry, vs in CO, C$2, benzene poison-
ing, silicosis, 1838
disorders; see also Blood
atypical, 2740
reviews, 1319, 1461, 1765, 2359, 2449, 2716,
2779
vs severity of, 1817
electrolytes, 1407
enzymes, see Enzymes
examination, statistical evaluation, 1923
value, 1333
glutathione, 1374
histochemistry, 2042
mucoprotein, sialic acid, 1988
in symptomless, 1991
porphyrin vs hemoglobin, 2196
proteins, 677; see also Protein metabolism
vs liver function, 1188
pyruvate, 1980; see also Carbohydrate and
intermediate metabolism
urine Pb, in miners, vs population, 2174
vs signs, 1512
blood cells, Fe-containing, 1750
blood pressure, circulation rate, 1458
in miners vs in silicosis, 1460
symmetrical changes, 2400
bone marrow, cytochemistry, 2522
disorders; see also Bone marrow
reviews, 2442
electron microscopy, 2049
non-hemoglobin Fe, 1994
books, 2083
874
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead poisoning (cont)
brain, disorders, review, 1993
bronchitis, chronic, in Pb fume exposure, 1661
Burton's line, history, 21; see also Gingiva,
Pb line
calcium metabolism, see Calcium metabolism
candles as source, 1352
from carbon blasting engines, 3098, 3100
cardiovascular disorders, 1656
examination in mild, 1594
reviews, 2314; see also Cardiovascular system;
Heart; Vascular system
cases, reports, 2595
in various industries, 1383
as cause of rheumatism, 1807
cerebrospinal fluid Pb vs pathology, 1360
chelates in treatment, 1552; see also specific
chelates
cholesterol metabolism, 2292, 2425; see also
Lipid metabolism
cholinesterase activity, 2561; see also Enzymes
vs blood porphyrin, 1242
with Cr poisoning, neurologic disorders, 1824
circulation, peripheral, 1767; see also Vascular
system
climate relationship, 1621; see also Temperature,
environmental
clinic, Milan University, history, 1250, 1253
clinical phases, 2179
adaptation period, 1347
reviews, 1999
clinical problems, reviews, 1762
cochlear-vestibular disorders in early, 2703 ;
see also Ears
cold pressor test, 1784
colic, endocavitary electromanography, 2669
treatment with cortisone with Ca iv, 1453
colopathic syndrome, 1700
compensated, see Legislation; Workmen's com-
pensation
conditions for development, 3407
conferences, 3, 20a, 22a, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30,
38, 39, 43
congenital malformations in children, see lead
poisoning in children; Reproduction
by contaminated beverages; see also Food and
beverage contamination
history, 2490, 2499
by contaminated food; see also Food and beverage
contamination
reviews, 154, 2633, 2799
in workshops, 1240
by contaminated ice, in alcoholic 1972
by contaminated toothpowder, 1376
by contaminated water; see also Water contamina-
tion
as cause of obscure diseases, 164
past and present, 13
prevention, in pregnancy, 2842
reviews, 2779
by contaminated wine, see Food and beverage
contamination
control, in industries, see Industrial hygiene
control; Medical surveillance
as controllable disease, 27
coproporphyrin; see also Porphyrins
chromogen excretion, 1270
by cosmetics, drugs, history, 14
court cases, see Workmen's compensation
criticism of report, 2055
deafness, reviews, 2556; see also Ears
degrees, 2694
vs disorders, 2612
dental health in, 1326
diagnosis, 732, 1417
BAL mobilization test, 1847
biological threshold limit values, 2076, 2134
blood; see also Blood
ALA, 2245, 2463, 2511
aldolase, 2655
basophll aggregation, screening tests, 1323
basophils, 1210, 1364, 1716, 1812, 2757
counting errors, 1527
in erroneous, 1451
evaluation, 1397, 2440
light vs dark field counts, 1901
procedures, formula for, 1413
reviews, 1660
specificity, 1423
in subacute, 1738
vs counting method, 2811
vs Pb, 1356, 1436
vs urine Pb, 1436
vs urine porphyrins, 1342
erythrocyte counts, 1923
examination, 1296, 1329, 2211
evaluation, 2478
neutrophils, 2757
Pb, 30, 1210, 1316, 1415a, 1455, 1546, 1603,
1958, 1987, 2496, 2501, 3574, 3575
analytical precautions, 2416
errors, 1589
evaluation, 1368
inadequacy of, 1609
limit values, 1364
method evaluation, 2554
vs basophils, urine porphyrins, 2273
vs urine porphyrin, 1204
porphyrins, 1520, 2485
urea, 1274, 1322
criticism, 1380
in erroneous, 1451
errors in, 1683
bone marrow, 1520, 2578
of chronic hepatitis, 2665
clinical signs, 1704, 1787
vs laboratory tests, 2477
conditioned reflex, on experimental basis, 889
criteria, Netherlands vs US, 2105
differential, from alcohol withdrawal, 2770
of colic, 1986
errors, 1974, 1986
reviews, 2759
EDTA mobilization test, 2131
essentials of, 1947
from Guillain-Barre syndrome, 1568
importance of, 1708
from porphyrias, 2141, 2765
from thalassemia, 2059, 2131, 2187
from tuberculous meningitis, 1408
use of absentee records for, 1586
difficulties in, 2019, 2021
reviews, 15, 2849
early
blood, aldolase, 2367
basophils, 1339, 1466, 1558, 1903, 1907,
1912, 2045, 2535
vs aggregation counts, evaluation, 1244
Subject Index
875
-------
Lead poisoning: diagnosis (cont)
glutathione, 2282
porphyrin, 1536, 2047, 2686
proteins, 2291
on experimental basis, 981
reticulocytes, 2479
bone marrow biopsy, 1539
bone radiology, 2104
EDTA mobilization, 2087, 2223, 2480
reviews, 2166
laboratory tests, 2773, 3875
evaluation, 1443, 1729, 1779, 1780, 1875,
1903
,nethionine-S-35, 942
plethysmography, 2476
-eflex response, 2375, 2775
reviews, 1894
sensory disorders, 2127, 2200
urine, ALA, 1141, 1909, 2141, 2324, 2442,
2527, 2647, 2686, 2702, 2704, 2705
indoxyl, 1295, 1449
Pb, 1414, 2261
nonprecipitable, 2521
vs basophils, 1688
porphyrin, 1243, 1254, 1263, 1264, 1340,
1341, 1412, 1420, 1470, 1479, 1554, 1577,
1785, 1823, 1862, 2046, 2203, 2213, 2224
vestibular chronaxie tests, 516
EDTA mobilization; see also Edetate
interpretation, 2736
recommended, 2230
reviews, 2034
urine Pb vs exposure, 2186
vs urine Pb, 1855
electromyography, recommended, 1741
errors in, 1291, 1424, 1481, 1686, 2030, 2235,
2316, 2436, 2490, 2570
essentials, 1284, 1356, 1505, 1679, 1854, 1979,
1984, 2036, 2218, 2287, 2288, 2422, 2659,
2711, 2729, 2736
reviews, 1882
by experienced vs inexperienced physician,
1227
eye muscle disorder, on experimental basis, 657
forensic, laboratory tests, reviews, 1932
of fraudulent, 1885, 2092
gingival Pb line, 1350, 1363, 1364
examination, 1399
UV light, 1566
reliability, 1432
hair Pb, 1835, 1836, 1966
hemoglobin, legislated limits, 2715
of hypersensitivity, 2591
laboratory findings, caution against, 1808
laboratory tests, 2028, 2390, 2741
evaluation, 1272, 1293, 1336, 1375, 1438,
1449, 1501, 1574, 1578, 1732, 1828,
2159, 2160, 2290, 2401, 2788
precautions, 1491
reviews, 1558, 1647, 1751, 1931, 2258
statistical discriminant function, 2412
of mild, latent, laboratory tests evaluation,
1805
modern techniques, reviews, 2684
monocytes+large/small lymphocytes, 1529
myelogram, 1504
of past poisoning, blood, porphyrin, 2058
blood, urine ALA, 2801
EDTA mobilization, 1971, 2058, 2480
210pb, for rapid, 2664
penicillamine mobilization, 2597
point rating method, 2257
porphyrin disorders as basis, 1300
porphyrins, vs basophils, 3577
postmortem, 2953
requirements for, 1284
problems, 2737
protein analysis, 1213
radiologic, gastrointestinal system, 1216
reevaluation by modern tests, 1291
reflex response, 1471
retinal stippling, 2631, 2777, 2778
reviews, 1205, 1999, 2391, 2395
routine analyses, value, 1377
of sequela, 1652
in thalassemic, by hemoglobin electrophoresis,
2709, 2710
thyroid function as early sign, on experimen-
tal basis, 1104
urine ALA, 2245, 2334, 2463, 2500, 2511, 2694
porphobilinogen, 1969
vs porphyrin, 2379
urine Pb, 1210, 1406, 1812, 1958, 2501, 2846
precipitable, vs nonprecipitable, 2120,
2306, 2676
specific gravity correction, 2237, 2298
vs creatinine, 2672
threshold limit values, corrections for,
2252
urine porphyrin, 1316, 1455, 1905, 2005, 2352,
2831, 2846
criticism, 1411
by deLangen-tenBerg rapid method, 3579
in incipient, vs exposure, 1359
after induced acidosls, 531
methods evaluation, 2437
qualitative vs quantitative test, 1646
screening tests, 1323,'1362, 2180, 2842
in subacute, 1738
vs other tests, 1404
in workmen's compensation cases, 1223
diet factors in, 1342
on experimental basis, 831
reviews, 1762
digestive system radiology, 1598
disability, duration, 1281
statistics, Italy, 2115, 2164
US, 1629
diseases, predisposing, 1649
simulating, 1451, 1568, 1572, 1808, 2267; see
also diagnosis, errors in
disorders, past, present, 2501
vs blood Pb, 1557
distribution, form of Pb in organs, tissues,
see Metabolism of lead
dyspepsia in chronic, definition, 1597
effect of: ACTH, see Adrenocorticotrophic
hormone, 1537
alcoholism, 2422
BAL, see Dimercaprol, 1297
butter, milk prophylaxis, see Diets; Butter;
Milk
calcium, and compounds, see Calcium; Treatment
of lead poisoning; specific compounds
CDTA, see l,2-Diaminocyclohexane-N,N'-
tetraacetate
chelates, see Chelating agents; specific
compounds
876
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead poisoning: effect of (cont)
cortisone, see Cortisone
deferoxamine, see Deferoxamine
diethyldithiocarbamate, see Diethyldithio-
carbamate
DTPA, see Pentetate
EDTA, see Edetate
ergot alkaloids, see Ergot alkaloids
hydroxocobalamine, see Vitamin Bi2a
inosine on porphyrin metabolism, 2385
meprobamate, 2010
Na citrate, see Sodium citrate
Na thiosulfate, see Thiosulfates
penicillamine, see Penicillamine
penicillin, see Penicillin
pyrocatecholdisulfonate, see Pyrocatecholdi-
sulfonate
S baths, see Mineral waters
seashore rest cures, see Rest cures
vitamins, see Vitamins
electrocardiography; see also Heart
in elderly, 2428
mechanism of changes, 1517
Q-T interval, 1334
electroencephalography, see Nervous system
electromyography, see Muscles
encephalopathy, 2195, 2331, 2431; see also
Nervous system
in alcoholics, 1225, 2383, 2474, 2589
fatal, nonfatal, 2770
in chronic, 1428, 2015
in exacerbation of past, 1434
in female workers, 2228, 2339
in home shops, 1657
occurrence, reviews, 2118, 2194
with papilledema, 1874, 1973
simulating subdural hematoma, 2267
in young worker, 2493
endarteritis obliterans in toe, 1249
endocrine function, 2781; see also specific
glands
endotoxin test reaction, 2707
in engine tender attendants, 2763
enzyme inhibition, reviews, 1337; see also
Enzymes
epidemiology, vs laboratory studies, 2819
erythrocyte:plasma partition, see Metabolism of
lead
erythrocytes, see Blood
euglobin fibrinolysis, in symptomless, 1989, 1990
exacerbation by diseases, 1381; see also
Susceptibility
expert opinion by medical vs nonmedical people,
2736
exposure duration vs severity, 2321
eyes, disorders, 2020, 2534; see also Eyes
muscle paralysis, 1889
nerve atrophy, in compensation case, 1977
as late sign of past poisoning, 1294
as sequela, 2263
neuritis, by contaminated water, 1312
as only sign, 1930
by sweat band dye, 1268
paralysis, 1321
familial, by broken battery dust, 2925
fatal, by burning batteries, 1544
by glass-pearl nasal implantation, 2373
by gunshot wound, 2429
in home shops, 1725, 2587
in industries, 1338, 1354, 1404, 2019, 2052,
3091, 3103
near industries, 3367
medical testimony, 3520
medicolegal aspects, 1857
occurrence, France, 2701
by oral, 1474, 1686, 1920, 2232, 2253, 2255,
2582; see also acute
Pb accumulation, 1946
Fe challenge test, 1477
Fe metabolism, see Iron metabolism
flocculation, erythrocyte sedimentation tests,
1599
focal infection relationship, 1446
food containers, as cause, history, 15, 17
fraudulence in, 1304, 2092, 3538
funduscopic examination, 2778
by gasoline, see Gasoline, leaded
gastrointestinal disorders, see Gastrointestinal
system
gastrointestinal syndrome, vs severity of, 1910
gingival Pb line, histology, vs Hg, Bi lines,
1563a; see also under diagnosis; Gingiva
glutathione, GPD activity, 2617
gout, 2444; see also Musculoskeletal system
rheumatism, from skin absorption, 1866
as sequela, 1822
hazards, by air pollution, see Air pollution
by contaminated drugs, 2357
in demolition work, vs exposure, 2800
of EDTA treatment, 1976; see also Edetate
reviews, 1985
in enamel industry, 2498
at high environmental temperatures, 2625
by high vs low Pb alloys, 2468, 2796
by inhalation, vs skin contact, 3137
intermittent vs continual work, 3141
by jet fuel exposure, 1819
in machine vs hand filing, 2103
in manual compositors, 2225
by melted Pb burns, 2836
in metal industry, 2530
by oxy-torch cutting, 1464
paint industry, reviews, 3146
by Pb oxide vs silicate, 2753
in pyrite mines, 3074
in spectrographic laboratories, 3218
by spray residues, 1951
vs exposure, reviews, 2147
hearing loss, 1308; see also Ears
heart; see also Heart
aneurysm attributed to, 2396
disease relationship, 1441
vascular system, absence of disorders in
acute, chronic, 1224
heme synthesis, 2833
disorders vs signs, symptoms, reviews, 2678
mechanisms, reviews, 2843
hemochromatosis, absence of Pb signs in, 1271
hemodynamic studies, 1775, 2000; see also Blood;
Bone marrow; Heart; Vascular system
hemoglobin, see Blood
in hemoglobin anomaly carriers, 2720
hemopoietic system, reviews, 1679; see also
Blood; Bone marrow; etc
hepatitis, ulcers, superimposed by, 2683
hepatosplenomegaly, see Liver
history, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9-11, 14-20, 24, 28, 44,
1316, 1579
Subject Index
877
-------
Lead poisoning (cont)
homicidal, 2933
hyperazotemia, in young workers, 1752; see also
Protein metabolism, urea, blood
hyperglycemia, fatal, in alcoholic, 2582
hypertension; see also Vascular system
frequency from past colic, 1500
in long-term exposure, 1218
individual susceptibility; see Susceptibility
by ingestion vs inhalation, in occupational, 1545
by inorganic vs organic Pb, differentiation, 2849
intestinal disorders, see Gastrointestinal system
jaundice, in home handyman, 1343
in jewelry engraving by paint ingestion, 1427
joint disorders, see Musculoskeletal system
ketosteroids; see Adrenal glands
kidney disorders, function, pathology; see
also Kidneys
diagnosis by modern methods, 1710
in EDTA treatment, 1876, 2097
fatal, nonfatal, 1354
frequency, 1950
reviews, 2165, 2319
vs in TEL poisoning, 1975
kidney filtration vs blood Pb, 2177
kidney neoplasms vs in animals, 1031
Korsakoff's syndrome, with alcoholism + As
poisoning, 1689
laboratory findings, evaluation, 1999, 2030
laboratory tests, evaluation, see diagnosis
for prevention, 1535
larynx disorders, 2403
latent, after acute, effect of EDTA, 2075
in galvanized Fe welding, 2380
occurrence, signs, symptoms, 1711
leukemia, acute, from agranulocytosis, 2787
lipids, see Lipid metabolism
liver disorders, function, see Liver
lymphocytes, see Blood
malignant nephrosclerosis, fatal, 1338
mass, by contaminated food, Hungary, 1525
by contaminated water, France, 1704
outbreak in factory, Japan, 2446
mechanism, chelation therapy, reviews, 1858, 2286
reviews, 2656, 2837; see also Lead
medical, environmental surveys in industries,
see specific industries; Industrial
hygiene control; Medical surveillance
testimony, see Workmen's compensation
medical rounds discussion, 2307
medical survey, in mining area, 1924
megacaryophthisis as sign, 1421
in miners, statistics, US, 10
of sulfide vs carbonate ores, history, 7
mortality; see also fatal
from childhood poisoning, 2886, 2887
mucoproteins, see Protein metabolism
multiple sclerosis, see Nervous system
myelopathy, 2517
myocardial infarct in paroxysmal attack, 1292
myocarditis, 1366
myopathy vs neuritis, 1949
myxedema as sequela, 1585
nephritis, see Kidneys
nerves, nervous system, see Nervous system
nervous system disorders, reviews, 1388, 2517
vs degree of, 1471
neuraminic acid, serum mucoid, significance, on
experimental basis, 989
neurologic, psychic disorders, see Nervous system
neurologic syndrome, diagnostic errors, 1291
reviews, 1419
nonspecific syndromes, 2824
nutritional factors, reviews, 2221
occurrence, Bulgaria, 2420
by contaminated food, past, present, 1908
Cuba, 1652
Czechoslovakia, 1719
in demolition work, see Demolition of painted
structures; Storage batteries
in enamelers, from mouth pointing, 2509
France, 2464, 2706
by contaminated food, 1908
past, present, 2258
Germany, occupational vs nonoccupational, 2184
past, present, 1947, 2535
pre-, postwar, 1342, 1515
statistics, 3
Hawaii, 3002
in home shops, see Home shops
India, 1335
in industries, occupations, see specific
industries; occupations, ie, Painting;
Riveting; Soldering; Welding, etc
Italy, 1251, 2164
distribution, vs occupations, regions, 2115
past, present, 1239, 1952
statistics, 2135
types, 1281
Mexico, 3145
Netherlands, 2083
New Zealand, 2285
nonoccupational, 1965
past, present, 1649
Philippines, 2860
Poland, 1942, 2057, 2121, 3116
by primed wood sanding, 1483
reviews, 1818
in shipscraping, see Paint removal
in small shops, see Small shops
Spain, 1898
past, present, 2684
Switzerland, past, present, 1941
Tunisia, medical survey, 1715
UK, 1333, 1569
under national vs industrial care, 2806
past, present, 2017, 2746, 2829
in pottery industry, 2017, 3167
reports, 1791, 2016, 2715
US, 1518, 2240, 2241
in agriculture, 2507
fatal, nonfatal, 1377, 1629
past, present, 15, 27, 1256, 1808, 1979,
1984, 2030, 2729, 2737
in miners, 2532
USSR, past, present, 1571
vs exposure, 3127, 3131
Yugoslavia, past, present, 1240
ocular, optic, disorders, see Eyes
olfactory-humoral reflex, 1357
olfactory threshold, 1508
onset, in thalassemic, 2059
oral disorders, see Oral cavity; Gingiva; Teeth
outbreak, in smelter, 2503
oxidation, incomplete, processes, 2483
by paint ingestion, 2285
by paint removal, see Paint removal
palsy, in home shop, 2731
878
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead poisoning (cont)
papilledema, as only sign, 1758; see also Eyes
paralysis; see also Nervous system
compensation evaluation, 1262
in mentally retarded, 2620
after repeated colics from past exposure, 1304
in syphilitic, precipitated by, 1318
Parkinson's disease, fatal, as sequela, 1726
from past, repeated excessive exposure, 1944
pathology; see also specific organs, systems
evaluation on basis of animal experimentation,
494
Pb, Hg storage in organs, 1207
Pb absorption, etc, see Metabolism of lead
by Pb arsenate, see Lead arsenate poisoning
by Pb carbonate, see Lead carbonate
by Pb naphthenate, see Lead naphthenate
by Pb stearate, see Lead stearate
periarteritis nodosa, 2838
pewter utensils as cause, history, 8
phosphorus metabolism, see Phosphorus metabolism
placental transfer, 1945; see also Metabolism of
lead; Reproduction
poliomyelitis simulating fatal case, 1314
polyarteritis, -arteriolitis, periostitis from
past, 1478, 1493
polyneuritis; see also Nervous System
ataxic, by contaminated water, 1922
reviews, 1344, 2178
porphyria, relation, 2007, 2029
secondary, 2765
skin, in subclinical, 2091, 2151, 2152
in porphyric, 2751
porphyrin metabolism; see also Porphyrins
mechanism, 2469, 2470
reviews, 1203, 1298, 1393, 1560, 2234, 2266,
2408, 2453, 2563
vs in exposure, 1396
vs in other diseases, 1843
porphyrin precursors, effect of EDTA, 2452
porphyrins, bile, in acute, chronic, 1519
porphyrins, blood, vs in TEL poisoning, 2721
fecal, vs in porphyrias, 2405
isomers, excretion, 1315
liver catalase vs in porphyrias, 1136
urine, mechanism, analysis, reviews, 1776
vs in other diseases, 1286
vs urine Pb vs severity, 2088
potassium loss of erythrocytes, hemolysis, on
in yitro basis, 1596
in pregnancy, effect on child, 1794
effect of EDTA treatment, 2278, 2663
fatal, near industries, 3367
by inhalation, 3057
prehistoric, by Pb-glazed pottery, 2727
prehypophyseal gonadostimulin excretion, 1365
prevention; see also Industrial hygiene control;
Medical surveillance
by diets, 1041; see also Diets; Butter; Milk
EDTA, 1672; see also Edetate, prophylactic
effectiveness, use
misuse of, 1582
preparation for, 1982
vs industrial hygiene control, 1709
by electroaerosol therapy, 1833
Fe preparations, see Iron preparations
history, 9
importance of, 1256
International Labour Organization recommenda-
tions, 3086
legislation, see Legislation
liver extracts, see Liver extracts
milk, evaluation, 1212, 1542; see also Treat-
ment, prophylactic
Na citrate, see Sodium citrate
with penicillin, 1937
in printing industry, ILO report, 2414
programs, legislated, France, 1273, 1276
reviews, 1394, 1754, 1941, 2241, 3129
serum albumin tablets, see Protein preparations
thiosulfate salts, see Thiosulfates
threshold limit values; see Threshold limit
values
treatment, see Treatment of lead poisoning
protein, electrophoresis, metabolism, see
Protein metabolism
prothrombin activity, see Blood, coagulation
psychic disorders, reviews, 1929
pyorrhea, 2116
race variations, see Race variations
recurrent, in storage battery worker, 2719
immunology, 2533
reporting, history, 15
research on, Italy, 1250, 1253
reviews, 2372
residual effects, EDTA test for, 2346
by retained missiles, 1426, 1498, 1948, 2429,
2459; see also Lead bullets; Lead shot
reviews, 1437
retinal artery occlusion, 1691
retinopathy, see Eyes
reviews, 4, 37, 1206, 1320, 1499, 1514, 1534,
1564, 1659, 1885, 1918, 2130, 2148, 2157,
2241, 2244, 2249, 2276, 2381, 2472, 2590,
2764, 2829, 3519
rheoencephalography, 2332
role of, in Pb arsenate poisoning, 1742
rum, as cause, history, 6, 8
sensibility disorders, 1457, 1469
sequelae, 1216, 1279, 1285, 1478, 1583, 1585,
1807, 1822, 2263, 2309, 2450
by shooting range exposure, see Shooting Ranges
signs, diagnostic value, 1729, 1875
early, 1846
in excessive exposure, 2082
pathology, in rabbits vs in man, 1138
sequelae, past, present, 1285
symptoms, 1348, 1813
in early, 677
in excessive exposure, 1214, 1215
frequency, 1201, 1466, 1515, 1536, 1549,
1636, 1970, 2420
in clinical, subclinical, 1651
guides, 3147
by illegal alcohol, 2011
by inhalation vs skin contact, 1456
in mild, 2691
past, present, 1808
reviews, 3, 37, 47, 1248, 1251, 1252, 1324,
1490, 1494, 1569, 1832, 1882, 1898, 1908,
1936, 2022, 2372, 2391, 2482, 2497, 2587,
3155
specificity, 1947
by TEL-gasoline, 2128; see also Gasoline,
leaded
in thalassemic, 2720
vs exposure, 1222, 1296, 1329
vs in porphyria, 2008
Subject Index
879
-------
Lead poisoning: signs (cont)
vs in TEL poisoning, 1850
similarity to: porphyria, 2173, 2313
syphilis, 1318
skeletal changes, radiologic, in young workers,
1355
by skin absorption: ointments, 2739
Pb naphthenate, 2182, 2320
by skin contact, 1305, 1456, 1653, 1696, 1756,
2014, 2225
metal burns, 2836
skin lesions, 1714; see also Skin
sleep-waking rhythm, 2632
sources, nonoccupational, reviews, 2374
reviews, 40, 2391
sphincteral spasm, 1543
stages to latent, laboratory findings, 2243
statistical evaluations, 2819
"stimulation" stage of exposure, 2243
stomatologic disorders, see Oral cavity;
Gingiva; Teeth
studies in Osaka City University, 2553
subacute, 1426, 1498, 2003
cardiovascular disorders, 2343
by contaminated food, 1738, 2539
exacerbation by BAL, 1402
peripheral paralysis, 1211
sulfhydryl groups, see Protein metabolism
by sulfite yeast, 1628
surveys, in industries, see specific industries;
Industrial hygiene control; Medical
surveillance
susceptibility, see Susceptibility; Age varia-
tions; etc
sweat, Pb elimination, see Metabolism of lead
taste sense disorders, see Nervous system
teeth, loss, 849; see also Teeth
thyroid function; see also Thyroid gland
vs in Hg poisoning, 1831
time, lost, 1569, 2164; see also disability
for recovery from, 1513
toxic amblyopia, 1690
treatment; see also Treatment of lead poisoning;
Edetate; other specific agents
EDTA, AMA report, 1547, 1548
evaluation, 1405
vs in prevention, 1472
modern, 2646
reviews, 1394, 1754, 3129; see also specific
drugs; Diet therapy; Edetate, etc
unithiol vs symptomatic, 2362; see also
Unithiol
with tuberculous meningitis, 1408
unrecognized, in Cd, Cu exposure, 1673
urine ALA, see Aminolevulinic acid
urine, aminoacetone, -ketone; see Protein
metabolism
Pb; see also Metabolism of lead
mineralization vs coprecipitation methods,
1774
vs exposure, 2844
porphyrins; see also Porphyrins
after high exposure, 1346
preformed, precursor, 1677, 1802, 1803
reviews, 1638
vs in coca leaf addicts, 1234
vascular disorders, 2476; see also Vascular
system
syndrome, diagnostic errors, 1291
vitamin metabolism, see Vitamin(s)
vs TEL poisoning, reviews, 2090
in welders, see Welding
by wine consumption, see Food and beverage
contamination
work capacity evaluation after, 2592
work history, importance of, 1532
workmen's compensation; see also Workmen's
compensation
claims, discussions, 3133
zinc metabolism, 2466, 2467; see also Zinc
metabolism
Lead poisoning in animals (case reports); see also
Lead poisoning in livestock
by air pollution, reviews, 3226; see also Air
pollution, industrial
cats: near industries, 3474
chickens: from enameling frit, 811
deer: chronic, near smelter, 813
diagnosis, on basis of nervous symptoms, reviews,
682
limit values in urine, liver, 953
dogs: acute, fatal, 1101
diagnosis, differential, 1101
in fatal, 649
myelopathy, necrotic, from grass contamina-
tion, 737
signs, pathology, from linoleum, 863
from tinfoil lining in kennel, 728
watch, in workshop, 773
domestic: near smelters, history, 17
reviews, 968
ducks: diagnosis, 487
from Pb shot, causing poisoning, 1872
wild, occurrence, from Pb shot, 512
by feed contamination in railway cars, 1228
hazards, near industries, 3271
minks: signs in acute, chronic, from painted
pens, 897
occurrence, US, 490, 965
primates: baboons, osteodystrophia fibrosa vs
organ Pb, 713
gorilla, acute, diagnosis, signs, 582
mandrill, fatal, signs, pathology, 944
orangutan, acute, by Pb arsenate, pathology,
944
raccoons: occurrence, liver Pb, 965
rats, wild: inclusion bodies, kidneys neoplasms,
1003
reviews, 682, 854, 1684, 3226
sources, 863
treatment, see Treatment of lead poisoning in
animals
water fowl: occurrence, evaluation, 828
Lead poisoning in children; see note at Lead
poisoning
acute, aminoaciduria, 2998
effectiveness of EDTA, 1389
encephalopathy; see also Nervous system
management, 2923, 2926
pathology, 3031
surgical treatment, 3001
renal failure by intercurrent infections,
3052
urine porphyrin as measure of soft-tissue Pb,
2907
adolescents, 3039
International Labour Organization recommenda-
tions, 3086
880
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead poisoning in children (cont)
age distribution, 2903, 2913, 2984, 2986, 2987,
3059
American Academy of Pediatrics report, 2978
aminoaciduria, 2879
in EDTA treatment, 2979, 2980
rickets, 2893
with anemia, achylia, 2878
erythrokinetic studies, 3028
by artificial pearls, 3019
As vs Pb as cause, 3049
asymptomatic, fatal, 2964
blood disorders, 2950; see also Blood
reviews, 2920
bone lines, absence, 3062
mechanism of formation, 3061
by broken battery dust, 2925, 2927
by burning batteries, 1544, 2663, 2770, 2938,
2984
occurrence, 2892, 2897, 2916
as cause of high bone Pb in Bright's disease
deaths, 1800
cerebral palsy, athetoid, 2876
clinical, pathologic findings, 2900
complicated by ascariasis, 3004
congenital, 1252; see also Reproduction
encephalitis, 1207
malformations, 2949
pathology, 2944
Pb content in organs, 1207
by contaminated beverages, 2940
by contaminated soil, 3046
by contaminated water, 1668, 2299, 2955, 2961,
2987
criminal, 3005
diabetes, 2990, 3010
diagnosis, blood examination, 3058
blood Pb, 2287, 2288, 3043, 3054, 3060, 3066
chest radiology, 2875
classification for, 2956
differential, essentials, 3021
from meningitis, 3056
tuberculous, 2873
difficulties in, 2919, 3060
early, importance, 2923
EDTA mobilization, 3012, 3013; see also Edetate
errors in, 2892, 2897, 2916, 2922, 3024, 3033
erythrocyte fluorescence, 2959
essentials, 2859, 2883, 2884, 2889, 2894, 2895,
2900, 2930, 2939, 2952, 2978, 2984, 2986,
2988, 3041, 3048, 3050
glycosuria, 2957
Pb bone lines, 2963, 2916
postmortem, 3051
questionable, in infant, 2885
rapid, laboratory tests, radiology, 2991
retinal stippling, 3054
reviews, 2867, 2909, 2993, 3015, 3065
screening tests, evaluation, 3037
urine Pb, 2884, 3058
urine porphyrin, 2843, 2962
screening test, 2912, 3048
vs blood Pb, 2906
editorials, 2891, 2894
effect of: BAL overdose, 3053
EDTA, see Edetate
infections, 2883
emotional factors, 2914
encephalopathy; see also Nervous system
encephalopathy; see also Nervous system
antibody inactivation in, 2890
cranial decompression, 2929
degree, evaluation, 2872
diagnostic problems, 2287, 2288
management, 2999
occurrence, UK vs US, 2981; see also occurrence
with respiratory center depression, 2869
reviews, 2118
sequelae, 2976, 3035
with Toxocara canis encephalitis, fatal, 2443
fatal, age distribution, 3048
chest radiology for prevention, 2875
nonfatal, 2942
organ Pb, 2972
with papilledema, 2977
pathology, 1893
hazards, near industries, 3289, 3293, 3363
by ointment use, 2739
by peeling paint, survey, 2965
by spray paint, in infants, 2930
health department responsibility, 2993
in home shops, 1657, 1725, 2587, 2688, 2888,
3017, 2018, 3032, 3045, 3052, 3067
near industries, 2860, 2870, 2917, 2987, 3011,
3239, 3316, 3343, 3367
infants, from waterproofing with Pb acetate, 3007
intracranial pressure, 2967, 2968
kidney disorders, fatal, from EDTA treatment,
2971
mortality, 1575
as sequelae, 3036
kidney inclusions in urine sediment, 2943
latent period, 2991
mental development vs treatment, 2934
mental retardation, occurrence, 3055, 3060, 3068
pica relationship, 3043
reviews, 3047
as sequela, 2895, 3046
metaphyseal dysplasia, 3008
mortality, 2859, 2939, 2952, 2986
age variations, 2862
effect of BAL treatment, 2871, 2872
in encephalopathy, 3001
race variations, 2862, 3003
reviews, 3065
US vs UK, 2880, 2891
myocarditis, fatal, nonfatal, 2969
nervous system disorders, reviews, 1388
as notifiable disease, US, 3040
notification, importance, 3041
nursing care, 2889
nurslings
from nipple shields, 2853, 2855, 2866, 2983,
2990, 2995, 2996, 3000, 3010
fatal, 2989
Pb uptake, 3038
reviews, 3006
from Pb ointments, 2853, 2865, 2973
of poisoned mothers, 1762
occurrence, Argentina, 3015, 3052
Australia, 1800, 2126, 2528, 2529, 2925, 2938
history, 2887
Belgium, 1668
Brazil, 2919
fatal, China, 3039
nonfatal, Canada, 1544, 2857
Colombia, 3017
Cuba, 2888, 2917
Subject Index
881
-------
Lead poisoning in children: occurrence (cont)
Panama, 3051
Peru, 1725
Venezuela, 3032
US, 1377, 2663, 2854, 2858, 2862, 2899, 2901,
2903, 2909, 2913, 2928, 2929, 2931, 2948,
2952, 2958, 2960, 2966, 2975, 2984, 2986,
2987, 3003, 3024-3026, 3033, 3048, 3050,
3053, 3057, 3059, 3066
effect of recognition, 3027
past, present, 2889
France, 2961, 3019, 3020
Germany, 2587, 2739, 2972, 3005
India, 2922
Italy, 1252, 2990, 3006, 3018, 3045
Japan, 3007
Latin vs Anglo-Saxon countries, 3019
Malaya, 1657
Mexico, 2299
Netherlands, 2878, 2949, 3067
New Zealand, 2940
Norway, 2870
Philippines, 2688, 2860
reviews, 2942
Romania, 2944
S. Africa, 3047
Spain, 2851
Sweden, 2885
UK, 2118, 2866, 2879, 2885, 2892, 2895, 2897,
2900, 2908, 2916, 2927, 2957, 2965, '
2981, 2991, 2997, 3041, 3043, 3046,
3055, 3058, 3060, 3068
US, 1377, 2663, 2854, 2858, 2861-2863, 2899,
2901, 2903, 2906, 2909, 2913, 2928, 2929,
2931, 2935, 2941, 2948, 2952, 2958, 2960,
2966, 2984, 2986, 2987, 2993, 3002, 3003,
3016, 3021, 3022, 3026, 3030, 3048, 3050,
3053, 3057, 3059, 3066
before, after recognition, 3012, 3013
