c/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and Development EPA-600/9-80-038
401 M Street, S W. September 1980
Washington, D.C. 20460
Research and Development
Research Inventory
FY 79-80
Of
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This report has been reviewed by the Office of Ex-
ploratory Research, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Acid Rain Research Inventory
FY 79-80
Edited By
David A. Bennett
Office of Exploratory Research
(RD-675)
September 1980
This document was prepared with the assistance of
The MITRE Corporation under Contract No. 68-02-5051
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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Foreword
Acid rain is a major environmental problem on both
sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Originally noticed and
studied in the Scandinavian countries and in Canada,
acid rain has been documented in this country, first
in the Northeast and now throughout much of the
United States east of the Mississippi River. Acid rain
has continued to spread in both severity and aerial
extent in the eastern United States. In the mid-1950s,
the pH of rainwater in a large portion of the eastern
United States was less than the "natural" at-
mospheric value of 5.6, with the zone of greatest
acidity (pH 4.5) located in and to the east of the
area where sulfur dioxide emissions were highest:
parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New
York, and New England. By the early 1970s, the area
with an average pH below 4.5 had extended to in-
clude most of the continental area east of the
Mississippi River. Long-term monitoring networks
are currently being established across the U.S. to
assess more definitively the spread of the acid rain
phenomenon.
Acid rain originates from industrial and transpor-
tation sources releasing sulfur oxides (SOX) and
nitrogen oxides (NOX) into the atmosphere. These
constituents are transformed into sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively,
through a process known as oxidation. The sulfates
and nitrates are transported and eventually removed
from the atmosphere and deposited on vegetation,
soils, surface waters, and materials.
A growing body of evidence suggests that acid rain
may have substantial adverse effects on the environ-
ment. Such effects may include acidification and
mobilization of heavy metals in lakes, rivers, and
groundwaters, with resultant damage to fish and
other components of aquatic ecosystems; acidifica-
tion and demineralization of soils; reduction of
forest productivity; damage to crops; and deteriora-
tion of man-made materials. These effects may be
cumulative or may result from peak acidity episodes.
Continued study of all potentially impacted systems
is required.
Existing environmental regulations do not directly
address the acid rain problem. However, in recogni-
tion of the potential seriousness of the acid rain prob-
lem, President Carter in his Second Environmental
Message to Congress in August of 1979 called for an
extensive research program to be conducted over the
next ten years. This program is coordinated by the
Federal Acid Rain Coordination Committee,
cochaired by the Environmental Protection Agency
and the Department of Agriculture with the Council
on Environmental Quality serving as executive
secretary.
EPA's research activities specifically targeted at
acid rain began late in the 1970s. By FY 1979, acid
rain monitoring and research in atmospheric pro-
cesses and environmental effects were funded just
slightly under the $4 million mark. Funding in FY
1980 is approximately $5.5 million.
The report that follows summarizes research sup-
ported by EPA's Office of Research and Develop-
ment during FY 1979-1980 to determine the nature
and magnitude of the acid rain problem.
Dennis A. Tirpak
Acting Director
Office of Exploratory Research
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Contents
Foreword ii
Abstract iv
Introduction 1
Section I: Environmental Effects and Economics 3
Section II: Monitoring and Quality Assurance 32
Section III: Atmospheric Processes 39
Section IV: Program Support 52
Subject Index 54
Performing Institution Index 56
in
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Abstract
This document contains a description of each of the EPA projects being
funded in the acid rain area. The projects listed are either being performed
internally by EPA laboratories or contracted out to other government
laboratories, universities, private industries, etc. This is the first attempt at
assembling EPA's acid rain funded projects. Some of the summaries are
slightly incomplete and it is possible that a few projects have been over-
looked. In addition, projects less than $5K have been climated from this
summary.
IV
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Introduction
Acid rain research projects funded by EPA address
virtually all of the areas of concern in the acid rain
problem from sources to the effects upon the
ultimate receptors. These projects are performed
either internally by EPA laboratories or under con-
tract to other governmental laboratories, academic
institutions, and other contractors.
The following is an inventory of acid rain research
projects funded at a level of $5K or more by EPA's
Office of Research and Development in FY 79 or FY
80, through June 1, 1980. Several additional projects
will be funded during the last quarter of FY 80. Pro-
vided for each inventoried project are research objec-
tives, funding summary, project description, prin-
cipal project personnel and planned reports.
Projects are grouped by their research objectives in
the following manner:
Section I: Environmental Effects and Economics
Section II: Monitoring and Quality Assurance
Section III: Atmospheric Processes
Section IV : Program Support.
Each project has an identifying code for its classifica-
tion in the subject and performing institution indices
at the rear of the inventory.
EPA has published a number of documents to give
both the layman and the technically trained descrip-
tions of the acid rain problem and EPA's research
program. Reports and/or publications that have
recently been published or are about to be released
include:
Research Summary: Acid Rain. October 1979.
EPA-600/8-79-028. A summary of EPA's acid
rain research program.
Acid Rain and the Environment. August 1980.
EPA-600/9-79-036. An in-depth discussion of the
global acid rain problem focusing on the latest en-
vironmental effects data being developed in North
America and Scandinavia.
Research Summary: Controlling Nitrogen Oxides.
February 1980. EPA-600/8-80-004. A summary of
EPA's research concerning NOX emissions and
their contribution to the acid rain problem.
Research Highlights, 1979, January 1980. EPA-
600/9-80-005. 100 pages. Highlights of the EPA
research program accomplishments of 1980.
Research Outlook 1980, February 1980. EPA-
600/9-80-006. 224 pages. A concise description of
the EPA's plans for future environmental re-
search.
These publications and other technical reports may
be obtained by writing to:
Center for Environmental Research Information
26 West St. Clair Street
Cincinnati, OH 45268.
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Section I
Environmental Effects
and Economics
Project Title:
Research on the Effect of Acid Precipitation
on Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
(NCSU Cooperative Agreement No.
806192)
Code:
EE1.0
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
500K
648K
EPA Project Officer:
Norman Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th St.
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503)759-4671
Principal Investigator:
Ellis Cowling
Department of Plant Pathology
School of Forest Resources
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27650
(919)737-2883
Objectives and Approach
Through Cooperative Agreement No. 806192, North
Carolina State University will coordinate, manage and con-
duct (largely through subcontracting to scientists at ap-
propriate educational and research institutions) research on
environmental effects of acid precipitation. The objectives
are to:
Determine the geographic distribution of sensitive
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and those exhibiting
symptoms of damage, and identify current extent of
damage;
Determine actual and potential effects on terrestrial and
aquatic components of lake-watershed ecosystems, and
develop models linking ecological response to acid
precipitation inputs;
Determine effects on native and commercial vegetation.
Research proposals from the scientific community at
large have been evaluated by the governing board and the
steering committee. Research funded in FY 79 and FY 80 is
as follows:
Aquatic:
Heavy Metal Exchange Between Sediments and Overly-
ing Water and Diatom Community Response in Lake
Microcosms Subjected to Increased H + , Pb, and Zn
Loading. (FY 79)
The Effects of Acidification on Processing of Organic
Matter in Streams. (FY 79)
Whole Ecosystem Experiments to Test the Effects of
Acid Precipitation on North American Freshwater
Lakes. (FY 80)
Effects of Acidification on Soft-Water Lakes in Florida.
(FY 80)
Henriksen's Empirical Model for Lake Acidification:
Can It Be Used for Prognosis? (FY 80)
Terrestrial:
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Reproduction of Fruit
Crops. (FY 79)
Effects of Simulated Acid Precipitation on Field Crops
and Fusiform Rust of Loblolly Pine. (FY 79 and FY 80)
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Decomposition and
Weathering Processes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. (FY 79
and FY 80)
Effects of Changing Patterns of Acidic Precipitation on
the Quality and Yield of Major Agricultural Crops of the
Northeastern U.S. (FY 79 and FY 80)
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Microbial Mineraliza-
tion of Nitrogen in Soil. (FY 80)
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Microbial Transforma-
tions in Soil and Resulting Nutrient Availability in
Plants. (FY 80)
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Sandhill Soils of the
Southeastern United States. (FY 80)
Synthesis and Integration:
Assessment and Synthesis of Research Related to
Biological Effects of Acid Deposition.
Expected Output:
Final and annual reports.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Determined for each project.
NCSU Cooperative Agreement
Funded Projects
The previous page summarized the NCSU
Cooperative Agreement (No. 806192). The next sec-
tion will detail the projects that have been funded
under this mechanism.
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NCSU Cooperative Agreement
Funded Projects
The previous pages summarized the NCSU
Cooperative Agreement (No. 806192). The next sec-
tion will detail the projects that have been funded
under this mechanism.
Project Title:
Effects of Simulated Acid Precipitation
on Field Crops and Fusiform Rust
of Loblolly Pine
Code:
EE1.1
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
15K
15K
Principal Investigator:
Allen Heagle
USDA-SEAS
Plant Pathology Department
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27650
Objectives and Approach:
Determine short- and long-term effects of simulated acidic
'rain' on injury, growth and yield of soybeans and corn
under field conditions. Measure changes in chemical,
physical and biological soil factors that can affect crop pro-
ductivity. Determine threshold doses of acidic 'rain' on the
epidemiology of fusiform rust of loblolly pine.
Existing facilities for dispensing simulated 'rain' will be
used. Crop plants will be grown in 24 3-m2 plots (six blocks
of four plots each) and exposed to 'rain' at four pH values
(5.7, 4.0, 3.2 and 2.8). Potted loblolly pine will be exposed
to four pH levels before, during, and after inoculation with
fusiform rust in an adjacent dispensing facility. In vitro
studies with aeciospores and basidiospores will also be per-
formed.
Project Title:
Effects of Changing Patterns of Acidic
Precipitation on the Quality and Yield
of Major Agricultural Crops
of the Northeastern U.S.
Code:
EE1.2
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
40K
49K
Principal Investigator:
Jay Jacobson
Boyce Thompson Institute
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853
Objectives and Approach:
This experimental investigation is designed to supplement a
research program that has been functioning since 1973. It
provides for the development and application of techniques
for the field exposure of crops to simulated rain that closely
simulates actual conditions. Furthermore, this proposal
emphasizes the possible benefits and costs to agriculture of
reductions and increases in deposition of components of
rain, whereas the existing program emphasizes the effects
of current levels of acidity, sulfate, and nitrate concentra-
tions. Economically important field and vegetable crops of
the eastern U.S. will be exposed to rain of differing
hydrogen, sulfate, and nitrate ion composition using pat-
terns, intensities, durations, and frequencies that imitate
ambient conditions. Data on rain chemistry obtained from
the NADP network will be used to design these ex-
periments.
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Project Title:
Assessment and Synthesis
of Research Related to Biological Effects
of Acid Deposition
Code:
EE1.3
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
68K
-0-
Principal Investigator:
Orie Loucks
The Institute of Ecology
Butler University
Indianapolis, IN 46208
Objectives and Approach:
(1) To carry out reviews and assessments of the scientific
results from various programs on acid deposition so as to
achieve optimal use of results for EPA; and (2) to conduct
workshops on geographically focused, issues-focused, or
policy questions so as to summarize research, identify gaps
and develop consensus in a national acid rain effects pro-
gram. Three initiatives will be undertaken: (1) a continuing
review of relevant data bases and models (using small
workshops as needed) so as to evaluate response simula-
tions and propose options for meeting regulatory needs; (2)
begin comparative studies of regulatory and ameliorative
approaches to the adverse effects of acid deposition and ar-
range a conference entitled "Management Options for
Controlling Acid Deposition"; and (3) improve on the
quantitative methods for assessing long-term effects on
regional ecosystems through use of watershed nutrient-flux
simulation models.
Project Title:
Effects of Acid Precipitation
on Reproduction of Fruit Crops
Code:
EE1.4
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
50K
-0-
Principal Investigator:
Robert Musselman
Department of Pomology and Viticulture
NY State Agricultural Experiment Station
Geneva, NY 14456
Objectives and Approach:
Reproduction in fruit crops consists of a two-year cycle.
Each stage of the cycle is important in maintaining produc-
tivity and marketability of the fruit crop which results from
this cycle. One of the most critical stages of the two-year
reproductive cycle is flowering or bloom, seldom exceeding
one week in duration. The objective of this study is to
determine the effects of acid precipitation on this critical
reproductive stage of fruit plants.
The experimental approach will be to treat field-growing
apple trees and grapevines with simulated acid precipita-
tion at various pH levels at various stages of fruit bloom.
Field studies will be supported with laboratory tests on pot-
ted fruit plants.
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Project Title:
Heavy Metal Exchange Between Sediments
and Overlying Water and Diatom
Community Response in Lake Microcosms
Subjected to Increased H +,
Pb, and Zn Loading
Code:
EE1.5
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
54K
-0-
Principal Investigator:
Stephen Norton
Ronald Davis
HOBoardmanHall
University of Maine
Orono, ME 04469
Objectives and Approach:
Investigate the dynamic exchange of metals between the
lake water column and sediment as a function of pH and
the chemical activity of the metals (at least Pb and Zn);
study the state of the metals in the sediment (adsorbed,
precipitated, in organic matter, etc.); and study the
responses of periphytic diatom communities to these
changes in pH and metal levels.
Project Title:
Acid Rain and Material Damage on Stone
Code:
EE1.6
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
30K
35K'
Principal Investigator:
Norbert Baer
Conservation Center
New York University
One East 78th Street
New York, NY 10021
Objectives and Approach:
The many variables associated with material damage of
stone place a severe burden on the evaluation of field data
and correlation with atmospheric pollutant levels. The
ideal subjects for analysis should be uniform materials;
controlled production conditions; placement in a variety of
climates and environments; placement over a continuous
and extended time sequence; sensitivity to environmental
pollutants; and accessible, high quality documentation. All
of these conditions are met by the marble headstones and
markers placed under the direction of what is now the
Headstone Service of the Veterans Administration. Clear-
ly, the headstones and markers placed by the Headstone
Service of the National Cemetery System also represent an
ideal universe for the correlation of atmospheric pollutant
levels with materials' decay. Four geographic regions for
initial study were selected: Appalachian, Far West, North-
east, and Southeast Coast. Initial review of these areas sug-
gests 16 national cemeteries to study. In the initial phase of
the project, these areas and national cemeteries will be
reviewed for suitability depending on such factors as
availability of environmental data, uniformity of materials
for markers, and unusual historical factors, for example,
excessive recent replacement and/or unusual local marker
treatment methods. Each marker added to the data base
will be examined for measurable loss of detail, rounding of
edges, erosion of surface, etc., to develop quantitative
estimates of damage. Documentation will include iden-
tification of the individual marker to permit evaluation of
its history as recorded in Veterans Administration records.
