EPA/600/3-86/002
                                                  December 1985
       EPA COMPLEX TERRAIN MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Description of a Computer Data Base from Small  Hill
  Impact1on Study No. 2, Hogback Ridge, New Mexico

      ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
         OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
        U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711

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                                                  EPA/600/3-86/002
                                                  December 1985
       EPA COMPLEX TERRAIN MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Description of a Computer Data Base from Small  Hill
  Impaction Study No. 2, Hogback Ridge,  New Mexico
                        by

                 Lawrence E. Truppi
        Meteorology and Assessment Division
      Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
      ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
         OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
        U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711

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                                  DISCLAIMER
     The information in this  document  has  been  funded  by the United  States
Environmental  Protection Agency.   It  has been  subject  to the Agency's  peer
and administrative review,  and it has  been  approved  for  publication as  an EPA
document.

     Mention of trade names  or commercial  products  does  not constitute  en-
dorsement  or recommendation for use.
     The author,  Lawrence  E.  Truppi,  is  on assignment  to the  Atmospheric
Sciences Research Laboratory,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency, from the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

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                                   ABSTRACT


     As part of the U. S. Environmental  Protection  Agency's  effort  to  develop
and demonstrate a reliable model of atmospheric dispersion for  pollutant  emis-
sions in irregular mountainous terrain,  the Complex  Terrain  Model Development
Program was  initiated  in 1980  with Environmental  Research and Technology,
Inc., as the prime  contractor.   In October  1982,  a field experiment,  Small
Hill Impaction  Study  #2, (SHIS  #2),  was  conducted  along  an  approximately
1.5-km section of the Hogback Ridge near Farmington, New  Mexico  to  extend the
modeling data  base  to  include a  study  of  flow and dispersion around a two-
dimensional  ridge.  Eleven  quantative  tracer experiments  were  performed, each
lasting 8 hrs at night or early morning.  Meteorological data were recorded on
two instrumented  towers  up-wind  of the  ridge and  two towers  on the slope.
Data consisted of direct  and  derived measures of wind,  turbulence, and  temper-
ature averaged  at  5-minute  and  1-hour  intervals.   Hourly profiles of  wind,
temperature, pressure  and  humidity were  recorded  at one  tethersonde  site
up-wind of the  ridge,  while  another tethersonde was held level  at the  point
of tracer release to  record  wind and  temperature at  13-second  intervals.
Three sets of optical  crosswind anemometers measured path-averaged  wind  speed
across the  base,  slope and  crest  of  the  ridge.   Thirty-minute averages of
solar and net radiation were  also recorded.

     Tracer gas concentrations, SF6 and  Freon  I3B1, were detected  by a net-
work of 110  sampler sites  located on the  slopes of  the ridge.  The system
used to collect the data, and  the  operational  procedures used to run  the system
are presented along with values  of 1-hour normalized tracer  concentrations.
Also recorded  were  concentrations from  collocated  samplers  to  establish
comparative data  for quality  control, samplers  operating at 10-minute inter-
vals and samplers operating  at different heights  on two  towers on the  slope
of the ridge. Tables of tracer gas release data, emission rates, heights and
location of release,  have  been included to  assist  any modeling effort. All
meteorological  and tracer  gas concentration  data  have  been  edited  and re-
corded on magnetic  tape  and  are  now available  upon request at  the National
Computer Center,  Research Triangle Park, North  Carolina, either as  copies or
by interactive computer access.
                                      11

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                                   CONTENTS
Abstract	,,	    ii i
Figures	     vi
Tables.	    vi i
List of Symbols and Abbreviations	     ix
Acknowledgements	     xi

1.  Introduction	      1
    1.1  EPA Program	      1
    1.2  Objective	      3
2.  Field Study at Hogback Ridge	      4
    2.1  Geographic and Meteorological  Settings	      4
    2.2  Exparimental  Design	     11
3.  Tower Meteorological Data..	     13
    3.1  Fixed Meteorological  Network	     13
         3.1.1  Data Acquisition System	     15
         3.1.2  Periods of Data Collection	     27
    3.2  Tower Meteorological  Tape Files	     27
         3.2.1  Meteorological  Data Tape File Index	     27
         3.2.2  Tape File Records	     31
4.  Tracer Gas Data	,	     45
    4.1  Tracer Gas Release System....	     45
    4.2  Tracer Gas Sampling System	     49
    4.3  Tracer Gas Analysis System	,.,     57
         4.3.1  Analytical  Procedures	     57
    4.4  Tracer Gas Data Tape Files	     60
         4.4.1  Tape File Index	     60
         4.4.2  Tape File Records	     61
5.  Optical  Crosswind Anemometer Data..,.	     65
    5.1  Optical Crosswind Anemometer Network	     65
    5.2  Optical Crosswind Anemometer Data Tape Files...	     65
         5.2.1  Tape File Index	     66
         5.2.2  Tape File Records.....	     66
6.  Tethersonde Data	     69
    6.1  Tethersonde Network	     69
    6.2  Tethersonde Data Tape Files	     71
         6.2.1  Tape File Index	     71
         6.2.2  Tape File Records	     74
7.  Public Service Company of New Mexico Meteorological  Data	     78
    7.1  Additional Meteorological Data	     73
    7.2  PNM Data Tape Files	     78
         7.2.1  Tape File Index	     73
         7.2.2  Tape File Records	     80
8.  Summa ry	    84
    3.1  Principal Accomplishments	     84

References.	     85

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                                 FIGURES

Number                                                                Page

  1     Region around SHIS #2  at  the  Hogback  Ridge	    5

  2     SHIS #2 field experiment  layout	    5

  3     October-December stability E  Farmington wind  rose....	    3

  4     October hourly wind rose  for  four  nighttime hours:
         2200, 0000, 0200, 0400  MST	    9
  5    Upper air soundings  at Four Corners  Power  Plant  during
         turnaround meteorological  conditions....,	   10

  5a   HBR meteorological tower  locations	   14

  6    Meteorological  data  acquisition  system....	   23

  7    Tracer gas sampler locations and optical anemometer  path
         A, B, and C	   50

  8    Tracer gas analysis  procedures	...'	,.	   58

  9    Tracer gas data acquisition system	   59

 10    PNM air quality and  meteorological monitoring  sites	   79

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                                  TABLES

Number                                                                Page

  1     Tower instrumentation  and measures	   16

  2     Definition  of measures	   19

  2a   Formulae for  computing derived meteorological measures	   20

  3     Allowable second-to-second sensor changes used to filter raw
         data in processing the 1-sec data base	   25

  4     Periods  of  SHIS  #2 experimental hours of meteorological  tower
         data	   28

  5     Tower A meteorological  data 5-minute averages
         Tape File numbers	   29

  6     Tower A data  tape files	   30

  6a   Tower A record types	   31

  7     Towers B, C,  P meteorological data 5-mfnute averages
         Tape file numbers	   32

  8     Towers,  B,  C, P  meteorological record types	   34

  9     All  towers  meteorological data 1-hour averages
         Tape file numbers	   35

 10     Data records  format	   35

 11     First set of  meteorological data files: Tower A 5-minute
         averages  -  Sample  printout	   37

 12     Second set  of meteorological data files: Towers 8, C, P
         5-minute  averages  -  Sample printout	   39

 13     Third set of  meteorological data files: Tower A 1-hour
         averages  -  Sample  printout	   43

 14     Fourth set  of meteorological data files: Towers B, C. P
         1-hour averages -  Sample printout	   44

 15     Tracer release data: Emissions (Q) SF§ and CF3Br.....	    46

 16     Primary  sampler  locations	   51

                                  vi i

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17   Additional  samplers	   52



18   Tracer gas  sampler network	   54



19   Tracer gas  concentration data - Tape file numbers	   61



20   Tracer gas  data records format.....	   62



21   Tracer gas  normalized concentration data - Sample printout....   64



22   Optical crosswind anemometer -  Tape file numbers	   66



23   Optical crosswind anemometer data records format	   67



24   Optical crosswind anemometer data - Sample printout	   68



25   Characteristics of A.I.R. tethersonde	   70



26   Tethersonde tape file numbers	   72



27   Tethersonde data records format	   74



28   NOAA/WPL tethersonde data - Sample printout	   76



29   NOAA/ATDD tethersonde data - Sample printout	   77



30   PNM data tape file numbers	   80



31   PNM data records format	   81



32   PNM data - Sample printout	   83
                                 VI 1 1

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                      LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
SYMBOLS

n        Scalar mean wind speed - triaxial  props
DT       Temperature difference
DX       Scalar mean wind direction - cup & vane
0        Tracer gas emission rate
N        Number
0        Wind direction
R,9,Z    HBR polar coordinates - origin Tower A
S        Scalar mean wind speed - triaxial props
SD       Standard deviation (CJQ) wind direction fluctuations - cup & vane
ST       Variance of fast response temperature (TF)
SU       Standard deviation (au) of alongwind velocity fluctuations
SV       Standard deviation (av) of crosswind velocity fluctuations
SW       Standard deviation (aw) of vertical  velocity fluctuations
T        Temperature
TC       Calculated temperature (T + DT)
TF       Fast response temperature
U        Westerly wind component - triaxial props
UX       Westerly wind component - cup & vane
IJW       Correlation between wind speed (S) and vertical  wind component (W)
V        Southerly wind component - triaxial  props
VX       Southerly wind component - cup & vane
WT       Correlation between fast response temperature (TF) and vertical wind
           component (W)
XI       Standard deviation (ag) of wind direction fluctuations - triaxial props
X2       Standard deviation (ag) of wind direction fluctuations - cup & vane
           (Yamartino's method)
X,Y,Z    HBR cartesian coordinates - origin Tower A

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ABBREVIATIONS
A.I.R.       Atmospheric Instrumentation Research,  Inc.
APS          Arizona Public Service Company
ARLFRD       Air Resources Laboratory Field Research Division
ASRL         Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory
ATDD         Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division
C            Centigrade
CF3BR        Freon 13B1
CCB          Cinder Cone Butte
CTDM         Complex Terrain Dispersion Model
CTMD         Complex Terrain Model  Development
ECL          Executive Control Language
EPA          U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
ERT          Environmental Research & Technology, Inc.
FAA          Federal Aviation Administration
FMF          Fluid Modeling Facility
ft           feet
GC           Gas chromatograph
HBR          Hogback Ridge
Hz           Hertz
LASL         Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
LMF          Linear mass flow meter
m            meter
m.r.         mixing ratio
MDA          Modelers'  Data Archive
mb           millibars
MDT          Mountain Daylight Time
MSL          Mean Sea Level
MW           Megawatts
us/m3        Micro-seconds per cubic meter
NOAA         National Oceanic and Atmospheric  Administration
ns/m3        Nano-seconds per cubic meter
ppt          Parts per trillion by volume
PNM          Public Service Company of New Mexico
R.H.         Relative Humidity
RTD          Resistance Thermometric Device
RTI          Research Triangle Institute
sec          seconds
SF6          Sulfur hexafluoride
SHIS         Small Hill Impaction Study
WPL          Wave Propagation Laboratory

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                                ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
     This report is partly  composed of excerpts  from  publications  and docu-
ments produced  by   Environmental  Research  and  Technology,  Inc.  (ERT),  the
prime contractor  for   the  Complex  Terrain  Model  Development  project,  who
compiled the Hogback Ridge  computer  data base on magnetic tape.  As referenced
in the text, the Third Milestone Report - 1983 by Lavery et al.  (1983) was an
important source, as was the  Quality Assurance  Project  Report  for Small Hill
Impaction Study #2 by Greene (1985).  All  credit for creation of the magnetic
tape files in  the  computer  flata base and documentation  of  effort must go to
the scientists and  investigators  at ERT.   The  purpose  of  this  report was to
condense available documentation  into  one  volume that would serve  as a con-
venient handbook  for   any  investigators  who  might  acquire and  use  these
valuable data.

     Special  thanks go  to  Mrs.  Hazel  Hevenor  who  devoted  so much  time  and
effort to the production of this report.

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                                  SECTION 1

                                 INTRODUCTION

1.1  EPA PROGRAM

The extensive development of energy  resources,  especially in the mountainous
terrain of the western United States, has generated concern about the result-
ing impact on  air  quality (as well  as  on water and land  quality).   Even in
relatively simple  situations,   it  has  been  difficult  to  produce  reliable
calculations  of  atmospheric  transport  and  diffusion.   In  complex  terrain,
mathematical  modeling is  confounded  because the physical  processes  are more
complicated and meteorological  measurements  are less "representative" than in
level  terrain  settings.   Responding  to this  fundamental  problem, the  U.  S.
Environmental Protection  Agency  (EPA)  has embarked upon the  Complex Terrain
Model  Development (CTMD)  Program,  a  major effort to develop  and demonstrate
reliable models  of  atmospheric  dispersion for emissions  in  mountainous ter-
rain.

