DRAFT
     Development Document for
Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines
and New Source Performance Standards
              for the

    AIR TRANSPORTATION

          Segment of the
       Transportation Industry

        Point Source Category
 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

            APRIL 1974

-------
                          DRAFT



                        Publication Notice                           2



    This is a development document for proposed effluent limitations   7

guidelines and new source performance standards,  A_s such,  this        8

report is subject  to  changes resulting from comments r_eceived  during   9

the period of public  comments on the proposed regulations.   This       10

document in its final form will be published at the time the

regulations for this  industry are promulgated.                        11


    This report has been entered into a computer to facilitate        13

processing, print  outs,  and revisions.  The various ''machine          15

commands" necessary to accomplish these steps are, therefore,  present 16

in this draft version.  For example, line numbers are shown in the    17

right margin, percent and dollar symbols represent underlining        18

instructions, and  a dash under  individual letters j^s a reference      19

point for making corrections.   The  commands will not appear in the     20

final report.


    Readers who desire clarification or amplification of the material  22

presented while making JLheir  reviews are invited  to contact:           23


                James G. Taylor                                       27
         Mail:  National Field  Investigations  Center                   28
                5555 Ridge  Avenue                                      29
                Cincinnati,  Ohio  45268                                 30
        Phone:  513-684-4211                                           31

    Mention of commercial products  does not  constitute  endorsement by  35

the U.S.  Government.                                                   36

-------
                              '  i
            DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT

                      for

   PROPOSED  EFFLUENT  LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES

                      and

       NEW SOURCE  PERFORMANCE  STANDARDS

                   for the

          AIR  TRANSPORTATION SEGMENT

                   of the

            TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY

            POINT SOURCE  CATEGORY



                  April 1974
                  A. D. Sidio
                   Director
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-CINCINNATI
     U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
   OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL
            Cincinnati, Ohio  A5268

-------
                           DRAFT
                             ABSTRACT                                 3









    This document  presents  the findings of an in-house study of  the     6




Air Transportation Segment  of the Transportation Industry.   It was      8




completed by the EPA National Field Investigation Center -  Cincinnati




for the purpose of developing effluent limitation guidelines and       9




federal standards of performance for the industry, to implement




Sections 304 and 306 o_f the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as     10




amended.







    Effluent limitations guidelines contained herein set forth the     12




degree of effluent reduction attainable through the application of     13




the best practicable control technology currently available and the




degree of Affluent reduction attainable through the application of     14




the best available technology economically achievable which must be    15




achieved by existing point sources by  July 1, 1977, and July 1,  1983,




^respectively.  The standards of  performance  for new sources contained  17




herein set forth the degree of effluent reduction which is achievable  18




through  the application of the best available demonstrated control




technology, processes, operating methods, or other alternatives.       19






    Siupportive data and rationale  for  development of  the proposed      21




effluent limitations guidelines  and  standards of  performance are       22




contained  in this report.

-------
                              CONTENTS



Section                                                        Page

I    Conclusions                                               1-1

II   Recommendations                                           II-l

         Best Practicable Control Technology                   II-l
           Currently Available
             Source Control                                    II-l
             Treatment Technology                              II-2
             Effluent Guidelines                               II-3
         Best Available Control Technology Economically
           Achievable                                          II-5
             Source Control                                    II-5
             Treatment Technology                              II-5
             Effluent Guidelines                               II-6
         New Source Performance and Pretreatment Standards     II-8

III  Introduction                                              III-l

         Purpose and Authority                                 III-l
         Summary of Methods Used for Development of
           Effluent Limitations Guidelines                     III-3
             Data Base                                         III-4
         General Description of the Air Transportation
           Industry                                            III-5
         Comparison With Other Transportation Industry
           Segments                                            111-10

IV   Industry Categorization                                   IV-1

         Introduction                     *   '                  IV-1
         Development of Industry Subcategorization             IV-1
         Aircraft Ramp Service                                 IV-2
         Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul    '                  IV-3
         Aircraft Maintenance                                  IV-5
         Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance                IV-6
         Fuel Storage Centers                                  IV-6
         Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                     IV-7

V    Waste Characterization                                    V-l

         General                                               V-l
                              iii

-------
                          DRAFT
                          « -' «i t. A &J.  A
         Wastewater Constituents                               V-l
             Aircraft Ramp Service                             V-3
             Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                  V-4
             Aircraft Maintenance                              V-5
             Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance            V-7
             Fuel  Storage Centers                              V-8
             Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                 V-8
         Raw Waste Loads                                       V-9

VI   Pollutant  Parameters                                      VI-1

         Aircraft  Ramp  Service                                 VI-1
             Selected Control Parameters                       VI-]
             Constituents Not Selected as Control
               Parameters                                      VI-1
         Aircraft  Rebuilding and Overhaul                      VI-2
             Selected Control Parameters                       VI-2
             Constituents Not Selected as Control
               Parameters                                      VI-A
         Aircraft  Maintenance                                  VI-5
             Routine                                           VI-5
                Selected Control Parameters                    VI-5
                Constituents Not Selected as Control
                  Parameters                                   VI-6
             Washing                                           VI-7
                Selected Control Parameters                    VI-7
                Constituents Not Selected as Control
                  Parameters                                   VI-8

         Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance                VI-R
             Selected Control Parameters                       VI-8
             Constituents Not Selected As Control
               Parameters                                      VI-9
         Fuel Storage Centers                                  VI-9
         Terminal  and Auxiliary Facilities                     VI-9
             Selected Control Parameters                       VI-9
             Constituents Not Selected as Control
               Parameters                                      VI-10
         Summary of Pollution Control Parameters               VI-10

VII  Control and Treatment  Technology                          VII-1

         Historical Treatment                                  VII-1
         State-of-the-Art  Treatment Technology                 VII-2
             Aircraft  Ramp  Service                            VII-3
             Aircraft  Rebuilding  and Overhaul                  VII-3
             Aircraft  Maintenance                              VII-6
                             iv

-------
                               AFT
             Ground Vehicle  Service  and Maintenance            VII-6
             Fuel Storage Centers                              VII-7
             Terminal and Auxiliary  Facilities                 VII-7
         Waste Constituent Reductions  Achieved  Through
           Present Treatment Technology                        VII-7
         Examples of Waste Treatment Practices  at
           Various Airline Overhaul  and Maintenance  Bases      VII-11

VIII Cost, Energy, and Non-Water Quality  Aspects               VIII-1

         Introduction                                         VIII-1
         Aircraft Ramp Service                                VIII-1
         Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                     VIII-5
         Aircraft Maintenance                                 VIII-10
             Routine                                          VIII-11
             Washing                                          VIII-12
         Ground Vehicle Service and  Maintenance               VIII-15
         Fuel Storage Centers                                 VIII-17
         Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                    VIII-17

IX   Best Practicable Control Technology  Currently
     Available - Effluent Guidelines and  Limitations           IX-1
         Introduction                                          IX-1
         Waste Treatment Methods                               IX-2
             Oil-Water Wastes                                  IX-3
             Phenolic Wastes                                   IX-4
             Metal Plating Wastes                              IX-4
         Best Practicable Control Treatment Currently
           Available for Industry Categories                   IX-6
             Aircraft Ramp Service                             IX-6
             Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                  IX-6
             Aircraft Maintenance                              IX-7
                Routine                                        IX-7
                Washing                                        IX-8
             Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance            IX-8
             Fuel  Storage Centers                              IX-9
             Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                 IX-9
         Effluent  Limitation Guidelines                        IX-9
         Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources           IX-12
         Sludge Disposal                                       IX-13
         Monitoring Requirements                               IX-13
         Non-Water Quality Impact                              IX-14

X    Best Available Technology Economically Achievable
       Guidelines  and Limitations                              X-l

          Industry  Category Covered                             X-l

-------
                                     N •
                                     1  £
         Identification of Best Available Technology
           Economically Achievable
         Effluent Limitation Guidelines
         Pretreatment Standards, Sludge Disposal and
           Monitoring

XI   New Source Performance and Pretreatment Standards

         New Source Performance Standards
         Pretreatment Standards for New Sources

XII  Acknowledgments

XIII References

XIV  Glossary

     Abbreviations
     Conversion Table
X-l
X-3

X-3

XI-1

XI-1
XI-2

XII-1

XIII-1

XIV-1

XIV-8
XIV-10
                              VI

-------
                               TABLES
 Table

1.  Proposed Effluent Limitation Guidelines per Unit for
    Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available
    Air Transporation Segment of Transportation Industry

2.  Proposed Effluent Limitation Guidelines per Unit for
    Best Available Control Technology Economically Achievable
    Air Transporation Segment of Transportation Industry

3.  Active Aircraft in the Civil Aviation Fleet

4.  Statistical Highlights - U. S. Scheduled Airlines (1972)

5.  Total U. S. Airports, FAA Control Towers and Points
    Receiving Scheduled Airline Service

6.  Transportation Statistics 1966 - 1972 Freight Hauled -
    Passengers Carried

7.  Energy Used in Moving Freight in the U.S.

8.  Wastewater Constituents - Air Transporation Industry

9.  Estimated Raw Waste Loads per Unit of Activity -
    Air Transporation Segment of Transportation Industry

10. Summary of Pollutant Parmaeters for the Air
    Transportation Industry by Activities

11. Average Effluent Waste Loads from Airline Overhaul
    and Maintenance Base Facilities

12. Average Waste Loads at a West Coast Airport

13. Summary Analysis of Wastewater Discharges from an
    East Cost Airport

14. Estimated Costs of BPCTCA Air Transportation -
    Aircraft Ramp Service Areas  (no collection system
    in existence)

15. Estimated Costs of BPCTCA Air Transportation -
    Aircraft Ramp Service Areas  (collection  system already
    in existence)
II-4



II-7



III-6

III-9

IIT-9


III-ll


111-12

V-2

V-10


VI-11


VII-37


VII-38

VII-40


VI11-3



VIII-4
                             vii

-------
16. Estimated Costs of BPCTCA Air Transportation -             VIII-7
    Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul Operations

17. Estimated Increment Costs of BATEA Above Those of          VIII-8
    BPCTCA Air Transportation - Aircraft Rebuilding and
    Overhaul Operations

18. Estimated Costs of NSPS - Air Transporation                VIII-9
    Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul Operations

19. Estimated Costs of Pretreatment for Existing and New       VIII-10
    Sources Air Transportation - Aircraft Rebuilding
    and Overhaul Operations

20. Estimated Costs of BPCTCA Air Transortation                VIII-11
    Routine Maintenance Operations

21. Estimated Costs of BPCTCA Air Transportation               VIII-13
    Routine Maintenance and Washing

22. Estimated Costs of NSPS Air Transportation                 VIII-14
    Routine Maintenance and Washing Operations

23. Estimated Costs of Pretreatment for Existing and           VIII-15
    New Sources Air Transportation - Routine Maintenance
    and Washing Operations
                               FIGURES
Figure    Page

1.  Passenger and Cargo Haulage Increase, 1962 - 1972

2.  Industrial Waste Treatment System
III-8

VII-14
                              viii

-------
                              SECTION I                                5




                             CONCLUSIONS                               7









    The following major segments exist within the transportation       11




industry: (1) railroad transportation, (2) air transportation; ^3)     13




truck transportation, and (4) waterborne shipping.  This document      14




deals with the air transportation segment.






    For the purpose of developing effluent guidelines, this industry   16




lias been subcategorized according to the following principal           17




operations.                                                            18






    1.   Aircraft Ramp Service                                         22




    2.   Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                              23




         a.   Engine Operations                                        24




         b.   Airframe Operations (Exterior and Interior)              25




    3.   Aircraft Maintenance                                          26




         a.   Routine                                                  27




         b.   Washing                                                  28




    4.   Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance                        29




    5.   Fuel Storage Centers                                          30




    6.   Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                             31




    The most significant  industrial wastewater-producing activities    35




jLn  the air transportation industry are from the servicing,             36




maintaining, overhauling  and washing of aircraft  and  ground vehicles.  37




The largest volume source is from aircraft rebuilding and overhaul     38






                                1-1

-------
facilities and may well run over 1,900 m(3)/day (0.50+mgd).   Wastes    40




from this source require the most treatment.






    Oily wastes and suspended solids are almost always found in _this   43




industry's wastewaters.  Other constituents which present problems     44




are oxygen demanding materials, acids and alkalis and detergents.       45




Phenols are of concern in stripping and repainting operations,  and     46




are present in some cleaning solvents used.  Aircraft rebuilding and   48




overhaul centers have the added problem of removing heavy metals and   49




cyanides originating from metal plating operations.






    A_ review of the waste treatment methods in use demonstrates that   51




treatment is possible but efficient operation of the facilities        52




employed is very much dependent on proper maintenance and control,     53




good housekeeping practices, and reducing the water volumes used.       54






    Treatment  systems available for handling such wastewaters include  56




gravity oil separation, chemical emulsion breaking, coagulation,       57




^dissolved air  flotation, precipitation, biological treatment,          58




filtration or  carbon adsorption.  T^he handling of metal plating        60




wastes requires methods involving equalization, pH adjustment,         61




oxidation, or  reduction, chemical precipitation, and filtration.       62




Cyanide wastes are  destroyed by electrolytic decomposition  or          63




chemical oxidation.  Any of  these methods  can be included in best      64




practicable control technology currently available.                    65
                                 1-2

-------
    At installations where wastewater is low in volume,  pretreatment   67




and discharge to public owned treatment systems is desirable.           68






    Recycling of treated wastewaters for use in washing  and cooling    70




£urposes is considered economically achievable.                        71
                                 1-3

-------
                              ",•-."-• A P! >•"
                              •''1
                              SECTION II                                 6



                           RECOMMENDATIONS                             8







Best Practicable Control  Technology Currently Available                11





    Wastewater control  technology in the air transportation industry   13



^nvolves two equally  important aspects - source control and treatment  14



technology.





    Source Control                                                      16





    _I_t is recommended that:                                             18





    _!.    oils,  grease, jet  fuel _and solvents be kept separate ^rom   22



metal plating wastes;





    _2.   programs be  implemented in maintenance and overhaul  areas  to  24



prevent  the  occurrence of "routine" spills and leaks of fuel, lube     25



oil, hydraulic  fluids,  cleaning agents  (detergents and solvents)  and   26



paint strippers;





    ^3.   spent  concentrated cleaning solutions b_e reprocessed,          29



evaporated,  or  disposed of by means ^Dther than to wastewater  systems;    30





    4..   dry processes be used to  clean hangar floors  to  the  maximum   32



extent  possible.








                                                           NOTICE




                                                      ii,|c report Eind &r*- ***^  J
                                           inlorm3i*o^ in                •. (..r»v,t»r
                                  TT_1                      •- --~^i«»n and lUIUict

-------
    5^.   maintenance areas be  so Designed to contain the maximum       37

spill expected so that removal can  be accomplished without discharge   38

to the wastewater system;


    6^.    water requirements be reduced by eliminating continuous      41

streams for intermittent  use.


    Treatment Technology                                                43


    It is recommended, for discharge to surface waters, that:          45


    _!.   wastewater from  sources  of free oil (such as maintenance      47

Jiangars) be provided with a minimum of gravity separation before       49

discharge to surface waters or to private or municipal treatment

facilities;


    2_.   wastewater from  aircraft and ground vehicle maintenance       51

Complexes, including wash water and effluents from free oil "pre-      52

separators" be combined and provided with treatment equivalent to      53

Equalization, gravity  separation, emulsion-breaking, coagulation, air  55

flotation, and clarification;


    _3.   wastewater from  aircraft rebuilding and overhaul facilities,  57

which includes free and emulsified oily wastes, wash waters, paint     58

^trippings and metal plating wastes be provided with (1) treatment     59

Equivalent to gravity  separation, equalization, emulsion-breaking,     61

coagulation, air  flotation,  clarification and biological treatment     62

for wastes other  than  derived  from metal plating operations, and  (2)   63

                                                          NOTICE
                                 ll~2     These are  tentative rWJmmendations has..'! .ip-ui
                                          information in this report and are siil^rt  '-, .-'. : .'.-•
                                          based upon comments received and further i.i!-inaJ
                                                        review by EIJA.

-------
                           UKAFT
treatment equivalent to equalization,  me:als precipitation,  cyanide    64

destruction, rieutralization and filtration for metal plating wastes;    65


    _4.    treatment systems be provided with equalization and pH       67

adjustment, jsuitable sludge handling systems, treatment recycle        68

ability, and controlled discharge techniques;


    ^5.   pretreatment for acceptance into publicly owned treatment     70

systems include jDhysical-chemical systems to remove oil, metals,       71

cyanides, and any other incompatible constituents.                     72


    _6_.   sanitary wastes from terminal and other separate facilities   74

be provided with treatment equivalent to secondary levels consisting   75

of physical-biological methods when treated on location.               76


    Effluent Guidelines                                                78


    Recommended effluent loading limits  (monthly averages) per unit    80

of activity for discharge  to surface waters ^reflecting best            81

practicable control technology currently available are fisted in       82

Table 1.  Maximum daily loading limits should not exceed two times     83

the values  listed in Table 1.                                          84
                                                         NOTICE
                                         These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                 H_3     information in ihis report and ore subject lo ch^o
                                         based upon comments received and ii«t.»«-r ir.ta.n!
                                                       review by fcliJA.

-------
         DRAFT
-P rH ai
H O CO
 d£» O

2
                                      "
                                   •S g a <|
                                  , a « TJ a,
                                  g I-g >a
                                  is c B .— ^.
            II-4

-------
                              DRAFT
t     4
    Discharge of pretreated effluents from existing sources to         88

£ublicly owned treatment works should meet, for incompatible           89

£ollutants, the most restrictive of (1)  the above recommendations,      90

with respect to incompatible pollutants, except that credit may be     91

_taken for cases where the publicly owned treatment works is committed  92

by its permit to remove these pollutants, _£2) the pretreatment         94

regulations of Section 304(f) of the TWPC Act, or (4) the provisions   95

of Section 307(a) of the Act with ^espect to toxic substances          96

regulations.


Best Available Control Technology Economically Achievable              98


    Source Control                                                     100


    _It is recommended that:                                            102


    JL.   all control measures or their equivalent as described for     104

BPCTCA be followed as a minimum;                              '         105
                                                                                i

    2_,   treated wastewater  effluents from high volume sources be      107

reused where applicable for  washing purposes and as make-up water for  108

recycled cooling waters;


    ^.   uncontaminated surface runoff be segregated from treatment    110

^ystems.                                                               Ill


    Treatment Technology                                               113


    ^t is  recommended that:                                            115
                                                         NOTICE
                                II-5     These are tentative recommendations J>;-wl v"-.'.
                                         information in this report and are s«k,«:i-l  I" ' - /•
                                         bwcd upon comments rwe'ved ?»d l.n:i.-i » !•'"-.
                                                       review by LI'A.

-------
                              DRAF

    j:.   treatment measures as described for BPCTCA or their           117

equivalent be applied as a minimum;


    2^.   further reduction for removal of oxygen demanding and         119

phenolic wastes be attained through methods equivalent to chemical     120

£xidation or carbon adsorption.                                        121


    ^.   further reduction for removal of heavy metals from plating    122

operations be attained through techniques equivalent to deep bed or    123

multi media filtration.                                                124


    ji.    storage, pumping and plumbing devices be added to permit     125

^recycle of wash and treated effluent water in all activities to the    126

jextent possible.                                                       127


    _5.   pretreatment of incompatible wastes for acceptance in         129

publicly owned works be equivalent to that recommended for best        130

practicable control technology Currently available.                    131


    Effluent Guidelines                                                133


    Recommended effluent loading limits (monthly averages) per unit    135

of activity for discharge to surface waters reflecting best available  136

control technology economically achievable are listed in Table 2.      137

Maximum daily loading limits should not exceed two times the values    138

listed in Table 2.                                                     139
                                                          NOTICE
                                          These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                          information in this report and are subject to «-•!•• .-.^f^
                                          based upon comments received and further iuiuY>;-!
                                                        review by EPA.

-------
fH l-l P

Oi H ttf

Pi ro P
                                                •H 
-------
                                D5rr . ,v-,^,
                                -•Air £
    Affluents to be discharged  to  publicly owned works meet the        141

r_ecommended pretreatment  requirements for best practicable control     142

technology Currently available.                                         143


New Source Performance  and  Pretreatment Standards                      145


    It is recommended that  discharges from new sources in the air      147

transportation industry meet all source control, treatment             148

technology, and effluent  limit  recommendations for best available      149

control  technology economically achievable for discharges to surface   150

waters or to publicly owned treatment works, whichever is applicable.  151
                                                        NOTICE
                                        These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                  II_8  information in this report and are subject to CM.?nye
                                        based upon comments received and further intornd
                                                      review by EPA.

-------
                             SECTION III                               3




                            INTRODUCTION                               5









                      $%Purpose and Authority$%                        7




    faction 301 (b)  of the Act requires the achievement by not later   10




than July 1, 1977, of effluent limitations for point sources,  other    11




than publicly owned treatment works, which are based on the




application of the best practicable control technology currently       12




available as defined by the Administrator pursuant to Section 304 (b)  13




of the Act.  j>ection 301 (b) also requires the achievement by not      14




later than July 1, 1983, of effluent limitations ^or point sources,    15




other than publicly owned treatment works, which are based on the




application of the b_est available technology economically achievable   16




which will result in reasonable further progress toward the national   17




goal of eliminating the discharge of all pollutants, as determined _in  18




accordance with regulations issued by the Administrator pursuant to




Section 304  (b) of the Act.




    Section  306 of the Act requires the achievement by new sources of  20




a Federal standard of performance p_roviding for the control of the     21




discharge of pollutants which reflects  the greatest degree of




effluent Deduction which the Administrator determines  to be            22




achievable  through the application  of the b_est available demonstrated  23




control technology, processes, operating methods, or other
                               III-l

-------
alternatives, Deluding, where practicable, a standard permitting no   24




discharge of pollutants.




