80019991B
CO-OCCURRENCE OF DRINKING WATER
CONTAMINANTS LITERATURE SEARCH
FINAL DRAFT REPORT
JANUARY 27, 1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Description of Literature Search
An automated literature search was performed using the DIALOG database search engine.
The databases searched are listed below:
O-
Databases
Ei Compendex(R)
CAB Abstracts
BIOSIS PREVIEWS(R)
Water Resour. Abs.
WATERNET(TM)
Wilson Appl. Sci. & Tech. Abs.
AGRICOLA
Toxline(R)
EMBASE
Enviroline(R)
Pollution Abs
Energy SciTec
NTIS
GEOBASE(TM)
Pascal
Period of Analysis
1970-1998/JulW2
1972-1998/May
1969-1998/JUNW2
1 967-1 998/Apr
1971-1998/Q2
1983-1998/May
1970-1998/May
1965-1 998/Apr
1974-1998/Jun Wl
1975-1998/May
1970-1998/May
1974-1998/MayB2
64-1998/JulWl
1980-1 998/Apr
1973-1998/May
Copyright and Publisher
© 1998 Engineering Info. Inc.
© 1998 CAB International
©1998 BIOSIS
© 1998 Cambridge Scientific Abs.
© 1998 American Water Works
Association
© 1998 The HW Wilson Corporation
© format only 1998 The Dialog
Corporation
© format only 1 998 The Dialog \
Corporation \
© 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
© 1998 Congressional Info. Service
© 1998 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
© 1998 Contains copyrighted material
© Comp&distr. 1998 NTIS, Intl. Copyright
All Right
© 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.
© 1998 INIST/CNRS
The key words used in the literature search are shown in the list below. The numbers shown
to the left of the keyword are the number of hits associated with the keyword combination. A list
of titles was generated and scanned for potentially relevant articles. Abstracts were obtained for
these articles. These abstracts were filtered for relevance and full articles were obtained for each
pertinent document. Each of these articles was reviewed. Information was extracted into a MS
Access database. A hardcopy of this database is contained in the following section of this
appendix. The earlier mentioned list of key words used in the literature search are as listed
below:
January 27,1999
1-1
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Search #
SI
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S8
S9
S10
Sll
S12
S13
S14
S15
S16
S17
• S18
S19
S20
S21
S22
S23
S24
S25
Number of Hits
13291
286
25
11
6
12
39
43
21
82
17
123
2
8
1
29
2
37
13
123
18
43
3
1
Key Words
CO(1 W)OCCUR? OR CO-OCCURRENCE
SI AND (CONTAMINANT OR POLLUTANT)
SI AND (DRINKING OR POTABLE)(2N) WATER
SI AND ANTIMONY
SI AND ASBESTOS
SI AND BARIUM
SI AND CADMIUM
SI AND CHROMIUM
SI AND MERCURY
SI AND NICKEL
SI AND NITRITE
SI AND NITRATE
SI AND RADIUM
SI AND SELENIUM
SI AND THALLIUM
SI AND CYANIDE
SI AND RADON
SI AND ARSENIC
SI AND RADIONUCLIDE
SI ANDSULFATE
SI AND URANIUM
SI AND MICROBES
SI AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
SI AND BERYLLIUM
Final Draft
1-2
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
A hard copy of the information included in the MS Access database is contained in the
following sections. The first section contains bibliographic information for the 64 articles
identified. The second section contains the notes that were extracted from each article. A
description of the fields for this section is listed below:
Article ID: Corresponds to the Article ID number in the Bibliography table.
Notecard #: The first two digits refer to the Article ID number for the article from which the
note is extracted. The last two digits represent the order of the notes for an article.
Topic: Categorizes the notes according to the following general subject areas.
Constituent Species: Notes that describe the various species or oxidation states of a
contaminant.
Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile: Notes that describe a contaminant' s movement
through the soil profile and its sorption characteristics.
Factors Affecting Geochemistry: A general category for notes that describe the
hydrogeologic conditions under which a constituent is found.
Geographic Location/Distribution: Notes that describe how a constituent is distributed
geographically or among media (e.g. ground water, surface water, soils, etc.)
Seasonal Variation: Notes that describe seasonal fluctuations in the concentration of a
constituent.
Source(s) - Anthropogenic: Notes that describe industrial, agricultural, municipal, or other
anthropogenic sources of a constituent.
Source(s) - Natural: Notes that describe mineralogic or atmospheric sources of a constituent.
Study Methodology: Notes that describe relevant data-gathering techniques.
Constituent: Categorizes the notes according to constituents. If a note discusses more than one
constituent, this keyword will reflect the constituent that is the primary subject of the note.
Co-Occurrence?: This field is used to flag those notes that make specific reference to the co-
occurrence of two or more species.
Co-Occurrence Notes: For those notes that are flagged as "co-occurrence" notes, this field
contains a list of the co-occurring constituents.
January 27,1999 I-3 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Co-Qccurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search - Bibliography
Article ID 1
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
Source William Back & D.A. Stephenson, eds. Developments in Water Science (12): Contemporary Hydrology. Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Company. New York.
Volume 12 Number Date 1979 Pages 287-312
Summary Good diagrams showing the chemical changes associated with groundwater/marine water interactions and
flows (fig. 1) and processes (biological/physical and chemical) associated with the evolution of carbonate
aquifers (fig. 2).
Article ID 2
Author Cherry, JA, A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson
Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in Groundwater
Source William Back & DA. Stephenson, eds. Developments in Water Science (12): Contemporary Hydrology. Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Company. New York.
Volume 12 Number Date 1979 Pages 373-392
Summary Editor's Notes
Article ID 3
Author Back, William
Title Geology and Groundwater Features of the Smith River Plain, Del Norte County, California
Source United States Government Printing Office, Washington
Volume Number Date 1957 Pages 76pp.
Summary
Article ID A
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.
Source Willaim Back and Rene Letolte, eds. Symposium on Geochemistry of Groundwater. Elsevier Scientific Publishing
Company: New York.
Volume 16 Number Date 1982 Pages 185-194
Summary
Article ID 5
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars
Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells
Source Proceedings from Clean Water-Clean Environment conference in Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A., published by the
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
Volume 2 Number Date March 5-8,1995 Pages 231-238
Summary
Final Draft 1-4 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID &
Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Source Water Quality Technology Conference (Proceedings), Boston, MA, November 17-21,1996
Volume Number Date 1996 Pages 17pp.
Summary
Article ID 7
Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise Wright, Julie BakJizar, and Louis Contey
Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
Source Water Quality Technology Conference (Proceedings), New Orleans, LA, November 12-161995.
Volume Number Date 1995 Pages 1587-1601
Summary
Article ID 8
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin, Indiana, 1994-95
Source U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 110-96, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
Volume Number 110-96 Date May 1996 Pages 4
Summary
Article ID 9
Author Wright, WmfieM G. and Catthy J. Janik
Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin,
Southwestern Colorado
Source U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet FS-243-95
Volume Number Date 1995 Pages 4
Summary
Article ID 10
Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L. Christian, Craig D. Nordgren, Jonathan D. Pollen
Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North
Slope
Source Proceedings of the 1996 8th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering, Fairbanks, AL
Volume Number Date August 12-16, Pages 494-505
1996
Summary
January 27,1999 I-5 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 11
Author Segars, William I.
Title Nitrates in Groundwater: Some Facts on Occurrence
Source Poultry Digest
Volume 54 Number 8 Date August 1995 Pages 24-25
Summary
Article ID 12
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of
the Midcontinental USA
Source Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection (Proceedings of the Prague Conference, 1995). IAHS Publication
No. 225.
Volume Number 225 Date 1995
Summary
Pages 13-20
Article ID 13
Author Milvy, Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Source Chapter One of: C. Richard Cother and Paul Rebers, eds., Radon, Radium and Uranium in Drinking Water (USA:
Lewis Publishers, Inc.)
Volume Number Date 1990 Pages 1-16
Summary
Article ID 30
Author SAIC
Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water
Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Source SAIC, McLean, VA
Volume Number Date November 10, Pages 60
1997
Summary
Article ID 31
Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross, Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Source Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Volume 47 Number 2 Date September 1997 Pages 197-221
Summary
Final Draft I-6 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 32
Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
Source Journal AWWA
Volume 89 Number 10 Date October 1997 Pages 102-114
Summary
Article ID 33
Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
Title Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water
Sources, and Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
Source Wat Sci Tech
Volume 31 Number 5-6 Date 1995 Pages 215-222
Summary
Article ID 34
Author Wyszomirski, P. and J. Zarebski
Title Uranium in Kaolins and Co-occurring Mining Waters of Some Lower Silesian Kaolin Pits (Poland)
Source
Volume Number Date Pages 121
Summary
Article ID 35
Author Hering, Janet G., Pen-Yuan Chen, Jennifer Wilkie, Menachem Elimetech, and Sun Liang
Title Arsenic Removal by Ferric Chloride
Source Journal AWWA
Volume 88 Number 4 Date April 1996 Pages 155-167
Summary
Article ID 36
Author Waypa, John J., Jennifer A. Wilkie, and Menachem Elimelech
Title Removal of Arsenic from Water by Membrane Processes
Source 1995 Annual Conference Proceedings; American Waterworks Association; Water Research Anaheim. CA
Volume Number Date June 18-22,1995 Pages 627-634
Summary
January 27,1999 1-7 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 37
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Source U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey Professional Paper 498-A, United States Government Printing
Office
Volume Number Date 1966 Pages 42pp.
Summary
Article ID 38
Author Back, William
Title Origin of Hydrochemical Fades of Ground Water in the Atlantic Coastal Plain
Source Chapter 9 in Benchmark Papers in Geology: Chemical Hydrogeology (William Back and R. Allan Freeze,
eds.),Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Volume 73 Number Date Pages 79-87
Summary
Article ID 39
Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Source
Volume Number Date Pages
Summary
Article ID 41
Author SAIC
Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Source SAIC, McLean, VA
Volume Number Date June 1,1998 Pages 166 pp.
Summary
Article ID 42
Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element in Geochemical Prospecting
Source Journal of Geochemical Exploration
Volume 2 Number Date 1973 Pages 251-296
Summary
Final Draft I-8 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 43
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood D. Scoggin, and Larry A. Kramer
Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of
Nitrate in Groundwater
Source Environmental Science & Technology
Volume 32 Number 8 Date April 15,1998 Pages 1039-1047
Summary
Article ID 44
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the Eastern Sierra Nevada
Source Environmental Science & Technology
Volume 32 Number 5 Date 1998 Pages 657-662
Summary
Article ID 45
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Source Journal AWWA
Volume^ Number* Date March 1997 Pages 105-117
Summary
Article ID 46
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence of Herbicides, Nitrite Plus Nitrate, and Selected Trace Elements in Ground Water from Northwestern and
Northeastern Missouri, July 1991 and 1992
Source USGS Open-File Report
Volume 94-332 Number Date 1994 Pages 89 pp
Summary
Article ID 47
Author States, Stanley, Kathleen Stadterman, Louis Ammon, Paul Vogel, Julie Baldizar, Denise Wright, Louis Contey, and
JanSykora
Title Protozoa in River Water Sources, Occurrence, and Treatment
Source Journal AWWA
Volume 89 Number 9 Date September 1997 Pages 74-83
Summary
January 27,1999 I-9 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 48
Author Reid, Joe
Title Arsenic Occurrence: USEPA Seeks Clearer Picture
Source Journal AWWA
Volume 86 Numbers Date September 1994 Pages 44-51
Summary
Article ID 49
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Source USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report
Volume 96-418 Number Date 1996 Pages 34pp
3
Summary
Article ID 50
Author Black, E. Kathleen and Gordon R. Finch
Title Detection and Occurrence of Waterbome Bacterial and Viral Pathogens
Source Water Environment Research
Volume 66 Number 4 Date June 1994 Pages 292-298
Summary
Article ID 51
Author Battaglin, William A. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title Statistical Modeling of Agricultural Chemical Occurrence in Midwestern Rivers
Source Journal of Hydrology
Volume 196 Number Date 1997 Pages 1-25
Summary
Article ID 52
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Source Water SA
Volume 22 Number 1 Date January 1996 Pages 7-18
Summary
Article ID 53
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L. Bamhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J. Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Source Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation
Volume 15 Number 1 Date Winter 1995 Pages 142-149
Summary
Final Draft 1-10 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 54
Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Giltespie
Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kern Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California: Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Source Environmental Geosciences
Volume 3 Number 3 Date 1996 Pages 143-153
Summary
Article ID 55
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory Standards
Source The Water Future of Albuquerque and Middle Rio Grande Basin, Proceedings of the 39th annual New Mexico Water
Conference, November 3-4,1994, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Volume Number Date 1994 Pages 295-305
Summary
Article ID 56
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico
Source The Water Future of Albuquerque and Middle Rio Grande Basin, Proceedings of the 39th annual New Mexico Water
Conference, November 3-4,1994, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Volume Number Date 1994 Pages 257-276
Summary
Article ID 60
Author Bhatt, Kailash
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Pesticides in Bowdte Aquifer, South Dakota
Source Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Volume 47 Number 3 Date September 1997 Pages 223-237
Summary
Article ID 61
Author Aceil, S.M.
