906R77101 ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
DALLAS, TEXAS
LIBRARY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
REPORT
ON
LAKE f'CREDITH
HUTCHINSON, [TORE, AND POTTER COUNTIES
EPA REGION VI
WORKING PAPER No, 653
CORVALLIS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY - CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING & SUPPORT LABORATORY - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
. 699-440
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreward ii
List of Texas Study Reservoirs iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map vi
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 4
III. Lake Water Quality Summary 5
IV. Nutrient Loadings 11
V. Literature Reviewed 15
VI. Appendices 16
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11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to freshwater lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey's eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [§303(e)j, water
quality criteria/standards review [§303(c)], clean lakes [§314(a,b)J,
and water quality monitoring [§106 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation's
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Texas Water Quality Board
for professional involvement, to the Texas National Guard for
conducting the tributary sampling phase of the Survey, and to
those Texas wastewater treatment plant operators who voluntarily
provided effluent samples.
Hugh C. Yantis, Jr., Executive Director of the Texas Water
Quality Board, and John B. Latchford, Jr., Director, and the staff
of the Field Operations Division provided invaluable lake documen-
tation and counsel during the Survey, reviewed the preliminary
reports, and provided critiques most useful in the preparation of
this Working Paper series.
Major General Thomas Bishop, the Adjutant General of Texas,
and Project Officer Colonel William L. Seals, who directed the
volunteer efforts of the Texas National Guardsmen, are also grate-
fully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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IV
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY RESERVOIRS
State of Texas
NAME
Amistad
Bastrop
Bel ton
Braunig
Brownwood
Buchanan
Caddo
•
Calaveras
Canyon
Colorado City
Corpus Christi
Diversion
Eagle Mountain
Fort Phantom Hill
Houston
Kemp
Lake O'The Pines
Lavon
Lewisville (Garza-Little Elm)
Livingston
COUNTY
Val Verde
Bastrop
Bell, Coryell
Bexar
Brown
Burnet, Llano
Harrison, Marion, TX;
Caddo Parish, LA
Bexar
Comal
Mitchell
Jim Wells, Live Oak, San
Patricio
Archer, Baylor
Tarrant, Wise
Jones
Harris
Baylor
Camp, Marion, Morris,
Upshur
Coll in
Denton
Polk, San Jacinto, Trinity,
Walker
-------
Lyndon B. Johnson
Medina
Meredith
0. C. Fisher (San Angelo)
Palestine
Possum Kingdom
Sam Rayburn
Somerville
E. V. Spence
Stamford
Stillhouse Hollow
Tawakoni
Texoma
Travis
Trinidad
Twin Buttes
White River
Whitney
Wright Patman (Texarkana)
Burnet, Llano
Bandera, Medina
Hutchinson, Moore,
Potter
Tom Green
Anderson, Cherokee,
Henderson, Smith
Palo Pinto, Stephens,
Young
Angelina, Jasper
Nacogdoches, Sabine, San
Augustine
Burleson, Lee, Washington
Coke
Haskell
Bell
Hunt, Rains, Van Zandt
Cooke, Grayson TX; Bryan,
Johnston, Love, Marshall, OK
Burnet, Travis
Henderson
Tom Green
Crosby
Bosque, Hill
Bowie, Cass
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LAKE MEREDITH
STORE! NO. 4823
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate that Lake Meredith is mesotrophic; i.e.,
moderately supplied with nutrients and moderately productive.
Whether nutrient enrichment is beneficial or deleterious depends
on the actual or potential effect on the uses of the reservoir.
In this regard, no nuisance conditions are known to personnel of
the Texas Water Quality Board and there is little or no impair-
ment of the designated beneficial uses of this water body.
Lake Meredith ranked second in overall trophic quality when
the 39 Texas reservoirs sampled in 1974 were compared using a com-
bination of six water quality parameters*. Seven of the water
bodies had less median total phosphorus, eleven had less and six
had the same median dissolved orthophosphorus, two had less and
three had the same median inorganic nitrogen, two had less mean
chlorophyll a_, and 11 had greater mean Secchi disc transparency.
Marked depression of metalimnetic dissolved oxygen occurred at
stations 1 and 2 during the August sampling.
Survey limnologists did not observe macrophytes or surface
algal concentrations during sampling visits. In a report on a
previous study on Lake Meredith, it is noted that aquatic vege-
tation is not a problem (Kraai, 1974).
* See Appendix A.
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B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
The algal assay results are not considered representative of
conditions in the lake at the times the samples were taken. The
lake data indicate nitrogen limitation at all sampling stations in
March and October, at station 4 in May, and at stations 1 and 2 in
August.
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sources—The only known point source impacting Lake
Meredith during the sampling year was the wastewater treatment
plant at Amarillo which accounted for an estimated 28.9% of the
total phosphorus load.