    Section 304 (b) required the Administrator to publish within one   26




year of enactment of the Act, regulations providing guidelines for     27




effluent limitations setting forth the degree £f effluent reduction    28




attainable through the application of the best practicable control     29




technology currently available and the degree of effluent reduction    30




attainable through the application of the best control measures and




practices achievable including Jrreatment techniques, process and       31




procedure innovations, operation methods and other alternatives.  The  33




regulations proposed herein set forth effluent limitations guidelines




pursuant to Section 304 (b) of the Act for the air transportation      34




segment of the transportation £ategory of point sources.               35




    jSection 306 of the Act requires the Administrator, within one      37




year after a category of sources is included in a list published       38




pursuant _to Section 306 (b) (1) (A) of the Act, to propose             39




regulations establishing Federal standards of performance for new      40




sources within such categories.  The Administrator published in the    41




Federal Register of January 16, 1973, (38 F.R. 1624), a list of 27




source £ategories.  Proposed standards of performance for new sources  43




within the air transportation segment of the transportation industry   44



are included herein.
                                III-2

-------
_$%Summary of Methods Used for Development of Effluent Limitations$%    47
j?%Guidelines$%                                                         48

    TOT purposes of development of transportation industry effluent    52

limitations guidelines the industry was divided into the categories    53

of railroad transportation, air transportation, highway                54

transportation, and waterborne shipping.  Contacts were established    55

with trade associations representing broad segments of each of the     56

categories.  These associations provided contacts for industrial       57

information-gathering visits.  They also provided guidance, liaison,   59

and review functions throughout the guidelines development.

    j^ach of the four transportation categories was subcategorized      61

into distinct activities  (over-the-road hauling, maintenance and       62

repair, washing, etc.).   The waste water potential of each of the      63

activities was examined to determine characteristic flows and waste

constituents.  The waste  water constituents which should be subject    64

to effluent limitations were then identified.

    Control and treatment technologies  for each of the activities      66

were identified, including both source  control and treatment systems.  67

This included a determination of the effluent  levels of various        68

constituents resulting from  the application of such technologies.      69

The problems, reliability, and limitations of  each and the required    70

implementation  time were  also identified.  Environmental  impact,       71

other  than water quality, including energy requirements, was

Identified as well as  the cost of application  of  each technology.      72
                                 III-3

-------
    The information,  as outlined above,  was evaluated to determine     74




the levels of technology constituting Jthe "best practicable control    75-




technology currently available" and the  "best available technology




economically achievable." Various factors were considered,  including   77




the total cost of application of technology in relation to  the




effluent reduction benefits to be achieved, the age of equipment and   78




facilities, ^he engineering aspects of the application of a            79




technology, and environmental impact, including energy requirements.






Data Base                                                              81






    Several of the Environmental Protection Agency Regional Officers   83




provided Refuse Act permit application data for facilities within      84




      respective regions.  The data was  of limited value.              86
    Data were requested from various airlines through the Air          88




Transport Association of America.  Of those airlines where contacts    90




were made, information was provided cm materials used, operations      91




conducted, wastewater flows, the type of treatment, methods employed   92




and the numbers of units handled at ^ach site.  Information was        94




obtained on a total of 8 airlines.  Reports obtained from other        95




sources provided information on other airlines.






    Data were also requested from major airports through the Airport   97




Operators Council International.  Information was obtained from a few  99




airports describing the operations Carried out, wastewater flows and   100




constituents, and the types of jtreatment used.  As of writing seven    102







                                III-4

-------
airline facilities and five airport facilities were visited to gain    103




first-hand knowledge of operations and activities.






    Very little information directly describing air transportation     105




wastewater problems was found in a literature search.  However a       1C7




review of books, reports and journals on waste treatment technology    108




did provide important information on treatment systems Applicable to   109




the air transportation industry.






     $%General Description of the Air Transportation Industry$%        111




    T_he air transportation industry, as here considered, includes      114




chartered and common carriers for passenger and freight, and terminal




facilities which may discharge industrial wastes to surface waters.    115






    Air transportation is a rapidly growing segment of commercial      117




transportation.  Table 3 presents  the growth in numbers of aircraft    118




in use for the  period  1962 to 1972.  Total numbers of air  carrier      119




craft have increased 27% with turbine or jet-powered aircraft




steadily  replacing  piston-engine _types.  The number  of general         121




aviation  aircraft  in use has increased by 60%.






    Because larger  and faster aircraft have been introduced  into       123




service,  available  passenger miles have  increased  more  than  three      124




times  in  the  10-year period  (1962  to  1972) and available cargo  ton-




miles have increased by four times.
                                 III-5

-------
                             TABLE 3
           Active Aircraft in  the Civil Aviation Fleet

Air Carrier
Piston
Turbine
Rotorcraf t
Total
% of Total
General Aviation
Piston
Turbine
Rotorcraf t
Other
Total
7, of Total
Total
1962

1,164
647
20
1,831
2.1

82,434
213
967
507
84,121
97.9
85,952
1967

456
1,718
22
2,196
1.9

109,910
1,281
1,899
1,096
114,186
98.1
116,380
1971

60
2,315
14
2,389
1.8

124,628
2,483
2,352
1,685
131,148
98.2
133,537
1972

63
2,249
14
2,326
1.7

128,900
2,800
2,500
1,800
136,000
98.3
138,326

11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
(E) 33
35
37
(E)  Estimated                                                         39
                               III-6

-------
                               nv~S % T^T1
                            i  i •-  i •' M 5-
                            ^-.-»,ni.i  .'„
    Use of available passenger miles and cargo ton-miles has been      126



fairly consistent at about 50% of the potential,  figure 1             127



illustrates the increase in passenger and cargo haulage since 1962.



T_he airline industry now transports more passengers than any other     128

                                                                          *t

form of commercial transportation and has been increasing jits share    ]29



yearly.





    T_able 4 presents some pertinent statistics for U.S. scheduled      131



airlines in 1972.  _They experienced a net loss in income in 1970 but   132



have recovered in 1972.  The return on investment of 4.9% was,         133



nevertheless, still considerably less than the 12% which the Civil



Aeronautics Board considers fair and reasonable.                       134





    There has also been an increase of 50% in  the number of airports   136



since  1962  (Table 5) according to "Air Transport 1973" by the Air      137



Transport Association,  ^However, the number  of  airports receiving      138



scheduled service has  declined about 15%  through consolidation  of      139



operations.  The Federal Aviation Administration  (FAA)  listed 581      140



certificated airports  in August  1973, 110 more than  listed  in Table



4.  Apparently the  difference  lies  in those  x^hich are  permitted to     141



have  scheduled service and those which actually jreceive it.             142
                                II I-7

-------
IL(y\

-------
DRAFT
TABLE 4


STATISTICAL HIGHLIGHTS - U.S. SCHEDULED AIRLINES
(1972)
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Net investment (property and equipment)
Number of aircraft
Aircraft Added in 1972
TRAFFIC
Revenue Passenger-Miles
Freight Ton-Miles
Revenue per passenger mile
Revenue per ton-mile
Average length of haul (miles)
FINANCIAL RESULTS
Operating Revenue
Operating Expenses
Net Operating Income
Rate of Return on Investment
EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES
Average number of employees
Total Payroll
Average yearly wages
TABLE 5
Total U. S. Airports, FAA Control


$ 14,286,535
2


152,406,276
5,495,072
6
21


$ 11,203,271
$ 10,609,190
$ 594,081


301
$ 4,192,081
$13

Towers and


,000
,326
101

,000
,000
.420
.52c
796

,000
,000
,000
4.9%

,127
,000
,918


Points Receiving Scheduled Airline Service

1962 1967
Total Airports on
Record with FAA 8,084 10,126
Total FAA Control
Towers 270 313
Points Receiving Scheduled
Airline Service 569 525
(Certificated Airports)
III-9

1971

12,070

346

479



1972

12,106

352

471


147
149
151
155
156
157
158
160
161
162
163
164
165
167
168
169
170
171
173
174
175
176
3
5
6
9
10
12
13
15
16
18
19
20


-------
    The FAA classifies airports into three categories: (1) the         181




Primary System enplaning more _than 1,000,000 passengers annually; (2)  1W




the Secondary System enplaning 50,000 to 1,000,000; jind (3) the        183




Feeder System enplaning less than 50,000 passengers annually.  T_he     184




FAA's "1972 National Airport System Plan" shows 44 airports in the




first category, 416 in the second and 2,522 in the third.  The         186




primary system generally handles the largest planes and most aircraft




rebuilding centers and large maintenance operations are found at the   187




airports ^comprising this system.                                       188






     $%Comparison with Other Transportation Industry  Sep,ments$%        19]




    Table 6 lists freight and passenger haulage statistics for the     194




various carriers for the period 1966 through 1972.                     195






    In 1972, the airline industry accounted for more  than  75% of the   197




total passenger miles recorded.  Although air freight still            198




represented only a small fraction of the total tonnage hauled, the




rate of jLncrease had almost doubled in  the past seven years.           199






    T_able 7 lists the estimated energy  consumed by various freight     201




carriers for the period 1966-1973.  There was about a 22%  combined     203




increase in energy used but only a 14%  increase in  tonnage hauled




(Table 6) .  T^his resulted because the bulk of the  Increase in the      204




transportation of freight was moved by  trucks, pipelines,  and          205




aircraft, all of which have higher energy requirements.   R_ail and      206
                                111-10

-------
                               TABLE 6
                 TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS 1966-1972
                           Freight Hauled1             % of
                       (Billions of Ton Miles)        Total

Type of
$%Carrier  1966  1967  1968  1969  1970  1971  1972   1972$%
                                                             219
                                                             220
                                                             222
                                                             223

                                                             225
                                                             226
Rail       757

Truck      396

Pipeline   332

Barge
Great
Lakes
Vessels

Air

Total
 158


 115
731   755   780   773   774   781   38.9

389   415   404   412   422   443   22.0

361   397   411   431   444   462   23.0

                                    10.7
167   176   185   190   205   215


109   106   115   116   104   103
                                     5.1
   2.9    3.4   4.2   4.7   5.0   5.1   5.5  0.3

1761   1760  1853  1900  1927  1954  2010  100.0
229

231

233

235

238
239
240

243

245
Auto

Private
 Air
 880
 N.A.
 Commercial
 Air        80
 Bus

 Rail

 Water

 Total
  25

  17

   3.3
       Passengers Carried
  (billions of passenger-miles)

890   931   977  1027  1071  1125   84.7


        8.1   9    10     9.2  10.1  0.8
 10
 99   114   125   132   136   152   11.5

 24.9  24.5  26    25    25.5  25.7  1.9

 15.2  13.1  12.1  10.7  10    10.5  0.8

   4.0    3.5   4     4     4     4    0.3
1005   1043  1094  1153  1208  1256  1327
                                     100.0
248
249

251

253
254

256
257

259

261

263

265
                                 III-ll

-------
                               TABLE 7                                 268

       ESTIMATED ENERGY USED IN MOVING FREIGHT (BTU x 10(12))           270

                                                                 %     274
                                                              Increase  27
Type of
Carrier
Rail
Truck
Pipeline
Barge
Lakes
Air
]966
568
950
614
79
57
183
1967
548
934
668
83
54
214
1968
566
996
734
88
53
265
1969
585
970
760
92
57
296
1970
580
989
797
95
58
315
1971
581
1013
821
102
52
321
1972
586
1063
854
108
51
346
(Decrease) 276
1966-72 277
278
3.2 281
11.9 282
39.1 283
36.7 284
(10.5) 285
89.1 286
Total      2451   2501   2702   2760   2834   2890   3008      22.7    287
Note:  BTU calculated at 750 BTU/ton-mile for railroads, 2400 for      291
       trucks, 1850 for pipelines, 500 for barge and lakes, and        292
       63,000 for air.  Source "Energy in the Trans-                   293
       portation Sector" by William E. Mooz, Rand Corporation.         294
water transportation vehicles are particularly efficient users of      206

fuel; pipelines and trucks are the next best, and air freight          207

carriers trail far behind.  Except for air transport, the diesel       208

engine is the main propulsion unit in all commercial vehicles.


    The average cost of shipping freight is about 1.4c/ton-mile by     210

water, 1.6
-------
                             SECTION IV                                7




                       INDUSTRY CATEGORIZATION                         9









                          $%Introduction$%                             13









    The air transportation segment of the transportation industry      18




includes establishments engaged _in furnishing domestic and foreign     19




air transportation and those that jrperate airports and terminals.      20






    T_he industry is grouped In Standard Industrial Classification      22




code categories 4511 Air Transportation, Certificated Carriers; 4521,  23




Air Transportation, Noncertificated Carriers; and fixed facilities




and services related to air transportation under SIC codes 4582,       24




Airports and Flying Fields; and 4583, Airport Terminal Services.       25






    Affluent limitations and standards are developed for SIC           27




categories 4582 and 4583, the £rime source of pollutants.  J5IC         29




categories 4511 and 4521 cover activities engaged in the




transportation of  passengers between points.  jSince there is no waste  30




discharge during flight, a.ny wastes generated are disposed of  at       31




terminal point _locations classified under SIC codes 4582 and 4583.      32






             $%Development of Industry  Subcategorization$%               35




    For guidelines development  the  industry  has been Categorized        39




according  to the following  operational activities:
                                 IV-1

-------
    1.    Aircraft R.amp Service                                         44




    2.    Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                              46




         a.    Engine Operations                                        48




         b.    Airframe Operations                                      50




    3.    Aircraft Maintenance                                          52




         a.    Routine                                                  54




         b.    Washing                                                  56




    4.    Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance                        58




    5.    Fuel Storage Centers                                          60




    6.    Terminal and Related Facilities                               62




    One other activity conducted at airports is the washing of         67




vehicles owned by rental car agencies,  guidelines for effluent        69




limitations for this activity are thoroughly Discussed in the          70




development document for proposed effluent limitations for the auto    71




and other laundries industry.






Aircraft Ramp Service                                                  73






    This operation consists of refueling the aircraft, removing        75




various types of wastes, ^replenishing water and other supplies,        76




inspecting and servicing aircraft preparatory to flight, jind some      77




minor maintenance and repair.  These services are normally performed   78




outside in the areas in which the cargo or passengers are to be




loaded o»r unloaded.  The largest service areas are the passenger       80




terminal complex and the cargo  terminals.
                                IV-2

-------
Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                                       82






    Airline companies have established their home maintenance base     85




facilities at large airports.  These bases are equipped to overhaul    87




or rebuild virtually an entire aircraft.  Generally these facilities   89




operate on three shifts, five days per week, and Contain plating,      90




parts cleaning, painting, machine, upholstering, and other repair




shops.






    These facilities are the principal sources of industrial wastes    92




requiring ^reatment.  jFor this reason the activities conducted are     94




described in detail.                                                   95






    Engine Operations                                                  97






    Aircraft engines, both jet and prop  type, are totally              99




disassembled,  overhauled and rebuilt at  these specialized facilities.  100




A_s  the  first step,  detergent-water solutions are used  to remove        102




accumulated carbon  deposits  and  dirt.  The  engine is then              103




disassembled,  and the  components are cleaned in various alkaline,



acidic,  or organic  solvent-type  baths;  some of  them then go  through a  104




metal plating  process.






    Most large airline companies do all  of  their own metal jalating,   107




but the smaller companies have  this done under  contract, particularly




when  large Components  are  involved.  Plating operations generally     109




 include alkaline cleaning,  acid  dipping, electroplating, rinsing,  and  110
                                 IV-3

-------
drying.  Cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc are the      111




metals primarily used.  ISngine overhaul is a closely controlled        113




operation in which all parts are inspected jind checked for structural  114




stress-strain soundness before being reassembled.  _Engines are then    115




subjected to firing and load tests before being returned to service.






    Airframe Operations (Exterior and Interior)                        117






    Major work includes overhauling and rebuilding such components a.s  120




airframes and their operating mechanisms, landing gear and wheel




units, air conditioning and heating equipment, and instrument,




hydraulic, and jlectrical systems.  Parts are cleaned with solvents    122




and alkaline or acidic solutions, sometimes under pressure.  Metal     123




plating operations are similar to those carried out in engine




overhauling activities.  Operating and structural components are       125




inspected and tested for wear, corrosion, and metal fatigue.  Usable   127




and replated parts are then installed in the aircraft.






    Anterior operations include  the redecorating of cabins, ^repairing  130




fabrics and replacing seats, ^nd general cleaning and servicing.       131






    Paint stripping and repainting are included within airframe        133




overhaul operations,  ^pme airlines use baked-on decals rather than    134




paint, while others paint  a^ major part of  the aircraft.  Most          136




painting work is  conducted inside hangars where better Control over    137




the activity can  be maintained.  Mrcraft  are scheduled for painting   138




approximately every six years.   ]?or most airlines, major work          139






                                 IV-4

-------
                           DRAFT
includes the  painting of component areas, such as wheel wells,         140



landing gear,  and  fuselage undersides.





    Because of the extent and nature of the wastes generated _in  these  143



operations, the wastewater is generally given physical/chemical        144



treatment before being  discharged into surface waters or  into          145



municipal or  airport based sewer systems.                             146




Aircraft Maintenance                                                 148




    Routine                                                          150




    Maintenance work on aircraft is normally performed in hangars.     152



The degree of maintenance or repair that is performed varies with the  153



particular airline's facilities, j:he  availability of hangar space to  154



accommodate various sizes of aircraft and the work required.



Maintenance generally involves making minor repairs, such as           155



replacing hydraulic lines,  changing,  wheels or tires, replacing        156
                                              \

engines or partially overhauling them, Cleaning  interiors, and spot    157



painting.




    Washing                                                           159




    Mrcraf t washing is riormally a scheduled  operation vjhich involves  163



the following: pressure spraying with cleaning agents, brushing with   165



an alkaline water base type cleaner,  jind hosing  down with hot £r cold  167



water.  Any  corrosive substances  observed  on  the aircraft between      169



washings  are  immediately removed using strong solvents.




                                IV-5

-------
    Washing is normally done at specified ^Locations in or adjacent to  173


hangars; one to 20 aircraft may be washed each week.  At some          174


airports, the wastewaters are permitted to J[low directly into          175


sanitary sewer systems.




Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance                                 177




    The maintenance of  ground vehicles, trucks, tractors, _tows and    180


other automotive type equipment used to move, repair and service       181
                              *

aircraft _is a significant factor in each airline's operation.  Nearly  183


all airlines have a fully equipped and staffed shop where ground


vehicles can be completely overhauled, serviced, and spray painted.    184


^n addition, engine and parts are often steam cleaned outside the      185


shop area.  Many shops have tanks in which solvents are used to clean  186


parts and remove grease.




Fuel Storage Centers                                                   188




    I?uel is stored in underground or surface tanks jremote from         191


terminals, hangars, and heavy  traffic areas.  Oil companies  located    192


at airports which furnish fuel to the airlines can be a source of      194


^accidental spills.  Fuel is put into and removed from the tanks by     196


pipeline or trucks, and have the greater spill potential.  Above-      198


ground  tanks are usually diked in to cipntain the fuel if  the tanks     199


rupture, are overfilled, or if a fire breaks out.  Fuel storage        201


facilities are generally kept  clean of  ignitable materials to meet


safety  and fire regulations.




                                IV-6

-------
Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                                      203






    A.ir terminals are the leading source of sanitary wastes.           206




Commercial  firms in or near terminal buildings, such as jiirline       208




offices, car rental agencies, restaurants, banks, postal facilities,




_service companies, and air freight handling centers contribute to the  210




sanitary waste volume generated.  Most airports discharge these        211




wastes  to regional or municipal treatment plants.
                                 IV-7

-------
                              DRAFT
                             SECTION V                               6




                      WASTE CHARACTERIZATION                         8









                              General                                10









    The industrial wastewater generated at airports  result from the    13




operations  described in Section IV, but the volume produced is not     14




determined  solely by the ^ize of an airport.  ¥pr example, relatively  16




few public  airports have complete maintenance and overhaul




establishments, _therefore, the complex waste loads associated with     17




such as metal plating, engine overhaul, stripping and painting, and    18




washing are not present.  At feeder system airports, the waste load    19




is primarily derived from servicing aircraft and performing limited    20




maintenance work.  jJmall airports having no public service or          21




scheduled flights are primarily operated and owned by individuals,




businesses, or private groups and have minimal or no industrial waste  22




discharges.






                      Wastewater Constituents                        25




    Constituents  that are most likely to be found in wastewater        28




discharges  ^rom airport operations are listed in Table 8.  The         30




greatest variety  is  from aircraft rebuilding and overhaul, aircraft    31




maintenance, and  ground vehicle service jand maintenance operations.    32
                                V-l

-------
DRAFT
ON ^ji f w FO i— '
^i-ahjjgcoQo'p > a" p P > co >
P fl> P p CD 4 • • H- • • B h" (T> H-
O 4  H' 4 O 4 P- 4 4 4
H'B H B  H o <$ o
1— ' H- d- H' B P O H Ht^'OH' B O4 H-4

ct- p d- B fl> B* d~ Hj d-d-4Hj H- (DHj (DM)
H-H O P < H- H' rr fDO)p4 B 4cf- d-
cnp p OBB'CKI rt> gH'H'H'B Pfcd W

pj{D O H-44B ^HCj" 3
H B 	 w 0) si! >d
WO 0) d" P 4 H-
ft) Ct) fP B P h- '
H B B PJ d- PJ
p d- p H- P-
d~ m B OB
(D 4 O B Oq
pj w (D m

XXX XX




XX XXX XX X






X XXX XX







XXX ' XX






XX XXX XX X










XX XXX XX








X XXX XX X






xxx xx


*


xxx xx




xxx xx





XXX XX



X




CO
n

o
H3

1
Cfl
d-
("D









!p> !j>
P 0
^il
V-
VI O
4
P (D O
d- B W
(D P <
d-
w
^
0
w
B^
S-
CD

CO
CO £
o w

H- CD
PJ 3
ra PJ
(D
PJ

o
H'
CO m
O w
H 0
H- H1
p, <;
W PJ


cp o
4 H'
fD H

D] p
(D B
PJ

CO O
O 4
H Oq

-------
                                                                       34
 Ajrcrpft  Samp  Service
    Wastes originating from this operation may consist of oil that     36



JLeaks from ground vehicles, aircraft engines, and hydraulic systems    37



^especially landing gear), and spills that occur when engine oils,     38



£uel, fresh and service water, hydraulic fluids, and sanitary          39



_chemicals are added.  jThere are occasional spills from the             41



connections which drain sanitary waste from the aircraft.  While the   43



effect of each source is relatively minor, the combined effects may    44



be significant, especially during heavy rains, if they are not



cleaned up immediately.                                                45




    Most fuel spills result from overfilling or "topping out"          47



aircraft fuel tanks,  At some airports, fuel spills are rare, but      48



they may occur daily at others.  Observance of fueling operations      49



indicates this problem can be averted,  granular products are used to  50



absorb the fuel, jand residual material either evaporates or is         51



flushed away with water.





    inspections made of passenger terminal and cargo service areas     53



indicated that the  amount of contaminants present on the surface       54



varied more in proportion  to the housekeeping effort made than  to  the



amount of activity  carried out.  Many areas are cleaned by vacuum      55



scrubber units or contaminants are  flushed off to drains.  Generally,  56



airport regulations require that all spills be cleaned up



immediately.  Normally, aircraft servicing should not be a             57
                                 V-3

-------
significant source of industrial wastewater.   Wastewater constituents  58

can include suspended solids, oil and grease, and oxygen demanding     59

materials.


Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                                       61
                                                i

    The amount of water used varies widely among airline rebuilding    63

and overhaul bases.  Flows range from 77,500 liters (20,000 gallons)   64

per day for small works to over 194,000 liters (500,000 gallons) per   65

day for large installations.  Approximately one-half of the water is   66

used in metal plating work and the ^remainder in cleaning engine and    67

aircraft  components.


    Engine Operations                                                  69


    ^olvents, degreasers, and detergents are used to clean carbon,     71

metal  oxides, £ils,  and other contaminants from engine  components,     72

oil coolers, oil  tanks, engine housings, fuel systems,  etc.  Most of   74

these  chemicals are  used  until spent.   In some instances, solvents     75

are distilled and reused.  ()il and  solvent contaminants are found      76

both in  the  free  and emulsified  state.  Concentrated drain oils,       78

sludges,  and used solvents from  engine  overhaul work jand similar       79

materials trapped in floor drain sump units  are  generally put  into

holding  tanks.  They are  disposed of separately  and not sent  through  80

 treatment jsystems.   Wastewater overflow and  runoff  from the shop       82

 areas  requires  treatment  because it contains free  and jjmulsified  oil,  83
                                 V-4

-------
solids,  detergents,  acids,  alkalis,  heavy metals, phenols, and oxygen  84




demanding materials.






    £ther wastes produced in this operation originate from the use of  86




rinse waters and occasional batch dumping of chromium, copper,         87




nickel,  _silver, cadmium plating, and stripping tanks.  The wastewater  89




generally contains:  (1) cyanide-alkaline wastes resulting from zinc




and Cadmium plating operations; (2)  chromium-acid type wastes          90




generated in plating, cleaning, anodizing and alodining operations;    91




and (3)  miscellaneous ^icid-alkaline wastes resulting from acid and     92




alkali dips, metal pickling, and rinsing operations.  ^Drag over" of   94




plating solutions to the rinse  tanks contributes to  these waste




discharges.  Ilinse water volume and continuous flow  are other          95




factors.  The wastewater originating from engine overhaul represents   96




approximately 60% of the total  daily flow from rebuilding and          97




overhaul operations.  Flows may range from 575,000 liters (152,000     98




gallons) to 1,703,325 liters (450,000 gallons) per day.                99






    Airframe Operations  (Exterior and Interior)                        101






    The removal of  carbon, oxidized metal, surface scaling, etc.       103




_from airframes, landing  gears,  and other components  requires  large     104




amounts of water, detergents,  and solvents.  (Considerable water use    106




is  also used in metal plating  operations.  Wastewaters from these      107




activities contain  the same types of constituents as those
                                V-5

-------
found in the ejigine rebuilding a_nd overhaul operations and are         109




disposed of in same manner.






     Very small amounts of water are used to wash interior surfaces.    Ill




Waste constituents generally consist of alkaline materials,            112




detergents, ^uspended solids, and oxygen demanding materials.          113






     Wastewater from paint stripping and painting activities Contain    116




concentrations of phenols, suspended solids, acids, alkalis,




detergents, oil and grease, heavy metals, and oxygen demanding         117




materials.  Ikilk stripping wastes are caught in troughs suspended      119




under the fuselage and ^n plastic sheets spread under the wings to     120




keep as much of this material out of the wastewater as possible.       121






     The wastewater flow from airframe overhauling constitutes          123




approximately 40% of the total daily flow from rebuilding and          124




overhauling operations.  Flows range from 382,000  liters  (101,000      125




gallons)  to 1,135,500  liters  (300,000 gallons) per day.






Aircraft  Maintenance                                                    129






     Routine                                                            131






     Wastewaters  generated by this  activity are  similar ^p  those        134




derived  from  aircraft  rebuilding  and overhauling  operations, but,  the 135




volumes  are much  smaller.  They do  not  contain wastes ^rom  metal       137




plating  operations  and have  few wastes  resulting  from minor painting  138
                                 V-tj

-------
and engine and aircraft maintenance activities.  Flows are on the      139




order of 3,800 to 7,600 liters (1,000 to 2,000 gallons) per day.






     generally, the wastewater contains oils, lubricants, solids,       141




solvents, alkalis, detergents, and oxygen demand materials.            142






     Washing                                                            144






     Washing is conducted inside and outside hangars at designated      147




locations.  S^ome airlines v;ash one or two aircraft a week, others as   149




many as 20.  These wastes consist of a mixture of alkalis,             150




detergents, oil, carbon deposits, hydraulic fluids, fuels and other    151




solids.  The amount of water used ranges from approximately 11,400 to  152




45,400 liters  (3,000 to 12,000 gallons) per aircraft, depending upon   153




aircraft size  and water control.  Various detergents are used and the  154




preparations vary from concentrated solutions f^or small corroded       155




areas to diluted mixtures for general washing.






Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance                                 157






     The wastewater produced can include crankcase oil, dissolved       159




greases, solvents, cleaning compounds, and paint j^ludges.  Some steam  161




cleaning, maintenance, and parking areas observed were covered with




oil  and  grease as a result of leaks and spills.






     The materials used in these operations  include some of the         163




chemicals employed in aircraft overhaul and maintenance activities.    164




Wastewaters are generally low in volume but  can contain                165
                               V-7

-------
concentrations of oily materials,  suspended solids,  detergents,         166




alkalis, and acids.  .Estimated water use is between 3,800 to 7,600     167




liters (1,000 to 2,000 gallons) per day.






Fuel Storage Centers                                                   170






    Very few wastes are produced at these sites because safety         172




precautions require good housekeeping practices _to avoid fires and     173




explosions.  At the locations observed, fuel spillage was nil, and     174




only minimal amounts of crankcase oil drippings or grease from fuel




_trucks had collected on paved surface areas.  A.t some fuel centers,    176




fuel is pumped to and from the storage facilities by pipelines,  which




rarely rupture.  Normally, above-ground fuel storage tanks have        177




earthen or concrete dikes built around them to hold fuel if a tank




ruptures or is overfilled.  As a result of control maintained at fuel  178




centers, runoff during dry or wet weather is a minimal source of




pollution.  Possible wastewater contaminants are suspended solids,     179




oil and grease, and oxygen demanding materials.                        180






Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                                      182






    Wastes associated with activities conducted at these facilities    184




are derived from food preparation and disposal, floor and equipment    185




cleaning, domestic wastes, and solid wastes from packaging materials.




The waste constituents present are BOD, suspended solids, detergents   186




and bacteria.                                                          187
                                V-8

-------
    J5anitary waste flows from terminal facilities, airplanes,  |       189




aircraft maintenance locations, and other operations are often dhe




j^argest waste discharge from airports.  These wastes may be treated    191




separately or combined with pretreated industrial wastes and           192




discharged to municipal systems.  I)ata on sanitary flow volumes are    193




difficult to obtain if airport wastes are processed by a municipal




treatment systems.  One major airport that treats its own sanitary     194




waste has an approximate flow of 3,028 m(3)/day  (0.8 mgd); _the plant   195




used was designed to handle a 8,327 m(3)/day  (2.2 mgd) average flow.






                           Raw Waste Loads                             198




    The pollutional constituents found in industrial wastewaters       201




generated at airport complexes vary widely in volume and in            202




concentration.  fl[o analysis is generally made of the raw wastewater    203




but only of the treated Affluent.  Data that  was obtained on  raw       205




wastewater constituent concentrations is limited.  Table 9 has been    206




developed to illustrate estimated raw waste loads per unit of         207




activity within the industry categories.  The waste constituents  of    208




interest are solids, oil and grease, phenols, jcyanides, heavy metals,  209



pH and oxygen demanding materials.                                     210
                                 V-9

-------

 i|


HU?
-o\ m
 1^0
                DRAFT
                   8 8
                     t-  r-l
                     VD  O
O O  O d
                          E~- T3




                          ™ §
cr

rv
                      •P 0)
                      ^H H
                      Id -H
                      fn -P

                      P ?
                 7-10

-------
                             SECTION VI                                5




                        POLLUTANT PARAMETERS                           7









    The significant wastewater constituents discussed in Section V     11




j^orm the basis for selecting control parameters for each activity      12




Carried out.  I_n many cases, the removal of one constituent            14




eliminates another, and J:his, in turn, reduces monitoring              15




requirements.  The following discussion presents the rationale for     16




selecting and rejecting control parameters.                            17






Aircraft Ramp Service                                                  19






                     Selected Control Parameters                       22




    The waste constituents  selected as control parameters are:         25






         1.   oil and grease                                           28




         2.   suspended solids                                         29




    Jet fuels, hydraulic  leaks and drippings from aircraft and ground  32




vehicles jsroduce oily wastes and suspended  solids.  Practicable        34




treatment is gravity separation of oil and  suspended solids, ^hus      35




their  concentration should  be monitored.






            Constituents Not Selected As Control Parameters             37




    The waste constituents  present but not  included as  control         40




parameters  are:                                                        41






         1.   oxygen demanding materials  (BOD  and COD)                 44
                                 VI-1

-------
    The primary source of BOD and COD is from the materials stated     48




above.  I/ the latter are removed and the wastewater effluent is       49




monitored, there is no need to use BOD and COD as control parameters.  51






Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                                       54




    Because of the nature of the work and the materials used in        57




aircraft rebuilding and overhauling operations, the wastewater         58




generated is _the largest in volume and contains the highest number of  59




waste constituents requiring treatment,  ^n some cases, a series of    61




treatment methods may have to be employed, while in others, simpler    62




treatment schemes and fewer control parameters can be involved.  For   64




example,  if metal plating operations are not conducted, control




2arameters may be limited to oil and grease, BOD, COD, suspended       65




solids, _p_H, and phenols.                                               66






                     Selected Control Parameters                       70




    The parameters selected for  control are:                           72






          1.    pH                                                       75




          2.    COD or BOD                                               76




          3.    suspended  solids                                         77




          4.    oil and  grease                                           78




          5.    phenols                                                  79




          6.    cyanides                                                80




          7.    cadmium                                                 81




          8.    chromium                                                82
                                 VI-2

-------
         9.    copper                                                   83




         10.  lead                                                     84




         11.  nickel                                                   85




         12.  zinc                                                     86




    Oil, suspended solids, acids and alkalis are concentrated in the   92




wastewater,  whose pH may range from 2.0 to 12.  This spread exists     95




because there are continuing fluctuations in the Amounts and           96




concentrations of the constituents contributed by £arts cleaning and   97




paint stripping activities.  Emulsified oil and grease, paint          98




strippings,  dirt and chemical floes appear as suspended solids,  and    100




the first steps in treatment are directed in controlling them.  £11,   101




suspended solids and pH must, therefore, be monitored to determine     102




the degree of treatment efficiency achieved.






    Large amounts of oxygen demanding materials are generally present  104




and must be r_emoved, possibly by providing Mological treatment in     106




addition to physical-chemical methods.  The ratio of COD to BOD is     108




high primarily because the complex organic chemicals present degrade




slowly.  COD is the preferred control parameter because of its         109




shorter Analysis time and thus quicker operator response to greatly    110




varying jtreatment conditions, and its use as an indicator of the       111




removal of  complex organics, many of which can be toxic to aquatic     112




life,  ^olvents containing phenols are used in removing paint and      113




cleaning jjngine and airframe components.  Because of their             115
                                VI-3

-------
prevalence, potential toxicity, and taste and odor effects phenols     116




must also be monitored.






    Cyanides are generated in the metal plating operations.  Cyanide   119




baths are used to control plating rates of metal ions, such as zinc    120




and cadmium, which are electro-deposited on ferrous metals.  Drag-     122




over of the plating solution containing cyanide ions and metal




Cyanide complexes contaminates rinsing baths and should be _treated.    124






    The heavy metal plating wastes listed above are generated during   127




engine overhaul and airframe refinishing activities and entirely




Different and complex waste streams result.  The wastes can be acidic  129




or alkaline  (depending on the  type of plating operations performed),   130




and they should be given separate  treatment.  Because of their         131




potential  toxicity, cyanide and  the metals of cadmium, Chromium,       132




copper, lead, nickel,  and zinc must be included in control




parameters.






Constituents Not Selected As Control Parameters                        134






    Tlie waste constituents present but not included as control         136




parameters  are:                                                        137






          1.   dissolved  solids                                        140




          2.   detergents                                               141




          3.   phosphates                                               142




    Dissolved solids  are  not  included  as a control parameter  because  143
                                 VI-4

-------
it is impracticable to remove them.  Detergents and phosphorus are     146




reduced by physical-chemical treatment jjiven other materials.          14






Aircraft Maintenance                                                   14






    Routine                                                            151






                     Selected Control Parameters                       153




    This activity is a small source of _oily wastewaters.               157






    The control parameters of concern are:                             159






         1.   oil and grease                                           162




         2.   suspended solids                                         163




         3.   pH                                                       164




    The principal waste constituents originating from general          169




maintenance operations are oil and suspended solids,  ^cid and         171




alkaline detergents used to emulsify the oil may result jLn the         172




wastewater having a high or low pH.  I_n most cases, it will be high    173




because alkaline cleaners are normally used.  Physical-chemical        175




treatment will remove free and jmulsified oil and suspended solids     176




and adjust the pH.  The effluent must, therefore,  be monitored for    177




these parameters.
                                VI-5

-------
Constituents Not Selected As Control Parameters                        179






    The waste constituents present but not included as control         182




£arameters are:                                                        183






         1.   dissolved solids                                         186




         2.   detergents                                               187




         3.   phosphates                                               188




         4.   oxygen demanding materials                               189




         5.   phenols                                                  190




         6.   heavy metals  (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn)                    191




    Dissolved solids are also present in the wastewater and are        194




generally  increased in number if chemicals are used to remove any




emulsified oils and adjust  the pH.  Evince there is no practicable way  196




to  remove  dissolved solids, .they will not be used as a control         197




parameter.






    Detergents  containing phosphates are effectively removed by  the    199



emulsion-breaking  and coagulation  techniques used to eliminate oil     200




and suspended jsplids.  Thus monitoring  the effluent for oil and        202




suspended  solids  indirectly monitors its detergent and phosphate      203




content.   Detergents and phosphates  therefore  need not be  control      204




£arameters.                                                            205






    Most of  the BOD and  COD loads  in the wastewaters are derived from 208




oil and detergents and  these  can be Affectively  controlled. BOD  and    209




COD are,  therefore, not  selected as  control  parameters.                210






                                 VI-6

-------
    Zhenols are present in solvents used to clean various aircraft     212






parts, but the number is so small that phenols are not xised as a       216




control parameter.  ^Treatment of the oily wastes resulting from this   217




operation will remove some. phenols, and monitoring of the effluent     219




will indicate the adequacy of source control achieved.
          amounts of dissolved and particulate heavy metals            220




undoubtedly enter the wastewater stream from metal surfaces because    221




of oxidation, and cleaning, but some will precipitate if physical-     222




chemical treatment is used to remove oil and suspended solids.  Thus   224




the use of metals as control parameters is not considered necessary.






    Washing                                                            227






                     Selected Control Parameters                       229




    The washwater varies widely in volume and is generally combined    232




v/ith wastewater from aircraft maintenance operations for treatment.    233






    The control parameters selected are:                               235






         1.   oil and grease                                           238




         2.   suspended solids                                         239




         3.   pH                                                       240




    The rationale for selecting _these control parameters is  the same   246




 as  that discussed under Routine Maintenance.                           247
                                 VI-7

-------
           Constituents  Not  Selected As Control Parameters              250




    The parameters  present but  not  selected  for control are:            253






         1.    dissolved  solids                                          256




         2.    detergents                                               257




         3.    phosphates                                               258




         A.    oxygen demanding  materials                                259




         5.    phenols                                                  260




         6.    heavy metals  (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb,  Ni, Zn)                     261




    The rationale for not selecting these wastewater Constituents as   264




control parameters is the same  as that presented  under Routine         265




Maintenance.






Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance                                 267






    This activity is normally low in wastewater volumes containing     269




odly materials.                                                        270






                     Selected Control Parameters                        273




    The waste constituents selected as control parameters are:         275






         1.   oil and grease                                           278




         2.   suspended solids                                         279




         3.   pH                                                       280




    The rationale for the selecting these constituents as control      284




parameters  is the same  as that discussed under Aircraft Maintenance.   285
                                VI-8

-------
           Constituents Not Selected As Control Parameters             288




    The waste constituents present but not selected as control         291




parameters are:                                                        292






         1.   dissolved solids                                         295




         2.   detergents                                               296




         3.   phosphates                                               297




         4.   oxygen demanding materials                               298




         5.   phenols                                                  299




         6.   heavy metals                                             300




    T_he rationale for not including these Constituents as control      304




parameters is the same as that presented under Aircraft Maintenance.   305






Fuel Storage Centers                                                   308






    This activity produces no industrial wastewater, jtherefore no      311




control parameters are required.







 Terminal  and Auxiliary Facilities                                      315



    The wastewater discharge from this activity is of a sanitary, not  318




industrial, riature.                                                    319






                     Selected Control Parameters                       322




    The waste constituents selected as control parameters are:         324






          1.   BOD                                                      327




          2.   suspended solids                                         328




          3.   bacteria (total coliform)                                329
                                VI-9

-------
    Sanitary wastewater generally contains  large amounts  df  BOD,        334




suspended ^olids and bacteria.   It must be  given the equivalent  of      336




secondary biological treatment  since the wastes  in it are primarily    337




biodegradable organic materials.  Efficiency of  treatment is normally  339




determined by analyzing the effluent with regard to above parameters.  340






           Constituents Not Selected As Control  Parameters             343




    Waste constituents present  but not included  as control parameters  346




are:






         1.   detergents                                               349




         2.   dissolved solids                                          350




    Detergents are effectively removed in an efficiently operated      352




biological  treatment system and therefore were not selected as a       354




control parameter.






    There is no practicable way to remove dissolved solids from        356




wastewater, and most of these materials are controlled when            357




biological  treatment is provided.  TheY are» therefore, not used as  a  358



control parameter.






                Summary of Pollution Control Parameters                 361




    Table 10 summarizes the selected  control parameters  for each       364




activity  carried  out within ^he air transportation  industry.           365
                                VI-10

-------






















u
*r4
01
4J
0)
rl 01
O -rl

H -H
01 4J
" "
0) •<
a >
rl XI
a
o p« >
rH 4J
U O 10
•J h 9
(O W 73
B § 5
0
B
B 0
O VI
•H U
4-> 0)
3 u
rH U
rH O
O O
PL, gg
B
|LJ gl
° 2
>
M
9

|
en










a
b
01
* 4J
u
a
(Q
u
B
•H
M
rH
01
A!
0
•rH

•g
01
K
01
a
a
o
o
01
rH 8
Id 0
4J V
o x:
H 0
9
•o
a
u

0)
•o
•H
e
CO
r**
O



to
rH
O
1
a,



•d
B 0
a to
rHS
TH H
0 O
•o
01
•O CO
B -0
01 -H
O-rH
10 O
9 U)
to
Q
8
o
§
•a


Source of Haste

iu£i/\r






X X


X X


X X



X X



X X

X X







X X







X X







X XX







X XX



X X

x x
X X
^
rl
10 O
•a B vi
B <0 0 rl
01 Id B -rl 01
O O 4J 4J 0>
•H 00 TH Id B O
> B U h M B
ri -H a oi a
oi -a n o.*8 B
tO rH 01 O 01
•H 0. M U
0. 9 O 01 0 B
B XI B 1H -H
a oi oi ca M id
OS PS S »j 0) s
iH IM u
U 4J rH 60 VJ X U
 . . n
•H -H > Id XI -H
< < o *
rH CM f>
1

x












































XX X







XXX X





X
XX X

0)
(J
•H 0 *O
> hi)
M 0) u
oi u  fH O rH U
O « Id 4J « tH
OS » -OB W C rH
C v( v<
3-O rH BO
OB 0) Eld
id ft M n 9 oi [K
U (X 1-4
-^ in *£>
VI-11

-------
                             SECTION  VII                                6









                  CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY                     8









                        Historical Treatment                           10




    Historically, wastes originating  from airports have caused little  13




concern, being discharged into on-site or off-site facilities of       14




limited design and efficiency or discharged directly into receiving    15




streams.






    With the rapid development of air travel and expanding airport     17




complexes, waste volumes became a matter of concern.  Because oily     19




wastes were prevalent and immediately visible, treatment has




primarily been directed to their removal.                              20






    Gravity sump separator units ranging widely in size, design, and   22




effectiveness have been used.  They range from simple small oil sumps  24




to  large separators that meet the design specifications of the         25




American Petroleum Institute  (API).  These units  are common at hangar  26




facilities and often include  chemical  treatment for breaking




emulsions containing oils, solvents, detergents,  etc.  Wastes           28




containing heavy metal  contaminants  have been treated by methods




involving jxrecipitation and  sedimentation.  jSludge disposal has         30




generally been to landfill sites.
                                VII-1

-------
    More recent development has seen the routing of all these wastes   32




to a central treatment plant, where incompatible wastes are first      33




pretreated and then combined with one another for final treatment.






                State-of-the-Art Treatment Technology                  36




    If properly applied and monitored, treatment methods presently     39




used are usually efficient in removing the industrial wastes           40




generated at airports.  Depending on circumstances, some modified      41




procedures may be called for, but, in general, no highly




Sophisticated techniques are required.  The essentials for success     43




are source control and good housekeeping practices.






    For the wastes described in Section V, the technology employed     45




consists of physical-chemical  (in some instances biological)           46




treatment.  In general, the wastes involved are oils, grease,          47




phenols, solids, organic jsolvents, detergents, cyanides, and heavy     48




metals.  The state-of-the-art  in oil removal is described in detail    49




in "Manual on DJLsposal of Refinery Wastes, Volume on Liquid Wastes,"   50




American Petroleum Institute,  1969.  ^he state-of-the-art in heavy     51




metals removal is thoroughly discussed in the effluent limitations




guidelines for the electroplating industry.                            52






    Present treatment of wastes originating within  the industry  is     54




described in the following  summaries.
                                VII-2

-------
                           IM Air I"
Aircraft Ramp Service                                                  -30






    Normally, if large amounts of fuel,  oils,  sanitary wastes, etc.    58




are jspilled at aircraft service points,  they are covered with dry,     59




granular, absorbing-type products and then swept up.  Any residual     61




material is flushed to storm, sanitary,  or combined sewer systems.




At some large airports, water is used to flush the spilled material    62




into a lagoon.  A_t other installations,  gravity separators located in  63




the sewer systems collect any jsettleable or floatable material.  Most  65




of these units are merely concrete sumps and are periodically pumped




out jind the settled and floating material disposed of.  Their          67




effectiveness depends on proper maintenance and design.






Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                                       69






    I_f industrial oil wastes generated during engine and airframe      72




overhaul operations can be controlled at the point where they




originate, they are Collected in drums or tanks and disposed of        73




separately under contract.