Air pollution, acid rain, and meteorological data will be
obtained from EPA and National Weather Service records.
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All identifiable variables will be recorded to permit the ex-
traction of the maximum usable data from the experiment.
The large amount of data collected in this study will also
enable corrections to be made for other variables, such as
rainfall, humidity, freeze fall cycles, etc. Statistical
analyses of these unique data will permit a correlation be-
tween geographical location and relative rates of material
damage.
* Second year funding of 35K through Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory.
Project Title:
The Effects of Acidification on Processing
of Organic Matter in Streams
Code:
EE1.7
Period of Performance/Funding
FY 79 FY 80
59.2K
-0-
Principal Investigator:
Thomas Burton
Institute of Water Research
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824
Objectives and Approach:
The objectives of this study are to quantify changes in (1)
processing rates of organic matter by the biota in soft-
water streams as a consequence of acidification of such
streams, (2) species composition and growth rates of
stream invertebrates resulting from acidification, and (3)
stream chemistry associated with acidification. The ex-
perimental approach involves using two 12-m long x 1.5-m
wide recirculating artificial channels to simulate a soft-
water stream in northern Michigan. One channel will be
operated at present background pH levels and the other
will be acidified.
Project Title:
Effects of Acid Precipitation on
Decomposition and Weathering Processes
in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Code:
EE1.8
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
30K
50K
Principal Investigator:
Christopher S. Cronan
Department of Biological Sciences
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH 03755
Objectives and Approach:
Objectives:
1) To conduct lysimeter microcosm studies for evaluating
the effects of acid precipitation on soil weathering and
organic matter decomposition processes, and 2) to develop
further predictive understanding regarding the comparative
effects of acid precipitation on nutrient depletion and
nutrient replenishment processes in terrestrial ecosystems.
Approach:
Laboratory microcosm studies closely tied to key field sites
and ongoing field research.
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Project Title:
The Effect of Acid Precipitation on
Microbial Mineralization of Nitrogen in Soil
Code:
EE1.9
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
32.8K
Principal Investigator:
Martin Alexander
Department of Agronomy
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853
Objectives and Approach:
To determine the effect of acid precipitation on
mineralization of nitrogen and nitrification as affected
by soil depth.
To determine the influence of plant roots in modifying
the effect of acid precipitation on nitrogen mineraliza-
tion and nitrification.
To establish whether adaptation occurs among
microorganisms to make the nitrogen mineralizing and
nitrifying populations more able to cope with stresses
associated with acid precipitation.
Project Title:
Effects of Acid Precipitation
on Microbial Transformations in Soil and
Resulting Nutrient Availability in Plants
Code:
EE1.10
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
25K
Principal Investigator:
John G. McColl
Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720
Objectives and Approach:
To determine effects of acid precipitation on the microbial
transformation and availability of nutrients in soils by ex-
amining key reactions of the nitrogen cycle in rhizosphere
and nonrhizosphere soil. Soil samples will be those from a
greenhouse experiment in which plants (N-fixing and non-
N-fixing) will be grown in two soil types, and to which
various "acid rain" treatments will be imposed. Microbial
activity for nitrification, denitrification and nitrogen-
fixation processes will be determined for rhizosphere and
nonrhizosphere soil.
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Project Title:
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Sandhill
Soils of the Southeastern United States
Code:
EE1.11
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY79 FY 80
-0-
40K
Principal Investigator:
Robert Volk
Soil Science Department
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
Objectives and Approach:
The proposed research will examine the effects of acid rain
on (1) the chemical properties of soils; (2) organic matter
and forest litter decomposition; (3) nitrogen transforma-
tion; and (4) soil microbial populations.
In field and laboratory studies, soils will be leached with
"normal" and acid rain. Complete elemental analysis,
organic matter contents, soluble carbon, and cation ex-
change capacities will be determined. Changes in organic
matter decomposition rates and lignin-cellulose levels will
be monitored. Nitrogen transformation studies and
microbial populations will be examined in field and
laboratory experiments before and after acid treatments.
Project Title:
Whole Ecosystem Experiments
to Test the Effects of Acid Precipitation
on North American Freshwater Lakes
Code:
EE1.12
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
112K
Principal Investigator:
David Schindler
Freshwater Institute
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Objectives and Approach:
Several lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area in Ontario
will be artificially acidified to establish and/or evaluate:
Chemical budgets, including input-output budgets for
sulfate, nitrate, H + , and alkalinity; noncarbonate
bufferings; heavy metals.
The oligotrophication hypothesis, including effect
of acidification on lake respiration and primary
production; analysis of phosphorus budget;
nutrient cycling; comparison of effects of sulfuric
and nitric acids.
Biotic responses to acidification, including changes
in species composition; toxicological or
physiological tests; effects on fish; moulting and
calcium metabolism in crayfish and other in-
vertebrates.
Changes in organic matter decomposition.
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Project Title:
Effects of Acidification
on Soft-Water Lakes in Florida
Code:
EE1.13
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
31.2K
Principal Investigator:
Patrick L. Brezonik
Department of Environmental
Engineering Sciences
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
Objectives and Approach:
This study is part of a long-range effort to determine ef-
fects of acid rain on the productivity and cycling of
minerals and nutrients in Florida's poorly buffered lakes
and watersheds. The lakes will be studied during 1980 in
the first phase of a watershed study. Experiments will be
conducted on four subobjectives: (1) causes of decreased
primary productivity in lakes with decreasing pH; (2) ef-
fects of pH on N and P mineralization rates; (3) effects of
acidification on Al levels and speciation in lake waters,
and the toxicity of Al and H+ to native fish species; and
(4) delineation of historical trends of acidification in area
lakes by analysis of short sediment cores. Efforts will be
made to separate the effects of acidification from the ef-
fects of nutrient loadings on changes in primary produc-
tion. Lab and field experiments will examine effects of pH
on nutrient regeneration by microorganisms and in-
vertebrate fauna. Short-term bioassays will be conducted
on largemouth bass and bluegills to determine toxic levels
of Al and H + singly and in combination.
Project Title:
Henriksen's Empirical Model
for Lake Acidification:
Can It Be Used for Prognosis?
Code:
EE1.14
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
40K
Principal Investigator:
A. Henriksen and R. F. Wright
Norwegian Institute for Water Research
Oslo, Norway
Objectives and Approach:
Henriksen's model for lake acidification uses the pH and
calcium content of lake water to separate lakes into bicar-
bonate, transition, and acid lake groups. It now remains to
be shown whether the model can predict the response of
lakes to increased or decreased atmospheric acid loading.
This will be tested using existing water quality and
precipitation data.
10
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Project Title:
Short-Term Research Program on
Environmental Effects of Acid Rain
Code:
EE2
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
115K
-0-
EPA Project Officer:
Norman Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503)757-4671
Principal Investigators:
Seven principal investigators were involved
with this study.
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Although the * acidity of precipitation has been
demonstrated to be increasing over large areas of the
United States, there is little information, when considering
the problem on a regional basis, on the extent of the impact
on the vast majority of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems. As
a first step in gaining some understanding of the potential
for short-term and long-term effects which may be ex-
pected, a series of studies were instituted to determine sen-
sitive areas in the eastern United States and to attempt to
scale these according to their vulnerability. These studies,
for the most part, made use of currently available informa-
tion.
The studies comprising the short-term program were as
follows:
Geological and hydrochemical sensitivity of the eastern
United States to acid precipitation. Brookhaven Na-
tional Laboratory. $61,000.
Sensitivity of soil regions to acid precipitation. Purdue
University. $10,000.
Computer calculation of the effect of acid precipitation
on soil leachate quality. University of CaliforniaRiver-
side. $5,000.
Probable effects of acid precipitation on Pennsylvania
waters. Pennsylvania State University. $7,000.
Potential impacts of acid precipitation on agriculture
and forestry. Oregon State University. $10,000.
Identification and location of potential ecological
research parks. The MITRE Corporation. $10,000.
Workshop on terrestrial research needs. Brookhaven Na-
tional Laboratory. $12,000.
Expected Output:
Final reports published in the EPA Ecological Series and
scientific journals on topics listed above.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
All reports submitted and/or published during winter/
spring 1980.
Project Title:
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Crops
and Forests
Code:
EE3
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
270K
290.2K
EPA Project Officer and Principal
Investigator:
Jeffrey J. Lee
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503)757-4671
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
1) Determine effects of sulfuric nitric acid rain on foliage
and yield of important farm crops. 2) Estimate effects of
11
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sulfuric acid rain on forest productivity and nutrient
cycling.
Description:
Survey of Sensitivity of Crops to Acid Rain: The field ex-
posure chambers at the Schmidt Farm (under contract
from Oregon State University) will be used to extend the
FY 79 crop survey to a study of the sensitivity of crops to
simulated sulfuric/nitric acid rain. One experiment will
utilize two sulfuric:one nitric acid rain (the average propor-
tion found in acid precipitation in the northeastern United
States), at various pH levels. A second experiment will
utilize rains containing various other proportions. A third
experiment will evaluate the effect of soil sulfate status
(i.e., sulfur deficient vs. nondeficient soils) on crop sen-
sitivity to sulfuric acid-only rain. Most crops used in these
three experiments will be selected from among those
studied in FY 79. They will be chosen to achieve (1) ade-
quate representation of foliar, seed, and root crops, and (2)
a complete range of sensitivity. As far as possible, crops
will be grown under the same conditions as in the FY 79
study.
Nutrient Cycling in Model Forest Ecosystems: Compared
to agricultural systems, forests are relatively unmanaged.
These ecosystems depend largely on natural nutrient cycl-
ing processes to make available adequate levels of essential
nutrients to forest trees. They are thus vulnerable to pertur-
bations in these cycles potentially caused by chronic ex-
posure to acid precipitation. In June 1976, we initiated a
multi-year experiment to estimate the effects of simulated
sulfuric acid rain on forest productivity and nutrient cycl-
ing. Each of 16 model forest ecosystems receives simulated
sulfuric acid rain of one of four pH values. Rainwater is
sampled above and below the forest canopy, below the lit-
ter, within the root zone, and below the root zone.
Biological processes being monitored include tree growth,
leaf production, nutrient uptake, and litter decomposition.
This experiment will terminate in FY 80, at which time the
system will be intensively sampled. A major effort will then
go into synthesizing the large amount of data into nutrient
budgets, and constructing a simulation and statistical
model. This concluding 3-year study will contribute
significantly to terrestrial system studies being carried out
under the EPA-Interagency Cooperative Agreement pro-
gram, particularly with respect to modeling acidic
precipitation effects on forest productivity.
Expected Output:
Reports as indicated below.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Publication of results of crop survey and forest ecosystem
studies used in SOx-Particulate criteria document,
December 1979.
Report on throughfall and litter leachate studies (forest
ecosystems). Submit for journal publication, February
1980.
Finished report on 1979 crop survey. Submit for journal
publication, April 1980.
Initiate sulf uric-nitric acid rain crop survey, April 1980.
(Will be completed in November).
Report on soil chemistry (forest ecosystems study). Submit
for journal publication, June 1980.
Report on litter decomposition (forest ecosystems study).
Submit for journal publication, September 1980.
Report on nutrient budgets (forest ecosystems study). Sub-
mit for journal publication, January 1981.
Final report for Forest Ecosystem Study, June 1981.
Project Title:
Greenhouse Microcosm Studies
on Effects of Sulfuric and Nitric Acid Rain
on Selected Agricultural Crops
Code:
EE4
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
87.3K
EPA Project Officers and Principal
Investigators:
Jeffrey J. Lee
Charles F. Powers
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th St.
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503) 757-4671
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To complement and supplement the Schmidt Farm crop
survey in answering questions regarding effects of duration
and frequency of acid rain on crops, developmental stages
in plant life cycle when most sensitive, and the influence of
other environmental factors on acid rain effects.
Description:
These studies will be conducted in the CERL greenhouse
12
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complex and will complement those conducted concurrent-
ly at the Schmidt Farm. The greenhouse exposure system
will be used to compare the individual contributions made
by the sulfuric and nitric acid components of simulated
acid rain. Short-term experiments will also be utilized to
answer questions regarding the duration and frequency of
acid rain and their effects on crop yield, the developmental
stage in the plant's life cycle at which it is most sensitive to
damage, and the influence of various environmental fac-
tors, such as light. Experiments are planned as follows:
Exposure of bush beans to dilute simulated acid rains
sulfuric, nitric, 66% sulfuric:34% nitric, 66% nitric:
34% sulfuric (completed in October 1979).
Effects of the sulfuric and nitric components of acid rain
on the growth and yield of radish (a sensitive and rapidly
maturing plant well suited to greenhouse experimenta-
tion):
Growth and yield response to 66%:34% sulfuric and
66% sulfuric:34% nitric rain at pH 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, and
control pH 6.0 will be obtained in the greenhouse
microcosms. Parameters measured will be estimation
of photosynthetic rate; biomass of leaves, edible
portion and roots; macronutrient content; total
protein; and nonstructural carbohydrate.
Comparison of relative effects of sulfuric and nitric
acids as constituents of acid rain. Concurrent ex-
posure will be made in the microcosms to sulfuric,
nitric, and the two sulfuric-nitric combinations at pH
values determined from experiment (a).
Effects of acid rain exposure under light and dark
conditions. The effect of light on the impact of acid
rain on the experimental plants will be studied in the
microcosms. The type of acid rain and the pH levels
to be employed will be determined from earlier
greenhouse and Schmidt Farm experiments.
Expected Output:
Reports as indicated below
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Report on bush bean studies. Final Report, September
1980.
Report on growth and yield response of radish. Final
Report, September 1980.
Report on concurrent exposure studies. Final Report,
September 1980.
Report on light and dark effects. Final Report, September
1980.
Project Title:
Effects of Acid Precipitation on Soil
Biological Processes
Code:
EE5
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
70.5K
EPA Project Officer and Principal
Investigator:
Bruce Lighthart
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th St.
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503)757-4671
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
Determine effects of acid rain, metals, and both, on soil
decomposer respiratory metabolism.
Description:
Effects of acid precipitation upon nonagricultural soils and
litters may influence the productivity of both terrestrial and
aquatic systems. Soil-litter microbiological organisms are
responsible for the breakdown of organic matter, necessary
for the release and recycling of nutrients. Acid deposition
received at the soil surface, frequently augmented by heavy
metals contained in the precipitation or mobilized from the
soil, could adversely affect the microbial populations and
thus disrupt the availability of nutrients to forests or adja-
cent water areas. Using laboratory microcosms, the effects
of acid, metals, and combinations of both will be tested for
qualitative and quantitative effects on soil decomposer
respiratory metabolism in naturally acidic soils and litters.