Title The Study of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Waters of the State of Mississippi
Source 1996 Proceedings of the 26th Mississippi Water Resources Conference
Volume Number Date 1996 Pages 295-306
Summary
January 27,1999 . 1-11 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 62
Author Chnstensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope
Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney
Reservoir Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.
Source USGS Report No. USGS/WRI-97-4153
Volume Number Date 1997 Pages
Summary
Article ID 63
Author Stackelberg, Paul E., Jessica A. Hopple, and Leon J. Kauffman
Title Occurrence of Nitrate, Pesticides, and Volatile Organic Compounds in the Kikkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System,
Southern New Jersey
Source USGS Water Resources Investigation Report 97-4241
Volume Number Date 1997 Pages
Summary
Article ID 64
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace Elements, and Radionuclides, in Ground and Surface
Water from West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.
Source Open File Report - US Geological Survey
Volume Number Date 1994 Pages
Summary
Article ID 65
Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikte, and Michael C.R. Alavanja
Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils of Frederick, Maryland
Source Journal of Environmental Health
Volume 60 Number 8 Date 1998 Pages 16-20
Summary
Article ID 66
Author Moomead, Daryl L, W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf
Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas
Source Journal of Environmental Health
Volume 60 Number 7 Date 1998 Pages 14-18
Summary
Final Draft 1-12 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 67
Author Valentine, J.L.
Title Environmental Occurrence of Selenium in Waters and Related Health Significance
Source Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
Volume 10 Number 2-3 Date 1997 Pages 292-299
Summary
Article ID 68
Author Fan, Anna M. and Valerie E. Steinberg
Title Health Implications of Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water An Update on Methemoglobinemia Occurrence and
Reproductive and Developmental Toxitity
Source Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Volume 23 Number 1, Part 1 Date February 1996 Pages 35-43
Summary
Article ID 69
Author Daniel, PA, N. Dumoutier, V. Mandra, N. Tambo, and T. Kamei
Title Cryptosporidium: a Risk Assessment
Source Water Supply
Volume 14 Number 3/4 Date 1996 Pages 387-401
Summary \
\\
'\
Article ID 70
Author Goolsby, DA, W.A. Battaglin, and E.M. Thurman
Title Occurrence and Transport of Herbicides and Nitrate in the Mississippi River During the 1993 Flood.
Source American Water Resources Association: Responses to Changing Multiple-Use Demands: New Directions for Water
Resources Planning and Management
Volume Number Date April 1994 Pages
Summary This article does not have useful co-occurrence information
Article ID 71
Author Bright. DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer
Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine EffluentThe Occurrence of Organoarsenicate and 'Hidden'
Arsenic
Source The Science of the Total Environment
Volume Mo\ Number Ho. 2 Date February 9,1996 Pages
180
Summary
January 27,1999 1-13 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 72
Author Back, William and Ivan Bames
Title Relation of Electrochemical Potentials and Iron Content to Groundwater Flow Patterns
Source Hydrology of Aquifer Systems
Volume Number Date undated (circa Pages C1-C16
1962)
Summary
Article ID 73
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern United States
Source Environ Geol Water Sci
Volume Vol. 18 Number No. 2 Date 1991 Pages 137-141
Summary
Article ID 74
Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Source Water Rock Interaction
Volume Number Date 1992 Pages 835-837
Summary
Article ID 75
Author Longtin, Jon P.
Title Occurrence of Radon, Radium, and Uranium in Groundwater
Source Journal AWWA
Volume Number Date undated (circa Pages
1987)
Summary This article has no useful co-occurrence information.
Article ID 76
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Source Ground Water
Volume 26 Number 3 Date May-June 1988 Pages 333
Summary
Article ID 77
Author Garcia, Kerry T.
Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada
Source US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 87-4269
Volume Number Date 1987 Pages
Summary
Final Draft 1-14 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 78
Author Goolsby, Donald A., R.C. Severson, S.A. Wilson, Kurt Webber
Title Geochemistry of Soils and Shallow Ground Water, With Emphasis on Arsenic and Selenium, in Part of the Garrison
Diversion Unit, North Dakota, 1985-1987
Source
Volume Number Date unknown (circa Pages
1989)
Summary
Article ID 79
Author Middelburg, R.F.
Title Occurrence of Arsenic in the Dry Creek Basin, Sonoma County, California
Source USGS Water Resources investigations 76-30
Volume Number Date May 1976 Pages
Summary No useful co-occurrence information found in this article.
Article ID 80
Author Ecctes, Lawrence A.
Title Sources of Arsenic in Streams Tributary to Lake Crowtey, California
Source USGS Water Resources Investigations 76-36
Volume Number Date June 1976 Pages
Summary
Article ID 81
Author Ficklin, Walter H., David G. Frank, Paul K. Briggs, and Robert E. Tucker
Title Analytical Results for Water, Soil, and Rocks Collected Near Granite Falls, Washington as Part of an
Arsenic-in-Groundwater Study
Source USGS Open File Report 89-148
Volume Number Date 1989 Pages
Summary
Article ID 82
Author Welch, Alan H. and Michael S. Lico
Title Arsenic in an Alluvial-Lacustrine Aquifer, Carson Desert, Western Nevada
Source Metals in Ground Water
Volume Number Date Pages E13-E18
Summary
January 27,1999 1-15 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 83
Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Source Critical Reviews in Environmental Control
Volume 21 Number 1 Date 1991 Pages 1-39
Summary
Article ID 84
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Source In: Radon, Radium, and Uranium in Drinking Water, C. Richard Cothem and Paul E. Rebers, eds.
Volume Number Date 1990 Pages 83-95
Summary
Final Draft 1-16 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search - Notes
Article ID 1
Notecard# 01-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
Date 1979
Page if 289-290
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The distribution of chemical species in groundwater is not random; rather, it is controlled by all the processes and
reactions of diagenesis including recrystallization, dolomitization and cementation, by structural activity, by dissolution
and reprecipitation of minerals during groundwater movement, and by mass transfer of chemical species. The
observed chemical character of water in carbonate aquifers is both a control on the physical parameters just
mentioned and in response to them. The chemistry of groundwater is a result of the intimate relationship between
mineralogy and flow regime because these determine the occurrence, sequence, rates and progress of reactions. In
other words, the mineralogy of an aquifer and its groundwater geochemistry are reflected in each other and change in
a systematic and generally predictable way.
Article ID 1
Notecard* 01-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Sufote
Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
Date 1979
Page ft 290-291
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes When carbonate sediments first emerge from the marine environment, they undergo flushing of ocean water by
freshwater... the dissolved solids content decreases; major ions change from predominantly Na-CI-Mg-SO4 to
Ca-HCO3; sediments are recrystallized, selectively dissolved, cemented and perhaps dolomitized ...
After carbonate sediments have been transformed into a rock aquifer, many additional chemical changes occur both in
groundwater and in aquifer mineralogy. In recharge areas ... Groundwater is typically of the Ca-HCO3 type. During
its movement downgradient, Mg increases owing to dissolution of dolomite and high-Mg calctte while Ca remains
relatively constant; SO4 increases as gypsum dissolves and HCO3 remains relatively constant.
(SO4 concentrations shown to increase in moving from recharge water to downgradient water, decrease slightly
during flushing, and decrease significantly during dolomitization (moving to marine water) as well as during the
dissolution of Halite (from downgradient to brine).
Article ID 1
Notecardtt 01-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
Date 1979
Page # 292
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Where extensive accumulations of evaporite minerals occur, their dissolution results in highly saline brines (Fig. 1
pathway D -> B). Another common pathway (D -> M) is caused by subsurface mixing of ocean water than has
encroached into the deeper parts of coastal aquifers as in Florida; dedolomitization may occur under these
circumstances [decreasing SO4, Ca and Mg while increasing C03, HCO3, Na, and K].
(Dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2]
January 27,1999
1-17
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID ^
NotecardH 01-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
Date 1979
Page it 303
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Throughout the geochemical evolution of an aquifer, reactions that result from mixing water bodies of different
chemical compositions continue to be a major control on groundwater alteration processes including porosity and
permeability redistribution. These reactions occur when bodies of saline and fresh water mix... Evidence for
occurrence and progress of mixing zone reactions in the subsurface is primarily mineralogic; carbonate petrologists
are now able to, provide a consistent and convincing interpretation for the origin of various cements, textures and
crystal morphologies. Mixing owes its significance to the non-linearity of mineral solubility as a function of variables
such as salinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, temperature and activity (effective concentration).
Article ID 1
Notecard# 01-06
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
Date 1979
Page ft 304-305
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Even without mixing, any process (e.g., changes in temperature, pH, CO2 content) that alters the activity of ions will
affect the equilibrium conditions of a solution relative to one or more minerals. One such process associated with the
zone of dispersion is the CO2 flux. Any influx of CO2, such as from root respiration, decomposition of lignite in an
aquifer, or decomposition of organic material in intruding ocean water, will cause additional solution of caltite.
Conversely outgassing, which commonly occurs when groundwater discharges at the surface, will prevent further
solution and may, under certain conditions, cause precipitation of calcareous cements.
Article ID 1
Notecard# 01-07
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
Date 1979
Page# 310
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The opposite of dolomitization is dedotomitization which has been demonstrated by mass-transfer calculations to be an
important control on the chemistry of groundwater in a Mississippian carbonate aquifer in parts of the western U.S.A.
Basically, it has been found that this aquifer behaves similar to other carbonate-rock systems. The evolutionary
pathways and the processes that control its chemistry of water are the same as those shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The
recharge area has a high total CO2 and relatively low total-dissolved solids. As groundwater moves downgradient
through the aquifer it begins to dissolve caltite dolomite and gypsum from the mineralogic framework. This results in an
increase in the total CO2 and increases in many of the other chemical constituents, particularly SO4 (-2), Ca (+2), and
Mg (+2). Eventually, equilibrium with respect to calcrte is attained and no more calcite is dissolved from the aquifer.
Final Draft
1-18
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 1
Notecard# 01-01
Topic Factors.Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
Date 1979
Page# 289
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Although some modem carbonate sediments are deposited in the deep sea, the vast bulk of carbonate deposition
occurs in warm shallow (less than 12m depth) seas in the lower latitudes. Furthermore, the final site of accumulation
and initial lithification is typically in the inter- to supra-tidal zone which has often been called the "knee-deep"
environment. Therefore, our discussion is limited to the carbonate products from shallow normal marine environments,
and we further limited our scope by excluding the hydrology of bedded evaporites, salt deposits, and associated
subsurface brines.
Article ID 2
Notecard# 02-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Cherry, J.A., A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson
Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
Groundwater
Date 1979
Page# 376
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Although conceptually the redox-pair approach to the acquisition of pE or Eh data is attractive, its applicability to natural
waters has been severely restricted because of two factors: (1) many of the important redox reactions (those
involving N, S, or C) are biologically mediated, with irreversibility as a characteristic feature; and (2) in the pE-pH
domain of natural waters, the concentration of one of the species in a redox pair is commonly below the limits of
analytical detection, for example S(2-) or HS(-) in the SO4(2-)-HS(-) pair, or Fe(3+) in the Fe(3+)-Fe(2+) pair.
Article ID 2
NotecardH 02-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Cherry, JA, A.U. Shaikh. D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson
Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
Groundwater
Date 1979
Page it 375
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes A second approach for measurement off the redox status of natural waters involves analysis of water samples for
concentrations of two or ore dissolved species containing the same element in different oxidation states. The
concentrations are converted to activities using the Debije-Huckel or mean-salt relations and the pE or Eh values are
obtained as indicated below... With these relations pE or Eh values can be calculated from the results of analytical
determination of redox pairs such as SO4(2-) and HS(-) or S(2-), HCO3 (-) or CO2 and CH4, NO3(-) and NH4(+),
Fe{3+) and Fe(2+), or Mn(IV) and Mn(ll). For a system at equilibrium, computed redox levels from each of these
analytical pairs have the same value.