    Frequently, however, the wastes cannot be isolated and flow into   75




sewer lines  leading from outdoor steam-cleaning points, maintenance    76




shop and hangar floors, aircraft washing areas, painting areas, and    77




engine overhaul locations.  In  these cases, the airlines normally      78




install  gravity oil separator systems on the sewer  lines.  Some of     79




the separators are, in fact, only small sumps, while others are large




units that have been  designed to meet the criteria  of  the American     80






                                VII-3

-------
Petroleum Institute.   At installations where low flow or intermittent  81




flow conditions prevail, baffle plate type separators are              82




satisfactory if properly maintained.  The characteristic of the oil    83




or other light density substance to be separated from the water h_as a  84




marked effect on capacity and efficiency.  In addition, operating      85




efficiency is a function of detention time,  fettled sludge and free   86




oil from the separators are generally stored in tanks and




periodically Disposed of by waste contractors.  The effluent from      88




separators may drain into either sanitary or storm drain systems, or




may require additional treatment.  Following separation, waste         90




effluents, highly concentrated in oil emulsions and phenols, are       91




introduced into a mixing tank where they are broken by chemical




coagulation.  This is followed by air flotation to entrap and collect  92




floe-forming particulate matter and reduce the phenols.  Further       94




treatment consisting of biological oxidation or activated carbon




filtration methods may be required if the waste constituents have not  95




been satisfactorily reduced.






    Metal plating wastewaters are handled separately.  The diluted     98




overflow from metal plating or surface treating rinse  tanks is




discharged into an on-site industrial waste treatment  system for       99




processing.  Most plating solutions in use have been in  tanks  two to   100




four years, or more without being emptied.  New plating  solution is    101




added as required.  At  some installations, plating solutions no        102




longer  usable are pumped out and placed  in separate holding _tanks and  103
                                VII-4

-------
                          DRAFT
hauled away by contract  for disposal.  At other locations this         104




material is also discharged into  the on-site industrial waste          105




treatment system for processing.  Here the wastes discharged from the  106




cyanide, chrome and miscellaneous acid-alkaline d±p or soak tanks and  107




rinse tanks are chemically treated.






    Cyanide wastes are treated by electrolytic decomposition or the    109




chlorine destruction process,   In the  electrolytic decomposition       110




method, concentrated cyanide waste  is  subjected to electrolysis at




high  temperatures (approximately 200 degrees F) for several days.      Ill




initially, cyanide is oxidized to carbon dioxide  and  ammonia.  Post    113




chlorination generally completes this  process.  ~Ln the  latter case,    114




chlorine and caustic chemicals are  injected under close Control to     115




break cyanides  down into carbon dioxide and nitrogen.






    Chromium wastes are reduced from the hexavalent  state to  the       117




 trivalent  form  by adding jsulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide.             118






    Miscellaneous plating wastes are combined with  these partially     120




 treated cyanide and Chromium wastes, and then mixed  and treated with  121




 chemicals  such  as  alum  or lime for jgrecipitation of  the heavy metals.  122




 T^he resulting  sludge  is either filtered and/or placed in containers   123




 and hauled away to  disposal sites.   A_t base installations where         125




 plating operations  are  minimal,  with the bulk of the work done o>n      126




 outside contract,  rinse water  overflow is directly discharged to the




 sanitary sewers.  At  one  installation all industrial wastes resulting  127
                               VII-5

-------
from overhaul operations are disposed £f by deep well injection after  128




gravity separation and equalisation steps.






Aircraft Maintenance                                                   130






    Wastewater from this operation contains accumulations of dirt,     132




oils, solvents and detergents from maintenance of aircraft and         133




emulsion mixture wastes resulting from the washing of aircraft.




^Treatment involves gravity separation of free oil and settleable       134




solids followed by jnnulsion breaking with chemical treatment and       135




dissolved air flotation where wash waters are combined with £he other  136




waste loads.  (See previous description for these wastes under         137




Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul.)






    Where little aircraft washing is done, wastewaters are generally   139




passed into gravity separators and then on to municipal treatment      140




plants.  Any free oil  and sludge retained in the separator system  is   141




normally removed by waste contractors.






Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance                                 143






    The wastewater generated by these operations contains solids,      145




free and emulsified oils, ^rganic solvents, detergents, paint  and      146




paint strippings, etc. These wastes are  normally  treated in gravity   147




separators  followed by emulsion breaking, chemical  treatment and




Dissolved air flotation as necessary,                                  148
                                VII-6

-------
                            DRAFT
Fuel Storage Centers                                                   150


    Practically no wastewaters originate from this source because  of    152

tight fire and safety  regulations.  If fuel storage tanks are located   153

above ground,  they are surrounded by dikes to contain spills.  Waste    154

treatment systems are  not normally provided for this operation.


Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                                      156


    Only sanitary waste is generated by these sources, and it is       158

given biological treatment at municipal or regional facilities or  on    159

the airport.  The  type treatment employed depends on the volume        160

generated, climate,  and economical considerations.  ^Treatment          161

facilities can vary  from septic tanks or filter beds to large systems

using combinations  of  ^econdary treatment technology.                  162


Waste Constituent Reductions Achieved Through Present Treatment        166
Technology                                                            168

    Treatment for the  parameters defined will depend on their concen-  172

^rations in the waste  stream relative to the limitations set in the    173

Affluent guidelines for the  industry.  Where wastes that are           175

monitored indicate levels below guideline limits, ^reatment  for such   176

waste characteristics  must be  considered if synergistic tendencies

aire observed.                                                         177


    The  general results that can be  expected by using present          179

treatment technology are described below:                              180
                               VII-7

-------
    Phenols                                                            182






    If biological treatment is provided, phenols in the effluent       184




range jrrom 0.1 mg/1 to 4.0 mg/1 in concentration,  Extended aeration   186




can attain levels of 0.1 mg/1 for phenols.  Facilities having          187




multiple treatment sequences which include such methods a_s air         188




flotation, filtration, and activated carbon treatment will reduce




phenols concentrations to less than 1.0 mg/1.                          189






    Oil and Grease                                                     191






    Satisfactory removals of oil and grease are achieved if gravity    193




separation, ^skimming, and breaking up of waste emulsions are employed.  194




Effluent concentrations of 10 mg/1 or less can be achieved if          195




chemicals, such as Calcium chloride or hydrochloric acid are used  to   196




break up oil-water emulsions and precipitation, air flotation,         197




skimming, and filtration are provided.  Good control and operation    198




are essential in maintaining high removal levels.






    Zinc                                                               200






    Zjinc can be removed as zinc hydroxide by adjusting  the pH,         202




ijsually with lime, to  achieve an alkaline condition.  Coagulation  and  204




sedimentation are  used in  conjunction with a properly designed




£larifier  to reduce  the level of the zinc to less  than  1 mg/1.         205
                                VII-8

-------
                             DRAFT
    Copper                                                           207






    Precipitation of copper to concentrations  of  0.5  to  2.5 mg/1 are   209




attainable by lime  treatment.  Effluent concentrations below 0.5 mg/1  211




are achieved on a consistent basis only with proper pH control and     212




either proper clarification or sand filtration.






    Nickel                                                           214






    jflickel can also be  reduced to about 1 mg/1 by lime precipitation,  217




and the procedure  is most  effective if the pH is close  to 10.          218




Experience has shown that  if the nickel hydroxide sludge is            219




conditioned with ferric chloride and run through a sand  filter,  the   220




concentration can  be reduced to a level as low as 0.09 mg/1.           221






    Total Chromium                                                   223






    One standard reduction treatment technique calls for lowering the 225




waste stream pH to 3.0 or  below by adding sulfuric acid.  The         227




addition of a chemical reducing agent  such as sulfur dioxide converts




_the hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium.  The trivalent         229




chromium is then removed by precipitating it with lime.   Bevels of    230




0.5 to 1.0 mg/1 can be achieved.  By using a coagulating aid to       231




improve the precipitation-sedimentation of chromic hydroxide, lower    232




levels are possible.
                               VII-9

-------
    Cadmium                                                            234






    £admium can be removed if the pH is adjusted up to 10 to achieve   236




an alkaline condition; it then precipitates as cadmium hydroxide.      237




(Coagulation and sedimentation reduce the cadmium ion level in the      238




effluent o 0.10 mg/1,  A^ range of 0.15 to 0.20 mg/1 should be          240




achievable on a regular basis.  Complete removal by co-precipitation   241




with iron hydroxide at pH 8.5 is jjpssible.                             242






    Lead                                                               244






    Lead generally is most effectively precipitated out of solution    246




by using soda ash or a caustic.  Little data are available on          248




effluent lead values after treatment.  However, good conversion  of     249




dissolved lead to insoluble  lead should be Achieved using the methods  250




described.






    Cyanide                                                            252






    £xidation of cyanide  to  carbon dioxide and nitrogen can  usually    254




be accomplished within a  short  time by chlorination if the pH is      256




maintained at 8 - 8.5.  More chlorine must be added than  the amount    257




needed just  to oxidize the cyanide to cyanate to avoid ^liberating      258




highly toxic cyanogen chloride  gas.  Cyanogen chloride is the          259




intermediate produce  of  the  oxidation of  cyanide to cyanate.  JLt      260




breaks down  very rapidly  and poses no problem at pH 10+.  Itowever, at  261




the lower pH excess  chlorine is needed  to speed the breakdown.
                                VII-10

-------
    Another process used for destruction of cyanide waste is electro-  263

_lytic decomposition.  It is primarily used by industry for             265

destruction of cyanide in concentrated spent metal plating solutions.  266

Levels less than 0.1 mg/1 are achievable.                              267


    Suspended Solids                                                   269


    A double liming clarification system is adequate to reduce  the     271

jsuspended solids concentration in the effluent to a level of  25 mg/1   272

which _in turn removes most metals concurrently.  TMS  treatment       274

includes coagulation, flocculation,  precipitation, and clarification.

A. level of  10 mg/1  or less may be reached  by applying  filtration.      275


      Examples  of Waste  Treatment Practices at Various Airline         279
                    Overhaul  and  Maintenance Bases                      280


    The preceding  information is a  general description of the         284

 treatment  and  control methods employed  at  airports.   More  specific      286

 information on waste  treatment and  control by  some  airlines is

presented  in the following text.                                       287


     Site  A                                                             289


    jy.nce January 1960,  this airline has been disposing of the         291

 industrial wastewater generated at its maintenance and engineering     292

 center by pumping jit into a deep well.   It is the only airline known   294

 to be using this method.
                                VII-11

-------
                              DRAFT
    Basically,  the  entire  system consists of a lift station, a         296




clarifier unit,  an  ^equalization tank, an injection pumphouse, and a    297




well head.  All treatment  is  physical in nature.                       298






    All the wastewater  goes into a gravity collection system and then  300




jLnto a sump; it is  pumped  to  the clarifier unit.  The clarifier unit   302




is primarily an oil-water-solids separator and was designed to




£perate at a flow rate  of  486 gpm and provide a 64-minute detention    303




^_ime.  jSurface wastes,  such as oil and  solvents, are skimmed off and   305




put into a storage  tank; lieavier materials settle to the bottom and    307




form a sludge, which is removed as required.






    The wastewater  then flows by gravity to a 55-foot diameter by 12-  309




foot deep equalization tank.   There  the slugs of waste of varying      311




concentrations are  equalized, mixed  and held until jnimped into the     312




well.  When activated by switches  connected to  a float on the inside   313




of  the tank, three  injection  pumps withdraw wastewater from the        314




basin, pass it through the well head,  and  send  it down _the  well at a   315




pressure  of about 420 pounds  per  square inch gage  (psig).   These 60-   316




horsepower, positive displacement  type units run about 22 hours per    317




day.  JF1ow has been averaging over 500,000 gallons/day for  the past    318




two years.  About 2,200 gallons  per  month  of surface sludge from both  319




the clarifier and jthe equalization basin  are collected and  hauled      320




away under  contract to a land fill ^ite off  the premises.              321
                               VII-12

-------
    The well was driven through the underlying limestone layer and     323




drilling £topped at a depth of 3,036 feet because granite was          324




encountered.  The well is cased into the limestone layer to keep the   325




earth above from becoming contaminated.  Extensive analysis on waste   326




constituents has not been performed.  All sanitary wastes  are         327




treated by the municipal sewage treatment plant.






    Site B                                                             329






    The industrial wastes generated from this airline's maintenance    331




and overhaul base are treated in a combined physical-chemical-         332




biological waste treatment plant placed in operation in October 1972.  333




The plant was designed  to treat 1.3 mgd of wastewater and  the flow is  334




presently about 0.50 mgd; it  can be expanded  to  handle  2.3 mgd.   Only  336




the effluent is analyzed to determine  the waste  characteristics.




figure 2 presents  a  schematic of this  treatment  system.                337






         Treatment  of  general oily waste                               339






         General  oily  wastes  are batch-treated  by a  series of          341




procedures,  all of which are  interlocked  to  avoid processing errors    342




or _unintentional  dumping of a partially filled  tank.                   343






    The waste  enters the bottom of a  screw pump pit  through a coarse  345




bar screen.  The screenings are removed,  drained, and  placed in the    346




 grit  hopper.   The oily waste  is then  lifted  to  the free-oil and grit-  347




 removal basin by one of two 42-inch diameter screw pumps.   The         349
                                VII-13

-------
                   DRAFT
  i
OJ
Hd
I
L
  I I
  ~
   J

e  *
3  *


<  (^
         C


         >2
            

•* u~jrT4ao~^-^

I 1
r^
                 H U


                 < 
-------
                           DRAFT
settled grit is washed and sent to the grit hopper;  it is  later         349




placed in a ^andfill.  Free-floating oil is skimmed  into a trough  and   351




flows into a 5,000  gallon underground £torage tank where it is picked   352




up by an oil reclamation comp&ny.






    The waste leaving  the basin passes over a fine screen  and into     354




the oily waste sump.  Centrifugal pumps move the waste from the  sump   355




into one of three 500,000 gallon jemulsion break tanks which are         356




alternated in use.   Each has  a design flow of 1.0 mgd.                 357






         Emulsion breaking                                             359






         Each tank is  equipped with  three treatment lines  — one       361




feeds alum, another caustic,  and  the other carries acid.               362






    When a tank is full,  a  sample  is withdrawn from it so that the     365




proper diemical dosage can  be calculated ^o break the emulsions.       367






    Mter  tests in the laboratory show  that the emulsions are          369




satisfactorily broken, the  operator  open  the drain valve.  The         371




contents  then enter the central sump and  are mixed with treated and




neutralized plating waste.                                             372






          Cyanide plating waste treatment                               374






    Waste  cyanide  concentrate from the  cadmium plating  tank  is pumped  376




jlnto  a cyanide holding tank outside  the plating  shop.   The waste  then  378




moves from the holding tank through  a  gravity  line  to a cyanide        379
                              VII-15

-------
                                 «- ,  A  * r -. -*v t
                                 \-! A  -••' t
                                 4. "Wi, ^^  ...
equalization basin.  After being held for 12 hours in the basin, the   380

wastewater is mechanically homogenized.  ^Transfer pumps move this      381

wastewater to the reaction tanks where it is treated with dhlorine     382

and caustic chemicals on a continuous flow basis.  The amount of       383

chemical used depends on the pH and the oxidation reduction potential

(ORP).  Cyanide is oxidized to cyanate in the first tank.  The         385

reaction occurs at a pH range of 8.5 to 10.0 in about two hours.  The  386

second reaction tank is used to oxidize cyanate to carbon dioxide,

nitrogen and water.  Reaction proceeds at a pH of 8.5 to 9.0 in       387

approximately two hours.


         Chrome waste                                                  389


         Wastes from chrome plating, anodizing and alodining rinse     391

tanks are physically handled in the same manner as cyanide wastes.     392

They feed through a gravity line directly into a  chrome  equalization   393

basin.  Concentrated chrome solutions  enter a holding tank and  are     394

fed, as convenient, _tp  the basin.  .After being mixed, the waste is     396

transferred  to  the chrome reaction tanks where sulphur  dioxide  and     397

sulfuric acid are  added automatically _in amounts  determined  by  the  pH  398

and  the ORP.  Hexavalent chromium is reduced  in  this reaction  to a      399

_trivalent state, at a pH of 2.0  to 2.5.  Once processed,  the waste  is 401

discharged into the neutralization basin, where  ±t mixes with  the     402

treated cyanide waste and the  acid-alkaline wastes.
                                VII-16

-------
                               DRAFT
         Acid-alkaline  plating waste                                   404






         Miscellaneous  acid-alkaline plating wastes flow from the      406




plating shop,  at pH values  of from 3-11, through a gravity line _to an  408




equalization basin.  Mechanical  stirrers homogenize the mix, which is  409




pumped to the iieutralization tank.  Corrections in pH are made         411




automatically.  Caustic and acid are fed into the mechanically         412




agitated tank as required.   The  pH must be kept between 7.0 and 8.0.   413




The neutralized waste then  flows by gravity to the central sump,       414




where it j_oins the treated  oily  waste.                                 415






         Combined wastes to mix  tank                                   417






         At this point, all wastes come together in the mixing tank    419




and have a pH value of 5.5  to 6. At this point, lime and alum are     421




added to precipitate the trivalent chrome and o_ther heavy metals.  A   423




magnetic flow meter paces the feeding  of lime and alum to keep it




proportional to flow.  The  combined waste, recirculated sludge, lime   425




and alum are thoroughly mixed.   ^ floe trap of alum catches non-       426




emulsified oils and heavy metals.






    The mix flows  to the solids  contact clarifiers designed for a      428




waste J_low of 2.0  mgd.  After heavy  sludge particles, built to a       430




proper size with polymer, are trapped  in £he  alum  floe, along with     431




precipitated metals and broken emulsions,  the mass settles,  jskimmers  432




move any floating  matter into a scum trough,  where it goes  into  scum
                               V1I-17

-------
                                        i
pits.  Float-operated scum pumps move sludge into the sludge           433




thickener or sludge holding tank.






         Biological treatment of combined wastes                       435






         Activated, recirculated sludge from the final clarifier is    437




inixed with clarified liquid from the solids contact jclarifiers, and    439




nutrients in the form of aqua ammonia and phosphoric acid are intro-




duced.  A pH probe located at the influent end of the oxidation        441




ditchs automatically adjusts the pH at the sludge box by causing       442




controlled feed of either caustic or acid to maintain the biological   443




digestion process.






    An extended aeration process, which reduces  the BOD by approxi-    445




mately 90%, takes place in the oxidation ditches equipped with         447




aerating rotors.  The depth to which the rotors  are submerged is       448




critical, because it determines both cxxygen transfer and BOD           449




reduction.






         Final  treatment                                               451






         Flow from the oxidation ditches enters  the  final clarifier.   453




^Settled sludge  is removed by a multi-draw scraper and placed in a      454




sump  where one  of  two propeller-type pumps  recirculates  the underflow 455




b_ack  to the sludge box located ahead of  the oxidation ditches.  Tills   457




sludge Is recirculated to  the ditches  and any  excess sludge is




directed to the sludge thickener.                                      458
                                VII-18

-------
    Affluent from the final clarifier moves through the Palrshall       460






flume and flow measurement is recorded.   It flows into the final       462




oxidation pond (or temporary polishing pond) prior to Discharge to     463




receiving waters.






         Sludge disposal                                               465






         jaolids from the de-emulsified oils, precipitated heavy        467




metals and aluminum hydroxide (alum) floe, settle as sludge to the     468




bottom of the solids contact clarifiers.  The sludge is then moved to  470




the sludge thickener tank, while the liquid discharges over the        471




effluent weir and flows to the oxidation ditches.  The thickened       472




sludge moves to the sludge holding tank, where it is pumped _to the     473




vacuum filters.






    The  thickened sludge has a solids content of 5-6% by weight.       475




Additions of pulverized quicklime and a polymer as sludge              476




conditioners prepares J±e material for vacuum filtration,  filtration  478




increases the  solids content to  25-30% by weight.  The  filter  cake  is  479




picked up and  disposed of under  contract at a landfill.









     Site C                                                             611






    ^Industrial wastes  generated  at  this  airline's  jet center  are      614




 processed in its waste treatment plant  using  physical-chemical
                                VII-19

-------
                            DKAFT
methods.   The waste  is  further treated upon discharge to the           615




municipal system.  Average  flow is estimated to be 0.25 mgd.           616






    The maintenance  facility  generates the following types of waste:    618




process,  acid-alkali,  cyanides, chrome acid, silver cyanide, cadmium   619




cyanide,  and sludges.






         Process wastes                                               621






         Process waste is discharged by sump pumps into the bar        623




screen chamber and then into  the A.P.I, oil separator.  Free oil and   625




settled solids are removed in this unit.  Oil that accumulates on the  626




water is moved to the effluent end by continuously operated skimming   627




equipment and is discharged into the free-oil sump.  Bottom sludge is  628




moved continuously by mechanical scrapers to sludge hoppers at the




jLnfluent end.  Separator effluent is then discharged into the waste    630




equalization basin.






    During normal operation,  both compartments of the equalization     632




basin are operated in parallel.  The purpose of the basin is to        633




provide sufficient detention  time to even out the wide variation in    634




quantity of the waste as it comes from  the  shops and hangars.  This    635




provides as uniform a mixture as possible for subsequent chemical




treatment.






    Waste is  started through  the chemical treatment process and alum   637




is mixed with the raw waste _to begin the oil emulsion breaking         638
                               VII-20

-------
                           DKAFT
process.   Optimum pH in the mix tank is approximately 6.5.  From  this  640




tank the  waste  passes on to the acid mix tank where the Addition  of    641




sulfuric  acid lowers the pH to approximately 3.0.   At this  point  a     642




heavy floe forms.






    The next step takes place in the air flotation unit where the     644




addition of dissolved air  floats the floe and its entrapped oil,       645




dirt, and other material ^o the surface of the tank.  The skimmer     647




mechanism is operated continuously while process waste is being




Created.                                                              648






    ]?rom the dissolved  air flotation unit, the partially  treated       650




waste jenters caustic mix  tanks which operate in series,  ^n these     652




tanks, the pH of the waste is raised from 3.0 to approximately 8^.3  by 653




adding caustic  soda.






    following this  pH adjustment,  the waste goes through  its final     655




treatment In the clarifier.  llere, metal hydroxides settle out, and   656




any remaining oil floats  to  the surface.  The equipment provided in   657




the clarifier is operated continuously  to move the  settled sludge to  658




the center hopper and  the floating material to the  scum box.  The     659




treated  effluent from the clarifier  is  discharged by gravity into the




nearby sanitary sewer.
                               VII-21

-------
                               DRAFF
         Acid-alkali wastes                                           661






         ^Treatment  of  the acid-alkali waste is largely a neutra-       663




l.ization process.   Waste that is pumped from the sump is discharged   665




into the acid-alkali storage £ank to take advantage of the self-       666




neutralization characteristics of the raw waste.






