CHAMP
Corcmunity Health Air Monitoring Program
A Program of Monitoring Huroan Exposure for
Health Effects Research to Develop
Short and Long-Term Standards
Ferris B. Benson
n ^,-K-v--i
1,1 uii;uci y
.Robert Burlxsn
Thomas Mauser
Envirorimsntal Exoosure Section
Cor,:,iunity Rc^c^ych Branch
Division of Effc-cts Research
Bureau of Air Pollution Sciences
Office5 of Reseerch ar:d Nbnitor"i'rig
Environmental Protection Agency
August 10, 1971
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Intreduction
For the last decade the federal air monitoring effort has focused on providing
data from a single central city station for comparisons between communities, and
for describing annual trends. Sampling frequency was usually twenty-six random
selected days out of a 365-day-year. The methodology employed involved inteorating
the sample for twenty-four hours or longer. The attached briefing document details
the environmental monitoring program and health effects studies needed to establish
defensible short-term air quality standards.
Other monitoring efforts have also focused on population health effects studies.
These studies require that monitoring points be located so that the resulting
data represent the population group under study. The monitoring stations are
therefore established in the center of small well-defined residential areas within
a community. Data correlations arc nw.de between observed health effects and
observed air quality exposure. Sampling frequency and methodology employed for
these studies have been designed to provide twenty-four inteorated data taken on
an "every day" basis (7 days/wk or 365 days/yr). The results of these studies
provide valuable information for the development of criteria for long-term
standards, i.e. for times longer than twenty-four hours.
An integrated twenty-four hour sample does not provide peak or diurnal information
for environmental health studies. It is known that early morning inversion
conditions exist in most communities and concomitant pollutant concentration
peaks may be most important in causing health disorders. Both diurnal patterns
•*
which have been well-documented and fumigation peaks from point emission sources
exist, by design, in the selected CHESS areas and provide the opportunity for
obtaining the health data needed for defensible short-term air Quality standards
(Page 1). Note: Page numbers given in this text refer to the attached briefing
document.
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9
t.
CHESS Health Indicators
The present CHESS program includes health indicators for determining short-term
exposure effects. Active indicators include panel studies of symptom frequency
and severity involving asthmatics, elderly cardiacs, elderly bronchitics, well
elderly and families with school children. Other planned "short-tenr" health
indicators are listed on page 2. Health indicators for long-term standards
have been previously discussed in a CHESS overview paper.
Exposure Monitoring (Present CHESS Operations)
Present CHESS program monitoring efforts and a comparison between monitoring
programs with respect to variables sampled, sampling frequencies, sample averaging
times are illustrated on pages 4, 5 and 6. The time restraints to final output
of validated data from all CHESS areas produce a lag of approximately 35-40 days
for usable data (Page 7). A total of 24 man-years/year is required to operate
the present CHESS monitoring program (Page R).
CHAMP Exposure Mon i_tg_ri ng
The proposed CHAMP monitoring operations are illustrated on pages 9 and 10 which
details the variables sampled and sampling frequencies for the various pollutants
compared to the other federal programs mentioned above.
The present CHESS program is operating in five communities selected for pre-
dominance of specified pollutant exposures. Within each of these communities,
well-defined areas are further selected where population groups are exposed to
gradients of a predominant pollutant or combination of pollutants. Each of the"
areas have an air monitoring site centered to represent the population's exposure.
The number of monitoring sites by communities are:
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Conmunlty
Chattanooga
S.E. Trio
Birmingham
Charlotte
Greensboro
New York City
Utah
California
Predominant
Pollutant
NOX
TSP
S02 and TSP
SO,,
0
No. of Areas
3
3
3
6
4
6
No. of
Monitoring Sites
Total
4
4
3
7
4
6
~37~
The CHAMP proposal is presented by three optional plans (pages 11-17). Information
concerning pollutants monitored for CHESS communities, time delays to final usable
data and manpower requirements are given for each optional plan. Dollar costs for
instrumentation and equipment are shown for each option by CHESS communities on
page 18.
A data acquisition system is proposed (page 19) which provides magnetic tape
recordings of the variables sampled. It also provides the capability for an
"on-call" data retrieval operation. Normally the system records, into SAROAD
format, digital data which is compatible to NADIS. In the event of pollution
episodes, the data record is immediately available through a telephone calling
system and logic command to the monitoring site. The system also serves as an
interrogation method for checking instrument operation and calibration on an
"on-call" basis. A comparison of the minimum time to useful data between the
present CHESS operations and the proposed CHAMP system is described on page 17.
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The methodology used for exposure rronitoring involves the selection and application
of the most appropriate method available. The use of EPA standard measurement
methods is mandatory. Recent research and development are visioned toward the
use of automated, instantaneous analysis instruments placed at the monitoring
site. Such devices, if made official standard methods, will necessitate a
CHESS program change to the CHAMP proposal.
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Sinnrnary
This paper describes the present and past national air monitoring efforts of EPA,
as a reference frame for discussion and exposure monitoring for health effects
studies. A Community Health Air Monitoring Program (CHAMP) is proposed that will
provide data to develop criteria for both short and long term air quality standards.
Present air monitoring techniques deployed in the CHESS program are largely in-
tegrating methods for determining pollutant concentrations for twenty-four (24)
hours or longer. These data have value for developing long term (>_ 24 hrs.)
ambient air quality standards-. They do not provide adequate averaging times for the
development of short term (<_ 24 hrs.) standards. This paper proposes a program
which will provide adequate averaging times and air monitoring techniques for
developing short term standards. In addition, the new program would provide "on
call" capability invaluable to local control officials in the New York and Los
Angeles air quality regions.
\ J
The design of the Community Health and Environmental Surveillance System (CHESS)
has focused monitoring of air, water, tissue, food and housedust into well de-
fined residential areas within selected communities. These population studies
require air quality exposure data to be representative of the population's en-
vironment under surveillance.
Estimates of equipment costs and manpower required are summarized into three
optional plans as follows:
Monitoring Plan Equipment Costs Manpower (Man yrs/yr)
CHESS CHAMP - Optimum $1,295,600 39
CHESS CHAMP - Intermediate 1,124,400 31
CHESS CHAMP - Minimum 955,800 25
Present CHESS 24,900 24
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I. Existing indicators: panel studies of symptom frequency
and severity
A. Asthmatics
B. Elderly cardiacs
C. Elderly bronchitics
D. Well elderly
E. Families with school children during acute episodes
!l. Fluctuations in daily mortality
HI. Planned indicators:
A. Eye irritation and tear lysozyme levels*
B. Coronary artery diseaso deaths*
C. Fluctuations in vsntilatcry psrformance
D. Red blood cell fragility and survival ss indexed by GfiPD
level and reticulocyte counts
E. Carboxhsrnoglobin_me{Jiemoglobin,and methemoglobin
reductase levels
F. Sputum cellular and enzyiw content
*Feasibility studies under contract
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