     An early step in the development of  this program  was  the  convening of a
workshop on problems in modeling atmospheric dispersion over complex  terrain.
In concert with  recommendations  of the  workshop  report (Hovind et al.,  1979)
EPA's  CTMD Program  involves  a coordinated  effort  in  mathematical model  de-
velopment, field experimentation,  and  scaled  physical  modeling.   The Pro-
gram's basic  objective is  the  production of practical models with demonstrated
reliability.   Initially the CTMD Program has focused on the problem of stable
plume  impaction/interaction  with  elevated   terrain.   This  phenomenon  was
singled out because  of  the likelihood of relatively high  concentrations  and
because models that are  in use have been challenged  extensively.  The  approach
has been to study stable  plume interactions first in relatively simple terrain
settings and  subsequently in more complex situations.
                                      1

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     EPA's prime contractor  for carrying out the CTMD Program is  Environmental
Research and  Technology,  Inc.  (ERT).    Significant contributions  are  also
being provided by EPA's  Fluid  Modeling Facility (FMF), by the National  Oceano-
graphic and  Atmospheric  Administration's  Wave  Propogation Laboratory  (WPL)
through their sophisticated measurement  capabilities,  and by NOAA's  Air  Re-
sources Laboratory Field Research Division that  conducted the  flow visualiza-
tion and tracer  experiments and  operated the real-time  data  acquisition  and
analysis system.  The  first phase, a  comprehensive tracer  field study  was
carried out  on  Cinder  Cone  Butte  (CCB), a  roughly axisymmetric,  isolated
100-m tall  hill,  near Boise,  Idaho  during  the  autumn   of  1980,   Small  Hill
Impaction Study No.  1 (SHIS #1).  The SHIS #1  tracer gas  source data (emission
rates, locations and heights of  SF6, CF3BR and  oil-fog  releases),  concentra-
tion data  and  meteorological  data, from  six towers, a  tethersonde and  free
balloons, were  subsequently delivered to EPA to form an accessible  computer
data base. The data  base of meteorological and tracer gas concentrations  gen-
erated by SHIS #1 has been described in  a report (Truppi and Holzworth,  1983)
that explains the system used  to  collect the  data,  the  operational  procedures
used to run the  system, and the  resulting magnetic tape files that are  avai-
lable for access by  the public either copies  or by  interactive computer  oper-
ation.

     Complete description  of SHIS #1  at  Cinder Cone Butte is contained in the
First Program Milestone  Report (Lavery et a!., 1982) and  in the Second Program
Milestone Report (Strimaitis et  al., 1983),  while  a third report  (Greene and
Heisler, 1982)  illustrates  the  very  thorough  quality  assurance  procedures
maintained during the study.   For SHIS  #2 at HBR,  similar  descriptions  are
available in the Third Milestone Program  Report  (Lavery  et  al., 1983) and in
a report on  quality  assurance procedures adapted (Greene and Heisler, 1983).

1.2  OBJECTIVE

     The purpose of  this  report  is to describe  the data collected during the
second phase of CTMD, SHIS #2, a  field study  conducted  along an approximately
1.5-km section  of  the Hogback  Ridge (HBR)  near  Farmington,  New Mexico  in
order to extend the  modeling data base to include a study of flow  and disper-

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sion around a  two-dimensional ridge. It is expected these new data will  provide
a good basis for testing and extending the Impingement and Neutral  models  and
the dividing streamline concept for two-dimensional  ridges.

     This report describes the setting of HBR,  the  experimental  approach,  and
the following data  archived on  magnetic tape in  five sets  of data  files:

     * Tower  meteorological  data  -  wind,  temperature,   turbulence   scales
         (sigma-u,-v,-w), 5-minute, 1-hour averages:
              150-m tower instrumented at 10 levels,
              30-m tower instrumented  at 5 levels,
              10-m tower instrumented  at 3 levels,
              60-m tower instrumented  at 2 levels;
      *  Tracer gas concentrations, SF6 & Freon 13B1  (CF3BR),
              10-minute, 1-hour averages;
      *  Three optical  crosswind anemometers,  wind  speed,
              10-minute averages;
      *  Two tethersonde sites, height, wind temperature,  R.H.,  M.R.
              one operated  at   source  elevation-to  document meteorological
              conditions in vertical   soundings at  source   of  tracer release;
              one operated to measure  vertical  profiles  upwind  and near  the
              base of the ridge;

     *  Surface meteorological  data from ten stations  operated
             by Public  Service Company of New Mexico;  20-minute
             averages of wind speed and direction at  all sites,
             with temperature,  solar and net radiation at  one  site
             on the crest of HBR.

     Tables of tracer gas release data,  emission rates, location and  heights
of release are  included  in  this  report.   Although  lidar measurements  and  ex-
tensive photography  were  made  of  the  oil  fog  plumes,  those  data  are  not
available for this publication.

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                                  SECTION 2

                        FIELD  STUDY AT HOGBACK RIDGE

2.1   GEOGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL SETTINGS

     The Hogback Ridge  (HER)  is located in the northwest corner of New Mexico,
about 15 miles  west of the  city  of  Farmington.   It  lies on  the semiarid
Colorado Plateau near  the  western slopes of the  San  Juan Mountains (Figure
1).   Three rivers,  La  Plata,  Animas, and  Chaco, drain into  the  San Juan River
near Farmington. Terrain  features of the  area  include  occasional isolated
ridges, like HBR,  isolated  buttes,  low mesas  and plateaus.   The  area is
characterized by a  sparse vegatative  cover of  desert  shurbs  and grasses.

    SHIS #2 was conducted in the  region of an approximately 1.5-km long  sec-
tion of the ridge north of the  San Juan River (Figure 2).   Here, the ridge is
oriented NNE-SSW and  rises  about 85 m  above  its  base  elevation  of 1600 m.
HBR extends from just  north of  the SHIS #2 experimental  area to  about 8 miles
south of the San Juan  River.  The  ridge  splits where  the San  Juan and Chaco
Rivers flow westward and forms spearate "hogbacks".   Waughan Arroyo  is located
just east  (upwind)  of  the experimental   section.   Farther east a  series of
irregular mesas, arroyos,  and surface coal  mines extend all the way to Farm-
ington.

     Because of  substantial  reserves  of coal  and  an  adequate water  supply
from the San Juan  River,  two major electric generating facilities  operate in
the region.  The San Juan Power Plant is located just east of the  experimen-
tal  area, and  the  Four Corners  Power  Plant  is  located  south  of the San  Juan
River.  Public  Service Company  of New  Mexico (PNM)  and Arizona  Public Service
Company (APS),   respective  operators  of  the  two  generating  stations,  have

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                                                 LEGEND
                                                 A 500' Tower A
                                                 A Tower B
                                                 O Tower C
                                                 1 Tracer Release Pt No. R-80
                                                 2 Tracer Release Pt. No. 203
                                                • 3 Tracer Release Pt. No. 215
                                                x 4 Tracer Release Pt. No 216
                                                 5 Tracer Release Pt No 111
Figure  2.   SHIS #2  field experiment layout
                (From  Lavery et  al.,  1983)

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sponsored several meteorological  and air  quality  measurement  program.  Also,
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) operates a limited aviation weather
reporting station at Farmington Municipial Airport; consequently, there was a
wealth of meteorological data available during the site selection and experi-
mental design phases.  Meteorological measurements  taken  by PNM, APS and the
FAA provide  detailed  information  on  the dispersion  climatology of  the  HBR
region.

Most of the available  information  has  been analyzed and  summarized  in a NAPS
report (Moore et al., 1981).  Figure 3  from that  report  shows  two wind roses
derived from the FAA station at Farmington Airport.  The first rose shows the
annual distribution of winds  during 1976;  the second  shows the distribution
of winds  for  the months  of  October-December  for stability  "E" conditions.
Figure 4  from an ERT report (Lavery et al.,  1983)  shows  October hourly  winds
from the  FAA  station for  four nighttime hours-2200, 0000, 0200, and 0400 MST
for the years  1977  to  1981.   Evidently,  the  wind typically  "turns  around"
(Crow, 1975) from westerly  to  easterly  during  the  night  as drainage from the
San Juan Mountains is established.

      Drainage periods   occur  often  during  the summer and  fall months  and
produce stable easterly  flows toward HBR  at night.  The  drainage  and  turn-
around days are characterized by light winds all  day.  Cooling in the evening
and night  results  in   strong  surface  inversions.    Dense  air flows  from  the
mountains and down the  river  valleys.   Stable  air flows toward HBR along the
San Juan River valley from the northeast and occasionally from the southeast.
Figure 5  (Moore  et  al.,  1981)  shows  representative early  morning  upper  air
soundings during easterly drainage  situations.  The deep  stable layer,  which
is uncoupled from the  gradient westerly  winds  aloft,  continues  well into the
morning until convective turbulence destroys the inversion, and the flow near
the ground is again coupled  with the gradient wind aloft.

     In summary,  available  meteorological   data   suggested  that  frequently
stable easterly  winds  occur at  night  during the  fall  months.   This  was  the
principal reason for selecting  HBR as the  site  for SHIS  #2.   Other reasons

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19.7%
                                5.3%
                    7.0%
                   8.1%
                                               11.3%
28.0%
                                              9.2%
                     Climatological  annual wind rose for  Farmington, N.M.
                     (2927 valid data points, 3-hour NWS  data for 1976).
                         2.8
                             2.0 2-0  2.8
           12.2
 28.4
                                                    Percent Occurrence
                                       0.00     0.08      0.16      0.24     0.32
                                             ,1-3 8- 12
                                               4-7
                                                       13-18   19-24  Over 24
        Figure 3.  October-December stability E Farmington wind rose
                               (From Lavery et al.,  1983)

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              Zt.3
                                                                     Percent Occurrence
                                                           0 00    0 08    016     024    032
                                                                       13- 18 19- 24 Ova* 24
            Ferrnington. New Meiieo — Airport 
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-------
included: (1) HBR was the dominant terrain feature in the  area;  (2)  the  area
was easily accessible and had electric power available;  (3) FAA at Farmington
was a source of meteorological  data taken near HBR and was  willing to provide
the data  in  real-time  during  the  experiment; and  (4)  the  Bureau  of  Land
Management, which manages the HBR and the area to  the east  granted permission
to use the ridge.

2.2  Experimental Design

     The SHIS #2 at the  Hogback  Ridge  was  designed to obtain meteorological,
flow visualization, and  tracer  gas  emission  and   concentration  data in  the
vicinity of a nearly  two-dimensional  ridge in order to enlarge  the  modeling
data base and to provide a  good  basis for testing,  evaluating,  and  refining
the modeling concepts  developed  from  the  CCB data  baseand  the  various  FMF
experiments.   The experimental  methods of  SHIS #2  were  similar to those  used
and tested at  CCB.   The experiment  was  conducted at HBR  from  October  5  to
October 29, 1982 and included:

      *  Releases of two tracer gases, SF6  and Freon  13B1  (CFSBr) and oilfog,
           using a  mobile 150-ft  crane and  a  150-m tower as source platforms;
      *  Fixe'd meteorological measurements  from:
              a 150-m tower  "A" instrumented  at ten levels,
              a 30-m tower "B"  instrumented at five levels,
              a 10-m tower "C"  instrumented at three  levels,
              a 60-m tower "P"  instrumented at two levels,
              two nonostatic acoustic sounders,
              a'doppler acoustic  sounder, and
              three optical  crosswind anemometers;
      *  Two tethersondes:
         one operated at source of tracer release  to  document
           meteorological conditions representative of the  source,
         one operated  to measure  vertical profiles of  wind,  temperature,
           pressure and humidity  upwind of HBR;

-------
      *  Ground-level  tracer gas  concentrations;
      *  Lidar measurements; and
      *  Photographs and videotapes.

     After three smoke visualization  experiments,  11  combined  tracer  and  flow
visualization experiments  were  performed.   Three initial  experiments   were
conducted to (1) understand the autumn  weather  conditions  at HBR,  that is, to
verify the findings of the preliminary  experiment  conducted  in June,  (2)  gain
experience working at  the HBR site, and  finalize the  release and  sampling
protocols.  During the 11 tracer  and simultaneous  flow  visualization experi-
ments, SF6 and  CF3Br  were released,  sampled and  analyzed for  concentrations
recorded on  the  ridge.   Meteorological  data  were  archived  and displayed
in real-time  by a  system  of  onsite  minicomputers.   Real-time  information
on ambient meteorological conditions  and the flexibility of  releasing oil-fog
and tracer  gases  at  a wide  variety  of  heights  and locations  allowed the
field managers real-time control  of the experiment in the  selection of source
positions to obtain useful information  for model davelopment purposes.   Real-
time meteorological feed-back was supplemented  by  near real-time lidar obser-
vations and approximately  48-hour  turnaround  on  the photographs.   Complete
details of the experimental design of the SHIS #2 are presented in the  "Work
Plan for  Small  Hill  Impaction  Study  #2,"  ERT  Document  P-B348-620, September
1982.
                                      12

-------
                                  SECTION 3

                          TOWER METEOROLOGICAL DATA

3.1   FIXED METEOROLOGICAL NETWORK

     Four meteorological  towers,  designated  A, B,  C, and  P,  were  deployed
during the SHIS #2 at HBR as shown in Figure  5a.  Tower A,  the  150-m  "profile"
tower was located on the windward  side  of HBR, roughly 800 m east,  with  its
base at 1604 m  MSL.  The  purpose of Tower A was to  characterize the  approach
flow with regard  to  temperature  stratification,  wind speed  and  shear,  and
turbulence.  To accomplish this, Tower A was  instrumented  at 10 levels,  2,  5,
10,  20, 30,  40,  60,  80,  100  and 150 m.  Triaxial  propeller  wind sets were
placed at all  levels  to  obtain a  profile  of horizontal  and vertical  turbu-
lence.  In addition,  three  cup-and-vane wind sets were included,  at 20,  40  and
60m,  for  redundant,  but  not  identical,  wind measurements at those  levels,
which encompassed most tracer  release  heights.  Comparisons between the  two
kinds of  wind  sets  at  these  levels  helped   establish the  effectiveness   of
calibration  and correction  functions used for all  wind sets.