    The acid-alkali transfer pumps discharge the waste into the       668




caustic mix _tanks where pH  adjustment to 8.3 takes place.  The waste  670




then flows to the clarifier where metal hydroxides and other




^insoluble materials settle  out.                                       671






         Cyanide destruction                                          673






         Cyanide wastes  that is pumped from the sump is stored in _the 676




cyanide storage tank at  the waste treatment plant.






    First stage oxidation of cyanide to cyanate by the addition of    678




caustic soda and chlorine takes place in the cyanide oxidation tank.   679




A. portion of the waste passing  through the tank is recirculated and    680




J^iquid chlorine and liquid caustic  soda are introduced as needed,      681




regulated by the oxidation reduction potential  (ORP).                  682






    Following first stage oxidation, the waste passes on  to the        684




Cyanate oxidation  tank for final  oxidation.  A^ portion of the flow     686




passing  through the tank is recirculated into the  chlorine room where




£austic  soda and chlorine are  introduced into the  system.  An ORP      688
                              VII-22

-------
                              DRAFT
value of 600 millivolts  at  this point indicates that the cyanates      688




have been c>xidized to  carbon dioxide and nitrogen.                     689






    A.S long as the desired  ORP value is maintained, the waste will     691




£ass into the mixing tanks  where the pH is adjusted to approximately   692




^.3, at which value, copper and other insoluble metal hydroxides       693




form.  T_he waste then passes on to  the clarifier where metal           694




hydroxides settle out and jire removed as sludge.                       695






         Chromic acid, silver cyanide, and cadmium cyanide             697






         These wastes are pumped  through individual closed-loop        699




evaporative units located in  the  plating shop  to  recover them from     700




the used rinse water.  The rinse  water from  counter-current double     702




chamber rinse tanks is processed  jzhrough the evaporator units under    703




vacuum, is distilled off, and the dilute plating  solution is




Concentrated.  The concentrate  is returned  to  the plating tanks  and    705




the  distilled water is sent back _t_o the rinse  tanks.                   706






         Sludges                                                      708






         j>ludge is  isolated from the A.P.I,  oil separator,  the waste   710




equalization basin, and  the clarifier.   La addition,  float  (scum)      712




from the air flotation unit is mixed with  these sludges  for




processing  in a centrifuge.                                           713
                               VII-23

-------
                               r • •• •-.
    SJLudge that accumulates in the hoppers at the influent end of the  715




separator is drawn off automatically and discharged into the float     716




storage tank.






    Most of the sludge that settles in the waste equalization basin    718




is moved by the natural flow pattern through the basin to the hoppers  719




at the effluent end.  Hydrostatic pressure discharges the material     720




from the equalization basin to the A.P.I, basin sludge hopper.         721




Sludge drawn off of the clarifier is first discharged to the sludge    722




hopper and from there to the float storage tank.                       723






    Float that is skimmed continuously from the dissolved air          725




flotation unit jlrops directly into the float storage tank.  The        727




combined sludge and float are then transferred to the centrifuge and




dewatered.   The dried sludge cake is removed to the landfill and the   728




clear filtrate is jrecirculated to the separator.                       729








    Site D                                                             804






    Site D uses gravity type separator units for containing oil,       806




grease, detergent or paint stripping wastes that drain from the        807




hangar or shop areas.  Effluent from the separators is discharged to   808




the regional treatment plant and waste oil is removed under contract.  809




All wastewater receives physical, chemical treatment before being      810




discharged to the sanitary sewer.  Analysis of wastewater              811




constituents and information on water usage are not available.
                                 VII-24

-------
                          F^ O A  ir'Tn
                          L*K AT T
    Metal plating wastes are primarily handled by  containment,  rinse    813



water £ontrol and reuse, separation of accidental  spills,  and batch     814



processing of spent plating sjplutions.                                 815



    T_o contain metal plating solutions, the floor  level beneath the     817



plating shop has been provided with several curbed collection  areas.    818



In the unlikely event that a tank should rupture,  the chemical would   819



b_e collected within its respective area and flow to the proper waste   820



sumps and holding tanks for treatment.  £hemicals  which would  be       822



hazardous when mixed go into different curbed areas.





         Cyanide control and treatment                                 82A





         If  spillage occurs or a rupture takes place, the chemical     826



jrlows under  the floor in glass drains to the cyanide sump.             827





     From there it  is pumped up into a 400-gallon cyanide holding       829



 tank.  I^t contains  steam heating coils and 5,000 amphere rectifier     830



which are used to  break down the cyanide electrolytically.  This       832



method is also used to  treat a spent  solution.  Complete breakdown of  833



 the  cyanide  and precipitation of the  metals is accomplished by adding  834



 chemicals batchwise to  the  tank.   The clear supernatant is then bled   835



 off  to a sump where it  is mixed with  rinse waters.  The sludge is      836



 disposed of  off  site.





     All  the  rinse water tanks in the  cyanide areas  drain  to one        838



_control  point where the water and  the effluent from the cyanide        839
                                VII-25

-------
                            JLJKAFT
holding Jrank are mixed and pumped through a  two-stage  finalizer.       840




(Caustic and chlorine are introduced into  the first  stage  to  convert    841




the Cyanide into cyanates; final treatment in the second  stage         842




converts the cyanates into non-toxic end  products,  carbon dioxide  and  843




nitrogen.






    The effluent is then pumped into the  acid-alkali sump, its  pH  is   845




adjusted and the effluent Discharged to the sanitary sewer.            846






         Acids and alkalis wastes                                     848






         Jin case a tank ruptures, the effluent is  collected in  a      850




Curbed area and flows to the acid-alkali  sump where its pH is         851




adjusted before it is pumped to the sanitary sewer.  The sump,  which   853




has a 1,500-gallon capacity is divided into two compartments.  All    854




waters used in acid-alkali rinsing operations are  discharged into  it,




jglus water that has been used to wash exhaust fumes from the fume      855




scrubber units.






         Chrome wastes                                                857






         T_he chrome effluent flows  to its own sump area, where  it  is   859




pumped jLnto a 4,000-gallon chrome holding tank.  The effluent is      861




batch  treated with bisulfite to reduce hexavalent chrome to _trivalent 862




chrome.  Caustic soda is  added to precipitate chromium hydroxide,  J:he 864




supernatant bled off and  the settled sludge is removed and disposed




of  by  a waste contractor.
                                 VII-26

-------
                                      1
    The effluent is then pumped into a two stage tank.   Itere final     867




reduction of hexavalent chromium to the trivalent state is




accomplished with sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid and the chromium  868




precipitated by the addition of caustic soda.                          869






    The treated effluent is then pumped to the acid-alkali sump where  871




the final pH is adjusted before the discharge enters the sanitary      872




sewer.






         Degreaser pit                                                 874






         Mrcraft engine parts are  initially degreased  in a central    876




location so _no  oily contaminants are  introduced  into the cleaning or   877




plating tanks.  A^ still allows complete recovery of the degreasing     878




solvent from those wastes, prior to the disposal of grease  residues    879




in drums.






    This area  is separate, has no  drain sump,  and  in case of  a         881




cleaning tank  rupture, jill solvents would be totally contained.        882






         Water usage                                                   884






         Water is  conserved  by employing  control timers on  all  large   886




rinse  tanks.   The  water  that is  used  in the  fume scrubbers  has          887




already  been used  to  cool  the air  conditioning system  of  the  main      888




office.  Water used  to wash  the fume  scrubbers in the  chrome  plating    889




jshop  is  added to the  chrome  solutions to  replenish evaporation loss.    890
                                 VII-27

-------
                                         1
          out" of plating solutions into rinse tanks is generally      899




reduced by first rinsing the part over the plating tank before         893



proceeding _tp the rinse tank.  This procedure achieves a very low      895




level of rinse water contamination jind reduces the cost of chemicals   896




that are normally lost in drag out .






    Site E                                                             898






    J3ite E provides no specific treatment of its waste discharges      900




£ther than passing them through gravity separators on the sewer        901




system and discharging the effluent to the regional treatment plant.   902




No data are available on analysis of wastewaters of direct industrial  903




water usage.






    Site F                                                             905
         F provides limited physical-chemical  treatment of  the wastes   907




generated before discharging  them into  the  sanitary  sewer system.       908




Flow averages  21,000  gallons  per day.   No analysis of wastewater has    910




been conducted.  T_his treatment system  was  put on line in the summer    911




of  1973.







    Site G                                                             481






    At present, there are four distinct waste  streams generated at     483




jzhe industrial complex which comprises this airline's overhaul         484




facility.  The streams are alkaline-cyanide, acid-chrome, industrial-  485




petroleum, and sanitary.  Only methods used in treating the first      487






                               VII-28

-------
                         DEAF f
three will be discussed.  ^Treatment consists of physical-chemical and  488




biological means.   The  flow rate averages 0.5 mgd and analysis is      489




periodically made  of the  effluent.






         Metal finishing  wastes                                        491






         Complete  stripping and  plating of  the aircraft's components   493




and engines take place in the engine  overhaul building and two         494




entirely different and complex waste  streams are  generated.  One       496




contains all cyanide and  alkaline  wastes, and the other contains all




dnrome, acids, and other  heavy metal  wastes.  An  equilization basin    498




is provided at the treatment plant for each of _the  two waste streams.  499




The wastes are then pumped at a  constant rate to  process basins.       500






    The cyanide-bearing waste is destroyed  by the alkaline-            502




 chlori«a.tinn nrocess  (caustic soda and chlorine)  which oxidizes       503



 cyanide to carbon dioxide and nitrogen.  The waste  then  overflows      504




 into  a two-hour basin where additional chlorine and caustic jsoda are   505




 added to  complete the cyanide oxidation.  Part  of the effluent  from   506




 the  two-hour basin  is recycled to serve as water for _the chlorine      507




 injection system.   The remaining effluent from this basin combines    508




 with  the  effluent from the chrome _treatment process before passing    509




 into  a settling basin.






     T_he  chrome bearing waste is treated in the 30-minute basin by  the 511




 addition of ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid which reduce the         512




 hexavalent ^chrome  to  the trivalent state.  PYom here the waste         514





                               VII-29

-------
overflows into a basin where caustic soda precipitates the trivalent   514




chrome as the hydroxide.  The effluent is then combined with that      516




from the cyanide treatment process.






    Combining the two wastes before they pass into the settling basin  518




produces a neutralized effluent that may be discharged to a stream or  519




Deceive further treatment.  The sludge is removed through a time       521




controlled blow-off valve to the jsludge storage vault.                 522






         Petroleum waste                                               524






         Petroleum wastewaters emanate from the engine overhaul and    526




^irframe overhaul buildings.  The first contributes most of the oil,   528




while wastewaters from Jthe second contain some oil, paint, paint       529




strippers, solvents, degreasers, commercial ^Laundry and washdown       530




water as the major constituents,  j^imilar wastes from ground support   531




equipment maintenance operations are  combined with these two streams   532




and are pumped  to the free oil clarifiers.                             533






    The petroleum waste  treatment plant is designed to remove  oil by   535




gravity ^separation and  the addition of chemicals  (ferrous sulfare and  536




caustic soda).






    Gravity  separation will  not  separate all oil  from  the wastewater,  538




and a small  quantity remains as  an  emulsion.  To break the  emulsions,  540




the pH of the  incoming  liquid  is lowered and ferrous  sulfate is




added.  The  ferrous ions oxidize to the ferric state and precipitate   541
                                VII-30

-------
as the hydroxide.   After the pH is raised by the addition of caustic   542




soda, the oxidation and hydration processes are completed.  The oil    544




rises to the surface as free oil for removal or is trapped in the




floe particles formed.






    In the free oil clarifier, a portion of the solvents and free oil  546




is skimmed off the ^surface and taken to an underground oil storage     547




tank.  The sludge which settles out is withdrawn and placed in a       548




sludge storage vault.






         Equalized waste                                               550






         The liquid passes from the free oil clarifier into an         552




Equalization storage  basin where additional sedimentation and oil      553




Reparation take place.  The oil scum and sludge collected are          555




discharged into the oil storage tank, and sludge storage vault,         556




respectively.






     The  equalized wastewater  passes into a pump station which directs  558




it at ji  constant rate to  the  next  treatment station, which  consists   559




of an acid mix chamber, a clarifier, and an alkaline mix  chamber.      560




After sulfuric acid and ferrous sulfate are added  in the  acid mix      561




chamber, _the  liquid passes  into the clarifier  where the emulsions      562




break down and coagulation £articles start  to  form.  The  liquid  then  564




passes  into the alkaline  mix  chamber where  caustic soda is  added to




£aise  the pH  and  to  complete  the  coagulation process.                  565
                                VII-31

-------
                             DKAF i








    A_ solids contact or up-flow basin is the last unit in the system.  567




_In this unit, the waste is clarified by flowing up through the sludge  568




blanket.  The sludge is removed through a time controlled blow-off     569




valve to the sludge vault.






         Secondary treatment                                           571






         The secondary treatment facilities consist of a trickling     573




filter, ^econdary clarifier, and pump station.  The trickling filter   575




reduces BOD, COD and phenolic characteristics of the effluent b_eing    576




discharged to the receiving  stream.  The filter can accommodate        577




temporary increases in BOD or hydraulic loadings.  The clarifier's     578




primary purpose is to provide the  time required for the biological




growth  in the filter effluent to settle.                               579






    A pump station lifts  the chemically treated wastewater and         581




recycled liquor to the trickling filter.  The filter's application     583




rate is 1,200 gpm; any difference  between this jrate of flow  and  the    584




treatment flow rate is made  up by  wastewater recirculation.  A rapid   585




mix chamber  is provided in the flow path prior to  the raw waste




Combining with the recycle liquor  in  the wet well,  _In this  chamber,   587




the pH  is continuously monitored and  controlled by adding acid ^p      588




neutralize the waste for  biological treatment.
                                VII-32

-------
                            DRAFT
         Tertiary treatment                                            590






         The tertiary  treatment portion of the plant consists  of  two    592




lagoons with a total surface area of 2.0 acres.  They operate  in        594




series and act as polishing units for the combined effluents from the




^secondary and plating  waste clarifiers.  They can also serve as        596




backup units if overload problems develop.  The larger of the  two can  597




be used to confine any accidental chemical spills.  An auxiliary  pump  598




can be placed into service to pump the waste back to the head  of  ^he    599




plant for retreatment.  The smaller cell can be used as a sludge  dump  600




if the vacuum filter should fail.






         Vacuum filter                                                602






         A_ cloth media vacuum filter system is employed to handle the  604




sludge.  A. sludge thickening basin  (sludge storage vault) is included  605




as an integral part £f the filter building that is capable of storing  606




two to three days' sludge volume.  The  sludge  is  pumped from this      607




unit to the filter, dried and removed  to  the disposal area by truck.    608




An additional pump is provided  to  return  the supernatant in the vault  609




to the plant influent.








     Site  H                                                            731






     Oily  industrial and metal plating wastes  originating in the        733




 overhaul  and maintenance base complex of  this  airline are  treated by   734




 separate  systems.   The waste is pretreated by  physical-chemical  means  735






                                V1T-33

-------
                             DRAFT









before discharge into the airport  lagooning system.  £low rate from    737




data received is estimated to be 0.5 mgd.





         Industrial  oily  wastes                                        739






         ^ compact treatment  plant in which chemical coagulation and   741




pressure floation techniques  are employed is used to remove            742




contaminants from oily industrial wastes.                              743






    In the pressure  flotation process, air bubbles generated within    745




the wastes attach themselves  to  the dispersed material in the wastes   746




and £loat it to the  surface.   This method effects separations much     748




more rapidly than gravity clarification.






    T_o handle variations  in flow and to remove as much free oil as     750




possible, a pretreatment  storage tank is provided.  The free-floating  752




oil that accumulates there is periodically skimmed directly into the   753




scum concentration tank.






    ^n the flotator  system, a pressurized feed volume is withdrawn     755



from the bottom of the pretreatment tank.  If the pretreatment tank    757




overflows, the wastewater moves  by gravity and enters _the flotation    758




unit concentrically with  the  pressurized flow.  In this way, a         759




significant degree of treatment  is achieved even during prolonged




£lant overloads.                                                     760






    Liquid alum and activated silica are injected into the waste       762




stream withdrawn from the pretreatment  tank.                           763






                               VII-34

-------
                             DRAFT
    This is done  through chemical feed taps provided at three          765




locations in the  feed  line  to the flotator to allow selection of       766




optimum treatment.






    The amount of flocculant material produced depends not only on     768




_the strength of the wastes  but also on the required use of coagulant   769




and the frothiness of  the float.  £>ince float cannot be disposed of    771




on site, its volume must be reduced as much as possible before it is   772




loaded into tank trucks.  A large scum concentration tank is provided  773




for this purpose.






         Metal plating wastes                                          775






         A separate system  is used  to treat concentrated and rinse     777




^ank plating wastewaters.   Generally discharge from rinsing            779




operations is the continuous  source of contaminants.   The use of a     780




closed loop system which allows  the treated water  to be reused is to




be implemented in 1974.                                               781






    PjLating tank solutions that  have been spent  are  treated  on a       783




batch basis, as required.   They  are pumped out of  the  plating tanks    784




and processed by the application of physical-chemical  methods.         785




Cyanide  wastes are  destroyed by the electrolytic oxidation process;    786




_the addition of  chlorine then removes  the residual cyanide.  Chrome    788




plating wastewaters are treated by the sulfur dioxide  reduction




process in which hexavalent chromium is  reduced  to the trivalent       789




 state.   Treatment  of other miscellaneous acid-alkaline plating  wastes  790







                              VII-35

-------
                            DRAFT
is achieved  by £H adjustment, neutralization, and precipitation of      791




metals.






    All of the neutralized wastes are piped to a precipitation system  793




consisting of four  tanks.  When a tank is full, lime and a             795




polyelectrolyte  are added to  precipitate metals and solids.  When the  797




sludge has settled, the  supernatant is discharged to the industrial




waste ^reatment  plant for further treatment.                           798






    The sludge  from the  precipitation tanks is pumped to a holding     800




tank before being taken  by  tank truck to a landfill.  About 3,000      802




gallons of sludge are produced each week.









                        Effluent Waste Loads                           914




    Table 11 summarizes  the effluent waste loads discharged at         917




airline maintenance bases where surveys'were conducted.                918






    Table 12 summarizes  typical influent and effluent waste load that  920




£ass through the industrial oxidation ponds maintained at a large      921




west coast aJ.rport.  industrial wastewaters are first isolated,        923




separated or treated and then discharged to  the storm drainage system  924




channels and then pumped to one of two lagoons.  One can hold          925




20,000,000 gallons and the  other  2,600,000.  Wastes spilled on         926




aircraft parking or ramp areas remain there until cleaned up or




washed into the  storm system by flushing or by rain.  A certain        928




amount of oil flotation  and solids settling takes place in the
                               VII-36

-------



























CO
8.S
»•< -p
1X4 *l"t
[
Id -rl
•d rj
§oj
b-.

o
<0 M
-P e!
to EQ

O

Si*

W il

O b
£


•d-d
O h

H
O h
E

CO
i-l
0 H


A f
0.
0)
08 W H
H 0> t
•rl t. |
0 0
t
•d w
C *d r"
0) i-l — ,
&H t
M O
3 CQ
co
.
§-^

u

H
O
pa E




LSIVf



• ^ ^
>• *
ro oi •— -

ro
w> ro ^ T3 T?
3 t — *^^ d) o
-< ON ^< ^
SO co^ w to
o cc rt
^j t— v v

•H
? to M
° -H O ro
* f^ ^S
13 § & & ?.
a « § j8 P
« II -^o
w S •? w ^


H JL O
o S 5\
do d


1 ' CJ

d
CO
, 5. 5
d
.
1 '""'

o
m
i °. ^

0
s* '•^
2 o


H 43
m

, ° 8

d
, ° "CO

o
00
2 w^
•
0

1


3 o7
1 ^





i i i


oo
^
i • i


i I i

r- 00
i • *
SO t-
&H CS W
VII-37
t
o

s S*
0) DC
M QJ
3 73


0) O
P H
10 Du t-l
Industrial Wa
Bade County. !
September 197
-s
o ^-
*d Is
Pi SO O
d
Ills
^^_-

H

CO

CM
d
CM
t--

•-H

ro

CM
^_^
co rt


O P


vS

O
8

d



o


^
ir\
vo
•g
CO



o

vo
•*

t-

^
CO
i

H

^
M




j>j
t a
j3 T3


<1> O ^-
+5 H ON
W [t, r-l
Industrial Wa
Bade County,
Report Sept.


8
LTN
d



i


S
d
VO
^—f

0

8

d
X—
CO CO
O P
• O
H P


£}

°
H

O

NO
,
CO
H



ON
[>•
CO




0
*
^^


J-



1

oo

\O
^


-------
         i/JKAJh 1







w
§
a
i1
ij
•P
i
1
1
O +>
•P fc
l&
a**
rH .H +>
*j a

*-3 y fj
a 30
1i Tj
£4 C +>
H w
0)
£ °
•g

0
r}
11
-P
W
1

Q>
>
^























rH
£>
^
•< t)

H
55 ^Jv
1

H
£"K
B


3^
^

^H

H

0 ^


s; ••••i,
0 e1

M
'O rH

2 £
K B


0)
M rH
P
O
•H
o tp
o e
H
cn ^



• PI

M
8 5?
^H TJ
"ti
Ij) |
-P
0) 0)
,5

j5
SI
a
d
OJ
o

d
CO
•-H
d

CO

d


in
oo
d

H
•"•J
d

R

d

'S
d
VI


o\
W
d




§

ir\

ir\
O-t
o

^
1

'O



t—






o
d
"o

d
^
o
d

ro
A
d


&
d

ir\
o
d

€

9i

'S
d
VI


tr\

0


m

^


1

1
01
d

i
~°







0)
-* +3
H b S
3
d
€

d
OJ
^i"
d

o\
OJ
d


m
d

d

D
rH

0


.
9



0
i-5




OJ


tn

CO
OD

J
1

•*



O
CJ





-0
d
o

d
t-
rH
d

^rj
O
d


s
d

d



d

v3
,
o



OJ
d




3


1

1

O

1
'-O








,_(
o
         ^
         Is
I-
      t; ;;•   vn-38
      '. i' i

-------
                             DKAF1
Channel and lagoon areas.  £11 is collected and disposed of  as         930




required, but some oils and solids are flushed into the Bay  when it    931




rains.