Some experiments will also incorporate addition of toxic
organics, as a part of the toxics program. The experiments
will be designed to elucidate the following questions with
respect to effects of acid precipitation:
What are the respiratory effects of acidification and
heavy metal application to soils and litter, singly and in
combination, on soil decomposition?
Are there critical concentrations of acidification and
13
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heavy metal application that synergistically affect soil or
litter respiration?
Do already acidic soils and litters show an increased sen-
sitivity to further acidification and heavy metal applica-
tion than less acidified soils and litters?
What are the effects on leachate quality of soils or litters
treated to acidification and heavy metal amendment?
Two acid litters and one soil (from the vicinity of Wheel-
ing, West Virginia; the Adirondack Mountains in New
York; and a west coast Douglas fir forest) will be treated
with various mixtures and pH levels of sulfuric "acid rain"
and heavy metals. Periodic measurements of total CO2
respired (a measure of organic decomposition) will be
observed in the gas phase of the microcosms, while pH, ap-
plied heavy metal, and aluminum will be observed in the
"acid rain" leachate. (Aluminum in toxic quantities is
often released from acidified soils.) Data will be treated to
a 3-way analysis of variance (i.e., acid pH by metal concen-
tration by toxic substances for each soil and metal) and
results discussed in terms of the significance of treatment
on decomposer respiration and leachate quality.
Expected Output:
Reports as indicated below.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Report on metals effects. Submit for journal publication,
January 1981.
Report on acid effects. Submit for journal publication,
January 1981.
Report on combined metals and acid effects. Submit for
journal publication, January 1982.
Project Title:
Effects of Acid Rain on Mycorrhizal Fungi
and Growth of Mycorrhizal vs.
Nonmycorrhizal Conifers
Code:
EE6
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
10K
EPA Project Officer:
Jeffrey J. Lee
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th St.
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503)757-4671
Principal Investigator:
James M. Trappe
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th St.
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503)757-4671
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Quantify effects of different mycorrhizal fungi in enhanc-
ing tolerance of conifers to acid rain; identify specific fungi
that enhance tolerance most effectively.
Description:
Mycorrhizae are fungi that function as highly efficient ex-
tensions of the host tree's root system in obtaining
nutrients from the soil. They are, therefore, of major im-
portance in forest productivity. Acid rain can affect mycor-
rhizae directly through effects on photosynthesis of host
trees and on the soil. At the same time, many mycorrhizae
are tolerant to acidity, and can function to minimize
adverse responses of trees to acid rain.
Studies will be made to evaluate and select fungi that best
tolerate acid rain, inoculate them on hosts for comparing
host x fungus interactions to a range to soil acidities under
carefully controlled conditions, and finally test the best
combinations under experimental acid rain.
Studies will be carried out in the laboratories and
14
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greenhouse facilities of the Forestry Sciences Laboratory.
The EPA Schmidt Farm will be used for acid rain ex-
periments.
Expected Output:
Reports as indicated below.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Report on pH tolerance of mycorrhizal fungi, November
1980.
Report on effects of mycorrhizae on response of various
tree species to acid rain, December 1980.
Report on effect of substrate acidity on mycorrhizae for-
mation of Douglas fir in pure culture synthesis with fungi
of different acid tolerances, September 1981.
Report on interactions of acid rain and mycorrhizal fungi
on growth and morphology of Douglas fir seedlings,
March 1982.
Project Title:
Assessment of the Sensitivity (Susceptibility)
Index Concept for Evaluating Resources
at Risk from Atmospheric Pollutant
Deposition
Code:
EE7
Funding Program:
Interagency Energy Environmental
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
50K
EPA Project Officer:
Norman Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th St.
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503)757-4671
Principal Investigator:
Orie Loucks
The Institute of Ecology
Butler University
Indianapolis, IN 46208
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
1) To review existing literature on use of indices for quanti-
fying resource status, predicting long-term trends in
resource response to acid deposition, and assessing overall
risks from acid atmospheric deposition in relation to air
emission management; 2) to consider several options as to
the form of a "susceptibility or sensitivity index" for use in
determining resources at risk from energy development,
and outline how such a measure would function in regional
inventory of risk or in assessment of benefit from the acid
precursor control; 3) to identify validation steps needed,
data required (existing data or new measurements), and the
steps required to complete testing and begin application of
the sensitivity index in regional and national energy
development decisions.
Description:
The existing evaluative indices as related to resources and a
composite watershed sensitivity index will be evaluated and
summarized. Included will be 1) lake chemistry indices
(Kramer index, 1976; Henriksen's acidification model,
biological response measures
R. Davis, 1979; diversity indices,
community response measures,
Magnuson and Kitchell, 1979); 3) response in cationic ex-
change capacity and percent base saturation of soil CEC
(McFee, 1979; Loucks, 1979); 4) assessment of vegetation
response measures (forest site index and forest herb distur-
bance index, Wynn and Loucks, 1975); 5) hydrologically
mediated nutrient and element flux relationships expressed
as indices (Watson and Loucks, 1979); 6) measures for con-
sidered whole systems in terms of "ecosystem health"
(Rapport and Friend, 1979); 7) and others as determined by
literature and workshop searches.
Comparative, analytic assessment of concepts, consider-
ing each approach from the point of view of its strengths
and limitations will be used in selecting two or more op-
tions for developing an integrated "sensitivity index" for
effects of atmospheric pollutant deposition. These options
or models will be designed to undergo intensive field
evaluation as to operational feasibility during the course of
subsequent validation studies. Detailed validation studies
1979); 2) aquatic
(palynological indices,
Loucks, 1970; and
15
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will be planned or suggested to fully evaluate each index.
Some of these may be field measurements or detailed
analyses of existing large data bases from impacted regions
such as the capacity of the index to predict the observed
changes in soil, water, and biological systems from
moderate to relatively heavy acid deposition.
Expected Output:
Publication in EPA Ecological Research Series and in
scientific journals; validation plans for sensitivity (suscep-
tibility) indices.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Draft indices assessment, September 1980.
Final report, December 1980.
Project Title:
Characterization and Quantification
of the Transfer, Fate and Effects
of SOX, NOX and Acid Precipitation
on Forest Ecosystems Representative
of the Tennessee Valley Region
Code:
EE8
Funding Program:
Interagency Environmental Energy
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
250K
225K
EPA Project Officer:
David E. Weber
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-682
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigators:
H.C. Jones
Supervisor, Air Quality Research Section
Air Quality Branch
Div. Env. PI, TVA, E&D Bldg.
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660
J.M. Kelley
TVA/ORNL Watershed Study Program
Bldg. 1505, Rm. 338
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
(615)574-7815
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Compare, characterize and quantify the transfer, fate and
effects of sulfur and nitrogen compounds entering two
forest watersheds on the Cumberland Plateau.
Description:
Two similar forested watersheds typical of those found on
the Cumberland Plateau are being used as study sites. The
soil and vegetation complex on the plateau is ideally suited
to this type of study in that, when compared with other
possible sites within the valley, any positive or negative im-
pact should be easier to detect due to the thin, relatively in-
fertile and unbuffered nature of the soil. The two sites
chosen are located approximately 12 and 60 miles from the
Widows Creek Steam Plant. The 12-mile site has been sub-
jected to approximately 30 years of elevated sulfur and
nitrogen input, while the 60-mile site located in a relatively
remote area away from the influence of any major an-
thropogenic sulfur or nitrogen source is being used to
represent background conditions on the plateau. Research
conducted as part of this program will provide information
on such key parameters as 1) the elemental composition of
wet and dry atmospheric deposition; 2) the ability of forest
canopies to scavenge airborne pollutants and the fate of
these pollutants once scavenged; 3) the influence of air
pollutants on the general fertility level of the soil and the
ability of the soil to act as a long-term sink for air
pollutants; and 4) the determination of allowable changes
in system processes and transfers as a function of at-
mospheric inputs.
The first three years of the study were devoted to site
selection, development, and characterization. A report
(EPA-600/7-79-053) describing the objectives, facilities,
and ecological characteristics of the study sites has been
completed. Quantification of nutrient input/output rela-
tionships have been underway for approximately two years
and will continue through FY 81. Research emphasis is cur-
rently shifting from baseline quantification to deposition
modeling and comparative mass balance development.
16
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Substudies dealing with specific processes or transfers are
also being initiated as areas of need are identified.
The project is part of a S325K effort within the In-
teragency Program pertaining to the impacts of air pollu-
tion on soils and crop yields.
Expected Output:
The results from this effort are intended for use by in-
vestigators responsible for developing environmental
criteria and standards and long-term environmental impact
analysis. With the above information, more realistic input
to the legislative process could be provided. In addition,
enhanced understanding of system characteristics, pro-
cesses, and transfers will be valuable in assessing the impact
of new environmental perturbations associated with
developing technologies.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Progress report on status of investigations, November
1980.
Progress report and report on decomposition mineraliza-
tion response to SOX and NOX, December 1981.
Report on soil sorption - desorption processes, December
1982.
Model of SOX and NOX deposition to forest canopy,
December 1982.
Model of ecosystem level responses to changing at-
mospheric inputs, December 1984.
Project Title:
Effects of Acid Precipitation
on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Code:
EE9
Funding Program:
Interagency Environmental Energy
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
258K
258K
EPA Project Officer:
David Weber
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-682
401 MSt., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
George Hendrey
Environmental Sciences Group
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York 11973
(516)345-3262
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
(1) Determine effects of acid precipitation and acid
aerosols on (a) forest and crop plants of northeastern
United States; (b) microbial decomposition processes; (c)
nitrogen cycle; (d) rhizobium-legume symbiosis; and (2)
analyze effects using computer simulation models.
Description:
The approach is experimental, exposing plants and soils to
artificial acid precipitation and acid aerosols in laboratory
17
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range of tolerance of selected fish species. This information
will be useful for developing responsive management pro-
grams and will provide input to the decisions related to air
quality standards and the definition of "air quality related
values." The S128K effort is part of a larger interagency
program, involving pass-through funds for FY 80 of S550K
to determine the impacts of air pollutants on fish, wildlife,
and their habitats.
Expected Output:
Outputs will be in the form of technical reports and provide
information for the larger project involving assessment,
mitigation and PSD review relevant to the impacts of air
pollution on fish, wildlife, and their habitats.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Annual progress reports, September 1980.
Annual progress reports, September 1981.
Final report and integration into air pollution impact
models, September 1982.
Project Title:
Acid Precipitation Effects on Crops
Code:
EE10
Funding Program:
Interagency Environmental Energy
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
10K
20K
EPA Project Officer:
David Weber
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-682
401MSt.,S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigators:
Joseph Miller
Patricia Irving
Argonne National Laboratory
Ecological Science Section
Argonne, IL 60439
(312)972-4206
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To study the delay in plant senescence and increase in seed
size observed in acid precipitation simulant. Research will
attempt to separate the possible favorable effects of the
nutrients from the potential adverse effects of reduced pH.
Description:
Simulated rain treatments encompassing a range of pH
values but having similar concentrations of the major
nutrients (N and S, in particular) will be applied to soy-
beans throughout their life cycle. Effects on plant develop-
ment, physiology, growth and yield will be evaluated.
Other variables to be incorporated into these greenhouse
and controlled environment experiments based on the in-
itial findings will include (1) soil versus foliar application,
(2) soil fertility, (3) plant age during treatment, (4) rate of
acid simulant application, (5) growth conditions, and (6)
other crop species. These studies will be supported in FY 80
as a part of a continuing S232K EPA/OEPER-funded pro-
gram involving the effects of gaseous pollutants on
midwestern crops.
Expected Output:
Results of this research are regularly summarized in
Argonne National Laboratory Research Reports and are
periodically presented at technical meetings and published
in appropriate scientific journals. This research effort will
contribute to the development of air quality criteria and the
establishment of cause and effect relationships involving
precipitation acidity and ions associated with the acidic
events.
Milestone/Delivery Dates:
Report on progress and initial findings, November 1980.
18
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Project Title:
Effects of Acidified Precipitation on Fish
Resources
Code:
EE11
Funding Program:
Interagency Environmental Energy
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 8034
-0-
128K
EPA Project Officer:
David Weber
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-682
401MSt.,S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
Kent Schreiber
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
National Power Plant Team
2929 Plymouth Road, Rm. 206
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
Determine the impact of acid precipitation on the
reproduction of fish species of economic and recreational
importance.
Description:
The success of current programs for restocking north-
eastern water systems with salmonids and other species re-
quires information on the short-term and long-term conse-
quences of acid precipitation on these species. This field
and laboratory research effort will investigate the effects of
low pH and exposure time on reproductive response and
chambers and in the field, to determine threshold limits for
injury or biological change. Models of forest growth, the
forest floor, and plant growth are used to analyze both ex-
tent of injury and relationships of observable injury to
growth.
Expected Output:
Basic knowledge of acid precipitation and acid aerosol ef-
fects. Integrated models of (1) forest nutrient cycling and
growth, and (2) materials routing during plant growth.
Analysis of plant and forest growth senstivity to types of
acid rain/acid aerosol injury. Final output is publication in
refereed journals. Publications of prior research are
available via the principal investigator.
Milestone/Delivery Dates:
Multi-year research plan for FY 81 and beyond, January
1980.
Report on field test involving acid rain effects on soybeans,
June 1980.
Progress report on FY 80 activities, November 1980.
19
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Project Title:
Ecological Effects of Coal Combustion:
Interactive Effects on Vegetation
of SO2, Ozone, and Acid Precipitation
Code:
EE12
Funding Program:
Interagency Environmental Energy
Program - OEPER -Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
131K
131K
EPA Project Officer:
David Weber
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-682
401MSt.,S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigators:
S: B. McLaughlin
D. S. Shriner
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
(615)574-7356
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Evaluate the effects on terrestrial vegetation of individual
and combined doses of energy-related atmospheric
pollutants occurring over large regions of the eastern
United States. Assess the degree to which present secon-
dary ambient air quality standards adequately protect
vegetation from measurable damage.
Description:
The experimental approach utilizes a combination of
laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies designed to (1)
establish thresholds for physiological damage from single
and combined doses of SO2, O3, NO2, and acid rain; and
(2) evaluate relationships between the level and duration of
ambient exposure episodes, short-term physiological
response, and yield of selected forest and agricultural
species. The project will involve a series of controlled
fumigation studies in the laboratory using controlled en-
vironment exposure chambers. This work will be closely
coupled with greenhouse experiments involving exposure
of plants to simulated acid rainfall designed to quantify ef-
fects on the plant-soil system. The project will also involve
the use of charcoal-filtered field chambers to quantify im-
pacts of ambient air quality regimes on native vegetation
and relate these impacts to relevant quantitative indices of
the exposure history.