January 27,1999
1-19
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 2
Notecard# 02-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Cherry, J.A., A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson
Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
Groundwater
Date 1979
Page# 381
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The presence or absence of one of the As species, As(lll) or As(V) species, can be used as a qualitative indication of
redox levels. If only As(V) species are detected in the water, the redox level is above the As window. In this case, at
pH>7, HAsO4(2-) is the dominant species of As(V) and at pH<7, H2As04(-) is the dominant As(V) species. At redox
levels below the redox window, only As(lll) species are detectable with H3As03 being the dominant species under
moderately reducing conditions and AsS2(-) being important at very low redox levels.
Article ID 2
Notecard# 02-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Cherry, J.A., A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson
Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
Groundwater
Date 1979
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes For As to be most useful as a redox indicator it must occur in the water at concentrations that yield a useful width for
the redox window. The "maximum contaminant level" set by the USEPA (1975) for As in drinking water is 50 ug/l. From
Fig. 5 it is apparent that total As concentrations well below this limit are sufficiently large to produce a redox window
of significant width. In a survey of As concentrations in rivers and lakes... It was found that of 727 samples
analysed, about 20% contained As at levels above 10 ug/l. Ferguson and Anderson (1974) also noted that As is the
inorganic constituent that more commonly than any other constituent exceeds the maximum permissible limit for drinking
water supplies. Because of the position of its redox window, As should generally be better suited as a redox
indicator for use in groundwater than for surface water.
Article ID 2
Notecard# 02-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence1? No
Author Cherry, J.A., A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson
Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
Groundwater
Date 1979
Page# 373
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes As a result of recent advances in analytical methods, it is now possible to determine the concentrations of both As(lll)
and As(V) at sufficiently low levels so that the apparent redox condition, as pE or pH, can be computed from
measured concentrations of As (III) and As (V) species. The arsenic pE or Eh domain obtained using published
thermodynamic data for As species and the assumption of redox equilibrium, provides a basis for obtaining an
indication of redox levels within the central portion of the redox field for natural waters.
Final Draft
I-20
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 3
Notecard # 03-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Geology and Groundwater Features of the Smith River Plain, Del
Norte County, California
Date 1957
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Being in an area of extremely high rainfall, both the stream waters and ground waters on the Smith River plain are of
low mineral concentration and are excellent for irrigation and domestic use. The only natural detrimental feature of the
water is the high content of iron, found locally. Several wells in and around Crescent City have a high nitrate content.
This may indicate sewage contamination, for nitrate is commonly an end product of the decomposition of organic
matter. The chloride content of water contaminated by sewage also is somewhat higher than that of uncontaminated
water from the same aquifer.
One of the notable contrasts between the ground water of this area and the water of most of California is the low pH
values, generally ranging from 6.0 to 7.2. These low pH values are presumably due to the presence of carbonic acid
from the atmosphere and vegetation and organic acids from vegetation.
Most of the waters are of the magnesium bicarbonate type. The bicarbonate ion is derived in part from carbon dioxide
gas from the atmosphere dissolved in rain water. However, in general, the largest amount is from the carbon dioxide
gas released by decomposition of vegetative matter. The principal source of the magnesium is the ferromagnesian
minerals of the Jurassic rocks, especially serpentine.
Article ID 4
Notecard # 04-03
Topic Constituent Species
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.
Date 1982
Page* 186
Co-Occurrence Notes radium
Notes In addition to these elemental fractionations, separation between the two long lived uranium isotopes, U(234) and
U(238), occurs commonly in groundwaters (Cherduntsev, 1971). Thus, although the ultimate parent of radium is
U(238), the local source for a radium anomaly may be comprised mostly of Th(230) with little uranium, or U(234) and
in-grown Th(230) with little activity, or Th(230), U(234) and U(238) in approximate equilibrium. The mix of these
nuclides is a function of the history of the geocnemical barrier which causes uranium precipitation.
Article ID 4
Notecard # 03-02
Topic Constituent Species
Constituent Radium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
of the Tri-State Region. U.SA
Date 1982
Page if 185
Co-Occurrence Notes uranium
Notes Uranium isotopes have been analyzed in a number of water samples from the groundwater flow system of the
Cambro-Ordovician aquifers in the Tri-State region of Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma, U.SA The system consists of
sodium chloride water having low uranium content (-0.04 ug/l) which meets westward flowing calcium bicarbonate
water having uranium content about an order of magnitude greater in a transitional zone located just to the west of the
Missouri-Kansas border. In the area where the waters and then flow southwestward, H2S is commonly found in the
water, Ra(226) is relatively high and uranium concentration is lower than to the east It appears that at least part of the
dissolved uranium in the westward flowing water is precipitated in the zone of mixing. Because the dissolved uranium
has U(234)/U(238) activity ratio of 7-10, any precipitated uranium would have an enhanced capability for generating
the daughter Ra(226). However, the distribution of uranium isotopes within the system suggests that the source of
radium in the water of the transitional zone is not the inferred present-day zone of uranium accumulation but rather the
brines themselves.
January 27,1999
1-21
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID A
Notecardti 04-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.
Date 1982
Page# 186
Co-Occurrence Notes radium
Notes Uranium, thorium, and radium tend to fractionate because of chemical differences. Uranium tends to be mobile in
oxidizing waters containing complexing bicarbonate, sulfate or phosphate anions; in reducing environments the
solubility of uranium is sharply decreased and precipitation occurs. Thorium is virtually immobile under almost all
surface conditions. Radium is quite mobile in high-CI waters but in the presence of sulfate, radium is very insoluble.
Article ID 4
Notecardti 04-04
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.
Date 1982
Page# 189-190
Co-Occurrence Notes radium
Notes The fresh waters of the eastern side of the area of investigation have the highest uranium concentrations (Table II).
Along the eastern boundary of the transitional zone, where the freshwaters first encounter the saline H2S-bearing
waters, the uranium concentration decreases abruptly. In the same general location, the radium concentration begins a
progressive increase in a westward direction as does the specific electrical conductivity (Fig. 3). IN the transitional
zone the uranium concentration is at least an order magnitude less than in the freshwater zone whereas the radium is
about an order of magnitude greater.
Article ID 4
Notecardti 04-07
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Radium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
of the Tri-State Region, U.SA
Date 1982
Page it
Co-Occurrence Notes uranium
Notes This information seems to preclude the present-day precipitation site as the major source of high radium values, so we
are left with several alternatives: (1) that the boundary site between the freshwater zone and the transitional zone ...
Was once further west and that it has migrated eastward in the recent geologic past, or (2) that the source of radium
is the high-CI brine...
The brine as the major radium source. This source must remain speculative for now as there are not appropriate
samples presently available from this area although high radioactivity (presumably radium) has been reported from
oil-field wells further west in Kansas (Gott and Hill, 1953) and in Oklahoma (Bloch, 1980). U-isotope analyses of brines
from the Gulf of Mexico coast region indicate that the A.R. range is usually 1-2... Brine from one well in Israel is
reported to have A.R.'s in the range 10-12 (Kronfeld, et. Al., 1975). If the lower A.R. values are valid for Kansas
brines, then the U isotopes measured as far west as locations 16 and 22 must have originated in the freshwater
region and not with the high-Ra waters. Thus, in a mixing zone, various nuclides may have different sources even
though the nuclides are members of the same decay series; the deciphering of such multisource systems may be best
approached by isotopic rather than elemental analyses.
Final Draft
I-22
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID A
Notecard # 04-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.
Date 1982
Page# 191
Co-Occurrence Notes radium
Notes The decrease of uranium concentration, shown in Fig. 3b between locations 12 and 17 and in Fig. 3c between
locations 12 and 14, is similar to that observed at other locations where oxidizing waters encounter a decrease in
redox potential but the lack of an associated well-defined increase in A.R. is unusual. An increase in A.R. at a redox
front has been observed in both sandstones (Coward and Osmond, 1980) and in carbonates (Coward, 1980). The
decrease in dissolved uranium serves to locate uranium presently accumulating as a coating on the aquifer rocks.
Article ID A
Notecard # 04-06
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Radium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
of the Tri-State Region, U.SA
Date 1982
Page if 191
Co-Occurrence Notes uranium
Notes By recoil or selective leaching modes, the A.R. in water can be increased. Direct recoil input is a function of the U(238)
present where as selective leaching is strongly influenced by the relative amount of U(234) present The amount of
Ra(226) generated by such a coating is a function of the amount of U(234) (and Th(230)) present but since its
geochemistry differs from uranium, the radium is not constrained to remain with the accumulation. Thus, the high-A.R.
uranium precipitating at the eastern edge of the transition zone should be an efficient Ra (226) generator, assuming
enough time forTh(230) in-growth has lapsed.
Article ID 5
Notecard # 05-02
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars
Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells
Date March 5-8,1995
Page* 233
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Statewide, the average nitrate concentrations were 1.16 ppm for shallow wells and 0.48 ppm for deep wells. The
Atlantic Coast Flatwoods and the Limestone Valley had the highest average concentration of nitrates in shallow wells
at 3.3 ppm each, rt is unclear as to whether the problem is actually significantly greater in these areas or if the result
could be attributed to the relatively low number of samples received from these areas...
Statewide, only 0.9% of deep wells and 3.8% of shallow wells exceeded the drinking water standard.
January 27,1999
I-23
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 5
Notecardtt 05-01
Topic Study Methodology
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars
Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells
Date March 5-8,1995
Page# 231-232
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service... has offered a water testing program since the early
1980s... The routine analysis includes 15 mineral elements by pH and hardness. Other tests such as volatile
organics, pesticide residues, and petroleum hydrocarbons are available as needed.
In 1989 the Extension Service received USOA Water Quality Initiative funds to test each sample for N03-N in order to
build a database on nitrate contamination. Since 1989 the Agriculture Services Laboratories have conducted between
3,000 and 5,000 routine water tests per year. Of these, only about 25% indicated well depth, which experience has
shown to be a significant factor in predicting nitrate contamination. The data addressed in this paper include all
samples collected from 1989 through 1993 for which the well depth was specified on the water analysis submission
form. There were a total of 3,419 such samples.
Article ID 5
NotecardH 05-03
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars
Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells
Date March 5-8,1995
Page if 233
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes From 1990 through 1994, the Georgia Environmental Protection Division conducted a similar nitrate study where they
sampled 2,568 wells in South Georgia and 2,241 in North Georgia. They tested only wells which were less than 250
feet deep and did not differentiate between shallow wells and deep wells. Also, their samples were collected at
random, whereas ours were submitted by clientele at their own discretion. Their results indicated a slightly higher
incidence of nitrates in South Georgia than in North Georgia, which might be expected in consideration of the fact that
South Georgia generally has sandier soils and has more agricultural activities than North Georgia. Statewide, their
results indicated that 95% of wells had less than 5 ppm No3-N, 4% had between 5 and 10 ppm, and 1% exceeded 10
ppm. Overall, our data indicated that 1.8% of the wells tested exceeded 10 ppm.
Article ID 5
Notecard# 05-04
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars
Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells
Date March 5-8,1995
Pagen 234
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In 1994 the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service conducted a survey of 823 wells on farms in counties
which were known to have high concentrations of livestock and poultry. Although the results have not yet been fully
analyzed, they do implicate livestock and poultry operations in contributing to nitrate contamination. In this survey, 5.1%
of the wells had N03-N levels above 10 ppm and, of the wells which were used specifically for livestock and poultry,
7.5% exceeded 10 ppm.
Final Draft
I-24
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-07 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 3
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes sulfate
Notes The 90th percentite concentrations of other dissolved constituents in high As waters (total As > 2 ppb) were
compared to those in low As waters (total As < 2 ppb) to explore possible relations between arsenic and co-occurring
constituents (Figure 4). No apparent relations between arsenic and pH, alkalinity, or the soluble aluminum
concentration were observed. Sulfate and chloride concentrations for surface waters were much higher in waters
with high arsenic than in waters with low arsenic. Since some of the co-occurring constituents are of concern with
respect to the U.S. secondary maximum contaminant levels (Table 4), these relations can indicate possible secondary
benefits of arsenic regulation.
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-08 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page it 3
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Conventional water treatment methods including coagulation, Fe-Mn oxidation, and softening can also remove arsenic.
Fifty-five percent of surface waters and 74% of groundwaters investigated in this study that contained more than 5
ppb of total As would also benefit from treatment for hardness (Table 4 and Figure 5). Thus, a large fraction of utilities
impacted by the proposed arsenic regulation could meet the regulation by installing softening treatment processes to
also remove hardness. Fe and Mn in groundwater also pose a water quality concern, and 61% of high arsenic
groundwaters (total As > 5 ppb) also exceeded either the secondary Fe or Mn MCL (Table 4 and Figures 6 and 7).
Consequently, this treatment process could also be installed with multiple benefits at many utilities in response to an
arsenic regulation.