    Table 13 presents a summary analysis of the wastewater sampling    933




data collected at a large east coast airport during the period May 15  934




- December 15, 1972.  This work was performed under contract by a      936




consultant firm.  The objective was to determine the types and         937




amounts  of material being discharged into the bay area from the        938




airport's outfalls.






    The  apparent problems of concern are oil and grease, and possibly  940




jsplids and phenols.  Analysis indicates that the concentrations of     942




heavy metals are within  acceptable J.lmits and present no problem of    943




concern.






    Other than one major airline  that has extensive treatment          945




facilities at its  overhaul center,  the major type of treatment         946




employed at  this airport was a  gravity type sump or separator used to  947




collect  oily waste and  settleable matter.  All  sanitary wastes  are     948




processed at the municipal sewage treatment plant.
                                 VII-39

-------
                           DRAFT
                             TABLE 13                                951
             Summary Analysis  of Wastewater Discharge                954
                    From an East Coast Airport                       955
                                                                    959
pH                                    6.6   to  8.4                 960

BOD tng/1                               4     to  162                 961

COD mg/1                              10     to  750                 962

Oil and Grease mg/1                    1     tt   88                 963

Phenols mg/1                           0.1*  to    0.31              964

Suspended Solids mg/1                  5     to  210                 965

Surfactants mg/1                       0.50* to    2.30              966

Cyanide mg/1                           0.02*                         967

Cadmium mg/1                           0.05*                         968

Chromium  (Total) mg/1                  0.10*                         969

Arsenic mg/1                           0.01*                         970

Iron mg/1                             0.10  to   30                 971

Lead mg/1                             0.10*                         972

Nickel mg/1                            0.05*                         973

Copper mg/1                            0.30                          974

Zinc mg/1                             0.40                          975

Mercury mg/1                           0.002*                        976

Phosphorous  (Total) mg/1               0.33  to  1.94                977


*Indicates values below minimum detectable concentration.             980
                              VII-40

-------
                            SECTION VIII                               5




             COST, ENERGY AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS                7









                         Air Transportation                            9




Introduction                                                           13






    The air transporation industry has been subcategorized into six    15




major Jzypes of operations for the purposes of recommending effluent    16




limitations.  The cost discussion in this section has been organized   17




along the lines £f the subcategorization.                              18






Aircraft Ramp Service                                                  20






    Good housekeeping practices will insure that the runoff from most  22




aircraft service areas is uncontaminated by grease and oils and will   23




meet the jrecommended effluent limits.  In some areas of concentrated   25




service activity, it may be impossible or uneconomical to maintain a   26




level of housekeeping adequate to prevent surface water                27




contamination.  I_n such instances, one of two situations may  exist,    28




each calling for  a_ different control strategy.  If the surface water   30




is already  collected in storm sewers, the recommended effluent         31




limitations would require that the waters pass jthrough a grit         32




removal-gravity separation process prior to discharge,  If  the area    33




is not  sewered, then the recommended guidelines would require the      34




installation of an appropriate runoff collection system as  well as     35




the  treatment system.
                                VIII-1

-------
    In most cases, the least cost approach to meeting the effluent     37




Requirement will be the observance of tight operating procedures to    38




contain spills and remove the grease, oil, and other hydrocarbons      39




quickly by dry methods.  In other instances, airport management may    40




decide to collect and/or treat contaminated runoff from areas of       41




concentrated service activities.






    The costs of meeting the recommended effluent limitations under    43




these latter conditions have been estimated in Tables 14 and 15.  In   45




Table 14, it has been assumed that surface runoff from the area had




not previously been contained so the cost of containment, collection,  46




and ^reatment has been estimated.  In Table 15, only the costs of      48




treatment have been estimated because a Containment and collection     49




system has been assumed in existence.  The costs in the tables have    50




been developed for two typical size service areas o£ one-half and one  51




acre in area.  The costs of providing best practicable control         52




technology currently available (BPCTCA) for larger areas would         53




increase at an exponentially decreasing rate jsuch that an area of 10   54




acres would require an expenditure only 3-5 times Jrhat of the          55




expenditure required for the one acre area.
                                VIII-2

-------
T-"-: 7T» ft  I^T*
.  -. ,:•/• /,-, .•••' *
 TABLE 14                                       60
ESTIMATED COSTS OF BPCTCA (1973 dollars)
Air Transporation - Aircraft Ramp Service Areas
(one-half acre and one acre areas
no collection system in existence)


Investment Costs:
Collection System:
Paving removal
Excavation
Collection channel
Grating over channel
Curb
Overhead, profit, contingencies

Treatment System
Gravity Separator
Total
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Total Annual
Power
One-half
Acre Area


$ 3,750
750
21,500
13,500
1,200
9,300
$50,000

15^000
$65,000

$ 5,200
3,300
1,200
$ 9,700
100
One Acre
Area


$ 6,000
1,100
32,600
19,000
1,700
14,600
$75,000

20,000
$95,000

$ 7,600
4,500
1,600
$13,700
1,50
62
63
64
65
68
70
71
73
75
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
85
87
88
90
92
93
94
95
97
   VIII-3

-------
                              •• '-•• A ^7  ':
                            "* ** * ^T* ' n '  "'  '•
                            »;•*•' «£. VeX  jE.,.  'U.
                              TABLE 15                                  102

                      ESTIMATED COSTS OF BPCTCA                         104
          Air Transportation - Aircraft Ramp Service Areas              105
                  (one-half acre and one acre areas                     106
               collection system already in existence)                  107
                                                                           110

Investment Costs
Gravity Separator and pipe modifications
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Power
Total
One-half
Acre Area

$ 17,000

$ 1,350
850
1,200
100
$ 3,500
One Acre
Area

$22,500

1,800
1,100
1,600
150
$ 4,650
112
113
115
117
119
121
122
123
125
127
                                                                           130

    The requirements of best available  technology economically         135

achievable _(BATEA), new source performance  standards (NSPS),  and       136

pretreatment for existing and new  sources are  all the same as those    137

for BPCTCA.  The costs for these other  limitations,  therefore, are     138

the same a.s those for BPCTCA that  appear in Tables 14 and 15.          139
                               VIII-4

-------
                               DRAFT
Aircraft Rebuilding and  Overhaul                                       141






    T_he recommended effluent  guidelines were already being met by      143




^everal installations that  were surveyed as part of the field work     144




supporting _the development  document.  ^Depending on the size and type   146




of operations, the installed  costs  of the existing waste treatment     147




facilities varied from $500,000 to  $2,500,000.  The fact that these    148




systems have been built  and are operating testifies to the ^echnical   149




and cost feasibility of  the control systems.  ^Nevertheless, for those  150




installations that may have only  some or no  treatment at all, J:he      151




costs of achieving BPCTCA have been estimated.  The costs have been    152




estimated for one typical size waste treatment facility with a daily   153




wastewater flow of 500,000 gallons  per  day.   The wastewaters come      154




from both engine and airframe rebuilding and overhaul activities.      155




Half of the total flow  (250,000  gpd) is assumed  to  originate from      156




washing, cleaning and rinsing activities, and the remainder is         157




assumed to come from metal plating  operations.   A treatment system    159




based  on BPCTCA technology has been assumed  to be similar  to that




^hown  in Figure 2 of Section VII.  The washing,  cleaning,  and rinsing  161




wastes  are segregated from the metal plating wastes.  The  metal        162




plating wastes are  given a treatment equivalent  to  that  specified  i_n   163




 the effluent  guidelines for  the electroplating point  source Category.  164




According  to  the  electroplating development document,  the  investment   165




 cost of the _treatment system for handling metal plating wastes  from   166




 airline plating  shops should be between $150,000 and  $250,000           167
                               VIII-5

-------
depending upon the amount of water used in the plating operation       168




(26).  For the purposes of the cost estimate here, the treatment       169




system is assumed to cost $200,000.  Were the plating operations to    170




operate at about 60% utilization, _the operating costs for the metal    171




plating waste treatment system would be $125,000 per year according    172




to the cost data in the metal plating development document.






    The washing, cleaning, and rinse waters pass separately through    174




gravity separation, dissolved air flotation, neutralization.  Then     176




the washing wastewaters are combined with the metal plating




wastewaters.  The combined stream is charged with the necessary        177




nutrients and then treated by biological £xidation and final           178




clarification.  jJludges are vacuum filtered and disposed in a          179




suitable landfill.  The estimated costs of BPCTCA for the 500,000      180




gallon per day typical facility appear in Table 16.                    181
                               VIII-6

-------
                          -2AFT
                           TABLE 16                                185









                    ESTIMATED COSTS OF BPCTCA                       187




  Air Transporation - Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul Operations     188




                  (500,000 gallon per day flow)                      189
193
Investment Costs:
Metal plating waste treatment system
Gravity Separator
Dissolved air flotation unit
Neutralization tank and equipment
Biological treatment facility
Clarification system
Vacuum filter and sludge thickener
Space @ $50/SF (2,000 SF)

Annual Costs:
Chemicals (excluding those for metal
plating)
Operations for treatment of metal wastes
Operation and Maintenance (excluding
metals waste treatment system)

Total power
Capital
Depreciation
Total (exluding power)


$ 200,000
45,000
65,000
20,000
300,000
50,000
100,000
100,000
$ 880,000


$ 25,000
125,000

65^000
$ 215,000
15,000
$ 70,000
88^000
$ 373,000

. 195
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
207
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
217
218
219
220
    In some instances, BPCTCA will provide sufficient  treatment to     225




achieve Jthe BATEA effluent limitations.  In others,  however, the       227




achievement of BATEA will require that the BPCTCA be supplemented by   228




multimedia filtration and carbon adsorption £rior to  discharge.  The  230
                              VIII-7

-------
                                   ,;..\ «-«
incremental costs of BATEA above those fo BPCTCA have been estimated   231

on the basis of the latter situation which is likely to be more        232

prevalent.  The estimated incremental costs of BATEA appear in Table   233

17.
                              TABLE 17
237
     ESTIMATED INCREMENTAL COSTS OF BATEA ABOVE THOSE OF BPCTCA        239
   Air Transporation - Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul Operations     240
                    (500,000 gallon per day flow)                      241
                                                                           244
Investment Costs:
Multimedia filter
Granular carbon filter
Total
Annual Costs:
Carbon replacement
Operation and Maintenance
Capital
Depreciation
Total
Power

$ 80,000
100^000
$ 180,000

15,000
20,000
9,000
18,000
$ 62,000
250
246
248
249
250
252
254
255
256
257
258
260
                                                                           262
    New source performance  standards  (NSPS) require  the  same  level  of   267

effluent equality as BATEA.                                              268


    The costs of achieving  NSPS for the new typical  plant would  be      270

the sum of  the BPCTCA costs in Table  16 and the  incremental BATEA      271

£osts in Table 17.  The  total cost of NSPS for the typical plant       273

appears in  Table 18.


                               VIII-8

-------
                             TABLE 18                                 277

                      ESTIMATED COSTS OF NSPS                         279
  Air Transporation - Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul Operations     280
                   (500,000 gallon per day flow)                      281
284
Investment Costs:

BPCTCA Inves. Costs (Tab. 16)
BATEA Incremental
Total
Annual Costs:
Inves. Costs (Tab. 17)



$ 880,000
ifto.ono
$ 1,060,000

BPCTCA Annual Costs (excluding power
Tab 16)
BATEA Incremental
(excluding power,

Total power costs


Annual Costs
Tab. 17)

(Tab. 16 & 17)

$ 220,000

62,000
$ 282,000
15,250

286
288
289
290
292
294
295
296
297
298
300
302
    Pretreatemnt for existing and new sources will in many cases be    307

the equivalent of BPCTCA less the biological treatment and final       308

clarification.  The costs of pretreatment,  therefore, have been        309

estimated to be the costs presented in Table 16 less the costs of      310

biological treatment and final clarification.  The estimated costs of  311

pretreatment appear in Table 19.
                               VIII-9

-------
                            ?->. r.
                              Of. ,
                              A-i


                              TABLE 19                                 316
ESTIMATED COSTS OF PRETREATMENT FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
Air Transporation - Aircraft Overhaul

Investment Costs:
BPCTCA Inves. Cost (Tab. 16)
Less cost of biological treatment
Less cost of final clarification
Less 1/2 cost of vacuum filter
Total
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operations of metal waste treatment
Operation and Maintenance (excluding
metal waste treatment)
Chemicals (excluding those for metal
treatment)
Power
Total

Aircraft Maintenance
and Rebuilding Operations


$ 880,000
- 300,000
- 30,000
- 50,000
$ 500,000

$ 40,000
50,000
system 65,000

35,000
waste
20,000
11,000
$ 221,000


318
319
322
324
326
327
328
329
330
332
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
344
349
    Aircraft maintenance facilities conducting routine  maintenance     351

operations may or may not include  the washing of  aircraft.   The        353

wastewater flow and characteristics will  differ between the facility

Jthat includes washing and the one  that doesn't.   JEn  recognition of     355

these differences, cost estimates  have been Developed accordingly.     356
                              VIII-10

-------
                                                                       358
    Eouti"e Maintenance




    For the purposes of cost estimation it has been assumed that the   360



typical routine maintenance shop services no more than two aircraft    361



per day.  The wastewater flow from servicing two aircraft  is assumed  362



to be 4,000 gallons.  BPCTCA for controlling these wastewaters is      363



flow equalization, neutralization and gravity separation.  The         365



estimated costs of achieving BPCTCA for typical routine maintenance



Operations appear in Table 20.                                         366





                              TABLE 20                                 371
ESTIMATED COSTS OF BPCTCA
Air Transporation - Routine Maintenance
(Two aircraft serviced per day, flow
4,000 gallons per day)

Investment Costs:
Equalization and neutralization tank
Gravity Separator
Pipes and valves
Total
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Power
Total Annual Cost

Operations
equal to


$ 5,000
12,000
1,000
$ 18,000

$ 1,450
1,800
1,200
150
$ 4,600

373
374
375
376
379
381
383
384
385
386
388
390
391
392
393
394
396
     BATEA and NSPS  requirements  for  treating wastes  derived  from       401



 routine maintenance operations are the  same as  those for  BPCTCA.   The  403




                              VIII-11

-------
incremental costs of BATEA, therefore, are zero.  The total costs of   404




NSPS are the same as the costs in Table 20.






    I_n most cases pretreatment for existing and new sources will be    407




equivalent to BPCTCA.  Therefore, the costs of pretreatment are        408




assumed equal to those in Table 20 for both existing and new sources.  409




^n those cases where the public system receiving the wastewaters       410




contracts to jremove a certain amount of the pollutants, then the       411




source must remove only that remaining portion of the pollutants       412




necessary _tp achieve the BPCTCA effluent limitations given the         413




cotracted removal efficiencies of the public system.                   414






    Routine Maintenance and Washing                                    416






    The aircraft maintenance installation of this type is assumed to   418




accomodate two aircraft  per day.  The servicing and washing of one    420




aircraft is assumed to generate 10,000 gallons of wastewater.  The     421




design wastewater flow from the typical installation is 20,000




gallons per day.  BPCTCA consists of flow equalization,                422




neutralization, gravity separation, and ^dissolved air flotation.  The  424




estimated costs of BPCTCA  treatment requirements appear in Table 21.
                              VIII-12

-------
                             fr-. ••••,.  ,,  _,_,„_
                             F : <*;.' /), FT P
                                  -.."uJt  A.
                              TABLE 21                                 429

                      ESTIMATED COSTS OF BPCTCA                        431
   Air Transportation - Routine Maintenance and Washing Operations     432
(Two aircraft serviced per day, flow equal to 20,000 gallons per day)  433
                                                                            436
Investment Costs:
Equalization and neutralization tank
and equipment
Gravity separator
Dissolved air flotation unit
Pipes and valves

Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and maintenance (excluding
chemicals)
Chemicals
Power
Total Annual Cost


$ 18,000
19,200
24,000
3^000
$ 64,200

$ 5,160
4,560

4,800
1,800
2,040
$ 18,360
438
440
441
442
443
444
445
447
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
                                                                            457

    BATEA for typical routine maintenance  and  washing installations    462

consists of recirculation of wash waters and if  feasible               463

recirculation of rinse waters.   For  the purposes of  estimating the     464

incremental costs  of achieving  BATEA,  ±t has been assumed that the     465

effluent from the  BPCTCA treatment system  can  be jrecirculated as wash  466

waters.  ^5ince  rinse waters are assumed to be  fresh  water, the         467

recirculation does not eliminate the need  for  discharge.               468

Recirculation of the effluent for washing  requires the necessary       469

piping, valving, pressurized  storage,  and  precautions to insure that   470

the recirculated water is used  for washing only,  I_t is estimated      472



                              VIII-13

-------
that the investment cost for the piping,  valving,  and pressurized      473

storage would be about $10,000.   The additional operating and          474

maintenance costs associated with the BATEA system would be jibout      475

$500 per year and the additional power requirements would be no more

than $100.                                                             476


    NSPS requirements are the same as those for BATEA.  The estimated  479

costs for achieving NSPS are equal to the sum of the estimated costs   480

of BPCTCA plus the incremental costs of BATEA.  The estimated costs    481

of NSPS appear in Table 22.


                              TABLE 22                                 486

                       ESTIMATED COSTS OF NSPS                         488
   Air Transporation - Routine Maintenance and Washing Operations      489
                   (Two aircraft serviced per day,                     490
                flow equal to 20,000 gallons per day)                  491
494
Investments Costs:
Investment cost of BPCTCA (Tab. 21)
Incremental cost of BATEA
Total
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Chemicals
Power
Total

$64,200
10,000
$74,200

$ 6,000
5,400
5,300
1,800
2,140
$20,640
496
498
499
500
502
504
505
506
507
508
509
51
                              VIII-14

-------
                             Dv"?  !\ •—•• -g-1
                             KAir I
    Pretreatment for existing  sources consists of flow equalization,   516

n_eutralization,  and gravity separation,  Pretreatment for new sources  518

consists of the above and in addition dissolved air flotation.  The    520

estimated costs of pretreatment for existing  sources appear in Table

23.  Pretreatemnt for new sources requires  the same investment as      521

BPCTCA.  The costs of pretreatment for  new  sources, therefore, are     522

the same as the costs of BPCTCA in Table 23.                           523
TABLE 23

ESTIMATED COSTS OF PRETREATMENT FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
Air Transportation - Routine Maintenance and Washing Operations
(Two aircraft serviced per day,
flow equal to 20,000 gallons per day)
Investment Costs:
Equalization and neutralization tank and
equipment
Gravity separator
Pipes and valves
Total
Annual Costs:
Capital
Depreciation
Operation and Maintenance
Power
Total
Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance

$ 18,000
19,200
2,400
$ 39,600

$ 3,200
2,800
2,400
200
$ 8,600

528
529
530
531
532
537
539
540
541
542
543
545
547
548
549
550
551
558
                                                                           535
                                                                           553
     The typical ground vehicle  service and maintenance installation    560


 produces in general the jsame  types of wastewaters as that from         561

 aircraft maintenance installations.  The major difference between the  562



                              VIII-15

-------
                             DRAFT
two operations is that  of  the  quantity of flow.  The typical ground    563




vehicle service and maintenance  shop generates about 1,000 gallons




per day of wash and cleaning wastewaters.  In most instances, the      565




wastewaters from this activity could be routed directly to the J:wo     566




treatemnt systems that  would also  treat aircraft maintenance wastes.




Nevertheless, costs have been  estimated for a separate ground vehicle  567




service and maintenance waste  treatment facility assuming that the     568




wastewaters include wash waters.






    JBPTCA for the typical  treatment facility consists of gravity       570




Reparation in a manually cleaned sump-separator.  These sump-separator 572




units can be installed  for a cost  of $5,000 ^n the typical ground      573




vehicle maintenance shops.  Maintenance cost for such a unit are       574




negligible.  There are  no  power  costs associated with operation of     575




the separator.






    BATEA and NSPS requirements  are the same as those of BPCTCA.  The  579




incremental costs of BATEA above those of BPCTCA are zero £nd the      580




cost of NSPS are the same  as the costs of BPCTCA.






    Pretreatment for existing  sources is a sump to settle out grit     582




and contain any spills  that might  occur.  If an existing maintenance   584




shop did not already have  such a sump, one could be installed for      585




less than $750.  Pretreatment  for  new sources requires the same level  586




of control as BPCTCA and the same  expenditure of funds to install the  587




appropriate sump-separator.









                              VIII-16

-------
                                                                       con
    No wastewaters of any consequence originate from these areas.  No  592




collection or treatment system is required.  The cost of control for   593




all levels of regulation are zero.







Terminal  and Auxiliary Facilities                                      595






    The wastewaters from these facilities fall under the £ategory of   598




sanitary and domestic wastes.  The sources of wastewaters are          599




primarily restaurants and lavatories in the terminal.  The             600




appropriate controls for the treatment of these wastewaters are        601




determined by the secondary treatment requirements for municipal and   602




domestic wastes.  £osts for these controls ought to be attributed to   603




the costs of cleaning up municipal wastes in general and should not    604




be combined with the costs of cleaning up the process wastewaters      605




associated with air transportation.
                              VIII-17

-------
                             DRAFT
                              SECTION IX
       BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
                 EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS
                            Introduction                               10

    The best practicable control technology currently available        14

(BPCTCA) ^.ncludes both source control and treatment technology.        15

J3PCTCA source control technology is that within the process itself     16

which s_hould be normal practice within the industry.  KPCTCA end-of-   18

pipe treatment technology is based on the wastewater _treatment         19

processes currently used.  The extent to which treatment technology    20

is applied depends on the magnitude and the scope of the operations    21

conducted at each airport complex.

    Waste treatment technology for air transporation industry of       23

wastes does not require highly sophisticated  treatment methods.  |tore  25

efficient results of the treatment methods presently employed £puld    26

be attained through proper maintenance and control, and  in  some

instances, modification of the equipment now  in operation.  Good       29

management, good housekeeping practices, waste segregation  and         30

control of water used can play a key part in  lessening the  waste       31

loads and volumes requiring treatment.

    Jin-plant controls available to accomplish such  measures include,   33

but are not limited to the following:                                  34
                                 IX-1    -               NOT1CE
                                         Jhrse are tentative recommendations based upon
                                         ir.fr nnafion in this report and are subject to chanre
                                         b=,5t.d upon comments received and further irlr.rr,,v.
                                                      review by EPA.