Expected Output:
Results of this research will be disseminated through open
literature publications and the development of more
realistic vegetation response models (accomplished with
colleagues in related projects). The research will provide in-
formation for evaluating yield losses, weighing alternative
energy sources, and designing relevant experiments.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Publications and progress reports on dose/response im-
pacts of gaseous pollutants and acid rain, November 1980.
20
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Project Title:
The Mobilization and Transportation
of Soil and Sediment Components
into Pollutants by "Acid Precipitation"
and Related Factors
Code:
EE13
Funding Programs:
Anticipatory Research Program
Water Quality - Freshwater Ecological
Effects
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
93K
182K<
EPA Project Officer and Principal
Investigator:
Gary E. Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The objectives of this study are to identify and determine
which chemical species are released into freshwater from
soil and sediments and become pollutants as a direct result
of components in rain and snow that originated from the
combustion of fossil fuels and to determine the resultant
impacts on sensitive lakes.
Description:
The definition of reactive components in precipitation will
be done using combinations of collection, separation, and
concentration techniques and laser raman spectroscopy,
ion chromatography, atomic absorption and emission spec-
trometry, anodic stripping volametry and titrametric
techniques on carefully selected field and laboratory
systems. Potentially sensitive lakes in northern Minnesota
and Wisconsin will be studied during the most important
time period for adverse acid precipitation effects to occur.
Distributions of chemical species and chemical forms in
both solid and liquid phases will be verified using chemical
models and laser raman techniques. Chemical residue
measurements and population estimates of aquatic
organisms will be made to determine relative and absolute
availability and form of the pollutant(s). Dose response
relationships will be measured for watersheds during snow
accumulation-melt periods.
Expected Output:
Publication of results in scientific journals and the EPA
Ecological Research Series. Presentation of results at con-
ferences and international meetings.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Determine acid reactive chemical forms present in
precipitation, December 1980.
Determine winter loadings and effects on some sensitive
lakes in northeastern Minnesota and Wisconsin, June 1980.
Determine pathways for contaminant transformation and
mobilization due to "acid" precipitation, December 1981.
Final project report and publication, December 1981.
Money considered as acid rain research.
21
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Project Title:
Impacts of Airborne Pollutants
on Wilderness and Park Areas of Northern
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan
Code:
EE14
Funding Program:
Interagency Energy Environmental
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
150K
120K
EPA Project Officer and Principal
Investigator:
GaryE. Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The goal of this study is to examine previously unanswered
questions concerning potential effects of the proposed
Atikokan, Ontario, power plant on ecosystems in the
Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) and Voyageurs
National Park (VNP) of Minnesota by using the most rele-
vant data and analytical methods. The principal steps are
to focus on (1) the ultimate deposition of emissions from
the plant (rather than only on pollutant concentrations); (2)
the use of a time varying grid model with provision for at-
mospheric transformations; and (3) a detailed review of all
available data from the region on atmospheric deposition
of pollutants, water quality, and effects. The results will be
considered in relation to a review of responses by terrestrial
and aquatic organisms to changes in the chemistry of this
environment.
Description:
The sensitive aquatic and terrestrial receptors in the
BWCA-VNP region will be described quantitatively, and
this information assessed in terms of what is currently
known about the impacts of atmospheric pollutants.
Specific conclusions based on factual information, pro-
bable consequences, and possible impacts of the proposed
coal-fired power generating station at Atikokan, other re-
gional sources, and long-distance sources are planned.
The study to date supports, in part, the conclusions
reached previously concerning the predicted air concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide, but differs significantly with the
conclusions concerning the significance of future impacts.
When the total emissions from the proposed power plant
are considered, the increased loadings of sulfuric and nitric
acids, fly ash, and mercury as an addition over and above
other regional sources will, with high probability, have
significant consequences for the sensitive receptors in the
BWCA-VNP region, especially for the future of sport
fisheries and other aquatic resources.
Expected Output:
Publication in EPA Ecological Research Series.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Publication date: Volume I, March 1980.
Publication date: Volume II, March 1981.
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Project Title:
Generalization of Water Quality Criteria
Using Chemical Models
Code:
EE15
Funding Programs:
Anticipatory Research Program
Water Quality - Freshwater Ecological
Effects
Period of Performance/Funding:
October 30, 1976 - October 29, 1979
FY 79 FY 80
100K
(10K)*
11.1
EPA Project Officer:
Gary E. Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 CongdonBlvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Principal Investigators:
Donald K. Harris
Vincent R. Magnuson
University of Minnesota-Duluth
Duluth, MN 55812
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The final goal is the correlation of toxicity in a particular
ecosystem with chemical speciation and use of these cor-
relations to determine realistic water standards. Biological
activity most commonly correlates best with specific forms
or species of contaminants, and water quality standards
would be more soundly structured on the probability of an
offending species being present or available.
Description:
Three areas of activity are involved in meeting project
goals: a) predictive computer modeling utilizing speciation
and toxicity data, b) assembling a data base on speciation
from literature, experimentation, and estimation, and c)
collection and interpretation of toxicity data from
literature and experiments. These models are an essential
part of the Innovative Research Project, "Mobilization
and Transportation of Soil and Sediment Components into
Pollutants by 'Acid Precipitation' and Related Factors."
Expected Output:
EPA Ecological Research Series - final report, scientific
journal publications.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Complete draft of revised chemical speciation model, Oc-
tober 1978.
Complete final revised chemical speciation model, October
1979.
Apply model to representative water quality criteria, Oc-
tober 1979.
Project completion - expected final output, September
1980.
Money considered as acid ram research.
23
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Project Title:
Experimental Field Studies
to Evaluate the Effects of Acidification
on a Stream Ecosystem
Code:
EE16
Funding Program:
Interagency Energy Environmental
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
59K
EPA Project Officers:
Kenneth E. F. Hokanson
Monticello Ecological Research Station
P.O. Box 500
Monticello, MN 55362
(612)295-5145
GaryE. Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 CongdonBlvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Principal Investigator:
Gene Likens
Section of Ecology & Systematics
Langmuir Laboratory, Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14850
(607)256-5014
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The objectives of the proposed studies are to evaluate more
fully the impact of low pH stress on a low alkalinity stream
ecosystem (Hubbard Brook, NH). The experiments are
designed to determine the effect of pH on nutrient cycling
and energy flow in an area subjected to sulfuric and nitric
acids from precipitation. The following determination pro-
posed (1) comprehensive chemical measurements of stream
water; (2) drift densities of the fauna; (3) transport of par-
ticulate organic matter; (4) biomass change at different pH
levels; and (5) changes in buffering capacity of stream
sediments in relation to water chemistry.
Description:
The proposed work is to conduct experimental field studies
on the impact of low pH stress on a mountain stream
ecosystem. The experiments are designed to determine how
and to what extent low pH levels effect nutrient cycling and
energy flow of a natural stream (Hubbard Brook, NH) sub-
jected to input of stream acid (H2SO4 and HNO3) from in-
cident precipitation. The metal data collected in water,
sediment, plant, and fish tissue in acidified channels of the
Monticello Ecological Research Station will be evaluated,
considered in their experimental design and discussed in
their subsequent reports.
Expected Output:
Final report for EPA Ecological Research Series.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Draft final report, September 1981.
Start cooperative agreement, January 1980.
24
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Project Title:
Coal Fired Steam Plants:
Human and Environmental Exposure
to Air and Water Pollutants
Code:
EE17
Funding Program:
Interagency Energy Environmental
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
576K(57.6K)*
162.4K
EPA Project Officer:
GaryE. Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 CongdonBlvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Principal Investigators:
Gordon Chesters
Anders Andren
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
(507) 262-3577
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The objectives are to document the overall environmental
impact of construction and operation of a coal-fired power
plant and generalize the findings to all coal-fired power
plants.
Description:
This research would extend work carried out over the past
several years at the Columbia power plant site. While
previous work under Grant No. R803971 was mainly
directed towards documenting environmental changes, this
work focuses on human and environmental exposures to
air and water pollutants resulting from coal combustion.
Specific sections of this project address 1) air quality, 2)
water quality, 3) wetland and aquatic ecology, and 4) data
integration, assessment, and transferability.
Expected Output:
Final reports published in the EPA Ecological Research
Series and scientific journals on topics listed below.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Detailed identification and quantification of stack emis-
sions, June 1981.
Transport and transportation of stack emissions, June
1981.
Deposition dynamics of plumes from stack emissions, June
1981.
Effects and alternative methods of fly ash disposal, June
1981.
Exposure of generating station emissions to local residents,
June 1981.
Health assessment of aquatic and terrestrial receptors,
June 1981.
Accumulation and transformation of chemicals in fish,
June 1981.
Wetlands and aquatic ecology impacts from generating sta-
tions, June 1981.
Model assessment, integration and data interpretation
from above, June 1981.
*Money considered as acid rain research.
25
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Project Title:
Effects of Precipitation and Solutes
on the Surface and Groundwater Quality
in the Filson Creek Watershed Area
Code:
EE18
Funding Program:
Interagency Energy Environmental
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
7K
5K
EPA Project Officer:
GaryE. Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 CongdonBlvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Principal Investigator:
Donald Siegel
USGS
702 Post Office Bldg.
St. Paul, MN 55101
(612)725-7841
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The purpose of this agreement is to analyze and interpret
data (1976-1979) for the Filson Creek watershed area con-
cerning the effects of precipitation and solutes on surface
and groundwater quality. The relevant data concerning the
effects of water will be gathered, quality assured, inter-
preted, and reported for publication in the EPA Ecological
Research Series.
Description:
Sets will include, but are not limited to, USGS data
1976-1979, USFS 1976-1979, EPA 1978-1979, and data col-
lected for the dissertation of D.I. Siegel, University of Min-
nesota, and Minnesota Copper/Nickel Project data. The
informational categories will include methodology (field,
lab, quality assurance), hydrology (stream flow, and
groundwater hydrographs, monthly hydrology budgets),
geology, soils, vegetation, water quality (precipitation, sur-
face and groundwater), statistical (treatment and analyses)
and mass flow and balance computations of solutes.
Expected Output:
EPA Ecological Research Series report.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
EPA Ecological Research Series report, November 1980.
Project Title:
Acid Effects on Fathead Minnows
and Macroinvertebrates
in Outdoor Experimental Channels
Code:
EE19
Funding Program:
Water Quality - Freshwater Ecological
Effects
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
365K(36.5K)
-0-
EPA Project Officer and Principal
Investigator:
John W.Arthur
Monticello Ecological Research Station
P.O. Box 500
Monticello, MN 55362
(612)295-5145
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
1) Determine survival, growth and reproductive effects to
fathead minnows; 2) determine effects on life history and
community structure of macroinvertebrates; and 3) deter-
mine changes in emergence of aquatic insects.
Description:
The objective is to determine impact of acidifying river
water to aquatic life in outdoor experimental channels.
Three channels were usedone at ambient pH, a second
dosed with sulfuric acid to a pH of 6.0-6.2, and a third
channel dosed to a pH of 4.9-5.0. Study was conducted for
18 weeks from May through September 1979. Results will
be compared with pH criteria recommended by EPA to
protect aquatic life.
26
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Expected Output:
Final report to be published in EPA Ecological Research
Series and scientific essence in journals.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Start study, May 1979.
End Study, September 1979.
Final report due, October 1980.
Project Title:
Effect of Acid on Zooplankton Community
Structure and Functional Response
in an Experimental Mesocosm and Northern
Minnesota and Wisconsin Lakes
Code:
EE20
Funding Programs:
Water Quality - Freshwater Ecological
Effects
Interagency Energy Environmental
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
5K
10K
EPA Project Officers:
Kenneth E. F. Hokanson
Monticello Ecological Research Station
P.O. Box 500
Monticello, MN 55362
(612)295-5145
Gary E. Glass
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 CongdonBlvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Principal Investigator:
Jack R. Hargis
University of Minnesota-Duluth
Department of Biology
221 Life Science Bldg.
Duluth, MN 55812
(218)726-7276
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Describe the zooplankton community structure (species
components, diversity, biomass) and functional response
(reproductive and feeding rates) in three outdoor ex-
perimental mesocosms as a function of nominal pH
treatments of 5.0, 6.0, and control (7.5-8.5), and in lakes in
northern Minnesota and Wisconsin.
Description:
The effects of sulfuric acid treatment on the zooplankton
community will be described as one separate ecosystem-
level component to define the sensitive ecosystem-level
parameter to acid stress. This parameter will be a useful
ecological monitoring tool for sensitive ecosystems
(macrocosms).
Expected Output:
M.S. Thesis, University of Minnesota-Duluth.
Milestones/Delivery Date:
June 1980
27
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Project Title:
Explorations into the Effects of Acid
Conditions on Aquatic Invertebrates
Code:
EE21
Funding Program:
Water Quality - Freshwater Ecological
Effects
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
5.5K
-0-
EPA Project Officer:
Richard L. Anderson
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 CongdonBlvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Principal Investigator:
John Gavre
University of Minnesota-Duluth
Duluth, MN 55812
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
1) Determine acute toxicity of low pH on snail (Helisoma
sp.). 2) Determine effect of six-week exposure on growth
and reproduction of the same species. 3) Determine suscep-
tibility of snail eggs to low pH.
Description:
Snails were collected and exposed in the laboratory to the
condition described in the objectives. The lowered pH was
produced with H2SO4.
Expected Output:
In-house final report.
Master of Science thesis for Mr, Gavre.
Milestones/Delivery Date:
In-house final report, September 1980.
Project Title:
The Environmental Impact
of Energy-Related Organic Compounds
on Aquatic Life
Code:
EE22
Funding Program:
Interagency Energy Environmental
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding
FY 79 FY 80
217K(21.7K)* 60K
EPA Project Officer:
John I. Teasley
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)727-6692
Principal Investigator:
Robert Carlson
University of Minnesota-Duluth
Duluth, MN 55812
(218)726-7231
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The objectives are to evaluate the effect of various types of
particulate matter upon the biological and chemical in-
teractions of selected, energy-related chemicals, including
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and to determine the
components in atmospheric precipitation.