past, present, 2856, 2889
vs Europe, 2764
USSR, 3011, 3289
vs diagnosis, reporting, 2913
West Indies, 2977
by Pb alloy emblem, 2905
by Pb arsenate, 2851
peripheral neuropathy, 3063
pica relationship, 2855, 2966, 2991, 3048, 3050,
age distribution, 2939
reviews, 2924, 2935
by plastic toys, 3042
prevention, essentials, 3022
paint regulation, Baltimore, 2854
pica survey, 2939
programs, US, 2854, 2862, 2867, 2935, 2960,
3003, 3014, 3023, 3040, 3066
urine screening, 2965
treatment, recommendations, 2978
psychologic tests, 2928
pyrrole, porphyrin synthesis, in vitro, 3029
race distribution, 2913, 2987
recurrence, from infections, 2904
prevention, 2908
reviews, 2764, 2918, 2921, 2933, 2946, 2947,
2951, 2975, 2978, 2982, 2992, 3009,
3016, 3019, 3030, 3065
seasonal variations, 2854, 2899, 2978, 2987
animal experimentation, 678, 887
in blood Pb, 2997
need of study, 2678
reviews, 827
sequelae, 2891, 2904, 2923, 2978
late, kidney disorders, 1916, 2126, 2529
2887
with gout, 2528
and vascular disease, 2886
vs in pica, 3035
sex distribution, 2913, 2987
signs, pathology, vs in rabbits, 1138
symptoms, 2857, 2901, 2917
evaluation, 3048
reviews, 2859, 2863, 2867, 2889, 2909, 2932,
2942, 2978, 2984, 3015, 3065
vs in adults, 2855, 3006, 3018, 3055
in young, 2902
similarity to poliomyelitis, 2978
simulating De Toni-Debre-Fanconi syndrome, 2893,
2910, 2911, 2990, 2998, 3010
socioeconomic factors, 2906, 3059
sources, 2866, 2896, 2905, 2908, 2957, 2965,
2974
investigation program, 2931
reviews, 2909, 2918, 2921, 2978, 2993, 3015,
3047, 3066
vs age, 2855
subacute, signs, symptoms, 3018
surveys, US, 3048, 3050
tooth Pb as measure of body burden, 2994
treatment, chelates, reviews, 3044
EDTA; see also Edetate
history , 2327
evaluation, 2218
time for initiating, 2988
vs Toxocara canis infection, in pica, 3064
workers, 3039, 3045
protection, hibtory, 3216
Lead poisoning in livestock
by air pollution, see Air pollution, industrial
cattle: 504, 568, 673, 971, 3245, 3249, 3398
acute, 537, 758, 768, 787, 813
chronic, 504
fatal, 938
chronic, 813
diagnosis, by blood Pb, 675, 727
by kidney Pb, 1194
by liver Pb, 675, 1169
postmortem, by kidney cortex Pb, 688
fatal, 1029, 1099, 1194
nonfatal, 537, 726, 745
Pb content in water causing, 771
signs, 727
treatment, 727, 920
diagnosis, errors in, 506
in ruminants, 486
donkey: acute, signs, 758
hogs: from contaminated food, 2209
horses: 542, 3245, 3249, 3398
signs, in chronic, 542
in mining area, vs endemic osteoporosis, 3435
occurrence, in oil fields, 738
Pb content in soil causing, 195
Pb intake, toxic, from contaminated pastures,
475
review of studies, UK, 486
sheep: 568, 3245
lameness, growth, 696
paralysis, 3356
signs, 584
882
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Lead poisoning in livestock (cont)
sources, 475, 506, 537, 568, 673, 726, 738, 745,
768, 787, 813, 971, 1099, 3245, 3249,3398
treatment, see Treatment of lead poisoning in
animals
Lead powder; see also Lead metal
experiments with: guinea pigs, intraperitoneal,
948
mice, inhalation, 636
rabbits, oral, 744
rats, inhalation, 564
explosibility, 3214
Lead processing
air pollution surveys, 3011, 3362
health hazards: 3173, 3201
control, 3206
decrease by Ge, U addition, 4062
surveys, 1214, 1215, 1438, 1732, 1823, 1837,
2630, 3119
small shops, 2809, 2810
history, 1
Pb content in hand washings, vs operations, 3187
reviews, 4, 5, 42, 4083
surveys, 4094
Lead recovery; see also Scrap metal industry
from gases, poisoning occurrence, 1338
Lead refining, fabricating, see Lead processing;
Lead industry
Lead rubeanate
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3556, 3563
effect on neoplasms, mice, 626
Lead salicylate
use in plastics industry, 2604
Lead salts, see specific compounds
Lead sesquioxide, see Lead oxides
Lead shot
experiments with: sheep, oral, 486
wild ducks, oral, 512, 581
manufacture, poisoning occurrence, past,
present, 16, 24
poisoning occurrence, 1948
in wild ducks, 512
toxicity in chickens, 811
use, vs waterfowl poisoning, 828
Lead silicates
chemistry, reviews, 4
exposure, in ceramics industry, 1907
health hazards, vs Pb oxide, 2753
lethal doses, 687
toxicity, relative, 1818
Lead smelters, see Smelters
Lead soaps; see also Lead naphthenate; Lead
oleate; Lead stearate
toxicity, 1054
Lead solder; see also Soldering; Lead tin alloys;
Food containers
Pb content, for dairy products, 3517
for food containers, 128, 245, 3537
legislated, 51, 3537
vs content in food, 144
Lead stabilizers, see Stabilizers
Lead stearate; see also Plastics; Plastics indus-
try
content in air, plastics industry, 1911
inhalation toxicity, animals, 567
leachability from PVC plastics, toxicity tests,
1064
lethal doses, 687
oral, rats, 904
poisoning, diagnosis, vs Pb poisoning, 2604
occurrence, 1911, 2431, 2756
reviews, 2764
signs, symptoms, 1911, 2004, 2329, 2351, 2512
vs in Pb poisoning, 2516
skin absorption hazards, 2739
stabilizers, solubility in water, 3447
toxicity, as plastics stabilizers, rats, 904
use in plastics industry, 904, 2604
Lead styphnate
handling, as cause of abortion, 1435
uses, explosives, 4089
Lead sulfates
chemistry, reviews, 4
effect on plants, 3368
hemolysis of erythrocytes, in vitro, 439
lethal doses, 687
as TEL antiknock decomposition product, 3248,
3253, 3261, 3268
threshold limit values, workroom air, 3238
toxicity in Daphnia tnagna, 394
use in plastics industry, 2604
Lead sulfide
allergy to, 2315
analytical methods: air, titration, amperometric,
3717, 3750
colloidal, experiments with rabbits, intravenous,
502
experiments with cattle, oral, 474
lethal doses, 687
poisoning occurrence, 7
threshold limit values
air, ambient, USSR, 3525, 3548
workroom, US, 3147
USSR, 3532
toxic doses, inhalation, rats, 3296
toxicity, in mammals, oral, 732
vs Pb oxide, for MAC evaluation, 1019
Lead tannate
ointment, adhesiveness, evaluation, 3562
Lead tartrate
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Lead thiocyanate
experiments with fish, 355
Lead-tin alloys
for cosmetic packaging, Pb leachability, 202
for food containers, Pb solubility in acids,
166, 167
health hazards, inhalation, oral, 2796
Pb content, vs toxicity in animals, 1018
Pb-Sn content, vs health hazards, 2796
solder, see Lead solder
solubility: of dusts in HC1, 1018
in gastric juice, in vitro, 2796
Lead titanate
health hazards, on experimental basis, 987
lethal doses, intraperitoneal, rats, 987
oral, rats, 987
Lead 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinate, see Lead styphnate
Lead water pipes, see Water pipes
Lead-zinc
use in paint industry, 3091
Lead-zinc deposits
geochemistry, Egypt, 260
USSR, 103, 191
lung fibrosis in rats from dust exposure, 1016
mineralization in soil, rocks as indicators of,
USSR, 268
Lead-zinc foundries, see Foundries
Subject Index
883
-------
Lead-zinc mines; see also Mining
dusts, experiments with rats, intratracheal,
1*077
health hazards surveys, 2280
industrial hygiene control, 3082
medical surveillance of male, female workers,
2284
Legal aspects; see also Air pollution; Legisla-
tion; Workmen's compensation
hearings on pesticides, US, 3496
Pb content in liver, animals, in compensation
claims, 3245
Legislation; see also Maximum allowable concentra-
tions; Regulations; Threshold limit values;
Workmen's compensation
air pollution, Japan, 3404
Schenck Act, US, 3364
UK, 3302
Employers' Liability Act, vs common law duty,
US, 3490
food additives, US, 3549
food can solders, Italy, 51
food containers, Italy, 266, 4020
UK, 2584, 3501
foods
beverages, France 2830
UK, 48, 95, 2830
Latin-American Code, 3537
industrial wastes, UK, 3302
on nipple shields, recommended, Italy, 3006
occupational, Australia, 3497; see also Indus-
trial hygiene control; Medical surveil-
lance
Denmark, 3544
effectiveness, 1239, 1338, 2829
France, 1273, 1276, 1296, 1329, 1683, 2659,
3504-3506, 3508
criticism, 3518
notification, recommended, 1854
Germany, 3499
inclusion of dental disease proposed, 1303
Italy, 1248, 2164
need for, in Tunisia, 1715
Netherlands, 3526
Pakistan, 3219
Switzerland, 1316, 1779, 1780, 2504
UK, 2715, 2746, 3118, 3216, 3486, 3487
evaluation, 2806
US, evaluation, 2737
USSR, 3238
ordinances, city, paints, Pb content, Baltimore,
3511
paint labeling, New Zealand, 2285
paints, Pb content, Australia, 3513
on Pb, US, 4087
Pb containing products, US, 3022
Pb content in: drugs, Poland, 3982
glaze, UK, 2584
plastics, Italy, 4020
water, standards, see Water, drinking
Lepidoptera, see Insects
Leucovorin
effect on ascorbic acid metabolism, rats, 893
Leukemia, see Neoplasms
Levulose; see also Treatment of lead poisoning
effect on acute poisoning, rats, 520
Light
effect on porphyrin metabolism, 524
in rabbits, 495, 498
Limit concentrations, see Maximum allowable
concentrations; Threshold limit values
Linoleum
as cause of poisoning in dogs, 863
Lipid metabolism
adrenals, rabbits, 1012, 1013
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 595
blood, 1506
cholesterol, 1615, 2292, 2425, 2742
in exposure, vs in parasitic disease, 1439
in rabbits, 1010, 1164, 2742
in TML exposure, 2546
vs from Cd, Cr, rats, 1020
vs plasma fibrinolytic activity, 1990
ether-extractable, vs immunity, 1522
lipoproteins, vs plasma fibrinolytic activity,
1990
phospholipids, 2292, 2425
in rabbits, 1010
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 549
cholesterol; see also blood; liver
protein bound, stability, rabbits, 1004
total, in cholesterol-fed rabbits, 1004
in rabbits, 992
vs vitamin C deficiency, 1675
effect of EDTA, 1467, 2451
fatty acid oxidation, in vitro, 338
lipids, total, rabbits, 992
liver
cholesterol, effect of methylesculetin, rats,
781
fractions, rats, 715
in TML poisoning, rabbits, 1048
vs from Cd, Cr, rats, 1020
phosphatides, erythrocyte, 32P incorporation,
in vitro, in vivo, 2651
Litharge; see also Lead oxides
cement, poisoning from handling, 1305
Lithograph industry
poisoning occurrence, 2715
Liver; see also Gallbladder
acetylcholine, in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 766
ascorbic acid, 893
binding with Pb, see Metabolism of lead
calcification, in osteomyelosclerosis, rats,
1083
cancer, see Neoplasms
carbohydrate metabolism disorder, 2154
cells, paranecrotic changes, frogs, 363
cholesterol, see Lipid metabolism
cirrhosis, in exposed porphyric, 2029
as sequela, 1652
skin porphyria as sign, 2152
unrelated to Pb, blood ALA, 2245
trace element metabolism, 2106, 2107
urine ALA, 2245, 2386
cytochrome c, see Protein metabolism
diseases
unrelated to Pb, in employee rejection, 3238
urine porphyrin precursor, preformed, 1803
urine porphyrins, 1576
disorders, 1200, 1690
detoxication, in vitro, 437
in dogs, 649
effect of drugs, 1332, 2487
evaluation, 1502
frequency, 494, 1285, 1737, 1862, 2420
in latent poisoning, as cause of skin
porphyria, 2152
884
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Liver: disorders (cont)
from Pb arsenate, 1556
from Pb stearate, 2516, 2604
in rabbits, 479
reversibility, rabbits, 1152
reviews, 1497, 1895
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 621
urobilinogen vs urine porphyrin, 1630
vs blood Pb, 1557
vs poisoning degree, 2612, 2740
vs in unrelated diseases, Hg, Pb storage, 1207
DNA, RNA, in acute poisoning, rabbits, 814
vs poisoning degree, rats, 1195
duodenal catheterization, in diagnosis, 2665
enlargement, 1330, 1348, 1470, 1738, 1764
in alcoholic, 2422
in children, 3005
from oral, 2024
from Pb stearate, 2329, 2351, 2512
in presence of other disorders, 1396, 1428,
1594, 1857, 2153
from TEL, 2402
vs exposure duration, 1347
enzymes, 315, 527, 573, 774, 873, 923, 954, 961,
1045, 1131; see also Enzymes for specific
enzymes
59Fe kinetics, 2518
function, 1349, 2109, 2742
antithrombin activity, 2192
in chronic TEL poisoning, 2712
effect of: EDTA, dogs, 789
supplements, 653, 1287, 2540
effect on Pb metabolism, goats, 566
in human subjects, 1487,
from inhaled, 2170, 2413
in presence of various disorders, 1188, 1274,
1322, 1612
in rabbits, 1164
Takata-Dohmoto reaction, 1200
test comparison, in TEL poisoning, rabbits,
629
in thalassemic, 2709, 2710
in TML exposure, 2546
in TML poisoning, rabbits, 1047, 1117, 1120
vs in parasitic disease, 1439
function tests, plasma proteins, 1593
in rabbits, 640
hepatitis, epidemic, vs Pb-lnduced, 2683
from Pb stearate, 2329
urinary trimethylamine in, 1269
hepatonephritis, fatal, 1251
hepatosplenomegaly, radiology, 1353
hypertension, frequency, 1651
inclusion bodies, in alcoholic, 2770
in children, 2855, 2868, 2900, 2975
as diagnostic sign, dogs, 649
electron microscopy, animals, 1034, 1153
histochemistry, animals, 1153
in sheep, 3435
intracellular distribution of Pb, see Metabolism
of lead, distribution
isolated perfused, Pb clearance, in vitro, 437
isolation of TEL from inhaled, rats, 695
jaundice, 1267, 1282, 1283, 1343, 1764, 2719,
2785
frequency, 1651
hemolytic, in acute exacerbation, 1227
in hemolytic anemia, 1733
in horses, 3245
in rats, 1083
in thalassemic, 2709, 2710, 2720
lysosome, rats. 1045
mechanism of action on, 822
microsomes, conversion of TEL to triethyllead,
379
21°Pb distribution, rabbits, 797
mitochondria, 1045, 1131
ALA synthesis, animals, 1160
electron microscopy, pigs, 1196
210Pb distribution, animals, 797
phosphorylation, oxidative, inhibition by
trialkyllead, 423
necrosis, induced, protection by Pb, rats, 778
oxygen consumption, 615
effect of cysteamine, in vitro, 326
oxygen metabolism, 853
pathology, 1271
in acute PbEDTA poisoning, animals, 918
in acute poisoning, 1920
animals, 870, 961
chronic, dogs, 649
in alcoholic, 2582, 2652
in animals, 517, 519, 557, 640, 644, 685,
1010, 1094, 1100, 1146, 1179
in chickens, 811
in children, 2954
cirrhosis, rabbits, 496
in compensation case, 3520
differentiation from obstructive jaundice,
rabbits, 496
from EDTA+Pb, guinea pigs, 979
effect of: drugs, animals, 536, 809
radiation injury, rats, 884
vitamin deficiency, mice, 815
in livestock, 3245
in lupine+Pb poisoning, cattle, sheep, 931
from Pb-lubricant, guinea pigs, 489
from Pb stearate, acetylsalicylate, animals,
567
in primates, 944
from TEL, 1228, 1921, 2016
in animals, 556, 1171
vs TML, rats, 1068
from TEL-gasoline, 2305
vs TML-gasoline, 3357
time factors, vs serum enzymes, rats, 835
from titanates, rats, 987
from TML, animals, 1048, 1171
vs dose, rats, 746
vs exposure route, rats, 1045
Pb content, distribution, see Metabolism of lead
pigment excretion, dogs, 644
porphyrins, see Porphyrins
protein metabolism, 1213
radiology, in TEL poisoning, 1384
respiration, phosphorylation, in TEL poisoning,
rabbits, 592
in vitro, 307
riboflavin content, rabbits, 752
RNA degradation, EDTA effect, in vitro, 452
subicterus, 1402, 2387
weight, rabbits, 1146
in rats, 517, 518, 715
vs Cu content, sheep, 1139
Liver extracts
detoxication factor, animals, 634
effect on:
anemia, animals, 528, 538, 611, 617, 834
Subject Index
885
-------
Liver extracts: effect on (cont)
Pb-induced, unrelated to Pb, animals, 775
ascorbic acid metabolism, rats, 893
poisoning course, animals, 642, 668, 692
prophylactic effectiveness, 1287, 2586
as source for xanthine oxidase factor, Pb con-
tent, 74
therapeutic effectiveness, 1217, 1445, 1852,2208
therapeutic use, reviews, 1490, 2184
use in vitamin B-12 potency determination,
rabbits, 610
Livestock; see also Domestic animals; specific
species; Lead poisoning in livestock; Lead,
toxicity in livestock
diseases, differential diagnosis from Pb poison-
ing, 506
management, in polluted areas, 3226
Pb content in hair, in endemic nephritis area,
1033
Pb intake, from contaminated pastures, 475
tolerated, 474
trace element requirements, 1014
Lubricants
carcinogenesis of Pb naphthenate in, 1107
experiments with guinea pigs, 489
health hazards
on experimental basis, 489
of Pb-S-containing, 662
Pb content, 2320
as cause of poisoning, 2051
Lumbar puncture, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Lung diseases; see also Pneumoconiosis; Silicosis
trace element metabolism, 2214
Lungs; see also Respiratory system
ascorbic acid, 893
cancer, see Neoplasms
disorders, from intratracheal Pb ores, rats,
3213
edema, from TEL-gasoline, mice, 1186
fibrosis, from Pb-Zn dust, rats, 1016
function, welders, 1387
pathology, 1271
animals, 536, 557, 809, 870, 1010, 1100, 1179
in newborn of poisoned mother, 2944
from Pb, vs Cu, Mo mines, rats, 2760
from Pb alkyls, rats, 1091
from Pb barite, Pb-Zn dusts, rats, 1077
from Pb-lubricant, guinea pigs, 489
from Pb stearate, acetylsalicylate, animals,
567
from TEL, 1228
vs Pb content, rabbits, 556
vs TML, rats, 1068, 1171
from TEL-, vs TML-gasoline, animals, 3357
from titanates, rats, 987
Pb binding, content, distribution, see Metabo-
lism of lead
porphyrins, see Porphyrins
signs, radiology, in chronic bronchitis in Pb
fume exposure, 1661
Lupine
congenital deformity in cattle from, vs from
Pb, 929
toxicity, with Pb, in cattle, sheep, 931
Lymphatic system; see also Vascular system
cancer, see Neoplasms
lymphangiograms, 2133
vs signs, 2399
pathology, 1271
in animals, 557, 759
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead; Lead iso-
tope-210
MAC: Maximum allowable concentrations
Magnesium metabolism
content in urine, effect of EDTA, 2075
effect of EDTA therapy, 1467
on in vitro, in vivo basis, 2427, 2569
Magnesium sulfate; see also Treatment of alkyl-
lead poisoning; Treatment of lead poisoning
mobilization of Pb from past exposure, 1294
therapeutic effectiveness
intramuscular, 2080
in children, 2977
Malformations, congenital, see Reproduction
Mallards, see ducks, wild, under Lead poisoning in
animals; Lead, toxicity in birds
Mammals; see also Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in livestock; Lead, toxicity in
mammals; for case reports, see Lead poison-
ing in animals; Lead poisoning in livestock
crystalline lens, Pb content, 1023
Mammary glands
Pb secretion, see Metabolism of lead, secretion
Man, exposure to lead, see Exposure of man
Manganese
content in blood, in exposure, 2077
exposure, effect of hair growth, strength, 1861
Manufacturing Chemists' Association labeling, 3514
Marine animals, see Aquatic organisms; Crustaceans;
Fish; Seals; etc
Marplan (5-Methyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid
2-benzylhydrazide)
effect on: serotonin metabolism, rabbits, 1110
TEL, TML poisoning, mice, 941
tryptophan metabolism, rabbits, 1122
Marsilid, see Isonicotinic acid 2-isopropylhydra-
zide
Massachusetts General Hospital Conference, 1389
Mast cells, see Cells and subcellular structures
Mastocalcergy, mastocalciphylaxis; see also Calci-
um metabolism; Lead acetate
definition, 1178
Matches
Pb-content, Japan, 160, 184
Maternal transfer, see Metabolism of lead; Repro-
duction
Maximum allowable concentrations; see also Thres-
hold limit values
air
ambient, of Pb oxide vs sulfide, on experimen-
tal basis, USSR, 1019
workroom, on experimental basis, USSR, 898
effects on nervous activity as basis, USSR, 3234
animal experimentation, USSR, 725
inhalation exposure, vs environmental tempera-
ture, recommended, USSR, 1087
tin smelter dust, on experimental basis, USSR, 1063
water, on basis of animal experimentation, USSR,
826
Mechanism of action, see under Lead; specific lead
compounds, organs, systems
Medical care
national, vs industrial, 2806
Medical surveillance; see also Lead poisoning,
diagnosis; Industrial hygiene control; Treat-
ment; specific compounds, industries and
processes
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Medical surveillance (cont)
basophil cells vs aggregation, as exposure
measure, 1244
basophil counts, as exposure measure, 1907, 3083
indications for, 1339, 1912, 2023
biologic materials, analytical methods, see
Analytical methods
blood examination, importance, 1923, 2757, 3094
legislated; 1296, 1329; see also examinations
blood urea determination, as early sign, 1322
preplacement, legislated, 1683
blood vs urea examination, 1296, 1329
in chronic TEL poisoning, 2712
compensation aspects, 1223; see also Workmen's
compensation
diagnostic methods, past, present, 1291
disability evaluation, 2592
economics of, 3133
EDTA mobilization test, for return to work, 2832
educational programs, 2123, 2158, 2530, 2735
effectiveness, 1762, 1783, 2829, 3190
employee placement, vs absorption degree, 2243
vs hearing loss, 1308
employee rejection, indications, 2317, 2596,
2709, 2710, 3504
employee selection, training, reviews, 1832
essentials, 1894, 1941, 2036, 2083, 2287, 2288,
2530, 2580, 2729, 2737, 3191
examination schedules, 1729, 1875, 2574, 2596,
3094
in TEL exposure, 1792
examinations, blood, 1245, 1380, 1679, 2211,
2574
blood Pb, 2630
eyes, in TEL-gasoline exposure, 1623
legislated, 1273, 1276, 1779, 1780, 2504,
2659, 2715, 3238, 3497, 3499, 3504-3506;
see also Legislation, occupational
new workers, 2146
periodic, 1232, 1782
blood Pb, 1415a
point rating of signs, 2257
records, 3538
retinal stippling, 2777, 2778
porphyrin metabolism, 2630
preemployment, 1232
blood urea tests, 1274
fatalities, due to lack of, 1338
government agency, management, union relation-
ships, 3090
guides, 3134, 3147
history, 1579, 3216
of human subjects, 1345
importance of, 1205, 1227, 1256, 1438, 2135
by industrial health service, France, 1383
industrial physician responsibility, 1854
job placement, contraindications, legislated,
3238
laboratory tests, 1491, 1534, 2036, 2535, 2746,
2773
evaluation, 1501, 1574, 2159, 2160, 2290
liver extracts for poisoning prevention, 2586
malingerers, laboratory tests for, 1502
management education, 3133
for manual compositors, recommended, 2225
new employees, prophylactic treatment, 1246
in new vs old factories, 2538
oral hygiene, recommended, 1307
periodontal lesions as compensable disease, 1326
programs: ceramics industry, 1905, 2005, 2123
foundries, 1651, 2044, 2317
glass industry, 1746
legislated, 1239, 3219
mine installations, 2532, 3215
national vs industrial, 2806
paint operations, refinery, 1414, 3087
Pb industries, 3, 30, 1342, 1535, 1571, 1578,
1629, 2596, 2776, 3073, 3094, 3122, 3132,
3155, 3205
Pb processing industry, 2159, 2160, 2290
pottery industry, 2584
legislated, 3486
printing industry, 1952, 2303
recommended, US, 3114
smelters, 2409, 2536, 3090
state health departments, US, 3109
storage battery industry, 1420, 1688, 1979,
2746, 2806, 3081, 3083, 3102, 3121, 3203
TEL exposure, 1236, 1248, 1250, 1253, 1540,
2699
guides, 1403, 3111, 3194
history, 2158, 2735, 2803
TEL-gasoline tank cleaning, 2793
TML exposure, 2699
Zn industry, 2401
prophylaxis, of cardiovascular disorders, 2314
EDTA; see Edetate
Fe, 2198
milk, 2579
serum albumin tablets, 1825
sulfhydryl-Ca tablets, 1574
recommendations, International Labour Organiza-
tion, 3086
recommended in: Italy, 2164
Philippines, 1214, 1215
radiology laboratories, 1653
Yugoslavia, 3135
records, statistical evaluation, 2661
rehabilitation, 2198
removal from exposure, indications, 1333, 1338,
2289, 3092
legislation recommended, Bulgaria, 2592
vs basophil counts, 1423
vs EDTA prophylaxis, 2229
rest cures, 1555
return to work, EDTA mobilization test for, 2480,
2825, 2826
examinations for, 1854
reviews, 37, 2147
screening tests, 1545, 2741, 2809, 2810
basophils, 3121
urine ALA, 2141
urine Pb, 1277, 3087, 3110, 3121, 3207
urine porphyrins, 1202, 1263, 1264, 1362, 1554,
1823, 1905, 2005, 2224, 2574, 2831, 3579
in small shops, problems, 2719
socioeconomic factors in, 1665, 1666
surveys; see also specific industries
ceramics industry, 1862, 1907, 3092
chemical industry, 1569
demolition work, 2434
foundries, 1715
jet aircraft repair, 1819
mines, 2183, 2284
painters, government, 2629
paint industry, 2492
Pb-steel processing, 3138
pigment processing, 3099
Subject Index
887
-------
Medical surveillance: surveys (cont)
pottery industry, 2017
printing industry, 1210, 3072, 3137, 3179
small shops, 2688, 2809, 2810
smelters, 1240, 2321, 3212
soldering operations, 1210
storage battery industry, 1501, 2813, 3145,
3211, 3583
wire industry, 3139
worker management, 2560; see also removal from
exposure, 2560
work shift rotation, in TEL exposure, 1663
Membrane-active substances
effect of EDTA complexes, 360
Membrane permeability, see Cells; Mucous membrane
Mental diseases; see also Nervous system
trace element metabolism, 2205
Mental retardation; see also Nervous system
blood Pb, children, 3055, 3060, 3068
occurrence of Pb poisoning in, 2620
Meprobamate
prophylactic, therapeutic use, 2010
Mercaptans
therapeutic effectiveness in TEL poisoning, 805
p-Mercaptobenzenesulfonamide
Pb complex, toxicity, 559
reaction with Pb, in vitro, in vivo, 559
therapeutic effectiveness, guinea pigs, 559
g-Mercaptoethylamine, see Cysteamine
2-Mercaptoethyliminodiacetic acid
effect on Pb isotope metabolism, rats, 991
3-Mercaptoguanidine
intraperitoneal, effect on TEL, TML poisoning,
mice, 964
effect on triethyllead poisoning, mice, 963
Mercury
exposure, effect on amino acid excretion, 1654
inhalation toxicity in animals, effect of heat,
Pb, 1180
metabolism, storage in disease, 1207
poisoning, blood pyruvate, 1980
diagnosis, urine porphyrins, 2831
effect of BAL vs EDTA on Hg, Pb elimination,
1551
hazards, in spectrographic laboratories, 3218
thyroid function vs in Pb poisoning, 1831
Metabolic rate
effect of exercise, rats, 733
effect on poisoning, mice, 887
Metabolism; see also specific metabolic processes
oxidation processes, vs poisoning, 2483
Metabolism, major and minor (trace) element, see
specific elements; Trace element metabolism
Metabolism of alkyllead
diethyl-: content in liver, from inhaled TEL,
rats, 695
effect, vs Pb, 1091
isolation in liver, from inhaled TEL, rats,695
from TEL, rats, 919
lipid solubility vs effect, 1091
metabolites, from TEL, accumulation in kidneys,
1053
Pb (ionic), see Metabolism of lead
TEL, content in liver, from inhaled, rats, 695
trialkyl-: conversion to, from tetraalkyl, 41,
933
triethyl-:
content in: blood, from TEL, triethyl-Pb,
rats, 932, 933
brain, from TEL, triethyl-Pb, rats, 932, 933
from TEL, conversion to nontoxic form,
mice, 2712
kidneys, from TEL, triethyl-Pb, 932, 933
liver, from inhaled TEL, rats, 695
from TEL, triethyl-Pb, rats, 932, 933
conversion to, in liver, from TEL, 932, 933
mechanism, 379
effect, vs Pb, 1091
isolation from liver, from inhaled TEL, rats,
695
from TEL, rats, 919
lipid solubility vs effect, 1091
as metabolic product from TEL, by liver
microsomes, 379
reactions in brain, liver from TEL, 2653
trimethyl-: content in blood, brain, kidneys,
liver, from trimethyl-Pb, rats, 933
tripropyl-: content in blood, from tripropyl-Pb,
933
reactions in brain, liver, from TEL, 2653
Metabolism of lead; see also Lead isotope(s);
unless otherwise indicated, entries refer
to findings in adult man with Pb (ionic)
poisoning by inhalation exposure; "popula-
tion" refers to findings on groups with no
unusual exposure to Pb, ie, urban or area
studies; "normal" is used only for animals
in studies specifically for this purpose;
as a rule, the normal values are included
in animal experiments and observations on
humans
absorption: diet as factor, 1342
effect of, albumin, 710, 829
alcohol, 588
Ca-P diets, vitamins, 648
from gastrointestinal tract, effect of EDTA,
1008
of 210Pb, 882, 955
of Pb-Sn dust, 1018
of PVC stabilizers, 904
GOT as measure, 2078
from inhaled, 2465, 3337
vs oral, 1762, 2732, 3236, 3327
test for, 1545
vs exposure, 1905, 2005, 2287, 2288
vs skin contact, 3137
from lungs, 2828
from metal in stomach, 2905
from oral, 2150
from Pb glazes, 717
of 210Pb, effect of EDTA, 1044, 1111
from retained missiles, 2459
seasonal variations, children, 2932, 2965
of soluble vs insoluble Pb, 486
vs administration route, 705
vs intake, 477
vs poisoning, 1223, 2737
vs urine porphyrins, 1230, 1630, 2352
accumulation in body, see retention; storage
adsorption: on erythrocytes, as mechanism of
individual susceptibility, 1235, 1692
as plasma Pb phosphate, in vitro, 358
in vitro, 365
balance studies: human subjects, 2287, 2288,
2733, 3407
vs natural intake, livestock, 1014
binding with:
blood, 3760
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Metabolism of lead: binding with (cont)
erythrocytes, EDTA effect, in vitro, 364, 390
effect on antigens, in vitro, 366, 367
hemolysis by, EDTA effect, in vitro, 407
isolation of substance, in vitro, 314
of PbEDTA, in vitro, in vivo, 684
vs with plasma, EDTA effect, human sub-
jects, 1781
proteins, Ca effect, in vitro, 807
EDTA effect, in vitro, 353, 374
of 210Pb, in vitro, in vivo, 376, 856
of 212Pb, in vitro, 313
plasma, rabbits, 700
site of, 732
in vitro, 319, 376, 700
bones, EDTA effect, in vitro, 411
brain, EDTA effect, in vitro, 411
cells, type vs elimination, 1115, 1116
cysteamine, 614
EDTA, 614, 2185
vs dose, 1943
HC1, in gastric juice, 2351
hemosiderin, in Fe storage diseases, 2106, 2107
intestinal secretions, 1197
liver, EDTA effect, in vitro, 351, 352, 411,
818
lungs, EDTA effect, in vitro, 411
neuraminic acid, 990, 1112
proteins, site of, 732
in vitro, in vivo, 319, 856
protoporphyrins, 2171
sialic acid, 1991
urine, 3760
biologic half-life in skeleton, 984
biologic limit values, procedures for, 2345
blood-milk barrier, in parturition, cattle, 3398
blood proteins as carriers in intestinal excre-
tion, 1197
body burden: age variation, 2025
aspects of, 3387
content in teeth as measure, 2994
EDTA mobilization test as index, 2370
mathematical model, 2820
normal, 1299
vs 210pb maximum, 2370
in poisoning, removal by EDTA, 1718
population, 2780
threshold limit values, recommended, 3304
vs exposure, 2733
vs increased TEL use, evaluation, 3299
vs porphyrin metabolism, 2470
content in: adenoids, children, 2124
adrenals, effect of alcohol, animals, 607, 608
in fatal poisoning, 1857
population, 1418, 1531, 2642
age, disease variations, 2106, 2107
from TEL, rabbits, 555, 556
effect of EDTA, etc, rabbits, 681
time factors, colloidal 212pb, rabbits, 502
vs weight, raccoons, 965
aorta, age variation, 1475
in fatal, poisoning, 1521
population, 2214, 2342, 2455, 2642
appendix, population, 2124
bile, after BAL, 1297
distribution, 1251
after EDTA, 1956
iv vs oral, 2457
vs in blood, 1557
vs in calculi, population, 1841
vs exposure route, dogs, 900
vs intake, rabbits, 477
bladder, urinary, in fatal poisoning, 1521
population, 2025, 2642
disease variations, form of Pb in, 2745
blood, 1233, 1437, 1536, 1748, 2001, 2832
in acute poisoning, 1358, 1368, 1586, 1681,
1733, 1763, 1816, 1920, 2014, 2283, 2333,
2580, 2622, 2652, 2666
chronic, dogs, 649
effect of EDTA, rabbits, 1015
adaptation to, 1368
age variations, 2629, 2675
children, 2945
after albumin, rabbits, 710, 829
in alcohol poisoning, 2253, 2383
ante, post partum, cattle, 658, 734
after antibiotics, sheep, 802
sulfonamides, sheep, 860
Ascidiella aspersa, 471
automobile driversi 2675
after BAL, 1880
animals, 563
children, 2852
time factors, 1297
basophils, histochemistry, rabbits, 970
after Ca-P diets, vitamins, rats, 648
cattle, 474
cellsplasma partition, mechanism, 1798; see
also erythrocyte:plasma
210Pb, rats, 1046
cells, form of Pb in, effect of EDTA, 1798
children, 1893, 2855, 2874, 2876, 2888, 2902,
2910, 2911, 2945, 2954, 2958, 2964, 2967,