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-09 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 4
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes sulfate
Notes The selection of advanced arsenic removal technology is strongly dependent on the concentrations of co-occurring
species in the influent. For example, sulfate is expected to control run length for anion exchange (Figure 8), which is
deemed "nonviabte" for arsenic removal when raw water sulfate concentrations are greater than 120 ppm. On this
basis, anion exchange is not a feasible option for arsenic removal (total As > 5 ppb) (Figure 8). This will drive up costs
of the arsenic regulation since anion exchange cannot be applied at many utilities with high arsenic.
January 27,1999 I-25 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-03 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 1
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Mining activities expose arsenic-containing coals or ores, and smelting processes discharge arsenic wastes into
natural water systems. Arsenic can also be introduced to the environment through application of arsenical pesticides.
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-05 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Pagett 2
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Only one out of 189 surface water samples exceeded the current Arsenic MCL while four out of 239 groundwater
samples did so. If the arsenic MCL were lowered to 2 ppb, more than 28% of the sampled utilities would exceed the
standard.
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-06 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Pagett 2-3
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Paniculate As was more significant than previously suspected and more dominant in groundwater than in surface
water. In fact, 16% of the groundwater utilities could achieve 90% arsenic removal simply by filtering paniculate As
from the raw water. In contrast, surface water utilities could only achieve 80% As removal by filtration at maximum.
Coagulation, softening, or anion exchange removes As(V), which was more than half the total arsenic in 40% of the
surface waters and ground waters. As(lll), the most toxic and difficult to treat soluble arsenic species, dominated
(>50% of the total arsenic) in only 25% of the surface waters or groundwaters. The concentrations of As(lll) reported
in this work are probably an upper bound to the actual concentrations of As(lll) present in samples due to
interferences from arsenic colloids. Thus, As(lll) concentrations appear low in U.S. drinking waters.
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-10 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Otter Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 4
Co-Occurrence?'Yes Co-Occurrence Notes sulfate
Notes While sulfate is not expected to significantly affect activated alumina performance, the run length is primarily a function
of influent As concentrations (Figure 1). For more than 80% of the waters surveyed, activated alumina is predicted to
treat more than 20,000 bed volumes before 10% arsenic breakthrough. About 20-30% of the waters surveyed would
have benefited from overall total dissolved solids (TDS) reduction and arsenic removal by RP (Figure 9). Although RO
treatment efficiency is not controlled by TDS, costs increase markedly in higher TDS waters. An overall cost
comparison of RO, anion exchange, and activated alumina will be completed soon by examining these results.
Final Draft I-26 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-01 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Constituent Species Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 1
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Paniculate arsenic is much more significant and widespread than previously suspected. As(V) dominates soluble
arsenic occurrence in most U.S. drinking waters, whereas As (III) is of relatively low significance. Additional benefits
may be realized by utilities installing conventional water treatment to remove arsenic since arsenic-containing waters
also tend to contain high hardness or soluble Fe and Mn.
Article ID 6 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 06-02 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 1
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes \
Notes Naturally occurring arsenic is associated with sedimentary rocks, weathered volcanic rocks, and geothermal water.
Article ID 7 Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Contey \
Notecard # 07-06 Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
Tioyuc Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1995
Constituent Microbes Page* 1592
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes It should be noted that while farms and human sewage contribute to the level of parasites in rivers and lakes, there are
other sources, such as the natural fauna, which are also important Elucidation of the relative importance of each
source would require involved mass balance calculations, and the relative importance of each source would probably
vary with individual waterways.
Article ID 7 Author States, Stanley. Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley
Notecard # 07-02 Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
F0/uc Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1995
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page it 1591
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes giardia
Notes Monitoring of the dairy farm stream (table 2) revealed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in 69% and 77%
of the monthly samples, respectively. Mean densities were similar for both parasites and generally higher than ambient
densities in the Allegheny indicating that the stream is a potential source of parasites to the river. The dairy farm
studied in this survey was chosen for its proximity to the city and not for its size (only 20-25 cattle). It is expected that
a larger farm might yield higher parasite numbers and perhaps even more Cryptosporidium oocysts.
January 27,1999 1-27 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 7 Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadteiman, Denise
Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley
Notecardft 07-03 Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1995
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 1591
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes giardia
Notes Monthly analysis of treated effluent from a sewage plant, utilizing secondary treatment, revealed the presence of
Cryptosporidium oocysts in 27% of the samples ... And the occurrence of Giardia cysts in 80% of the samples...
(Table 2). The greater prevalence and concentration of Giardia in treated sewage may reflect the chronic shedding of
cysts by people asymptomaticalty infected with the Giardia parasite. These results suggest that human sewage, while
contributing Cryptosporidium to natural bodies of water, may be even more important as a source of Giardia cysts.
Article ID 7 Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley
Notecard # 07-04 Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
Topic SouTce(&) - Anthropogenic Date 1995
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page it 1592
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes giardia ,
Notes In addition to monitoring treated sewage discharged into the Allegheny River, a limited attempt was made to evaluate
the impact of CSOs (combined sewer overflows) (table 3)... The CSO data in this study, one from a grab sample and
the other from a composite, both indicate the presence of high levels of Cryptosporidium and even higher levels of
Giardia. These results reflect the large concentration of protozoa in raw sewage and suggest that CSOs are an
important source of parasite contamination that merits further study.
Article ID 7 Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley
Notecard # 07-08 Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic Date 1995
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 1594-1595
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia
Notes The following conclusions are drawn from the results of this study:
1.) Giardia and Cryptosporidium are frequently present in river water with Cryptosporidium typically being somewhat
more prevalent and present in higher numbers.
2.) Dairy farms are a source of parasites into natural waterways. Treated sewage, but [particularly untreated
sewage, is also a source, especially for Giardia.
3.) Conventional drinking water plant clarification and filtration can completely eliminate passage of Giardia cysts into
the finished water supply. However, small numbers of Cryptosporidium may occasionally pass through the treatment
plant even in the absence of obvious treatment problems.
4.) Filter backwash water can contain significant numbers of parasites, especially Cryptosporidium. That these
numbers are high, relative to levels typically observed in the raw source water, suggests that recycling of backwash
water is a potential source of contamination to the treatment plant intake.
Final Draft I-28 January 27.1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID!
Notecardti 07-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Cryptosporidium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley
Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
Date 1995
Page# 1590-1591
Co-Occurrence Notes giardia
Notes Parasites were observed at approximately the same occurrence rates in the Allegheny and Youghiogheny Rivers
(Allegheny: Giardia - 60%, Cryptosporidium = 73%; Youghiogheny: Giardia - 67%, Cryptosporidium = 80%
occurrence). The mean densities were also similar. However, in both rivers, Cryptosporidium oocysts were generally
more frequently detected, and at higher densities, than were Giardia cysts... These results... Are similar to earlier
findings by other investigators.
Article ID 7
Notecard* 07-07
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Cryptosporidium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley
Tale Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
Date 1995
Page* 1594
Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia
Notes Table 5 summarizes the results of monthly assays of filter backwash water. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected
in over 50% of the samples while Giardia cysts were observed in only 13% of the samples. The less frequent
occurrence of Giardia may be the result of better removal of the larger Giardia cysts in the preceding plant clarification
process. Comparison of the mean density of Cryptosporidium oocysts in backwash water (table 5) with oocyst
densities in untreated river water (table 4) indicates that parasite levels in backwash water are substantially higher.
This suggests that the practice of recycling untreated filter backwash water can constitute a significant source of
parasites, especially Cryptosporidium, to the plant intake.
Article ID!
Notecard # 07-05
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Cryptosporidium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley
Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
Date 1995
Page it 1592
Co-Occurrence Notes giardia
Notes Furthermore, comparison of Giardia and Cryptosporidium numbers observed in effluent from secondary sewage
treatment (table 2) and diluted raw sewage (table 3) indicates the extent to which conventional sewage treatment is
important for controlling parasite levels in natural bodies of water.
January 27,1999
I-29
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 8
Notecard# 08-05
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Date May 1996
Page# 3
Co-Occurrence Notes
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Notes Water from 6 of the 94 shallow wells (6.4 percent) contained nitrate concentrations higher than 10 mg/L
Nitrate was not detected, at a detection limit of 0.05 mg/L. in 43 percent of the shallow wells.
In contrast to the wells with not detectable nitrate, samples from 29 percent of the shallow wells had nitrate
concentrations higher than 3.0 mg/L.
Article ID 8
Notecard* 08-06
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Date May 1996
Page* 3
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The paired wells in the fluvial deposits show stratification of nitrate concentration with depth (fig. 4). The concentration
of nitrate in samples from six of the shallow wells was higher than the concentration in the corresponding deep well.
IN the remaining three well pairs, no nitrate was detected in samples from either well... Nitrate concentrations are
typically higher at the top of the water table than at depth, in part because most nitrate sources originate at the land
surface (Hallberg and Keeney, 1993). Nitrate concentrations tend to decrease with depth as recharge water
containing nitrate moves downward and mixes with water that is lower in nitrate. Stratification of nitrate
concentrations with depth also is influenced by the availability of dissolved oxygen. As dissolved oxygen
concentrations decrease with depth, loss of nitrate by denitrification is enhanced.
Article ID 8
Notecardn 08-09
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Date May 1996
Page# 4
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentrations were below the detection limit in samples from approximately 65 percent of the wells n the till
plain and 41 percent of the wells in the glacial lowland (fig. 5). Low concentrations of nitrate in ground water
underlying agricultural areas of the till plain and the glacial lowland are common where overlying clay-rich tills retard
downward movement of nitrate and oxygen into the water-bearing units. Low concentrations of dissolved-oxygen in
the ground water of the till plain and glacial lowland settings enable nitrate to be denitrified, thus lowering nitrate
concentrations.
Final Draft
1-30
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
•Article ID 8 Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Notecard # 08-08 Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date May 1996
Constituent Nitrate Page# 4
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentrations in samples from three-fourths of the shallow wells in fluvial deposits underlying urban land
were above the detection limit; however the nitrate concentration did not exceed 10 mg/L in any of the samples (fig. 5).
This widespread, low-level contamination probably is due to (1) the vulnerable nature of the fluvial deposits... And
(2) the prevalent use of lawn fertilizers in urban settings. Effluent from septic systems and leaky sewers also may
contribute lesser amounts of nitrate to the ground water in urban settings.
Article ID 8 Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Notecard # 08-07 Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date May 1996
Constituents/Unite Page it 3-4
Co-Occurrence? Ho Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The largest percentage of shallow wells with a nitrate concentration between 3.1 and 10 mg/L (42 percent) and the
largest percentage of shallow wells with a nitrate concentration higher than 10 mg/L (17 percent) were in fluvial
deposits underlying agricultural land (figs. 3,5)... Elevated nitrate concentrations are expected in water from the
fluvial deposits underlying agricultural land; the primary source of nitrate for this water is nitrogen fertilizers applied to
the land. The fluvial deposits are vulnerable to nitrate contamination because water infiltrates through them rapidly
(Seller and Ber, 1992). Rapid infiltration allows nitrate to easily move below the root zone where it is not available for
uptake by plants. In addition, rapid infiltration replenishes ground water with oxygen-rich recharge water, inhibiting
nitrate loss by denitrification.
Article ID 8 Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Notecard # 08-04 Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Topic Study Methodology Date May 1996
Constituent Nitrate Page* 3
Co-Occurrence?'Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Nitrite
Notes USGS installed 4 monitoring-well networks in the White River Basin... Designed to assess the concentrations and
distributions of nitrate in shallow, recently recharged (generally less than 10 years old) ground water in four different
environmental settings... Well locations were randomly selected... [samples were collected] from the 103 monitoring
wells in the summers of 1994 and 1995. The USGS National Water Quality Laboratory measured nitrate plus nitrite and
nitrite concentrations...
January 27,1999 1-31 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 8
Notecard# 08-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence'? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Date May 1996
Page# 1-2
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The principle land use in the [White River Basin] is agriculture (Fig. 2), which covers about 70 percent of the basin. In
1992, about 22 percent of the basin was planted in corn, and about 18 percent was planted in soybeans. Other
cropland comprises a smaller percentage of the basin and includes wheat and hay. Most of the forested land is
located in the south-central part of the basin. There is significant industrialization in the cities of Indianapolis, Muncie,
and Anderson.
Article ID 8
Notecardtt 08-02
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Date May 1996
Page* 2
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The primary source of nitrate in ground water in the White River Basin is nitrogen fertilizer. Commercial fertilizer applied
to agricultural and urban land accounts for approximately two-thirds of the estimated total nitrogen input to the basin
(Jeff Martin, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1995). Other important nonpoint sources of nitrogen in the basin
include manure, decomposing crop residues, septic systems, atmospheric deposition, and fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen (Jeff Martin, 1995).