Description:
The potential hazard to aquatic organisms of exposure to
sediment, suspended microparticulates, and water known
to contain energy-related organic compounds will be
assessed. The program is being approached in the following
ways: 1) The organic content of extracts of tissue,
microparticulates (e.g., fly ash, sediment, etc.) and water
from areas impacted by energy production facilities that
use coal as their fuel source are being compared with
similar extracts from areas not subject to such stress. 2)
Biological systems (i.e., fish, invertebrates, bacteria) are
being evaluated to determine if there are adverse effects
such as toxicity, bioaccumulation, or mutation upon ex-
posure to PAHs, polycyclic aromatic phenols, and
azarenes. 3) The chemical and biological properties of
28
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photo-oxidation and chlorination products of energy-
related organic compounds are also being investigated. 4)
The effect of adsorption or organic compounds on par-
ticulates in mediating biological response and chemical
reactivity are also being studied.
Expected Output:
EPA Ecological Research Series report.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Final report, June 1979.
*Money considered as acid rain research.
Project Title:
Examination of Fish Recruitment
in 130 Wisconsin Lakes (pH 4.5 - 7.5)
Code:
EE23
Funding Programs:
Anticipatory Research Program
Water Quality - Freshwater Ecological
Effects
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
35K
EPA Project Officer and Principal
Investigator:
Tom Roush
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
(612) 727-6692
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To determine reproductive success of fishes in select
Wisconsin lakes. These lakes represent the low end of the
continuum of buffering capacities determined by prior
water quality surveys. The snow-associated acid loading
will be known for these watersheds and previous species
complexes are known.
Description:
Shoreline seining and ichthyoplankton netting will be per-
formed in the habitats where young-of-the-year fishes
would be expected. Due to the various species spawning at
different times in the spring, July and August are to be the
sampling period. This will allow dispersion of the young
fish so knowledge of lake specific spawning sites is not
critical even though relatively fewer young will be in the
lakes.
Expected Output:
Knowledge of what species of fish developed young-of-the-
year for lakes with various water qualities (pH, alkalinity,
etc.) and known atmospheric acid additions.
Milestone/Delivery Dates:
Report, October 1981.
Project Title:
Impact of Acid Rain on Drinking Water
in New England and New York
Code:
EE24
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
100K
EPA Project Officer:
GaryS. Logsdon
Straighten Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory
26 W. St. Clair St.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513)684-7345
Principal Investigator:
To be selected
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Phase I: Review literature for water quality data.
Phase II: Survey water quality of water sources and tap
waters of selected water utilities in New York and New
England.
Description:
29
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Description:
Over the two-year project period, an interdisciplinary
working group will:
Define the region of concentration (airshed).
Estimate the man-made and natural sources of S, N, and
Phase I: The principal investigator will review and com-
pile present and historical water quality data for parts of
New York and New England that may be affected by acid
precipitation. In the first phase, data will be obtained by
reviewing literature and visiting offices of agencies that
have water quality data in their files. State health depart-
ments, state geological survey agencies, and state water
resource and natural resource agencies are considered good
sources for the data being sought. The data collected in
Phase I will be reviewed to learn if historical trends can be
seen and to locate waters currently low in pH and alkalini-
ty.
Phase II: Water utilities with sources having low pH and
alkalinity will be visited in Phase II. Samples will be col-
lected and analyzed for pH, alkalinity, metals, and other
constituents of interest. Both source water and tap water
samples will be tested. Source water data will show the
quality of water sources for utilities and in some cases the
quality of water being used by individual households. Tap
water samples will show the effects of water treatment and
distribution and should reveal the extent to which water
quality is changing because of the dissolution of metals
from distribution lines or plumbing.
In the latter part of Phase II, a limited amount of follow-
up sampling will be done at water sources having the lowest
values of alkalinity and pH. The follow-up sampling will be
carried out just after important runoff events, such as a
heavy rain that ends a dry period, or spring snowmelt.
Follow-up sampling is intended to reveal extreme condi-
tions related to specific events in the watershed.
Expected Output:
A report will be prepared.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Start, June 1980.
Complete August 1981.
Project Title:
Budget of Man-Made Sulfur, Nitrogen,
and Hydrogen Ions Over the Eastern
United States and Southeastern
Canada Airshed
Code:
EE25
Funding Program:
Integrated Assessment Program
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
100K(15K)* 105K(20K)*
EPA Project Officer:
Lowell Smith, Director
Program Integration and Policy Staff
RD-681
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, B.C. 20460
(202) 426-9434
Principal Investigator:
Rudi B. Husar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Washington University
St. Louis, MO 63130
(314)889-6047
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The main objective is to summarize existing scientific
knowledge and point out information gaps in the ability to
determine a regional environmental budget of man-made
sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen ions released or formed
within the northeastern U.S. and adjacent vicinity of
Canada. The regional budget is intended to establish the
amount, chemical composition, and residence times of
these substances in the atmosphere and in terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems. This information is required in order
to estimate the overall potential for adverse impact due to
the long-term accumulative effects of these substances.
30
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H+ over the eastern U.S. and southeast Canada in space
and time.
Estimate atmospheric concentration of these species in
space and time.
Estimate dry and wet deposition of S, N, and H+ in
space and time.
Compare S, N, H+ concentrations in terrestrial and
aquatic systems to "unperturbed" values.
Construct a regional budget for S, N, and H+.
State gaps of knowledge and recommend research areas.
Expected Output:
The major product will be a report containing the status of
understanding of the S, N, and H+ budget in air, land and
water over the eastern U.S. and southeast Canada. Special
emphasis will be placed on the chemical characterization
(e.g., acidity) of these compounds. The report is to serve as
background material for EPA and other environmental
research and development administrators. Such a thor-
ough, multidisciplinary examination should minimize
future surprise effects by anticipating their occurrence.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Final Report, March 1981.
Project Title:
Design of Economic Methodology
for Assessing the Benefits of
Controlling Acid Precipitation
Code:
EC1
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY79 FY80
52K* 52K*
EPA Project Officer:
Alan Carlin
Office of Research and Development
RD-676
401MSt.,S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 755-0655
Principal Investigator:
Thomas Crocker
Department of Economics
University of Wyoming
Laramie, WY 82071
(307) 766-6423
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Design economic methodologies for assessing the benefits
of controlling acid precipitation and provide preliminary
indications of the benefits of control as well as those
economic sectors likely to gain most from control.
Description:
The project will identify the analytical properties and data
requirements of alternative biological and physical science
measurement techniques, develop a set of criteria for
ordering the above in terms of their contributions to
benefits assessment, summarize other benefits assessment
efforts transferable to this problem, specify suspected
ranges of biological and physical effects, and make
preliminary approximations of the economic benefits.
Expected Output:
Interim report on preliminary approximations of the
economic gains from controlling acid precipitation.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Interim Report, January 1980.
Final Report, August 1980.
*Part of Larger Cooperative Agreement on "Methods Development for
Assessing Air Pollution Control Benefits."
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Section II
Monitoring and Quality Assurance
Project Title:
Monitoring System Support
to Acid Rain Program
Code:
MT1
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
130K
235K
EPA Project Officer:
Franz Burmann
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory MD-75
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-2106
Principal Investigators:
Gerald Akland - Task 1
Gardner Evans - Task 1
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory MD-75
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-2346
V. Ross Highsmith - Task 2
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory MD-75
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-3082
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Task 1: Provide an integrated, centralized data bank for
all monitoring projects designed to study acid rain deposi-
tion on the environment.
Task 2: Establish a core monitoring network for use in
identification of major variables and development of a
reliable acid rain monitoring system.
Description:
Task 1: In order to ensure the success of the long-term
atmospheric chemistry monitoring program, EPA has
established a data management system to coordinate the
storage and retrieval of contributed data from the National
Atmospheric Deposition Program, MAP3S, WMO, TV A,
CANSAP, and EPRI. The data management system is
being developed and operated by EMSL/RTP. It became
operational in December 1979 and will be in a pilot phase
through June 1980. During this period EPA will carefully
monitor the data flow through the system and survey user
requirements and problems.
The purpose of the archive is to preserve atmospheric
deposition information collected across the U.S. and
Canada to facilitate the access to the information for
spatial and temporal retrievals and to permit intercom-
parisons among parameters. The system has easy access
(direct dial-up) to the data base with summary retrievals in
both digital and graphic form. It is hoped that through
EPA's support, there will be a better understanding of the
complex relationships between various forms of deposition
and impact on the ecosystem.
Task 2: Aerochem samplers, pH meters, conductivity
measuring devices and ancillary equipment will be pur-
chased, checked out, and shipped to monitoring sites. The
core network will be used to examine in detail the deter-
mination of pH and conductivity at the time of collection
of the precipitation and the transportation of the sample to
a laboratory, with subsequent redetermination of the field
measured pH and conductivity values. Redetermination of
field measurements is a good means to examine the integri-
ty of the complete sampling and analysis system and thus
will provide a measure of system validity.
Expected Output:
Data management support for routine and specialized
research needs. A reliable acid rain monitoring system.
Milestones/Delivery Date:
Purchase, check out, and supply Aerochem samplers, pH
meters, conductivity measuring devices, and ancillary
equipment to up to 20 stations in support of the precipita-
tion network, April 1980.
Update users guide, June 1980.
Expand capabilities for inclusion of solid deposition
(report of progress), September 1980.
Incorporate QA measures (feasibility study), September
1980.
32
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Project Title:
Quality Assurance Guidelines
and Reference Samples
Code:
MT2
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
65K
EPA Project Officer:
M. Rodney Midgett
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Quality Assurance Division
MD-77
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-2111
Principal Investigator:
(for milestone #2 only)
Leo Topol
Rockwell EMSC
2421 W.HillcrestDr.
NewburyPark, CA91320
(805)498-6771
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To develop a quality assurance program for acid precipita-
tion monitoring.
Description:
Quality assurance guidance will be prepared for the
development and operation of precipitation monitoring
networks. Suitable quality control reference samples ap-
plicable to the analysis of components of precipitation will
be developed.
Expected Output:
Thoroughly validated quality assurance reference
materials.
Guidelines for proper quality assurance applicable to
acid precipitation monitoring.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Develop acid precipitation reference materials for pH, con-
ductivity, S04-2, NO3-, PCV3, C1-, NH4 + , K+, Na+,
Ca + 2, and Mg + 2 and obtain confirmatory analysis, June
1980.
Develop manual for acid precipitation network covering
siting, standard operation procedure, quality assurance,
and handling, September 1980.
Project Title:
Monitoring System Support
to Acid Rain Program
Code:
MT3
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
150K
EPA Project Officer:
Franz Burmann
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory
MD-75
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-2106
Principal Investigator:
Task 1 - V. Ross Highsmith
(919)541-3082
Task 2 - Rodney Midgett
(919)541-2196
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory
MD-75
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
33
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Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Task 1: Establish a core monitoring network for use in
identifying major variables and developing a reliable acid
rain monitoring system.
Task 2: Develop and implement a quality assurance pro-
gram to ensure data quality.
Description:
Task 1: Develop cooperative agreement with Colorado
State University for collection of samples and to arrange
for the analyses of precipitation samples by Illinois State
Water Laboratory and procure and field test prototype
devices which may be available for on-site direct collection
and analysis of precipitation for pH and conductivity.
Task 2: Develop and implement a quality assurance pro-
gram for the Core Network and the central analytical
laboratory. Conduct field audits and obtain split sample
data. Arrange for the training of station operators.
Expected Output:
Establishment of an acid rain monitoring system including
a quality assurance program. Data of known precision and
accuracy.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Initiate cooperative agreement with Colorado State Univer-
sity for collection of samples (by Illinois State Water
Laboratory), November 1979.
Provide training manuals and training to station operators,
April 1980.
Obtain split sample data to be used in evaluation of quality
assurance for pH and conductivity and issue report, May
1980.
Develop and implement a quality assurance program con-
sisting of a limited system audit (approximately 2 sites) and
periodic performance audits of the EPA CORE Network
(approximately 15 sites) and Illinois State Water Labora-
tory, August 1980.
Procure and field test prototype device(s) which may be
available for on-site direct collection and analysis of
precipitation matter for pH and conductivity and issue
report, September 1980.
Project Title:
Precipitation Chemistry Network
Code:
MT4
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
160K
160K
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
M. Terry Dana
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509)942-2861
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Precipitation chemistry data, from samples collected on a
precipitation event basis, are an important part of the data
base used in fulfilling the overall objective of MAP3S,
which is to provide models for prediction of the impact of
fossil-fuel emissions on air and precipitation quality in the
northeastern United States. Of key importance to the
MAP3S effort are 1) maintenance of the network sampling
operations at the eight-site network; 2) prompt chemical
analysis of samples for all relevant species, including pH
and sulfur and nitrogen oxides; and 3) rapid reporting to
the MAP3S and outside communities of results.
Description:
An eight-site network has been established in the region
from Illinois east and from Delaware north, where
precipitation event samples are collected by automatic wet
deposition-only samplers. (Through FY 1980, the sites are
funded separately by DOE.) The samples are shipped to
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, where chemical
34
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analyses for the following species are conducted: pH, con-
ductivity, SO2> SO4=, NO-,', NO3-, CT, PO43-, NH4+,
K+, Ca+ +, and Mg+ + . The results are computer coded
and provided to users in three ways: 1) by bimonthly paper
and microfiche reports; 2) through annual summary PNL
document reports, and 3) on magnetic tape in the MAP3S
Data Bank. The network has been in operation since
September 1976. Two annual summaries have been re-
leased and, through monthly and bimonthly (FY 1980) data
reports, data are made available within two months of the
samples' arrival at the laboratory.
Special studies run concurrently with routine event
sampling and chemical analysis. During the first three years
of operation, collector comparison studies of a special ex-
amination of the relationship between dissolved SO2 and
sulfate deposition were conducted.
Expected Output:
In addition to continuing to provide chemical analysis
reports and maintenance of the network (which involves
about 75 percent of the effort), analyses of precipitation
chemistry data from the MAP3S region will examine
seasonal and geographical variations and correspondence
between the various sites' collections for selected large-
scale storms. As the data bank grows, trend analyses will
determine if there are any discernible changes in the
precipitation quality in the region over periods of several
years or more. During FY 1980, in a cooperative effort
with Brookhaven National Laboratory (Gilbert S.
Raynor), a project aimed at upgrading some of the sites to
include air quality and mixing height measurements will
begin. In addition, selected weather episodes (as coor-
dinated by MAP3S modelers and field experiment plan-
ners) will be targeted for sequential (subevent) sampling at
all sites.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Data Reports and MAP3S Data Bank Updates, bimonthly.
Third Periodic Summary Report, February 1, 1980.
Conversion of most site collector equipment to commercial
models, July 1, 1980.
Fourth Periodic Summary Report, October 1, 1980.
Selection of sites for additional measurements, October 1,
1980.