2976, 2983, 2990, 3004, 3005, 3010, 3027,
3032, 3045, 3046, 3052, 3063, 3064, 3067
in chronic TEL poisoning, 2712, 2738
coagulum, 2361
cord, after EDTA in pregnancy poisoning, 2663
maternal, from past poisoning, 1794
population, 2025
diagnostic value, 30, 1204, 1223, 1284, 1293,
1316, 1356, 1368, 1375, 1415a, 1449,
1502, 1515, 1558, 1574, 1609, 1651, 1679,
1729, 1817, 1862, 1875, 1979, 2401, 2416,
2477, 2496, 2788, 2809, 2810, 2906
cattle, 675
children, 2894, 2901, 2903, 3037, 3048
in disability case, 1857
diurnal variations, 1251
in dust vs fume exposure, 2070
after EDTA, 789, 1587, 1601, 1632, 1634,
1701, 1709, 1718, 1735, 1852, 1886, 1892,
1953, 2063, 2064. 2272, 2387, 2452, 2461,
2491, 2508, 2619, 2639
cattle, 543, 727
from childhood poisoning, 2528
children, 2896, 2905, 2912, 2915, 2991,
2996
dogs, 1914
in endemic nephritis, 2397
iv, vs oral, 1914
limit values, 1971, 2603
from past poisoning, 2058
in TEL poisoning, 1760
vs in urine, 1633
effect of alcohol, 212Pb, in cats, 588
effect of liver function, goats, 566
Subject Index
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in blood (cont)
effect on reproduction, sex ratio in progeny,
1837
in encephalopathy, 1225, 2118, 2228, 2493
children, 2443
vs pica, 3035
erythrocyte:plasma, 1485, 1762
after chelates, cattle, 899
children, 2945
dogs, 684
after EDTA, 1553, 1781, 2177
dogs, 789
PbEDTA, rabbits, 1781
effect of dehydration, rats, 1106
form of Pb, animals, 20a, 677
of 210, 2l2pb> rabbits> 501
removal, time factors, rats, 497, 523,
1113, 1114, 1116
seasonal variations, 1385
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 765
in vitro, 311, 313, 508
vs content, in vivo vs in vitro, goats,
558
erythrocyte:plasma:serum, 1251
210pb, time factors, guinea pigs, 791
rabbits, sheep, 476
erythrocyte:serum, cattle, 734
protein, vs kidney-liver deposition,
animals, 604
erythrocytes, HC1 extract, vs porphyrins,
rabbits, 988
leukocytes, plasma, population, 2576
membrane vs hemoglobin, 1385
population, burns, patients, 2068
vs plasma, effect on porphyrin synthesis,
in vitro, in vivo, 1698
in exposure, 1591, 1898, 1924, 2142, 2629
vs poisoning, 1609
in fatal poisoning, 1314, 1521, 2373
in fatal TEL poisoning, 1221, 1921
in first poisoning, 1251
from flue dust, colts, 3245
form of Pb, 1762
dogs, 684
after iv, ia injection, rabbits, 807
in gout, from past exposure, 1822
guinea pigs, 544
in hearing disorders, 2703
in heart defects, 2593
in heifers vs in mothers, 734
in hypoparathyroidism, 2143
near industries, 1924, 3305, 3369
animals, 3474
livestock, 2174, 3398
from inhaled, human subjects, 2089, 2413
time factors, 1345
vs oral, human subjects, 2031
in intracranial pressure, children, 2974
from intratracheal, oral, Pb-Sn dust,
dogs, 1018
from iv vs oral, time factors, rabbits,
sheep, 476
in jaundice, 1343
in kidney disorders, 2715
limit values; see also threshold limits;
1449, 1491, 1534, 1546, 1547, 1574,
1603, 1626, 1652, 1687, 1688, 1779,
1780, 1828, 1870, 1903, 1958, 1984,
2026, 2218, 2391, 2409, 2416, 2501,
2535, 2580, 2733, 2746, 2825, 2826,
2978, 3574, 3575, 3596, 3656
children, 2939, 2934, 2986, 2991, 3037,
3041, 3043, 3050, 3054, 3055, 3060, 3859
statistical evaluation, 1805
in TEL exposure, 1236
vs signs, 1364
from machine vs hand operations, 2103
from melted Pb burns, 2836
in mental retardation, children, 3055, 3068
after metal mixture iv, rabbits, 1151
in mild poisoning, 2691
in miners, 2174
in mining area, sheep, 3435
mother's vs fetal tissue, 1945
in multiple sclerosis from soil Pb, 1208
in myelopathy, 2808
in myocardial infarction, 2520
in myocarditis, 1366
after Na citrate, 598, 1445
in neurologic disorders, 2125
in newborns, 2675
sheep vs in ewes. 696
normal, animals, 1938
guinea pigs, 845
rabbits, 800
individual variations, 1028
rats, 844, 859,
vs in poisoning, 1293
livestock, 486
in optic neuritis, 1268
from oral, 1267, 1376, 1401, 1450, 1756, 2161,
2474, 2539, 2552, 2285
vs intake, human subjects, 1487
in papilledema, 1758
in paralysis, 1318, 2731
after parathyroidectomy, in rats, 804
from past poisoning, 1304, 1585, 2263
in Pb arsenate poisoning, 1556
cattle, 726
in Pb naphthenate poisoning, 2182
from Pb-Sn alloys, dogs, 2796
vs Pb content, 2796
in Pb stearate poisoning, 2329
after penicillamine, 2543, 2654
in TEL poisoning, 1760
after penicilin, 1937, 1938
sheep, 740
plasma; see also erythrocyte
chicken, 510
form of Pb in, effect of EDTA, 1798
population, 2797
in polyneuritis, 1562
population, 1447, 1485, 1546, 1609, 1864,
1870, 1961, 1971, 1987, 2070, 2260, 2297,
2524, 2713, 2780, 3147, 3956
age variations 2281
analytical methods variations, 3585
after meals, 3684
urban, 2675
nonurban, 1591, 1626, 1842, 2144, 2269
near industries, 2174
in porphyric, 2007, 2008, 2751
in pregnancy, 3057
from past poisoning, 1794
protein fractions, population, 2798
vs in blood, 2040
removal, time factors, sheep, 477
after rest cures, 1801
890
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in blood (cont)
from retained missiles, 1948
reviews, 2657
seasonal variations, 2273
children, 2997
after S baths, 1963
serum; see also erythrocyte
chickens, 510
in exposure, 1386
horses, 510
limit values, 1856
population, 1856, 2675, 2798
sex variations, 2629, 2675
from skin absorption, 2320
rabbits, 730
in smokers, 2675
soft tissue calcification by, rats, 1021
from spray painting, 2771
in subacute poisoning, 1738, 2003
from TEL, 1431, 1747, 1792, 2193, 2402, 2438,
2559, 2743, 2803
rats, 1068, 1171
vs Pb poisoning, 2738
vs TML, 2389
from TEL-gasoline, 1422, 2565, 2734, 3357
vs Pb, 2721, 3337
in thalassemic, 2709, 2710, 2720
after thiosulfates, 1717
guinea pigs, 890
threshold limits; see also limit values,
2073, 2134, 2289, 2341
children, 3015
in TEL exposure, 2134
vs exposure level, duration, 2287, 2288
threshold limit values, 2071, 2336, 2076,
3528, 3535,
interpretation, 3515
time factors, animals, 502, 925, 927
after EDTA, rabbits, 690
vs exposure route, animals, 946
from TML, 2546
rats, 1068, 1171
from TML-gasoline, 2564, 2565, 2734, 3357,
toxic, in cattle, 771
traffic police, 3263, 3264
after unithiol, 2362
after vitamins, 1720, 1721
guinea pigs, 890
vs absorption degree, 2243
vs administration route, rabbits, 606
vs ALA, 2463
porphyrins, 2602, 2686
vs aminotransferases, 2840
vs analytical methods, 1589
vs basophils, 1368, 1443, 2535
diagnostic value, 1436
vs in bile, vs exposure route, in dogs, 900
vs blood changes, diagnostic value, 976
vs blood pressure, 1581
vs bone marrow changes, 1645
vs Ca, 2216
vs in calculi, population, 1841
vs catalase, cholinesterase, sheep, 1089
vs cholinesterase, from TEL vs Pb, sheep,
1189
vs Co, Cu, Fe, in lambs, 1071
vs Cu, porphyrins, 1954
vs disorders, children, 2920
vs erythrocytes, 2462
vs exposure, 1210, 1214, 1215, 1335, 1363,
1550, 1577, 1746, 1863, 1931, 2077,
2082, 2144, 2159, 2160, 2261, 2269,
2287, 2288, 2290, 2321, 2367, 2468,
2630, 2699, 2715, 2719, 2733, 2800,
3092, 3128, 3371
route, time factors, rabbits, 1028
signs, 1546
vs Fe, rabbits, 783, 913
vs GOT in exposure, 2078
vs in hair, 1836
vs intake, human subjects, 1293
vs kidney disorders, 2319
vs pathology, rabbits vs man, 1138
vs poisoning degree, 1696, 2694, 2814
sheep, 696
vs porphyrins, 1300, 1462
vs protein metabolism, 1309, 2156
vs pyruvate, 1980
vs signs, 1512, 1787, 3145
children, 3060
vs skin lesions, 1714
vs in spinal fluid, 1360
vs time of, past poisoning, 2801
^lOpk injection, guinea pigs, 545
vs in unrelated diseases, 1317, 1377
vs urea, 1391
vs in urine, 1443, 1557, 2046, 2676
after EDTA, 1553
vs urine ALA, 2527
vs urine porphyrin, 1243, 1415a, 1443, 1455,
1479, 2046, 2224, 2366, 2906, 2962,
diagnostic value, 1263
in high exposure, 1204
vs Zn, 2467
whole, vs plasma, population, 2797
vs serum, coagulum, 2361
in exposure, 1386
population, 2675
in workroom exposure, in guinea pigs, 701,
973
in young sheep, 1002
in young workers, 1354
body, age variations, 2732
after EDTA, fed with Pb, rats, 693
210Pb, rats, 1044
near industries, rats, 485
from immersion, mollusks, 347
bone marrow, in fatal poisoning, 1521, 1920
from iv vs oral Pb, time factors, rabbits,
sheep, 476
population, 1418, 2025
time factors, colloidal 212Pb, rabbits, 502
vs Fe, rabbits, 783, 913
bones, 1920
age variations, 1800, 2025, 2295, 2348
alveolar, population, 1959, 1960
analytical standard, 2410
ancient, as paleopathologic tool, 44
after BAL, animals, 563
in brain tumor cases, 2316
after Ca-P diets, vitamins, rats, 648
in children, 2855, 2952, 2958, 2974, 2989,
compact, microradiography, dogs, 841
cortex, vs in unrelated neurologic disease,
1317
distribution, in fatal poisoning, 1521
vs growth, animals, 574
after drugs, rats, 514
Subject Index
891
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in bones (cont)
after EDTA, guinea pigs, 979
in rabbits, 864
effect of exercise, rats, 661
effect of protein diets, rats, 1134
in encephalopathy, 2118
in fatal poisoning, 1474
in fish, 457
form of Pb in, 1762
histochemistry, 2615
mice, rats, 2615
from iv vs oral Pb, time factors, rabbits,
sheep, 476
in kidney disorders, 1800, 2887
from childhood poisoning, 1916
in mining area, sheep, 3435
near industries, animals, 813, 3271, 3362,
3474
normal, cattle, 2268
in rats, 846
in osteogenic sarcoma, 2752
after parathyroidectomy, rats, 804
after pectin, guinea pigs, 926
after phosphicin, vs EDTA, animals, 1038
population, 1418, 2025, 2295, 2348
in cancer, 2268
prehistoric workers, 2727
radiology vs disease, baboons, 713
sex, variations, 1800
in rheumatism, in exposed, nonexposed, 1807
saturation, mechanism, rats, 547
skull, after EDTA, from childhood poisoning,
2528
in kidney disorders, 2529
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 555
time factors, animals, 589, 746, 791, 927,
946
trabecula-cortex migration, dogs, 589
after vitamins, guinea pigs, rats, 1135
vs dose, rats, 746
vs exposure, 1301, 1302
children, 3360
rats, 898
route, 210pt in ratS; 945
vs in hair, population, 2728
rabbits, 1966
U miners, 2728
vs types of, 1800
in children, 2733
in kidney disorders, 2529
from workroom exposure, guinea pigs, 973
brain, 1207, 1317, 1474, 1521, 1920
in alcohol poisoning, 2253
cell nuclei, population, 1454
children, 2868, 2952, 2964, 2974, 2989,
3033
distribution, burns victims, 2384
children, 3031
effect of alcohol, 212Pb, cats, 588
population, 1561
dogs, 737
after EDTA, rats, 896
effect of alcohol, guinea pigs, 608
rats, 607
in encephalopathy, 2384
children, 2733
near industries, in cats, 3271
normal, rats, 846
population, 1418, 2025, 2214, 2264, 2342,
2455, 2541, 2642, 3633, 3884
age, variations, 2106, 2107
disease variations, 1207, 1317, 2106, 2107,
2214
proteins, animals, 836
population, 2122
removal from, after TEL poisoning, mice,
2712
by sublethal doses, cattle, 474
in TEL poisoning, 704, 1625, 1921, 2193
mice, 1000
rabbits, 555, 556, 765
vs time of death, rabbits, 704
vs TML poisoning, dogs vs rats, 1053
in rats, 1068
in TEL-gasoline poisoning, 2305
time factors, vs exposure, route, rats, 946
from triethyllead, effect of sulfhydryls,
mice, 963
vs injection time, guinea pigs, 545
calculi, 1251; see also teeth, calculus
biliary, population, 1841
pancreatic, population, 1841
renal, from past exposure, 1685
population, 2435
salivary, 1827
submaxillary, population, 1325
urinary, in disease from past exposure, 1685
population, 1841
vs water Pb, 1584
cartilage, 1418
cerebrospinal fluid, 1733, 1984; see also
spinal cord
children, 2996
dogs, 737
in encephalopathy, 1225, 1681, 1816, 2118,
2331, 2493
in fatal poisoning, 2684
from flue dust, colts, 3245
in mental diseases, 2205
population, 2025, 2780
vs in poisoning, encephalopathy, 1360
in TEL poisoning, 2438
vs in blood, 1360, 1557
vs in unrelated neurological disease, 1317
chick, egg, distribution in embryo, vitellin
sac, shell, after injection, 782
embryo, 510
chorion, in chronic poisoning, radio-Pb, guinea
pigs, 878
diaphragm, population 2642, 3884
embryo, population, 2037
TEL poisoning, rabbits, 555
endocrine glands, population, 1531
enzymes, amylases, saliva, population, 2074
esophagus, 1521
population, 2642
excreta, time factors, rats, 927; see also
content in feces; urine
exhaled air vs inhaled, 2465, 2732, 3250
human subjects, 2413
eyes, crystalline lens, in animals, vs man,
1023
population, 2067
fat, population, 2025
feathers, vs color, 911
feces, 1437
after albumin, rabbits, 710, 829
chickens, 1182
892
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in feces (cont)
children, 2958, 3005
daily, children vs Pb workers, 2908
diagnostic value, 1223, 1293, 1828, 2477
after EDTA, 1601, 1718, 1956
animals, 601, 655, 689, 748, 979
cattle, 543
iv, vs oral, 1642, 2457
oral, 1773
210Pb, rats, 1008
in Pb stearate poisoning, 260A
in TEL poisoning, 1760
effect of dehydration, 210pb, rats, 1106
effect of liver function, goats, 566
in fatal poisoning, children, 1893
in facal TEL poisoning, 1221
in fraudulent ingestion, 2092
infants, age variations, 1842
from inhaled, human subjects, 2170, 2413
vs ingested, 1885
limit values, 2026
after Na citrate, guinea pigs, rats, 564
normal, guinea pigs, 845
livestock, vs in poisoning, 486
rabbits, 800
rats, 844
in parturition, cattle, 658
from 212Pb, rats, 705
after PbEDTA, in rabbits, 703
from Pb stearate, 2516
after pectin, guinea pigs, 926
after penicillamine, 2543
in TEL poisoning, 1760
after phosphicin, vs EDTA, animals, 1038
population, 1448, 1485, 2780,
urban, nonurban, 1842
after protein tablets, 1695
after pyrocatechol disulfonate, rabbits, 499
by sublethal doses, cattle, 474
after thiosulfates, 1530
time factors, animals, 769, 791, 925, 1105,
1113, 1114
vs exposure route, rats, 946
vs in blood, 1762
vs exposure, 2146, 2699, 2732
vs intake, human subjects, 1299, 1487
in sheep, 477
vs time of injection, 2^0pb, guinea pigs, 545
vs in urine, biological half-life, in dogs,
man, 984
after EDTA, rabbits, 654
from water, cattle, 768
fetus, in fatal poisoning, 1252
near industries, 3367
population, 2025, 2037
vs in mother, 1173, 1920, 1945
fish, gills, 457
gastric juice, 1733
after BAL, 1297
after EDTA, iv vs oral, 2457
gastrointestinal system; see also intestines,
stomach
in children, 2989
in Pb stearate poisoning, 2516
time factors, vs exposure route, rats, 946
gingiva, in exposure, 1266
in Pb line formation, 1566
vs exposure, 1326
hair, animals, 20a, 677
after BAL, 1880
children, 2989
diagnostic value, 1835
in endemic area, animals, 1033, 2415
in exposure, 732
in fatal poisoning, 1474
limit values, 1966
normal, cattle, 823, 1033
from oral, 1770, 1771, 1897
in Pb arsenate poisoning, 1742
population, 1410, 2728
in endemic nephritis area, 2415
sex variations, 1836, 1966
U miners, 2728
vs color, animals, 911
vs exposure, signs, 1836
vs growth, strength, in exposure, 1861
vs in organs, rabbits, 1966
heart, 1521, 1857
age variations, rats, 1173
in brain tumor cases, 2316
children, 2989
effect of alcohol, rats, 607
muscles, from TEL, rabbits, 765
normal, rats, 846
population, 1418, 1859, 2025, 2181, 2214,
2342, 2455, 2642, 3633, 3884
age variations, 2106, 2107
disease variations, 2106, 2107, 2264
by sublethal doses, cattle, 474
in TEL poisoning, 1921
rabbits, 555, 556
vs time of death, by TEL, rabbits, 704
hydatid cyst, population, 1371
intestines, 1418
in acute poisoning, 1920
vs chronic poisoning, children, 2972
cattle, 537
cecum, time factors, guinea pigs, 791
in fatal poisoning, 1521
fluid, children, 3005
time factors, dogs, 902
jejunum, population, age, disease variations,
2106, 2107
normal, rats, 846
population, 2025
various parts, 2642
vs intake, rabbits, sheep, 477
kidneys, 1521, 1857, 1920
age variations, rats, 1173
in alcoholics, 2253, 2582
after ascorbic acid, animals, 548, 1135
after BAL, animals, 563
in brain tumor case, 2316
calves, 1099
cattle, 474, 537
limit values, 1029, 1194
children, 1207, 1893, 2952, 2974, 2975,
2989, 3005
after citrates, time factors, in rats, 497,
523
in compensation case, 3520
cortex, diagnostic value, cattle, 688
dogs, 644
after EDTA, animals, 789, 896, 1039, 1914
cattle, 543, 1039
in encephalopathy, 2299
children, 2443
in fatal EDTA treatment, 1876, 1976
Subject Index
893
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in kidneys (cont)
fish, 457
from flue dust, colts, 3245
histochemistry, rabbits, 651
near industries, animals, 3271, 3435, 3474
in irradiated rats, 790
from iv vs oral, time factors, rabbits,
sheep, 476
mice vs man, 1081
normal, in livestock, vs in poisoning, 486
rats, 846
from oral, 1770, 1771, 1897
from PbEDTA, rabbits, 703
in Pb naphthenate, guinea pigs, 662
population, 1418, 1859, 1864, 2002, 2025,
2342, 2455, 2642, 3633
age variations, 2106, 2107
disease variations, 1814, 1869, 2214, 2264
infants, 2455
primates, 944
after protein diets, rats, 1134
in rats vs in man, 1082
removal, after TEL poisoning, mice, 2712
in sheep, 477, 1002
from TEL, 704, 1921, 2193
animals, 555, 556, 1000
vs TML, dogs vs rats, 1053
from TEL-gasoline, 2305
time factors, animals, 476, 497, 502, 523,
791, 927, 946
from triethyllead, effect of sulfhydryls,
mice, 963
vs bone disease, baboons, 713
vs dose, animals, 1010, 1031
vs hypertension, rats, 534
vs inclusion bodies, baboons, 713
vs time of death, from TEL, rabbits, 704
vs time of injection, 210pb, guinea pigs, 545
vs in unrelated diseases, 1207
larynx, population, 2642
liver, 1221, 1474, 1521, 1857, 1920
in acute vs chronic poisoning, 2972
age variations, rats, 1173
in alcoholics, 2253, 2582, 2589
after ascorbic acid, animals, 548, 1135
after BAL, animals, 563
calves, 1099
cattle, 474, 537, 813
chickens, 1182
children, 1207, 1893, 2855, 2952, 2958, 2974,
2975, 2989, 3005
in compensation case, 3520
in deer, 813
distribution, 1251
dogs, 644, 649
after drugs, animals, 514
after EDTA, animals, 789, 864, 1039, 1914
cattle, 543
effect of alcohol, 212Pb, cats, 588
in encephalopathy, 2118, 2299
in fatal EDTA treatment, 1876
in fish, 457
from flue dust, colts, 3245
from frit, chickens, 811
histochemistry, rabbits, 651
in horses, vs in sheep, 3245
inclusion bodies, rats, 1153
near industries, animals, 3271, 3362, 3474
in livestock, 3398, 3435
from inhaled vs oral, rats, 1179
intracellular distribution, normal, rats, 936
population, 936
in irradiated, rats, 790
lethal, pathologic, 2972
limit values, cattle, 675, 1169
ducks, 487
mice vs in man, 1081
mitochondria, rabbits, 1131
normal, cattle, 912
livestocki vs in poisoning, 486
rats, 846
from oral, 1770, 1771, 1897
from PbEDTA, in rabbits, 703
from Pb-lubricant, guinea pigs, 489
from Pb naphthenate, guinea pigs, 662
after pectin, guinea pigs, 926
population, 1418, 1859, 1864, 2002, 2025,
2214, 2264, 2342, 2455, 2642, 3633
age variations, 2106, 2107
disease variations, 1509, 1650, 1814,
1869, 2106, 210/, 2214, 2264
in primates, 944
after protein diets, rats, 1134
from radio-Pb, guinea pigs, 878
release to blood, cats, 818
removal, after TEL poisoning, in mice, 2712
sheep, 477, 1002
after S-mineral water, rats, 1086
from TEL, 704, 1921, 2193
animals, 555, 556, 765, 1000
vs TML, rats, 1068
vs dogs, 1053
from TEL-gasoline, 2305
time factors, animals, 502, 791, 927
vs exposure route, 946
from triethyllead, effect of sulfhydryls,
mice, 963
vs in bone, animals, 953
vs dose, animals, 1010
vs effect of EDTA, rats, 683
vs Fe, rabbits, 783, 913
vs poisoning signs, raccoons, 965
vs time of death, from TEL, rabbits, 704
vs unrelated diseases, 1207
lungs, 1521, 1857
age variations, rats, 1173
after ascorbic acid, rabbits, 548
in berylliosis, 2475
cattle, 474
children, 2989
from inhaled vs oral, rats, 1179
in irradiated rats, 790
normal, in rats, 846
population, 1418, 1859, 2025, 2342, 2455,
2642, 3633
age variations, 2106, 2107, 2828
disease variations, 1814, 1869, 2106,
2107, 2214, 2264, 3254
sex variations, 2828
from TEL, 704, 1921, 2193
rabbits, 555, 556, 765
vs TML, dogs vs rats, 1053
time factors, animals, 502, 791
vs exposure route, 946
vs Fe, population, 2828
rabbits, 783, 913
vs time of death, from TEL, rabbits, 704
vs in unrelated diseases, 1207
894
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in (cont)
lymph nodes
time factors, animals, 502
mammary glands; see also milk
population, 1317
disease variations, 2264
marine animals, 429
meconium of newborn
milk, 2481
ante, post partum, cattle, 734
cattle, 971, 3038
colostrum, ante, post partum, cattle, 734
near industries, cattle, 3398
after EDTA, cattle, 3398
near industries, cattle, 3398
from nipple shields, 3006, 3038
from Pb arsenate, cattle, 1070
population, 1658, 2025
vs intake, time factors, sheep, 477
muscles, 1474, 1521, 1920
after ascorbic acid, rabbits, 548
cattle, 537, 938
effect of alcohol, rats, 607
effect of exercise, 661
near industries, animals, 3362
normal, rats, 846
population, 1418, 2025, 2642
time factors, rats, 927
vs exposure route, 946
vs time of 210pb injection, guinea pigs, 545
nails, population, 1410
neoplasms, benign, population, 2350
malignant, 2264, 2350
rats, 1173
nerves, brachial, sciatic plexus, vs Fe,
rabbits, 783
histochemistry, rabbits, 972
peripheral, differential, vs disorder, dogs,
1088
nervous system, time factors, rats, 927
from TEL, TML, rats, 1171
omentum, population, 2642
organs, tissues, 2972
in acute vs chronic fatal poisoning, 1946
after BAL, in vitro, 562
chromatography, electrophoresis, 1129
in chronic diseases, 2199
dogs, 644, 769
after EDTA, rats, 683, 1008
in vitro, 562
from EDTA, rats, 643
effect of alcohol, 212Pb, cats, 588
in fatal, nonfatal poisonings, 1388
near industries, rabbits, 3251
in lactating, nonlactating rats, 488
normal, cattle, 474, 821
rats, 1172
sheep, 474, 821
swine, 821
as PbEDTA, 411
population, 677, 732, 1680, 1928
age variations, 1475, 3335
disease variations, 2264
methodology, 2643
vs Fe, 2264
from red vs gray minium, rabbits, 794
from TEL, 2016
TML, rats. 1171
time factors, animals, 925
vs Ca, effect of parathyroid hormone, rats,
924
vs Cd, Tl, rats, 975
vs Cr, survival in rats, 1082
in wild rats vs kidney neoplasms, 1003
Ostreas gigas, seasonal variations, 400
ovaries, population, 1370, 1371, 1418, 1531,
2025, 2642
disease variations, 2214, 2264
pancreas, 1521
normal, cattle, 912
rats, 846
population, 1418, 1859, 2025, 2642
age variations, 2106, 2107
disease variations, 2106, 2107, 2214, 2264
from TEL, 1921
rabbits, 555, 556
pituitary, population, 1561
time factors, animals, 502, 927
placenta, 1945
near industries, 3367
from past poisoning, 1794
population, 2025
radio-Pb, guinea pigs, 878
prostate, population, 2642
disease variations, 2214
reticulum, from Pb stearate, acetylsalicylate,
animals, 567
ruminants, 486
rumen, after EDTA. cattle, 543
livestock, 84
saliva, from inhaled, human subjects, 2413
parotid, dogs, 996, 997
submaxillary, dogs, 996, 997
vs in blood, 1557
in young workers, 1354
skeleton; see also bones; teeth
diagnostic value, ducks, 487
vs exposure, 2732
skin, population, 1410, 1418, 2025, 2642
age variations, 2041
time factors, rats, 927
soft tissues, children, 2733
diagnostic value, ducks, 487
vs exposure, 2732
spinal cord, nerve cells, histochemistry,
rabbits, 972
normal, cattle, 808
vs exposure in rats, 898
spleen, 1521, 1857, 1920
age variations, rats, 1173
after ascorbic acid, rabbits, 548
cattle, 474, 537
children, 2989
fish, 457
histochemistry, rabbits, 651
in irradiated rats, 790
from iv vs oral, time factors, rabbits,
sheep, 476
normal, rats, 846
population, 1418, 2002, 2025, 2342, 2455,
2642, 3633
age variations, 2106, 2107
disease variations, 1814, 2106, 2107, 2214,
2264
after protein diets, rats, 1134
of radio-Pb, guinea pigs, 878
from TEL, 1921
rabbits, 555, 556
Subject Index
895
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in (cont)
from TEL vs TML, rats, 1068
time factors, rabbits, 502
vs exposure route, rats, 946
vs EDTA effect, rats, 683
vs time of injection, ^lOpb, guinea pigs, 545
vs in unrelated diseases, 1207
sputum, in bronchitis from inhalation, 1661
stomach, 1521, 1920
cattle, 537
near industries, animals, 3474
normal, rats, 846
population, 1371, 1418, 1864, 2025, 2642
from TEL, 704, 2193
sweat, from Pb ointments, 2739
vs intake, 2681
vs temperature, 1528, 1621, 2681
vs in urine, human subjects, 1528
temperature variations, 1528
tartar, see teeth, calculus
teeth, calculus, 1566, 1693
calculus, vs exposure, 1307
carious, noncarious, population, 2717
in fatal poisoning, 1474
green stain, population, 1619
in multiple sclerosis, 1327
age, sex variations
normal, hamsters, 625
from past poisoning, children, 2994
population, 1220, 1639, 2025
age variations, 1648, 2635
disease variations, 1959, 1960
time factors, animals, 589, 791
vs exposure route, 946
vs exposure, 1301, 1302
testis, 1521
effect of alcohol, animals, 607, 608
population, 1418, 2642
disease variations, 2214
vs dose, rats, 1078
vs pathology, rats, 959
thymus, population, 1859
time factors, rabbits, 502
thyroid, 1521
population, 1371, 1418, 1978, 2025, 2358,
2642
age variations, 2106, 2107
disease variations, 2106, 2107, 2264
tissues, see organs
tongue, 1521
tonsils, population, 2124
trachea, 1521
population, 2642
tumors, see neoplasms
urine, 1382, 2001, 2299
in acute poisoning, 1541, 1586, 1681, 1816,
2014, 2580, 2622, 2666
gorilla, 582
age variations, vs exposure, 2773
after albumin, rabbits, 710, 829
in alcoholics, 2011, 2376, 2383, 2589, 2253
animals, 564
after antibiotics, sheep, 802
sulfonamides, sheep, 860
after ascorbic acid, 1400
rabbits, 548
after BAETA, 210Pb( mice( 1043
after BAL, 1233, 1880
children, 2852, 2865
in Hg poisoning, 1551
time factors, 1297
vs exposure, poisoning, 1847
bladder, in postmortem diagnosis, children,
2953
after Ca-rich diet, 1246
after chelates vs dose, time factors, rabbits,
753
children, 2855, 2870, 2902, 2954, 2955, 2961,
2990, 3004, 3005, 3010, 3025, 3027, 3032,
3046, 3067
screening program, 2965
after cortisone, rats, 1009
in Cr-Pb poisoning, 1824
after deferoxamine vs EDTA, 2789, 2790
diagnostic value, 1223, 1284, 1293, 1375,
1404, 1415a, 1438, 1558, 1651, 1679, 1729,
1812, 1828, 1855, 1862, 1875, 1958, 1979,
2401, 2477, 2535, 2704, 2788
in children, 2894, 2901, 2903, 3037, 3048
in TEL poisoning, 2682
vs urine porphyrin, 2203
after diethyldithiocarbamate vs EDTA, 2310
in disability case, 1857
diurnal, rhythm in spot samples, 2767, 2768
seasonal variations, 2046
after DTPA, vs exposure, 2758
210pb, mice, 1043
after EDTA, 789, 1310, 1518, 1563, 1567,
1587, 1588, 1601, 1606, 1608, 1622, 1632-
1634, 1701, 1709, 1718, 1723, 1724, 1731,
1735, 1852, 1884, 1886, 1925, 1953, 1956,
2053, 2062-2064, 2075, 2085, 2155, 2175,
2176, 2201, 2272, 2387, 2448, 2452, 2461,
2491, 2508, 2639, 2818, 2883
in acute poisoning, 1590
vs chronic. 2169, 2619
animals, 888
animals, 689, 874
cattle, 543
from childhood poisoning, 2528
children, 2882, 2896, 2905, 2912, 2915,
2991, 2996, 3063
diagnostic value, 2388
dogs, 789
in encephalopathy, 2267
in endemic nephritis, 2397
guinea pigs, 979
in Hg poisoning, 1551
human subjects, 1943
in exposure, poisoning, 2724
hypercholesteremia treatment, 2172
iv, vs infusion, 1826
iv, vs oral, 1642, 1914, 2457, 2644
in nephritics, 2126
from past poisoning, 2058, 2309, 2450,
2480
210pb, mice, 1043
as PbEDTA, 1798
from Pb stearate, 2604
phases in, 1617
porphyria treatment, 2173
rabbits, 601, 655, 748, 861, 864
rats, 691, 712, 1009
210pb, 1008
from TEL, 1662, 1760, 2048
in thalassemic, 2720
time factors, 2634, 2825, 2826
rabbits, 747
896
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in urine (coat)
vs dose, rabbits, 750
vs exposure, 2601, 2618
vs penicillamine, 2827
vs poisoning degree, exposure, 2230
vs time of past poisoning, 2801
effect of dehydration, 210pb, rats, 1106
effect of liver function, goats, 566
in encephalopathy, 1225, 1428, 1465, 2118,
2431, 2493
children, 2443
vs pica, 3035
in exposure, 2142
vs poisoning, 2831
in fatal poisoning, 1521
children, 1893
from TEL, 1921
in first poisoning, 1251
in heart defects, 2593
in hypoparathyroidism, 2143
near industries, 1924, 2174, 3239, 3271, 3305
children, 3011, 3348
from inert vs 210pb, dogs, 578
from inhaled, human subjects, 2170, 2413
time factors, 1345
vs oral, human subjects, 2031
inorganic, organic form, 2845
in jaundice, 1343
in kidney disorders, 2363, 2715
children, 2884
in Korsakoff's syndrome, 1689
limit values, 1491, 1534, 1536, 1547, 1570,
1652, 1688, 1779, 1780, 1808, 1844, 1903,
2026, 2210, 2218, 2501, 2580, 2659, 2733,
2746, 2857, 2978, 3121, 3978
children, 2884, 2986, 2991, 3037, 3050
domestic animals, 953
after EDTA, 1939, 1971, 1984, 2072, 2087,
2185, 2186, 2202, 2223, 2323, 2480, 2603,
2611, 2659, 2783, 2825, 2826, 2832, 2841
in children, 3012, 3013, 3062
vs administration route, 1773, 1883
in kidney diseases, 2528
statistical evaluation, 1805
from melted Pb burns, 2836
from metal mixture iv, in rabbits, 1151
method evaluation, 2215
in miners, 2174
in mixed As-Pb poisoning, 1526
in myelopathy
after Na citrate, 598, 1246, 1278, 1445,
1919
normal, guinea pigs, 544, 845
rabbits, 800
rats, 844
from oral, 1312, 1376, 1926, 2219, 2285,
2296, 2371, 2552
organic form in, 1559, 1899
in papilledema, 1758
after parathyroid hormone, rabbits, 861
in parturition, cattle, 658
from past exposure, 1304
from 212Pb, rats, 705
from Pb arsenate, 1556, 1742, 2117
of Pb + PbEDTA, 1618
from PbEDTA, rabbits, 703
from Pb naphthenate, 2182
from Pb ointments, 2739
from Pb stearate, 2329, 2351, 2516
after pectin, in acute vs chronic poisoning,
animals, 888
after penicillamine, 1759, 2448, 2454, 2543,
2654
limit values, 2597
in TEL poisoning, 1760
after penicillin, 1937, 2448
after phosphicin, vs EDTA, animals, 1038
population, 1448, 1485, 1864, 2210, 2524,
2780, 3956
age variations, 1570, 1842
daily variations, 2050
disease variations, 2312
after EDTA, 1723, 1724, 2297
disease variations, 1606, 2050, 2297,
2311
geographic variations, 1406
urban, nonurban, 1842, 2144, 2269, 2174
vs in calculi, 1841
vs in exposure, poisoning, 1406
in porphyric, 1844, 2007, 2008
precipitable, nonprecipitable Pb, in
exposure, poisoning, 2120
vs nonprecipitable, 1559, 1899, 2306
after EDTA, 2676
vs exposure, 2521
pre-, postpartum, from past poisoning, 1794
after protein tablets, 1695
after removal from exposure, 1346
reviews, 2657
seasonal variations, 2273
from skin absorption, 2320
after S baths, 1237, 1963
in subacute poisoning, 2003
from TEL, 1238, 1384, 1431, 1600, 1747, 1792,
1850, 2193, 2402, 2559, 2712, 2803
limit values, 2699, 3194
vs TML, 2389
dogs vs rats, 1053
from TEL-gasoline, 1068, 1306, 1422, 2565,
2734, 3357
aspiration, 1902
skin contact, 2247
in thalassemic, 2709, 2710, 2720
after thiolactates in TEL poisoning, rabbits,
916
after thiosulfates, 1530, 1717
threshold limits, 2134, 2289, 3840
children, 3015
by TEL exposure, 2134
vs exposure level, duration, 2287, 2288
threshold limit values, 2076, 3535
with correction, 2252
interpretation, 3515
time factors, animals, 769, 791, 925, 1105,
1113, 1114
vs exposure route, 946
time of increase after intake, 1230
from TML, 2546
limit values, 2699
from TML-gasoline, 1068, 2564, 2565, 2734,
3357
traffic police, 3263, 3264
after treatment, 2208
two years after exposure, 2018
after unithiol, 2362
after vitamin B-12, 1720, 1721
vs ALA, 1969, 2324, 2382, 2463, 2527, 2567,