The present phosphorus loading of 6.41 g/m2/year is nearly 23
times that proposed by Vollenweider (Vollenweider and Dillon, 1974)
as a eutrophic loading (see page 14). However, the lake primarily
is nitrogen limited, and this may account for the rather low chlor-
ophyll a_ levels and the absence of aquatic vegetation problems.
The median inorganic nitrogen concentration in the lake was only
70 yg/1, and it is questionable whether point-source phosphorus con-
trol would result in a shift to persistent phosphorus limitation.
2. Non-point sources—During the sampling year, non-point
sources contributed 71.1% of the total phosphorus load. The Canadian
River contributed 70.8% and three other gaged tributaries collect-
ively contributed less than 1%. The ungaged minor tributaries and
immediate drainage were estimated to have contributed less than 1%.
-------
The phosphorus export rate of the Canadian River was much
higher than the other tributaries in this drainage basin (see
page 12). This may be the result of underestimation of the point-
source load contributed by the Amarillo wastewater treatment plant.
-------
II. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS1"
A. Lake Morphometry :
1. Surface area: 66.77 kilometers2.
2. Mean depth: 16.0 meters.
3. Maximum depth: >26.2 meters.
4. Volume: 1,066.229 x 105 m3.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 8.6 years.
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix C for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Drainage Mean flow
Name area (km2)ttt (m3/sec)tit
Canadian River 39,823.8 6.290
Bonita Creek 166.8 0.057
Big Blue Creek 665.6 0.253
Bugbee Creek 19.7 0.005
Minor tributaries &
immediate drainage - 821.6 0.279
Totals 41,497.5 6.884
2. Outlet -
Aqueduct - 2.778*
Canadian River 41.564.3 1.170
Total 41,564.3** 3.948
C. Precipitation***:
1. Year of sampling: 58.6 centimeters.
2. Mean annual: 51.5 centimeters.
t Table of metric conversions—Appendix B.
tt At conservation pool level; Williams, 1976.
ttt For limits of accuracy, see Working Paper No. 175, "...Survey Methods,
1973-1976".
* Anonymous, 1975.
** Includes area of lake.
*** See Working Paper No. 175.
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III. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Lake Meredith was sampled four times in 1974 by means of a pontoon-
equipped Huey helicopter. Each time, samples for physical and chemical
parameters were collected from a number of depths at four stations on
the lake (see map, page vi). During each visit, a single depth-Integrated
(4.6 m to surface) sample was composited from the stations for phytoplankton
identification and enumeration; and during the first and last visits, a
single 18.9-liter depth-integrated sample was composited for algal assays.
Also each time, a depth-Integrated sample was collected from each of the
stations for chlorophyll a^ analysis. The maximum depths sampled were
26.2 meters at station 1, 21.9 meters at station 2, 14.0 meters at station
3, and 9.1 meters at station 4.
The sampling results are presented in full in Appendix D and are
summarized in the following table.
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B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton* -
Sampling
Date
03/05/74
05/14/74
08/07/74
Dominant
Genera
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chroomonas sp.
Qocystis sp.
Flagellates
Cryptomonas JJJD.
Stephanodiscus sp.
Other genera
Total
Qocystis sp.
Nitzschia sp.
Binuclearia sp.
Chroomonas sp.
Stephanodiscus sp.
Other genera
Total
Chroomonas sp.
Cryptomonas sp.
Coelastrum sp.
Microcystis sp.
Oocystis sp.
Other genera
Total
Algal Units
per ml
734
341
262
105
52
105
1,599
801
615
476
450
316
530
3,188
286
82
41
20
20
62
511
* The October phytoplankton sample was lost in shipment.
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2. Chlorophyll a^ -
Sampling Station Chlorophyll
Date _ Number (yg/1)
03/05/74 1 0.7
2 1.0
3 1.4
4 1.9
05/14/74 1 1.5
2 1.2
3 2.7
4 6.0
08/07/74 1 2.4
2 0.2
3 4.3
4 4.0
10/28/74 1 3.2
2 3.8
3 4.6
4 9.7
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
The algal assay results are not considered representative
of conditions in the lake at the times the samples were collected
(03/05/74 and 10/28/74) due to significant changes in nitrogen
and phosphorus in the samples during shipment from the field to
the laboratory.
The lake data indicate nitrogen was limiting in March and
October. However, at the other two sampling times, a combination
of limiting nutrients is indicated. Following is a tabulation of
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10
the mean inorganic nitrogen/orthophosphorus ratios for each of
the sampling stations and times with the indicated limiting
nutrient in parentheses.