    NOAA WPL provided two sonic anemometer systems  that measured U,  V,  W,  and
temperature  at a  high frequency  (20 Hz).   The sonic  systems were located  at
the  40-m  and  5-m  levels  of  the  Tower A.   WPL  also  provided  a   separate
data logging  system  to   archive  the  sonic  data;  these  sonic data  are  not
included in  this data archive.

     Temperature data were  acquired at all  ten levels.  All  temperatures  above
the  2-m base level were  measured  as  delta-T.   This  increased the accuracy  of
the  temperature gradients and  lead to a  better characterization of the  hydro-
static stability  of  the  approach  flow.  In addition,  temperature  data were
recorded by  fast-response thermistors at the  5- and 40-m  levels.

                                       13

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             HOGBACK RIDGE, NM
            HBR TOWER LOCATIONS
                                                   29.70
                                                     70WER P - 95DEG 3 6KU
Figure 5a.   HBR meteorological  tower  locations

-------
     Tower B, 30 m  high,  was  located  east of HBR near the  base  of  the  ridge
between Tower A and the crest.  This position was  chosen  to document  changes
in turbulence intensities  in  this  highly distorted flow  region as well  as
resolve what may be  be  a  complex flow  structure,  including some measure  of
blocking and katabatic  effects.   Comparisons of  wind  speed and temperature
gradients between Towers  A and B  will  help  in  assessing the usefulness  of
simple stratified flow theories.   Three  triaxial  propeller wind sets were used
on Tower  B  at  5, 20 and  30  m levels, representing  the  majority  of  tracer
plume release heights.  Cup-and-vane wind  sets were placed  at  1  m  and  10  m.
Temperature was  measured  at  1  m,  and  delta-T  sensors were located at  the
other four levels.

     Tower C, 10 m,   was  located  at the  crest  of HBR to  record  the  wind,
temperature, and turbulence at 10 m over  the crest. Three triaxial  propeller
wind sets were  installed at 2, 5 and 10 m, but no cup-and-vane  sets  were used
because it was suspected there was  sufficient W-component,  up-slope flow,  to
degrade the  accuracy of  speed  measurements made  with  cups.   Temperature
measurements were made at  2 m, with delta-T sensors at  5 m and  10m.

     The 60-m Tower  P  ,San Juan  Weather  Tower,  was  operated  by  PNM.   Two
cup-and-vane wind sets were  installed at 18.3 m and  extended 61.0 m to observe
the approach flow east  of  Tower  A.   PNM  instruments recorded  temperature  at
9.1 m and delta-T at 59.7  m.  Data from Tower P were available  for the  period
of the   SHIS #2  and were  included in  the  data  base.   Table  1   shows  the
arrangement of instrumentation  on  each tower, and  Tables  2-2a  identify  the
codes used for  each  type of meteorological data  measured.

3.1.1  Data Acquisition System

      NOAA ARLFRD provided  a  real-time  Meteorologic  Data   System  (MDS)  to
acquire, process, display  and store data.   Figure 6  depicts  the  component
structure of the system.  Operating continuously during each experiment,  the
MDS sampled the  86 meteorological  sensor  inputs at  a frequency of 1 scan  per
second, calculated  the  derived measures  and  stored the  values  on  magnetic
tape to  form a  "raw" data  base  from  which a  modeler  could   recreate  any
                                       15

-------
TABLE 1 .   TOWER INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASURES
SITE
Tower A
Level 1
(2 M)
Level 2
(5 M)
Level 3
(10 M)
Level 4
(20 M)
Level 5
(30 M)
Level 6
(40 M)
Level 7
(60 M)
Level 8
(80 M)
Level 9
(100 M)
Level 10
(150 M)
INSTRUMENTS* DIRECT MEASUREMENTS** DERIVED MEASUREMENTS*
(Tower Base = 1 604M MSL)
Triaxial Props
RTD
Triaxial Props
RTD
Fast Response Thermistor
Triaxial Props
RTD
Triaxial Props
Cup-and-Vane
Triaxial Props
RTD
Triaxial Props
Cup-and-Vane
RTD
Fast Response Thermistor
Triaxial Props
Cup-and-Vane
RTD
Triaxial Props
RTD
Triaxial Props
RTD
Triaxial Props
RTD

u.v.w
T
u,v,w
DT
TF
u,v,w
DT
u.v.w
SX.DX
u.v.w
DT
U.V.VI
SX,DX
DT
TF
u.v.w
SX.DX
DT
u.v.w
DT
u.v.w
DT
u,v,w
DT

S,D,UW,SU,SV
S,D,UU,SU,SV
TC
ST.WT
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
UX,VX,X1 ,X2
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
UX,VX,X1 ,X2
TC
ST.WT
S,D,UW,SU,SV
UX,VX,X1 ,X2
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC

,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD
                    16

-------
TABLE 1.   TOWER INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASURES (Continued)
SITE
Tower B
Level 1
(1 M)
Level 2
(5 M)
Level 3
(10 M)
Level 4
(20 M)
Level 5
(30M)
Tower C
Level 1
(2 M)
Level 2
(5 M)
Level 3
(10 M)
Tower P
Level 1
(9.1 M)
Level 2
(18.3 M)
Level 3
(59.7 M)
Level 4
(61.0 M)
PNM
INSTRUMENTS* DIRECT
(Tower Base = 1619M MSL)
Cup-And-Vane
RTD
Tri axial Props
RTD
Cup-And-Vane
RTD
Tri axial Props
RTD
Tri axial Props
Cup-And-Vane
RTD
(Tower Base = 1687M MSL)
Tri axial Props
RTD
Tri axial Props
RTD
Tri axial Props
RTD
(Tower Base = 1620M MSL)
RTD (PNM)
Cup-And-Vane
RTD(PNM)
Cup-And-Vane
= Public Service of Company
MEASUREMENTS**

SX,DX
T
u,v,w
DT
SX.DX
DT
u.v.w
DT
u.v.w
SX,DX
DT

u,v,w
T
u.v.w
TD
U,V,W
TD

T
SX.DX
DT
SX,DX
of New Mexico
DERIVED MEASUREMENTS+

UX.VX, X1.X2
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC
UX,UV,X1,X2
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
UX.VX.X1 ,X2
TC

S,D,UW,SU,SV
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC
S,D,UW,SU,SV
TC


UX,VX,X1 ,X2
TC
UX,VX,X1,X2



,SW,SD

,SW,SD
,SW,SD

,SW,SD
,SW,SD
,SW,SD






(Continued")


17



-------
   TABLE 1.  TOWER INSTRUMENTATICIi AND MEASURES (Continued)
                   Climatronics Instruments
          Type
Model No.
UVW Anemometer
UVW Translator
Cup-and-Vane Anemometer
WS/WD Translator
WS/WD Crossartn
RTD Temperature Probe
RTD Temperature Translator
RTD Delta-T Translator
Fast Response Thermistor Probe
Motor Aspirated Temperature Shields
Translator Mainframe
Translator Power Supply
W/S Calibrator Oscillator
WC - 11
WC - 11
 F - 460
 F - 460
 F - 460
 100826
 100950
 100950
 100093-4
 TS-10
 100081
 100074
 100517
*   All temperature sensors were mounted in aspirated radiation
    shields; an RTD is a Resistance Thermometric Device.
**  Direct measures are those calculated by the data station
    microprocessors from outputs of the instrument translators.
    These measures are sampled at a frequency of 1.0 per second
    to form a "raw" data base from which a 5-minute data base and
    a 1-hour data base are developed.  Direct measures include
    U,V,W wind components from the triaxial props, SX and DX from
    the cup and vane anemometers, and T,DT, and TF from the RTD
    temperature probe and the fast response temperature probe.
+   Derived measures are those calculated by the data collector
    computer indirectly from formulae using one or more "raw"
    instrument outputs.
                              18

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                     TABLE 2.   DEFINITION OF THE  MEASURES
Code
U, V, W
UX, VX
S, D
SX, DX
TF
T
DT, TC
SU, SV, SW
SO
XI
X2
UW
WT
ST
Measurement
Vector averaged wind components - props
Vector averaged wind components - cups
Scalar mean wind speed and direction - props
Scalar mean wind speed and direction - cups
Fast thermistor temperature
Slow RTD temperature
Slow RTD delta-T and calculated T [T(2m)*
+ delta-T]
Turbulence scales - sigma-u, sigma-v,
sigma-w
Sigma theta - props
Sigma theta - cups
Equation 25 (Yamartino, 1984)
Sigma theta - cups
Correlation between S and W
Correlation between TF and W
Variance of TF (Standard Deviation)2
Units
m/s
m/s
m/s, degree
m/s, degree
°C
°C
°C
m/s
degree
degree
degree
(m/s)2,
m/s °C
C°C]2
* or 1  m for 30-m tower
                                    19

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Table 2a.  FORMULAE FOR COMPUTING DERIVED METEOROLOGICAL
             MEASURES
           1.  Wind Speed and Direction - Props
               	S. D	

u, v, = "raw" wind speed components from the prop sets

S     = SQRT (u2 + V2)

D     = tan-l(u/v)
           2.  Wind Speed Components
                              UX, VX
- Cup and Vanes
DX = "raw" wind directions from vane

SX = "raw" wind speed from cups

UX = SX cos (DX)

VX = SX sin (DX)


           3.  Turbulence Scales
                   SU. SV, SM

u,v,w = "raw" wind speed components from the prop sets
SU = SQRT
SV = SQRT
SW = SQRT
                  222?                  22*
                         + iv (£v)~ + 2ZUVSUEV   (Su) +(Ev)
                   2     2..
                            Eu
                                   (2v)2
                              2222
                    (Continued)
                         20

-------
TABLE 2a. FORMULAE FOR COMPUTING DERIVED METEOROLOGICAL MEASURES (Continued)
                                4. Sigma Theta
                                     SD, X2

u,v = "raw" wind speed components from the prop sets or the equivalent, UX.VX,
      components from the cup sets
     /U2 + V2

             1
SD = SQRT
             N
Z  arctan2
             ''v Z (u/s) - u
              u z (u/s) + v z (v/s)y
     raw" TF value
ST=  1 (zt2 - 1 (zt)2)
                                5. Variance of TF,
                                         ST
6. Correlation Between Prop Wind Speed(s) and Vertical Wind Component (w)
                                 UW
u,v,w = "raw" wind speed components from the prop sets


UW = - (s (w  / u2 + v2)—Z/u2 + v2 z w)
7. Correlation Between Fast Thermistor Temp (TF) and Vertical  Component (w)
   	WT	

w = "raw" wind speed component from the w-prop

t = "raw" TF value


WT = 1 (zwt - Izwzt)
                              (Continued)
                                  21

-------
TABLE 2a. FORM!: AE FOR COMPUTING DERIVED METEROROLOGICAL MEASURES  (Continued)
                    8. Sigma Theta (Yamartino Method)
                                    XT
DX = "raw" wind direction from cup-and-vane sets


     1
SA = - Z SIN (DX)
     N


CA = - S COS (DX)
     N


e  = SQRT  17 - (SA2 + CA2)]


XI = SIN-1(e)(1.0 + 0.1547e3)
                                   22

-------



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-------
experiment.  In addition, the MDS  could display in  real-time  selected  para-
meters and tower  profiles.  Data  from  the  10-m,  30-m and  60-m towers  were
transmitted by ARLFRD radio  links  to  the command post near  the 150-m tower.
The 150-m tower data were transmitted to the command post by  shielded signal
cable to the data acquistion  computer in the command post, a distance of about
50 m.

     At least three different types of  noise were  observed  in the 1-sec data
during the  SHIS#  2  experiments—large  "hits",  which drove the  instrument
output voltages outside  their 0-5 VDC range; "channel-skipping," in which the
data from  one  input channel  was  skipped and  replaced  by the  data  from the
next sequentially  polled channel,  with the  shift  of the data  continuing to
the end of the 16-channel multiplexor;  and  "high frequency" noise bursts that
caused a  few   seconds  of  data  to  oscillate  unrealistically  at  consistent
periods within each 5-minute averaging  period.  These three types of noise are
more fully described in  the Third Milestone Report  (Lavery et al 1982) and in
the HBR Quality Assurance Report (Greene and Heisler, 1983).