2571, 2602, 2686, 2702, 2705,
Subject Index
897
-------
Metabolism of lead: content in urine (cont)
vs ALA synthetase, animals, 1160
vs anemia, 2740
vs basophils, 1443
diagnostic value, 1436
vs in bile, vs exposure route, dogs, 900
vs in blood, 1443, 1557, 1762, 2046, 2496
chelate effect, cattle, 899
vs blood aldolase, 2655
vs blood Ca, 2216
vs blood changes, 1333, 1372, 2284
vs blood proteins, 2291
vs Ca, after parathyroid hormone, rats, 924
vs EDTA, after treatment, 1553
vs erythrocyte/bilirubin index, 2259
vs erythrocyte 32p> 2326
vs exposure, 1210, 1214, 1215, 1257, 1264,
1335, 1414, 1550, 1931, 2082, 2138, 2144,
2146, 2159, 2160, 2183, 2188, 2225, 2261,
2269, 2287, 2288, 2290, 2321, 2367, 2699,
2715, 2733, 2844, 3077, 3099, 3110, 3151,
3152, 3161, 3211, 3212, 3371
vs Fe, in subacute poisoning, rabbits, 913
vs in feces, biological half-life, dogs vs
man, 984
after EDTA, rabbits, 654
vs in hair, 1836
vs heart disorders, 1594
vs intake, human subjects, 1299, 487
sheep, 477
vs ketosteroids, 2781
vs lymphocytes, large-small ratio, 1245
vs monocytes + large/small lymphocytes, 1529
vs mortality, 2525
vs Pb, rabbits, 783
vs poisoning degree, 2612, 2694, 2814
vs porphyrins, 1230, 1254, 1332, 1443, 1479,
1969, 2046, 2088, 2366, 2382, 2602, 2686,
2846
diagnostic value, 1272, 1340, 1341
exposure, 1420
Pb In air, 2831
vs retinal stippling, 2631
vs separation methods, 1774
vs signs, 1512, 1787
survival, in TEL poisoning, effect of
cysteamine, EDTA, rabbits, 704
symptoms, 1761
vs skin lesions, 1714
vs specific gravity, 2298, 2237
creatinine, 2672, 2767, 2768
vs in sweat, human subjects, 1528
vs temperature, 1621
vs time of injection, 210pb, guinea pigs, 545
vs time of past poisoning, 2801
vs tryptophan metabolites from TEL poisoning,
rabbits, 1133
vs in unrelated diseases, 1377
vs urine volume, population, 3147
work shift variations, 2767, 2768
uterus, 1920
population, 2025, 2642
disease variations, 1351, 1371, 2129, 2264
vagina, population, 1371
disease variations, 1370
deposition in jejunal epithelial cells, plasma
membranes, in vitro, 465
detoxication mechanisms, 20a, 677
distribution:
in blood, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, plasma,
in vitro, 341
fractional, of ionic vs nonionic, 883
plasma protein fractions, 700; see also
content in blood
in bones, autoradiography, animals, 767, 999
histochemistry, animals, 881
interaction with hydroxyapatite, in vitro,
381
X-ray diffraction, animals, 493
in brain, population, 1482,
vs function, 1261
effect of dithiols vs BAL, 571
effect of EDTA, 601, 749
mechanism, 750
time factors, 1115
exchange pools, time factors, rats, 1108
from iv vs oral Pb, time factors, 476
in kidneys, histoautoradiography, animals, 799
histochemistry, animals, 793
normal, animals, 879
in liver, histoautoradiography, animals, 799
histochemistry, animals, 793
intracellular, animals, 797
in lungs, histoautoradiography, animals, 799
in nervous system, histoautoradiography,
animals, 799
normal, vs in poisoning, animals, 955, 958
in reticuloendothelial organs, animals, 502
in soft tissues, time factors, animals, 1105
1106
vs hard tissues, rates, time factors,
animals, 1113, 1114
in spinal cord, cattle, 808
in spleen, histoautoradiography, dogs, 799
in standard man, 3523
in teeth, dentin, histochemistry, seals, 1102
population, US, primitive people, vs age,
2102
in vital staining, rabbits, 807
time factors, animals, 604
animals, 1046, 1116
in vitro, 341
vs administration route, animals, 705, 791
vs bile excretion, exposure route, animals,
900
vs metabolic rate, animals, 733
vs mobilization by BAL, EDTA, KI, animals, 819
vs time of injection, animals, 545
effect of: Ca metabolism, animals, 905
dehydration, animals, 1106
heat, animals, 1106
parathyroidectomy, rats, 743
elimination; see also content in feces, urine;
mobilization
effect of chelates, 899
animals, 1044, 1111,
time factors, 1115
feces to urine shift by EDTA, animals, 601
from high vs low-Pb glazes, animals, 717
in ionic vs organic form, 1116
normal, vs in poisoning, animals, 955
of retained, time factors, 2733
time factors, animals, 1046, 1116
vs intake, inhaled vs oral, 1179
exchange reactions of EDTA in blood, intestines,
1858
excretion: in bile, 1762
in bile vs feces, animals, 477
898
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Metabolism of lead: excretion (cont)
exchange pools, time factors, animals, 1108
1116
through intestinal segments, 882
in animals, 1197
from soft vs hard tissues, rates, time factors,
animals, 1113, 1114
vs mobilization from tissues, as BAL effect,
563
isotope studies, reviews, 2349
mathematical model, 2799
mobilization: by antibiotics, 802, 860
by BAL, 1233
exacerbation of signs, 1402
mechanism, 1297
from blood, by chelates, in vitro, 358
cells vs plasma, by EDTA, 1798
by EDTA, in vitro, 351, 353, 358, 374
erythrocytes, by EDTA, in vitro, 351, 390,
407
form of Pb, 1801
by thyroidectomy, 1822
from bones, compact, by EDTA, in acute vs
chronic poisoning, dogs, 841
vs liver, EDTA, 953
by Ca-P diets, vitamins, 648
from cells, vs intracellular fractions, in
vitro, in vivo, 1039
by chelates, animals, 819
comparative, cattle, 899
conferences, 1389
evaluation, 2344
hazards, reviews, 1490
mechanism, reviews, 917
by diseases, 1381, 1944
dogs, 1101
malnutrition, 1434
drugs for, children, 2932
evaluation, iv, rats, 514, 546
by drugs, 2143
mechanism, 497, 523
by EDTA, in acute vs chronic poisoning, 1563
from childhood poisoning, 2126
evaluation, 1608
infusion vs oral, 2158
intravenous vs oral, vs injection speed, 1616
mechanism, 690, 2937
in normal vs in poisoned subjects, 1390
from past poisoning, 1585, 2346
reviews, 1640, 1687
vs DTPA, 2581
vs penicillamine, penicillin, children, 2970
by high fluid consumption, 2333
by infections, children, 2883, 2904
of intracellular vs extravascular Pb, by
chelates, 1115
from kidneys, subcellular fractions, by EDTA,
in vitro, 1039
from liver, damaged vs normal, in vitro, 437
by EDTA, in vitro, 351, 352
subcellular fractions, by EDTA, in vitro,
1039
by Mg sulfate, from past poisoning, 1294
by Na citrate, evaluation, 1278
by PbEDTA, degree of, rats, 820
by penicillin, 1937
in poisoning vs in unrelated neurologic dis-
eases, 1317
from soft tissues
by EDTA, 1039, 1718
urine porphyrin vs measure, children, 2907
vs hard, by BAL, 2926
by chelates, vs dose, injection speed,
1105
by stress, 1925
by sulfonamides, 860
mucous membrane permeability, effect of EDTA,
in vitro, in vivo, 949
nutritional factors, reviews, 1434, 2221
placental transfer, 1945, 2944, 2945
in primitive life, 2732
renal clearance, in acute, chronic poisoning,
2177
retention; see also storage
from inhaled, 1345, 2465
vs oral, 2413
in lungs, from inhaled, 3250
vs exposure, 2287, 2288, 2732, 2733
vs intake, human subjects, 1299
sheep, 477
reviews, 32, 37, 40, 2090, 2130, 2829, 3407
secretion in milk, nursling poisoning from, 2973;
see also content in milk
similarity to Ca, 3387
skin absorption, metal handling, 1866
nipples, from ointment, 2973
from nipple shields, 3038
from ointments, 2739, 3551, 3560
Pb, vs organic Pb, poisoning hazards, 2736
Pb naphthenate, 2182, 2320
kidney neoplasms, mice, 1107
soaps, rabbits, 1054
protective creams against, 2580
from putty, 2517
TEL-gasoline, 2247
toxicity, rabbits, 730
storage: in antlers, deer, as measure of air
pollution, 2090
in bones, conditions causing release from,
1434; see also mobilization
drugs promoting, 2932
effect of EDTA salts, rats, 1008
effect of parathyroid hormone, rats, 924
form of Pb, 1687
from inhaled vs oral, rats, 1179
long, autoradiology, animals, 767
radiology animals, 713
vs types, age variation, 1381
drugs diminishing, rats, 546
effect of:
alcohol, 1762
animals, 607-609
ascorbic acid, 548
Ca-rich diet, 1246
diet, rabbits, 659
EDTA, animals, 1111
from inert vs 210pb, animals, 578
in infants, weaning, bottle-fed, age varia-
tion, 1842
in liver, as detoxifying factor, livestock,
1169
effect of EDTA, animals, 818
in Fe-storage diseases, 2106, 2107
rats vs man, 1173
time factors, dogs, 589
vs by Cd, chronic disease, 1037
vs injected, mice, 977
vs temperature, 1621
Subject Index
899
-------
Metal-binding; see also Chelating agents, specific
compounds
antimicrobial action relationship, 414
definition, 31
symposium, 31, 35
Metal burning, see Demolition of painted structures;
Paint removal
Metal compounds, organic
toxicity, reviews, 41
Metal cutting; see also Demolition of painted
structures; Painted surfaces, torch cutting
poisoning occurrence, 1425
history, 18
safety standards, 3149
torch, Pb content in air, vs torch length, 3123
Metal filing, grinding
health hazards, 3190
poisoning occurrence, 1201
Metal fume fever
with Pb poisoning, etc, welders, 1707
Metal industry
health hazards, 2530
Metallurgic industry
As-pb poisoning occurrence, 1516
exposure to Pb, comparative, 1301, 1302
water pollution, wastes, 3476, 3483
Metal plating
with Pb, health hazard prevention, 3104
Metal poisoning
reviews, 1818
treatment, chelate, 1743, 1759
Metal salts
toxicity in fish, comparative, 469
Metals; see also Trace elements; specific metals
caries inhibition, hamsters, 825
content in: canned foods, 138
ground waters, migration, 117
mine waters, 124
plants, 269
as ore deposit indicators, 219, 289
rivers, water, 270
soil, rock, as deposit indicators, 268
spices, 47
corneal toxicity, rabbits, 672
dissolution in boiled acidic, alkaline solutions,
water, 78
exposure to, contraindication of porphyria cases,
1844
hair pigment changes in offspring of poisoned
rats, 1072
heavy, effects on brain, book, 1993
pharmacopeia tests, 3552
lethal doses, intraperitoneal, mice, 1040
metabolism, storage in disease, 1207
pharmacology, toxicity, reviews, 36
poisoning, chelate therapy, 1552, 2100
history, reviews, 1316
toxic doses, vs cation EDTA chelate effect,
1150
toxicity, metabolism, rats, 1173
studies, use of isotopes, reviews, 947
in tobacco plants, 86
Meteorites, see Minerals
Methionine
aerosol, electro-, prophylactic use, 1833
effect on poisoning, animals, 659, 668, 692
Methods of analysis
for lead, see Analytical methods; see also
specific compounds; biologic components
Methoxamine
effect on thrombosis by Pb, rats, 1130
Methyl bromide poisoning
signs, symptoms, vs in TEL poisoning, 1705
Methylesculetin, see Scopoletin
Methylplumbosiloxanes
explosive properties, toxicity, 4086
Methylvinyl ether-maleic anhydride polymer
Pb mobilization, rats, 546
therapeutic evaluation, rats, 514
Mice; see also Experiments with animals
Pb content in organs, tissues, normal, 879
Microorganisms
Acetobacter suboxydans, toxicity of organic Pb
compounds, 336
Alternaria tenuis conidia, by complexing with
surface ionogenic groups, 388
Aspergillus niger, toxicity of organic Pb com-
pounds, 336
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, enzyme inhibition,
in vitro, 361
bacteria, sulfate-reducing, growth, sulfide
precipitation, 399
Candida albicans, growth inhibition, in vitro,
329
enzymes, inhibition, 322
Escherichia coli, RNA hydrolysis, 415
Fusarium decemecellulare, synergism jith, and
uptake of, Cu, Cd, Hg, 405
influenza virus, inhibition in vitro, 306
Lactobacillus casei, toxicity of organic Pb
compounds, 336
Lactobacillus delbrueckii, toxicity of organic
Pb compounds, 336
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enzyme inhibition, 393,
445
growth, inhibition, effect of tetramycin, 325
Rhizopus, enzyme inhibition, in vitro, 462
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enzyme inhibition, 317
toxicity of organic Pb compounds, 336
Salmonella typhimurium, TNA hydrolysis, 415
Tetrahymena pyriformis, RNA hydrolysis, 415
tobacco virus, hydrolysis of RNA to nucleotides,
in vitro, 459
Milk; for lead content, see Foods and beverages;
Metabolism of lead; see also Treatment, pro-
phylactic; Treatment of lead poisoning
aggravation of poisoning, rats, 653
coagulation, with Pb acetate, nitrate, 436
effect on Pb poisoning, animals, 612, 659
enzymes, inhibition, in vitro, 446
powdered, coagulation, with Pb acetate, nitrate,
436
prophylactic use, 1538, 2099, 2198, 2221
evaluation, 653, 659, 1542, 2579, 2580
therapeutic use, recommended, 1214, 1215, 1249
"Mill-reek disease," see Gastrointestinal system,
colic
Mineral metabolism; see also specific minerals;
Trace element metabolism
effect of EDTA, 2451
Mineral oil, see Lubricants
Minerals; see also Lead deposits; Lead ores
age determination with isotopic Pb, 63, 139, 223
earth, 294
new methods, 94
earth's crust, 57, 60
evaluation, 80, 90, 152
model for, 299
900
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Minerals: age determination with isotopic Pb (cont)
new methods, 61
reviews, 192
analytical methods, symposium, 3796
composition, vs mining hazards, 3217
isotopic abundance, 60
in ores, hypotheses, 63
Pb concentration, by magmatic process, evalua-
tion, 163
Pb content in: argillacious rock, 88
bed-rock, as deposit indicators, 268
boulders, Pleistocene ice shield, 137
cancer relationship, 2489
feldspars, isotopic composition, 174
Fe meteorites, 246
galena, 191
granites, 110, 171
hokutolites, 248
limestone, 88, 97
vs purity, 109
pargasite, 178
pyrite, 299
reviews, 235
rocks, 3340
multiple sclerosis relation, 2079
vs in plants, in U deposit area, 56
sparry aphrite, 88
Pb-isotopic ratios, computer calculations, 192;
see also Lead isotope(s)
Mineral waters
ferrous-rich, in anemia treatment, rabbits, 906
hot springs cures, 2423
intravenous, effect on poisoning, rabbits, 967
radionuclide exposure, 2262
sulfur, effect on poisoning, rats, 1086
therapeutic effectiveness, baths, 1237, 1963,
2197
oral, 1237, 2197, 2495, 2660
Mines
Pb content in hair of animals near, 1033
poisoning in livestock, near, 696, 1169
Mining
agglomeration operations, health hazards, 3215
air pollution, history, 17
blood pressure vs silicosis, 1460
dental calculus in Pb exposure, 1693
dusts, mineral composition, vs health hazards,
3217
effect on population near, 1924
galena, health hazards, 2174, 3112
health hazards surveys, 2183, 3213
history, 1, 7
Tunisia, 1715
industrial hygiene control, US, 3082
lung pathology hazards, from Pb, vs Cu, Mo, on
experimental basis, 2760
Pb barite, health hazards, 3220
Pb-Zn, air, soil pollution, 3474
health hazards surveys, 2697, 3220
poisoning occurrence, 3215
silicosis, 2510, 3144
waste water, reviews, 3464
treatment, 3462, 3463
poisoning occurrence, 1373, 2053, 2535
history, 10
vs Pb ore, 2532
pyrite, health hazards surveys, 3074
radiation hazards, 3173
radionuclide exposure, 3164
silicosis, survey, 2532
vs Pb hazards, 3213
soil contamination, endemic osteoporosis in
sheep, 3435
Minium, see Red lead; Lead oxides
Minks, see Lead poisoning in animals
Mints
health hazards survey, US, 3106
Miscarriages, see Reproduction, abortion
Missile programs, see Aerospace programs
Mitochondria, see under specific organs
Mobilization of lead, see Metabolism of lead
Mollusks
Pb content, seasonal variations, 400
in shells, 97
vs in seawater, 118
tolerated Pb doses, 347
toxicity, 347
Money making, see Mints
Monkeys, see Experiments with animals; Lead, tox-
icity in mammals; Lead poisoning in animals
Moonshine whisky, see Alcohol, illegal
Mortality; see also under specific diseases; Lead
poisoning; Lead poisoning in children
accidental poisoning, US vs UK, 2880
cardiovascular disease vs water composition,
2725
causes, in Pb workers, vs expected, 2687
in pensioners, 2746
vs exposure, 2525
in children, near industries, 3363
kidney disease, from childhood poisoning,
Australia, 1575, 1916
Mosatil, see Edetate
Motor cars, vehicles, see Automobiles
Motor exhausts; see also Automobile exhausts
from boats, Pb content in water, 3457
Pb content in water vs water volume, 3471
outboard, as cause of TEL poisoning, 2013
Motor oils, see Lubricants
MFC: Maximum permissible concentrations
Mucopeptide glucohydrolase, see Enzymes, lysozyme
Mucous membrane; see also Gingiva; Oral cavity
irritation by tri-, tetraethyllead, 1247
permeability, effect of EDTA vs thiosulfate, in
vitro, in vivo, 949
TEL threshold limit values, 3546
Multiple sclerosis; see also Nervous system
trace element metabolism, 2214
Muramidase, see Enzymes, lysozyme
Muscles
actomyosin, methionine incorporation, vs poison-
ing degree, rats, 674
ascorbic acid, 893
chronaxie, from TEL-gasoline, 2566
vs blood changes, rabbits, 637
contraction, KCl-induced, effect of PbEDTA, 346
diaphragm, contraction inhibition by PbEDTA,
in vitro, 360
electromyography, 1741, 2523, 2754, 2808
diagnostic value, 2407, 2786
neurogenic disorders, 1741
reviews, 2623
enzymes, 755, 954, 1062; see Enzymes, for
specific enzymes
eye, in acute poisoning, guinea pigs, 657
methionine distribution, rats, 788
pathology, rabbits, 1010
in rabbits vs in man, 1138
Subject Index
901
-------
Muscles: pathology (cont)
in radial paralysis, 2419
vs neuropathy, 1949
phosphorylation, rabbits, 744
rectus, contraction inhibition by PbEDTA, in
vitro, 360
riboflavin content, rabbits, 752
sorption activity, by paranecrosis, in vitro,
433
subneural, apparatus of striated, Pb reaction,
rats, 866
reaction, in vitro, 371
transversostriatal, contraction in vitro, 430
weight, in acute poisoning, rats, 788
Musculoskeletal system; see also Bones; Muscles;
Teeth; for neuromuscular disorders, see
Nervous system
alveolalgia, 1503
arthralgia, 1201, 1354, 2062
from Pb arsenate, 2432
atrophy, osteoclasia, animals, 849
backache, 2001
from automobile exhausts, 3241
cartilage detachment, young horses, 3245
congenital deformity in calves of lupine + Pb
poisoned cattle 929
disorders, compensatory, France, 3508
gout, in kidney disorders, 2692, 2792
occurrence in poisoning, 2444
as sequela, of childhood poisoning, 2528
of poisoning, 1822
from skin absorption, 1866
hydrarthrosis, from Pb naphthenate, 2051
joints
disorders, radiology, 2052
in repeated poisoning, 2018
lameness, sheep, 696
muscular weakness, 1251, 1549
frequency, 1651
in porphyric, 2008
myalgia, frequency, 1201
from Pb arsenate, 2432
osteomyelosclerosis, rats, 1083
pain, in aplastic anemia, 1217
periostitis, from past poisoning, 1478, 1493
polyarthritis, 1470
rheumatism, 1807
with gout, 1866
inflammatory, predisposing Pb poisoning, 1649
synovial fluid volume, young horses, 3245
Mussels, see Mollusks
Myelopoiesis, see Bone marrow
Nails
loss, 1583
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
1-Naphthalene sulfonic acid, lead salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Nasopharynx, see Respiratory system, upper
National Air Sampling Network, 3324, 3411, 3412
Navy yards
medical surveillance, France, 1783
Neoplasms; see also Cancer chemotherapy
abdominal, mistaken for colic, 1704
bone Pb, 210pb in, 2268
brain, tumor mimicking encephalopathy, 2316
carcinoma, as death cause, in Pb workers, 2687
inhibition, mice, 626
mortality, vs exposure, 2525
occurrence, vs soil, water Pb, 2489; see also
specific organs
trace element content in organs, 2264
urine Pb, 2297
chick embryo, inhibition of growth, 565
esophageal vs gastric carcinoma, S Africa Bantu,
2774
gastrointestinal, soil 210Pb as cause, 2301
granulomas, at injection site, mesenteric fatty
tissue, hamsters, 793
heart, attributed to Pb poisoning, 2396
jaw, from TEL-gasoline hose sucking, 1289
kidneys, adenocarcinomas, rats, 935
adenomas, rats, 759, 935, 1126
in poisoned radiated rats, 1156
carcinoma, rats, 759
in chronic poisoning, rats, 570
in rats vs in man, 1031
time factors vs dose, rats, 1031
metastases, rats, 759
from Pb naphthenate, mice, 1107
porphyrins as cause, 891, 986
in rabbits vs in rats, 1138
in rats, 798, 891
vs in man, reviews, 1167
trace element storage, vs carcinogenesis, 1869
types, mechanism of formation, rats, 986
unrelated to Pb, mortality, in UK, 1167
in wild rats, 1003
larynx, vs exposure duration, 2403
leukemia, inhibition, mice, 626
lymphatic precipitation of Pb poisoning by,
1381
occurrence, 2787
urine Pb in, 2297
liver, trace element content, 1509, 1869
lungs, carcinoma, from air pollution, 3254
trace element storage, 1869
vs Pb isotope dose, 2662
lymphoma, unrelated to Pb, organ Pb, 1814
melanoma, inhibition, mice, 626
myeloma, fatal, compensation case, 3512
Pb acetate radioactivity as carcinogenic factor,
1031
sarcoma, bone, radionuclides, Pb content, 2752
inhibition, mice, 626
skin, benzanthracene-induced, acceleration by
Pb acetate, mice, 969
papilloma, malignancy acceleration in poison-
ing, mice, 664
from Pb naphthenate, mice, 1107
stomach, carcinoma, suspected as colic, 1708
occurrence vs soil-Pb, 258, 2206, 2274
submaxillary adenoma, in acute poisoning, 1425
therapy, use of Pb compounds in, 12
tumors, in lifelong exposure, rats, 1173
unrelated to Pb, Pb content, 2350
urinary bladder carcinoma, Ag, Pb, as cause,
2745
vascular, fibrosarcomas, in poisoned, radiated
rats, 1156
Nephritis, endemic, see Kidneys, disease, endemic
Nervous system
acetylcholine
blood, individual variations, dogs, 1193
vs agglutinin response, rabbits, 735
brain, rabbits, 966
nerves, inhibition in vitro, 321
superior cervical ganglion, in vitro, 332
902
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Nervous system: acetylcholine (cont)
synthesis, inhibition, in vitro, 349, 350, 35A,
356
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 551, 766
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1279
aphasia, with eye disorders, 2534
asthenia, as encephalopathy sequela, 2251
asthenovegetative syndrome, 2251
as early sign, 2742
autonomic, responses, from TEL, rabbits, 552
autonomic, responses, from TEL, vs dose, rabbits,
551
behavior disorders, as sequela, children, 2932
bladder paralysis, in acute poisoning, cattle,
768
brain; see also encephalopathy
arteriolosclerosis, rabbits, 729
ascorbic acid, rats, 893
cortex, compensation reactions, dogs, 762, 763
DNA, RNA, animals, 814, 1195
edema, from TEL, 1221
effect of di-, triethyllead, TEL, Pb, in vitro,
932
enzymes, 419, 444, 553, 647, 755, see Enzymes
for specific enzymes
glucose metabolism, in TEL poisoning, rats,
993
interneuronal junctions, pathology, rats, 760,
761
meningoceles, chick embryo, 505, 565
metabolism, by TEL, triethyllead, in vitro,
in vivo, 978
neoplasms, see Neoplasms
neuraminic acid, rats, 990
oxygen metabolism, 853
inhibition by triethyllead, in vitro, 426
pathology, 2517
in adults vs in children, 2770
in alcoholic, 2652
in animals, 649, 650, 822, 1010
antibody inactivation, children, 2890
in children, 1725, 1893, 2855, 2868, 2873,
2954, 3031, 3034
vs from alkyltin, animals, 2974
as diagnostic sign, dogs, 863
dose, injection time effect, chick embryo,
782
in newborn of poisoned mother, 2944
in Parkinson's from Mn vs Pb, 1726
from Pb alkyls, rats, 1091
in primates, 944
reversibility, rats, 760, 761
from TEL, 1228, 1625, 1676, 1921
in animals, man, reviews, 1533
vs Pb, 1944
vs TML, rats, 1068
time factors, chick embryo, 513, 521
vs injection age, chick embryo, 718
vs Pb content, from TEL, rabbits, 556
Pb binding, content, see Metabolism of lead
phosphorylation, oxidative, inhibition by
trialkyllead, in vitro, 423
respiration, from TEL poisoning, rabbits,
592
protein metabolism, from triethyllead, rats,
1123
respiration, in vitro, 307
riboflavin content, rabbits, 752
sensitivity to triethyllead, 379
serotonin accumulation, from TEL, in vitro,
419
stem involvement, 2125
sulfhydryls in acute vs chronic poisoning,
rats, 974
in tri- vs tetraalkyllead poisoning, rats, 933
calcification, effect of histamine, rats, 1176
cells, paranecrotic changes, frogs, 363
cerebral dysrhythmia, as sequela, children, 2904
cerebral palsy, athetoid, children, 2876
cerebral sclerosis, children, 2857
cerebrospinal fluid, in alcoholic, 2011, 2589
in children, 2903, 2953, 2986
effect of EDTA, children, 2915
in encephalopathy, vs in pica, children, 3035
in polyneuritis vs Guillain-Barre syndrome, 1568
cerebrovascular mortality, vs exposure, 2525
convulsions, 2493
in alcoholic, 2011
in asymptomatic poisoning, children,2964
differential diagnosis, from viral meningitis,
children, 3056
disease types, reviews, 1279
disorders, 1227, 2121, 2322, 3107
in acute poisoning, 2283, 2580, 2622
in adults vs in children, 2770
age variations, children, 3018
in alcoholic, 2422
from automobile exhausts, 2254, 2698, 3241,
3274, 3306, 3370
as cause of vascular changes, 2742
cerebrospinal fluid Pb in, 2684
in children, 2663, 2967, 2996, 3045
from poisoned mother, 2663
contraindication of EDTA, 2658
in Cr-Pb poisoning, 1824
diagnostic point rating, 2257
diagnostic value, 1223
in dogs, 649
in early miners, 10
as early sign, 1549
effect of: BAL vs EDTA, children, 2936
EDTA, 1588, 1687, 2458
vitamin Bi2a, 2540
effect on vascular system, 2431, 2609
electric sleep therapy, in TEL poisoning, 2627
in employee rejection, 2317, 3238
enzyme activity, children, 3056
errors in diagnosis, 2235
fatal, children, 2977
from EDTA therapy, 1830
frequency, 494, 1281, 1586, 1636, 1651, 1715,
1862
in children, 2975, 3016, 3017
past, present, 1285
in high soil-Pb areas, USSR, 151
near industries, 3271
in latent poisoning, 1711
in low exposure, 2740
as only signs, 1571
from Pb arsenate, 1556, 1742
from Pb stearate, 2516, 2604
in porphyric, 2751
reversibility, in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 742
reviews, 37, 1929, 2497, 2517
as sequela, 1583
in children, 2952, 2986
from TEL, 1600, 2032, 2162, 2233, 2330, 2438,
2712, 2761, 2803, 2848
Subject Index
903
-------
Nervous system: disorders (cont)
from TEL-gasoline, 2128, 2721
site of action, 526
unrelated to Pb, trace element metabolism,
2205, 2384
vs ALA, 2743
vs blood biochemistry, 2462
vs blood pyruvate, 1980
vs colic, 2729
vs digestive enzymes, 1511
vs EKG, 2293
vs exposure, 1214, 1215, 1471
vs heart disorder, 1441
vs poisoning degree, 1808, 2338, 2612, 2641
effect on, as cause of cancer acceleration,
mice, 664
electroencephalograms, 2015, 2322, 2331, 2557,
2808
in alcoholic, 2011
in children, 2855, 2865, 2874, 2902, 2903,
2917, 2986, 3035
diagnostic value, 1668, 2885
of poisoned mothers, 3057
vs blood Pb, 3068
cortex, subcortex, vs poisoning degree, 1755
diagnostic value, 1668, 2616
in dogs, 763
effect of EDTA, 2786
reviews, 2624
signs, in syphilitic, 1318
from TEL, 1384, 1624, 2421, 2712, 2682
in rabbits, 742
vs alcohol, rabbits, 741
from TEL-gasoline, 2566
vs mental deterioration, 1225
vs signs, time factors, dogs, 702
electromyography, see Muscles
encephalomyelopathy, fatal, 1314
encephalopathy, 1394, 1465, 1515, 2431, 2501
2780; see also brain, pathology
in acute poisoning, 1681, 1816
in alcoholic, 1225, 2383, 2519, 2652
brain tumor mimicking, 2316
in children, 1657, 2663, 2850, 2852, 2861,
2863, 2866, 2869, 2871, 2872, 2888, 2889,
2923, 2952, 2954, 2958, 2981, 2985, 2986,
3000, 3045, 3055, 3058, 3063
near industries, 3239, 3343, 3367
with Toxocara canis, 2443
chronic, children, 2976
signs, 2015
congenital, 1207
cranial decompression, see Cerebral decompres-
sion
degrees, vs BAL effect, children, 2852
diagnosis, 3021
vs tuberculous meningitis, 1408
effect of: BAL, children, 2871
EDTA, 1310, 2195, 2339, 2786, 2881
in children, 1753, 2861, 2883, 2896, 2922
fatal, 1251, 2299
in children, 1544, 1725, 2443, 2852, 2868,
2871-2873, 2890, 2901, 2923, 2954, 2974,
2985, 3024-3026, 3033, 3034, 3039, 3051,
3057
from oral, 1644
from nasal implantation, 2373
secondary to alcoholism, 2253
from gunshot wound, 2429
hypertensive, children, 2990, 2999, 3010
intracranial pressure, swelling, children,
2974
lumbar puncture in treatment, 1490
with meningitis, children, 2873
tubercular, 2863
with myocarditis, children, 2969
occurrence, past, present, 1240
onset vs death, children, 3031
from oral, 1312, 2232, 2474
with papilledema, from oral, 1874, 1973
Pb, Hg storage, 1207
reflex response, 1471
reviews, 1993, 2118, 2194
sequelae, 2923, 2976
vs in pica, children, 3035
signs, symptoms, 1428, 2228, 2331
in alcoholic, 2770
simulating subdural hematoma, 2267
spinal fluid vs blood Pb, 1360
from TEL vs Pb, 1944
vs exposure duration, 1347
vs other signs, 2319, 2907
in children, 2900, 3060, 3062
vs pial artery contraction, mice, 1168
in young worker, 2493
epilepsy, in acute poisoning, 1681
in dogs, 702
from oral, 1376, 2219
vs blood Pb, children, 3068
epileptiform convulsions, 1696
fatal, 1338
extensor chronaxie, 1787
extensor weakness, diagnostic value, 1411
function
higher segment, as basis of MAC, USSR, 3524
diagnostic value, 2775; see also reflexes;
senses; sensory response
hypothalamic-hypophyseal-suprarenal, 2781
strong vs weak, vs signs, dogs, 762, 763
in subacute poisoning, 1402
vs vitamin C, cholesterol, 1675
ganglion synaptic structures, striated muscles,
Pb reaction, rats, 866
gastrointestinal, pathology, animals, 909
Guillain-Barre" syndrome, unrelated to Pb, vs Pb
polyneuritis, 1568
intracranial pressure, in alcoholic, 2589
as death cause, children, 2932
treatment, children, 2968, 2981
vs signs, children, 2974
IQ tests, effect of BAL vs EDTA, children, 2934
Korsakoff's syndrome, differential diagnosis,
1689
meningitis, children, 3000
mental deterioration, 1437
from TEL, 1524
mental retardation
as sequela, children, 2857, 2895, 2904, 2916,
2923, 2928, 2929, 2976, 3046, 3057
reviews, 3047
tests, children, 2901
vs blood Pb, children, 3043, 3055, 3060, 3068
motor coordination, from TEL-gasoline, mice, 1186
multiple sclerosis, 1327
in automobile drivers, 2254, 2698
relationship, 1317
as sequela, 1652
vs geochemistry, 258, 1208, 2079, 3340, 3392
904
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Nervous system (cont)
multiple sclerosis-like symptoms, 1208
myelin sheaths, pathology, in porphyric, 2008
myelopathy, effect of EDTA, 2808
fatal, 2517
necrotic, dogs, 737
myoneural junction, Pb-reactive substance in,
electron microscopy, 453
narcolepsy, in encephalopathy, 2632
nerves, calcification, rats, 1175
peripheral, chronaximetry, pathology, dogs,
1088
differential uptake of Pb, in human, in vitro,
1088
radial, disorders, mechanism, 2628
neuritis, effect of penicillamine, 1759
occurrence, 1394
specificity in poisoning, 1947
vs blood Pb, 1557
vs myopathy, radiology, electromyography, 1949
neurologic disease relationship, 1317
neurologic disorders, 2125
neurologic signs, 1224, 1233, 1419, 1585
neuron, paralysis, doses causing, in decapitated
cats, 757
neuropathy, peripheral, occurrence, children,
3063
neuro-psychologic effects, mechanism, 419
nictitating membrane, response to ganglionic
stimulation, in vitro, 354
olfactory threshold, vs exposure, poisoning,
1508; see also sense of smell
optic nerve disorders, see Eyes
paralysis, 1544, 1636, 2731
action of Pb in, 1949
in bees, 330
after brief exposure, 2620
in children, 3045
in deer, 813
development, in dogs vs in man, 1088
effect of EDTA, 1753
fingers, 1267
frequency, 1201, 2420
general, in syphilitic, 1318
in lambs, near industries, 3356
larynx, 2403
in mixed As-pb poisoning, 1516
from oral, 1376, 1401, 1474, 1644, 1874, 1922,
1953, 1973, 1997, 2232, 2474, 2607
parturient, unrelated to Pb, similarity,
cattle, 506
in porphyric, 2751
radial, 1282, 1353, 1459, 2780
in compensation case, 1262
delayed, in subacute poisoning, 1211
effect of: ATP, 2419