Station 03/05/74 05/04/74 08/07/74 10/28/74
1
2
3
4
8/1 (N)
8/1 (N)
7/1 (N)
5/1 (N)
20/1 (P)
16/1 (P)
18/1 (P)
12/1 (N)
9/1 (N)
8/1 (N)
26/1 (P)
32/1 (P)
4/1 (N)
4/1 (N)
3/1 (N)
5/1 (N)
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11
IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix E for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Texas National
Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from each of the
tributary sites indicated on the map (page vi), except for the high
runoff month of May when two samples were collected. Sampling was
begun in September, 1974, and was completed in August, 1975.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for the
year of sampling and a "normalized" or average year were provided by
the Texas District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the
tributary sites nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries, including
the aqueduct, were calculated using mean annual concentrations and
mean annual flows. Nutrient loads shown are those measured minus
point-source loads, if any.
Nutrient loads for unsampled "minor tributaries and immediate
drainage" ("II" of U.S.G.S.) were estimated using the mean concentrations
in Big Blue Creek at station F-l and the mean annual II flow.
The operator of the Amarillo wastewater treatment plant did not
participate. Therefore, nutrient loads were estimated at 1.134 kg P
and 3.401 kg N/capita/year, and flows were estimated at 0.3785 m3/
capita/day.
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12
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known municipal* -
Name
Amarillo -
North
Pop.
Served
109,000
Mean Flow
Treatment (m3/d)
act. sludge 41,256.5
Receiving
Water
East
Creek
2. Industrial - Unknown
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
Source
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Canadian River
Bonita Creek
Big Blue Creek
Bugbee Creek
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) -
c. Known municipal STP's -
Amarillo
d. Septic tanks - None
e. Industrial - Unknown
f. Direct precipitation** -
Total
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Aqueduct
Canadian River
Total
kg P/
yr
302,870
35
130
5
140
123,605
1.170
427,955
1,400
480
1,880
3. Net annual P accumulation - 426,075 kg.
* Wyatt, 1976.
** See Working Paper No. 175.
% of
total
70.8
28.9
0.3
100.0
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13
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg N/ I of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Canadian River 1,175,510 72.2
Bonita Creek 1,070 <0.1
Big Blue Creek 4,555 0.3
Bugbee Creek 115 <0.1
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 5,025 0.3
c. Known municipal STP's -
Amarillo 370,710 22.8
•d. Septic tanks - None
e. Industrial - Unknown ?
f. Direct precipitation* - 72.085 4.4
Total 1,629,070 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Aqueduct 56,070
Canadian River 19,115
Total 75,185
3. Net annual N accumulation - 1,553,885 kg.
D. Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary kg P/km2/yr kg N/km2/yr
Canadian River 8 30
Bonita Creek <1 6
Big Blue Creek <1 7
Bugbee Creek <1 6
* See Working Paper No. 175.
-------
14
E. Yearly Loads:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus loadings
are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (Vollenweider
and Dillon, 1974). Essentially, his "dangerous" loading is
one at which the receiving water would become eutrophic or
remain eutrophic; his "permissible" loading is that which
would result in the receiving water remaining oligotrophic
or becoming oligotrophic if morphometry permitted. A meso-
trophic loading would be considered one between "dangerous"
and "permissible".
Note that Vollenweider's model may not be applicable to
water bodies with short hydraulic retention times.
Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen
Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
grams/m2/yr 6.41 6.38 24.4 23.3
Vollenweider phosphorus loadings
(g/m2/yr) based on mean depth and mean
hydraulic retention time of Lake Meredith:
"Dangerous" (eutrophic loading) 0.28
"Permissible" (oligotrophic loading) 0.14
-------
15
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Anonymous, 1975. Water resources data for Texas: Part 1. Surface
water records. U.S. Geol. Surv., Austin.
Kraai, Joseph E., 1974. Fisheries management recommendations. Fed.
Aid Proj. No. F-7-R-23, TX Parks & Wildlife, Austin.
Vollenweider, R. A., and P. J. Dillon, 1974. The application of
the phosphorus loading concept to eutrophication research.
Natl. Res. Council of Canada Publ. No. 13690, Canada Centre
for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario.
Williams, John C. (Gen. Mgr.), 1976. Personal communication (reser-
voir morphometry). Canadian River Munic. Water Auth., Stanford.
Wyatt, Linda B., 1976. Personal communication (review of preliminary
report) TX Water Qua!. Bd., Austin.
-------
16
VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAKE RANKINGS
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APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
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CONVERSION FACTORS
Hectares x 2.471 = acres
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Meters x 3.281 = feet
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Cubic meters x 8.107 x 10 = acre/feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 = square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 = cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
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Kilograms/square kilometer x 5.711 = Ibs/square mile
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APPENDIX C
TRIBUTARY FLOW DATA
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