Article ID 8
NotecardK 08-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
Indiana, 1994-95
Date May 1996
Page# 2-3
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrogen in the soil of the White River Basin commonly is in the form of nitrate. The primary mechanism for nitrate
removal from the soil is plant uptake. However, nitrate can leach downward into ground water when nitrate
concentrations in the soil exceed plant uptake. Where dissolved oxygen concentrations in ground water are low - less
than 1 mg/L (milligram per liter) - the excess nitrogen can be removed by denitrification (the biochemical conversion of
nitrate to nitrogen gas by bacteria). The potential for nitrate contamination of ground water is generally dependent on
the following factors (1) amount of fertilizer and other nitrogen sources input to the soil; (2) amount of rainfall; (3)
permeability of the surficial geologic materials; (4) depth to water, (5) depth to aquifer (for confined aquifers); and (6)
availability of dissolved oxygen in the aquifer. Ground water is most vulnerable to nitrate contamination in
coarse-textured, well-drained deposits where leaching rates are high and dissolved oxygen is present.
Final Draft
I-32
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 9 Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik
Notecard # 09-01 Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
Colorado
TYr/uc Study Methodology Date 1995
Constituent Suttate Page* 1
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes metals
Notes Water samples were collected from natural springs and streams (... Determined to be unaffected by mining) in Topeka
Gulch. Water samples also were collected from the drainage of two collapsed mines in Topeka Gulch and three mines
in Ohio Gulch... Cement Creek was sampled at the streamflow-gaging station ... Water samples were filtered...
Properties measured at each site were: pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity (if pH was greater than
4.5), and water temperature ... Water-chemistry analyses included: dissolved major ions, dissolved major and trace
metals, sulfur isotopes of dissolved sulfate, oxygen isotopes of water, and hydrogen isotopes of water.
Article ID 9 Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik
Notecard # 09-06 Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
Colorado
7io>pic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1995
Constituent Nickel Pagett 3
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes barium
Notes Mines in Topeka Gulch... Contributed 49 percent of the dissolved barium load and 60 percent of the dissolved nickel
load.
Article ID 9 Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik
Notecard # 09-05 Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
Colorado
Topic Source(s)- Natural Date 1995
Constituent Nickel PageU 3
Co-Occurrence?Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Barium
Notes Naturally occurring dissolved metals can be traced by sampling water from natural springs and streams, analyzing for
conservative constituents (constituents that remain dissolved in the water in contrast to constituents that might be
attenuated by natural processes), and comparing natural dissolved metal loads to loads in the part of the stream that is
affected by mining... This procedure was performed for Topeka Gulch; however, the analysis represents only a
snapshot of the dissolved metals during the time period of sample collection. Barium and nickel seemed to act as
conservative constituents in the study area.
Natural springs and streams in Topeka Gulch contributed 39 percent of the discharge, 51 percent of the barium load,
and 40 percent of the nickel load to the mouth of Topeka Gulch...
At the streamflow-gaging station on Cement Creek (fig. 1), natural springs and streams in Topeka Gulch contributed
0.42 percent of the discharge, 0.73 percent of the barium load, and 0.47 percent of the nickel load.
January 27,1999 1-33 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 9
Notecard# 09-07
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Sulfate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik
Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
Colorado
Date 1995
Page# 3
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In sulfide-mineralized geologic regions that have been mined, such as the Upper Animas River Basin, the oxidation of
sulfide minerals produces dissolved sulfate in natural springs and in mine drainage. In some collapsed mines, the
dissolved sulfate can be subjected to microbial reduction. The oxygen in dissolved sulfate (SO4 (2-)) can be affected
by several processes: (1) Oxidation of sulfide minerals by oxygen in ground water that has low dissolved-oxygen
concentrations (such as natural springs that have deep ground-water flow paths); (2) oxidation of sulfide minerals by
atmospheric oxygen in contact with the ore body (such as in an open mine); and (3) oxygen in dissolved sulfate
where sulfide minerals were oxidized when water first enters the old mine, then part of the sulfate was subjected to
reduction by sulfate-reducing bacteria because of the lack of atmosphere circulation to keep the system in an oxidizing
condition.
Article ID 9
Notecard# 09-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik
Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
Colorado
Date 1995
Page# 2
Co-Occurrence Notes Aluminum, iron, zinc
Notes The concentrations of dissolved aluminum, iron, and zinc were lower (attenuated) at the mouth of Topeka Gulch
compared to upper reaches. The metals could have been attenuated by natural adsorption processes by the stream
water flowing in and out of the alluvial aquifer at the lower end of the gulch. Metals could be stored in the alluvium and
possibly remobilized during high flows such as snowmelt runoff; however, this possibility was not analyzed and
warrants further investigation.
Article ID 9
Notecard# 09-03
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik
Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
Colorado
Date 1995
Page# 2
Co-Occurrence Notes Aluminum, iron, zinc
Notes During the sampling period, natural springs and streams contributed substantial dissolved metal loads (discharge times
concentration) to Topeka Gulch. Dissolved aluminum and iron loads (fig. 5) were much larger than the dissolved zinc
loads (fig. 6).
Final Draft
1-34
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 9
NotecardH 09-02
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Cattily J. Janik
Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
Colorado
Date 1995
Page # 2
Co-Occurrence Notes Aluminum, iron, zinc
Notes Concentrations of dissolved aluminum in natural springs, a natural stream, and mines in Topeka and Ohio Gulches
ranged from 7 to 22,000 micrograms per liter (ug/L) and concentrations of dissolved iron ranged from 3,600 to 78,000
ug/L. Concentrations of dissolved zinc ranged from 6 to 7,440 ug/L. Water from natural springs and streams had similar
aluminum, iron, and zinc concentrations compared to water from mines in Topeka and Ohio Gulches.
Article ID 9
Notecardtt 09-08
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik
Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
Colorado
Date 1995
Page# 4
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Water from natural springs and streams in Topeka Gulch... Had high concentrations of dissolved metals during the
low-flow period of September-October 1994. Natural sources contributed substantial dissolved metal loads to the
mouth of Topeka Gulch, and natural sources in Topeka Gulch contributed measurable dissolved metal loads to Cement
Creek.
Article ID W
Notecardtt 10-03
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Microbes
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
Jonathan D. Pollen
Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium pan/urn and
Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope
Date August 12-16,1996
Page* 497
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Giardia cysts are introduced into the water supply by human or animal excreta. There are several animal reservoirs of
Giardia, including beaver, muskrat, bears and dogs.
Article ID 10
Notecard# 10-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Cryptosporidium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
Jonathan D. Pollen
Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and
Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope
Date August 12-16,1996
PageH 503-504
Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia
Notes The only occurrence of Giardia was associated with the spring thaw, while Cryptosporidium showed two occurrence
intervals, spring thaw and shortly after the return of the ice cover
Samples showed significantly higher turbidity and total particle counts during wind events in which the water quality
was influenced by benthic sediments being stirred up into the water column by wind and wave action. The data
shows no direct correlation (r = 0.1) between higher turbidity and higher Giardia or Cryptosporidium counts.
January 27,1999
I-35
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 10 Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
Jonathan D. Pollen
Notecard # 10-04 Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and
Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope
Topic Study Methodology Date August 12-16,1996
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 501-503
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes microbes
Notes A raw water sampling and analysis program was completed for nine fresh water sources located near the North
Slope Borough (MSB) villages of Atqasuk, Kaktovik, Nuiqsut, Point Hope, Point Lay and Wainwright... A total of 8 lakes
and one river in six villages were sampled ...
The second project was with the Barrow Utilities and Electric Co-Operative (BUECI) which operates the drinking water
treatment plant in Barrow. The raw water supply is taken from the Isatkoak Reservoir which is located between the
City of Barrow and its suburb, Browervilte. The reservoir is fed mainly from snow melt and tundra runoff during the
spring thaw... Samples were collected on a monthly basis to obtain a twelve month picture of how the protozoan
population fluctuated throughout the seasons. Figure 9 outlines the results in the Isatkoak Reservoir for Giardia and
Cryptosporidium.
Article ID 10 Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
Jonathan D. Pollen
Notecard # 10-01 Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and
Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date August 12-16,1996
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 496
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Ingestion of drinking water contaminated with viable oocysts is a major mode of transmission for humans.
Cryptosporidium is introduced to the water supply via animal excreta containing oocysts. Important reservoirs of the
oocysts include cattle, sheep, and pigs...
Direct contact with infected animals, particularly calves and lambs, can cause illness in exposed persons. Uncooked,
contaminated food can also cause infections.
Article ID 10 Author Pollen. Michael R. and Cindy L. Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
Jonathan D. Pollen
Notecard # 10-02 Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and
Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date August 12-16,1996
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page if 496
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Cryptosporidium is also found in wild animal populations. The organism is most prevalent in ruminants, such as deer,
elk, and caribou and is found primarily in neonates of those species.
Final Draft I-36 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 11 Author Segars, William I.
Notecard # 11-02 Title Nitrates in Groundwater: Some Facts on Occurrence
Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic Date August 1995
Constituent Nitrate Page* 24
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes High nitrate levels in ground water can arise from a variety of agricultural and nonagricultural activities. Primary
agricultural sources of N include fertilizer use, animal waste and breakdown of residual N in soils and crop residues.
Non-agricultural sources such as nitrate-bearing minerals, septic tanks and municipal or organic wastes may also
contribute to occurrences of nitrates in ground water. Regardless of the source, NO3-N can accumulate in subsurface
soil horizons or leach into ground water if the unused N exceeds that removed by crops.
Article ID 11 Author Segars, William I.
Notecard # 11-03 Title Nitrates in Groundwater. Some Facts on Occurrence
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date August 1995
Constituent Nitrate Page# 24
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Areas most at risk for groundwater contamination generally have sandy, highly permeable soils with little organic
matter, have sufficient rainfall or irrigation to promote deep leaching and are located over shallow, unconfined aquifers.
Thus, site-specific conditions determine the likelihood of leaching.
Article ID 11 Author Segars, William I.
Notecard # 11-01 Title Nitrates in Groundwater. Some Facts on Occurrence
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date August 1995
Constituent Nitrate Page if 24
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes One obvious question is how do the nitrates reach groundwater? The answer is primarily by leaching. Organic N or
ammoniacal (NH4+) sources are converted to (NO3-N) by a process called nitrification. Because the NO3-N ion has a
negative charge it is not attracted to negatively charged clays. Thus, any NO3-N not utilized by plants or denitrified
(converted to gas) by microorganisms, can be leached into groundwater.
Article ID 11 Author Segars, William I.
Notecard # 11-04 Title Nitrates in Groundwater Some Facts on Occurrence
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date August 1995
Constituent Nitrate Page# 25
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Our studies in Georgia have shown that the wells most frequently found contaminated have one or all of the following
characteristics: (1) are shallow (<50 ft. deep), (2) are old (>30 years), (3) are located down slope from nitrogen
sources, (4) have unprotected well-heads that allow entrance of surface water, and (5) are not grouted or properly
cased.
January 27,1999 I-37 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 12
Notecard# 12-05
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Page if 18
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The frequency of herbicide detection in near-surface aquifers was statistically related to crop irrigation. Water
samples from wells located within 3.2 km of irrigated crops had almost double the frequency of herbicide detection
(35%) than was observed in water samples from wells without nearby irrigation (19%). Irrigation potentially could
provide leaching of chemicals from the land surface to the aquifer throughout the growing season.
Article ID 12
Notecardti 12-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Page# 16-17
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Herbicides were detected much more frequently in water from unconsolidated aquifers than in water from bedrock
aquifers (Kolpin et. al., 1994). Unconsolidated aquifers may be more susceptible to herbicide contamination because:
(a) there is a general absence of overlying low-permeability material. Seventy-eight percent of the unconsolidated
aquifers sampled, compared to only 48% of the bedrock aquifers sampled, were unconfined;
(b) unconsolidated aquifers in the study region have a planar geometry that is typically long and narrow. In this
geometry, flow paths are generally local with surface-recharge areas in proximity to wells. Conversely, bedrock
aquifers typically are more extensive laterally and contain more regional flow paths;
(c) most of the unconsolidated aquifers sampled are alluvial in origin and thus a hydraulic connection between the
stream and the aquifer may exist. Streams in the midcontinent have much higher concentrations of herbicides than
groundwater (Thurma et. al., 1992). Therefore, recharge to aquifers from streamflow could be a source of herbicide
contamination (Squillace et al., 1993).