Project Title:
Precipitation Chemistry in Western Oregon
Code:
MT5
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
32.2K
EPA Project Officer and Principal
Investigator:
Charles F. Powers
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503)757-4671
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Obtain background data on the chemistry of essentially
culturally unmodified precipitation, and determine how it
is modified as it progresses inland.
Description:
Two "AEC type" precipitation/dry fallout collectors will
be situated in the Coast Range and the Willamette Valley of
western Oregon. The collection sites will become com-
ponents of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program
(NADP) network. The objectives are to obtain background
information of the chemistry of essentially culturally un-
modified precipitation as it enters the North American con-
tinent, and to determine how the chemistry i« modified as
preciptation regimes move across western Oregon. A third
collection site, operated by Oregon State University in the
Cascade foothills, will complete a "sea-to-the-mountains"
transect. In addition, two experiments on the temporal and
spatial variability of precipitation chemistry during discrete
storm events are planned for the Corvallis area during the
coming winter, and samples will be collected and analyzed
ad hoc at the CERL laboratory site. Snow samples from
selected locations in the Coast Range and Cascades will
also be analyzed, to determine whether an accumulation of
airborne materials (e.g., heavy metals, nutrients, acidity)
occurs over the winter, as has been observed in the north-
eastern U.S. and in Scandinavia. The sudden release of
acidity and aluminum during snow pack meltoff in the
Adirondacks, for example, has resulted in catastrophic fish
kills.
35
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These investigations will significantly supplement and
reinforce the present NADP network output, as well as cur-
rent research by other investigators on precipitation
chemistry and acidity in the Portland, Seattle, San Fran-
cisco, and Los Angeles areas.
Expected Output:
Reports as indicated below.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Establish NADP stations, November 1979.
Input data to NADP weekly. Data for the entire network
published regularly by NADP.
Report on 1979-80 season precipitation chemistry. Submit
for publication August 1980.
Project Title:
Acid Rain: National and International
Assessment of Potential Impacts
Code:
MT6
Funding Program:
Interagency Energy Environmental
Program-OEPER-Energy Effects Division
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
50K
EPA Project Officer:
James Stemmle
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-682
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigators:
JohnM. Miller
NOAA/ERL/ARL
8060 13th Street
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301)427-7645
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
1) Determine how far acidic materials are transported from
their sources to final deposition; 2) establish what fractions
of acidic materials are transported beyond local source
areas.
Description:
Five precipitation chemistry/acid rain sites will be
established to monitor acidity levels in remote areas. Can-
didate sites are in Alaska, Colorado, Amsterdam Island,
South America, Australia, and other areas. The establish-
ment of these sites requires contacting cooperative groups;
shipping collectors, pH meters, and other equipment; and
inspecting candidate sites. Provisions for field manuals and
quality assurance will also be made. By the end of FY 80,
some preliminary data evaluation including field
measurements of pH and conductivity and laboratory
analysis of returned samples will begin.
Expected Output:
Precipitation chemistry levels from remote collecting sites
will be published in report form. These values will establish
the background concentration of chemicals in precipitation
and help establish how far acid rain has spread globally.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Annual report on precipitation, August 1980.
Annual report on precipitation, August 1981.
Final Report on precipitation chemistry, August 1982.
36
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Project Title:
Dry Deposition Studies
Code:
MT7
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
105K
95K
EPA Project Officer:
Jack Durham
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
MD-57
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-2183
Principal Investigation:
Bruce Hicks
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
(312)972-5792
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To parameterize pollutant aerosol and gas velocities of
deposition to natural surfaces in terms of stability class,
surface roughness, and other factors for natural surfaces,
and to develop dry deposition monitors for chemical
species related to terrestrial and aqueous systems acidifica-
tion.
Description:
ANL will perform field investigations as part of the North-
east Regional Oxidant Study in a rural North Carolina
forest and in rural Illinois to measure the dry deposition
fluxes of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfate,
and aerosols. The methods to be used include eddy correla-
tion, eddy accumulation, variance, modified Bowen ratio,
or concentration profile.
Expected Output:
Reports on the deposition rates of pollutant aid gases and
aerosols to natural surfaces.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Initiate FY 80 agreement, June 1980.
Participate in Northeast Regional Oxidant Study; journal
article "Some Direct Measurements of Atmospheric Sulfur
Fluxes over a Pine Plantation," August 1980.
Field study: calibrate north central forest site, September
1980.
Journal article: "Particle Fluxes in Discrete Size Ranges to
Pasture Grass"; journal article: "Aerosol and Gas Deposi-
tion to Farmland," November 1980.
Journal articles: "Dry Flux of O3NEROS,'' July 1981.
Project Title:
Test Dry Deposition Monitors
and Techniques for Aerosols and Gases
Code:
MT8
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
-0-
25K
EPA Project Officer and Principal
Investigator:
Jack L. Durham
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-2183
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To test the performance of some techniques purported to
monitor dry deposition of acid gases and aerosols to
natural surfaces. The tests are to be conducted at a site cur-
rently being used to monitor air quality and dry/wet
deposition (by the Aerochem sampler). The techniques to
37
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be tested at this site are Teflon plates and quartz fiber mats
for aerosol dry deposition, foliar wash for aerosol and acid
gas dry deposition, and the variance technique for ozone
dry deposition.
Description:
A contract will be awarded in summer, 1980 for this in-
vestigation. A sampling and analysis protocol will be
prepared for the use of Teflon plates, PbO2 plates, fiber
mats, and foliar wash that includes location and number of
samplers and period of sampling events to permit the
measurement of dry deposition. Also, a protocol will be
prepared for the measurement of ozone dry deposition by
the variance method. These devices will be operated for a
period of 12 months to obtain dry deposition
measurements at an air quality monitoring station.
Expected Output:
Report on test results of deposition of sulfate measured or
inferred by the various methods mentioned above.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Award of contract, July 1980.
Monthly progress reports, August 1980.
Final report on test results, June 1981.
Project Title:
Operation of Dichotomous Sampler
at MAP3S Site
Code:
MT9
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
10K
4K
EPA Project Officer:
Robert Stevens
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-3156
Principal Investigator:
James Galloway
Department of Environmental Sciences
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA 22903
(804) 924-7761
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Determine the relationship of aerosol acidity to wet and dry
deposition measurements. Compare the relative contribu-
tion of acidity from aerosols with wet deposition.
Description:
Operate Beckman automated dichotomous samplers at
MAP3S site near the University of Virginia. Collect
aerosols and return filters to EPA in special NH3-free con-
tainers for mass, XRF, H + , SO4 = , NOj- and NH4 +
analysis. Data from these studies will be combined into
reports related to acid deposition studies.
Expected Output:
Reports describing composition of aerosol compared to
wet deposition measurements. Data will include frequency
of acid aerosol events and their magnitude.
Milestone/Delivery Date:
Report on first year's aerosol measurements compared to
wet deposition studies, June 1981.
38
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Section III
Atmospheric Processes
Project Title:
MAP3S Program Direction
Code:
AP1.1
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
118K(39K)* 118K(78K)*
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
J.M. Hales
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509)375-7990
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
Direction of the multi-laboratory MAP3S Program, whose
major objective is to define the relationships between the
emissions of air pollutants, their deposition, and the
chemical quality of precipitation.
Description:
The MAP3S program director functions as a coordinator
of research activities, as a primary representative of
MAP3S to EPA and to the outside research community,
and as a chairperson of steering and liaison committees
dealing with policy and research emphasis.
The director selects steering and liaison committees with
the advice and consent of EPA and the major participating
laboratories. He coordinates creation of the program-
design document for MAP3S, which serves as an extended
research and planning guide.
The director also utilizes his limited program funds to
encourage specific research activities in needed areas, to
bring consultants into the program when needed, and to
fulfill additional directorship functions on an as-needed
basis.
MilestonesDelivery Dates:
MAP3S steering committee selected October 1, 1979.
MAP3S liaison committee selected January 1, 1980.
Precipitation chemistry collectors purchased March 1,
1980.
MAP3S design document finalized March 1, 1980.
President's Acid Rain Assessment Plan drafted March 1,
1980.
MAP3S status paper presented June 1, 1980.
Network objective analysis funded (ANL) August 1, 1980.
Money considered as acid ram research.
39
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Project Title:
MAP3S Modeling Studies
Code:
API.2
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
165K(63K)<
190K(126)*
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401 M St., S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigators:
R.L. Drake
D.J. McNaughton
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509)942-2861
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
The objective of the MAP3S Modeling Studies is to
develop computer models that will simulate the behavior of
the atmosphere and its contaminants from the sources to
the receptors in the various regions of interest, with special
emphasis on the fate of sulfur compounds in the north-
eastern United States. The results from this work will aid
EPA in assessing the impacts of the long-range transport of
SO2 and sulfates, oxides of nitrogen, and the severity of
acid precipitation from pollutant emissions.
Description:
The modeling studies consist of three modes: model
development, model testing and application, and support
of experimental programs. The principal models being
developed are those that treat transport, dispersion,
transformation, and removal mechanisms for parcels of
pollutants in a Lagrangian coordinate system, although ex-
amination of grid type models, as an aid to Lagrangian
model development, is being pursued in FY 79 and FY 80.
The trajectory models being considered are a long-term,
source-oriented, forward-trajectory model for assessment
and a short-term, receptor-oriented model.
Model testing is being performed using the formulated
trajectory models on data from four time periods: April
1974, August 1977, October 1977, and July 1978. The first
case is the initial reference case for the project and the last
three cases are the intensive study periods of the EPRI
SURE (Sulfate Regional Experiment) Program. Since the
MAP3S field experiments are being conducted to gain in-
sight and information that is needed in the simulation ef-
fort, the models have been put to use where possible to aid
in the planning of experiments and in data analysis.
Model documentation is being prepared to simplify
model use by other investigators and model testing is being
carried out in a cooperative program with Argonne and
Brookhaven National Laboratories.
Expected Output:
The program will provide a series of models capable of in-
vestigating problems with long-range pollution transport
and acid species deposition.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Model Testing Publications, September 1979.
Interlaboratory Model Testing, June 1980
Documentation on Long-Range Pollution Transport Mod-
els, September 1980.
*Money considered as acid rain research.
40
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Project Title:
Precipitation Scavenging
Code:
API.3
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
340K
340K
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
Brian Scott
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509)375-6694
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The overall program objectives are to determine the domi-
nant scavenging mechanisms for a variety of pollutants and
to develop an improved capability to predict the wet
removal of pollutants by clouds and precipitation.
Description:
Field studies represent a major program component and
are concerned with obtaining measurements for computing
pollutant removal. Attempts will be made to relate the
scavenging to storm intensity, ice- and cloud-water con-
tent, precipitation rate and to pollutant mass flux into the
storm. Microphysical models will be developed in order to
generalize removal and transformation predictions to a
variety of synoptic systems.
Regional-scale wet removal of pollutants will be in-
vestigated with the aid of precipitation chemistry data from
the MAP3S Precipitation Chemistry Network. Attempts
will be made to relate the meteorological conditions to the
concentration of pollutants in the precipitation.
Expected Output:
The work will be divided among the three research tasks
and the one program management task.
Descriptions of each task follow.
Task I: Historical Data Analysis: This task will involve
the continued reduction and interpretation of the field data
obtained from winter storms in Michigan. Reduction of
magnetic tape data, ice crystal replicas, radar film, analog
output, and chemical analysis of all precipitation samples
should be completed by spring of 1980.
Attempts will be made to define sulfate and nitrate
removal for the specific events encountered in the ex-
periments. Also of special interest is any data which might
help resolve the pH dilemma (i.e., Where does the acid
come from?).
Specific subtasks include:
Interpretation of meteorological and precipitation
chemistry data, specifically, radar film, ice crystal
replicas, and impactor data.
Determination of aerosol size, mass, and CCN super-
saturation spectra.
Determination of cloud-liquid water content, cloud-
water chemistry, and droplet size distribution.
Evaluation of cloud liquid water sampler.
Identification of pollutant source regions for each event
sampled in the field. Involves construction of diabatic
back trajectories.
Generalization of data, model formulation and testing.
41
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Task 2: Regional-Scale Data Interpretation: Precipita-
tion chemistry data obtained from the MAP3S Precipita-
tion Chemistry Network and from the two experimental
periods in Michigan and Illinois will be examined to see if
relationships between precipitation chemistry and
meteorological conditions can be identified.
Specific subtasks include:
Determination of the age of the air mass being scav-
enged.
Determination of air residence time in clouds.
Identification of time between storms Lagrangian and
Eulerian. (Preparation of frequency diagram.)
Measurement of duration of storms, frequency intensity
diagrams.
Task 3: Experimental Design Task: The work assigned to
this area is concerned with designing and performing field
experiments which will yield reliable data for determining
in-cloud chemical transformation rates. Data must also be
acquired to test and refine current parameterizations in-
volving surface deposition by precipitation.
Because of the difficulty of separating transformation
products from the natural background products, no single,
simple experimental design has been judged to be adequate
for investigating in-cloud transformation.
The work performed in this task will involve several
simple pilot studies designed to test measurement
capabilities and to provide gross upper and lower bounds
for transformation rates. The cloud systems will be
restricted to simple, nonprecipitating convective and
stratiform clouds.
A major prerequisite for the pilot studies is successful
development and testing of a cloud-liquid water collector.
Flight testing of two potential candidates will be conducted
during January and February 1980.
Inter-laboratory collaboration is essential for successful
completion of this task. The cooperation is necessary to
assure beneficial experiment design and to assist in acquir-
ing samples in the vicinity of cloud systems.
Specific subtasks include:
Experiment planning meeting at Jekyll Island.
Cloud-water collectors test flights.
Literature review of cloud streets, rolls.
Pilot studies on warm cloud systems.
Task 4: Project Management: This task includes all the
management efforts related to organizing field trips, pro-
ject scheduling, personnel involvement, and report writing.
At least two reports are anticipated. One report should
summarize the data collected in the experimental studies,
and the other report should present the parameterization
schemes developed during the course of this program.
These reports will be submitted as journal publications in
scientific journals.
Project Title:
Laboratory Research in MAP3S
Code:
API.4
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
188K(63K)*
188K026K)11
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
J.M. Hales
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
PO Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
(509) 375-7990
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
Task 1: Develop advanced pollution monitoring equip-
ment for airborne application to scavenging field ex-
periments.
Task 2: Define and quantify the role of organic nitrogen
compounds as they influence precipitation chemistry.
Task 3: Quantify rate phenomena associated with
aqueous phase conversion processes in cloud and precipita-
tion water.
Description:
Task 1: This task has two essential components. The first
of these is the continual maintenance of equipment for
field usage under a formal quality-assurance program. This
component is also used for upgrading QA procedures in
specific areas, such as the creation of new QA-oriented
data acquisition software, and development of advanced
calibration techniques.