     The large "hits" were generally  easy  to  identify  and  remove  from the
data; the  other  two types  of noise  were less  so.   ARLFRD developed  a  "fil-
tering" routine  that  examined  the  second-to-second cha'nges   in  instrument
output and  replaced values that  exceeded  what  they regarded  as  reasonable
limits for such  changes;  these  limits are  shown  in Table  3.   Data  removed
from the  1-sec data  by this  filtering  procedure  were  replaced by  linear
interpolation in time between  the last  good value and  the  next  good value.
Besides sampling output  data from 86  meteorological  sensors,  voltages  were
converted to  engineering units,  derived measurements computed  from  measured
values, and the  raw 1-sec  data  base was  filtered to  remove  obvious  spurious
data.  A new  flagged  1-sec  data base was produced, and  calculated  5-min and
Ihour averages were compiled  into  two  additional  data bases  using  only data
with "good"  flags   in the  1-sec  data.   The filtering  and  flagging  process
resulted in data flagged as follows:
                                       24

-------
TABLE 3.  ALLOWABLE SECOND-TO-SECOND  SENSOR CHANGES USED TO
          FILTER RAW DATA IN PROCESSING  THE 1-SEC DATA BASE
Sensor Max
Units
U, V, prop
W prop
cup anemometer
wind vane
temperature
delta-T
fast temperature
Voltage Increment
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.100
0.100
Approx. Change In
2.0 m/sec
0.8 m/sec
2.0 m/sec
16.0 degrees
1.6 degrees C
0.4 degrees C
1.6 degrees C
                           25

-------
      11 "   (blank)   good data
      "0"            Over maximum range  limit
      "U"            Under minimum range limit
      "L"            Lost (first affected channel  in channel-skip)
      "M"            Moved (reassigned from previous channel  by
                      skip-correction)
      "T"            Tower noise limit exceeded
      "S"            Several  (more than  one) flag  from the above
Only the " " and "M" flags indicate valid data.

      In 5-min and  1-hour data  bases,  data quality flags have  been  appended
to values averaged from the  1-sec data  as follows:

        E (excellent):  97%  or more of  points in average are valid
        blank:  75% to 97% of points in average  are valid
        S (suspect):  50% to 75% of points in average are valid
        B (bad):  less than  50% of points in average are valid

     UVW anemometer  data in  the  1-sec  data  base were  treated  by  cali-
bration factors determined  by  ERT at the  FMF large wind tunnel  at  Research
Triangle Park,  NC.   Also,  correction  factors  for  non-cosine  response  were
found and applied  to the data.   Responses  of  the  Climatronics  instruments
were generally a  few percent  lower than  those  derived  by Clarke  (1982)  for
the R.M.  Young instruments.   Stall  regions of  the Climatronics  may  also be
wider; and the over-response for  non-stalled props  between  92 deg and 95 deg
and between  265 deg and 268 deg  for the  V-prop  seems  not to  have  occurred
with  R.M.  Young  instruments.

     The reason for  this latter  effect may be the  propeller shaft extensions
on the Young instrument.  Another  possible  contributor is a general divergence
of flow around the  Climatronics UVW  system.  A smoke streak  in the FMF tunnel
                                      26

-------
(Greene 1985) into the center of the vertical W-arm  rose quite noteceably  as
it approached the equiptment; this  accounting  for the fact that the  W-props
frequently turned in a positive (upward) sense  when  the  horizontal arms  were
being tested for  response.  For  complete details, the Quality  Assurance  Pro-
ject Report for SHIS #2 (Greene,  1985)  should be consulted.

3.1.2  Pariods Of Data Collection

     Table 4 shows the dates and times  of  the experiments and  the  concurrent
periods of meteorological  tower  data collection.  No  meteorological data  were
collected for the first  three  experiments, October  5,  6 and   7.   Collection
began with experiment  #4,  which began  on  October 23  at 2300 hours  MDT and
ended on October  11  at  0900 hours.   No data were recorded  during  experiment
#13 due to wind flow from the wrong  (westerly)  direction.

3.2  TOWER METEOROLOGICAL DATA TAPE  FILES

     Data are stored at the  National Computer Center,  Environmental  Research
Center, Research  Triangle  Park,  North Carolina  on  Sperry  UNIVAC   1100/83
systems magnetic  tape,  nine track, odd   parity,  ASCII-quarter  word mode,
density 6250 8PI, tape number 004972.   Record  length is 132 characters, and
the block  size  is  1320  words  or  40  records  per block.   UNIVAC  users may
assign the tape, @ASG,T HBR.U9S//////Q,004972 using  UNIVAC  Executive  Control
Language (ECL).   Upon  request,  copies   can  be  furnished and translated  into
formats acceptable to any  computer using 9-track tape drives.

3.2.1  Meteorological Data Tape  File Index

     Four sets of tower meteorological  data files  are recorded  on tape number
004972.  The first set, file numbers 1  to  176,  contain  data from Tower A,  5-
minute averages, as  illustrated  in Table 5.  There are 16 tape  files  for  each
experiment; the data fields  in each  file correspond to one or more meteorolog-
ical  measures as  illustrated in Table 6.   With  the tape  files  partitioned  in
this manner,  given  a  particular  experiment, the parameter desired  can  be

                                     27

-------
           TABLE 4.   PERIODS OF SHIS  #2  EXPERIMENTAL  HOURS  OF
                     METEOROLOGICAL TOWER DATA
Experiment No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13*
14
15
Date
Oct. 1982
5
6
7
10-11
12
12-13
13-14
14-15
20
21-22
22-23
23-24
25
25-26
28-29
Times
MDT
—
—
—
10/2300-11/0900
12/0000-0700
12/2300-13/0800
13/2000-14/0800
14/2300-15/0800
20/0100-0900
21/2100-22/1000
22/2200-23/0900
23/2300-24/1100
—
25/2100-26/1000
28/2200-29/1000
* Experiment 13 was terminated due to unfavorable weather.
                                  28

-------
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-------
TABLE 6.   TOWER  A  DATA TAPE FILES
File
Type
1
2
3
4


5


6

7
8
9

10



11

12


13


14

15

16






Data
Fields
10
10
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10

10
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6

6



10

3


10


9

10

9







U -
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sw -

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SX -
DX -
UX -

VX -

SO -

XI -


T -

TC -
DT -

UW -

TF -

WT -

ST -
X2 -

Data Measure
Westerly wind component from props, m/s
Southerly wind component from props, m/s
Vertical wind component from props, m/s
Sigma u, Standard deviation of component of
horizontal wind speed along mean wind
direction from props, m/s
Sigma v, Standard deviation of component of
horizontal wind speed perpendicular to mean
wind direction from props, m/s
Sigma w, Standard deviation of vertical
wind component from props, m/s
Scalar mean wind speed from props, m/s
Scalar mean wind direction from props, deg
Scalar mean wind speed from cups, m/s
Scalar mean wind direction from vane, deg
Westerly wind component average from cup &
vane, m/s
Southerly rfind component average from cup &
vane, m/s
Sigma theta, Standard deviation of wind
direction from props deg
Sigma theta, Standard deviation of wind
direction from cup & vane; Yamartino
algorithm deg
Temperature from steel -encapsulated plati-
num resistance thermometric device (RTD), C
Calculated temperature = T + DT, C
Temperature difference from reference temp-
erature (RTD) , C
Vertical momentum flux, u'w' from props,
where u is total horizontal speed, (m/s)2
Temperature from "fast response" platinum
bead thermistor, C
Vertical heat flux, w't1 from w-prop and
tf, m/s C
Variance of tf, C
Sigma theta, Standard deviation of wind
direction from cup & vane, deg
             30

-------
               TABLE 6a.  TOWER A METEOROLOGICAL RECORD TYPES
Tape Record             Measures                            Levels
Type	

   1       U -  Westerly Wind Component              2m,  5m,  10m, 20m, 30m,
                                                   40m, 60m, 80m, 100m, 150m
   2       V -  Southerly Wind Component                      "
   3       W -  Vertical Wind Component                       "
   4       SU - Sigma  U, Turbulence Measure                  "
                   of U
   5       SV - Sigma  V, Turbulence Measure                  "
                 of V
   6       SW - Sigma  W, Turbulence Measure                  "
                 of W
   7       S -  Scalar  Mean Wind Speed, Props                 "
   8       D -  Scalar  Mean Wind Direction, Props             "
   9       SX,  DX - Scalar Mean Wind Speed and      20m, 40m, 60m
                      Direction, Cup-and-Vane
  10       UX,  VX - Scalar Averaged U and V
                      Components, Cup-and-Vane
  11       SD - Sigma  Theta, Props                  2m,  5m,  10m, 20m, 30m
                                                   40m, 60m, 80m, 100m, 150m
  12       XI - Sigma  Theta, Cup-and-Vane     "      20m, 40m, 60m
                 Equation 25, (Yamartino, 1984)
  13       T, TC - Slow RTD Temperature and         2m,  5m,  10m, 20m, 30m,
                    Calculated TC = [T(2m)+DT]     40m, 60m, 80m, 100m, 150m
  14       DT - Slow RTD Temperature Differnce               "
                 from T(2m)
  15       UW - Correlation of S vs. W                       "
           TF,  WT, ST, X2, - Fast Thermistor
  16       Temperature, Correlation of TF vs.
           W, Variance of TF, Sigma Theta
           Cup-and-Vane
                                    31

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-------
quickly accessed.  Of the measures recorded,  Table  6,  11, V, W, T, DT, TF, SX
and DX are  simple  5-minute  averages  of direct, sometimes corrected, instru-
ment output.  All  the rest were derived indirectly from algorithms using one
or more of the  direct instrument outputs.  Table 6a  indicates the tower levels
where data */ere measured.

     The second set of  data  files,  file numbers  177 to 352, contain data from
Towers B, C, and  P, 5-minute averages  as  indicated in  Table  7.  There are
16 tape files  for each experiment,  the record types in each file correspond-
ing to one or more  meteorological measures as  shown in Table 8.  Record types
differ from those in the  first  set  since  data  from one  or  more towers are
combined on each file,  although  the measures  contained are the same as in the
first set, with the exception of the last file  (16) in each experiment where
only X2,  sigma-theta  values  for  cup  &  vane anemometers  are  available for
Towers B, C, and P.

      The third set  of  data  files, numbers 353 to 363, contain meteorological
data from Tower A,  1-hour  average  as  illustrated  in Table 9.   There are 11
tape files, one for  each experiment, with data measures arranged in the same
sequence as in  the  first  set, 5-minute  values.

      The fourth set of data  files,  numbers  364 to 374, contain meteorolog-
ical data from  Towers  B,  C, and P,  1-hour  averages  as  illustrated in Table
9.  There are  11  tape  files,  one  for  each  experiment,  with  data measures
arranged in  the same  sequence  as  in  the   second  set,  5-minute  values.

3.2.2  Tape File Records

      The first five records  of  each  file contain alphabetic ASCII characters
of identification  information and column headings for the data fields in the
records that follow.  The first  five records are FORTRAN, formatted (132A1).
Column headings are  coded in  the last  two  heading records,  where  the  first
record identifies  columns  of date,  time  and  the meteorological  measures,
and the second   record identifies tower  levels  where  the data were observed.
                                      33

-------
TABLE 8.  TOWERS B, C, P METEOROLOGICAL RECORD TYPES
Tape Record
Type
1

2
3
4

5

6

7
8
9

10

11

12

13



14



15

16

U -

V -
W -
SU

SV

SW

s -
D -
sx,

ux,

SD

XI

- T,



DT



UW
.
X2

Measures
Westerly Wind Component

Southerly Wind Component
Vertical Wind Component
- Sigma U, Turbulence Measure
of U
- Sigma V, Turbulence Measure
of V
- Sigma W, Turbulence Measure
of W
Scalar Mean Wind Speed, Props
Scalar Mean Wind Direction, Props
DX - Scalar Mean Wind Speed and
Direction, Cup-and-Vane
VX - Scalar Averaged U and V
Components, Cup-and-Vane
- Sigma Theta, Props

- Sigma Theta, Cup-and-Vane
Equation 25, (Yamartino, 1984)
TC - Slow RTD Temperature and
Calculated TC


- Slow RTD Temperature
Difference from T


- Correlation of S vs. W

- Sigma Theta, Cup-and-Vane

Towers Levels
B
C










B
P


8
C
B
P
B

C
P
B

C
P
B
C
B
P
5m,
2m,
11
11
ii

U

11

U
n
1m,
18m
11

5m,
2m,
1m,
18m
1m,
20m
2m,
9m,
5m,
20m
5m,
60m
5m,
2m,
1m,
18m
20m,
5m,










10m,
, 60m


20m,
5m,
10m,
, 60m
5m,
, 30m
5m,
60n
10m,
, 30m
10m

20m,
5m,
20m,
, 60m
30m
10m










30m



30m
10m
30m

10m

10m





30m
10m
30m

                          34

-------
TABLE 9.  METEOROLOGICAL DATA - 1-HOUR AVERAGES
          TAPE FILE NUMBERS

Experiment No.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
n
12
14
15
TOWER A

353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
TOWERS B, C, P

364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
                         35

-------
     All  data records  following  the first five alphabetic heading  records
have data fields arranged as shown  in Table  10.