Article ID 12
Notecardt 12-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Pageti 15-16
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes A direct relation was determined between tritium content (indicative of the general age of the water) and herbicide
contamination. Groundwater having a tritium content of <2 Tritium units (TU) is considered to be generally pre-1953 in
age ("old" water). The frequency of herbicide detection is the greatest in the youngest water (Fig. 3). Obviously the
general age of the water does not cause herbicide contamination, but simply identifies an aquifer's susceptibility to
contamination by indicating the presence of post-1953 recharge water. Herbicides were not detected (at the 0.05 ug/L
level) in aquifers which contained pre-1953 water. This age of water predates the first use of the target herbicides to
improve crop yields in the midcontinent. However, when an analytical method with much lower reporting limits (down
to 0.002 ug/L) was used, a small percentage o the aquifers which contained pre-1953 water were found to contain
trace amounts of herbicides (from 0.003 to 0.009 ug/L atrazine). This discrepancy might be caused by small amounts
of post-1953 water contaminated with herbicides entering and mixing within an aquifer or well through preferential
flowpaths and cause trace concentrations of herbicides to be detected, but still not identify the general age of the
water as post-1953. Aquifers found to contain 'Very recent" water indicated a high susceptibility to herbicide
contamination, with almost 80% of these aquifers containing at least one herbicide or herbicide metabolite.
Final Draft
I-38
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 12
Notecard# 12-02
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Page if 15
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Twenty-seven different pesticide compounds have been detected in the 810 groundwater samples collected for this
study since 1991 ... Nearly all of the most frequently detected compounds were either herbicides or herbicide
metabolites (Table 1). Only one sample had a concentration (alachlor = 4.27 ug/L) that exceeded a USEPA maximum
contaminant level for drinking water...
Six of the seven most frequently detected compounds from this study were herbicide metabolites (Table 1). Thus.
herbicide metabolites are being transported to aquifers and, in some cases, are more persistent and mobile than the
parent compound. For example, the alachlor metabolite ethansulphonic acid (ESA) was found more then 10 times as
frequently and at much higher concentrations than alachlor itself. Consequently, if herbicide metabolites are not
quantified, the effects of herbicide use on groundwater quality would be substantially underestimated.
Article ID 12
Notecardn 12-09
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Page it 19
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentration has a strong direct relation to dissolved oxygen concentration (Fig. 5). The larger the dissolved
oxygen concentration in the aquifer, the more likely that a sample would have excess nitrate. This relation was
expected because nitrate is the dominant nitrogen species under oxidizing conditions and ammonium is the dominant
nitrogen species under reducing conditions. The presence of hydrogen-sulphide odour during sampling indicates a
strongly reducing environment, which is reflected by a few samples having nitrate concentrations >= 0.05 mg/L and by
no samples having nitrate concentrations >=3.0 mg/L
Article ID 12
Notecard# 12-08
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Page# 19
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentrations were not uniformly distributed in water in near-surface aquifers across the midcontinent (Fig.
4). Concentrations were generally higher in the western portion of the study region than in the eastern portion.
Because nitrogen-fertilizers are used intensively throughout the study region, the spatial patterns in chemical use alone
are not enough to explain spatial patterns in nitrate occurrence. Other factors affecting nitrate contamination such as
the type of soil, climate, irrigation, and type of aquifer also need to be considered to explain the spatial patterns in
nitrate occurrence.
January 27,1999
1-39
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 12
Notecard# 12-07
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Page# 18-19
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate contamination in near-surface aquifers was evaluated in terms of hydrogeologic setting. Nitrate contamination
was more prevalent in unconsolidated aquifers than in the bedrock aquifers sampled. The median nitrate concentration
was 0.94 mg/L for unconsolidated aquifers and <0.05 mg/L for bedrock aquifers (Kolpin et al., 1994). About 90% of the
nitrate concentrations exceeding the maximum contaminant level for drinking water occurred in samples from
unconsolidated aquifers.
Article ID 12
Notecard* 12-06
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Page# 18
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate was found at a greater frequency than herbicides because it can be derived from many natural and
anthropogenic sources. Nitrate concentrations were >= 0.05 mg/L in 61% and >=3.0 mg/L in 30% of the 810 water
samples collected for analysis. Nitrate exceeded the USEPA's maximum contaminant level for drinking water (10 mg/L
in 7% of the samples.
A relation was determined between the age of groundwater, based on the tritium content, and nitrate concentrations
>= 3.0 mg/L (Fig. 3). Almost half of the aquifers determined to contain "very recent" water had nitrate concentrations
>= 3.0 mg/L (excess nitrate), a value suggested as a division between natural and human sources of nitrate (Madison
& Brunett, 1985). However, very few occurrences of excess nitrate were found when the tritium content was < 10
TU.
Article ID 12
Notecard# 12-01
Topic Study Methodology
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
Midcontinental USA
Date 1995
Page# 14
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes To better understand the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in groundwater, the US Geological Survey (USGS)
designed a monitoring network that was geographically and hydrogeologically representative of near-surface aquifers
in the com- and soybean-producing region of the midcontinental USA. Near-surface aquifers are defined as those
being within 15 m of the land surface. In 1991, and well-selection strategy was used to selected 303 sampling sites
distributed throughout 12 states (Fig. 1). This network was used to develop a regional data base from which spatial
and statistical comparisons of agricultural chemical occurrence could be made (Kolpin & Burkart, 1991). The
consistency of the site selection, sampling protocol, laboratory methods, time of sampling, and ancillary data collection
for this study allowed fora unique investigation of the regional hydrogeologic, spatial, and seasonal distribution of
agricultural chemicals in near-surface aquifers of the midcontinent.
Final Draft
1-40
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 13
Notecard# 13-04
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Milvy, Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for
Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Date 1990
Page# 3-4
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Although radionuclides in drinking water are found throughout the United States, certain geographic areas have
particularly high levels. The highest levels of radon are observed in the New England states and in the
Virginia-Maryland region High levels of radium in drinking water are measured in the Piedmont region of North Carolina,
in South Carolina and Georgia, the mid-western area of Iowa, northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, and the four
corners region in the West. The highest levels of uranium are found in the mountainous regions of the Western United
States.
Article ID K
Notecard# 13-03
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Radon
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Milvy, Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for
Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Date 1990
Page # 3
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Radon in drinking water is found only in groundwater supplies (the insoluble radon gas quickly degasses in surface
water supplies). Smaller water supplies tend to take their water from smaller aquifers, which, in general, have larger
granular surface areas and, thus, higher concentrations of radon ... It is expected, based upon this trend as well as
additional limiting sampling, that radon occurrences in private wells will be a factor of three to ten times higher than
concentrations measured in public drinking water supplies. '
Article ID K
Notecardn 13-02
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Radium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Milvy, Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for
Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Date 1990
Page it 2
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Although the occurrence of Ra(226) and Ra(228) are independent (they occur in two different radioactive series), in
general their nationwide distributions with respect to concentration are somewhat similar.
Article ID 13
Notecard# 13-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Milvy. Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for
Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Date 1990
Page* 1
Co-Occurrence Notes radon
Notes The radionuclides in drinking water are members of three natural radioactive series. These are the uranium series, the
thorium series, and the actinium series. The specific elements of concern are radium (Ra), radon (Rn), and uranium (U).
The isotopes in the uranium series that may pose a health risk because of their presence in drinking water are U(238),
U(234), Ra(226), and Rn(222). Radium-228, which occurs in the Thorium series, is also found in drinking water. Very
few of the other isotopes in these series have been detected in drinking water. Recently, however, polonium-210 has
been detected in the drinking water of east central Florida.
January 27,1999
1-41
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard # 30-03 Title Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Other Date November 10,1997
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-1
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Of the 38 samples that had Giardia or Cryptosporidium detections, only 9 (24 percent) had both Giardia and
Cryptosporidium present. This low percentage of concurrence may be indicative of the absence of either protozoa in
the source water, an artifact of imprecise analytical methods for these organisms, analyst expertise, or perhaps
different transport mechanisms for these two protozoa. These data suggest that both cysts and oocysts should be
analyzed for when evaluating risk of surface water influence.
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard # 30-02 Title Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date November 10,1997
Constituent Microbes Page it 1-5
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Hancock et al. (in press) found that there was no correlation between the distance of the ground water source to
adjacent surface water and the occurrence of either Giardia of Cryptosporidium. '
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard # 30-04 Title Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Other Date November 10,1997
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-4
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Generally, the concentrations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium were higher in vertical wells than in horizontal wells.
However, fewer horizontal wells were tested than vertical wells.
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard # 30-06 Title Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date November 10,1997
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-7
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium breakthroughs in wells deeper than 300 feet BGS appear to be influenced by the
hydrogeologic settings of well sites. Four of the five wells deeper than 300 feet were located in karst settings; no
hydrogeologic data are available on one well.
Final Draft I-42 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 30
Notecard# 30-01
Topic Other
Constituent Microbes
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author SAIC
Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Date November 10,1997
Page* 1-5
Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Most recently, Hancock et al. (in press), on a study of 383 ground water samples found that the presence of Giardia
correlated with the presence of Cryptosporidium. The presence of both pathogens correlated with the amount of
sample examined but not with the month of sampling. There was correlation between source depth and occurrence of
Giardia but not Cryptosporidium. There was a correlation between designated general risk categories of low,
moderate, and high and Giardia and Cryptosporidium occurrence; in fact, the probability of occurrence increased with
repeat samples.
Article ID 30
Notecardti 30-07
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Microbes
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author SAIC
Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Date November 10,1997
Page it 2-12
Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Analyses of the reported data generally suggest that most Giardia occurrences and Cryptosporidium occurrences are
within 200 feet of the nearest surface water, although 16 percent of detections (3 out of 19) were in wells beyond
the 200-foot setback distance.
Article ID 30
Notecard# 30-08
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Microbes
Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Date November 10,1997
Page# 2-10
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Sixty-three percent of Giardia detections (five out of eight detections) were reported in wells shallower than 100 feet
BGS. Two occurrences were in wells extending to 50 feet BGS, and three occurrences were in wells with depths
ranging from 51 to 100 feet BGS. Of these five wells, two were horizontal wells (24 feet BGS and 87 feet BGS)
presumably located in alluvial aquifers, one vertical well (55 feet BGS) was located in basalt, and another vertical well
(90 feet BGS) penetrated fissured bedrock. No data were available on the type of aquifer tapped by the fifth well.
Of the three remaining occurrences, two samples were collected from the same well which was located in a karst
setting.
January 27,1999
1-43
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard it 30-09 Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Date November 10,1997
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page it 2-10
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes... Cryptosporidium oocysts generally are not found in wells extending deeper than 100 feet BGS. Only two
Cryptosporidium occurrences (13 percent) were reported in wells penetrating to 50 feet BGS. However, nine out of
15 occurrences (60 percent) were in wells between 51 feet BGS and 100 feet BGS. The two horizontal wells were
present in this well depth range. One well, extending to 55 feet BGS, is located in basalt while four other wells are
located in alluvial aquifers. Data regarding aquifer type were not obtained for the remaining well sites.
Four wells with reported Cryptosporidium detections (27 percent) were deeper than 100 feet BGS. Of these, one
wells was 110 feet BGS and the other three were greater than 350 feet BGS. No hydrogeologic data were available
for the shallowest well (110 feet) or the deepest well (450 feet BGS). Both of the other two deep wells extend to 385
feet BGS, are located in karst terrain, and are hydraulically connected to each other.
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard it 30-10 Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date November 10,1997
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-15
Co-Occurrence? No Co-occurrence Notes
Notes Three Giardia occurrences (43 percent) were present in wells located within 50 feet of the nearest surface water.
The wells in this range were the sites of the highest and lowest Giardia cyst concentrations and included both
horizontal wells. The third site was a vertical well located in fissured bedrock.
Three other Giardia occurrences (43 percent) were reported in two vertical wells (two occurrences in the same well)
located at setback distances between 51 and 100 feet of the nearest surface water. The well with two occurrences
was located in karst and the other was drilled into basalt.
Giardia cysts (two per 100 gallons) also were found in a vertical well 360 feet away from the nearest surface water
and 29 feet deep BGS. No data are available on the type of aquifer penetrated by the well.
Final Draft 1-44 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecardti 30-11 Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date November 10,1997
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page it 2-15
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Five Cryptosporidium occurrences (36 percent) were in wells within 50 feet of the nearest surface water. Both
horizontal wells were present in this category. Two of the remaining three vertical wells were located in alluvial
aquifers. The highest Cryptosporidium concentration (1,453 oocysts per 100 gallons) was reported in the vertical well
for which no data are available on the type of aquifer tapped.
Six samples collected from wells located between 51 and 100 feet of the nearest surface water or 43 percent of the
data set had positive Cryptosporidium detections. Two occurrences were in wells located in karst, and one well was
located in basalt. All other occurrences were in alluvial wells, except for one site for which no data are available.