EDTA, 1567
from oral, 1868, 1880
from Pb arsenate, 2432
vs poisoning degree, 1283
recurrent nerve, horses, 3245
seizures, children, 3057
as sequela, 1304
in subacute TML poisoning, rabbits, 1049
types, reviews, 2178
vs basophils in diagnosis, 1912
paranoid syndrome, in porphyric, 2765
Parkinson's disease, 1726
pathology; see also brain
in alcoholic, 2582
from Pb vs TEL, 1502
in rabbits vs in man, 1138
reviews, 1388
from TEL, 2016
in adults, chilcren, 1533
vs TML gasoline, animals, 3357
vs TML, rats, 1171
from TEL-gasoline, 2305
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
peripheral, disorders, 2407, 2786
pathology, animals, 650
polyneuritis, 1465, 3125
in children, 2866
diagnosis, 1571
effect of EDTA, 1886, 2035
frequency, 1970
from oral, 1376, 1562, 1668
painful, 2417
reviews, 1344, 2178
sensory, 2200, 2691
psychiatric tests, in children, 2914, 2928
psychic disorders, 2125
psychosis, acute, 2536
deliriant, as sequela of TEL poisoning, 1962
occurrence, children, 3060
in TEL poisoning, 2013
radiology, 2331
reflexes, in acute poisoning, 1541
as basis of air MAC, 3234
in children, adults vs polyneuritis, 1668
in colic, 1288
conditioned, dogs, 763
doses affecting, rabbits, rats, 826, 3296
effect of diets, animals, 889, 1041
in TEL poisoning, 1533
in rats, 491
vs exposure, rats, 898
diagnostic value, 2775
interoceptive, isolated intestine, cats, 908
locomotor, chromoreflexography, vs poisoning
degree, 2375
motor, in TEL poisoning, 1624
ocular cardiac, vs EKG, 1517
olfactory-humoral, vs exposure, 1357
signs, in repeated poisoning, 1354
spinal, doses lowering, decapitated cats, 756,
757
tactile, in TEL poisoning, 1624
in TEL poisoning, trained vs untrained rats,
586
tests in TEL poisoning, 2032
reflex response, ultraparadoxical phase, in TEL
poisoning, rats, 721
tests, 1471
residuals of poisoning, children, 2855
respiratory center depression, after EDTA,
children, 2869
rheoencephalography, 2331, 2332
sense of smell, in exposure, 2127
in TEL-gasoline poisoning, 2305
sense of taste, in chronic poisoning, 1219
disorders, 2423
sensibility disorders, vs exposure, 1457, 1469
sensory response, in air quality standards,
USSR, 3269, 3360
signs, in acute PbEDTA poisoning, animals, 918
in acute poisoning, cattle, 768
in dogs, 1101
Subject Index
905
-------
Nervous system: signs (cont)
in minks, 897
in cattle, 727
in dogs, 863
effect of neuroleptics, mice, 1080
in horses, 542, 3245
from Pb alkyIs, rats, 1091
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 916
in TEL vs TML poisoning, in dogs vs in rats,
1053
effect of sulfhydryls, mice, 964
in rats, 1171, 1181
from TEL-gasoline, acute, vs chronic, cats,526
in TML poisoning, acute, vs dose, mice, 1051
in rabbits, 1047, 1048-1050, 1117, 1120
in triethyllead poisoning, mice, 963
signs, symptoms, 1348
in acute poisoning, 1358
in children, 2855, 2883, 2884, 2928
reviews, 2867
diagnosed as mental anorexia, 1763
diagnostic value, 1291
effects of EDTA, 2201
in adults, children, 1389
in mild poisoning, 2691
in ocular paralysis, 1321
from past encephalopathy, 1434
in Pb vs TEL poisoning, 1502
from retained missiles, 1437
reviews, 1419
in subacute poisoning, 1402
from TEL-gasoline, 1422, 1955, 2009, 2305,
2513
in TEL poisoning, 1231, 1384, 1430, 1431, 1442,
1625, 1663, 1747, 2424
in adults, children, 1533
chronic, 1967
vs acute, 1238
effect of EDTA, 1760
fatal, 1221, 2016
reversibility, 1676
vs length of exposure, 1347
in young children, 2902
spasticity, as sequela, children, 3046
spinal cord; see also cerebrospinal fluid
pathology, primates, 944
rabbits, 972
trace element distribution, cattle, 808
spinal ganglia, pathology, rabbits, 1096
strong vs weak, effect in TEL poisoning, rats,
491, 721
superior cervical ganglia, acetylcholine sensi-
tivity, in vitro, 349, 350
swimming performance, in TEL-gasoline poisoning,
rabbits, 1186
sympathetic ganglia, sensitivity to acetylcho-
line, in vitro, 354
synaptic transmission, effect of Pb vs Hg, in
vitro, 354
tetraplegia, in mixed As-Pb poisoning, 1526
vagal tone, as cause of heart defects, 2593
vagus nerve, doses lowering, decapitated cats,
756
vascular changes, vs hypertension, rats, 534
vegetative disorders, symmetrical galvanometry,
in TEL exposure, 2163
vestibular function, in TEL poisoning, 2424; see
also Ears
work ability, TEL-gasoline poisoning, mice, 647
wrist drop, 1258
from oral, 1686
Nervous system diseases
use of TEL poisoning for drug screening, 1080
Neuraminic acid, see Carbohydrate and intermediate
metabolism
Neuroleptic drugs
effect on TEL poisoning, mice, 1080
Neurologic diseases
relation to Pb poisoning, 1317
Neuromuscular system, see Nervous system
Nicotinamide nucleotides, see Enzymes, coenzymes
Nicotinic acid
effect on nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis,
rabbits, 1184
Nipple shields
poisoning in nurslings, see Lead poisoning in
children
solubility in milk, 3006, 3038
Nitrogen metabolism; see also Protein metabolism
content in blood, rabbits, 885
Nitrogen oxides
poisoning with Pb, etc, welders, 1707
Novocaine block, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Nuclear energy programs
air monitoring equipment, 3413
analytical methods, wastes, ion exchange, 3889
214pt content in air, synchrotron room, 3163
Pb shielding, decontamination, 3198
evaluation, 4096
waste disposal, processing, 3889
Nuclear explosions
air contamination, report, US, 206
High Altitude Sampling Program, 206
Nuclear inclusions, see inclusion bodies under
Kidneys and urinary tract; Liver
Nucleation, particles, see Aerosols; Air pollution
Nucleic acid metabolism
content in blood, effect of vitamins, animals, 676
DNA content in: blood, in poisonings, 1838, 2042
bone marrow, liver, spleen, in anemia, rats,
995
erythrocytes, basophilic, rabbits, 970
inclusion bodies, 1893
organs, animals, 814, 1195
in leukocytes, precipitation as Pb phosphate,
in vitro, 368
as mechanism of Pb toxicity, 317
in plants, precipitation, 389
RNA catalysis of hydrolysis to nucleotides, in
tobacco virus, in vitro, 459
RNA content in:
blood, animals, 812
in poisonings, 1838
bone marrow, 2522
in animals, 812, 995
erythrocytes, basophilic, rabbits, 970
species variation, 1076, 1161, 1162
vs basophils, animals, 1076, 1161, 1162
inclusion bodies, 1155
liver, spleen, in anemia, rats, 995
organs, animals, 814, 1195
RNA degradation, in liver, EDTA effect, in vitro,
452
in reticulocytes, in vitro, 448
RNA hydrolysis in microorganisms, 415
Nucleosides
effect on porphyrin synthesis, in vivo, in vitro,
reviews, 1056
906
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Nullapon, see Edetate
Nutrition; see also Diets
vs susceptibility to Pb, 1649, 2221
Nutritional disorders
bone lines, histology, radiology, 3061
war induced, vs poisoning hazards, 3094
Occupational diseases; see also Lead poisoning;
Legislation; Medical surveillance
biological exposure tests, reviews, 2640
blood changes in, report, Japan, 1799
cardiovascular disorders, 2294
chemical-toxicologic criteria, reviews, 1932
clinic for research, treatment, Italy, 1250,
1253
diagnosis, essentials, 2711
electroencephalography, 2616
enzyme activity, 2548
fatal, occurrence, 2701
gingivitis, occurrence, 2722
heart disease, 2136
hepatitis, chronic, toxic, diagnosis, 2665
history, 1579
incipient stage, higher nervous function tests,
2775
liver disorders, reviews, 1895
mechanisms in, reviews, 2837
neurologic signs, symptoms, reviews, 1419
prevention programs, socialist countries, 3197,
3205
psychic disorders, reviews, 1929
statistical evaluation, essentials, 2661
toxicology information center, France, 2706
urine porphyrins, 2605
vs dust particle exposure, 3159
Occupational medicine, see Industrial medicine
Occupations with lead exposure, see Industries,
occupations, with lead exposure
Occurrence of lead; see also specific vehicles:
Air; Foods and beverages; Minerals; Plants;
Soil; Water; in organism, see Metabolism of
lead
health hazards, 295
reviews, 4, 32, 42
Ocean water, see Seawater
Odor perception, see -Nervous system, sense of
smell
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
programs, 3457
Oil fields
poisoning occurrence, farm animals, 738
Olfaction, see Nervous system, sense of smell
Opium
poisoning occurrence from, 1657, 2277
Oral cavity; see also Gingiva; Teeth
mucosa, disorders, 2782
in excessive exposure, 1307
histochemistry, 2558
pathology, effect of vitamin B, rats, 1026
in rats, 1025
Pb removal by gargling, 3130
rinsing, soda solution, Pb content, 3142
stomatitis, in acute poisoning, 1330, 1425
from food poisoning, 1450
frequency, 1715
stomatology, 1503
Ores, see Lead deposits; Lead ores; Minerals
Organolead compounds, see Lead compounds, organic;
specific compounds
Organs; see also specific organs, systems;
Metabolism of lead
actomyosin, methionine incorporation, vs poison-
ing degree, rats, 674
enzymes, 636; see also Enzymes
pathology
effect of: milk, rats, 653
S-mineral water, rats,'1086
from high, low-Pb glazes, rats, 717
from oral Pb PVC stabilizers, rats, 904
from skin absorption, rabbits, 730
vs exposure, rabbits, rats, 898
in workroom exposure, guinea pigs, 701
weight, in acute poisoning, rats, 788
Osaka City University Department of Preventive
Medicine and Public Health, 26, 34
Osteitis fibrosa; see also Bones
production, experimental, rats, 1085
Osteomyelosclerosis; see also Bone Marrow;
Musculoskeletal system
production, experimental, rats, 1083
Oxygen metabolism, see Respiration of tissue
Oxypolygelatin
therapeutic evaluation, rats, 514, 546
Painted surfaces
as cause of poisoning; see also Lead poisoning
in children
in children, components, vs Pb, 2878
in livestock, 506
health hazards in work with, 3171
Pb content, 1464
causing poisoning, cattle, 1099
in children, 2908, 3057, 3068
in primates, 944
in sanding dust from, 1483
peeling, soil contamination, 2965
riveting, poisoning occurrence, 3125
sandblasting, Pb content in air, 3195
poisoning occurrence, in enclosed places, 1816
scraping, Pb content in air, causing poisoning,
1259
poisoning occurrence, 2588
torch burning, health hazards, 1343, 1464, 1681,
2763, 3123, 3161, 3221
poisoning occurrence, 2001, 2277
torch cutting, poisoning hazards, 2800, 3199,
3221; see also Demolition of painted
structures
welding, health hazards, 3161, 3221
Paint industry
air pollution, 3093
health hazards, control, 3115
Pb vs Cr, 2406
reviews, 3146
surveys, 1535, 1779, 1780, 2418, 2492, 3091,
3119
medical surveillance, legislated, 3499
poisoning occurrence, 1338, 2083, 2285, 2641,
history, 14, 19
past, present, 2746
report, UK, 2016
sulfo-white Pb vs carbonate, health hazards,
3093
white Pb, poisoning compensability, 3526
Painting
health hazards, history, UK, 11
industrial hygiene control programs, 1414, 3087
medical surveillance, legislated, 3499
Subject Index
907
-------
Painting (cont)
medical surveys, 1732, 2629
poisoning compensation cases, 3489, 3492, 3494
poisoning occurrence, 1208, 1372, 1382, 1636,
1783, 1787, 2020, 2201, 2417, 2517
past, present, 1808
ships, poisoning occurrence, 1327, 2782, 2794
spray, hazards, in garages, 3182
health hazards, 2671, 3165
high-, heat-with-pressure, fire hazards, 3165
poisoning compensation cases, 3490
poisoning occurrence, 1585, 2771
ships, legislation, UK, 3487
TEL-gasoline poisoning occurrence, 2513
Paint removal, see Painted surfaces, sandblasting,
scraping, torch burning
Paints
analytical methods, improved, 3706; see also
Analytical methods
anticorrosive, Pb pigments, reviews, 4069
artists', poisoning occurrence, 2285
labeling requirements, 2285, 3514
nontoxic Pb, preparation, 4074
Pb, Zn content, 3165
Pb content, city ordinances, 3511
legislated, Australia, 3497, 3513
nontoxic to children, 3507
regulation recommended, 2960
standards, US, 3503, 3509
Pb limit values, interpretation, 3515
primers, toxicity evaluation, 3221
red Pb, collection by bees, 435
Pb content, 67, 2794
solubility in water, effect of hexametaphos-
phate, 3444
vs paint base, 3443
use on water tanks, standpipes, health hazards,
3441, 3442
vs gray, Pb content, 794
regulations, 2854, 2862
International Labour Organization, 3086
spray, as cause of poisoning in infants, 2930
component solubility in gastric juice, 2771
fire hazards, 3165
use of Pb in, past, present, 2856
water-color, as cause of poisoning, 1427
Palsy, see Nervous system, paralysis
Pancreas
DNA, RNA vs poisoning degree, rats, 1195
pancreatitis, simulating Pb poisoning, 1572
pathology, in hemochromatosis, 1271
in TEL, TML poisoning, rats, 1171
vs Pb content, from TEL, rabbits, 556
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
vascular changes, vs hypertension, rats, 534
Paralysis, see Nervous system
Paramecium, see Protozoa
Parasitic diseases
effect on Pb poisoning, children, 3004
Parasiticides
giardiacidal action, Pb arsenate, mice, 3559
Parathyroid glands
function, effect on Ca, P metabolism in acute
poisoning, rats, 743
in poisoning, 20a. 677
hypoparathyroidism, idiopathic, Pb mobilization
in treatment, 2143
pathology, in TEL, TML poisoning, rats, 1171
removal, effect on Pb metabolism, signs, rats,
804, 924
Parathyroid hormone
effect on: Ca metabolism, rats, 924
210Pb metabolism, dogs, 578
poisoning, rabbits, 861
therapeutic effectiveness with EDTA, 1588, 1701,
1925, 3045
in animals, 732
Parotid gland, see Salivary glands
Particles, airborne; see also Aerosols; Air
pollution
composition, identification, 3686
counting techniques, 3694
counts, vs size as exposure measure. 3159
properties, reviews, 3301
size, measurement techniques, 3686
vs health hazards, 1341
vs retention in lungs, 2031, 2287, 2288
Patenting operations, see Wire industry
Pectin
binding of Pb, in aqueous, gastric acid media,
888
in vitro, 926
effect on poisoning, animals, 514, 888, 926,
983, 1118
oral, recommended in metal exposure, 983
Pb mobilization, evaluation, rats, 546
Penicillamine; see also Treatment of lead poison-
ing
D-, N-acetyl-D-, Pb complexes, stability
constants, 4099
DL-, Pb complexes, stability constants, 4101
dosage schedule, 2608
intravenous, 2448
oral, 1759, 2448, 2543, 2597
effect on: nicotlnamide nucleotide synthesis,
rabbits, 1185
Pb excretion, comparative, cattle, 899
porphyrin, in exposure, 2654
urine porphyrin, in porphyric, 2751
formation in penicillin+EDTA therapy, 2825
mobilization test, oral, 2597
oral, before EDTA, 2808
proteinuria from, 2543
reviews, 2650
safety, vs EDTA, 2551
sensitivity to, 2543
therapeutic effectiveness, in anemia, 2542
in children, 3041
of D-, vs N-acetyl-DL-, 2835
intravenous, 2448
oral, 2448, 2454, 2543
in children, 3060
in mild, severe poisoning, 1759
in TEL poisoning, 1760
vs EDTA, 1915, 2454, 2827
in children, 2970
vs EDTA, 2066
therapeutic use, 2608
in children, 3053
reviews, 2100, 2693
toxicity, reviews, 2693
Penicillin
antidotal effectiveness, 801
effect on blood Pb, 1937, 1938
in sheep, 740
mobilization of Pb, 1937
in children, 2970
in sheep, 802
908
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Penicillin (cont)
therapeutic effectiveness, 2448
Pennsylvania State University Conference, 35
Pentatsin, see Pentetate
Pentetate (calcium or trisodium); see also Treat-
ment of lead poisoning
dosage schedule, 2758
effect: on Fe metabolism, 2685
of intravenous on poisoning, animals, 837, 983
on kidneys, 894
on Pb excretion, comparative, cattle, 899
on 210Pb metabolism, mice, 1043
mechanism of Pb binding in body, reviews, 917
mobilization of 210Pb, rats, 1022
mobilization test, intravenous, 2659
precautions, 2758
therapeutic effectiveness, 2685
evaluation, 2344
intramuscular, vs EDTA, 2758
intravenous, vs EDTA, 2581, 2758
therapeutic use, reviews, 2100
Pentetate, disodium
binding with Pb, 894
Pentoxyl
effect on anemia, 1635
in rabbits, 697
Peritoneum
calcification at injection site, X-ray diffrac-
tion, rats, 493
Personal hygiene
as cause of poisoning, 1383, 1404, 1671, 1696,
2808
history, 10
eating, smoking on job, health hazards, 1232,
3098
effect on colopathic syndrome, 1700
hand washing solutions, evaluation, 3177; see
also Washings
importance, 1466, 2138, 2417, 2737, 3180, 3182
regulations, in tank cleaning, 3209
requirements, 3121, 3211
vs Pb absorption, 2123, 3094, 3128
Personal protection; see also Respirators;
Industrial hygiene control
importance, 2583
methods, 3132
in pottery operations, 1580
protective creams, 3222
requirements, 3121, 3211
in tank cleaning, 2793
guides, 3209
work clothing, cleaning facilities, 1248
Pesticide industry
Pb, As content in air, causing poisoning, 1556
Pesticides; see also Lead arsenate
hearings, US, 3496
Pb arsenate mixtures, insect toxicity ratings,
4093
poisoning occurrence, 2240
spray residues, health hazards, 1951
surveys, US, 135
toxicity, rats, 652
toxicity: acute, chronic, rats, reviews, 1001
of mixtures with As, Cu, Sn, Pb, 1090
use on grapes, as source of Pb in wines, 225
Petroleum industry; see also Tetraethyllead;
Tetrame thy Head
hazardous operations in, 1277
health hazards, reviews, 3079, 3178
surveys, paint operations, 3087
medical programs, 1540
Pewter; see also Foo,d containers
utensils, Pb content, 8
Pharmacopeias, see Drugs, Pb content, specifica-
tions
Phenolsulfatase, see Enzymes, arylsulfatases
Phosphate, dicalcium, sodium
therapeutic use, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Phosphicin, see Ethylenediamine-bis-isopropyl-
phosphinate, disodium
Phosphomonoesterase, see Enzymes, phosphatases
Phosphorodlthioic acid, 0,0-bis(6-tert-butyl-m-
tolyl) ester, lead salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Phosphorodithioic acid, 0,0-dithymyl ester, lead
salt
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Phosphorus
dietary-Ca ratio, effect on Pb metabolism, rats,
648
Phosphorus isotope-32
use in metabolic studies, 686, 1009, 1119, 1148,
2326
Phosphorus metabolism; see also Blood, electrolytes
content in:
blood
in acute poisoning, rats, 119
parathyroidectomy effect, rats, 743
in children, 2893, 2910, 2911
effect of EDTA, 2882
effect of EDTA, 1772
erythrocytes, vs urine Pb, 2326
in exposure, 1386
vs Ca, Cl, 1407
vs K loss, in vitro, 464
vs phosphatases, rabbits, 923
bones, in acute poisoning, rats, 1119
effect of EDTA, cortisone, rats, 1009
feces, animals, 686, 1148, 1159
organs, rats, 1148
urine, in acute poisoning, parathyroidectomy
effect, rats, 743
in animals, 686, 1148
in children, 2910, 2911, 3000
effect of EDTA, 2075
cortisone, rats, 1009
effect of EDTA, 1467
32p incorporation in erythrocyte phosphatides,
in vitro, in vivo, 2651
permeability of P from phosphate, in blood cells,
686
Physical activity
effect on: acute poisoning, rats, 661
metabolic rate, rats, 733
Pb retention in lungs, 3267
susceptibility to poisoning, 586. 3531
Pica; see also Lead poisoning in children
definition, 2867
history, 2924
occurrence of Pb poisoning in, 2924
treatment vs in poisoning, 2914
Pigeons; see also Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in birds
similarity of vestibular chronaxie to man, 516
Pigment industry; see also Paint industry
health hazards surveys, 3099, 3158, 3174
Pb-Zn chromate wastes, treatment, 3452
poisoning occurrence, 1748, 2418
Subject Index
909
-------
Pigments, biologic; see also Porphyrins
bilirubin, blood, 1536, 1549
in animals, 496, 566, 1164
after EDTA, 1627
as sign in exposed thalassemic, 2059
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 549
vs bone marrow Fe inclusions, basophils, 1769
urobilin, blood, 1549
urine, in TEL,poisoning, 1663
vs exposure, 1732
urobilinogen:
feces, in anemias, effect of ACTH, etc, guinea
pigs, 775
in guinea pigs, 575
urine, 2142, 2371, 2420
in TEL poisoning, 2559
vs porphyrins, causes, 1630
Pigs, see Hogs
Pituitary gland
adrenocortical function, rats, 677
extracts of poisoned rats, antidiuretic action
in rabbits, 560
gonadotropic activity in mice injected emulsion
from Pb-poisoned rats, 817
pathology, in TEL, TML poisoning, rats, 1171
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
prehypophyseal gonadotropic secretion, in
adaptation, 1365
Plant contamination; for effect of lead, see
Plants; see also Air pollution
grass, by red Pb, as cause of poisoning in
dogs, 737
Pb content: from air pollution, see Air pollu-
tion, automobile exhaust, industrial
in pastures, near shooting ranges, as cause
of poisoning, 537
sources, relation to disease, 258
by pesticides, Pb arsenate on coffee trees, 284
Pb content in: evergreens, stem bark, 135
grass, 135
shrubs, 135
Plants; for plant products in diet, see also Foods
and beverages; Feed, forage
alfalfa, Pb content vs in soil, 172
apple trees, Pb content, 224
aquatic, algae, Pb content, 97, 149
kelp, toxicity of wastes, 395
microflora, Pb-Zn waste toxicity, 3465
Pb absorption from water, 447
plankton, Pb content, 232
seaweeds, Pb content, 214, 273
barley, Pb distribution, effect of soil tempera-
ture, 447a
beans, Pb distribution, effect of soil tempera-
ture, 447a
beech, Pb content in twigs, leaves vs in soil, 122
belladonna, Pb content, 269
birch, Pb content in twigs, leaves vs in soil,
122
caraway seeds, Pb content, 269
chlorosis, by metals in sand culture, 309
effect of: irradiated automobile exhausts, 3377
Pb dusts, 3368
effect on: cardenolide content, Convallaria
majalis leaves, in vitro, 470
keto acid metabolism, Datura stramonium leaves,
in vitro, 466
metabolic reactions, 253, 327, 389, 396, 463,
466, 470
frangula bark, Pb content, 269
frenching, vs Pb content, 86
galenic herbs, Pb content, 275
grapefruit, effect of Pb arsenate on sugar
content, 327, 396
growing on: ore deposits, seasonal variations,
231
rocks, Pb content, 106
kale, Pb distribution, 161
maize, Pb content vs in soil, 172
metal content, as indicator of natural vs
industrial soil contamination, 3475
nucleic acid precipitation in leaves, 389
oak, Pb content in twigs, leaves vs in soil, 122
oak bark, Pb content, 269
orange, effect of Pb arsenate on sugars, vitamin
C, quality, 463
seedlings, growth, in Pb solution cultures,
effect of pH, 253
Pb uptake from solution cultures, 253
pastures
Pb content, 537
endemic osteoporosis, sheep, 3435
vs livestock poisoning, 475
Pb assimilation, from composts, 186
effect of temperature, 421
Pb content, from air, by absorption vs adsorp-
tion, 3408
as ore deposit indicators, 219, 280, 289, 291
from soil, rocks, in U deposit area, 56
vs distance from deposits, 292
vs 222Rn in soil, 265
vs in soil, 237
Pb transport, from roots, 3408
Pb uptake from, ore deposits, 455
return to soil, vs pH, 271
pear trees, Pb content, 224
pine needles, Pb content, 343
potatoes, Pb content, distribution, 58, 224
ragweed, Pb content, 224
rape, Pb distribution, 161
rice, Pb uptake from culture solution, 428
yield, threshold limits, in culture solution,
428
Schizandra chenesis, Pb content in fruit, 133
soybean, toxicity of Pb arsenate sprays, 467
tea leaves, Pb content in old vs young, 70
tobacco, Pb content in leaves, vs injury, 86
tomatoes, Pb distribution, effect of soil
temperature, 447a
trees, Pb content vs in soil, 3365, 3475
valerian rhizomes, Pb content, 269
willow, Pb content in twigs, leaves vs in soil,
122
Plaster
as cause of poisoning in children, 2908; see
also Lead poisoning in children
Plastics
drinking straws, Pb leachability, pH effect,
Japan, 276
legislation, food container, water pipe use,
4020
Pb phosphite, stearate stabilized, Pb extraction
in soft vs hard water, 3447
pipes, Pb content, 3459; see also Water pipes
polyvinylchloride, leaching, toxicity tests,
904
storage battery plates, as source of poisoning,
2599
910
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
210r
Plastics industry
health hazards, surveys, 3150
Pb carbonate, stearate, in air, 1911
Pb content in air, as cause of poisoning, 2756
vs operations, 2512, 3105
poisoning occurrence, 1911, 2004, 2329, 2351,
2431, 2512, 2516, 2599, 2604
stabilizer handling for dust control, 3105
use of Pb compounds in, 2604
Plumbing
health hazards, history, 28
occurrence of As-Pb poisoning, 1516
poisoning occurrence, 1930
from skin absorption, 1866
Poison Control Centers, 2982
Policemen; see also Traffic police
shooting range exposure causing poisoning, 1257
Poliomyelitis
similarity to Pb poisoning, 2978
Polonium isotope-210
content in: air, monitoring programs, 3255
plants, tobacco, ^lOp^, as source> 296
soil, 210Pb as source, 296
waters, treated vs untreated, 272
metabolism: body burden, vs 21°Pb, 2598, 3401
content in urine, as indicator of stored
930
vs in air, in U miners, 2689
storage in bodies of animals from Rn, vs
930
Polyaerylonitrile
Pb mobilization, evaluation, rats, 546
therapeutic evaluation, rats, 514
Polyethylene polyamine polyacetate
effect on elimination of 210Pb, 144Ce, 91Yb,
rats, 1030
Polymers, see Plastics
Polyvinyl chloride; see also Plastics
plastics, leachability of stabilizers from,
toxicity tests, 1064
toxicity, with Pb stabilizers, rats, 904
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Pb mobilization, evaluation, rats, 546
therapeutic evaluation, rats, 514
Porphobilinogen, see Porphyrins
Porphyria
chelate therapy, 1844
reviews, 2173
diagnosis, differential, from Pb poisoning,
2141
effect of Pb exposure, 2029, 2751, 2765
fatal, in Pb, Zn exposed, 2008
light-induced, vs Pb poisoning, rabbits, 524
Pb poisoning as cause, 2007, 2091, 2151, 2152
phenylhydrazine-induced, vs Pb poisoning,
rabbits, 524
porphyrin, liver catalase vs in Pb poisoning,
1136
porphyrin metabolism, 1843, 2404, 2405, 2807
reviews, 1286, 1776, 2748
schizophrenia in, 2313
signs, symptoms, 1844
vs in Pb po-isoning, 2313
similarity to Pb poisoning, 2173
urine ALA, 2527
urine porphyrin, precursor, preformed, 1803
vs in Pb poisoning, 1315
uroporphyrin I, vs in Pb poisoning, rabbits,
522, 524
Porphyrins; see also Aminolevulinic acid (unless
otherwise specified, proto- in blood
(erythrocytes), and copro- in urine)
analytical methods, 2141
deLangen-tenBerg modification, 1230
fluorescence, on Mg hydroxide, 4023
bile, 1519
copro-, proto-, effect of EDTA, 1956
copro-I, III, proto-, in acute, chronic
poisoning, 1519
blood, 843, 1241, 1367, 2191
in acute poisoning, 1392, 2666
and chronic, 1519, 1520, 1613
in rabbits, 843
past poisoning, 2470
after BAL, 1880
chelation of free erythrocyte vs EDTA, rabbits,
988
in children, 2950
copro-, in anemias, mechanism of synthesis,
1255
effect of vitamin Bj^, 1614
proto-, 1462, 2839
diagnostic value, 1846
synthesis, rabbits, 483
vs in anemia, rabbits, 711, 779
uro-, 2189
synthesis, Fe incorporation, chickens,
873
vs bone marrow sideroblasts, 1769
vs hemoglobin, 2196
synthesis, in vitro, 417
vs anemia, rabbits, 698, 699
after deferoxamine, vs EDTA, 2790
diagnostic value, 1536, 1558, 1785, 1817,
2047, 2131, 2171, 2462, 2686, 2702
in TEL poisoning, 2682
after EDTA, 1852, 1853, 2452, 2508, 2619
in exposed porphyric, 2007
limit values, 2603
effect of: ADP, ATP, pyridoxal phosphate, in
vitro, in vivo, 1042
AMP, rabbits, 940, 998, 1042, 1075
inosine, 2385
in rabbits, 1075
vitamin B-^2, 1614
effect on cholinesterase activity, 1242
in exposure, poisoning, porphyrias, 2141
Fe incorporation, effect of NaF, in vitro, in
vivo, 776, 785
in heme synthesis, in vitro, 328
in rabbits, 1027
in vitro, 357, 671
hemoglobin, rabbits, 776, 785
increase, time factors, rabbits, 599
limit values, 1903, 2659
sex variations, 2485
from past poisoning, 2263
in Pb arsenate poisoning, 2117
in Pb stearate poisoning, 2329, 2512
after penicillamine, 2654
plasma, vs urine, 2839
porphobilinogen, synthesis, in vitro, 417
vs ALA, 2766
in rabbits, 875, 2766
vs basophils, rabbits, 915
in rabbits, 2141
from retained missiles, 1948, 2459
from skin absorption. 2320
Subject Index
911
-------
Porphyrins: blood (cotit)
synthesis, in anemic rabbits, in vivo vs in
vitro, 627
in ducks, 795
effect of ADP, AMP, ATP, pyridinephosphate,
in vitro, 427
in rabbits, 939
reviews, 2748
in vitro, 409, 417
from TEL-gasoline skin absorption, 2247
in thalassemic, 2059
threshold limit values, 3535
in TML exposure, 2546
uro-, rabbits, 522; see also under copro-
synthesis, in vitro, 417
vs ALA, 2463, 2602
vs ALA-dehydratase, rabbits, 1131
vs anemia, in vitamin-treated rabbits, 2196
vs blood Fe, 1670
in rabbits, 507
vs blood Pb, rabbits, 988
vs blood Zn, 2467
vs catalase. rabbits, 784
vs erythrocyte Cu, 1954
vs fluorescent erythrocytes, children, 2959
vs liver catalase in porphyrias, 1136
vs nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis, rabbits,
1184, 1185
vs other signs, 1300, 1790
vs in TEL-gasoline poisoning, 2721
vs time of past poisoning, 2801
vs tissue Fe, rabbits, 783, 913
vs tryptophan metabolism, rabbits, 937
vs urine, exposure, 1204, 1396
vs urine ALA, 2328
vs urine Pb, in EDTA mobilization of past
poisoning, 2058
bone marrow,
in acute, past poisoning, 2470
vs chronic poisoning, rabbits, 843
copro-, erythrocytes, synthesis, rabbits, 483
proto-, in acute, chronic poisoning, 1520
proto-, synthesis, in vitro, 468
synthesis, rabbits, 711, 779
synthesis mechanism, 484, 500
uro-I, rabbits, 522, 524
chelating action vs EDTA, 988
diagnostic value, 1679
extrahemoglobin Fe, relation, 1241, 1367
feces, copro-, proto-, 2405
hemo-, effect on opsonic activity, rabbits, 720
identification, carboxylic fractions, chroma-
tography, 532, 533
kidneys, vs anemia, rabbits, 698, 699
liver
in acute poisoning, 1764
chronic, rabbits. 524
synthesis, rabbits, 711, 779
vs anemia, rabbits, 698, 699
lung, synthesis, rabbits, 711, 779
metabolism
carboxyl groups, effect of cocarboxylase,
rabbits, 1935
vs poisoning degree, 1935
in rabbits, 1935
as cause of basophils, 2456
disorders, diseases causing, 1576
Fe metabolism in, 2674
mechanisms, 2171, 2189. 2191, 2196, 2442,
2469, 2471, 2678, 2716; see also
synthesis
in children, reviews, 2920
reviews, 677, 2234, 2453, 2704
vs body Pb, on in vitro basis, 2470
in rabbits vs in man, 1138
reviews, 40, 1203, 1204, 1252, 1298, 1393,
1560, 1638, 2266, 2408, 2563
similarity to porphyria, 524
studies, 1488
in TEL poisoning, 2803
in various diseases, 1843
in vitro, in vivo, 2833
vs heme synthesis, reviews, 2821, 2843
spleen, synthesis, rabbits, 711, 779
synthesis, 1131, 1346
from ALA vs PEG, in vitro, 663
in blood vs liver mitochondria, 1160
effect of: mitochondria, reviews, 1957
nucleosides, adenine nucleotides, reviews,
1056
from glycine, ALA, porphobilinogen, 732
in vivo, vs blood Pb circulation, 1698
vs in Fe deficiency, children, 3029
urine, 843, 1201, 1233, 1820, 1924, 2003, 2052,
2141, 2605
in acute poisoning, 1358, 1392, 1541, 1763,
2333, 2622, 2666
and chronic, 1520
effect of EDTA, rabbits, 655
and past poisoning, 2470
in alcoholic, 2011, 2383
analytical methods, 2390, 2962, 2984
for copro-, chromogen, 1270
deLangen-tenBerg rapid, evaluation, 3579
difficulties, 1359, 1449
for early detection, 1243
evaluation, 2437, 3577
fluorescence, apparatus, 3639
Ehrlich reagent, 4030
rapid semiquantitative, 3666
ion-exchange separation, colorimetry, with
Ehrlich reagent, 3696
precautions, 1341
qualitative
quantitative, 3599
diagnostic value, 1646
reviews, 1776
screening, 2180, 2912
silicotungstic-pyridine; Woods light
fluorescence, 3572
spectrophotometry, precursor extraction,
3692
spot samples, specific gravity corrections.