-------
                           DRAFT
    1.    provide high  standards of good housekeeping  in maintenance     38
         and  operation;                                                 39

    2.    separation  of contaminated  low-volume wastewaters  from  other   41
         plant  waters, such  as wash  waters;                             42

    3.    separation  of oils,  greases,  jet  fuel,  and solvents  from      44
         other  plant wastewaters;                                       45

    4.    employ electrostatic painting to  materially  reduce the         47
         pollutional load generated  when refinishing  aircraft          48
         surfaces;                                                      49

    5.    use  non-phenolic paint  strippers  wherever possible;            51

    6.    reduce water  usage  to  eliminate excess  flows;                  53

    7.    segregate nontoxic  and  toxic wastewaters;                     55

    8.    use  granular  materials  to soak up liquid spills;               57

    9.    prevent leaks, overflows,  and spills;                          59

    10.  provide impoundments for any leaks, overflows,  and spills     61
         that occur.                                                   62

                       Waste Treatment Methods                         66

    A^ desirable and economical way to treat industrial wastes          69

^generated at airports is to combine them with sanitary sewage for      70

^Treatment in the same plant,  generally, however, the industrial       72

wastes must be pretreated to keep acids, Alkalis, toxic metals, oils,  73

and greases from damaging treatment units and interfering with         74

biological treatment  practices.


    Consideration should always be given  to grouping certain types of  76

Industrial wastes because of the operating  economies involved (e.g.    77

acid wastes with alkaline wastes, small volume  wastes having high BOD  78

values with jsimilar wastes with  lesser values).   By  doing  this,  the    80


                                                         NOTICE
                                 IX-2     1 hese are tentative recommendations  os--e.
                                        .''••• "-'.i-it'on in tlvf report ?.nd  arc su'recr v>
                                        '•J' -   -'I  '>n cor/;ments ter.rived :;::d fjr'.'i .  !
                                                      r;;v c /•. L v hi "A.

-------
industrial wastes can be brought  into  the range of biological          81

treatment used in treating  sanitary  sewage,  thereby £ermitting         82

combined treatment.


Oil - Water Wastes                                                      84


    I3PCTCA end-of-pipe  treatment  for removing free oil, fuels,         86

hydrocarbon solvents, lubricating oils and similar materials is based  87

cm existing wastewater  treatment  processes.   Such methods employ:      89


    1.   Storm water diversion to minimize waste flows;                93

    2.   gravity-type oil-water separators (such as those approved     95
         by the API) or baffle plate separators;                       96

    3.   skimming and sludge draw off equipment for removal of         98
         floating and settled oily materials;     '                     99

    4.   filtration - by vacuum,  sand or dual media filters.           101

    These methods are satisfactory when free oily wastes are present  105

and there is  sufficient difference in specific gravity or density  for  106

separation.  ^Gravity separators will not prevent the escape of all     107

emulsified oil.


    Successful emulsion breaking requires the addition of chemical      109

flocculating  materials  followed by air flotation, sedimentation,        110

filtration, and/or biological treatment.  Other methods that are        112

effective include heating,  distillation, centrifuging, or precoat

filtration.                                                              113
                                                         NOTICE
                                         i 'ves« ,-ire (enfnfive recorninnno'ations ,;r,st;.-' >
                                         <•• -jni.aiion in tliis report and are GuSjf-rf a., r'
                                         ^vivi t'pon comment? rrrHvf-c! :-v-\ {• ;•',<•• . ;
                                                      r

-------
                              DRAFT
Phenolic Wastes                                                        115


    Concentrated phenol wastes resulting from the cleaning of          117

aircraft parts and the stripping of paint, are partially removable by  118

air flotation and the addition of flocculating chemicals, such as      119

alum or activated silica.                                              120


    Phenols in low concentrations can be treated in biological         122

oxidation processes such as trickling filters, the activated sludge    123

process, or a combination of both.


    Where phenols present a significant wastewater problem, carbon     125

Adsorption will provide  the best results.                              126


Metal Plating Wastes                                                   128


    BPCTCA for metal plating operations is the use of chemicals  to     130

^reat wastewater at  the  end of  the process combined with  the best      131

practical in-process control  technology to conserve rinse water  and    132

jreduce  the amount of treated wastewater discharged.                    133


    _For essentially  all  of  the  parameters, BPCTCA involves             135

precipitation which  includes  coagulation, sedimentation,  flotation     136

and finally  filtration.


    Chemical  oxidation or  electrolytic  decomposition  of cyanides and  138

chemical reduction  of  chromium  are  required  as  part of  the  treatment  139

process.   £>uch heavy metals as  cadmium, copper,  zinc,  iron,            140

                                                          NOTICE
                                          Thes" nre tentative recommendations based uo•>.-•.
                                          JT''.,':!:-:iion in this report and are  subject to c'.*  , -
                                           'r.f. :. • •>;•"•••'> c^rumanls recsiv"^ ami iu.lhev : .It.': -•.;
                                                        review by  EPA.

-------
manganese, nickel, and chromium +3  can be readily and inexpensively    141

precipitated as hydroxides by  lime  treatment.

    Neutralization and co-precipitation of these heavy metals along    143

with settling and clarification are generally employed to remove       144

^uspended solids before  combining with other non-plating wastes.       145


    This technology has  been widely practiced by the plating industry  147

£or over 25 years.  However, it cannot achieve zero discharge of       149

heavy metals because £f  the  finite  solubility of the metal salts.  I_n  151

addition, it is not practicable to  achieve 100% clarification and

some small amount of metal is  contained in the suspended solids.       152

    Since metal plating  operations  in the airline industry are         154

basically the same as  those  employed in the overall metal plating      155

^industry, the treatment  technology  used by the latter industry  is      156

applicable for processing metal plating wastes originating from       157

jaircraft maintenance facilities. The state-of-the-art for dealing     159

with metal plating operations  is described in detail in the            160

Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines for _the       161

Electroplating Industry  as  developed by EPA in .August 1973.
                                                           NOTICE
                                 IX-5      ™CSe are tentative recommendations based
                                           J«^rm.-,tK.:i in this report and are subject to cl
                                           •  ' •-• •>•••;>•". comments rer-iver] and lurii,(-.r in
                                                        r. "it->A- by KiJ.\.

-------
                                      PT
        Best Practical Control Treatment Currently Available           165
                       for Industry Categories                          166

Aircraft Ramp Service                                                   170
    T_he wastes discharged from  this  activity  are infrequent.   Large    173

spills are removed immediately  with  residuals flushed to sewer srystem  174

or evaporated,  j^tandard treatment should  consist of gravity sump or   175

separator units installed on  sewer systems for collection of solids    176

and floatable materials washed  from  specific  service areas where a     177

high potential exists  for waste discharges.   Normal surface runoff     179

should be eliminated from treatment  systems.


Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul                                       181


    Treatment requirements  are  based on wastes resulting from the      183

rebuilding and overhauling  of aircraft engines, air frames and other   184

components.  The  wastes are derived  from materials used and removed    185

during  the cleaning, inetal  plating and painting processes.             186


    jBPCTCA emphasizes  source control to reduce waste volume and        188

separate Jireatment  of  oily, solvent, detergent and paint stripping     189

wastes  from  inetal plating wastes.  BPCTCA treatment for non-metal      191

plating wastes  requires  physical-chemical methods equivalent to        192

screening,  gravity  separation,  equalization for .acid-alkaline          193

materials,  chemical treatment for breaking of emulsions, Coagulation,  194

dissolved  air  flotation  and sedimentation.  The need for biological    195

treatment  is required where satisfactory BOD, COD, and phenol
IX-6     1!;rS{' *r" *«n«»tive recommendations based
                                                           NOTICE
                                                                              upon
                                           '•"• '» -on K, this report and B»C subject to
                                                  '  roir.iM.~nts rPCe;v^ -,,,,1 |,lr!!(t;|. ; .; _,  ,

                                                        • •  " • b  Li A.

-------
                               DRAFT
reductions have not been attained through the above described           196

physical-chemical jtreatment methods alone for direct discharge to       197

receiving streams.  ^Treatment technology to accomplish this includes    198

the use of oxidation ponds, Jtrickling filters, Activated sludge        199

systems, polishing lagoons or combinations ^f'these followed by final  200
                                               i
clarification.  Other techniques are described in "Manual on Disposal  201

of Refinery Wastes, Volume on Liquid Wastes," American Petroleum       202

Institute, 1969.

    BPCTCA treatment for metal plating wastes requires physical-       204

chemical measures equivalent to methods of equalization, pH            205

adjustment, oxidation or reduction, chemical precipitation,            206

clarification and filtration.  Removal of cyanides requires            207

destruction by electrolytic decomposition or chemical oxidation

processes.

Aircraft Maintenance                                                   209

    Routine                                                            211

    Treatment requirements are based on wastes resulting from          213

maintenance and minor repair of aircraft engines, air frames and       214

components, cleaning aircraft interiors, replacing aircraft engines,    215

lubricant replacement, and floor cleaning.

    BPTCA includes source  control over the waste materials produced    217

and physical  treatment using screens and gravity-type oil-water        218
                                                         NOTICE
                                IX-7     These are tentative recommendations based „-„
                                          »'-"n..t.on in this report and are subject to cW
                                         ba** upon comments received and further intern,-I
                                                      review by EPA.

-------
separators to remove settleable solids, floatable  oils,  grease,  and    219

other substances.  Where emulsified oily wastes  are present,  gravity   220

separation should be followed by  treatment  equivalent to chemical      221

emulsion breaking, air flotation  and  clarification.


    Washing                                                             223


    Water that has been used  to clean aircraft contains a mixture of   225

detergents, oil, fuel, £arbon, metal  oxides and other solids.          226


    Jiest practicable control  technology for treatment of these wastes  228

requires physical-chemical  systems employing jscreening and gravity     229

separation for removal of settleable  solids and floatable oils,

grease and other substances.  _In  addition,  treatment requirements      231

include equalization for  any  acid-alkaline detergents and Chemical     232

treatment for breaking  emulsified oils, greases and cleaning solvents

followed by  dissolved air flotation,  and clarification                 233


Ground Vehicle  Service  and  Maintenance                                 235


     VJastewaters  from this source are largely  from  oily materials,       237

solvent and  detergent Cleaning wastes, painting wastes,  and vehicle    238

and floor wash  waters.


     jiest  practicable control technology requires  source  control to     240

prevent or  reduce the  wastes generated and physical  treatment           241

consisting  of screening and gravity oil-water separators for removal

of settleable &olids,  floatable  oils, grease  and  other  materials.       242

                                                            NOTICE
                                  IX-8       ™ese are tentative recommendations  based ,m
                                            '"formation in this report and are subject lo chn-r
                                            '' •' d »pon comments roce-vcd arid furt!-,ei  l-.-.^r...
                                                         r vcv by F.i-A.

-------
                            DRAFT
Where gravity separation alone is not sufficient to eliminate          243

emulsified oils, detergents or other waste constituents, further       244

physical-chemical treatment equivalent to emulsion-breaking

techniques, coagulation, air flotation and clarification must be       245

used.


Fuel Storage Centers                                                   247


    Normally there is no waste discharge from fuel storage centers.    249

JJeing a potential source of fire or explosion, close control is        250

maintained over the areas.  _Installation of waste treatment systems    251

for this source is not proposed.


Terminal and Auxiliary Facilities                                      253


    Sanitary wastes originating from such facilities are covered by    255

treatment jcequirements for domestic systems operated by municipal-     256

      or individual airports.                                          257
Effluent Limitation Guidelines                                         259


    Proposed effluent limitation guidelines for the air transporation  261

industry are Msted in Table 1 in Section II - Recommendations.        262

These limits are based on a reasonable flow per unit and               263

concentration limits attainable by best practicable treatment.         264

Rationale for determining concentration limits for applicable waste    265

constituents have been developed in Section VII.  Further rationale    267

and the establishing of concentration limits is presented in the


                                IX-9                     NOTICE
                                         These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                         information in this report and are subject to choree
                                         K;.s a upon comments received and further •r.fe'-.v'
                                                       review by  F.PA.

-------
D                                 r * A i? r
                                 A\AT i
following text.  The limitations are for point sources discharging     268



directly into streams and not to municipal or other industrial         269



systems which may treat the wastes.





    Oil should be limited to an average of not more than 10 mg/1 as    271



hexane extractables with an absolute limit of 20 mg/1.  These limits   273



have been practicably and consistently attained in well-designed and



well-operated oil Reparation plants.                                   274





    Suspended solids can be effectively removed in good oil-           276



separation facilities and by JLiming clarification systems.  The        278



effluent concentration should be limited to an average of 25 mg/1 and  279



a maximum of 50 mg/1.





    There is no practicable way to remove dissolved solids from waste  281



jitreams and treatment systems themselves usually increase them.        282



Effluent limits should be determined by receiving water quality        283



standards.




    JBiochemical oxygen demand  (BOD) is normally removed by over 60%    285



through oil separation and air  flotation treatment systems.   Further   287



reduction to acceptable  limits  is  attainable  by biological oxidation   288



means.  BOD(5) should be limited to an average of 25  mg/1 and a        289



maximum of 50  mg/1  for any one  day.  If COD is substituted as a        290



parameter, it  should be  limited to 125 mg/1 average and 250 mg/1



maximum for any one day.                                               291
                                        T,              NOTICE
                                IX-10   .J^se a« tentative recommendations based

                                                 in
                                                 comments received and further inter,/:'

                                                     review by EPA.

-------
                             DRAF
    Phenols are removable in facilities having multiple treatment      293

sequences such as air flotation, biological treatment,  and             294

filtration.  ^Effluent concentrations should be limited to an average   295

of 1.0 mg/1 and a maximum of 2.0 mg/1.


    Heavy metals are effectively removed by chemical treatment         297

followed by precipitation and filtration.  Concentration limits for    299

the metals of concern in this industry are:


    Cadmium             0.15 mg/1                                      304
    Total chrome        0.50 mg/1                                      305
    Copper              0.5  mg/1                                      306
    Lead                0.10 mg/1                                      307
    Nickel         '     1.0  mg/1                                      308
    Zinc                1.0  mg/1                                      309

    Cyanide should be limited to a concentration of 0.1 mg/1 in the    315

effluent.  This is readily accomplished by cyanide destruction and     316

post chlorination.


    Temperature is not normally significant, and effluent limits need  318

not be set.  The pH in the effluent should be within the range of 6.0  319

to 9.0 units.
                                                        NOTICE
                                        These are tentative recommendations based upon
                               IX-11    information in this report and are subject to c
                                        b;is' d i:non comments received and further i
                                                      r- v.e  bv Lt'A.

-------
                              DRAFT
             Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources               325

    Pretreatment of airport industrial wastes for acceptance in        328

publicly owned systems should be considered wherever possible.  Many   330

airport industry discharges now go to municipal systems.


    A_ minimum level of pretreatment must be given to airport           332

facilities which discharge wastewater to publicly owned treatment      333

works.  In addition, potential pollutants which will inhibit or upset  335

the performance of publicly owned treatment works must be eliminated   336

from such discharges.


    Pretreatment for airport industrial wastewaters for existing       338

sources a_s a minimum should include gravity separation of oils and     339

solids and _the use of an equalization and neutralization basin to      340

prevent shock loadings of  these materials and acidic or alkalines      341

wastes.


    With respect to metal  plating operations, a potential toxicity     343

problem exists if heavy metals, cyanides and phenolic materials are    344

discharged.  This  will require control of non-compatible pollutants   345

to  conform to the most ^restrictive of:  (1) local  ordinances  for        346

discharge to a publicly owned  treatment works;  (2)  the  pretreatment    347

provisions of Section 304(f) of the FWPC Act _(40  CFR 128);  (3)  the     348

provision of Section 307(a) with respect to  toxic ^substances;  or  (4)   349

effluent limitations as described  in  this  section - Best Practicable   350

Control Technology  Currently Available.

                                                           NOTICE
                                           These arc  tentative recommendations  based upon
                                IX-12       i-.f-.rrrmtion in this report and are subjecl to chanr-
                                           !"•';. -i • ..on comments received and further ir;trrn, '
                                                        r v t-  b i-:iJA.

-------
                                  p A Err
                                  *'*./"&&  1
Sludge Disposal                                                         352


    jjludges generated by waste  treatment must  be  disposed of in a      354

manner which will not degrade the  environment.  Relatively innocuous   356

materials such as inorganic silt,  sewage  type  sludge and jzightly       357

bound metals may be disposed of in carefully managed landfills.

Organic materials such as may be derived  from  jet engine and air       358

frame overhaul, aircraft washing,  and painting activities may          359

necessitate incineration or ^recycling into  useful materials.           360

Landfill should not be viewed as first  choice  disposal for most of     361

these materials or for oily sludges.                                    362


    Oil skimmed from gravity separators can often be reprocessed or    364

used as heating jfuel.  Oily sludges should  also be examined for oil    366

recovery.  If  this is not practicable,  they should be disposed of in   367

an environmentally Acceptable manner.                                   368


Monitoring Requirements                                                 370


    Monitoring requirements should be relatively  straightforward for   372

most airport industrial discharges. However,  for metal plating, jet   374

engine and air frame overhaul,  and paint  stripping activities, £he     375

permittor should be guided by information on the  various organic and

inorganic materials used in the activities  performed.  The monitoring  377

requirements will then be related  to the  complexity of operations.
                                                         NOTICE
                                IX_13    These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                         information in this report and are subject to change
                                         based upon comments received and further internal
                                                       review by EPA.

-------
                          DRAFT
    Effluent flow and pH should be continuously monitored for all      379

^treatment systems where best practicable control technology requires   380

jtreatment beyond simple gravity oil separation and in any case where   381

average J^low is greater than 50,000 gallons per day.  For lesser       383

volumes, pH and flow rate should be measured at the time of sampling.


    _Lf only limited routine maintenance facilities are located on an   385

airport, ^he frequency of samples and analysis required will depend    386

on airport activity.  A.t least one effluent grab sample should be      387

collected per week for chemical analysis.  On the other hand, if       388

major overhaul and maintenance base facilities are present, the

Airport  should be required  to obtain and analyze a 24-hour composite   389

effluent sample once per week.  The composite should be comprised of   391

a minimum of three equally  spaced  (in time) grab Camples taken over a  392

 24-hour  period.


Non-Water Quality Environmental  Impact                                 394


     No  satisfactory  evidence exists that disposing  of  sludge  wastes    396

 on  land  lias a  direct impact on soil systems,  but  underground  disposal  397

 is  not jrecommended because  ground water may become  contaminated  from   398

 leaching, percolation,  or  infiltration.                                399


     The employing of waste treatment  methods  based  on BPCTCA is  not    401

 expected to have any air pollution impact.                             402
                                                           NOTICE
                                           These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                           information in this report and are subject to change
                                IX-14      b..r- 
-------
                             DRAFf
                              SECTION X                                5



        $%Best Available Technology Economically Achievable$%          7
                   $%Guidelines and Limitations$%                      8

^Industry Category Covered$%                                          13


    The prime source categories discharging waste contaminants have    15

been identified as originating ^rom facilities involved in: _(1)        17

Aircraft Rebuilding and Overhaul; _(2) Aircraft Maintenance; and (3)    18

Ground Vehicle Service and Maintenance.


^Identification of Best Available Technology$%                        21
$%Econotnically Achievable$%                                            23

    For the prime waste sources cited, the best available control      28

technology currently available to be applied consists of those

measures described in Section IX under BPCTCA and the in-plant source  29

controls defined.  In addition BATEA includes control measures         30

designed to eliminate to the extent economically achievable, the       31

discharge of industrial waste waters from airport facilities.


    Such in-plant source control practices applicable in limiting      33

water requirements and waste discharges include:                       34


    I_.   Use of air-cooled rather  than water-cooled equipment;         36


    ^.   Use of wastewater treatment plant effluents for pooling and   39

         washing purposes where  applicable;


    _3.   Recycle water used for  washing;                               41


                                 x_1                    NOTICE
                                       These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                       "•formation in this report and are subject to cham*.
                                       Wd upon comments received and further internal
                                                    review by EPA.

-------
                           DRAFT
    4.    Use of mechanized floor  cleaning  equipment  in  lieu of direct   44

         water flushing operations.


    I_t is emphasized that metal plating wastes  originating from         46

aircraft rebuilding ^nd overhaul  facilities are generally the same as   47

those produced by the metal plating Jjidustry itself. The BATEA         49

treatment technology defined for  this industry  would be applicable to

similar operations conducted in aircraft rebuilding and overhaul.       50


    The BATEA for metal plating operations has  been determined to be   52

the use of a combination of ^.n-process and end-of-process control and  53

treatment to remove pollutants from process wastewater discharges.     54

This can be accomplished by employing BPCTCA techniques combined with  55

deep bed or multi media filtration.


    In  addition, a further reduction in heavy metals concentrations    57

from metal jxLating wastes is supported by  treated effluent data        58

tabulated on metal jslating industries in  the development document for  59

metal plating  effluent  limitation guidelines.  The  results are         60

representative of  chemical treatment from approximately  50%  of the

industry plants where data were  obtained.  There is no reason to       62

believe otherwise  that  these same  levels  cannot be  applied and         63

attained by airline  plating shops.  J^or BATEA  requirements,  further    64

reduction  in concentration levels  for  the parameters BOD, COD, and     65

 suspended  solids are based on  providing good operation and control of

 treatment  systems, Limiting waste sources, and filtration.  Further     67


                                                      NOTICE
                                 X-2  These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                      information in this report and are subject to c
                                       i s  ;i upon comments received and further i^t
                                                    r v p  b, :.i'A.

-------
                          DRAFF
reduction of phenols is attainable through methods equivalent to       67

chemical oxidation or carbon adsorption.                               68


Effluent Limitation Guidelines                                        70


    Tor meeting BATEA requirements the following effluent limitation   73

concentrations have be'en established for  applicable waste              74

constituents.


                                                                     78
                                                                     79
                                                                     80
                                                                     81
                                                                     82
                                                                     83
                                                                     84
                                                                     85
                                                                     86
                                                                     87
                                                                     88
                                                                     89

    The proposed  effluent loading limitation guidelines are listed in  94

Table 2 in jSection II - Recommendations.   They are based on the above  96

reduction concentrations resulting from control and operation          97

measures previously described.


Pretreatment Standards, Sludge Disposal and Monitoring                 99


    Requirements  for BATEA are the same as discussed  in Section IX -   101

BPCTCA.
BOD
COD
Suspended Solids
Oil and Grease
Phenols
Cyanide
Cadmium
Total Chrome
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
15 mg/1
75 mg/1
15 mg/1
10 mg/1
0.1 mg/1
0.025mg/l
0.10 mg/1
0.30 mg/1
0.20 mg/1
0.10 mg/1
0.50 mg/1
0.30 mg/1
                                                     NOTICE
                                                               further i;>:-e
                                                  review by EPA.

-------
                             SECTION XI                                 6



        $%New Source Performance and Pretreatment Standards$%           8

_$%New Source Performance Standards$%                                    11


    Performance standards to be achieved by new  sources within the     13

airline segment of the transportation  industry are  based  on the        14

application of the Best Available Control  Technology Economically      15

Achievable as discussed in  Section X.