                    TABLE 10.   DATA RECORDS  FORMAT
       Position                  Contents            FORTRAN  Format
        1 to 4              Year 1982                  14
        5 to 6              Month  10                  12
        7 to 8              Day                        12
        9 to 10             Hour 00-23                 12
       11 to 12             Minute 00-55               12
       13 to 14             Second  00                 12
       15 to 16             Blank                      2X
       17 to 24             Meteorological  Data        F8.3
       25                   Data Quality Flag          Al
       26 to 132            Meteorological  Data &     (F8.3.A1)
                            Data Quality Flags
     Table 11  is  a  printout  of  the  heading  records  from  the  first  16
files, experiment #4,  from the  first  set of meteorological  data files from
Tower A.   All  five  heading  records  and the  first two  data  records  are
presented for tape file #1, while only the last two heading  records  and two
data records are  shown for tape files  #2  to #16.   It  illustrates  how the
alphabetic heading  records  identify  columns of  data  fields   in the data
records that  follow.  Each  data  record  contains  5-minute  averages  of
observed or derived meteorological measures  from  the levels on Tower A as
indicated by the notations on the heading records.

     Table 12 is a similar printout, experiment #4,  from  the  second set of
meteorological  data files from  Towers B,  C, and P.  There are six alphabetic

                                     36

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header records in the  first  block  of each file  since  and extra record is
needed to specify the  three  towers.  All  six  header  records  and the first
two data records  are  presented for  tape  file  #177,  while  only  the last
three heading records  and  two data  records are shown  for tape files #178 to
#192.

      Table 13 is a printout  of an illustration  of the first block of the
first file,  experiment  #4 from  the  third  set  for  data  files,  1-hourly
averages from Tower  A.  Since only  eight or nine  hours  of  observations were
taken during each experiment,  all  meteorological measures  were placed on
one file for  each experiment.  A  complete set of header  records  are pre-
sented on the first block of each  file,  while  two header records identify
measures and tower levels  ahead for each of 16 groups of data.

     Table 14 shows  a  printout of the first block of  the first file, exper-
iment #4, from the  fourth set  of data files  containing 1-hour averages of
meteorological  data  from Towers B,  C, and P.   As in the  preceding set for
data files,  Each  file  contains  1-hourly averages  for one  experiment.  A
complete set of header records are  presented on the first block of each file,
while three header  records identify  measures,  towers and  tower levels for
each of the 16 groups  of data.
                                     42

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                                  SECTION 4

                              TRACER GAS DATA

4.1  TRACER GAS RELEASE SYSTEM

     Two tracer gases, SF6 and CF3BR (Freon 13B1), were released at different
heights from either Tower  A,  the 150-m tower, or from the boom of  a  mobile
crane operating on one of three roads east of HBR.  The roads  were  culverted,
graded and graveled to support the 150-ft crane that lifted an oil-fog  gener-
ator and the tracer gas  release tubes.  The SF6  release was  collocated  with
the oil-fog release and  dispersed from  a  common nozzle.   Occasionally,  the
SF6 and the oil-fog were  released from the tower while the  CFSBr was  released
from the crane at a different location.

      The SF6 and CFSBr tracer gases were stored in individual compressed gas
cylinders at ground level.  Piping  carried  each gas  through a linear  mass
flow meter  (LFM)  system  to  the point of  discharge  into the  atmosphere.   A
time history of each tracer release was used to  describe  the rate and the quan-
tity of release of tracer.  The  LFM measured  and  displayed  the rate of gaseous
tracer discharge  via   real-time  digital   display,  the  total  amount  of  gas
discharged via  a  digital  counter,   and  an  analog  output  voltage  directly
proportional to the flow rate.  The  voltage was logged and  monitored on  a
strip chart recorder.   Pre- and  post-test release weights of tracer gas  cylin-
ders were measured by  certified scales.  Beginning and ending  times of  tracer
release and the time and  character of any deviations from the  design  rate-of-
release were logged.   Table  15  presents the  hourly  average  tracer  release
rates (g/sec)   for  both gases for each  experiment along  with  the locations
and height of release.  Tracer release points (TRP)  are shown  in Figure 7aand
are determined  with respect  to  the  base of Tower  A.   Elevation  at  release
point (HT)  is  determined  with  respect to ground  elevation at release  point.

                                      45

-------
TABLE 15.  TRACER RELEASE DATA - EMISSIONS (Q) SF6 AND CF3Br

Hour
End
Fxp #4
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
EXP #5
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
EXP #6
0000
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
EXP #7
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
EXP #8
0000
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800


SF6
Q Ht.
g/sec m
- 10/11/82
0.7/ 20
0.77 20
0.90 30
0.76 40
0.84 20
0.86 30
0.86 30
- 10/12/82
0.70 40
0.54 30
0.49 25
0.49 25
0.60 20
0.60 20
0.68 30
- 10/13/82
0.37 40
0.37 40
0.32 30
0.32 30
	 —
0.50 40
0.37 35
0.37 35
0.37 30
- 10/14/82
0.52 30
0.52 30
0.46 20
0.46 20
0.51 15
0.51 15
0.43 25
- 10/15/82
0.26 30
0.24 20
0.24 10
0.24 10
0.23 40
0.23 35
0.23 35
0.23 30
0.23 30


CF3BR
Release
Point

4(216)
M
H
ii
H
H
H

2(203)
H
H
H
H
H
u

5(111)
n
u
n
_
2(203)
n
n
u

2(203)
n
n
n
u
n
n

3(215)
11
II
II
II
II
II
tl
U
(continued)
46
Q
g/sec

	
1.45
1.42
1.23
1.35
1.34
1.34

1.39
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.26

1.32
1.32
1.35
1.35

1.56
1.33
1.33
1.30

1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.31

1.09
1.01
1.00
1.00
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.98


Ht.
m

-
10
20
30
10
20
20

25
15
20
20
15
15
25

30
30
20
20
—
30
25
25
20

20
20
15
15
10
10
5

20
10
5
5
30
25
25
30
15


Release
Point

-
4(216)
n
n
n
n
n

2(203)
u
n
n
n
ii
it

5(111)
11
"
M
_
2(203)
u
n
u

2(203)
u
n
ii
u
u
n

3(215)
n
n
u
n
u
11
u
11



-------
TABLE 15.   Continued
              TRACER RELEASE  DATA  -  EMISSIONS  (Q) SF6  and CF3Br
SF6
Hour Q Ht.
End g/sec m
EXP #9 - 10/20/82
0500 0.20 30
0600 0.20 30
0700 0.20 40
0800 0.20 40
0900 0.20 40
EXP #10 - 10/22/82
0100 0.22 30
0150 0.22 30
0200 	
0300 0.23 50
0400 0.23 50
0500 0.21 70
0600 0.21 70
0700 0.21 70
0800 0.21 70
0900 0.21 70
1000 0.21 70
1100 0.21 70
EXP #11 - 10/23/82
0000 0.27 40
0100 0.27 40
0200 0.27 40
0300 0.27 40
0400 	
0500 0.29 50
0600 0.29 50
0700 0.29 50
0800 0.29 25
0900 0.29 25
EXP "#12 - 10/24/82
0200 0.31 75
0300 0.31 75
0400 0.30 50
0500 0.30 50
0600 0.30 75
0700 0.31 75
0800 	
0900 0.30 50
1000 0.30 50
1100 0.30 50


CF3BR
Rel ease Q
Point g/sec

2(203) 0.90
0.90
0.93
0.93
0.93

2(203) 0.96
0.96
	
TWR A 1.53
1.53
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31

2(203) 0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
	
TWR A 1.31
1.31
1.31
1.35
1.35

TWR A 1.13
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.32
1.32
" 	
1.34
1.34
1.34
(continued)
47
Ht.
m

20
20
20
20
20

20
20
--
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

20
20
20
20
--
25
25
25
10
10

40
40
50
25
25
25
--
40
40
40


Release
Point

2(203)
"
"
"
"

2(203)
n

TOR A
"
11
"
"
"
n
"
"

2(203)
"
11
"
-
TWR A
"
"
"
"

TWR A
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1




-------
TABLE 15.  Continued
              TRACER RELEASE DATA -  EMISSIONS  (Q)  SF6  and CFSBr

Hour
End
EXT #14
2300
2357
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
EXP #15
0000
0100
0200
0300
0400
0450
0500
0600
0645
0700
0800
0900
1000
1058



Q
g/sec
SI- fa
Ht
m
CF3BR
. Release
Point
Q
g/sec
Ht.
m
Release
Point




- 10/25-26/82
0.
0.
—
--
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
28
29
--
—
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
b
5
-
-
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
10/29/82
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
--
0.
0.
--
0.
0.
0.
0.
Tracer Release
TRP

30
30
30
30
29
29
—
28
28
—
27
27
27
28
20
20
20
20
40
40
--
50
50
—
50
50
50
50
Points


1 (R-80)
2 (203)
3 (215)
4 (216)
5 (111)
TWR A
TWR C


















TWR C



"
-
-
2(203)








"
11
"
"
11
"
"

0
1
-
.
0
0
0
0
-
1
1
1

.89
.09
—
__-
.94
.93
.93
.94
— _
.33
.33
.33

10
2
-
_
20
20
20
20
--
35
35
35

TWR C
"
-
-








2(203)
"
"
"
-
TWR A
11
"

















KR-80) 	













"
11
11
"
11


TWR A
"
"
n
11
"
a
1
1
1
1

1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
Azimuth Range
deg
330.
313.
312.
312.
271.
0.
282.
m
1 574
0 454
2 334
1 324
7 391
0 0
9 829

.9
.8
.9
.9
.7
.0
.1
.36
.36
.36
.36

.36
.36
—
.34
.34
.34
.34
.34
X
m
-287
-332
-248
-241
-391
0
-807
40
40
40
40

40
40
--
40
40
40
40
40


.5
.6
.1
.3
.5
.0
.2
TWR
11
"
11

11
"
11
11
11
"
"

Y
m
497.9
310.2
225.0
217.5
11.9
0.0
179.6
A












Z
m
21
17
12















.7
.4
.9
12.4
12
3
86
.5
.7
.7
All azimuths, ranges and coordinates (X,Y,Z) are relative to the base of
tower A (TWR A).
Datum (Z=0) = 1600 m MSL.
                                      48

-------
4.2  TRACER GAS SAMPLING SYSTEM

     Tracer samples  were  collected  in  2-liter Tedlar  bags  at  about  110
locations on the ridge  at a  height  of approximately 0.5 m above the ground.
ARLFRD operated 125  samplers  during  each  approximately  8-hour experiment.
Each sampler  contained  12  individual  pumps,  each of  which  intermittently
(1-sec every 28 sec) filled a Tedlar bag over the  period  of  interest.  Thus,
each sampler could take  sequential  1-hour samples  over  a 12-hour  period or
sequential  10-minute samples  over a  2-hour  period.   Twenty samplers were  used
to get 10-minute averages  at  five locations.  The remaining 105  samplers  were
used to get 1-hour samples.   Two of the 1-hour  samplers were operated on the
30-m Tower B and one on  the  10-m Tower  C.

      The bag samples were collected by means of modified EMI AQSIII or  sim-
ilar type of  air  sampler.  Each  sampler  used   12  separate  pumps,  bags, and
external  tubes to draw  in ambient air to  fill  12  individual  2-liter Tedlar
bags.  The system was battery  powered and electronically  programmed in func-
tion and timing.  Time was set  and maintained by a  crystal-controlled digital
clock accurate to within  1 minute per  month.   Beginning and ending sampling
times for  the  individual  (sequential) whole air  samples were controlled by
this clock.   The actual  local  time  (MOT)  for the  beginning  of the sampling
sequence for each  unit  was  preprogrammed  during  the  servicing by sampling
team technicians  about  20  hours prior  to the start  of  each experiment.

      The sampler  locations  are  shown  in  Figure 7.   Samplers  were deployed
in rows parallel to the  axis  if HBR, often at points surveyed in a  20 x  20-m
grid.  Locations were selected on the basis of observations during the prelim-
inary flow study performed in June 1982, wind tunnel and tow-tank simulations
done by EPA  FMF, and meteorological  data collected  by PNM.  Tables 16 and 17
summarize the characteristics of the sampling grid.
                                      49

-------
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                                   .  
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               50

-------
!«5'
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                                                             8 S
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-------
                TABLE  16.   PRIMARY SAMPLER LOCATIONS
A.  Four Primary  Sampler  Rows on Windward Face Of HBR
       #1  10 HI above  base  of Tower B
          - 16 locations  centered on Tower B
          - 80-m  horizontal  spacing covering 1200 m
       n   25 m  above ffl
          - 17 locations  centered on Tower B
          - 40-m  horizontal  spacing out to 200 m, 30 m spacing to
            460 m from center; total range is 920 m.
        #3   25 m above #2
           - 21 locations centered on Tower B
           - 40-m horizontal spacing covering 800 m
        #4  follows  the crest of HBR; mean height is 10 m above #3
           - 22 locations centered on Tower B
           - nominal 40-m spacing covers 860 m
    B   Three Secondary Rows on Windward Face of HBR
        #1  lies  among hillocks at base of HBR
           - 5 locations  centered on Tower B; middle is at Tower B,
             adjacent  2 atop hillocks near the road, 2 ends are in
             low  areas adjacent to these
         #2  lies between primary rows #1 and #2, 13 m above #1
            - 4 samplers  centered on Tower B
            - 100 m  spacing covers 300 m
         #3  lies between primary rows #2 and #3, 13 m above #2
            - 4 samplers  centered on Tower B
            - 100 m  'spacing covers 300 m
  C   Two Lee-Side Rows
          -  5 samplers in  each row, centered on Tower B
          - 100-m spacing along and between rows
          - covers 500 m  along each row
          - covers out to 280 m west of crest
                                51

-------
                        TABLE 17.   ADDITIONAL SAMPLERS
          Collocated Samplers:  two locations along center of grid;
          one on primary row #1, one an primary row #3.
          10-minute Samplers:  five locations; one at grid center along
          primary row #2; two along primary row #1, 80 m to either side
          of center; two along primary row #2, 280 m apart, centered
          20 m south of grid center
          Background Samplers:  one on the east side of Waughan Arroyo;
          one near the acoustic radar near the substation on the high
          ground of the east arroyo; data are not available at this  time.
          "Edge" Samplers:  one to the north of the grid on the road
           up to the top of HBR beyond the lidar; one to the south
           where the San Juan River flows through a gap in the ridge;
           data are not available at this time.
          Elevated Samplers:  one on Tower C at 8 m; two on Tower B  at
          14 m and 25 m.
      The grid was designed to give wide horizontal  coverage near the base of
the ridge and highest resolution between half way up and the crest.   Three
primary rows followed height contours and the fourth primary row ran near the
crest.  Samplers were deployed less densely in the lee.   Some samplers  near
the top of the ridge were placed deliberately on rocky promontories  or  crests,
some in cols, and some in the lee of rocky escarpments in an effort  to  measure
concentrations in different exposures and to capture possible effects of
flow separation.