The two anomalous points in the data set represented wells located at 1,000 feet and 26,400 feet from the nearest
surface water body. Cryptosporidium concentrations at these sites were 1 oocyst per 100 gallons and 30 oocysts
per 100 gallons respectively. According to Ledbetter (undated), the well which is at a setback distance of 1,000 feet
is located in alluvium, and it may have been inundated by floods prior to sampling. The Cryptosporidium detection is
suspected to be the result of surface water contamination at the well discharge point. No hydrogeologic information is
available for the second well.
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard # 30-12 Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the'
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Other Date November 10,1997
Constituent Microbes Page# 3-2
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Scatter plots and distribution tables of MPA data by well depth indicate that many of the "high risk" samples are present
at depths less than 100 feet BGS. Most Giardia and Cryptosporidium occurrences are reported at depths between 51
feet BGS and 100 feet BGS.
January 27,1999 MS Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard# 30-13 Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Other Date November 10,1997
Constituent Microbes Page# 3-3
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Data indicate that a higher number of occurrences are associated with the traditionally wet months of the spring
(March, April, and May) and with the late Autumn/early Winter months (October, November, December and January).
In July, a traditionally dry month, there are no Giardia or Cryptosporidium occurrences and relatively few high risk MPA
scores.
However, high precipitation periods may not correspond to the periods of highest aquifer recharge or induced
recharge from surface water. Specific hydrogeological studies to obtain data on aquifer recharge need to be
conducted at each site. Other factors that may also affect such evaluations include precipitation variations relating to
geographical sample locations and sample collection times, analytical limitations, and pathogen releases through
surface runoff which are not linked to the seasonal variations. In addition, this study focuses on a small subset of
data from horizontal and vertical wells with high MPA scores or protozoa occurrence. As such, this subset is not
representative of the data required to evaluate the time and frequency of MPA sampling.
Article ID 30 Author SAIC
Notecard # 30-05 Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
Topic Other Date November 10,1997
Constituent Microbes Page* 2-7
Co-Occurrence^ Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Generally, the distribution table and plots indicate that Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were most frequently
found in wells less than 100 feet BGS [Below Ground Surface]... In addition, most positive detections were at depths
ranging from greater than 50 feet BGS to 100 feet BGS and were in wells located in alluvium.
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard #31-10 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent Hitrate Page# 219
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Atrazine was found to co-occur with nitrate and with atrazine metabolites... For nitrate, 94% of atrazine positive
samples were positive for nitrate, while only 34% of atrazine non-detects were positive for nitrate.
Final Draft 1-46 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard #31-04 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent Hitrate Page ft 207
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes.. .the issue of atrazine co-occurring with nitrate. Generally, these contaminants may be expected to co-occur
because of the co-occurrence of causal factors: use of herbicides and fertilizers in agricultural settings in Iowa,
hydro-geologic and well conditions conducive to leaching, and contaminant properties conducive to leaching.
Regarding the latter, nitrate does not degrade and is highly soluble in water while atrazine is moderately persistent and
slightly soluble.
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard #31-05 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent Nitrate Page# 207
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes An increased frequency of nitrate in the A+ [wells that tested positive for atrazine (versus a random sample)] wells
was observed in this study; 15 of 16 (94%) A+ wells had at least one monthly sample above 10 mg/L as compared to
34 of 67 (51%) 10% [a random population] wells (p<0.01; Chi-squared test). IN addition, the average yearly nitrate
concentrations found in nitrate positive wells from the 10% population (median = 6.0 mg/L), were significantly lower
than the average yearly nitrate concentrations (median = 14.1 mg/L) found in the nitrate positive A-*- wells (p<0.05,
Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Finally, among those wells with nitrate levels above 10 mg/L at any month, the median
average yearly nitrate concentration was greater in the A+ population, 19.3 mg/L, than in the 10% population, 12.6
mf/L; this difference was not statistically significant, however.
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard #31-06 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Otter Date September 1997
Constituent Nitrate Pageti 207
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The increased prevalence of nitrate in wells with atrazine is also evident from examining the 10% population by itself.
Four of 7 (57%) wells positive for atrazine had nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (at least once) compared to 11 of 60
(18%) of atrazine negative wells (p = 0.02, Chi-square test). Also, the average yearly nitrate concentrations in these 7
wells in the 10% population were higher (median = 8.9 mg/L) than the average yearly concentrations (median = 0.0
mg/L) in the 60 wells without atrazine (p = 0.07, Wilcoxon rank-sum test).
January 27,1999 1-47 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard # 31-07 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent Nitrate PageK 208
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The issue of co-occurrence of nitrate and atrazine can also be examined at the level of the sample... A total of 1757
unique samples are included in the final TVAC [Temporal Variability of Atrazine Contamination] data base with nitrate
results... Of these, 1279 were eventually assigned values of non-detect and 478 were deemed positive for atrazine.
The rate of occurrence of nitrate in the atrazine non-detect subset was 34% and the average nitrate concentration for
those occurrences was 11.2 mg/L (median =4.4 mg/L; non-detects = 0.0). In contrast, the rate of occurrence of nitrate
in the atrazine positive subset was 94% with an average concentration of 24.1 mg/L (median = 13.3 mg/L; non-detect
= 0.0).
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard # 31-03 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent Nitrate Page if 203
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Scribner et al. (1994) have clearly demonstrated that, for surface waters, herbicides like atrazine have peak
occurrence frequencies and concentrations in the spring. This occurs because herbicide soil levels are highest near
the time of peak agricultural applications, which is in the spring, and because spring rains lead to high surface runoff.
This type of seasonal trend does not appear to occur with atrazine or nitrate in drinking water wells.
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard # 31-01 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent Nitrate Page if 202
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate was also more prevalent in the A+ population [wells that tested positive for atrazine (compared to welte in
random sample that tested positive for atrazine)], 15 of 16 (94%) wells contained nitrate, and 10 of 16 (63%) had at
least one occurrence above the MCL of 10 mg/L.
Final Draft 1-48 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard #31-02 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent mate Page# 203
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes A similar lack of seasonal pattern is seen for nitrate in both the 10% [random] and the A+ [wells that tested positive for
atrazine] populations. For the 10% population, the range of positive wells [wells in which nitrate occurs at least once
above the detection limit over the course of the sampling] and of wells showing an occurrence above 10 mg/L was
68-73%, and 10-18%, respectively. The A+ wells were more impacted by nitrate than the 10% population, but the
ranges of positive wells and wells showing an occurrence above 10 mg/L were also narrow at 73-81% and 38-60%,
respectively.
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard #31-09 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent Nitrate Page* 219
Co-Occurrence? Ho Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes There does not appear to be any seasonal variation in the results from the TVAC study as measured by an analysis of
monthly sampling from either population of wells studied, 10% or A+, and from either contaminant studied, atrazine or
nitrate.
Article ID 31 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
Notecard # 31-08 Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
Topic Other Date September 1997
Constituent Nitrate Page it 218
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The occurrence frequency for a well found positive for atrazine at least once during the year in the 10% [random]
population is 10.4%, and the average concentration in those positive wells is 0.10 ug/l About half of the 10%
population had positive occurrences of nitrate; the mean concentration in these positive wells was 12.5 mg/L (median
6.6 mg/L).
Article ID 32 Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
Notecard # 32-02 Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
Topic Constituent Species Date October 1997
Constituent Arsenic Page# 103
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes As occurs in both inorganic and organic forms in natural water. Inorganic As may be present in the +V oxidation state
as arsenate or in the +III oxidation state as arsenite. Both arsenate and arsenite occur in several protonated forms; at
near-neutral pH, the predominant species are H2AsO4(-) and HAsO4(2-) for arsenate and H3AsO3 for arsenite.
Organic As species occur in natural water both as a result of in situ production (biomethylation) and through the
application of organoarsenical pesticides.
January 27,1999 I-49 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 32
Notecard# 32-03
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
Date October 1997
Page it 103
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Concentrations of As vary considerably in natural water supplies. In rivers, total As concentrations range from <1 to
40 ug/L with As occurring predominantly as inorganic species. In lakes, methylated species may account for up to 60
percent of the total As concentration. Very elevated As concentrations have been reported in alkaline lakes (17 mg/L
in Mono Lake, Calif., and 0.1 mg/L in Pyramid Lake) and in alluvial groundwater (up to 0.4 mg/L).
Article ID 32
Notecardtt 32-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
Date October 1997
Page* 103
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenate is the thermodynamically stable form of inorganic As in oxic water and generally predominates in surface
water. Arsenite is favored under reducing conditions and is commonly observed in anoxic hypolimnetic water and
reduced groundwater. Observed coexistence of the oxidized and reduced forms is attributable to a combination of the
biological production of arsenite and slow oxidation kinetics and indicates that simple equilibrium calculations are
insufficient to explain As speciation. Oxidation of arsenite to arsenate is thermodynamically favorable in oxic water.
Manganese oxides appear to be important oxidants of arsenite in natural water.
Article ID 32
Notecard# 32-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
Date October 1997
Page# 102
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes A recent study on As occurrence in the United States suggests that groundwater systems in the Southwest will be
the most affected by adoption of a new standard for As in drinking water.
Article ID 33
Notecard # 33-01
Topic Other
Constituent Microbes
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
Title Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
Date 1995
Page # 216
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes According to the whole data set, no correlation between conforms and bacteriophage groups was observed;
nevertheless a good correlation was found while site grouping was performed.
Final Draft
1-50
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 33 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
Notecard # 33-02 Title Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution Date 1995
Constituent Microbes Page# 217
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Coliforms and Bacteria
Notes.. .the equivalent sites positive for coliforms and fecal coliforms were also positive for one or a combination of the
three bacteriophages tested. In addition some places were positive for bacteriophages without coliforms or fecal
coliforms present.
Article ID 33 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
Notecard # 33-03 Title Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
Topic Other Date 1995
Constituent Microbes, Page* 217
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes.. .a higher frequency of bacteriophage isolation from well water supply compared with lake and spring sources.
Article ID 33 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
Notecard # 33-04 Title Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
Top/cOmer Date 1995
Constituent Microbes Page# 218
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Coliforms and bacteria
Notes Coliforms were present at those sites presented here concomitantly with bacteriophages.
Article ID 33 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
Notecard # 33-05 Title Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
Topic Other Date 1995
Constituent Microbes Page it 218
Co-Occurrence? No • Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Well water was found more frequently to harbour bacteriophages possibly showing local surface contamination.
January 27,1999 1-51 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 34
Notecard# 34-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wyszomirski, P. and J. Zarebski
Title Uranium in Kaolins and Co-occurring Mining Waters of Some
Lower Silesian Kaolin Pits (Poland)
Date
Page# 121
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The uranium content in some Lower Silesian kaolins is higher than the average in clayey rocks amounting to ca. 4.2
ppm. This fact has been stated, among others, for an example of kaolins and weakly kaolinized granites exploited quite
recently from "Andrzej" open pit in Zarow. Some mining waters of this deposit are also characterized by an elevated
content of this element. The similar situation should be expected at the undertaking of exploitation of neighbouring,
"Antoni" kaolin deposit.
Article ID 34
Notecard# 34-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wyszomirski, P. and J. Zarebski
Title Uranium in Kaolins and Co-occurring Mining Waters of Some
Lower Silesian Kaolin Pits (Poland)
Date
Page# 121
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The uranium content in the studied samples from "Andrzej" open pit, determined by means of INAA (instrumental
neutron activation analysis), amounts to:
- 37+/-10 ppm - for weakly kaolinized granite
-11.3 +/- 2.6 ppm - for residual kaolin
It is possible that the reason for the elevated uranium content in these kaolins is the presence of uranium in minerals of
pegmatite veins cutting the kaolinized granite of the "Andrzej" deposit. In the weathering process, uranium of some
pegmatitic minerals undergoes the oxidation from U(4+) to U(6+) making mobile and perfectly soluble uranyl ion
[UO2](2+). The above is the probably reason for the distinctly elevated content of uranium in the mining waters of
"Andrzej" pit occurring in the direct neighbourhood of the kaolinized granite (for example ca. 0.5 ppm in samples
collected during spring periods).
Article ID 34
Notecard* 34-03
Topic Other
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wyszomirski, P. and J. Zarebski
Title Uranium in Kaolins and Co-occurring Mining Waters of Some
Lower Silesian Kaolin Pits (Poland)
Date
Page# 121
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The uranium content [in the mining waters of "Andrzej" pit] is changeable in different seasons of the year,
nevertheless, it exceeds remarkably the concentration of this element in most ground waters. The range for the
majority of them is from 5x10A-12 to 5x10*-9 mol [UO2J(2+) per litre. Moreover, in summertime, especially in the very
hot and rain-free period, when there the majority of mining waters dry up, one can observe the crystallization of
secondary sulphate minerals (e.g. copiapite) in which a remarkable concentration of uranium ion exceeding 1 wt.%
has been stated.