    The operation and maintenance of  fixed facilities and services     17

related to air transportation  do not £all  for major innovations in     18

waste treatment technology. Basically,  this  technology consists of    19

employing  the methods which are being used,  possibly with a few

modifications.


    However, a major design criterion for  development of new           21

facilities is reuse  and  recycling  of  water streams to the greatest     22

extent  possible,  in  order to minimize discharges to other wastewater

treatment  systems or to  water  courses.                                 23


    The recommended  guidelines for the application of standards of     25

performance for  new sources discharging to navigable waters are the    26

same  as those  presented in Section X.
                                                         NOTICE
                                              are tenraflve recommendations based
                                                          received and further i,t
                                                      review by EPA.

-------
                           DRAFT
$%Pretreatment  Standards for New Sources$%                             28


    £retreatment  Standards  for new sources are the same as those       30

described for existing  sources in Section IX.                          31
                                                        NOTICE
                                        These are tentative recommendations based upon
                                        information in this report and are subject to change
                                XI-2    b^s..d upon comments received and further internal
                                                     review by EPA.

-------
                             SECTION XII
                           Acknowledgment                              8


    Appreciation is expressed to the personnel of air transportation   12

Organizations, airport management, airline management, and other       13

related air transportation industries for their effort in cooperating  14

and providing analytical data, flow diagrams, related information and  15

assistance with respect to on-site plant visits.  Jin this regard, the  17

individuals cited are:
Messrs. Roger G. Flynn - Manager - Environmental Quality and Philip     20
Weisz - Manager - Airport Development Airport Facilities Department,    21
Air Transport Association of America  (ATA)                              22

Mr. Leo F. Duggan - Vice President, Technical Affairs, Airport          24
Operators Council International  (AOCI)                                  25

Messrs. John Rice, Tom Morrow, and Don Bauer, Federal Aviation          27
Administration  (FAA)                                                    28

Mr. Andrew Attar - Aviation Planning  Division,  The  Port Authority of    30
New York and New Jersey                                                 31

Messrs. Gerry P. Fitzgerald, Engineering  Division and Paul Wolfran,     33
Manager - Environmental Control, The  Port Authority of New York  and     34
New Jersey, J.F.K. Airport                                              35

Messrs. Roland  Pilie, Robert Ziegler  and  John Michalovic, Calspan      37
Corporation, Buffalo, New York                                         38

Mr. John Wolgest, Vice President - Technical Operations,  P_an American  41
World Airways,  J.F.K. Airport

Mr. Thomas  Bertken, Deputy Director of Airports, and ^essrs.  Melvin     44
Leong and Karl  P. Mauzey, Engineering IJranch, San Francisco             45
 International Airport
                                XII-1

-------
                           DRAFT
Messrs. Arnol Johnson,  W.  W.  Wilcox and Dave B. Kirby, United          48
Airlines Facilities Maintenance  Base,  San Francisco international      49
Airport

Messrs. Claude Schmidt  and William B.  Olson, Metro Airports            51
Commission Minneapolis  - St.  Paul  International Airport                52

Mr. Robert Sorenson, Manager  Plant Equipment, North Central Airlines,  55
Minneapolis - St.  Paul  International Airport

Messrs. Lyle M. Raverty, George  W. Fyffe and Art Johnson, Northwest    58
Orient Airlines, Minneapolis  - St. Paul International Airport          59

Messrs. William C. Ryan, Airport Manager, and Orville Blountj Chief    62
Buildings and Grounds Engineer,  Tulsa  Airport

Messrs. Judd Arnold and Carl  Schwartz, Facilities Maintenance,         64
American Airlines, Tulsa Airport                                      65

Mr. Charles Peay,  Tulsair Beechcraft,  Tulsa Airport                    67

Messrs. Grady Ridgeway, Jr.,  Airport Director, and Ken E. Minton,      69
^Business Administrator, Atlanta  Airport                                70

Mr. James F. Mentz, Atlanta Airport Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia        72

Mr. J. N. Gardner, Manager Maintenance and Planning,  Southern          74
Airways, Inc., Atlanta  Airport                                        75

Messrs. Don P. Hatterman, Vice President, Technical Operations, Earl   78
Mathews, Procedures Analyst,  and Sid Maynard, Chief Chemist of WTP,    79
Delta Airlines, Atlanta Airport
    Acknowledgment is made of the cooperation of many persons in the   82

air transportation industry that were contacted and who  voluntarily    83

provided J.nformation on operational activities. Special              85

acknowledgment is made of those operations personnel  and officers

that cooperated in providing detailed operating and cost data to       86

support jthis study of waste treatment technology.                      87
                               XII-2

-------
    Appreciation is extended to the personnel of all the EPA Regional  89




Centers that were contacted to obtain assistance in identifying those  90




airports having submitted information on wastewater discharges.        91
                               XII-3

-------
                            SECTION XIIl
                             References
1.   Federal Water Pollution Control Act,  Amendments of 1972, P.L.       11
    92-500, 92nd Congress,  S.2770,  Oct.  18, 1972.                       12

2.   U.  S.  Office of Management and  Budget, Standard Industrial         14
    Classification Manual,  1972,  Un. S.  Government Printing Office.     15

3.   Air Transporation 1973  Annual Report, Air Transportation           17
    Association of America, Washington,  D. C.                          18

4.   National Airport Classification System (Airport System Plan-       20
    ning), AC No. 150/5090-2, Department of Transportation, Federal    21
    Aviation Administration, June 1971.                                 22

5.   1972 National Airport System Plan, Volume AAS  Narrative and        24
    National Summaries, Department  of Transportation, Federal          25
    Aviation Administration, June 1971.                                 26

6.   Preliminary Design Study, Industrial Waste Treatment and           28
    Collection Facilities for Airports Commission, San Francisco       29
    International Airport,  Cosoer,  Townsend and Associates,            30
    Consulting Engineers.                                              31

7.   Report on United Airlines Maintenance Base Activities and Waste    33
    Treatment, San Francisco International Airport, November 1973.     34

8.   Chemical Coagulation and Pressure Floation for Aircraft Oil        36
    Wastes, Wastes Engineering, United Airlines, August 1960.          37

9.   Report on Wastewater Treatment, Northwest Orient Airlines,         39
    Minneapolis, St. Paul International Airport, November 1973.        40

10. Industrial Waste Treatment Plant, Delta Airlines, Inc., Atlanta    42
    Maintenance Facility, Atlanta,  Georgia.                            43

11. Southern Airlines - Maintenance Operations Report, November        45
    1973.                                                              46

12. Industrial Waste Treatment at Trans World Airlines Overhaul        48
    Base, George C. Higgins, Engineer, Burns and McDonnel Engineer-    49
     ing Company,  Kansas  City,  Missouri.                                 50
                               XIII-1

-------
13.  Report on Wastewater Discharge from Jet Center Complex,  Pan        50
    American Airways,  J.F.K.  International Airport,  Jamaica, New       51
    York.                                                               52

14,  Airport Water Pollution Control Program, Sampling Program at       54
    J.F.K. International Airport,  Calspan Corporation, December        55
    1972.                                                               56

15.  Underground Waste Disposal for American Airlines, Inc.  by Gene     58
    S. Luff, Coston-Frankfurt-Short, Architects and Engineers,         59
    Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.                                            60

16.  Industrial Waste Survey Bade County, Florida prepared by Lower     62
    Florida Estuary Study, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, Technical          63
    Report No. TS 03-71-208-03.1,  EPA Southeast Water Laboratory,      64
    Athens, Georgia, September 1971.                                   65

17.  American Petroleum Institute,  Manual on Disposal of Refinery       67
    Wastes, 1969.                                                      68

18.  Disposal of Airplane Wash Wastes, U. S. Department of H.E.W.,      70
    Public Health Service, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering         71
    Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.                                          72

19. Wastewater Treatment Technology, J. W. Patterson, et al,           74
    Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago,  111.        75

20. Treatment of Phenolic Aircraft Paint Stripping Wastewater,         77
    Ronald  H. Kroop, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirkland Air        78
    Force Base, New Mexico, January 1973.                              79

21. Environmental Enhancement at Airports,  Industrial Waste Treat-     81
    ment AC No. 150/5230-10, Department of  Transporation, FAA,         82
    April 16, 1973.                                                    83

22. Integrated Treatment  for Metal-Finishing Wastes,  by L.  E.          85
    Lancy,  Sewage and  Industrial Wastes Vol. 26,  No.  9, September      86
    1954.                                                              87

23. Pollution of  Slocum Creek, Havelock, North  Carolina, A             89
    cooperative investigation by  the State  of North  Carolina,          90
    Department of the  Navy and the Federal  Water  Pollution  Control     91
    Administration, November  1969.                                     92

24. Engineering  Science Inc., Petrochemical Effluents Treatment       94
    Practices, Contract No.  14-12-461,  February 1970.                  95
                                XIII-2

-------
                           DRAFT
25.  Development Document for .Proposed Effluent Limitations             99
    Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards  for  the            100
    Petroleum Refining Point Source Category,  USEPA,  August  1973.      101

26.  Development Document for Proposed Effluent Limitations             103
    Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards,  Copper, Nickel,   104
    Chromium and Zinc segment of the Electroplating  Point Source       105
    Category, USEPA, August 1973.                                     106

27.  Air  Force Industrial Waste Treatment and Disposal, Lt. Col.        108
    Francis  A. Sanders, Chief Operation Division,  USAF Regional        109
    Divil Engineer Office, Cincinnati, Ohio.                          110

28.  Interim  Effluent Guidance for NPDES Permits,  Office  of Permit      112
    Programs, USEPA, Washington, D.C.                                 113

29.  Water Quality Criteria, FWPCA, U. S. Department  of the Interior,   115
    April 1968.                                                       116

30.  U.  S. Public Health Service, Drinking Water Standards 1962.        118
    PHS  Publications No. 956, U. S. Government Printing  Office.        119

31.  U.  S. Environmental Protection Agency, Proposed  Criteria for       121
    Water Quality, Vols. 1 and 2, USEPA, Washington, D.C. Oct.  1973.   122
#                                                                    123
32.  Federal  Guidelines - Pretreatment of Discharges  to Publicly        124
    Owned Treatment Works, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,      125
    Office of Water Programs Operations, Washington, DC  20460.         126
                               XIII-3

-------
                                       1
                             SECTION XIV                               6

                     GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS                        8



                            $%Glossary$%                               10

Airports and Flying Fields                                             13

Establishments primarily engaged in the operation and maintenance of   16
airports and jilying fields and/or the servicing, repairing,            17
overhauling, and storing of aircraft at such airports.                 18

Airport Terminal Services                                              21

Establishments primarily engaged in furnishing coordinated handling    24
services for air freight or passengers at airports.  Establishments    26
furnishing aircraft services directly associated with aircraft
repair, maintenance, and storage, either exclusively or in             27
conjunction with other  terminal airport services.                      28


j>%Air Transportation, Certificated  Carriers$%                          32

Establishments of  companies holding certificates of public             35
convenience and necessity under the Civil Aeronautics Act, operating   36
over fixed routes  on fixed schedules, or in ^he case of certificated   37
Alaskan carriers over fixed or irregular routes.  These companies may 38
be  primarily engaged in the transportation of  revenue £assengers or     39
in  the  transportation of cargo or freight.

£%Air Transportation, Noncertificated Carriers$%                        42

Establishments of  companies permitted to operate without  a  showing  of  45
public  convenience and  necessity  under  the Civil Aeronautics Act,       46
including noncertificated ^irregular and supplemental  air  carriers.      47

j>%Best  Available Technology  Economically Achievable (BATEA)$%          50

Treatment required by  July  1,  1983, for industrial  discharge to        53
 surface waters _as  defined by  Section 301 (b)  (2)  (A)  of  the Act.        54

j>%Best  Practicable Control  Technology Currently Achievable (BPCTCA)$%   57

Treatment required by  July  1,  1977, for industrial  discharge to        60
 surface waters  as  defined by  Section 301  (b)  (1)  (A)  of  the Act.        61
                                XIV-1

-------
$_%Best Available Demonstrated Technology (BADT)$%                      64

Treatment required for new sources as defined by Section 306 of  the    (,1
Act.

^Biochemical Oxygen Demand$%                                          70

Oxygen used by bacteria in consuming a waste substance.                73

$%Chemical Oxygen Demand$%                                             76

Oxygen consumed through chemical oxidation of a waste.                 79

$%Clarification$%                                                      82

T_he process of removing undissolved materials from a  liquid.           85
Specifically, removal of solids either by settling or  filtration.      86

_$%Cleaner$%                                                            89

Usually an alkaline .solution pretreatment to remove surface  soil  such 9.'.
as ails, greases, and substrates chemically unrelated  to  the bnsi.s     9)
material .

$%Compatihle Pollutants$%                                              96

Those pollutants which can be adequately treated  in publicly owned     99
treatment works without harm to such works.                             100

_$%Continuous Treatment$%                                                103

Chemical waste treatment operating uninterruptedly as  opposed to       106
batch Jjreatment; sometimes referred  to  as flow  through treatment.       107

$%Dragout$%                                                             110

T_he solution that adheres  to the objects removed  from a bath.   I^ore    114
precisely defined as  that  solution which is carrier1 past  the edge of
the  iank ^.   _                                                            11 r>
 The waste water  discharged from a point source to navigable waters.    1?]
                                XIV-2

-------
                               WRAFT
$_%Effluent Limitation$%       .                                        125

h maximum amount per unit of production  of  each  specific constituent   128
of the effluent that is subject  to  limitation  in the discharge from a  129
point source.

_$%Electrolytic Decomposition$%                                        133

An electrochemical treatment used for the oxidation of  cyanides.  The  137
method is practical and economical  when  applied  to concentrated
^solutions such as contaminated baths, cyanide  dips, stripping          138
solutions, and concentrated rinses.  Electrolysis is carried out  at a  140
current density of 35 amp/sq ft  at  the anode and 70 amp/sq  ft at  the   141
cathode.  Metal is deposited at  the cathode and  can be  reclaimed.      142

j?%Electroplating$%                                                    145

The electrodeposition of an adherent metallic  coating upon  the basis   148
metal or material for the purpose of securing  a  surface with           149
properties or dimensions different  from  ^hose  of the basis  metal  or    150
material.

^Electroplating Process$%                                            153

An electroplating process includes a succession  of  operations          156
starting with cleaning in alkaline jsplutions,  acid  dipping  to          157
neutralize or acidify the wet surface of the parts,  fallowed by        158
electroplating rinsing to remove the processing  solution  from  the
workpieces,  and drying.                                               159

$%Emulsion$%                                                         162

A^ liquid  system in which one  liquid  is finely dispersed in  another      165
liquid jLn such a manner  that  the two will not separate through the      166
action of gravity alone.

j>%End-of-Pipe Treatment$%                                              169

Tjreatment of overall wastes,  as distinguished from treatment at         172
individual processing units.

£%Filtration$%                                                         175

R_emoval  of solid particles  or liquids from other liquids or gas         178
streams  try passing  the  liquid stream through a  filter media.            179
                               XIV-3

-------
$%Industrial Waste$%                                                   183

All wastes streams within a plant.  Included are contact and non-      187
contact waters.  Not included are wastes typically considered to be    188
sanitary wastes.

_$%Hangar$%                                                             192

A garage facility used for housing and servicing aircraft.             195

^Incompatible Pollutants$%                                            198

Those pollutants which would cause harm to, adversely affect the       201
performance of, or be inadequately treated in publicly owned           202
treatment works.

£%Joint Treatment$%                                                    205

Treatment in publicly owned treatment works of combined municipal      208
wastewaters of domestic origin and wastewaters from other sources.     209

£%New Source$%                                                         212

Any building, structure, facility, or installation from which there    215
is or may be a^ discharge of pollutants and whose construction is       216
commenced after the publication of the proposed regulations.           217

$%New Source Performance Standards$%                                   220

Performance standards for the industry and applicable new sources  as   223
defined by Section 306 of the Act.                                     224

£%ORP Recorders$%                                                      227

Oxidation-reduction potential recorders.                               230

$%0xidizable Cyanide                                                   233

£yanide amenable  to oxidation by  chlorine according  to  standard       236
analytical methods.

_$%PH$%                                                                 239

A. unit for measuring acidity or alkalinity of water, based  on          242
hydrogen ^pn concentrations.  A pH of  7  indicates  a  "neutral" water    244
or  solution.  At  pH lower than 7, a  solution  is acidic.   At pH  higher 246
than  7, a solution is alkaline.
                                XIV-4

-------
                           DRAFT
$%Phenol$%                                                           249

Class of cyclic  organic derivatives with basic formula C(6)H(5)OH.     252

$_%Pickling$%                                                         255

The removal of  oxides  or other compounds related to the basis metal    258
from ^ts surface by immersion in a pickle.                            259

$%Point Source$%                                                     262

A_ single source of water discharge such as an individual plant.        265

j>%Pretreatment$%                                                     268

Treatment performed in wastewaters from any source prior to           271
introduction for joint treatment in publicly owned treatment works.    272

$%Raw                                                                275

Untreated or unprocessed.                                             278

£%Rectifier$%                                                        281

A_ device which converts  ac into dc by virtue of a characteristic       284
permitting appreciable flow of current in only one direction.          285

$_%Rinse$%                                                             288

Water  for removal of dragout by dipping,  spraying, fogging, etc.       291


£%Runway$%                                                            296

A_  strip of leveled ground, generally paved, for use by  aircraft in     299
landing and taking o>ff operations.                                     300

$%Secondary Treatment$%                                               303

Biological treatment provided beyond primary  clarification.            306

$%Sludge$%                                                            309

The  settled solids from a thickener  or clarifier.  generally, almost   313
any  flocculated  settled mass.
                               XIV-5

-------
$%Standard of Performance$%                   '                         316

^ maximum weight discharged per unit of production for each            319
constituent that is subject _to limitation and applicable to new        320
sources as opposed to existing sources which are subject to effluent
^imitations.                                                           321

j>%Supernatant$%                                                        324

The layer floating above the surface of a layer of solids.             327

$%Surface Waters$%                                                     330

Navigable waters.  The waters of the United States, including the      334
territorial seas.

$%Tank$%                                                               337

Term for vessel that contains the solution and auxiliary equipment     340
for carrying out the electroplating or other operational step.         341

$%Thickeners$%                                                         344

K large tank for continuous settling and removal of sludge from a      347
process stream.

£%Total Chromium$%                                                     350

T_otal chromium  (CrT) is the sum of chromium in all valences.           353

£%Total Cyanide$%                                                      356

The total content of cyanide expressed as the radical  CN-, or alkali   359
cyanide whether present as simple or complex ions.  The sum of both   361
the combined and free cyanide content of a plating solution.  Jtn       362
analytical  terminology, total cyanide is the sum of cyanide amenable
to oxidation by chlorine and that which is not according to standard   363
analytical methods.

$_%Total Metal$%                                                        366

Total metal is  the sum of  the metal content in both soluble and        369
insoluble form.
                                XIV-6

-------
                         DRAFT
$%Total Suspended Solids (TSS)$%                                      372

Any solids found in waste water or in the stream which in most cases   375
can be removed  by filtration.  The origin of  suspended matter may be   376
man-made wastes or natural sources such as silt from erosion.

$_%Waste Discharged$%                                                  379

The amount (usually expressed as weight) of some residual substance    382
which is suspended or dissolved in the plant  effluent after treatment  383
if any.

$%Waste Generated$%                                                   386

The amount (usually expressed as weight) of some residual substance    389
generated by a  £lant process or the plant as  a whole and which is      390
suspended or dissolved  in water.  This quantity is measured before     391
treatment.

j!%Waste Loading$%                                                     394

Total amount of pollutant substance, generally expressed as pounds     397
per day.
                               XIV-7

-------
                            DRAFT
                         $%Abbreviations$%                            401

AL - Aerated  Lagoon                                                   404

AS - Activated  Sludge                                                 406

API - American  Petroleum Institute                                    408

BADT - Best Available Demonstrated Technology                         410

BATEA - Best  Available Technology Economically Achievable              412

BPCTCA - Best Practicable Control technology Currently                 414
         Available                                                    415

BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand                                       417

COD - Chemical  Oxygen Demand                                          419

cu m - cubic  meter(s)                                                 421

DAF - Dissolved Air  Flotation                                         423

DO - Dissolved  oxygen                                                 425

gpm - Gallons per minute                                              427

k - thousand  (e.g.,  thousand cubic meters)                            429

kg - kilogram(s)                                                     431

1 - liter                                                            433

Ib - pound(s)                                                        435

M - Thousand  (e.g.,  thousand barrels)                                 437

mgd - Million gallons per day                                         439

mg/L - Milligrams per liter  (parts per million)                       441

MM - Million (e.g.,  million pounds)                                   443

psig - pounds per square  inch, gauge  (above 14.7 psig)                 445

sec - Second-unit of time                                            447
                               XIV-8

-------
                                I*  A ; ".'vr,
SIC - Standard Industrial Classification                                449




SRWL - Standard Raw Waste Load                                          451




SS - Suspended Solids                                                   453




TOG - Total Organic Carbon                                              455




TSS - Total Suspended Solids                                            457
                                XIV-9

-------
                          CONVERSION TABLE
Multiply (English Units)
                  by
               to Obtain (metric Units)
   English Unit
Abbreviation Conversion  Abbreviation Metric Unit
acre
acre -
feet
ac
ac ft
0.405
1,233.5
ha
cu m
hectares
cubic meters
British Thermal
  Unit
British Thermal
  Unit/pound

cubic feet/minute
cubic feet/second
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic inches
degree Fahrenheit
feet
gallon
galIon/minute
horsepower
inches
inches of mercury
pounds
million gallons/day
mile
pound/square
 inch (gauge)
square feet
square inches
tons  (short)

yard
BTU

BTU/lb

cfm
cfs
cu ft
cu ft
cu in
F°
ft
gal
gpm
hp
in
in Hg
Ib
mgd
mi
psig   (0.06805  psig +1)1  atm
sq  ft              0.0929  sq m
sq  in              6.452   sq cm
ton               0.907   kkg
0.252
0.555
0.028
1.7
0.028
28.32
16.39
kg cal
kg cal/kg
cu m/min
cu m/min
cu m
1
cu cm
0.555(OF-32)1 °C
0.3048
3.785
0.0631
0.7457
2.54
0.03342
0.454
3,785
1.609
m
1
I/ sec
kw
cm
atm
kg
cu m/day
km
yd
0.9144  m
kilogram-calories

kilogram calories/
kilogram
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters
liters
cubic centimeters
degree Centigrade
meters
liters
liters/second
killowatts
centimeters
atmospheres
kilograms
cubic meters/day
kilometer

atmospheres(absolute)
square meters
square centimeters
metric tons  (1,000)
kilograms
meters
 1 Actual  conversion,  not a multiplier
                                XIV-10
  <
-------

-------