      Three elevated samplers were mounted on the shorter meteorological
towers, 14 m and 25 m on Tower B at the base on the ridge, and one at 8 m on
Tower C on the crest.  The upper sampler on Tower B  was  at 30 m through
Experiment #8, whereafter it was lowered so it would not affect the  meteor-
ologocal measurements at 30 m.
                                     52

-------
     Within the main grid,  two  samplers  were  deployed  at  each  of  two  sites  as
collocated samplers.  The  intent of  these  samplers was  to  provide QC  informa-
tion relating  to  the representativeness and  reproducibility  aspects of the
precision of tracer measurements made by the intermittent  1-hour samplers.   In
fact the data from these pairs of samplers probably give the best  estimates  of
the total  precision of the  concentrations  (Greene, 1985).

     At five  locations,  four  samplers  were  set  out  to  take  samples only
10 minutes long to provide some basis for estimating the variability of concen-
trations within each sampling hour and  the utility of modeling for  short time
periods.  These sampler sites were  selected  to  give some spatial coverage  of
the intended impact area.

     Other samplers were  set out to get  concentration data  farther afield.
"Background" samplers were deployed  to  the east of the ridge  in  the  expected
approach flow.  One sampler was  near  the  power  substation  by  the  Doppler
acoustic sounder in case SF6 were emitted  there  or ad  vected from Farmington;
one was near  the  east side  of the  main  arroyo  northeast  of the  experiment
site to measure  any tracer  that might  drift over from  the  San  Juan  Power
Plant.  A third sampler was located  part-way  up  the ridge about a mile NNE  of
the release area to become an "edge" sampler, and  a fourth remote sampler was
located north of the San Juan River  near the  outlet of the arroyo  to  the east
of HBR.  Data  from  these samplers are  not available  for  inclusion with sam-
plers on HBR, but will be  available  at  a later time.

     Table 18  shows  the list of  all  sampler site by number  with locations
indicated by  range and azimuth from the  base of Tower A,  and by X,Y coordi-
nates with an  origin  at Tower A.  Elevations Z, are measured  from  a  datum  of
1600 m MSL.
                                        53

-------
TABLE 18.  TRACER GAS SAMPLER NETWORK
Sampl er
ID
1
2
3 B
4
5
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109 Cl
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
8
(deg)
274.1
281.9
289.1
293.7
305.5
335.7
331.1
326.5
320.4
312.7
305.5
305.4
296.2
290.0
287.6
278.2
274.4
268.4
262.5
257.9
253.7
250.2
247.6
327.6
320.9
315.3
308.4
305.5
305.1
301.9
298.1
297.2
294.9
287.8
289.4
284.8
281.2
281.4
277.9
274.5
269.4
263.2
258.7
R
(m)
536.6
500.2
533.1
489.7
520.2
791.2
735.5
666.5
634.4
595.9
578.2
630.2
627.6
572.6
638.4
660.9
614.4
664.7
705.0
754.6
813 9
873.7
994.9
793.0
744.1
691.4
671.3
668.3
691.2
656.1
657.3
706.2
653.7
665.6
727.1
677.5
689.8
736 2
694.4
700.7
763.5
803.6
849.9
X
(m)
-535.2
-489.3
-503.7
-448.4
-423.8
-325.4
-354.9
-368.0
-404.7
-437.9
-470.9
-513.9
-563.0
-537.9
-608.4
-654.2
-612.6
-664.4
-699.1
-737.8
-781.4
-822.2
-873.7
-425.1
-468.9
-486.0
-526.1
-544.0
-565.6
-556.7
-579.6
-627.9
-592.7
-633.6
-685.9
-654.9
-676.6
-721.7
-687.7
-698.5
-763.4
-797.9
-833.3
Y
(m)
37.9
103.5
174.6
196.9
301.7
721.2
644.2
555.6
488.6
404.3
335.5
364.8
277.2
196.2
193.2
94.5
46.9
-18.5
-91.5
-158.3
-227.9
-295.7
-359.9
669.5
577.7
491.8
416.9
388.2
397.3
347.2
310.0
323.0
275.6
203.9
241.1
173.3
134.3
145.4
96.2
54.8
-7.9
-95.2
-167.2-
Z
(m)
17.3
21.5
20.0
23.1
20.0
35.9
34.6
30.7
29.2
31.9
30.1
41.9
41.9
30.4
41.9
42.3
27.9
29.2
30.4
31.3
29.8
28.2
29.2
53.5
54.5
54.1
54.5
57.5
67.3
54.5
52.6
67.6
53.8
55.1
67.9
52.9
57.2
67.6
55.1
52.9
55.4
54.8
54.5
                (Continued)
                     54

-------
Table 18.  TRACER GAS SAMPLING NETWORK  (Continued)
Sampl er
ID
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310 C2
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416 C
417
418
419
420
'421
422
501
502
503
9
(deg)
323.4
319.4
316.5
314.5
311.2
308.3
305.3
299.5
296.6
293.1
290.2
287.5
284.1
278.1
275.7
273.2
270.5
268.6
266.2
322.5
318.9
316.3
313.6
310.7
308.1
305.3
303.6
300.9
297.9
293.7
290.9
288.6
286 4
283.7
282.5
278.7
278.1
273.4
270.1
268.1
266.7
307.6
301.7
295.8
R
(m)
845.9
817.0
802.7
774.7
765.6
760.6
745.2
741.6
741.5
762.2
765.7
773.1
757.9
785.5
808.9
823.6
838.2
869.7
878.5
880.7
845.2
836.5
829.5
844.4
821.4
800.2
787.5
782.2
786.1
795.6
804.4
807.7
799.9
815.8
826.9
848.1
919.6
869.3
900.5
925.7
955.8
961.2
961.8
972.8
X
(m)
-504.6
-531.3
-552.1
-552.9
-575.9
-596.7
-608.1
-645.4
-663.1
-701.2
-718.7
-737.5
-735.0
-777.7
-804.9
-822.4
-838.2
-869.5
-876.5
-536.8
-554.8
-577.7
-600.7
-640.0
-646.6
-653.1
-656.2
-671.2
-694.1
-728.5
-751.5
-765.4
-767.3
-792.4
-807.2
-838.3
-910.4
-867.8
-900.5
-925.2
-954.3
-761.3
-818.6
-875.9
Y
(m)
678.9
620.7
582.7
542.6
504.4
471.6
430.7
365.3
331.8
298.7
264.1
232.1
184.9
110.1
80.2
45.4
8.0
-20.9
-58.8
698.3
637.6
604.9
572.1
550.8
506.6
462.3
435.2
401.7
368.9
319.8
287.0
257.9
226.1
193.6
179.6
128.1
129.8
51.1
0.9
-30.8
-54.4
586.9
504.9
423.0
X
(m)
79.1
79.4
79.4
78.5
79.4
78.8
78.2
78.8
79.8
79.4
80.4
81.3
78.8
78.5
79.4
79.4
79.4
79.1
79.1
92.2
82.5
80.9
86.2
92.2
89.2
89.2
90.1
87.7
97.4
84.6
86.5
86.2
85.5
84.6
86.5
87.1
87.9
83.7
84.0
86.5
85.8
80.1
70.9
73.9
(Continued)


55




-------
      Table 18.   TRACER GAS SAMPLING NETWORK  (Continued)
Sampl er
ID
504
505
506
601
602
603
604
605
606
701 C
702 B
703 B
71X Tl
72X T2
73X T3
74X T4
75X T5
809 Cl
810 C2
9
(deg)
290.2
284.7
279.7
307.4
300.3
296.6
289.9
286.2
281.9
282.5
289.1
289.1
297.3
281.4
291.7
301.9
280.9
290.0
293.1
R
(m)
993.2
1024.0
- 1062.1
1061.1
1062.8
1069.3
1096.2
1098.8
1155.1
826.9
533.1
533.1
565.3
589.5
678.4
748.8
788.5
572.6
762.2
X
(m)
-932.2
-990.7
1046.9
-843.2
-918.1
-955.9
-1031.0
-1055.1
-1130.4
-807.2
-503.7
-503.7
-502.4
-577.8
-630.2
-635.9
-774.0
-537.9
-701.2
Y
(m)
342.8
259.2
178.9
644.2
535.5
479.2
372.4
306.7
237.4
179.6
174.6
174.6
259.1
116.6
250.9
395.4
150.2
196.2
298.7
Z
(m)
67.6
72.4
71.5
76.1
73.4
74.9
71.8
76.4
65.7
96.2
34.0
48.9
29.2
29.2
55.4
79.4
78.8
30.4
79.4
All angles (0),  ranges (R),  and coordinates (X,Y),  are  centered  at
base of tower A.
Datum : Z = 0 = 1600 m MSL
B  = Tower B
C  = Tower C
Cl = Collocated (109, 809)
C2 = Collocated (310, 810)
Tl, T2, T3, T4 = 10-minute samplers
                                      56

-------
4.3  TRACER ANALYSIS SYSTEM

     A box with 12 compartments was assigned to each  sampler  for  identifica-
tion and transportation of  the  bags to HBR  and  then  back to  Farmington  for
analysis.  The Tedlar bags  were analyzed  for SF6 and CF3BR (Freon)  by  elec-
ron-capture gas chromatographs (GC).  The GC systems  are  automated  adaptions
of the 1972 Lovelock prototype.  A  functional diagram of  the  analysis  proce-
dure is shown  in  Figure  8.   The sample bag was checked in and assigned to a GC
for analysis,  a  calibrated  volume  of air from the  sample was  injected  into
the GC, the output of the  electron-capture detector (ECD)  was  analyzed  by an
electronic integrator to yield areas proportional  to  the concentration  of tfce
two tracers, and these areas  were translated to  concentrations  by efficiency
curves determined from calibrations performed with "known standard" mixtures
of the two  tracers.   Calibration  concentrations  were corrected for pressure
and temperature in the GCs.

4.3.1  Analytical Procedures

     The analytical  procedures were  in  large part automated. The  configura-
tions of the principal  components  of the data acquisition  system  is shown in
Figure 9.  The voltage  outputs of  the  GCs1  electronic  capture  detector  were
recorded on strip  charts,  where their  characteristics  could be  examined to
ensure that the GCs were functioning properly, and the  inputs  to  the Spectra
Physics SP4000 Integrator,  which calculated  the  peak areas from  the voltage
trace, were reliable.   This microcomputerized  integrator  supported  all  four
GCs at  Farmington.   It  communicated peak areas,  date and time of  analysis,
and internal  constants  involved   in  integration  to  a   Perkin-Elmer  mini-
computer (P/E  7/16),  which calculated  the  tracer concentrations (ppt)  from
the output  of  the SP4000.  The peak  areas,  date and time of  analysis,  and
concentrations were then stored in disk files, which  were used  for  follow-up
analyses and for development  of  archive tapes.  These  files  were reconciled
with the sample check-in files to  determine  that  all  samples analyzed corres-
ponded to those  checked  in.  A summary  printout  after  each GC analysis  run
provided visual  assurance   of matching  of  the   data  with  the  sample  ID.
                                      57

-------
            Bag
          ChecJc-in
             GC
          Analyses
            Peak
            Area
         Integration
          Analyses
              of
          Standards
          Samples
             of
          Standard
          Mixtures
 Computer
Storage and
Calculation
  Audit By
Independent
  Standard
  Mixtures
Figure  8.   Tracer  gas analysis  procedure
            (From Lavery et al.,  1983)
                       58

-------

GC
1






GC
8



GC GC
3 4


SP4000
Integrator

1
Printer








;
I
Floppy
Disks

I
P/E
7/16

(CON i 1 CRT

• I- I
• , .
                     5x5 MB
                     Hard Disk
9T
800/1600
Cpl



9T
800/1600
cpi
    Plotter
      Devices available but not online during data acquisition
Figure  9.   Tracer  gas  data acquisition system
            (From Lavery et al.,  1983)
                         59

-------
Although the laboratory  in  Farmington had eight  GC  systems available, only
four GCs were used in the analysis of SHIS #2  tracer  samples.