The second component of development of special air-
borne equipment for field application in scavenging ex-
periments. An advanced NO/NOX/NH3/HNO3 analyzer,
42
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an altitude-independent SO2 monitor, and cloud-water col-
lectors are currently in late stages of development in this
project.
Task 2: This task will use three approaches. The first of
these is a speciation study which will identify the amounts
and types of organic nitrogen compounds existing in
precipitation samples collected on the MAP3S/RAINE
network. This will begin at a modest level using micro-
Kjeldahl procedures for total organic nitrogen in precipita-
tion; depending on these results, more elaborate speciation
studies may be conducted using gas chromatography or
GC-MS.
The second approach used in this research is to conduct
solubility measurements for the NH3-CO2 system. These
measurements will be an extension of those described
recently by Hales and Drewes (1979), and will be directed
toward elucidating the mechanism and extent of the
CO2 + NH3 interaction, and deriving a reliable means of
solubility prediction. This information will be supplied to
MAP3S/RAINE modeling components for the purpose of
formulating improved scavenging rate expressions.
The third approach used in this component will pursue
the importance of peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) in precipita-
tion. Specifically, the investigation will attempt to deter-
mine the solubility of this important photochemically
formed species, and identify the species formed in the
aqueous phase as a result of the dissolution of PAN.
Task 3: The significant feature of this task will be the use
of precipitation samples and ambient air to simulate in-
cloud conditions. Rainwater samples, collected at MAP3S
Precipitation Chemistry sites, will be examined using stan-
dard analytical procedures to establish the concentration of
prominent anionic and catiomc species and NAA to quan-
titatively identify trace metals capable of catalytic activity.
The cloud-water reactor assembly will consist of a thermo-
stated glass vessel used to hold a rainwater sample of
known composition. A stream of ambient air will be passed
through the reactor to simulate atmospheric circulation
which brings cloud-water into contact with trace gases such
as ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Multiple experiments will
be performed to assess the effect of temperature on com-
positional changes accompanying exposure to both filtered
and unfiltered air.
These experiments will be conducted in parallel with con-
tinuous monitoring of the ambient atmosphere to provide
real-time profiles of several trace gases and integrated
measurement of hydrogen peroxide and aerosols. Changes
in the composition of the rainwater will be followed by
periodic removal of aliquots for analysis. The resulting
data will be subjected to a siatistical analysis to determine
the correlation between atmospheric parameters and
observed sulfate and nitrate production rates.
Expected Output and Milestones:
Task 1:
Inlet System constructed and operating December 1, 1979.
NO/NOX analyzer constructed and operating January 1,
1980.
Cloud-water sampler tested and operating February 1.
1980.
High-volume air sampler testing and calibrating completed
March 1, 1980.
Aircraft data acquisition system updating completed April
1, 1980.
Extend NOX instrument to HNO,and NH, November 1,
1980.
Begin instrument development for other species (H^CK,
PAN) December 1, 1980
Begin to develop real-time sulfate measurement January 1,
1980.
Task 2:
Begin micro-Kjeldahl analysis of MAP3S/RAINE samples
October 1, 1980.
NH3 solubility apparatus designed December 1, 1980.
PAN solubility apparatus designed February 1, 1980.
NH3 solubility apparatus constructed and operating April
1, 1980.
Begin PAN solubility measurements July 1, 1980.
Implement GC speciation studies (if advisable) November
1, 1980.
Begin PAN speciation studies in aqueous January 1, 1981.
NH3 solubility measurements completed; mechanism for-
mulated and quantified March 1, 1981.
PAN solubility and speciation studies completed June 1,
1981.
Possible application of solubility apparatus to additional
compounds September 1, 1981.
Task 3:
Initial rainwater samples collected and analyses completed
February 1, 1980.
Air quality instrumentation in place and relocation vessel
operational. Experimental series begins at clean-air site
March 1, 1980.
First series of experiments ends and statistical analysis
completed September 1, 1980.
Second series of experiments begin at site characterized by
reduced air quality January 1, 1981.
Analysis of data from second test series completed August
1, 1981.
Initial parameterizations of NOX and SOX conversion rates
completed and delivered to modeling community
September 1, 1981.
'Money considered as acid ram research.
*Money considered as acid ram research.
43
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Project Title:
Chemical Characterization of Aerosols
Code:
API.5
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
88K(10K)'
88K (25K)*
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401MSt.,S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
Paul T, Cunningham
Argonne National Laboratory
D-205
Argonne, IL 60439
(312)972-4473
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
To sample and analyze the fine paniculate atmospheric
aerosol at several nonurban locations distributed across the
northeastern U.S. In particular, to measure the at-
mospheric paniculate loading and sulfate acidity of the
submicron particles.
Description:
Using a modified Lundgren cascade impactor, time- and
size-resolved samples of atmospheric aerosol are being ob-
tained at five selected locations: College Town, Penn-
sylvania; Charlottesville, Virginia; Rockport, Indiana; Up-
ton, New York; and Raquett Lake, New York. The 0.3 to
1.0 and the 1.0 to 3.0 micrometer size fractions are ana-
lyzed for ammonium sulfate, nitrate, and acidity using
Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy.
Results obtained to date have shown that the fine par-
ticulate aerosol acidity is much greater in the eastern U.S.
than in the Midwest, but aerosol loading is much greater in
the Midwest than in the East. Aerosol acidity and loading
both reach their highest values during the summer months.
Distinct diurnal variations have been observed in both
acidity and loading at all sampling sites. These diurnal
cycles vary with season.
Expected Output:
Part of MAP3S program. See projects AP 1.1 and AP 1.2.
*Monc\ considered as acid rain research.
Project Title:
Boundary Layer Investigations
Code:
API.6
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
413K(40K)<
403K (75K)<
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401MSt.,S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
Bruce B. Hicks
Argonne National Laboratory
D-181
Argonne, IL 60439
(312)972-5792
44
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Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To develop procedures for simulating the transport and
dispersion of pollutants in the lower atmosphere, including
their incorporation in clouds and the precipitation process.
To improve methods for parameterizing the deposition
of pollutants at the earth's surface, with emphasis on acidic
species.
To develop improved, regional-scale numerical models
of the deposition of chemical species, again with emphasis
on acidic species.
Description:
Experimental field studies supported by laboratory and
theoretical investigations are conducted to develop im-
proved parameterizations of dispersion, transport and
deposition processes for inclusion in regional atmospheric
deposition models. Wherever possible, field experiments
are conducted in collaboration with intensive studies of air
and precipitation chemistry. Detailed studies of dry and
wet deposition are made in intensive dedicated experiments
designed to address specific questions of importance to
modeling efforts at this and other laboratories.
As a result of extensive field investigations of the dry
deposition of atmospheric pollutants to natural surfaces, a
map of deposition velocities appropriate to various terrain
types, seasons of the year, and stability conditions has been
produced for the MAP3S region. An "Advanced Statistical
Trajectory Regional Air Pollution" (ASTRAP) model has
been developed and applied to evaluate pollutant fluxes
across the U.S./Canada border. During 1979, detailed
dispersion investigations were carried out as part of the
Central Illinois Rainfall Chemistry Experiment (CIRCE),
including field tests of new methods for evaluating flow
into convecth e cells by remote lidar and sodar techniques.
Expected Output:
Part of MAP3S program. See projects AP 1.1 and AP 1.2.
*Mone\ considered as acid ram research.
Project Title:
Transport and Transformation
Code:
API.7
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
415K(130K)* 415(260K)*
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
Paul Michael
Atmospheric Sciences Division
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, NY 11973
(516) 345-2264
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
As part of the Multistate Power Production Pollution
Study (MAP3S), this project is aimed at improving the
capability of predicting the atmospheric effects of emis-
sions from fossil-fueled power plants. This specific project
has as its objective the collection of field data to guide the
development of, and to test, regional-scale air quality
models.
Description:
Measurements are made to characterize existing air quality
in the northeastern United States and to investigate at-
mospheric processes that are important in the regional-
scale transport and transformation of air pollutants.
The characterization measurements emphasize concen-
trations above the surface and are made from aircraft.
45
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Pollutants routinely measured are SO2, SO4~, NO, NO2,
and light-scattering particulates; meteorological measure-
ments include temperature, relative humidity, solar radia-
tion and turbulence. Wind speed and direction are
calculated from navigational measurements. The
characterization experiments have been done in conjunc-
tion with intensive ground-based measurements conducted
in the SURE program sponsored by EPRI. Current efforts
are focused on data interpretation and analysis.
Process-oriented experiments have been aimed at
chemical transformation and at mechanisms leading to
long-range transport. The former have emphasized studies
of power plant plumes. The latter examined processes that
mix pollutants to higher altitudes by making vertical profile
measurements under various meteorological regimes.
Current efforts are in the analysis of past experiments
and in developing methodologies for use in clouds and in
precipitation systems so that the chemical composition of
rain may be investigated.
Expected Outputs:
Part of MAP3S program. See projects AP 1.1 and AP 1.2.
* Money considered as acid rain research.
Project Title:
MAP3S Central Data Coordination
Code:
AP 1.8
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
155K(50K)* 155K(100K)*
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
Carmen M. Benkovitz
Atmospheric Sciences Division
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, NY 11973
(516)666-4135
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The wide variety of data generated by and needed for the
MAP3S program clearly indicates the need to centralize the
coordinating function. This central facility collects, ar-
chives and disseminates the appropriate experimental data
generated by MAP3S and collaborating programs and the
auxiliary data needed by MAP3S program participants.
46
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Merging of disparate data into working data sets will be ac-
complished once and will allow researchers access to
desired information from one central location. Periodic
reports are to be generated containing graphical and
tabular displays of available data. User requests for data
will be handled in a timely fashion. Direct user access to
data and computational techniques could also be provided.
Description:
This research will be divided into the following tasks:
Task 1: Development and implementation of format and
methodologies needed to produce periodic reports with
tabular and graphical displays of available data. Develop-
ment and implementation of procedures needed to process
user requests for data in a timely fashion and to allow
direct user access to data and data handling techniques.
Task 2: The source emissions inventory developed during
MAP3S Phase I will be maintained and periodically up-
dated. Data in the inventory will be studied and upgraded
where needed. Geographic coverage will be extended to en-
compass all of the continental U.S. and eventually all of
Canada. User-oriented procedures will be developed to
generate gridded data suitable for modeling studies.
Task 3: Creation of an integrated data set for air quality
and precipitation chemistry data. These data will be ob-
tained from diverse sources such as the SURE ground-
station network, EPA's National Aerometric Data Bank
(NADB), MAP3S precipitation chemistry network, etc.
The merging process requires careful study and evaluation
to ensure correct interpretation of all data elements since
data handling procedures for all these sources have been
created independently. Additional types and/or sources of
data could be added as research progresses.
Expected Output:
Part of MAP3S program. See projects AP 1.1 and AP 1.2.
'Money considered as acid ram research.
Project Title:
Aircraft Operations
Code:
API.9
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
191K(50K) 191K(100K)
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
R. W. Garber
Environmental Chemistry Division
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, NY 11973
(516)345-3086
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
Task 1 - Equip and maintain an atmospheric research
aircraft for pollution studies.
Task 2 - Develop or improve pollution measurement
methods for airborne applications.
Task 3 - Conduct field measurements.
47
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Description:
Task 1: A twin-engine Brittin-Norman Islander was ob-
tained on an exclusive-use lease for use as an Atmospheric
Pollution Research Aircraft. An equipment package was
designed and installed in the aircraft for the measurement
of pollution, meteorological, and navigational parameters.
Gaseous pollutants such as SO2, NOX, and O3 are measured
in real time. Integrated samples of SO2 and SO4= are also
collected. Important meteorological parameters such as
temperature, dew point, and solar radiation, as well as
position-fixing navigational measurements are also made in
real time. The fully equipped aircraft was operational in
late July 1977.
Task 2: Pollutant measurement instruments are generally
not designed for airborne applications, necessitating
modification of many instruments prior to use on aircraft.
In addition, requirements for new measurement techniques
based on program requirements have yielded new state-of-
the-art methods. A modified condensation nuclei counter
with a diffusion battery size-separation system which
allows the measurement of suboptical size distribution of
ambient aerosols has been developed and installed in the
BNL aircraft. A four-size-step aerosol sampling system has
been developed and installed. The modification of a com-
mercial FPD sulfur analyzer to eliminate altitude sensitivity
has been undertaken. The development of a fast response
NOX monitor is planned for 1980-1981.
Task 3: Since August 1977 the BNL Atmospheric
Sciences Aircraft has operated in several multi-laboratory
intensive field studies and in many individual efforts.
Pollutant distributions in the horizontal and vertical have
been a major effort.
Expected Output:
Part of MAP3S program. See projects AP 1.1 and AP 1.2.
Money considered as acid rain research.
Project Title:
Modeling and Analysis
Code:
API.10
Funding Program:
MAP3S/RAINE
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
165K(55K)
165K(110K)'
EPA Project Officer:
Dan Golomb
Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
RD-681
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 426-0264
Principal Investigator:
Ronald E. Meyers
Atmospheric Sciences Division
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, NY 11973
(516)345-2261
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Develop and verify advanced regional (multi-state) scale air
quality models treating nonlinear chemistry (SOX, O3,
NOX, etc.) capable of providing air quality analysis.
Description:
The approach is to develop an Eulerian grid numerical
model using advanced numerical methods to solve the stiff
sets of chemical reactions and transport; diagnostic
meteorological models (and support prognostic model
development) using observations, physical constraint equa-
tions, and terrain data to supply meteorological data for
the air quality model; probability equations to understand
the effects of mixing on chemical reactions; and a com-
puter link from BNL to the National Weather Service,
Suitland, MD (NWS), to acquire timely meteorological
data.
48
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The project includes development of more accurate and
more efficient numerical techniques (currently being tested
in 2D form) using modern homogeneous-heterogeneous
chemistry surrogate mechanisms; the link to NWS is opera-
tional and computer programs are to be developed to inter-
face data with models. The diagnostic meteorological
models are partially developed and are being used to
analyze meteorological data. Theorems prescribing the
evolution of the probability density functions of concentra-
tions have been developed.
Expected Output:
Part of the MAP3S program. See projects AP 1.1 and AP
1.2.
Money considered as acid rain research.
Project Title:
Precipitation Scavenging of Pollutants
Code:
AP2
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
78K
85K
EPA Project Officer:
Herbert Viebrock
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-4541
Principal Investigator:
Hans Pruppacher
Atmospheric Sciences Department
UCLA
Los Angeles, CA 90024
(213)825-1038
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
The objective of the study is to model, theoretically and ex-
perimentally, the scavenging of particulate and gaseous
pollutants by cloud and precipitation elements.