3896
UV light fluorescence, 3609, 3896
evaluation, 3652
in anemia, 1820
after BAL, 1478, 1493, 1880
as cause of kidney neoplasms, rats, 891
after chelates, in TEL poisoning, 1760
in children, 2865, 2902, 2983, 2990, 2996,
3010, 3060
near industries, 3289, 3348
chromatographic fractions, rabbits, 530, 532,
533
chromogen, 1270
collection, techniques, rats, 597
copro-, vs precursor, in exposure, 1395
912
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Porphyrins: urine (cont)
vs precursor, in exposure, poisoning, 1396
copro-I, III: in acute, chronic poisoning,
1519
precursor synthesis, 1677, 1802
in poisoning, other diseases, 1803
in rabbits, 532, 533
synthesis mechanism, 484, 500
tetramethyl esters, rabbits, 736
uro-, after removal from exposure, 1346
copro-III, after CP-III injection, rabbits,
529
copro-, uro-, 2189, 2191
in acute poisoning, rabbits, 915
from ALA injection, rabbits, 876
in alcoholic, 2376
effect of: AMP, rabbits, 998
EDTA, 2302
in rabbits, 877
glycine, 2471
sedormid, rabbits, 719
in exposure, 1462
poisoning, 2302
in porphyric, 2029, 2751
effect of EDTA, 2007, 2008
in rabbits, 599, 895
ratio, vs exposure, urobilinogen, 1630
vs in porphyria, 1315, 2765
vs urine ALA, 2324
after deferoxamine vs EDTA, 2790
diagnostic point rating, 2257
diagnostic value, 1205, 1230, 1254, 1263,
1284-1286, 1293, 1316, 1323, 1356, 1404,
1411, 1412, 1438, 1449, 1501, 1505, 1558,
1574, 1577, 1651, 1711, 1729, 1762, 1785,
1823, 1846, 1875, 1979, 1984, 2083, 2088,
2131, 2179, 2213, 2273, 2379, 2462, 2477,
2702, 2704, 2719, 2788, 2809, 2810, 2912,
2916, 3577
in children, 2883-2885, 2901, 2932, 3037,
3048,
in dogs, 769
in TEL poisoning, 2682
vs air analyses, 1815
in disability case, 1857
diurnal variations, 1359
after EDTA, 1390, 1518, 1587, 1588, 1608, 1617,
1633, 1731, 1852, 1853, 1886, 2062, 2063,
2155, 2175, 2229, 2267, 2272, 2452, 2461,
2491, 2508, 2619, 2639, 2647, 2807, 2818
in children, 2882, 2896
in females, 1969
limit values, 2603
from past poisoning, 2058
in pregnancy poisoning, 2663
reviews, 2166
in TEL poisoning, 2402
vs exposure, 2601
effect of: albumin, rabbits, 710, 829
AMP, inosine, rabbits, 1075
+pyridoxal, rabbits, 1042
rabbits, 940
cold, rabbits, 1198
EDTA, animals, 689
gluconate, children, 3019
induced acidosis, man, rabbits, 531
liver function, goats, 566
therapy, 1332, 1445, 1614, 1720-1721, 1904,
1963, 2385
tocopherol, rabbits, 535, 579
UV light, rabbits, 495
in human subjects, 2089, 2170
leukouro-, uro-, in acute poisoning, 1764
limit values, 1341, 1470, 1534, 1688, 1779,
1780, 1828, 1903, 2084, 2105, 2210, 2352
2354, 2355, 2437, 2580, 2659, 2705, 2724
2741, 2746, 2825, 2826
in children, 3037, 3050
in screening program, 1905, 2005
sex variations, 2485
statistical evaluation, 1805
vs MAC, 1264
in livestock, 504
as measure of: absorption vs poisoning, 1359
soft-tissue Pb, children, 2907
from melted Pb burns, 2836
after Mg sulfate, as sign of past poisoning,
1294
in mild poisoning, 2691
in mixed As-Pb poisoning, 1516, 1526
from oral, 1401, 1756, 2285, 2371, 2842
from past poisoning, 2263, 2309, 2450
from Pb arsenate, 1556
from Pb chromate, 2406
from Pb naphthenate, 2182
from Pb-Sn alloys, 2796
from Pb stearate, 2004, 2329, 2351, 2512
after penicillamine, 2543, 2654
in population, 1234, 1576,
near industries, 1924, 2174, 3305
in pregnancy, 1734
seasonal variations, 1734
sex variations, 1359, 1734
vs sampling, 1411
porphobilinogen, 2189, 2191, 2382, 2386, 2404,
2527
in acute poisoning, rabbits, 915
from ALA injection, rabbits, 876
diagnostic value, 2602
after EDTA, 2328, 2452
in rabbits, 877
effect of:
AMP, inosine, rabbits, 1057, 1075, 1132
•fpyridoxal phosphate, rabbits, 1042
in rabbits, 998
glycine, 2471
sedormid, rabbits, 719
in exposure, 1462
poisoning, 2302
porphyrias, 2141, 2751, 2765
limit values, 1844, 2659
in rabbits, 895
vs ALA, 1797, 2324, 2328, 2334, 2500, 2567,
2571, 2743, 2766, 2807
in rabbits, 875, 2766
vs aminoacetone, 2807
vs erythrocyte survival, 1909
vs exposure, 2303
vs poisoning degree, 2694
in porphyrias, 2141
precursors, metalloporphyrins, from chromogen,
1917
preformed, 1677, 1802
analytical methods, 1677, 1802
vs in unrelated diseases, 1803
in presence of various disorders, 1363, 1428,
1465, 1562, 2228, 2808
in rabbits, 725, 2141
Subject Index
913
-------
Porphyrins: urine (cont)
after removal from exposure, 1346
from retained missiles, 1948, 2459
screening tests, 1362, 2574, 2842
from skin contact, 2103, 2320
statistical diagnostic method, 2412
from TEL, 1238, 1830, 2559, 2712, 2848
from TEL-gasoline, 1306
in thalassemic, 2059, 2720
threshold limit values, 2076, 3535
time factors, during, after poisoning, rabbits,
847
vs urine Pb, 1230
from TML, 2546
in traffic police, 3263, 3264
type, effect of drugs, rabbits, 530
origin, 529
uro-; see also copro-, uro-
in acute, chronic poisoning, rabbits, 524
effect of: AMP, inosine, rabbits, 1057,
1075, 1132
light exposure, rabbits, 498
vs absorption degree, 2243
vs ALA, 2328, 2366, 2382, 2527, 2567, 2571,
2602, 2686, 2743
aminoacetone, 2762
diagnostic value, 1797
vs ALA-dehydratase, rabbits, 1131
vs basophils, 1342, 1443, 1630, 1715, 2046,
2535
vs blood, 2196, 2839
vs blood ALA, 2463
vs blood aldolase, 2655
vs blood Fe, 2439, 2657
in rabbits, 2439
vs blood Pb, 1204, 1363, 1415a, 1443, 1455,
1479, 2046, 2224, 2261, 2496, 2535, 2962
in children, 2906
vs blood pressure, 1581
vs blood urea, 1391
vs blood Zn, 2467
vs dose, rats, 1031
vs erythrocyte coproporphyrin synthesis, 1255
vs exposure, 1202, 1214, 1215, 1243, 1244,
1420, 1732, 1931, 2082, 2141, 2142,
2146, 2159, 2160, 2188, 2261, 2290,
2303, 2321, 2352, 2367, 2367, 2468,
2479, 2492, 2606, 2715, 2831, 3161
in children, 3360
in, near industry, 2630
in rabbits, 898
in women, 2098
vs glutathione, GPD, 2617
vs hair Pb, 1836
vs liver catalase, rabbits, 1136
vs neoplasm formation, rats, 986
vs nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis, rabbits,
1183-1185
vs other signs, poisoning degree, 1300, 1594,
1700, 1787, 2319, 2536, 2612, 2694,
2800, 2814, 3570
vs Pb, 1254, 1420, 1443, 1479, 2046, 2261,
2773, 2831, 2846
creatinine ratio for exposure evaluation,
1272,
diagnostic value, 1340, 1341, 2203
vs Pb intake, human subjects, 1487
vs retinal stippling, 2777, 2778
vs in thalassemia, 2187
vs time of past poisoning, 2801
vs tissue Fe, rabbits, 783, 913
vs tryptophan metabolism, rabbits, 937
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 1133
vs in unrelated diseases, 1298, 1317, 2391,
2705
Potassium iodide
effect on Pb metabolism, 819
Potassium isotope-42
in cellular turnover studies, 320
Potassium metabolism; see also Blood, electrolytes
blood, cell turnover, in vitro, 320
erythrocytes, loss from, mechanism, 403
permeability, in vitro, 364
transport, effect of EDTA, in vitro, 344
loss from, without hemolysis, ,in vitro, 375
content in blood, in acute poisoning, rabbits,
1065
content in urine, effect of EDTA, 2075
Pottery, as food containers, see Food containers
Pottery industry; see also Ceramics industry
hand-dipping operation, as cause of poisoning,
1696
health hazards surveys, 3084
reports, UK, 2017, 3167
occupational legislation, UK, 3486
Pb glaze solubility standards, compliance, UK,
3587
poisoning occurrence, 1354, 1580, 2047, 2150
history, 14
past, present, 2584, 2746
prehistoric, 2727
Powder metallurgical industry
health hazards surveys, 3151
Pregnancy, see Reproduction
Prevention of poisoning, see Industrial hygiene
control; Medical surveillance; Personal
protection; Treatment, prophylactic
Printed paper
for food packaging, Pb content, 119
Pb content, from ink, 168
Printing industry; see also Mints
experiments with guinea pigs, 701, 973
health hazards, comparative, 1296, 1301, 1302,
1329
prevention, reviews, 3089
in small shops, 3076
surveys, 1210, 2224, 2225, 2303, 3072, 3137,
3153, 3168, 3179, 3222
home shops, poisoning occurrence, children, 3045
industrial hygiene control, ILO report, 2414
medical surveillance, legislated, Italy, 1239
offset, use of Pb powder in, 1222
oral conditions, 1851
poisoning occurrence, 677, 1200, 1222, 1244,
1249, 1251, 1279, 1291, 1318, 1465, 1690,
1726, 1940, 2109, 2202, 2249, 2641, 2740
history, 6
past, present, 1952, 2746
vs exposure, 1643
typesetters, poisoning occurrence from skin
absorption, 1866
Printing ink, see Printed paper
Procaine esterase, see Enzymes, cholinesterases
Progeny, see Reproduction; Lead poisoning in
children
Prophylaxis, see Treatment, prophylactic; specific
agents
Prostate gland, see Genital organs
914
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Protective clothing; see also Personal protection
defective, poisoning occurrence, 1431
Protein hydrolyzate
effect on poisoning, animals, 692
Protein metabolism
albumin, blood, in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 621
fractions, blood, rabbits, 525
globulin ratio, albumin synthesis in organs,
dogs, 644
blood, effect of liver function, goats, 566
vs exposure, 1732
interaction with metals, effect of EDTA, in
vitro, 406
turnover, rabbits, 722
urine, see Kidneys and urinary tract
aminoacetone, urine, after EDTA, 2807
vs ALA, 2690
vs porphyrins, 2762
amino acids
blood, in acute poisoning, rats, 520
in acute, subacute poisoning, rats, 527
in aminoaciduria, children, 2879
in exposure, poisoning, 1309
in kidney disorders, 2577
brain, in triethyllead poisoning, rats, 1123
liver, in acute poisoning, rats, 520, 527
nerves, in nerve disorders, 2628
studies, 1488
urine, in acute poisoning, rabbits, 1032
in children, 2879, 2893, 2910, 2911, 2990,
3010, 3060
in EDTA therapy, children, 2915, 2979, 2980
frequency, 2809, 2810
in kidney disorders, 2577
mechanism of increase, 1786, 1788
in Pb va Hg, U, Cd exposure, 1654
screening method, 2802
unrelated to Pb vs in acute poisoning,
children, 2988
vs ALA, 2365
amino groups, blood, rabbits, 772
aminoketone, urine, vs ALA, 2690
vs porphyrins, 2762
amino-N, blood, rabbits, 981
azotemia, see urea, blood
blood, affinity for Pb, effect of formaldehyde,
PH, in vitro, 312
heat coagulation, hydrophobization, in TEL-
gasoline exposure, 2441, 2585
Pb-binding, content, see Metabolism of lead
as Pb carriers in intestinal excretion, 1197
solubility, in vitro, 319
brain, effect of TEL, triethyllead, in vitro,
in vivo, 978
carboxyl groups, blood, rabbits, 772
coagulation in goat plasma, in vitro, 311
content in:
blood, 2648
in children, 3016
diagnostic value, 981
effect of EDTA, dogs, 789
in rabbits, 981
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 549
vs exposure route, time factors, rats, 976
vs sulfhydryl groups, 2794
body, effect of H sulfide, animals, 921
fluids, diagnostic value, 1213
kidney inclusion bodies, rats, 1155
cytochrome c, heart, liver, rabbits, 583
disorders, as cause of kidney disorders, 2433
as early sign in poisoning, 1195
dopa melanin, formation in vitro, 482
electrophoresis, continuous paper, 2040
electrophoretic component, abnormal, blood, rats,
952
electrophoretic fractions
blood, 677, 732, 1669, 2112, 2360, 2610
in acute, chronic poisoning, rabbits, 1188
effect of: EDTA, 1933, 1964
heat, animals, 1180
effect on, in vitro, 451
Y-globulin, in early exposure, 1871
location of Pb, 732
Pb content, 2040
plasma, vs liver function, 1593
in rabbits, 714, 723, 847, 1094
in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 591, 619
time factors, rabbits, 600
vs blood Pb, 2156
vs dose, dogs, 1036
vs exposure, 2291
vs exposure route, rabbits, 842
liver, effect of heat, animals, 1180
electrophoretic-immuno fractions, blood, 2445
Fe binding capacity, blood, plasma, rabbits, 632
fractions
blood, 1860, 2398, 2677, 2708
in acute poisoning, rabbits, 869
age variations, rabbits, 1145
effect of EDTA, vitamins, rabbits, 1006
in rabbits, 640, 885, 1144, 1164
vs poisoning degree, EDTA effect, 2708
kidneys, liver, rabbits, 1144
glutathione
blood, diagnostic value, 2282
effect of EDTA, rabbits, 1187
in rabbits, 677, 872, 1061
in TEL exposure, 2081
vs liver, rabbits, 685
vs poisoning degree, 1374
vs survival, rabbits, 868
erythrocyte, vs GPD activity, 2617
glycine, blood, rabbits, 872
hippuric acid, blood, 1549
hydroxyindoleacetic acid, urine, in TEL
poisoning, 2514
in rabbits, 1109
indoxyl, urine, diagnostic value, 1295, 1449,
1451
leucine incorporation in blood, in vitro, 448
methionine, blood/organ ratio, rats, 942
distribution, in acute poisoning, rats, 788
incorporation in actomyosin, rats, 674
mucoproteins, blood, 1988, 2494
myosin, viscosimetric activity, in acute
poisoning, rats, 788
nitrogen retention, young workers, 1752
non-protein N, blood, after EDTA, children, 2861
vs kidney function, 2433
residual nitrogen in blood, in TEL exposure,
2081
serotonin, lungs, in TEL vs Pb poisoning,
rabbits, 1101
sulfhydryl groups
blood, 2794
effect of: heat, animals, 1087
unithiol, 2497
polarographic curves, 2227
Subject Index
915
-------
Protein metabolism: sulfhydryl groups (cont)
in rabbits, 772
effect of heat, animals, 1180
inclusion bodies, electron microscopy, pigs,
1034
liver, effect of heat, animals, 1087
nervous system, rats, 974
trimethylamine
urine, in hepatitis, 1269
in subacute poisoning, rabbits, 479
tryptophan metabolites, urine, in TEL poisoning,
rabbits, 1122, 1133
urea, blood, 1309, 1322, 1358, 1424, 1763, 1940,
2267
in children, 2910, 2911
diagnostic value, 1296, 1329, 1336, 1380,
1449, 1683
frequency, 1715, 1848, 1849
in kidney disorders, 1976
in children, 2910, 2911
limit values, 1770, 1771, 1897
tests, legislated, 3505
from TML exposure, 2546
vs blood Pb, 1391
vs in unrelated diseases, 1451
without kidney disorders, 1752
xanthurenic acid, from tryptophan, urine, rab-
bits, 937
Protein preparations
effect on acute poisoning, rabbits, 668
reaction with Pb nitrate, in vitro, 1695
serum albumin
keratinized, effect on Pb toxicity, rabbits,
710, 829
prophylactic effectiveness, 1695
prophylactic effectiveness, 1825
therapeutic use, 1328
Proteins
analytical methods
paper electrophoresis, continuous, apparatus,
2040
evaluation, 2361
denaturation, in vitro, 372
substitution, plasma, for poisoning treatment,
1197
Protoporphyrins, see Porphyrins
Protozoa
Paramecium aurelia, lethal doses, 391
Paramecium caudatum, toxicity, 340
Stylonychia histrio, Pb affinity, refractile
bodies in ectoplasm, 308
Psltnithium, see White lead
Psychoses; see also Nervous system
trace metal metabolism, 2312
Purine metabolism; see also Musculoskeletal
system, gout
uric acid, from past poisoning, 1822
urine, in kidney disorders, 2792
Putty
as cause of poisoning in children, 3068
poisoning occurrence, 2517
Pyridine nucleotides, see Enzymes, coenzymes,
nicotinamide nucleotides
Pyridoxine, see Vitamin Bg
Pyrite, see Lead ores; Mining; Minerals
Pyrocatechol disulfonate, sodium
effect on: Pb excretion, rabbits, 499
poisoning, rabbits, 724
therapeutic use, 1378
experimental, reviews, 786
reviews, 1565
Quality standards, see Air quality; Threshold
limit values; Water, drinking, standards
Quercetin
effect on liver cholesterol, rats, 781
RaB: Lead isotope-214
Rabbits; see also Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in mammals
bone marrow biopsy, technique, 587
nervous system diseases in, 1138
Pb content in:
blood, feces, urine, normal, 800
individual variations, 1028
organs, tissues, normal, 879
tissues, experiments in vitro, 313, 314, 320,
328, 339, 356, 382, 383, 427
RaC: Bismuth isotope-214
Raccoons
resistance to Pb, 965
Race variations
in blood Pb, 2675
in children, 2945
in mortality, children, 2862, 3003
in poisoning occurrence, S Africa, 2536
RaD: Lead isotope-210
Radiation
effect on: blood, monocytes+large lymphocytes/
small lymphocytes, 1620
trace element metabolism, rats, 790
injury, effect on Pb anemia, rats, 884
internal, effect on bones, 1727
external, MPC, USSR, 3541
MFC, international 3523
MPC in air, water, USSR, 3541
protective effect of Pb acetate, mice, 1052
toxicity with Pb, kidney pathology, rats, 1156
Radio industry
poisoning occurrence, 2751
Radiology; see also Bones, Pb lines; Gastrointes-
tinal system
contrast media, value of PbEDTA, 335
diagnostic laboratory, poisoning occurrence,
1653, 1756
PbEDTA, opacification properties, 3554
toxicity in rats, 731
Umbradil, toxicity in rats, 731
use of PbEDTA as contrast medium, on experimen-
tal basis, 605
Radionuclides; see also Lead isotope(s); other
elements
air monitoring equipment, 3413
analytical methods, modern, reviews, 59
cancer-inducing vs working level, 2662
content in:
air, mines, 3164
surveys, US, 3395
vertical distribution, 3374
foods, US, 220
plants, from soil, 3485
soil, chemical reactions, reviews, 181
water, mineral springs, 129
thermal, France, 277
US, 220
environmental survey, US, 3338
fallout, body, bone dose, 206
content in stratosphere, 206
916
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Radionuclides (cont)
health hazards in mines, 3173
metabolism:
body burden, 2550, 2696, 2769
content in teeth as measure, 2555
natural, 2149
content in:
bones, 2145, 2817
from mineral waters, 2262
in osteogenic sarcoma, 2752
soft tissues, 2817
teeth, 2145
distribution, rats, 716
in dogs, 816
effect of chelates on elimination, rats, 1030
meteorologic variations, 3395
seasonal, diurnal variations, 3395
use in: heavy metal toxicity studies, reviews,
947
mineral age determination, 294
water aeration purification plants, health
hazards, 3472
Radium isotope-222
U miners exposure, hair Pb, 210Pb, 2728
Radium isotope-226
content in: plants, tobacco leaf, 296
water, treated vs untreated, US, 272
vs 210Pb, 182
metabolism, content in body, 2204
Radon isotopes
content in:
air
as source of: 2:LOPb, 297, 298
210, 212pb measurement, 300
U mines, vs 210Pb, 210Po in urine, 2689
vs 21°Pb, 3415
plants vs Pb uptake, retention, 265
water, treated vs untreated, US, 272
daughters, exposure, urine 210pb as measure,
2370
respiratory tract dose, 2726
experiments with: animals, 2i°Pb, 210Po
accumulation, 930
dogs, inhalation, 984
generation in soil vs Pb content, 265
lung dose, calculation from urinary 210pbJ 984
metabolism of 210Pb from, dogs, 984
RaE: Bismuth isotope-210
RaF: Polonium isotope-210
RaG: Lead isotope-207
Railway industry
Pb content in air vs operations, 3141
Rainwater, see Air precipitations
Rats; see also Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in mammals
kidney neoplasms, inclusion bodies in wild vs
laboratory, 1003
Pb content in: blood, normal, 859
body, normal, 488, 844, 846, 879, 936, 1172
suitability for Pb poisoning studies, 597
tissues, experiments in vitro, 315, 356, 423,
426, 437. 443, 452, 456, 465, 978
trace element content in organs after X-irradia-
tion, 790
urine collection from, technique, 597
Red lead, see also Paints; Lead oxides
experiments with chickens, oral, 811
grass contamination, poisoning occurrence, dogs,
737
health hazards in use, 1783
manufacture, see Paint industry; Pigment
manufacture; Lead oxides
poisoning occurrence, history, 14
solubility of Pb in gray vs in red, in HC1, 794
toxicity in birds, 811
toxicity of gray vs red, 794
uses, cosmetics, 4071
Refineries, see Lead processing; Petroleum
industry
Regulations; see also Legislation; Maximum allow-
able concentrations; Threshold limit values
distribution, use, TEL gasoline, Switzerland,
3337
notification, poisoning in children, US, 3040
occupational, on adolescent, women, Interna-
tional Labour Organization, 3086
painted surfaces, ordinances, recommended, 2960
paints, interior, 2854
International Labour Organization, 3086
ordinance, Baltimore, 2862
Reproduction; see also Genital organs; Lead
poisoning in children
abortions, 1252
from food contamination, 1686
near industries, 1762
in sheep, 1139
Pb intake causing, 475, 931
vs blood Pb, 1837
vs exposure, 1435
chick embryos, malformations, vs dose, 944, 1067
meningocele production, 505, 565
stunting, 513, 521
effect of PbEDTA, cats, rabbits, rats, 335
egg production, chickens, 811
embryonic mortality, in ducks fed Pb shot, 581
fertility
in chronic poisoning, on experimental basis,
922
males, females, rats, 1078
in ducks fed Pb shot, 581
vs blood Pb, 1837
fetus, effect of pregnancy exposure, 2093
lactation, cattle, 971
litters, survival to weaning, effect of EDTA,
rats, 896
pregnancy, course, effect of past poisoning,
1794
poisoning, effect of EDTA, 2278, 3057
effects, 2150
progeny, bone deformity, from luplne+Pb
poisoned cattle, 929
effect of: past poisoning on, 1794
pregnancy poisoning on, 3057
effect on, reviews, 1794
encephalitis, from pregnancy exposure, 1207
hair pigments, from poisoned rats, 1072
malformations, from poisoning in father, 2949
newborn, pathology, from poisoned mother,
2944
poisoning, from pregnancy poisoning, 1252,
1920
sex, vs mother's blood Pb, 1837
swayback, from poisoned sheep, 1139
sterility, male, in alcoholic, 608
stillbirths, from contaminated water, 2842
in rats, 1173
in sheep, 1139
trace element requirements, 1014
Subject Index
917
-------
Reserpine
effects on tryptophan metabolism, rabbits, 1122
Resistance to lead, see Susceptibility
Respiration of tissue
brain, cortex, oxidative phosphorylation, in
vitro, 423
kidneys, liver, in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 592
from triethyllead, in vitro, 426
from TEL, triethyllead, in vitro, in vivo, 978
effect on, in vitro, 338
kidneys, liver, effect of cysteamine, in vitro,
in vivo, 326> 615
liver mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation,
in vitro, 423
organs, in acute poisoning, guinea pigs, 307
oxidation coefficients, in Pb, TEL poisoning,
mice, 853
oxidation coefficients, in silicotics, 2510
Respirators; see also Industrial hygiene control
cleaning, repair facilities, 1248
cotton-wool, 3132
defective, health hazards, 1227, 1358
effectiveness, 1350, 3109
evaluation, 30
failure to: protect in paint removal, 1816
wear, as cause of poisoning, 2201
as cause of TEL poisoning, 1384, 1760
gauze nose covers, use, small shops, 2688
half DrHger mask, 3154
indications for, 2317, 3109, 3186, 3209, 3215,
3218
in carbon blasting, 3098, 3100
in glass decoration, 3140
history, 3216
legislation, UK, 3486
in plastics industry, 3105
vs physical dust analysis, 3200
masks, indications for, 3209
for oxy-torch burning, 3123
for oxy-torch metal cutting, 1464, 3123
for paint-spray, 3165
Pb burning, 1277
in pottery plant operations, 1580
recommended for Pb exposure, 1259
for TEL gasoline tank cleaning, 2793, 3157
types, for boiler cleaning, 3136
for jet fuel cell repair, 1819
US Bureau of Mines approved, 3171
wearing, education need in, 3091
for welding operations, 3120
Respiratory disease
in TEL-gasoline exposure, 1890
Respiratory system; see also Lungs
bronchi, DNA, RNA vs poisoning degree, rats,
1195
bronchitis, in acute poisoning, cattle, 768
chronic, in Pb fume exposure, 1661
bronchopneumonia, in fatal myocardiosclerosis,
1857
depression, in encephalopathy, children, 2869
disorders, in employee rejection, 2317, 3238
near industries, 3271
in Pb arsenate poisoning, 2507
irritation, in welding, 3107
larynx disorders, vs exposure duration, 2403
neoplasms, see Neoplasms
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead; Lead
isotope(s)
pneumonia, aspiration, from TEL-gasoline, 1902
as cause of death, horses, 3245
respiratory rate, effect of heat, animals, 1087
in TEL poisoning, vs dose, rabbits, 550
signs, in acute TEL poisoning, 1430
silicosis hazards, in Pb-Zn mines, 3144
sternutatory properties
diethyllead, mixed plumbanes, 1226
triethyllead compounds, 1409
organic Pb compounds, 12
trachea rings, reaction with EDTA, cysteamine,
in vitro, 383
upper, disorders, from automobile exhaust, 3241
by dusts, 3201
near industries, 3422
Rest cures; see also Mineral waters
seashore, 1555, 1801
Reticuloendothelial system
blockade, effect on Pb anemia, 519
disorder, as cause of poisoning, 484, 500
pathology, effect of ACTH, guinea pigs, 557
Rheumatism; see also Musculoskeletal system
patients, bone Pb, 1807
Riboflavin, see Vitamin G
Ribonucleic acid, see Nucleic acid metabolism, RNA
Rickets, see Bones
Rifle practice ranges, see Shooting ranges
Rigor mortis
in acute, TEL-gasoline poisoning, mice, 647,
1186
Rivers, see under Water
Riveting
Pb content in air, 3097, 3125
poisoning occurrence, 2061, 3125
RNA: Ribonucleic acid
Road dust, see under Air pollution
Rodenticides
experimental evaluation for use, 1078
Rubber industry
TEL-gasoline poisoning occurrence, 2513
Ruminants; see also Domestic animals; Livestock,
specific species
toxicity of Pb, 475
Rutin
prevention of toxicity in tadpoles, 392
Salivary glands
adenoma, in acute poisoning, 1425
DNA, RNA vs poisoning degree, rats, 1195
parotid, disorders, in Pb arsenate poisoning,
2432
function, dogs, 996, 997
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
submaxillary, function, dogs, 996, 997
Sapropel, see Vitamin 8^2
Schenck Act, 3364
Sclerosis, disseminated, multiple, see Nervous
system, multiple sclerosis
Scopoletin
effect ow capillary resistance, rats, 862
carbohydrate metabolism, rats, 715
lipid metabolism, rats, 715, 781
Scrap burning, see Demolition of painted struc-
tures; Scrap metal industry; Storage batter-
ies
Scrap metal industry
airborne wastes, from Siemens-Martin Furnace,
3270
air pollution control, Venturi system, 3394
equipment, requirements, 303
918
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Scrap metal industry (cont)
home shops, poisoning occurrence, children,
3067
poisoning occurrence, 1287, 1515, 1745, 2356
Scrubbers for air cleaning, see Airborne wastes
Seals
dentin Pb line from intramuscular, for age
determination, 1102
Seasonal variations, see under Air pollution;
in response to lead, see Temperature,
environmental
Seawater; see also Lead isotope(s)
particulates, Pb content, 3386
Pb content, 3839
depth variation, 3384-3386
isotopic composition, 299
sources, 3386
from TEL waste disposal, 3448
vs Pb uptake by mollusks, 118
sediments, isotopic ratios vs depth, 136
Pb content, 233
modern vs ancient, 251
from TEL waste disposal, 3448
pyrite, formation from, 299
surface, Pb half-life, 3386
Seaweeds, see Plants, aquatic
Sedormid
effect on porphyrin excretion, rabbits, 719
mechanism of action, 719
Selenium industry
air pollution, effect on population, 3297
Seltzer water, see carbonated water under Food
and beverage contamination; Foods and bever-
ages
Senses, see Nervous system; see also Ears; Eyes
Sensitivity to lead, see Susceptibility
Sequestration
definition, 1548
Sequestrene, see Edetate
Serotonin, see Protein metabolism
Serpasil, see Reserpine
Service stations, see Gasoline service stations
Sewage, see Wastes, liquid
Sex organs, see Genital organs; Reproduction
Sex variations
in anemia development, 2757
in basophil erythrocytes, 2645
in blood Pb, 2144, 2269, 2576, 2629, 2675
in children, 2945
in blood porphyrins, 2485
in bone Pb, 1800
in erythrocyte counts, 1923
in hair Pb, 1836, 1966, 2415
in hemoglobin, 1356, 2715
in lung Pb, 2828
in progeny, vs blood Pb in mothers, 1837
in response to:
Pb, 887, 1037, 1173, 1356, 2017, 2057, 2303
in mice, 1081
TEL, mice, 1080, 1171
TML, rats, 1171
in tooth Pb, 1208
in urine porphyrins, 1234, 1359, 1734, 2485
Sheep; see also Experiments with animals; Lead,
toxicity in livestock; for poisoning cases,
see Lead poisoning in livestock; Domestic
animals; Livestock
Pb content in: brain, normal, 2541
hair, in endemic nephritis area, 2415
organs, tissues, normal, 486, 821, 879; see
also Metabolism of lead
tissues, experiments in vitro, 449
tolerated Pb intake, 475
Shellfish, see Crustaceans
Shift work, see Work shifts
Shipbreaking, see Demolition of painted structures
Ship construction
occupational legislation, UK, 3487
Ship harbors
dock workers, poisoning occurrence, 2208
Shipyards
health hazards, welding, surveys, US, 3161
poisoning occurrence, 2083, 2782, 2794
Shooting ranges
content in air, poisoning occurrence, 1257
health hazards, surveys, 2188, 3186
indoor, poisoning occurrence, 2188
poisoning occurrence, in livestock near, 537
Shot towers, see Lead shot
Sialic acid, see Carbohydrate and intermediate
metabolism
Siderosis
Bantu, trace element metabolism, 2106, 2107
pulmonary, trace element metabolism, 2106, 2107
Silicates
Pb-containing, as cause of poisoning, 1532
Silicon metabolism
content in blood, in Pb exposure, 2077
Silicosis
aggravation by Pb, etc, 3217
diagnosis, oxidation coefficient determination,
2510
in Pb-Zn miners, 2280
Silver reclamation
poisoning occurrence, in home shops, 2731
Silversmithing industry
health hazards, surveys, 3152
Skeleton, see Bones; Musculoskeletal system; Teeth
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead; Lead iso-
tope (s)
SKF 525-A: g-Diethylaminoethyldiphenylpropylace-
tate-HCl
effect on TEL, TML poisoning, mice, 941
Skin
affinity for Pb, in vitro, 438
appendages, see Hair; Nails
atrophy, from handling Pb plates, 2014
burns, by melted Pb, 2836
calcification, effect of drugs, rats, 1084
mast cell reactions, rats, 1174, 1177
in osteitis fibrosa, rats, 1085
passive transfer, rats, 1178
by Pb acetate, rats, 1021, 1175
color, in chronic TEL poisoning, 2712
diagnostic point rating, 2257
in hemochromatosis, 1271
dermatographia, children, 2989
disorders, in acute poisoning, 1763
from adhesive bandage, 2750
in barmen, 1714
impetigo-type, from automobile exhaust, 3241
occurrence, 2091
from Pb arsenate, 1556, 2240, 2507
in porphyric, 2765
prevention with EDTA ointments, 2568
DNA, RNA vs poisoning degree, rats, 1195
eczema, occurrence, 438
effect of PbEDTA application to skin, mouth, 605
Subject Index
919
-------
Skin (cont)
enzymes, 398
erythrocytes, affinity for Pb, in vitro, 438
inflammation, from sweat-band dye, 1268
irritation from TEL, triethyllead, 1247
musculature, affinity for Pb, in vitro, 438
neoplasms, from Pb naphthenate, mice, 1107
pallor, frequency, 2535
pathology, in acute fatal poisoning, 1920
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
Pb pallor, diagnostic value, 1205
porphyria, Pb poisoning as cause, 2091, 2151,
2152
protective cream, for printers, 3222
sclerodactyly, in porphyria, 2029
scleroderma, systemic, secondary, in TEL poison-
ing, 2824
TEL threshold limit values, 3546
Sludge, see Wastes, liquid
Small industries, shops
poisoning occurrence, 1258, 1671, 2688
Smell, sense of, see Nervous system
Smelters; see also Foundries
air pollution, 17, 813, 3258, 3271, 3296, 3419
control, 3227, 3258, 3300
evaluation, 3302
processes, 3290
sulfation, 3276
systems, 3230
fallout, Pb, S02, 3212
flue dust treatment, oxygen jet, experimental,
3409
health hazards, children, 3348, 3363
poisoning, animals, 542, 1169, 3356, 3474
allergy to Pb compounds, 2315
dental calculus in exposure, 1693
hazardous operations, 2536, 2609
health hazards, surveys, 2175, 2176, 2321, 2773,
3090, 3212, 3215, 3267
Australia, 2183
history, Mexico, 4098
industrial hygiene control, 3080
medical surveillance, 1362, 1881, 2409, 2440
poisoning compensation cases, 3510
poisoning occurrence, 1240, 1348, 2019, 2263, 2333,
2480, 2503, 2536, 2593, 2641, 2746, 3215
history, 10, 17
report, UK, 2016
secondary, air pollution control equipment,
requirements, 3303
sintering process, dust collectors, evaluation,
3242
waste treatment, 3439
Smoking; see also Cigarettes; Tobacco
blood Pb from, 2144, 2269
effect on body burden, 3396
on job, as cause of poisoning, 1383
vs Pb absorption, 3128; see also Personal
hygiene
Snails, see Lead, toxicity in raollusks; Mollusks
Snow, see Air precipitations
Socioeconomic variations
in Pb intake, 2287, 2288
in poisoning occurrence, 1665, 1666
Sodium chloride
effect on porphyrin excretion, rabbits, 530
reagents, Pb contamination analysis, 3681
Sodium citrate; see also Treatment of lead poisoning
aerosols, prophylactic trials, 1833
antidotal effectiveness, guinea pigs, 801
effect on:
Pb excretion, comparative, cattle, 899
vs Pb dose, time factors, rabbits, 753
Pb metabolism, animals, 497, 523, 564, 598
poisoning, vs BAL, guinea pigs, 515
mechanism of Pb binding in body, reviews, 917
Pb contamination, as cause of analytical error,
3655
prophylactic effectiveness, 1246, 1919
prophylactic use, recommended, 515
side effects, 1445
therapeutic effectiveness, 598, 1246, 1278, 1394,
1445, 1919
in children, 3067
therapeutic use, recommended, 515
reviews, 1490, 1936, 2100
with Pb acetate, effect on *®Sr excretion, mice,
957
Sodium metabolism; see also Blood, electrolytes
content in blood, in acute poisoning, rabbits,
1065
effect of EDTA, 1467
Sodium thiosulfate, see Thiosulfates
Soil
analytical methods, field, 3796, 3977; see also
Analytical methods
Pb-accumulatlon coefficients vs in plants, pH,
depth effect, 271
Pb content, 147, 151, 153, 194, 221, 239, 250,
257, 288, 2724, 3320, 3985; see also
Lead isotope(s)
in agricultural, 537
vs clay content, 195
cancer relationship, 2206, 2489
in clay, 93
in Cu deposit area, 179
disease relationship, 258
endemic goiter relationship, 150, 2847
in endemic nephritis area, 2318
geochemistry, 242
mine area, vs pH, 198
mobility, in flooding, aeration, 216
mountain-plains variations, 150
multiple sclerosis relationship, 1208, 3340,
3392
as ore deposit indicators, 268, 280, 291
in river valley, 176
222ftn as measure, 265
surface, 237
urban vs anomalous, 264
vs in earth's crust, 242
vs humus content, 175
vs pH, 198
vs in plants, 58, 122, 172, 289
in U deposit area, 56
vs texture, organic matter, 227, 228
radionuclide content, chemical reactions, reviews,
181
as source of air pollution, 3246
Soil contamination
by air pollution, see Air pollution, automobile
exhaust; industrial
as cause of poisoning, children, 2974, 3057
industrial, Pb content, 537
poisoning, children, 2917
vs natural, metal content in trees as indica-
tor, 3475
by mine tailings, Pb migration, 3473
920
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Soil contamination (coat)
by mining, 195, 3435
by ore processing tailings, Pb content vs in
trees, 3475
by paint accumulation, Pb content, 264
by paint flakes, as cause of poisoning, children,
2965
Pb content causing poisoning, children, 3046
in livestock, 195
vs endemic osteoporosis, sheep, 3435
in Pb-Zn mining, poisoning in animals, 3474
by pesticide residues, 135
by shooting ranges, Pb content, 537
sources, 3320
stomach cancer relation, 258, 2206, 2274
by TEL gasoline tanks, 3454
Soldering
health hazards, 3211
inhalation vs oral intake, 2098
medical surveillance, 1210, 3094
Pb content in air from, 2098, 2103
poisoning occurrence, 1349, 1368, 1794, 1901,
2431
water pipes, health hazards, 3176
Space program, see Aerospace program
Species variations
basophils, 1076, 1161, 1162
basophils formation, 1076, 1161, 1162
kidney neoplasm formation, in rabbits vs in
rats, 1138
liver Pb, horses vs sheep, 3245
in Pb arsenate toxicity, 848
in PbEDTA toxicity, 918
in response to Pb, raccoons, 965
in response to TEL, TML, 1053
retinopathy in rabbits vs in rats, 1137
strains, rabbits, in response to Pb, 692
rats, in response to TEL, 919
Spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid
effect of Pb on, see Nervous system
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
Spleen
arteriolosclerosis, rabbits, 729
ascorbic acid, 893
calcification, in osteomyelosclerosis, rats,
1083
DNA, KNA, in acute poisoning, rabbits, 814
enlargement, in acute poisoning, 1764
in children, 2878
in encephalopathy, 1428
enzymes, 573
Fe content, see Iron metabolism
59Fe kinetics, 2518
hemosiderosis, in rabbits vs in man, 1138
hepatosplenomegaly, radiology, 1353
intracellular distribution of Pb, see Metabolism
of lead
oxygen metabolism, 853
pathology, in acute poisoning, rabbits, 496
effect of: drugs, animals, 536, 809
radiation injury, rats, 884
in hemochromatosis, 1271
in newborn of poisoned mother, 2944
in rabbits, 1100
in TEL-gasoline poisoning, 2305
time factors, vs serum enzymes, 835
from titanates, rats, 987
vs dose, effect of therapy, rats, 746
vs Pb content, in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 556
weight, in atherosclerosis, rabbits, 1146
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
porphyrins, see Porphyrins
removal, effect on anemia, animals, 519, 832
Spray residues, see Lead arsenate; Pesticides
Stabilizers; see also Lead naphthenate; Lead
phosphate; Lead stearate; Plastics industry
aliphatic acid Pb salts, 4081
for plastics, safe handling, 3105
in plastics, toxicity experiments, 904
Standard man data, 2642
methodology, 2643
Standards; see also Air quality; Maximum allowable
concentrations; Threshold limit values;
Water, drinking
paints, Pb content, on toys, etc, US, 3503, 3509
Stanford Research Institute reports, 3259
Starvation; see also Food deprivation
effect on poisoning, 677
Statistical methods
in occupational health, discussions, 2661
for trace element metabolism, 2799
Steel
galvanized, welding hazards, 3169
lead-bearing, health hazards surveys, 3138
industrial hygiene control in manufacture,
3183
Pb content, 3138
processing, Pb content in air, 3138
production, engineering control program, 3207
primed, welding, cutting, health hazards, 3221
Zn-silicate coated, welding hazards, 3169
Steel industry
air pollution control, 3350
Pb content in air, 2778
poisoning occurrence, 2196
Sternutatory properties, see Respiratory system
Stippled erythrocytes, see Basophilic stippling;
as sign of lead exposure, see Blood, baso-
phils
Stomach
effect of Pb on, see Gastrointestinal system
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
Stonemasons
poisoning occurrence, 1358
Storage batteries
demolished, dust, causing poisoning, children,
adults, 2925, 2927
demolition, poisoning occurrence, 1550, 2003
dumps, vegetable contamination, 3060
manufacture, in home shops, poisoning occurrence,
1725
Pb recovery from; see also Scrap metal industry
poisoning occurrence, 1657, 2267
plastic plates, as source of poisoning, 2599
repair
home shops, poisoning occurrence, 1657, 3032
in children, 2888
poisoning occurrence, 1366
use as fuel,
poisoning occurrence, 1544, 2663, 2770, 2892,
2897, 2916, 2938, 2984
in children, 2866, 3057
residue, poisoning occurrence, children, 2916
Storage battery industry
accidental poisoning occurrence, 2023
air pollution, 3271
dental health surveys, 1307, 1693
EDTA prophylactic program, 2094
Subject Index
921
-------
Storage battery industry (cont)
filters for Pb dust removal, 3181
fire hazards, 3175
hazardous operations, 1258, 2719
health hazards, comparative, 1296
control, 3203
surveys, 1214, 1215, 1307, 1329, 1391, 1420,
1587, 1665, 1666, 1688, 1815, 1884, 2621,
3070, 3081, 3083, 3085, 3119, 3120, 3135,
3143, 3145, 3150, 3160, 3211, 3583
MS operations, 1501, 1884, 2141, 3102, 3211
industrial hygiene, medical programs, UK, 3121
medical records, 2661
medical surveillance, 1245, 1272, 1339, 1535,
1574, 1779, 1780, 1825, 2141, 2224, 2586
legislated, 3499
in old vs new factories, 2538
programs, UK, 2806
US, 1688
Pb content in:
air; see also health hazards surveys
past, present, 1232, 1979
vs medical survey results, 2082, 2146, 2813
hand, mouth washings, 3142
poisoning occurrence, 677, 1227, 1232, 1244,
1322, 1391, 1478, 1493, 1571, 1587,
1665, 1666, 1813, 2014, 2083, 2195,
2285, 2339, 2444, 2445, 2535, 2641,
2666, 2715, 2740, 3085
in child workers, 3039, 3045
in female workers, 2228
in old vs new, 1335
past, present, 1979, 2746
report, UK, 2016
small shops, environmental conditions, 1258
health hazards surveys, 2688, 3102
industrial hygiene control, 3096
poisoning occurrence, 2688, 2719
soil contamination, as poisoning cause, children,
2917
Street dust, see under Air pollution
Streptomycin
mobilization of Pb, sheep, 802
Strontium isotope-90
content in air, distribution, 298
polar regions, 297
effect of Pb acetate/Na citrate on excretion,
mice, 957
Succinate dehydrogenase, see Enzymes
Sugar, blood, urine, see Carbohydrate and inter-
mediate metabolism
Sulfanilamides
acetylation, in poisoning, rats, 1142
effect on poisoning, sheep, 860
Sulfhydryl-calcium tablets, see Treatment, prophy-
lactic
Sulfhydryl compounds, see Cysteamine; Cysteamine-
acetlc acid; g-Mercaptoguanidine; Protein
metabolism
Sulfur baths, see Mineral waters
Sulfur dioxide
content in wine, vs Pb contamination, 126
Sulfuric acid
solution, prophylactic effectiveness, 2580
therapeutic use in acute poisoning, 1361
Sulfur isotope-35
use in metabolic studies, 674, 788, 942
Sulfur oxides
poisoning, near foundries, 3305
Sun
atmosphere, Pb abundance, 3378
Pb abundance, 213
oscillator strengths, 199
Sunshine, see Temperature, environmental
Susceptibility to lead; see also Age variation;
Race variations; Sex variations; Species
variations; Temperature, environmental
in alcoholics, 1225, 1379, 1426, 1498, 1972, 2422
in chickens, 811
children, vs adults, 2892, 2897, 2916
vs blood maturation, 2920
diet factors, 1762
disease states, 1381, 1441, 1649, 1929, 1944,
2168, 2321, 2401
effect of physical training, 586
encephalopathy, past, 1358
erythrocyte counts as measure, 1923
erythrocyte Pb adsorption capacity, 1235, 1692
hemochromatosis disposition, 1271
individual variations, 1225, 1333, 1338, 1401,
1668, 1762, 1953, 2257, 2321, 2703
in guinea pigs, 635
in low exposure, 2740
reviews, 1285, 1999
vs blood Pb, 1368
nutritional factors, 1649, 2221
obesity, rabbits, 692
porphyria, 2313, 2751
after prior poisoningj 1762
in rabbits, 561
repeated excessive exposure, 1944
seasonal, children, 827; see also Temperature,
environmental
in sensitized persons, 1327
strong vs weak nervous constitution, dogs, 762,
763
after surgery, 1394
thalassemia, 2059, 2187, 2591, 2709, 2710, 2720
tolerance after prior poisoning, guinea pigs, 635
tuberculous meningitis, 1408
vascular disorders, 2020
vitamin deficiency, mice, 815
Susceptibility to leaded gasoline
alcoholics, disease states, 1955
individual variations, 1955
Susceptibility to tetraethyllead
effect of physical training, animals, 586
in rabbits, 552
strong vs weak nervous constitution, rats, 491,
721
Swayback, see Bones; Reproduction
Swine, see Hogs
Swiss Leaded Gasoline Commission investigations,
3248, 3261, 3280
Synergism; see also Additive effects; Susceptibility
dibromo-, dichloroethane, toluene, with THL,
1047, 1117
Pb with: alcohol, animals, 607-609
benzanthracene, skin cancer formation, animals,
969
CO, in -TEL-gasoline poisoning, 1877
coal tar, skin cancer formation, animals, 664
Hg + heat, animals, 1180
Zn, anemic rats, 480
Takata-Dohmoto reaction, see Liver, function
Tartar emetic
Pb content, causing effects, 2357
922
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Teeth; see also Dental health; Gingiva; Oral
cavity
calculus, frequency in Pb exposure, 1693
caries, 1503
discoloration, in excessive exposure, 1307
inhibition, hamsters, 825
dentin, Pb histochemistry, for age determina-
tion, seals, 1102
lesions, effect of prophylactic paste, 1265
frequency, 1466
as indemnifiable occupational disease, 1303
vs exposure, 1303, 1363, 1851
loss, 849, 1271, 1363, 1503
in cats, rabbits, 849
ring formation by injected PbEDTA, rats, 820
TEL: Tetraethyllead
Telephone industry
cable splicing, Pb content in air, hand wash-
ings, 2138
medical survey, Switzerland, 2138
Telephone wires
as source of childhood poisoning, 2896
Temperature, body, see Body temperature
Temperature, environmental; see also Lead poison-
ing in children, seasonal variations
cold, effect on poisoning, animals, 1198
effect on:
blood Pb, children, 2997
in healthy workers, 2273
poisoning, animals, 678, 827, 887
in children, 2899, 2908, 2913
poisoning occurrence, 1621
porphyrin elimination, 1734
sweat Pb, 1528
urine Pb, 2273, 2287, 2288
in children, 2965
heat, effect on poisoning, animals, 1106, 1087,
1180
effect on poisoning occurrence, 2625
sunshine, effect on Pb absorption, children,
2932
Teratology, see Reproduction
Terramycin
mobilization of Pb by, sheep, 802
Testes, see Genital organs
Testosterone
effect on kidney disorders, rats, 478
Tetraalkyllead compounds; see also Alkyllead com-
pounds; specific compounds
analytical methods: air, modified Snyder, 3999
spectrophotometry, 3871
chemistry, reviews, 41
toxicity vs trialkyllead, 933
Tetrabutyllead
androgenic activity, mice, 1128
Tetracemin, see Edetate, tetrasodium
Tetraethyllead; see also Alkyllead compounds;
Gasoline, leaded; Tetraalkyllead compounds
absorption rates in building materials, health
hazards
air saturation level, 22
analytical methods:
air
colorimetry, dithizone, 3715
sulfarsacen, visual, 3882
nephelometry, 3829
Pb-in-air analyzer, revised, 4037
polarography, 3630, 3727
sampling, 3727
corrugated tubes, 3604
on I crystals, 3354
field method, 3907
separation, KI absorption, 3630
UV decomposition, Pb photometry on filter
paper, apparatus, 4011
coulometry, Br-Hg amperometric, 4045
gases, Billion-Aire analyzer, techniques, 3813,
3814
in gasoline, kerosene, 3809, 3811
X-ray photometry, 3606
UV decomposition, photometry of Pb, 3993
washwater, colorimetry, 3722
antiknock properties, vs other alkyls, 4092
biological threshold limits, 2134
blood biochemistry, in exposure, 2081; see also
Tetraethyllead, toxicity in mammals;
Tetraethyllead poisoning
chemical, physical properties, 22
chemistry, reviews, 4; see also Lead compounds,
organic
consumption, 4090
reports, US, 3299
content in: gasoline, vs exhausts composition,
3240; see also automobile exhausts
gasoline mixes, 3172
hand washings, mechanics, 3312
water, causing poisoning, 2220
effect on brain, in vitro, 379, 978
effect on enzymes, in vitro, 419
health hazards, reviews, 43
intake in gasoline, causing poisoning, see
Gasoline, leaded
lethal doses, reviews, 41, 687, 2157; see also
Tetraethyllead, toxicity in mammals
mechanism of action, 2721
by brain serotonin accumulation, 419
by degradation to triethyllead, 379, 2712
by enzyme inhibition, 1110
metabolism, see Metabolism of alkyllead
reactions, with BAL, EDTA, 379
with 21°Pb, 4066
with thiolactates, in vitro, 916
removal from air, 3307
methods, 3184, 3185
report on increased use in gasoline, US, 3299
research, reviews, 4088
skin absorption, prevention, 2803
solubility in llpids, vs mechanism of action,
2667
solubility in water, 4091
threshold limit values:
air, 2803, 3194, 3260
criticism, 3345
USSR, 3532
eye, mucosa, skin exposure, tentative, US, 3546
skin exposure, Italy, 3533
tolerated concentrations, in air, 2803, 3194
tolerated doses in animals, see Tetraethyllead,
toxicity in mammals
toxic doses, 2803; see also Tetraethyllead,
toxicity in mammals
in air, 2803
toxicity, reviews, 12, 41
vs gasoline containing, 526
vs PbBr2, 3339
triethyllead as toxic factor from, 379
use in lumber treatment, decontamination, 3101
vapor pressure, vs air contamination, 2667
Subject Index
923
-------
Tetraethyllead (cont)
water contamination by burial of, 1510
wood penetration, removal, 4063
Tetraethyllead, toxicity in fish
reviews, 3437, 3482
Tetraethyllead, toxicity in mammals; unless
otherwise specified, acute, subacute
toxicity; for route of administration,
animals, see Experiments with animals;
see also note at Lead, toxicity in mammals;
Gasoline, leaded
acute, chronic, subacute, pathology, reviews,
1533
adrenal glands, cholesterol, 595
pathology, 594
antibody formation in active typhoid immuniza-
tion, 669
antibody formation against antimelitensis, 670
arterial pressure, respiration, 550
biochemical changes, 549
blood proteins, electrophoresis, 591
brain metabolism, vs dose, 978
chronic, antibody globulins in active immuniza-
tion, 618
antibody response in active immunization, 620
antistreptolysin, serum, in active immuniza-
tion, 630
blood albumin vs cholinesterase, 621
body temperature, 622
cumulative, vs TML, 1181
electroencephalograms, 742
enzymes, see Enzymes
in gasoline, signs, 526, 647
glaucoma, 2460
intraocular pressure, 694, 754, 1024
liver function, 629
protein electrophoresis in active immuniza-
tion, rabbits, 619
pyrogenic activity of streptococci, 631
reflex response, survival, in trained vs
untrained, 586
signs, pathology, vs TML, 1171
effect of: ACTH, 638
chelates, 577, 641, 681, 805
on survival, 704
cortisone, on adrenal Pb, 681
cysteamine vs urea, 623
EDTA, 639
vs administration route, 645
Marplan, Marsilid, SKF 525-A, 941
neuroleptic drugs, 1080
physical effort, 3531
sulfhydryls, 964
thiolactates, 646. 916
electrocardiograms, 590
electroencephalograms, 741
enzyme systems, activity, see Enzymes
in gasoline, signs, 526, 647
hematology, 554
histopathology, rabbits, 556
hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion, 1133
from serotonin, hydroxytryptophan, 1109
individual resistance, 552
intraocular pressure, 694, 2812
isolation from liver after inhalation, 695
lethal doses, mice, 22
cutaneous, rabbits, 916, 1181,
in gasoline, see Gasoline, leaded
inhalation, dogs, 1053
rats, 933, 1053, 1181
injected, rats, 932
intraperitoneal, rats, 993, 1068
intravenous, rabbits, 741, 933
rats, 1068
oral, rats, 1068, 1091, 1171, 1181
subcutaneous, mice, 755, 805
mice, sex variations, 1080
rabbits, 622
liver as site of conversion to toxic compounds,
932
metabolism; see also Metabolism of alkyllead
vs TML, 1068
nervous system autonomic, 551
pathology, 379
vs TML, 1068
oxygen metabolism, 853
Pb metabolism, see Metabolism of lead
reflex, conditioned, activity, 491
respiration, phosphorylation, organs, 592
serotonin in lungs, 1110
signs, 379, 552, 919, 1068
brain glucose metabolism, 993
survival, vs DiEL, TrEL, 1091
vs TML, 1053, 1091
tears, red, as signs, rats, 919
toxic doses, cutaneous, dogs, 22
oral, in water, animals, 3440
tryptophan metabolism, 1122
ultraparadoxical reflex phase, 721
vs TML, TrML, 1000
Tetraethyllead manufacture and distribution
air pollution, 3260
control, recirculation apparatus, 3393
surveys, Italy, 3369
blending operations, regulations, 3172
safety measures, 2158, 2735, 3210
TEL content in air, 2032
containers, labeling regulations, France, 3491
decontamination, 3193
exhaust systems, 3126
sulfuric acid, 3156
disposal, as cause of water contamination, 2220
explosion hazards, in distillation apparatus, 3188
guides, 3194
hazardous operations, reviews, 22, 2048
health hazard control, manual, 3111
health hazards, tank cleaning, see Gasoline,
leaded
work in enclosed spaces at high temperatures,
1231
industrial hygiene control, 22, 1248, 2699,
3155, 3156
effectiveness, Italy, 1236
history, 2158, 2735
programs, France, 1792
reviews, 4
laboratories, health hazard prevention, 3197
maintenance, poisoning occurrence, 1747
medical surveillance, 22, 1248, 1663, 2699
clinic, Milan, 1250, 1253
effectiveness, Italy, 1236
history, 2158, 2735
programs, France, 1792
US, 1540
reviews, 4
misuse, as cause of poisoning, 1430, 1442, 1510,
1705, 2220, 2513; see also Gasoline,
leaded
924
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Tetraethyllead manufacture and distribution (cont)
Pb content in air, in, outside factories, 3260
vs in urine, 2389
Pb recovery process, health hazards, 1228
poisoning occurrence, 1250, 1253, 2803; see also
note at Lead poisoning
regulations, 1403
reviews, 3225
sludge disposali organic Pb safe level, 3469
sludge transport, car contamination, health
hazards, 1228
transportation, 3193
poisoning occurrence, 2803
regulations, France, 3491
US, 3172
safety measures, 3210
waste water, decomposition in sewage, 3458
treated, submarine dispersal, 3448
treatment, 3449
methods, 3440
submarine disposal, 3461
Tetraethyllead poisoning; unless otherwise
indicated, acute or subacute; see also
Alkyllead antiknock; Gasoline, leaded;
specific organs, systems, for effects
in adults, children, from misuse, 1430, 1442
from automobile exhausts, 1906
blood aminotransferases, 2515
blood disorders, 1728
reviews, 1319
in children, pathology, 1533, 1944
chronic, diagnosis, 2712
differentiation from acute, 1238
electric sleep therapy, 2627
electroencephalography, 2421
eye disorders, 2761
fatal, signs, symptoms, pathology, 1625
from gasoline, 2009, 3166; see also Gasoline,
leaded
blood porphyrin, signs, symptoms, 2721
criticism of report, 2667, 2738
electrophysiologic disorders, 2566
eye disorders, 1623
fatal, 2305
glaucoma, 2812
hearing disorders, 1524
mental deterioration, 2424
reversibility, 2712
signs, symptoms, 1967, 2438, 2712
vs exposure, 2032
to subacute, electrocardiography, 2848
syndromes, 1238
urine ALA, 2743
vascular disorders, 2233
vs subacute, question of, 1984
cochleovestibular disorders, 2680
course, 1384
diagnosis, blood, urine Pb, 1431
differential, from Pb poisoning, 2738
essentials, 2803
hypotension, 2163
otovestibular examination, 2680
psychiatric examination for chronic, 1524
reticulocytosis, 1231
tests, 2233
urine hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 1122, 2514
urine Pb, 2287, 2288
porphyrins, 2682
urine tryptophan metabolites, 1133
effect of work shift rotation, 1663
encephalopathy, reviews, 1993, 2118
fatal, 704
nonfatal, 1228, 1676, 2167
case record for Canada, US, 2803
from misuse, 1430, 1510
occupational, nonoccupational, Japan, 2220
Persia, 1231
from skin exposure, 916
from swallowing, 2016
gasoline, 2019
TEL content in air causing, 1921
in tubercular, 1221
in garage mechanics, 1830
from gasoline spillage, 2013, 2330
in gasoline tank cleaning, criticism of report,
1761; see also Gasoline, leaded
guides, 3194
hazards, reviews, 2147, 2590
vs Pb, 3308
vs TML, 2335, 2389
history, 1579
kidney disorders, 1975
mechanisms in, vs Pb, 2837
medical testimony in, 1502
metabolism, reactions, 2653
mild, signs, symptoms, 1221, 1747
nervous system disorders, pathology, vs in Pb
poisoning, 1944
nonspecific syndromes, 2824
occurrence, from insufficient protection, 1431
Italy, 1236, 1248, 1250, 1253
from misuse; see Tetraethyllead manufacture
and distribution
past, present, 1250, 1253
otovestibular disorders, 2834
by outboard motor exhausts, 2013
pathology, 1921
in adults, children, reviews, 1533
reviews, 1252
Pb content in tissues in fatal, 1388; see also
Metabolism of lead
prevention; see also Industrial hygiene control;
Medical surveillance; Tetraethyllead
manufacture and distribution
with chelates, 1662, 2048
effectiveness, 1792
history, 2158, 2735
manual, 3111
tank cleaning regulations, 3157
psychosis, deliriant, as sequela, 1962
reflexes, EEC vs severity, 1624
reviews, 4, 22, 33, 1247, 1888, 2130, 2217,
2347, 2764, 2829, 2982
signs, symptoms, 1228, 1231, 1430, 1442, 1600,
1850, 2402, 2513, 2682, 2823
frequency, 1663
in moderate, severe, 1760
from oral, inhaled, adults, children, review,
1533
reversibility, 2712, 2803
reviews, 12, 41, 1248, 1252, 1306, 1403, 1818,
2162, 3111
vs in methyl bromide poisoning, 1705
vs in Pb poisoning, 1761, 1762, 2090
vs in TEL-gasoline poisoning, 1877, 1955
by skin absorption, reviews, 1324
in tank cleaners, see Gasoline, leaded
treatment, reviews, 33
Subject Index
925
-------
Tetraethyllead poisoning (cont)
treatment regime, 2330; see also Edetate;
Penicillamine; Treatment of alkyllead
poisoning
vitamin K content in blood, 1744
Tetraethyllead poisoning in animals
livestock, from contaminated water, 1510
Tetraisoamyllead
analytical methods, air, sampling, field, 3907
Tetrakis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)lead tetramethio-
dide
toxicity in microorganisms, 336
Tetrakis(tetrahydro-2-thienyl)lead
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Tetramethyllead; see also Alkyllead; Tetraalkyl-
lead
analytical methods:
air, Pb-in-air analyzer, revised, 4037
sampling
on I crystals, 3354
field method, 3907
coulometry, Br-Hg amperometric, 4045
antiknock; see also Alkyllead antiknock
blending, blood, urine, Pb, 2564, 2734
health hazards, 2546
regulations, 3172
sites, Pb content in air, 2564, 2734
health hazards vs TEL, 1068
content in gasoline mixes, 3172
gasoline, see Gasoline, leaded, XML
lethal doses, reviews, 41; see also Tetramethyl-
lead, toxicity in mammals
manufacture, distribution: industrial hygiene,
medical control, 2699
Pb content in air, vs in urine, 2389
Pb isotope content vs in minerals, 248
transportation, regulations, 3172
Tetramethyllead, toxicity in mammals; see note at
Tetraethyllead, toxicity in mammals
blood disorders, 1050
chronic, 1047-1050, 1117, 1171
cumulative, vs TEL, 1181
effect of: Marplan, Marsilid, SKF 525-A, 941
sulfhydryls, 964
kidney function, 1049
lethal doses, cutaneous, rabbits, 1181
inhalation, dogs, 1053
in rats, 933, 1053, 1181
vs TEL, 3357
injected, rats, 932
intraperitoneal, rats, 1068
intravenous, rats, 1068
oral, rats, 933, 1068, 1091, 1171, 1181
subcutaneous, mice, 1000, 1051
in rabbits, 1047, 1051, 1117, 1120
liver function, 1048
metabolism; see also Metabolism of alkyllead;
Metabolism of lead
vs TEL, 1068
nervous system signs, vs dose, 1051
pathology, vs TEL, 1068, 1171
reviews, 41
signs, 1047, 1068, 1117, 1171, 1120
survival, vs DiEL, TrEL, TEL, 1091
vs TEL, 1053
vs TrML, TEL, 1000
synergism with antiknock components, 1047, 1117
tolerated doses, inhalation, mice, 1051
intravenous, rabbits, 933
Tetramethyllead poisoning
diagnosis, urine Pb, on experimental basis, 1053
hazards, vs TEL, 2335, 2389
mechanisms in, vs Pb, 2837
medical survey, 2546
prevention, effectiveness, on laboratory test
basis, 1047, 1117
Tetraphenyllead
analytical methods, air, sampling, field, 3907
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
toxicity in microorganisms, 336
Tetrapropyllead
effect on brain glucose metabolism, rats, 933
lethal doses, injected, rats, 932
oral, rats, 933
tolerated doses, intravenous, rats, 933
Tetravinyllead
analytical methods, air, sampling, field, 3907
Thalassemia
basophils in, 2131, 2456
blood changes, vs in Pb poisoning, 2086
diagnosis, differential, from Pb poisoning,
2187, 2600
effect of Pb exposure, 2059
effect on Pb poisoning, 2709, 2710, 2720
heme synthesis, 2833
sensitivity to Pb, 2591
trace element metabolism, 2106, 2107
ThB: Lead isotope-212
Therapy, use of lead in, see under Lead
Therapy of lead poisoning, see Treatment
Thiamine, see Vitamin B^
Thioctic acid
effect on poisoning, animals, 809, 857
therapeutic use, 2411
therapy, oral, in human subjects, 2413
toxicity in guinea pigs, 857
Thioguanine
Pb complexes, formation constants, 4097
Thiolactates
effect on TEL poisoning, rabbits, 646, 916
mechanism of action in TEL poisoning, rabbits, 646
reaction with TEL, in vitro, 916
Thionates
effect on poisoning, rabbits, 656
Thiopan, see Thiolactates
Thiosulfates
dosage schedule, oral, 1717
effect on: Ca metabolism, animals, 949
membrane permeability, in vitro, in vivo, 949
poisoning, animals, 890, 949
sweat Pb, 1528
TEL poisoning, animals, 805
evaluation of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Sr salts, 1717
prophylactic effectiveness, oral, 1717
therapeutic effectiveness, evaluation, animals,
514, 546
intravenous, 1530
therapeutic use, 1373
in cattle, 787
Thorium isotope-232
ratios to 204pt>, 238u in ores, 121
Thorium isotope-X
and daughters, metabolism, excretion from
injected, 2805
metabolism, from injected, rabbits, 509
Threshold limit values; see also Air quality
standards; Maximum allowable concentrations;
Water, drinking, standards
926
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Threshold limit values (cont)
air
ambient, Japan, recommended, 3404
USSR, 3234, 3235, 3256, 3360, 3532, 3541,
3548
bases, 3269, 3525
Pb sulfide, 3360, 3524, 3532, 3548
recommended, 3236, 3604
TEL, recommended, 3260
workroom
Czechoslovakia, 3132
vs US, evaluation, 3545
discussion, 2028, 2071, 2336
fractions of, vs health hazards, 2257
Germany, E, 3528
W vs USSR, 3524
history, 3529
international symposium, resolutions, 3530
Italy, 3533
Japan, 3547
evaluation, 1545
recommended, 2549, 3127
review of studies, 1486, 2270, 3529
Netherlands, decrease recommended, 2083
recommended, 2492
Pb chromate, 2406
vs US, 2084, 2354, 2355
vs US, 2105
Switzerland, 1779, 1780, 1818
theory vs practice, 3524
UK, 3521
criticism, 2530
Pb arsenate, 3521
US, 3147, 3543, 3546
bronze fumes, recommended, 3539
criticism, 3547
evaluation, 2287-2289, 3131, 3407
Pb arsenate, 3543, 3546
Pb chromate, sulfide, 3147
revision recommended, 1905, 2005, 2244
TEL, 2803, 3194
tentative, 3546
vs Pb content in ambient air, 3244
vs USSR, 3529, 3532
USSR, 3159, 3236, 3238, 3269, 3532, 3808, 3811
at high temperature, recommended, 2625
TEL, 3532
recommended, 3260
Yugoslavia, 3135
biologic, basophlls, hemoglobin, recommended,
2084, 2354, 2355
blood Pb, recommended, 973, 2073, 2341
body burden, recommended, 3304
Germany, E, 3528
international symposium, resolutions, 3530
Italy, 2076, 3535
procedures for establishing, 2345
urine Pb, recommended, 2252
urine porphyrin, recommended, 1779, 1780
definition, 3531, 3533, 3546
interpretation, 3515, 3533, 3546
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Pb, Hg storage in, 1207
Thymus gland
hyperplasia, rabbits, 1138
pathology, in TEL, TML poisoning, rats, 1171
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
Thyroid gland
Basedow's, as sequela of poisoning, 1285
function
131I uptake, 1813
in rats, 945, 1103, 1104
as sign of adaptation, 945
vs dose, rats, 1035
vs in Hg poisoning, 1831
goiter
endemic vs Pb content in: milk, 165
soil, 150
water, 203, 2614, 2847
hyperplasia, rabbits, 1138
hyperthyroidism, 1251, 1252
frequency in poisoning, 1201
myxedema, as poisoning sequela, 1585
pathology, rats, 945, 1199
in TEL, TML poisoning, rats, 1171
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
removal, mobilization of Pb by, 1822
Tile manufacture, see Ceramics industry
Tin
alloys, for food containers, solubility in
acids, 167
toxicity with As, Pb, Cu, food additives, rats,
1090
Tinfoil
lining of kennel, as cause of poisoning, dogs,
728
Tinners
poisoning occurrence, 1532, 2153
Tin smelters
Pb content in dust from, experiments with
animals, intratracheal, 1063
Tissues, body; see also Cells; specific organs
and tissues; lead content, see Metabolism
of lead
chorioallantoic membrane, Pb fixation in vitro,
306
connective, affinity of Pb for ground substance,
in vitro, 339
Titanates
comparative toxicity, rats, 987
content in blood, in Pb exposure, 2077
health hazards, on experimental basis, 987
TLV: Threshold limit values
TML: Tetramethyllead
Tobacco; see also Lead isotope(s); Smoking; Plants
Pb content, 125
smoke, Pb in, from arsenate, 3396
Tocopherol
effect on poisoning, rabbits, 535, 536, 579
Tolerance limits, see Threshold limit values
Toluene
synergism with TML in antiknock, rabbits, 1047,
1117
toxicity in mice, 1051
Toxicology
analytical methods, reviews, 3689
programs, industrial, 1540
tests, yolk sac injection vs animal feeding
tests, 1067
loxocara canis
encephalitis, children, 2443
Toys
as cause of poisoning in children, 2866
plastic, Pb content, causing poisoning,
children, 3042
Trace element metabolism
accumulation in body, vs chronic disease, 1037
balance studies, vs intake, livestock, 1014
Subject Index
927
-------
Trace element metabolism (cont)
in chronic diseases, population, 2199
content in: bladder, population, 2745
blood, ante-, post partum, cattle, 734
after metal mixture, rabbits, 1151
population, 1961, 2068, 2260, 2520, 2576,
2675, 2713, 2797
blood proteins, 2798
bones, alveolar, population, 1959, 1960
brain, population, 1261, 1561, 2384, 2541
proteins, population, 2122
calculi, population, 1841
cerebrospinal fluid, population, 2205
colostrum, cattle, 734
embryo, fetus, population, 2037
endocrine glands, 1531
enzymes, 2074
eyes, crystalline lens, population, 1023
2067
feathers, vs color, 911
genital organs, population, 1370
hair
animals, 823
vs color, 911
population, 1410
heart, population, 2181
kidneys, cancerous vs noncancerous, popula-
tion, 1869
kidney stones, population, 2435
liver, cancerous, noncancerous, population,