     A decision was made a the beginning of SHIS #2 to  present  tracer  concen-
tration data not only  as  Chi  (ppt)  as was done in SHIS #1, CCB,  but  also as
normalized values,  Chi/Q,  nanoseconds/meter3,  (ns/m3).   The  concentrations
detected by the GCs  were  divided  by emission  rate of  tracer released during
the hour of sampling.  The emission  rate  Q(g/sec) is an average mass  release
rate from the time at which  the release  valve  was opened to  the time at which
it rfas closed.  In  some  cases,  this  period was  less  than 1  hour,  but  in most
cases it was  several  hours.  The  start and stop times for  the  release are
referenced to the beginning  and end  times  of each experiment  hour.

4.4  TRACER GAS DATA TAPE FILES

     Data are stored at the National  Computer Center,  Environmental Research
Center, Research  Triangle  Park,  North  Carolina  Carolina  on  Sperry  UNIVAC
1100/83 systems magnetic  tape, nine  track,  odd  parity,  ASCII-quarter word
mode, density 6250  BPI, tape  number  004972.   Record  length  is  132  character,
and the block size is 1320 words,  or 40  records  per block.

     UNIVAC users may  assign  the tape,  @ASG,T  HBR,U9S//////Q,004972.  Upon
request, copies can  be furnished and translated into  fromats acceptable to
any computer using nine-track  tape drives.

4.4.1  Tape File Index

     There are 22 data tape files,  one  for each experiment for each  tracer,
numbered 375 to 396  following the hourly  meteorological data records  on tape
number 004972.  The  first 11  files,  375 to 385, contain SF6 concentrations,
and the next 11,  386 to  396,  contain data for CF3Br (Freon 13B1).  Table 19
shows how tape files are related to  experiments.
                                      60

-------
                   TABLE 19.   TRACER  GAS  CONCENTRATION  DATA
                              TAPE  FILE NUMBERS

                                       SF5                  CF3BR
Experiment No.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
U
15

375
376
377
378
379
380
331
382
383
384
385

386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
4.4.2  Tape File Records

     The first five records of each file contain
alphabetic ASCII characters of identification information  and  column  headings
for the data  fields  in  the records that follow.  The first five  records  are
FORTRAN formatted (132A1).  Column headings  are  coded  in  the  last two  header
records.

       All data records  following  the  first five alphabetic header records
  have data fields arranged as indicated in Table 20.
                                      61

-------
TABLE 20.  TRACER DATA RECORDS  FORMAT
Position
1
2 to 4
5 to 9
10
11 to 14
15 to 20
21 to 27
28 to 40
41 to 42
43 to 44
45 to 48
49 to 50
51 to 52
53 to 56
57 to 58
59 to 67
68 to 79



80 to 81
82 to 88
89 to 93
Contents FORTRAN Format
blank
Sampler ID
Bag #
blank
Tracer ID
blank
Tracer cone.
Label
Hour start
Minute start
Label
Hour end
Minute end
Label
Day
Month
Sampl er type



blank
Tracer cone.
Emission rate
IX
13
15
IX
A4
6X
F7.0
11 Al
12
12
A4
12
12
A4
12
9A1
12A1



2x
F7.0
F5.2
Heading
blank
ID
Bag #
blank
Gas (SF6.13B1)
blank
Chi/Q (ns/ra3)
'sampler ran1
HR (00 to 23)
MN (00 to 50)
1 to '
HR (00 to 23)
MN (00 to 50)
' on '
Day of month
DATE (Oct 1982)
SMP/TYPE
'HR SAMP'
'TOVIR SAMP'
'10 MIN SAMP1
blank
CHI (ppt)
Q(gm/sec)
                  62

-------
     Table 21   is  a printout of  the  first  block, 40 records, of block num-
ber 375. It illustrates how the  alphabetic header  records  identify columns
of the data fields that follow.  Data records  are listed  in chronological
order starting with the first hour of the   experiment.
                                     63

-------
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-------
                                  SECTION  5

                      OPTICAL  CROSSWIND ANEMOMETER DATA

5.1  OPTICAL ANEMOMETER NETWORK

     An optical  crosswind  anemometer measures  the  path  averaged  crosswind
speed of the component of  flow  in the horizontal  plane and perpendicular to
the path  over  a  1ine-of-sight  between  a transmitter  and  receiver.   This
method avoids the  problems  of  local obstructions and of low-speed nonlineari-
ties to which conventional  anemometers are subject.   At  HBR,  heights of the
paths were generally  between  0.5  and 5  m; the ends of the paths were about
1  m or  less  above the  surface.   This anemometer operated  around  the clock
with occasional  servicing.

     Three optical  anemometers  were  used in  SHIS #2.   Figure 7  shows the
alignment of all  three paths on HBR.   The first transmitter-receiver set was
aligned parallel  to  the ridge  in the  targeted  area and  slightly upwind of the
base of the ridge  (path A). The second  set  was installed along the crest of
HBR (path  B), and  a  third  set  was  placed on the lee (west)  slope of HBR.
The lengths  of paths  vary  between 300 and 600 m.   Data  are recorded as 10-
minute averages  of wind speed component  (m/s)  at  right angle, crosswind, to
the alignment (path)  of the transmitter-receiver set.

5.2  OPTICAL ANEMOMETER DATA TAPE  FILES

     Data are stored at the National  Computer Center, Environmental  Research
Center, Research  Triangle  Park,  North  Carolina  on  Sperry  UNIVAC 1100/83
systems magnetic   tape,  nine  track,   odd  parity,  ASCII-quarter  word  mode,
density 6250 BPI,  tape number 004972.   Record length  is  132 characters, and
the block size is  1320 words,  or 40 records per block.
                                      65

-------
5.2.1  Tape File Index

      There are 3  data  tape files, one  for each  optical  anemometer path
(A,B,C),  numbered 397,398  and 399  following  the  tracer gas concentration on
tape number 004972.   Table 22 shows  how tape files  are related to the data.
              TABLE  22.   OPTICAL  ANEMOMETER TAPE FILE NUMBERS

     File Number	Contents	

        397       Path  A (East base  of  HBR),  10 Oct 82 to 29 Oct 82,
                     all  experiments, 10-minute averages, m/s.

        398       Path  B (Ridge  crest),  11 Oct 82  to 29 Oct 82, all
                     experiments, 10-minute averages, m/s.

        399       Path  C (West of HBR),  13 Oct 82  to 29 Oct 82, all
                           experiments,  10-minute averages, m/s.
5.2.2  Tape File Records

       The first seven  records  of  each  day's hourly  record  of 10-minute
average crosswind data   have  alphabetic ASCII characters of identification
and column headings for the data fields in  the records  that follow for that
day.  There is one record  for each  hour  of data  with 6 field of 10-minute
averages.

      All data records  following the seven  header  records for each day have
data fields arranged  as indicated  in Table  23.
                                     66

-------
                  TABLE 23.  OPTICAL ANEMOMETER DATA FORMAT
Position
1 to 3
4 to 8
9 to 15
16
18
25
27
34
36
43
45
52
54
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
17
24
26
33
35
42
44
51
53
60
Contents
FORTRAN
Hour (MDT)
blank
Crosswind, m/s
blank
Crosswi
blank
Crosswi
blank
Crosswi
blank
Crosswi
blank

nd

nd

nd

nd

Crosswind,

, m/s

, m/s-

, m/s

, m/s

m/s
13
5X
F7
2X
F7
2X
F7
2X
F7
2X
F7
2X
F7
Format
.2

.2

.2

.2

.2

.2
Heading
Hour (MDT)
blank
10-minute averages
blank
10-minute
blank
10-minute
blank
10-minute
blank
10-minute
blank
10-minute

averages

averages

averages

averages

averages
      Table 24 is a printout of  a  sample  of  the  first  day's  record of  data
showing the header records  and data  records  from file  number 397.
                                    67

-------
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                                                            68

-------
                                 SECTION 6

                              TETHERSONDE DATA

6.1  TETHERSONDE NETWORK

     Two tethersonde  instruments   were   operated  to  measure  temperature,
horizontal  wind speed  and  direction, pressure  and  humidity.  One  tether-
sonde was operated by UPL to obtain vertical  profiles  from the ground up to
about 300 m in the  area  east  of HBR.  A second sonde was  operated  by ATDD
next to  the  source of  SF6   tracer  gas  release,  either  the  crane  of  the
150-m tower, so as  to  record  temperature, wind speed and  direction  at the
height and  concurrently with the tracer  release.

     The WPL  sonde  was  operated   near  Tower . B at  the base  of HBR until
October 15, then was moved east to near the doppler sounder location  through
the end of SHIS #2.  The mode  of  operation for this tethersonde  was  to run
vertical profiles from  the  surface  up  to  about 300-m altitude.  When  the
sonde was flown from the  first location near the base of HBR, the  balloon
was often blown past the crest of  the ridge when  its  altitude  was  only 300
m or  less  above  the  ground.   The  profiles  were therefore  not  generally
vertical but  slanted towards  the  region of tighter  streamline  compression
over the ridge.   The  difference  in  speed between  the  ascent and  descent
modes, however, may be  as much as 0.5 m/s  since  WPL let out or  hauled in
the tether  typically at about  0.5  m/s.

     A scan was taken  from  the sondes  approximately  every 13 seconds,  so
that effective vertical resolution of WPL  profiles  was about  4 to  7m.   An
                                   69

-------
ascent and descent were made once per hour during experimental  periods. The
accuracy of the  reported  heights,  calculated  from pressure and temperature
measurements by the hypsometric equation,  is probably  about  5  m  because of
response time  of the  temperature probe  and  changes  in  ambient  pressure
during the course of the flight.

      Since the ATDD sonde  was  held  at the altitude of  the  tracer  release
and did not operate in an ascent-descent mode,  wind  speed errors would not
appear due to  tether hauling.   Only  temperature, wind speed and direction
were recorded by the ATDD sonde.
                                                                           i
     The tethersondes  used at SHIS #2  by  WPL  and ATDD  were manufactured by
A.I.R., Inc. The  characteristics  of the  probes  listed   in  Table  25,  are
those supplied by the  manufacturer.

             TABLE 25.   CHARACTERISTICS OF A.I.R. TETHERSONDES
Sensor   Range	Precision  Resolution    Response
Temp.  -70 to 50C    0.5 C
Wet    -70 to 50 C   0.5 C
Press 0 - 100 mb     1 mb
0.1 C
0.1 C
3 - 5 sec
12 sec
0.1 mb     1-2 sec
Wind  0-20 m/s     0.25 m/s   0.1 m/s    2.4 m
speed
Wind  2 - 358 deg    5 deg      1 deg      15 m
direction
   Description

2mm epoxy-coated
bead thermistor
As Temp, wetted
bulb by wick
Aneriod capsules
w/moving dia-
phram capacitor
3-cup anemometer
light chopper
Balloon as vane;
senses with mag-
netic compass
                                    70

-------
6.2  TETHERSONDE DATA TAPE FILES

      Data are  stored  at the National  Computer  Center, Environmental  Re-
search Center,  Research  Triangle  Park,  North  Carolina on  Sperry  UNI VAC
1100/83 systems magnetic  tape,  nine  track,  odd parity, ASCII-quarter  word
mode, density 6250 BPI,  tape  number 004972.   Records  length is  132  charac-
ters, and the block size is 1320 word or 40  records per block.

6.2.1  Tape File Index

       There are 28 data tape files, 13  for  WPL  sonde data, numbers 400 to
412, and 15 files of ATDD data,  number 413 to 427.  These  files  follow the
optical anemometer data  files on tape  number 004972.  Table  26  indicates
the periods of operation.
                                    71

-------
TABLE 26.  TETHERSONDE TAPE FILE NUMBERS
File No.
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412

413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
WPL - Tethersonde
Experiment No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
ATDD - Tethersonde
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Date
10/5-6/82
10/7-8/82
10/11/82
10/12/82
10/12-13/82
10/14/82
10/14-15/82
10/20/82
10/22/82
10/22-23/82
10/24/82
10/25/82
10/25-26/82

10/11/82
10/12/82
10/12-13/82
10/14/82
10/14-15/82
10/20/82
10/22/82
10/22-23/82
10/24/82
10/25/82
10/25-26/82
10/29/82
                   72

-------
TABLE 27.  TETHERSONDE DATA FORMAT
Position
1 to 2
3 to 4
5 to 6
7 to 8
9 to 10
11 to 12
13 to 14
15
16 to 22
23 to 29
30
31 to 37
38 to 43
44 to 50
51
52 to 58
59 to 64
65 to 71


1 to 2
3
4 to 5
6
7 to 8
9
10 to 16
17

18 to 25
26

28 to 34
35

WPL-Tethersonde
Contents FORTRAN Format
Month
Day
Year
blank
Hour
Minute
Second
blank
Pressure, tubs
Height, m
blank
Temperature, C
Rel Hum, %
Mixing Ratio
blank
Wind Dir, deg
Wind Spd, m/s
Potential
Temp, K
ATDD
Hour
*
Minute
*
Second
blank
Temp, C
Data Quality Flag

Wind Speed, m/s
Data Quality Flag

Wind Dir, Deg
Data Quality Flag

12
12
12
2X
12
12
12
IX
F7.2
F7.1
IX
F7.1
F6.1
F7.1
IX
F7.1
F6.1
F7.1

Tethersonde
12
Al
12
Al
12
IX
F8.1
Al

F8.1
Al

F8.1
Al

Heading
MO
DY
YR
blank
HR
MN
SC
blank
Pres.
Ht.
blank
Temp.
RH.
M.R.
blank
Dim.
Spd.
P.T.