Description:
Theoretical mathematical models will be developed for the
scavenging of aerosols by ice crystals complementing
previous work done for the scavenging of aerosols by rain-
drops. The theoretical formulation and predictions will be
experimentally tested in UCLA rainshaft and the UCLA
cloud tunnel.
The second phase of the study is the development and
testing of models describing the scavenging of gases by
cloud and raindrops, with primary emphasis on SO2. The
rainshaft will be modified to allow drops at terminal veloci-
ty to fall through a chamber containing varying concentra-
tions of a pollutant gas.
The work done on the grant during the first eighteen
months (October 1978 through March 1980) consisted of
completion of a study of the scavenging of aerosols by ice
crystals; formulation of a theory for the scavenging of SO2
by cloud and small raindrops; and initiation of laboratory
experiments in the rainshaft to study the scavenging of SO2
and to test the theoretical predictions. The results of the
studies of the scavenging of aerosols by water drops and ice
crystals are being published in five journal articles.
Expected Output:
Mathematical models for the scavenging efficiency of gas
by cloud and raindrops and of aerosols by ice crystals.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Journal articles on the scavenging of aerosols by precipita-
tion elements, October 1980.
Journal article on the scavenging of gases by cloud and
raindrops, October 1981.
49
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Project Title:
Refinement, Verification, and Application
of a Long-Range Transport Model
of SO2 and Sulfate.
Code:
APS
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
60K
75K
EPA Project Officer:
George Holzworth
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-4551
Principal Investigator:
Elmar Reiter
Department of Atmospheric Science
Colorado State University
Ft. Collins, CO 80523
(303)491-8555
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To improve upon the model that has been developed
previously (EPA-600/4-79-068) and to add an algorithm
for acidity of precipitation. Currently, the model calculates
dispersion, SO2 transformation to SO4=, SO2 and SO4 =
dry and wet deposition, and SO2 layers along plume trajec-
tories from major SO2 sources. Anticipated improvements
to the model include (1) optimizing computer program to
save running time and improve program descriptions of
transport, mixing height, and precipitation physics; (2)
verifying model output with observed data; (3) developing
a method for specifying acidity of precipitation; and (4) ap-
plying to model using projected emissions.
Description:
Literature is used to develop model physics and chemistry
as well as necessary empirical relationships. EPA
temperatures aloft are used to run the model.
Measurements of pollutants are used for verification of the
model results.
Expected Output:
Validated model capable of estimating the regional-scale
distribution of airborne SO2 and SO4 = , dry and wet
deposition, and acidity of precipitation.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Progress Report, March 1980.
Project Report and Project Summary, December 1980.
Project Title:
Precipitation Chemistry Field Program
Code:
AP4
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
25K
25K
EPA Project Officer:
Herbert Viebrock
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-4541
Principal Investigator:
John K. Robertson
U.S. Military Academy
West Point, NY 10996
(914)938-3429
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To estimate the pollutant scavenging efficiency of convec-
tive and frontal storms.
Description:
The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze
precipitation samples, and to determine the scavenging ef-
ficiency of precipitation from convective and frontal
clouds.
The precipitation samples will be collected using a se-
quential sampler, the pH measured, and the samples
analyzed for various organic and inorganic species. The
resulting data base will be used to estimate the removal rate
of pollutants by precipitation.
50
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A sequential precipitation sampling system was
developed and is in use. A second sampling station is under
construction. The system is described in a published EPA
report.
Expected Output:
Report on the scavenging efficiency of precipitation from
convective and frontal clouds.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Progress Report, September 1978.
EPA report (EPA-600/4-80-004) on the Chemistry of
Precipitation from sequentially sampled storms, January
1980.
Progress Report, December 1980.
EPA report on the field study of the scavenging efficiency
of precipitation, December 1981.
Project Title:
Adaptation of EURMAP Model
for Eastern U.S.
Code:
APS
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
69K
50K
EPA Project Officer:
Terry L. Clark
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-4525
Principal Investigator:
Chandrakant Bhumralkar
SRI, International
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, CA 94025
(415)326-6200
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
To adapt, refine, and apply the EURMAP model to the
eastern U.S. to estimate monthly, seasonally, and an-
nually averaged concentrations, wet and dry depositions,
and regional contributions to the depositions of SO2 and
S04=.
To define a trend in SO2 and SO4 = regional concentra-
tions and depositions over the period 1930-2000.
Description:
The EURMAP-1 model developed by SRI, International,
in fulfillment of a contract with the Federal Environmental
Agency of the Federal Republic of Germany, is to be
adapted to the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. and southern
Canada. The adapted version of the model is to be applied
to this region using available meteorological data (upper-
air winds and precipitation amounts) for 1975-1978;
Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE) and National Emis-
sions Data System (NEDS) emissions data for 1977; and
SURE and Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data
(SAROAD) air quality data for 1978. In addition, the
model is to be applied to the same region using the follow-
ing scenarios:
1977 meteorological data and 1985 projected SO2 emis-
sions;
A "worst case" meteorological scenario and 1985, 1990,
1995, and 2000 projected SO2 emissions;
A meteorological scenario defined by the ten-year
average meteorological data (1934 to 1957) and 1930 and
1940 estimated SO2 emissions; and
Meteorological data and estimated SO2 emissions data
for 1950, 1955, 1960, and 1972.
Expected Output:
For 1930, 1940, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1972 on an annual basis
and for 1975-1978, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000 on a
seasonal and annual basis, the following output are to be
expected:
SO2 and SO4= concentrations
SO2 and SO4= wet and dry depositions
interregional impacts on SO2 and SO4= depositions for
a) Region I g) Region V - South
b) Region II h) Region VI - East
c) Region III i) Region VII
d) Region IV -North j) Region VIII - Northeast
e) Region IV - South k) Region VIII - Southeast
f) Region V - North 1) Southern Quebec
m) Southern Ontario
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Presentation of 1977 modeling results at the Second Joint
AMS/APCA Conference on Air Pollution Meteorology,
March 1980.
Delivery of report summarizing the model adaptation ef-
fort and containing 1977 and 1985 modeling results and
analyses, April 1980.
Delivery of report containing 1975, 1976, and 1978 model-
ing results and analyses, September 1980.
Delivery of report containing 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000
modeling results and analyses, December 1980.
51
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Section IV
Program Support
Project Title:
Acid Rain Program Support
Code:
PS1
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
45K
94K
EPA Project Officer:
Dennis A. Tirpak
EPA - Office of Research and Development
RD-675
401 M Street, S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 755-0455
Principal Investigator:
Joe Wisniewski
The MITRE Corporation
1820 Dolley Madison Boulevard
McLean, VA 22102
(703) 827-2962
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objectives:
Assist EPA's Anticipatory Research Program in a variety
of tasks which will help develop and focus the agency's At-
mospheric Acid Deposition Program.
Description:
Perform a preliminary analysis of the acidity associated
with dews, fogs, and frosts. This will include a summa-
tion of all research previously performed in the area
along with theoretical development of the problem. In
addition, a rough cut at the frequency distribution of
dew, fogs, and frosts will also be estimated.
Develop and publish a quarterly status report (newslet-
ter) on the activities of the EPA Acid Deposition
Research Program. Status report to be published
quarterly during April, July, October, and January.
Develop a summation of all EPA acid rain projects being
funded during FY 79-80. This will include publication of
the summary along with incorporation into computer-
ized data banks.
Provide additional miscellaneous support: incorporate
the reviews of the Five-Year Plan into a final product;
host 1-2 information exchange meetings at MITRE with
resultant documentation of the meetings; assist in put-
ting together briefings, etc.
Expected Output:
Publication of results in MITRE and EPA reports and in
technical journals. Presentations at various meetings and
conferences and quarterly newsletter publication and
distribution.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Quarterly Status Report Publication, April-July-October
1980.
Project Summaries Report, June 1980.
Summation of Dews, Fogs, and Frosts Report, June 1980.
Finalization of Five-Year Plan, August 1980.
Project Title:
Acid Rain Program Support
Code:
PS 2
Funding Program:
Anticipatory Research Program
Period of Performance/Funding:
FY 79 FY 80
55K
70K
EPA Project Officer:
Dennis A. Tirpak
EPA-Office of Research and Development
RD-675
401 M Street, S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 755-0455
Principal Investigator:
Stan Greenfield
Teknekron Research, Inc.
2118MilviaDrive
Berkeley, CA 94704
(415)548-4100
Research Objectives and Project
Description:
Objective:
To assist EPA's Anticipatory Research Program in a vari-
ety of tasks in a general program support role.
52
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Description:
Based on the monitoring report proposed to EPA and
other agency monitoring reports, Teknekron will prepare
a chapter of the president's Federal Acid Rain Monitor-
ing Plan. Teknekron will further examine the criteria
desired for determining what types of monitoring should
be done for acid rain based on the needs of all par-
ticipating federal agencies. Teknekron will work with the
Council on Environmental Quality, the Federal In-
teragency Subcommittee and EPA to first develop and
then revise this part of the president's plan.
Teknekron will document the locations, sampling
methods, analytical procedures, quality control pro-
cedures, and results of all acid rain monitoring stations
operated over the last five to 30 years in the U.S. (Cana-
dian data to be included if readily available.) The con-
tractor will assemble the results of this survey in one
document and identify key trends and changes in
monitoring station results. All monitoring data for
representative years will be included in the contractor's
report.
Teknekron will update the sensitivity map of the U.S.
produced under a previous task order. It will utilize state
and local maps of soils and geological conditions
developed by EPA's Corvallis, Oregon, laboratory and
other sources to assemble a composite picture of areas
sensitive to acid rains.
Expected Output:
Publication of results in Teknekron and EPA reports.
Presentations at various meetings and conferences.
Milestones/Delivery Dates:
Initial draft of monitoring chapter for the President's
Federal Acid Rain Plan, March 1980.
Literature survey of monitoring activities, September 1980.
Sensitivity map update, September 1980.
53
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Subject Index
Environmental Effects:
Agriculture
Code Page Code
EE1.0
EE1.1
EE1.2
EE1.4
EE2
Code
EE1.0
EE1.5
EE1.7
EE1.12
EE1.13
EE 1.14
EE2
EE11
EE13
EE14
Code
EE 18
Code
EE1.0
EE1.1
EE1.11
EE2
EE3
Code
EE1.0
EE1.3
EE1.14
Code
EE1.0
Code
EE1.0
EE1.5
EE1.8
EE1.9
EE1.10
EE1.11
EE2
3 EE3
4 EE4
4 EE9
5 EE10
11 EE 12
Aquatic
Page Code
3 EE 15
6 EE16
7 EE 17
9 EE 19
10 EE20
10 EE21
11
19 EE22
21 EE24
22
Drinking and Groundwater
Page Code
26 EE 23
Forests
Page Code
3 EE6
4 EE8
9 EE9
11 EE12
11
Integration
Page Code
3 EE7
5 EE17
10 PS 2
Materials Deterioration
Page Code
EE1.6
Terrestrial
Page Code
3 EE5
6 EE6
7 EE9
8 EE 13
8 EE14
9 EE24
11 PS 2
Page
11
12
17
18
20
Page
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
Page
29
Page
14
16
17
20
Page
15
25
55
Page
6
Page
13
14
17
21
22
30
55
Economics:
Code Page Code
EC1 31 EE1.2
Monitoring:
Data Base
Code Page
MT1 33
Dry Deposition
Code Page Code
MT7 38 MT9
MT8 38
Network
Code Page Code
MT 1 33 MT 3
Precipitation
Code Page Code
MT 1 33 MT 6
MT4 35 MT9
MT 5 36 PS 2
Quality Assurance
Code Page Code
MT 2 34 MT 6
MT3 34
Page
4
Page
39
Page
34
Page
37
39
55
Page
37
54
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Atmospheric Processes:
Analysis
Code
Transformation
Page Code
Page
Code
API. 5
API. 10
AP3
Code
AP 1.8
Code
API. 4
Code
AP .1
AP .2
AP .3
AP .4
AP .5
Code
API. 2
API. 6
AP 1.10
AP2
Page Code
46 AP4
50 APS
52
Data Base
Page
48
Instrumentation
Page Code
44 API. 9
MAP3S/RAINE
Page Code
41 API. 6
42 API. 7
43 API. 8
44 AP 1 .9
46 API. 10
Modeling
Page Code
42 AP3
46 APS
50 EE 25
51
Page
52
53
Page
49
Page
46
47
48
49
50
Page
52
53
31
API. 2
API. 3
API. 4
AP 1.5
42
43
44
46
AP 1.7
AP2
AP4
47
51
52
Code
Transport
Page Code
Page
API.6
API.7
46
47
AP3
Program Support:
Code Page
PS1 55
Code
52
Page
PS 2
55
55
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Performing Institution Index
EPA Laboratories
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, RTF.
MT 1, MT 3
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis.
EE3, EE4, EE5,EE6, MT5
Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth.
EE13.EE14, EE19, EE23
Environmental Science Research Laboratory, RTF.
MT8
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati.
EE24
Academic Institutions
Butler University
EE1.3.EE7
Colorado State University
AP3
Cornell University
EE1.2, EE1.9, EE16
Dartmouth College
EE1.8
Michigan State University
EE1.7
North Carolina State University
EE1.0, EE1.1
New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
EE1.4
New York University
EE1.6
Oregon State University
EE2
Pennsylvania State University
EE2
Purdue University
EE2
United States Military Academy
AP4
University of California, Berkeley
EE1.10
University of California, Los Angeles
AP2
University of California, Riverside
EE2
University of Florida
EE1.11.EE1.13
University of Maine
EE1.5
University of Minnesota, Duluth
EE15,EE20,EE21,EE22
University of Virginia
MT9
University of Wisconsin, Madison
EE17
University of Wyoming
EC1
Washington University, St. Louis
EE25
Governmental Agencies/Laboratories
Argonne National Laboratory
API.5, API.6, EE10, MT7
Battelle Pacific Nortwest Laboratory
AP 1.1, AP1.2, API.3, AP1.4, MT4
Brookhaven National Laboratory
API.7, AP 1.8, AP 1.9, AP 1.10, EE 2, EE 9
Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Canada
EE1.12
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration.
MT6
Norwegian Institute for Water Research
EE1.14
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
EE8, EE12
Tennessee Valley Authority
EE8
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
EE11
United States Geological Survey
EE18
Other Contractors
MITRE Corporation
EE 2, PS 1
Rockwell International
MT2
SRI International
APS
Teknekron Research, Inc.
PS 2
56
', US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1981-757-064/OZ6 5
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