1509, 1869
in Fe storage diseases, 1650
intracellular, man, rats, 936
lungs, in berylliosis, 2475
cancerous, noncancerous, 1869
population, 2828
lymph-adenoid tissues, population, 2124
milk, anti-, post-partum, cattle, 734
in cattle, 2481
population, 1658, 2481
nails, 1410
organs, population, 1814, 1859, 2106, 2107,
2214, 2264, 2342, 2455
tissues, age variations, 1475
irradiated, rats, 790
in lactating, nonlactating rats, 488
population, 1680, 1928, 2642, 2643
rats, 1172
salivary calculi, population, 1325, 1827
skin, age variations, 2041
population, 1410
sweat, vs intake, effect of heat, 2681
teeth, age variations, 2102
green stain, 1619
population, 1220, 1959, 1960, 2717
thyroid, population, 1978, 2358
urinary calculi vs in water, population, 1584
urine, in chorea, psychosis, 2312
in EDTA hypercholesteremia treatment, 2172
after metal mixture, rabbits, 1151
population, 2050, 2311
uterus, population, 1351, 2129
distribution in: brain, population, 1454, 1482
organs, normal vs in Pb poisoning, rabbits,
958
spinal cord, cattle, 808
from gastrointestinal tract, 154
mathematical model, 2799
parturition, cows, 658
reviews, 32
Trace elements
accumulation coefficients in plants vs soil,
effect of pH, depth, 271
analytical methods: biologic materials, cathode-
layer arc spectrography, 1859
foods, spectrography, 76
spectrography, organic chelates for enrich-
ment, separation, 3618
water, spectrography, 3883
assimilation in plants, effect of temperature,
421
as cause of leukemia, 2787
content in:
coal, bituminous, 183
vs content in clays, rocks, 143
composts, 186
crops, 172
feed, 84
food additives, 62
food and beverage products; for specific
products, see Foods and beverages,
55, 75-77, 81, 85, 87, 92, 99, 100, 104
154, 159, 165, 188, 201, 215, 217, 254,
256, 259
food packaging materials, 119
hot springs, 141, 146, 193
lake brines, 283
limestone, vs purity, 109
liver extracts, 74
match stick heads, 160
ore-bearing rocks, 114
plants, 58, 70, 106, 122, 133, 224, 237, 343,
447a
aquatic, 149, 214, 232, 273
sediments, seawater, 233
seawater vs fresh, 251
soil, 147, 153, 172, 176, 194, 221, 237, 239,
250, 257, 288
effects of flooding, aeration, 216
endemic goiter relation, 150
vs humus content, 175, 227, 228
vs pH, 198
water, 72, 111, 113, 123, 130, 132, 142, 156,
196, 197, 203, 222, 229, 230, 234, 236,
238, 241, 244, 247, 249, 252, 263, 267,
278, 279, 302
effect on: corticosteroid fractions, rats, 803
growth, hemoglobin, rats, 480
plants in sand culture, 309
urease, reviews, 324
intake, from meat, 49
occurrence in environment, sources, 154
protection of liver necrosis, rats, 778
rare, content in coal, reviews, 235
supplements, in EDTA therapy, 2426
tolerance limits in foods, Belgium, 75, 87
Tracers, radioactive, see Lead isotope(s); also
specific elements
Traffic police
CO, Pb exposure, 3263, 3264
poisoning signs, 3306
Transaminases, see Enzymes, aminotransferases
Transportation
TEL, hazard control, 2158, 2735
regulations, France, 3491
Treatment, prophylactic
agents for, reviews, 1695
butter, history, 1
928
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Treatment, prophylactic (cent)
chelates, effectiveness, 3180; see also specific
chelates
dentifrices, 1265
diet; see also Diet therapy
history, 9
edetate; see also Edetate
evaluation, 30
hazards of, on experimental basis, 979
recommended, 2763
evaluation, 1534, 1538
Fe supplements, 2198
levulose, effectiveness, 1394
liver extracts, vs milk, 1287; see also Liver
extracts
meprobamate, 2010
milk; see also Milk
evaluation, 1212
pectin, 2755; see also Pectin
recommended, on experimental basis, 983
penicillamine, oral, recommended, 2747; see also
Penicillamine
sodium citrate, 1246; see also Sodium citrate
sulfhydryl, 1574
sulfuric acid solution, 2580
vitamin B12, 1332, 1592; see also Vitamin(s)
vs industrial hygiene control, 1582
Treatment of alkyllead poisoning
barbiturates, vs chelates, 2438
on basis of metabolic decomposition products, 919
chelating agents, evaluation, 1489; see also
specific agents
chronic, liver extracts, vitamins, 2712
cysteamine, see Cysteamine
edetate, 2330; see also Edetate
electroconvulsion, 1760
glucose, on experimental basis, 1171
Mg sulfate, intravenous, etc, in acute, 1231
reviews, 2803
Treatment of lead poisoning
albumin, see Protein preparations
anesthetic renal pedicle infiltration, in
nephritis, 1229
ascorbic acid, see Ascorbic acid
BAL, 1376, 1394, 1426, 1498, 1537, 2247, 2493;
see also Dimercaprol
in children, 2888, 2902, 2910, 2911
with penicillin, in syphilitic, 1318
reviews, 1490
bicarbonates, 1437
blood transfusions, 2622
in anemia, 1217, 1376
in children, 2866
Ca, 1358, 1437, 1537, 2622
intravenous, 1283, 1453, 3520
oral, 3520
Ca citrate, 2622
Ca glucoheptanate, 2580
Ca gluconate, 1434, 1733
in children, 2850, 2866
in colic, 1919, 2536
intravenous, 1214, 1215, 2493, 2731
in colic, 1808, 2246, 2729
oral, 1473
in children, 3019
Ca lactate, 1225
in children, 2866, 2916
Ca levulinate, 1225
Ca salts, 1366
in children, 2857
intravenous, in colic, 1373
cerebral decompression, see Cerebral decompression
chelating agents, see Chelating agents; specific
agents
in children, reviews, 2859, 2981
chlorpromazine, in colic, 1602
classic, children, 2888
reviews, 1852
vs modern, reviews, 1361, 1768
"Cocarbil," in amblyopia, 1690
cortisone, see Cortisone
cysteamine, see Cysteamine
deferoxamine, see Deferoxamine
diet, history, 1, 9; see also Diet therapy
drugs, in acute, 2024
in endarteritis obliterans, 1249
immobilizing Pb, reviews, 2932
mobilizing Pb, reviews, 2932
schedules, children, 2984
edetate; see also Edetate; 1574, 1824, 1873,
1908, 1922, 1934, 2125, 2250, 2282, 2296,
2308, 2383, 2387, 2411, 2417, 2431, 2503,
2520, 2527, 2542, 2552, 2561, 2649, 2790,
2816
in children, 2922, 2925, 2940, 2954, 2967,
2973, 2976, 2988, 3002, 3018, 3027
encephalopathy, 2536
in human subjects, 2089
infusion, 1953
in children, 2961
intravenous, 1433, 1822, 1973, 2247, 2307, 2338
in children, 3000
in gingivitis, 2128
in human subjects, 2413
oral, 677, 2277
in children, 2957
in human subjects, 2413
in pregnancy, 2278
recommended, 1565, 2442, 2747
electrotherapy, 1214, 1215, 1376
evaluation, 1223
Fe supplements, 1445, 2208
in children, 2991
folic acid, see Folic acid
hormones, in anemia, 1696
in colic, 1537
immobilization vs de-leading, children, 2855
iodine preparations, 1376, 1437, 2001, 3520
levulose, effectiveness, 1394
liver extracts, see Liver extracts
lumbar puncture, in encephalopathy, 1225
meprobamate, 2010
Mg sulfate, intramuscular, 2080
oral, 1473
subcutaneous, children, 2857
milk, children, 2866; see also Milk
mineral springs, water, see Mineral waters
Na citrate, 1366; see also Sodium citrate
in children, 2859, 2902
novocaine blockade, in colic, 1492
pectin, see Pectin
penicillamine; see also Penicillamine
oral, 2509
reviews, 2747
penicillin, in syphilitic, 1318
phosphates, 1267, 1366, 1434
plasma protein substitution, on experimental
basis, 1197
Subject Index
929
-------
Treatment of lead poisoning (cont)
with porphyria, AMP, intravenous, 2751
protein preparations, reviews, 1894; see also
Protein preparations
psychologic, psychiatric tests, children, 2914
purgatives, in acute, 1358
pyrocatecholdisulfonate, Na, 1378
regime, 2184
renal capsule block, 2080
rest cures, 1555
reviews, 40, 1252, 1320, 1361, 1388, 1416, 1514,
1534, 1898, 2022, 2130, 2241, 2381, 2575,
2829
sedatives, 2001
splanchnic infiltration, in colic, 1495, 1496
supportive, in encephalopathy, children, 2871
symptomatic, 2503
in children, 3065
thioctic acid, see Thioctic acid
thiosulfate, Na, see Thiosulfates
urea, see Urea
vitamin B12, 1332, 1465, 1696
vs folic acid, 1280
vitamin D, 1434
in children, 2857, 2866, 2916
vitamins, 1267, 1283, 1376, 1549, 1733, 2184,
2580, see also Vitamin(s)
in children, 2850
for nervous system disorders, 1571
reviews, 1490, 1894
Treatment of lead poisoning in animals
Ca, colloidal, dogs, 728
dimercaprol, intravenous, cattle, 771
edetate; see also Edetate
in acute Pb arsenate poisoning, in cattle, 787
in cattle, 971
effectiveness, in dogs, 1101
in livestock, 585
intravenous, in cattle, 768, 920
precautions, in livestock, 771
recommended, in cattle, 688
in domestic, 953
recommended, in minks, 897
fluid, electrolyte, cattle, 726
liver, vitamin B complex, primates, 582
Na thiosulfate, in acute Pb arsenate poisoning,
cattle, 787
Treatment of poisoning, experimental, see also
specific agents
reviews, 786
Treatment of wastes, see Airborne wastes; Wastes
Trialkyllead acetates
antibacterial activity, mechanism of action, 432
antifungal activity, mechanism of action, 432
Trialkyllead compounds
effect on: brain cortex, in vitro, 423
liver mitochondria, in vitro, 423
toxicity vs tetraalkyllead, 933
Trialkyllead phthalimides
uses, fungicides, 4064
Tributyllead
effect on: brain cortex, in vitro, 423
liver mitochondria, in vitro, 423
Triethyllead
analytical methods, in presence of DiEL, Pb,
spectrophotometry, 3871
effect on:
brain, cortex, in vitro, 423
metabolism, in vitro, 978
in vitro, vs TEL, DiEL, Pb, 932
liver mitochondria, in vitro, 423
oxygen consumption, brain, kidney, in vitro,
426
as metabolic product from TEL, see also
Metabolism of alkyllead
toxicity vs TEL, 993
mucosal, skin irritation, 1247
reactions with BAL, EDTA, 379
toxicity vs TEL, 379
uses, in amino-Pb herbicides, 4075
Triethyllead, toxicity in mammals,
amino acid metabolism in brain, rats, 1123
lethal doses, injected, rats, 932
subcutaneous, mice, 963
signs, effect of sulfhydryl compounds, mice,
963
Triethyllead bromide
as TEL decomposition product, 3243
Triethyllead chloride
toxicity, oral, rats, 1091
Triethyllead compounds
preparation, reviews, 1409
sternutatory properties, 1409
Trimethyllead, toxicity in mammals
glucose metabolism, brain, rats, 933
lethal doses, injected, rats, 932
intraperitoneal, rabbits, 933
in rats, 933
metabolism, rats, 933
tolerated doses, intraperitoneal, rabbits, 933
Trimethyllead chloride
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
lethal doses, subcutaneous, mice, 1000
toxicity, oral, rats, 1091
signs, vs TEL, TML, 1000
4,6,6-Trimethyl-6H-l,3-thiazine-2-thlol, lead
derivative
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Trinitrotoluene
explosion hazards with Pb, 3095
Triphenylbenzyllead
toxicity in microorganisms, 336
Triphenyl(cumylperoxy)lead
decomposition, violent, 4076
Triphenyl[3-(diethyImethylammonium)propy]lead
methosulfate
toxicity in microorganisms, 336
Triphenyllead
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Triphenyllead acetates
antibacterial activity, mechanism of action, 432
antifungal activity, mechanism of action, 432
Triphenylleadbenzenesulfonanilide
preparation, 4100
Triphenyllead chloride
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Triphenyllead iodide
cancer chemotherapy tests, mice, 3563
Triphenyllead(N,N-diethylbenzene)sulfonamide
preparation, 4100
Triphenyl-p-tolyllead
toxicity in microorganisms, effect of BAL, 336
Triphenyl(tert-butylperoxy)lead
decomposition, violent, 4076
Triphenyl(triphenylmethylperoxy)lead
decomposition, violent, 4076
Tripropyllead
effect on: brain cortex, in vitro, 423
930
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Tripropyllead: effect on (cont)
glucose metabolism, brain, rats, 933
liver mitochondria, in vitro, 423
lethal doses, injected, rats, 932
oral, rats, 933
metabolism, rats. 933
Tryptophan, see Protein metabolism
Tuberculous meningitis
with Pb poisoning, diagnostic difficulties, 1408
Tumors, see Neoplasms
Typographers, Typesetters, see Printing industry
Ulcers, see Gastrointestinal system; Skin
Ultraviolet radiation
effect on: alkaline phosphatase, in excessive
exposure, 2114
Pb toxicity, guinea pigs, 572
urine porphyrins, rabbits, 495
Umbradil
kidney pathology, after injection, rats, 731
US Army base
TEL poisoning, occurrence, Japan, 2167
US Biological Warfare Laboratories projects, 3259
US Bureau of Mines reports, 3372
US Public Health Service, programs, 1987, 3318,
3329
reports, 3364, 3377, 3411
Unithiol; see also Dimercaprol
administration routes, 2573
dosage schedule, 2238, 2497
therapeutic doses, safety, 796
therapeutic effectiveness, intramuscular, 2238,
2362, 2497
vs BAL, 2573
toxicity, animals, 796
Uramildiacetate
210
Pb,
Ce,
effect on elimination of
rats, 1030
Uranium
content in pyrite, vs Pb, 299
deposits, effect on plants growing on,
91
Yb,
56
exposure to, effect on amino acid excretion, 1654
miners,
210pb
210
'Pb, Pb in hair vs 222Ra exposure, 2728
984
exposure, 2689
mines, exposure of dogs to Rn,
Uranium isotope-238
ratios to 232Th, 201*Pb in ores, 121
Uranyl chloride
effect on Pb toxicity, 4062
Urea
contraindication in kidney disorders, 2999
dosage schedule, children, 2999
infusion, children, 2985
effect on TEL poisoning, rabbits, 623
lyophilized, for intracranial decompression,
children, 2999
as metabolic component, see Protein metabolism
therapeutic effectiveness, children, 2981
infusion, children, 2968, 2985
intravenous, children, 2218, 3045
therapeutic use; see also Treatment of lead
poisoning
reviews, 2968
with craniectomy, children, 3001
Urea, (2-isopropyl-4-pentenoyl)-, see Sedormid
Uric acid
blood, urine, see Purine metabolism
Urine
collection, for ALA analysis, 2705
in EDTA test, 2825, 2826
precautions, 1491
problems, 2672
single, time of, 2767, 2768
technique, rats, 597
24-hr vs spot, 3840
corrections, creatinine, specific gravity, 2672
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead; Lead
isotope-210
reaction of Pb with EDTA, deferoxamine, in vitro,
2789
specific gravity, value, US vs UK, 2672
urinalyses: aminoaciduria, high-voltage paper
electrophoresis, 2802
oxidation coefficient, diagnostic value, 2483
Urogenital system, see Kidneys and urinary tract;
Genital organs
Uses of lead, see Lead; specific compounds
Utensils, see Food containers
Varnishing
home shops, poisoning occurrence, children, 3018
Vascular system
acroasphyxia, -paresthesia, effect of ergot
alkaloids, 1736
angiopathology, children, 3031
aorta, atherosclerosis, rabbits, 2742
pathology, rabbits, 1010
radiology, 2742
reaction with EDTA, cysteamine, in vitro, 383
arterial hypotension vs venous hypertension, 1458
arteriosclerosis, 1394, 1857, 2744
aorta Pb in, 1475
frequency, 1281
hypertensive, vs euglobin fibrinolysis, 1989
leading to contracted kidney, 1745
mechanism, 2394
radiology, 2332
type, in poisoning vs physical work, reviews,
1697
atherosclerosis, induced, effect of poisoning,
rabbits, 992, 1146
in rabbits, 992
blood pressure, in acute poisoning, 1358, 1468
doses lowering, cats, 756, 757
in miners, 1460
from PbEDTA, animals, 335
in rats, 517
from TEL vs Pb, 1944
from TEL vs TML, 2389
in rabbits, 1068
vs exposure, blood Pb, 1581
brachial vs temporal pressure, 2132
symmetrical changes, 2400
in TEL exposure, 2163
brain, histopathology, dogs, 822
pathology, children 3034
capillaroscopy, 2609
capillary resistance, 2113
in subacute poisoning, mechanism, rats, 862
capillary sclerosis, as cause of organ damage,
1349
capillary tension, 2742
cerebral hemorrhage, as death cause, 2687, 2746
frequency, 2746
Hg, Pb storage in, 1207
cerebral thrombosis, as death cause, 2687
circulation, intrarenal, in subacute poisoning,
rabbits, 596
Subject Index
931
-------
Vascular system (cont)
circulatory changes, during, after colic, 1775,
2000
cold pressor test results, 1784
diseases, trace metal metabolism after EDTA, 2311
disorders, 1348
age-induced, as cause of encephalopathy, 2431
as cause of kidney disorders, 1710, 1712
diagnosis by modern methods, 2065
evaluation, 1502
in kidney disorders, 2153
occurrence, evaluation, 494
in long-term exposure, 2065
in oculomotorius paralysis, 1889
oscillometric, frequency, 1862
from Pb stearate, 2512, 2516, 2604
reviews, 2294
from TEL, 2233
in animals, review, 1533
from TEL-gasoline, 1955
unrelated to Pb, as cause of eye disorders,
2020
vs Pb metabolism, 2199
endarteritis, obliterant, 1656
toes, 1249
hemorrhagic syndrome, in low exposure, 2740
hyperemia, peripheral, from TEL, TML, rats, 1171
hyperpiesis, in malignant nephrosclerosis, 1338
hypertension, 1251, 1534, 2024
in acute, chronic poisoning, 1224
in acute exacerbation, 1227
age variations, 2343, 2420
in chronic TEL poisoning, 2761
in compensation case, 3520
effect of therapy, 1237
essential-type, 1468
frequency, 1201, 1652, 1711, 2055
vs age, 1715
intracranial, children, 2910, 2911
malignant, vs kidney disorder, as death cause,
2715
Parkinson's as sequela, 1726
from past poisoning, 1500, 2309, 2450
in rabbits, 729
as sequela of childhood poisoning, 2886
in subacute poisoning, 1738
type, in acute, chronic poisoning, 1656
reviews, 1218
vs dose, rats, 534
vs heart disorders, 1940
vs hypotension, in Pb exposure, 2314
vs kidney disorders, 1655, 1737, 1940, 1950,
1976, 2140, 2319, 2692; see also Kidneys
and urinary tract
vs poisoning degree, 2343
vs rheoencephalography, 2332
vs urine porphyrins, 1362
hypotension, 1424, 1426, 1498, 2637
arterial vs venous, 1549
as cause of hearing disorders, from TEL, 2424
as sign of TEL poisoning, 2032
in TEL poisoning, 1533, 1663, 2682, 2712
in rabbits, 550, 552
lymphangiograms, in anemia vs colic, 2133
neoplasms, see Neoplasms
organs, vs hypertension, rats, 534
oscillometry, 2609
pathology, in rabbits vs in man, 1138
in TEL poisoning, 1921
Pb content, see Metabolism of lead
periarteritis nodosa, in mild poisoning, 2838
secondary, 2824
peripheral
disorders, 1224
plethysmography, 2476
vs poisoning duration, 1767
pial artery, contraction vs encephalopathy,
mice, 1168
polyarteritis, -arteriolitis, from past poison-
ing, 1478, 1493
reactivity, dogs, 541
retinal artery occlusion, vs hypertension, 1691
signs, symptoms, diagnostic value, 1291
spasm, as cause of blindness, 1583
sphygmography, 1656
vascular resistance, in acute poisoning, 1468
Vegetables, see Foods and beverages; Plants
Vegetation, see Plant contamination; Plants
Vehicles, see Automobiles
Vehicular exhaust, see Automobile exhaust
Ventilation requirements, see Industrial hygiene
control
Versenate, Versenes, see Edetate
Vessels, blood, see Vascular system; as food con-
tainers, see Food containers
Viruses, see Microorganisms
Vital statistics, see Mortality; also under Lead
poisoning; Lead poisoning in children;
specific diseases, organs, systems
Vitamin A
deficiency, effect on liver pathology, mice, 815
Vitamin BI
deficiency, effect on liver pathology, mice, 815
effect on poisoning, animals, 732, 1006
Vitamin Eg
effect on: poisoning, rabbits, 617, 937, 1163
porphyrin excretion, rabbits, 530
Vitamin B^2
absorption, in chronic poisoning, 2679
Co-labeled; content in blood, in Fe deficiency,
Pb anemias, 1865
detoxication factor, in poisoning, animals, 634
effect on: acute poisoning, animals, 642, 668,
692
anemia, in animals, 538, 617, 834
mechanism, 587
vs liver extract, 528, 611
ascorbic acid metabolism, rats, 893
basophils from poisoned rabbits, in vitro, 331
hematopoiesis, 2083
poisoning, animals, 530, 659, 677, 692, 886,
907, 1006
nucleic acid metabolism, animals, 676
effectiveness in chelate treatment, 2486
potency determination by liver extract effect
on erythrocytes, rabbits, 610
therapeutic effectiveness, 1332, 1573, 1614, 1904
intramuscular, 1720, 1721
intravenous, 2540
Vitamin B complex
effect on poisoning, animals, 1026
Vitamin C, see Ascorbic acid
Vitamin D
effect on Pb metabolism, rats, 648
effectiveness, vs BAL, children, 2872
Vitamin E, see Tocopherol
Vitamin G: Riboflavin
content in organs in poisoning, rabbits, 752
932
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
-------
Vitamin K
analytical methods, blood, 1744
content in blood, normal, 1744
in Pb, TEL poisoning, 1744
effect on prothrombin activity, 1612, 2110
Vitamin M, see Folic acid
Vitamin metabolism; see also Ascorbic acid metabo-
lism; Vitamin A; Vitamin Bjj Vitamin B12;
Vitamin G
carotene synthesis, in Phycomyces blakesleeanus,
410
Vitamin P
factors, effect on liver cholesterol, rats, 781
Vitamins
effect on poisoning, rats, 612
therapeutic effectiveness, 2208
therapeutic use, see Treatment of lead poisoning
Volcanoes
dust, as source of air pollution, 3246
lavas, isotopic composition of Pb, 282
Washings
airplanes, TEL content, 3166
automobiles, TEL content, 3166
equipment, in industrial hygiene control, 3204
hand, in industrial hygiene control, 3204
from Pb alloy exposure, 3128
Pb content, 2138, 2225, 3312
effect of protective creams, 3222
vs exposure, 3187, 3208
vs solutions, brushing, 3177
vs wash solutions, 3142
TEL content, 3166, 3312
Wastes, airborne, see Airborne wastes
Wastes, liquid
analytical methods, evaluation, 3828
avoidance of, by fish, 3480
control equipment, use of Pb in, 4065
ecologic effects, 3464
industrial, effect on water quality, 3476
metal content, treatment effect, 3483
TEL, decomposition in sewage, 3458
submarine dispersal system, 3448
toxicity in fish, effect of seawater use,
3448
treatment, 3440
Fe shaving-packed reduction column, 3449
submarine disposal, 3461
TEL-gasoline, treatment, 3440
toxicity, aquatic organisms, 3465
in fish, reviews, 3437
treatment, 3439
Ca hydroxide, 3452, 3463
clay adsorbent, 3431
ferrocyanide, precipitation, 3477
ion-exchange, sulfonated coal, 3470
mixing with sewage, 3446, 3462
metal toxicity measurement, pyridyl-azo-
resorcinol reaction, 3481
Pb content, 52
from sulfide vs oxide ores, 3445
sewage treatment,
effect on: biochemical oxidation, 3478, 3479
Pb content, 3453
metal toxicity measurement, 3481
toxicity in fish, reviews, 3429
treatment, organic flocculants in sludge
sedimentation, 3456
U mill, radionuclides, treatment, 3484
Wastes, solid
U mill, radionuclides, treatment, 3484
Water; if not specified, ground water; see also
Seawater
acidity, determination, 2842
artificially carbonated, see Foods and beverages
carboniferous, Pb content, 132
composition, vs cardiovascular disease, 2725
distilled, corrosion of Pb, 02 diffusion effect, 91
drinking, C02 equilibrium vs Pb solubility, 3455
corrosion of Pb, factors affecting, 101; see
also Water contamination
from drained peat bogs, health hazards, 3467
limit values, Germany, 3450; see also standards
Pb content, 69
in enclosed, vs open, 52
in ground, vs mine shaft, 211
near mines, industries, see Water contamina-
tion, industrial
reviews, 45, 264
surveys, US, 267
tap, stagnant, 218
vs disease incidence, 164
in Pb pipes, standards, Europe, 3536
standards, Europe, 3536
France, 83
India, 3540
International, 3466
interpretation of values, 3515
US, 2842, 3466, 3527, 3534, 3542
bases for reduction, 3522
decrease recommended, 2287, 2288
USSR, 3269
validity, on experimental basis, 569
WHO, 2842
hardness, effect on fish toxicity, 469
hot springs: Pb content, 141, 146, 190
vs pH, 193, 210
isotopic Pb content, see Lead isotope(s)
lake brines, Pb content, vs density, 283
mine, Pb content, 124
mineral; use in treatment, see Mineral water
Pb content, 72, 130, 142, 155, 185, 222, 279
in bottled, 52
in S springs, 116
vs in carbonated water, 243
vs pH, 196
Pb content, cancer relation, 2489
endemic goiter relation, 203, 2614, 2847
endemic nephritis relation, 236, 2318
Finland, 2724
Hungary, 123
in ore deposit areas, 173
Poland, 71
in redistilled, 510
US, 158, 3527
USSR, 120, 156, 191, 229, 230, 247, 252, 280,
302
vs in urinary calculi, 1584
Pb migration, from ores, 117, 124, 209
sorption, 196
Pb solubility in, 3434
Pb stability in, 3431
reservoir
Pb content, 52, 263
depth variations, 249
sediments, Pb content, 263
river: Pb content, 52, 197, 270
in coastal vs continental, 238
Subject Index
933
-------
Water: river (cont)
geochemistry, 234, 278
monitoring, US, 169
in runoff, vs in ocean, US, 238
in sediments, 241
in suspension, 244
sediments, Pb content, in modern vs ancient, 251
soft, protective coating formation on pipes, 3424
surface, Pb content, 111, 113; see also lake;
river
taste, Pb content affecting, 569
threshold limit values, see drinking, standards
Water balance (in organism), see Kidneys and
urinary tract
Water consumption
effect of dehydration in acute poisoning, rats,
1106
Water contamination/pollution
by air pollution, industrial, 3271, 3305
by cistern, 101
conference, US, 3457
by defective plumbing, 2012
evaluation, 3319
health hazards, 54, 3226
research needs, 3457
industrial; see also Wastes, liquid
effect on fish, agriculture, 3460
reviews, 3429, 3464
effect on population, 1924
metal content, 3483
Pb content, 1924
in reservoirs, 3476
investigations, US, 3318
by metals, toxicity measurement, 3481
by motorboat exhausts, 3457
fish toxicity, 3471
Pb content vs water volume, 3471
by painted pipe, as cause of poisoning, cattle,
971
by painted surfaces: Pb leaching, 3443, 3444
from tanks, health hazards, 3441, 3442
refill factors, 67
by Pb chloride, purification, ion-exchange, 3468
Pb content
causing poisoning, 101, 1275, 1401, 1424,
1474, 1704, 1756, 1763, 1868, 1874,
1880, 1953, 1973, 1997, 2161, 2299,
2607
in children, 2955, 2961
effect on BOD, 826
factors affecting, 101
health hazards, 3441, 3442
near industries, 3271
limits for organoleptic effect, 826
from TEL, causing poisoning, 2220,
waste disposal, 3448
vs toxicity in animal experimentation, 826
Pb corrosion, effect on dissolved 0, tempera-
ture, 69
by Pb pipes, 1290, 1424, 1474, 1686, 1704, 1874,
1880, 1922, 1973, 2607, 2842, 2955
corrosion, effect of water constituents, 3451
in peat bog drainage water, 3467
in soft vs hard water, 3451
in distribution systems, prevention, 3432
form of Pb in water, 54
by ground wire electrolysis, 1401, 1541, 1756,
2961
vs health hazards, 96
health hazards, 3226
history, 13
by softener use, 3436
new vs old, 69, 3425
Pb leaching, 54
Pb content in water, 1275
standing vs flowing, 3426
prevention, by Na carbonate, 1290
by Na silicate, 3430
protective coating formation, 54
vs health hazards, 3424
reviews, 2374
threshold limit values, WHO, 3536
vs water hardness, 54, 2961
by Pb-soldered water troughs in animal experi-
ments, 1182
Pb solubility determination by 003, 3455
Pb-Zn content, gastric cancer relation, 258
petrochemicals, toxicity in fish, aquatic
organism, reviews, 3482
by plastic pipes
health hazards, 3438
laboratory evaluation, 3433
Pb content, in distribution systems, 3450
Pb leaching, 3438, 3459
effect of C02, temperature, 287
toxicity in animals, 3433
vs Pb, Pb leaching vs water pH, 3433
by plastics, Pb leaching in hard vs soft water,
3447
poisoning occurrence, 1208, 1290, 1312, 1510,
1541, 1668, 1686, 1704, 1874, 1880,
1922, 1973, 2012, 2220, 2607, 3467
in animals, 768, 971
in children, 2866, 2955
history, 13
reviews, 2779; see also Pb content causing
poisoning
pollutants, biochemical, toxicologic informa-
tion, 3457
rainwater draining from painted roof, causing
poisoning in animals, 768
removal of Pb by aquatic organisms, 447
by soil, 1997
by soldered teapot, 1312
by syphons, see: Food and beverage contamination
by TEL, TEL-gasoline, treatment methods, 3440
toxicity in fish, aquatic organism, reviews,
3482
by TEL burial, poisoning occurrence, 1510, 2220
TEL content, causing poisoning, 2220
by TEL-gasoline, nitrite formation, 3428
spillage, health hazards, 3457
tanks, 3454
from underground storage tanks, 3428
toxicity in fish, chronic, vs safety, 425
reviews, 3437, 3480
toxicity to seaweeds, kelp, 395
treatment, alkaline earth carbonate, filtering,
3427; see also Wastes; Water treatment
Water deprivation
effect on poisoning, animals, 678, 887, 1106
Water pipes; see also Water contamination, by Pb
pipes; by plastic pipes
Pb, use, past and present, 13
plastic, legislation, Italy, 4020
Water quality; see also Water, drinking, standards
criteria, US, 3448
for developing countries, 3466
934
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEAD
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Water treatment
radionuclide removal by aeration, population
hazards, 3472
Waterworks
occupations with Pb exposure, 3071
poisoning occurrence, 1259
Welding; see also Painted surfaces
fumes, ventilation recommendations, UK, 3075
galvanized, Fe, Pb content in air, Pb+Zn poison-
ing hazards, 2380
Zn-silicate coated steel, Pb, Zn content in
air, 3169
health hazards, 3170
Pb content in air, 3161
vs flame intensity, 3120
vs worker complaints, 3107
poisoning occurrence, 1244, 1314, 1387, 2061,
with metal fume fever, etc, 1707
safety standards, 3149
Whiskey, see Alcohol, illegal
White lead; see also Lead carbonate; Paints
experiments with chickens, oral, 811
manufacture, history, 19
poisoning occurrence, history, 14
sulfate vs carbonate, health hazards, 3093
toxicity in birds, 811
uses, cosmetics, 4071
paints, elimination, 3513
White metal
Pb content, 3078
vs in air in tinning process, 3141
Wind speed, as factor in air contamination, see
Air contamination, meteorologic factors
Wine; see also Food and beverages
consumption, causing poisoning, 1557, 1562,
2649, 2830
contaminated, Pb content, see Food and Beverage
contamination
home-made, causing poisoning, history, 2490
Pb content, legislated, 95, 2830
poisoning occurrence, 1392, 1644, 2111, 2219,
2246, 2296, 2387, 2702
Wire industry
hazardous operations, 1595, 2125, 3117
health hazards surveys, 2125, 3117, 3139
poisoning occurrence, 1595, 2125, 2631, 2715
Women workers
regulations, occupations excluding, 3086
potteries, UK, 3486
Wood
TEL decontamination, evaluation, 3101
TEL-gasoline contamination, disposal, 3209
TEL penetration, removal, 4063
Work clothing, see Personal protection
Workers
education, 2138, 2793, 3191
turnover, vs poisoning occurrence, 3099
Workmen's compensation
anemia, type, France, 3518
blood porphyrins, as standard, Chile, 1536
cases, France, 2701
Germany, 3, 1977
past, present, Switzerland, 1941
UK, 2715
for chronic nephritis, UK, 2746
claims, for pyorrhea in poisoning, 2116
rejection in TEL-gasoline case, Germany, 1429
court cases
US, 3488-3490, 3492-3494, 3510, 3512
contractor's responsibility, 3498
decision, 3519
employer responsibility, 3490
medical testimony, 3495, 3520
diagnostic problems in chronic TEL poisoning,
Italy, 2712
diagnostic proof in, US, 1223
disability vs occupation statistics, Italy, 2115
disorders under, France, 3508
economics, vs poisoning prevention, US, 3133
EDTA mobilization test in, France, 1749
effect of legislation, Italy, 2164
evidence for, Italy, 1470
France, 1534
fraudulent cases, 2092, 3538
diagnosis, 1502
heart disorders, in disability cases, 1857
inequalities in, Netherlands, 3526
laboratory test evaluation of past poisoning, 2801
medical testimony, 1502, 3495, 3520
notifications, Italy, 1281
paralysis case in typesetter, evaluation,
Austria, 1262
reviews, 1564
statistical study, Italy, 2135
statutes, uniformity lack, US, 3516
Work shifts
night, digestive complaints, 2138
vs urine Pb, 2767, 2768
Work time loss, see Lead poisoning, disability
World Health Organization
reports, 3352
symposium, 3366
Wounds
healing process, in mines, 2697
Wrist drop, see Nervous system
Xanthurenic acid, see Protein metabolism,
tryptophan metabolites
X-ray examination, see Radiology
"Yakriton"
effectiveness in acute, subacute TEL poisoning,
805
Yeast
enzymes, 362
metabolism, in vitro, 334
respiration in vitro, 307
sulfite, Pb content causing poisoning, 1628
Yellow massicot, see Lead oxides
Zinc
metabolism, content in:
blood, 2466, 2467
in rabbits, 2466
organs, rats, 975
in rats fed EDTA, 643
urine, from alcohol, 2383
effect of EDTA, 1606
limit values, 1844
synergism with Pb in diet, rats, 480
Zinc chrornate
content in spray paint, 3165
Zinc industry
medical surveillance, 2401
Zinc ores
Pb content, 2401
Zirconium citrate
effect on Pb metabolism, rats, 497, 523
OU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 WMi86/285 1-3
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