HR
:
MN
;
SC
blank
Temp
blank =
B = bad
WS
blank =
B = bad
WD
blank =
B = bad




























good


good


good

                73

-------
6.2.2  Tape File Records

      For the WPL sonde data, the  first  six  records  of each ascent-descent
sounding are header records and have ASCII alphabetic characters of identi-
fication and column headings for the data records that follow.  Since there
was one  sounding  per  hour for  each experiment,  there  were about  eight
soundings recorded  in  the  tape  files,   separated  by  six  header  records.
There is one data record for every 13 seconds of sounding.

      For ATDD tethersonde, since  the observations were  held  to  the point
of the  SF6 tracer  release,  there  was  no  ascent-descent profile.   Data
consisted only  of  temperature,  wind  speed   and  wind  direction  every  13
seconds near the  location  and  height of tracer release.   There  are twelve
alphabetic header records  proceeding each  group  of 1-hour  observations.

      All data records  following the six header records for every
sounding have data fields arranged as indicated in  Table 27.
                                     74

-------
      Table 28 is  a  printout  of  the  first  block, 40  records, from  tape
file number 400, the  first  file of  WPL tethersonde data.   It  illustrates
how the data  are  presented  with  the  heading  records and  the  first  data
records at the beginning of  a  tethersonde ascent.   Table 29  is  a  printout
of the first  block,  40  records, from  tape number 414,  the  second file  of
ATDD tethersonde data.  The  first file, 413, was not  representative  of the
remaining  tape files.  It  shows the  arrangement  of header  records and the
data files prepresenting temperature and wind conditions at the point  of
tracer release.
                                      75

-------
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77

-------
                                  SECTION  7

           PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF NEW MEXICO METEOROLOGICAL  DATA

7.1  ADDITIONAL METEOROLOGICAL DATA

      Public Service  Company  of New  Mexico  (PNM)  maintains  a  network  of
meteorological  stations around HBR,  Figure 10, and these data were made avail-
able by PNM for this data base as half-hour averages for the month of October
1982. Data were  available  from ten  stations in the network.  The  most valu-
able of these stations would  be  numbers 103 and 105, both  located  on top  of
HBR.  Station 103 is  located  about 5  km SW of the experiment area  near  the
San Juan  River,  an 105  is just  to the north  of  the  experiment area.   In
addition, station 105  records .temperature,  solar radiation and  net radiation,
along with values of wind  speed,  direction  and  sigma-theta  that  all  stations
report.

7.2  PNM DATA TAPE FILES
     Data are stored at the National Computer  Center, Environmental  Research
Center, Research  Triangle  Park,  North  Carolina   on  Sperry  UNIVAC  1100/83
systems magnetic  tape,  nine  track,  odd  parity,  ASCII-quarter  word  mode,
density 6250 BPI, tape  number 004972.   Record length is  132 characters,  and
the block size is 1320 words or 40 records  per block.

7.2.1  Tape File Index

       There are 4  data  tape  files, number 428  to 431.   These  files  follow
the tethersonde  data  files on  tape number 004972.   Table  30  indicates  how
the data from the ten  PNM stations are arranged within the files.
                                      78

-------

Figure 10.  PNM air quality and meteorological monitoring sites
            (From Lavery et al., 1983)
                               79

-------
               TABLE 30.   PNM  DATA TAPE  FILE NUMBERS
File No.
        Contents
         Data
425
Stations: 102, 103,  104
Wind Speed & Direction,
Sigma-Theta
426
Stations: 105, 106
Wind Speed & Direction,
Sigma-Theta, Temperature
Solar & Net Radiation
427
Stations: 107,  108,  109
Wind Speed & Direction,
Sigma-Theta
428
Stations: 110,  112
Wind Speed & Direction,
Sigma-Theta
          Heights  of instruments  at  the ten stations are:
               Station
                 102
                 103
                 104
                 105
                 106
                 107
                 108
                 109
                 110
                 112
                  Instrument Level (m)
                         9.4
                         9.4
                         8.9
                        10.5
                         9.0
                         9.5
                         9.5
                         9.5
                         9.4
                         9.0
                               80

-------
TABLE 31.  PNM DATA FORMAT
Position

1 to 2
3 to 4
5 to 6
7 to 8
9 to 10
11 to 18
19
20 to 27
28
29 to 36
37
38 to 45
46
47 to 54
55
56 to 63
64
65 to 72
73
74 to 81
82
83 to 90
91

1 to 2
3 to 4
5 to 6
7 to 8
9 to 10
11 to 18
19
20 to 27
28
29 to 36
37
38 to 45
46
47 to 54
55
56 to 63
64
65 to 72
73
74 to 81
82
83 to 90
91
Contents FORTRAN Format Heading
File 425
Month
Day
Year
Hour
Minute
Sta.102, Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.102, Wind Spd
Flag
STA.102, Sigma-T
Flag
Sta.103, Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.103, Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.103, Sigma-T
Flag
Sta.104, Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.104, Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.104, Sigma-T
Flag
File 426
Month
Day
Year
Hour
Minute
Sta.105 Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.105 Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.105 Sigma-T
Flag
Sta.105 Temp
Flag
Sta.105 Net Rad
Flag
Sta.105 Sol Rad
Flag
Sta.106 Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.106 Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.106 Sigma-T
Flag

12
12
12
12
12
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al

12
12
12
12
12
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al

MM
DD
YY
HH
MM (0,30)
WD (deg)
blk=good, m=missing
WS (m/s)
bl k,m
ST (deg)
bl k,m
WD (deg)
bl k,m
WS (m/s)
blk,m
ST (deg)
blk,m
WD (deg)
bl k,m
WS (m/s)
blk,m
ST (deg)
bl k,m

MM
DD
YY
HH
MM (00,30)
WD (deg)
bl k,m
WS (m/s)
bl k,m
ST (deg)
bl k,m
T (C)
blk,m
NR (ly/min)
bl k,m
IN (ly/min)
bl k,m
WD (deg)
blk,m
WS (m/s)
bl k,m
ST (deg)
bl k,m
        81

-------
TABLE 31.
Position

1 to 2
3 to 4
5 to 6
7 to 8
9 to 10
11 to 18
19
20 to 27
28
29 to 36
37
38 to 45
46
47 to 54
55
56 to 63
64
65 to 72
73
74 to 81
82
83 to 90
91

1 to 2
3 to 4
5 to 6
7 to 8
9 to 10
11 to 18
19
20 to 27
28
29 to 36
37
38 to 45
46
47 to 54
55
56 to 63
64
PNM DATA FORMAT (Continued)
Contents FORTRAN Format Heading
File 427
Month
Day
Year
Hour
Minute
Sta.107 Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.107 Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.107 Sigma-T
Flag
Sta.108 Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.108 Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.108 Sigma-T
Flag
Sta.109 Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.109 Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.109 Sigma-T
Flag
File 428
Month
Day
. Year
Hour
Minute
Sta.110 Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.110 Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.110 Sigma-T
Flag
Sta.112 Wind Dir
Flag
Sta.112 Wind Spd
Flag
Sta.112 Sigma-T
Flag

12
12
12
12
12
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al

12
12
12
12
12
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al
F8.3
Al

MM
DD
YY
HH
MM (00,30)
WD (deg)
bl k,m
WS (m/s)
blk,m
ST (deg)
bl k,m
WD (deg)
blk.m
WS (m/s)
bl k,m
ST (deg)
bl k,m
WD (deg)
bl k,m
WS (m/s)
bl k,m
ST (deg)
bl k,m

MM
DD
YY
HH
MM (00,30)
WD (deg)
blk.m
WS (m/s)
blk,m
ST (deg)
bl k,m
WD (deg)
blk.m
WS (m/s)
blk.m
ST (deg)
bl k,m
82

-------
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                                       83

-------
                                 SECTION 8

                                  SUMMARY

3.1  Principal Accomplishments

     The Hogback Ridge  field  study  achieved  its  objective  of extending  the
modeling data base to include  a  detailed  set of meteorological  tower  data,
tracer concentration, tethersonde and  optical  anemometer data from a two-
dimensional ridge site.  The  field  program has produced  a  set  of about  179
tracer-hours for model  testing, evaluation,  and refinement.

     Like SHIS #1, SHIS  #2  has verified the  basic  concepts of experimental
design.  The release of  gaseous  and visible  tracers  from a mobile  crane  or
fixed tower, using real-time meteorological  data to  guide  the  selection  of
release locations and heights, has  resulted in  a  data  base that  covers  a
wide variety  of dispersion  conditions  and concentration patterns.    The
meteorological data  from four towers  were   archived in  real-time via  an
onsite system of minicomputers  that  unfortunately  introduced  some  noise
into the archived data during the first few  experiments.   Subsequent onsite
modifications to the data  system were successful  in reducing this noise,
and later ARLFRD and ERT scientists developed procedures  to  eliminate  the
noise from all of the archived meteorological  data.

     The entire data base from SHIS  #2 reside on one  reel of 9-track compu-
ter tape, and it  is available to  the scientific community  either as a direct
copy of the tape or by interactive computer  access  with  the UNIVAC computer
at NCC at Research Triangle Park.
                                     84

-------
                                 REFERENCES
 1.   Clarke,  J.  F.,  J.K.S. Ching and J. M.  Godowitch,  1982.   An  Experiment
     Study of Turbulence   in  an Urban  Environment.   EPA Technical  Report,
     EPA-600/52-82-062, U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,  Research
     Triangle Park, North  Carolina, 150 pp.

 2.   Crow,  L. W., 1975.   Meteorological Data  Analysis  Based  on  Monitoring
     Stations and Meteorological  Data, January  -  December  1974.    Joint
     Environmental Program  No.  153, Loren  W. Crow Associates,  Denver,  Colo-
     rado.

 3.   Greene,  B. R., 1985.   Complex  Terrain Model Development.  Quality Assur-
     ance Project Report  for Small Hill  Impaction  Study #2.   EPA Document
     No. P-B876-350, U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
     Park,  North  Carolina,  259  pp.

 4.   Hovind,  E. L., M. W. Edelstein and V.  C. Sutherland.  Workshop on Atmos-
     pheric Dispersion  Models   in  Complex  Terrain.   EPA-600/9-79-041.   U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency,  Research  Triangle  Park, North Carolina,
     1979.

 5.   Lavery,  T.  F.,  A.  Bass, D. G. Strimaitis, A. Venkatram,  B.  R.  Greene,
     P. J.  Drivas, and  B.  Egan.  EPA Complex  Terrain Model  Development Pro
     gram:  First  Milestone Report -  1981.   EPA-600/3-82-036,  U.S.  Environ-
     mental Protection Agency,  Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,  304 pp,

 6.   Lavery,  T.   F., D;  G.  Strimaitis,  A. Venkatram,  B.  R.  Greene,  D.  C.
     DiCristofaro, B. A.  Egan.   EPA Complex Terrain Model Development:  Third
     Milestone Report -  1983.   EPA-600/3-83-101,  U.S. Environmental  Protec-
     tion Agency, Research Triangle Park,  North  Carolina, Research Triangle
     Park,  North  Carolina,  271  pp.

 7.   Moore, G. E., R. G.  Ireson, C. S. Liu, R. E. Morris, A. B. Hudischewsky,
     and T. W. Tesche 1981. Air Quality and Meteorology of Northwestern New
     Mexico,  Draft Final  Report No. 81203.  Arizona Public Service.

 8.   Strimaitis,  D. G., A.  Venkatram, B. R. Greene, S. R. Hanna, S. Heisler,
     T. F.  Lavery, A. Bass, and B. A. Egan, 1983.  EPA Complex Terrain  Model
     Development  Program:  Second Milestone Report -  1982.  EPA-600/3-83-015,
     U.S Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Research Triangle Park,  North
     Carolina, 375 pp.

 9.   Truppi,  L.   E.  and G. C.  Holzworth,  1983.   EPA Complex  Terrain  Model
     Development  Program:  Description of a Computer  Data Base from Small Hill
     Impaction Study #1,  Cinder Cone  Butte, Idaho.   U.S. Environmental Pro-
     tection  Agency, Research Triangle  Park, North Carolina, 98 pp.

10.   Yamartino,  R. J.,  1984.  A Comparison of  Several Single Pass Estimates
     of the Standard  Deviation  of Wind Direction,  J. Climate Appl. Meteor.,
     23 1362-1366.


                                   85

-------