Final Draft
I-52
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 35
Notecard # 35-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Hering, Janet G., Pen-Yuan Chen, Jennifer Wilkie, Menachem
Elimetech, and Sun Liang
Title Arsenic Removal by Feme Chloride
Date April 1996
Page it 155
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes US drinking water supplies typically contain less than 5 ug/L arsenic. However, accurate determinations of low-level
arsenic occurrence are only now becoming available through intensive efforts by USEPA and water utilities. These
findings indicate that arsenic occurrence is highest for groundwater in the southwestern United States.
Article ID 35
Notecard # 35-02
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Hering, Janet G., Pen-Yuan Chen, Jennifer Wilkie, Menachem
Elimelech, and Sun Liang
Title Arsenic Removal by Ferric Chloride
Date April 1996
Page# 156
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Naturally elevated arsenic concentrations are common in groundwaters of the western United States, particularly in
geothermal waters and groundwaters in mining areas. Although the concentrations of arsenic in rivers and lakes are
usually low (<1-40 ug/L), higher concentrations (up to several hundred micrograms per litre) occur in surface waters
influenced by hydrothermal inputs, such as the tributaries to Lake Crowtoy in Mono County, Calif. Extremely elevated
concentrations have been reported in alkaline lakes (e.g., up to 17 mg/L in Mono Lake).
Article ID 37
Notecard # 37-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page # A1
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The ground-water flow pattern is the principal hydrologic control on the chemical character of the water. Within the
coastal Plain sediments, the proportions of clay, glauconitic sand, and calcareous material are the principal lithologic
controls over the chemistry of the water
Article ID 37
Notecard # 37-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page # A2
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In any area the main factors that control the chemical character of ground water are the dimate and vegetative cover,
the mineral composition and physical properties of the rocks and soil through which the water circulates, and the relief
of the land surface. ... Other factors that affect the chemistry of the water are physical and chemical character of
the soils through which the water percolates and the activity of microorganisms.
January 27,1999
I-53
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID XT
Notecard# 37-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page # A2
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The percentage of clay and the presence or absence of greensand [glauconrtic sand] and calcareous sediments are
believed to be the dominant controls on the chemistry of the water [of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain]... .the
general relationships and the relative amounts of clay, greensand, and calcareous sediments are representative of the
regional variations.
Article ID 37
Notecard# 37-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page# A37
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The primary controls on the dissolved-solids content of ground water are the chemical character of the water as it
enters the zone of saturation; the distribution, solubility, and adsorption capacity of the minerals in the deposits; the
porosity and permeability of rocks; and the flow path of the water.
Article ID yj
Notecard* 37-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page# A37
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes On the baste of the assumptions that chemical equilibrium has not been attained between the water and the minerals
and that an excess of soluble material is available, the dissolved-solids content of the water increases and the
chemical system tends to move closer to equilibrium as the flow path lengthens. A constant volume of water and a
decrease in grain size of soluble material will result in a higher dissolved-solids content of a particular flow path. An
increase in concentration due to smaller grain size results from two different effects: (1) the smaller grains of any
soluble material will go into solution more readily than coarse grains of the same material, and (2) the smaller grain size
causes a decrease in permeability that requires a longer residence time to traverse the same flow distance.
Therefore, in an area of fine-grained material containing abundant soluble minerals, we would expect the water to
have higher dissolved-solids content doser to the recharge area than it would have in an area of coarser sediments
containing less soluble material.
Article ID 37
Notecard* 37-06
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page # A37
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes.. .the dissolved-solids content of water in any area increases when water from a different source, containing more
dissolved ions, is introduced either by sea-water intrusion or by seepage of deeper brines.
Final Draft
I-54
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 39 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 39-05 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date
Constituent Arsenic Page# 3
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic and sulfate
Notes No apparent relations between arsenic and pH, alkalinity, or the soluble aluminum concentration were observed.
Sulfate and chloride concentrations for surface waters were much higher in waters with high arsenic than in waters
with low arsenic.
Article ID 39 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 39-06 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date
Constituent Arsenic Page# 3
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Fe and Mn in groundwater also pose a water quality concern, and 61% of high arsenic groundwaters (total As > 5
ppb) also exceeded either the secondary Fe or Mn MCL.
Article ID 39 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 39-03 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date
Constituent Arsenic Page # 2
Co-Occurrence? Ho Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Paniculate arsenic was more significant than previously suspected and more dominant in groundwater than in surface
water... As(V).. .was more than half the total arsenic in 40% of the surface waters and the groundwaters. As(lll),
the most toxic and difficult to treat soluble arsenic species, dominated (>50% of the total arsenic) in only 25% of the
surface waters or groundwaters... As(lll) concentrations appear low in U.S. drinking waters.
Article ID 39 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
Notecard it 39-04 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Other Date
Constituent Barium Page if 3
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes barium and chromium
Notes.. .Ba3(AsO4)2 was highly oversaturated in most waters. The only other solid close to saturation is CrAsO4.
January 27,1999 1-55 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 39 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 39-02 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution Date
Constituent Arsenic Page# 2
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The highest total As concentrations were found in Alabama (68 ppb) and Oklahoma (117 ppb), respectively. Only one
out of 189 surface water samples exceeded the current arsenic MCL while four out of 239 groundwater samples did
so. If the arsenic MCL were lowered to 2 ppb, more than 28% of the sampled utilities would exceed the standard.
Article ID 39 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
Notecard # 39-01 Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
TVipic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date
Constituent Arsenic Page it 1
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Naturally occurring arsenic is associated with sedimentary rocks, weathered volcanic rocks, and geothermal water.
Mining activities expose arsenic-containing coals or ores, and smelting processes discharge arsenic wastes into
natural water systems. Arsenic can also be introduced to the environment through application of arsenical pesticides.
Article ID 41 Author BMC
Notecard #41-15 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule \
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-13
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Environmental conditions contributing to the persistence of Giardia cysts are similar to those described for
Cryptosporidium in Section 2.1.5. Surface water sources are more likely to be contaminated with Giardia than are
ground water sources (Craun 1990). Marginally treated or untreated surface water supplies result in high risk of
transmitting Giardia because cysts can survive for several months in cold waters, and relatively low numbers of
Giardia are required for an infective dose (Craun 1990).
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-19 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date June 1,1998
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page it 5-42
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In Oregon, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected at three sites:
- In a well drilled into basalt, Sebald (1997) reports that Cryptosporidium oocysts were found at 12 oocysts per 100 L.
The well is located 80 feet from a river, is 55 feet deep, and is suspected to be linked to the river by a gravel conduit.
Microscopic analyses were done after close correlations were observed between pH and turbidity values in the river
and the well.
- At an infiltration gallery located 15 feet below a river, 11 presumptive Cryptosporidium oocysts occurrences have
been reported (Sails 1997).
- Salis (1997) also reports the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts (4.5/100 L) in a groundwater sample from a
Ranney collector 87 feet deep and 50 feet away from the nearest surface water.
Final Draft I-56 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard # 41-23 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page* 5-47
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Lee (1993) reported 9 confirmed giardiasis cases and several suspected cases associated with two wells in Lemont,
Pennsylvania, in a community water system serving 1200 customers. All eight water samples from both wells were
positive for Giardia cysts. One well is 304 feet deep and 95 feet from the stream; the other well is 323 feet deep and
45 feet from the stream. Both wells are drilled in Ordovician medium to thin-bedded limestones and dolomite that may
be solution-enhances (karst). Green algae, diatoms, and rotifers were other surface water indicators found (EPA
1994, Lee 1993).
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-22 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page it 5-43
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Hancock et al. (1998) performed statistical analyses of another data set [unpublished] to determine if correlations exist
between the presence of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and other surface water indicators in groundwater. A total of 383
groundwater samples were analyzed for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and other microscopic particulates using EPA
recommended [MPA and ICR] procedures. The presence of Giardia correlated with the presence of Cryptosporidium
(Hancock et al. 1998). The presence of both pathogens correlated with the amount [of sample] examined but not with
the month of sampling. There was a correlation between source depth and occurrence of Giardia but not
Cryptosporidium.
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard # 41-21 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page if 5-43
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes EPA (1997b) reviewed the results of MPA determinations in various hydrogeological settings. Protozoa were detected
in alluvial, karst, and other groundwater systems greater than 200 ft from surface water sources, and in basalt
alluvial, karst, and fissured bedrock wells at depths exceeding 200 ft (EPA 1997b).
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard if 41-20 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page if 5-43
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes All three boreholes [in a U.K. study] positive for Cryptosporidium were located in chalk aquifers; one was in an urban
location, and all were located near rural catchments.
January 27,1999 I-57 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-01 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date June 1,1998
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 2-6
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes.. .cryptosporidiosis infections tend to be seasonal, with a higher prevalence during the warmest, wettest months
(Current 1986). In most areas of North America, Cryptosporidium generally becomes a concern in surface waters
between March and June, when spring rains increase runoff and many newborn animals are present in the
environment to amplify oocyst numbers [www-personal.ksu.edu/~coccidia/(August 1997)]. Microorganisms, along
with other particulates that comprise the soil, can be suspended in this surface water and transported as surface
runoff. The microorganisms (including parasitic protozoa) can be transported either as individual organisms,
aggregates of organisms, or within an aggregate of soil particles and organisms.
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard # 41-26 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page* 5-54
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Diehl (undated) reports 11 occurrences of Giardia in Pennsylvania. Groundwater monitoring data show that detection
sites included two vertical wells, one infiltration gallery, and five springs (Lee 1993, Pennsylvania Department of the
Environment 1997, Conrad 1997, Delhi 1997, Fridirici 1997). Concentrations at these sites ranged from 0.3 cysts/100 L
to 5.5 cysts/100 L. EPA reports Giardia concentrations of 1 cyst/100 gallons from an infiltration gallery, and 3 cysts
per 100 gallons in a gravel well that was flooded.
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard #41-16 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Seasonal Variation Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page* 2-13
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Giardia cysts survive relatively long periods in water, particularly at temperatures below 20 oC; above 20 oC, cyst
inactivation is rather rapid (Jakubowski 1990). Evidence suggests that Giardia cysts in fresh water survive best at 4
to 8 oC (Jakubowski 1990).
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard # 41-14 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-13
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes With the exception of the Hancock et al. (1998) investigation discussed in Sect. 2.1.4.2., no information is available to
contrast the differing transport of Giardia cysts versus Cryptosporidium oocysts through soils or sediments to
groundwater, with or without the presence of macropores, fractures, or conduits. It is likely that the difference in size
and any possible difference in charge between the two could affect the relative rate of transport of each through
soils, sediments, and aquifer materials. Mikels (1992) found that no Giardia were recovered from collector wells
constructed in alluvial river valleys, although Giardia were detected in adjacent rivers. In addition, no insects, other
macroorganisms, or other large-diameter pathogens were present in the water from the collector wells.
Final Draft I-58 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
NotecardH 41-17 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page# 4-4
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Studies of North American watersheds have documented background levels of contamination by Cryptosporidium
oocysts and Giardia cysts (Ongerth and Stibbs 1987, Rose 1988, Isaac-Renton et al. 1994, Hansen and Ongerth 1991,
LeChevallier et al. 1991b, LeChevallier and Norton 1995). Oocyst and cyst concentrations in source waters and
treated water have been shown to vary with human activities in the watershed and seasonal variations in storm water
runoff and production (shedding) of oocysts by animals of human users of the watershed (Hansen and Ongerth
1991). Even protected watersheds (e.g., reservoirs where human activity is prohibited or limited) will typically contain
a low concentration of oocysts and cysts because infected wild animals cannot be excluded from these areas
(Hansen and Ongerth 1991).
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecardft 41-18 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 5-23
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in drinking water supplies using groundwater as a source indicate that these systems
were under the direct influence of surface water (EPA 1994).. .In outbreaks where groundwater is not adequately
treated, contamination can occur form sewage overflow and seepage, surface water runoff, streams and rivers, and
through limestone and fissured rock (Craun and Calderon 1996).
Article ID Al Author SMC
Notecard # 41-02 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1.1998
Constituent Microbes Page It 2-6
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Cryptosporidium and giardia
Notes Recently. LeChevallier et al. (1997a) and Stewart et al. (1997a) studied the effects of runoff events on
Cryptosporidium and Giardia density and found the greatest protozoan densities were detected during the "first flush"
following a precipitation event or peak source water turbidity spike.
January 27,1999 I-59 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard #41-06 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile Date June 1,1998
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 2-8
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes To understand the likelihood that oocysts could be transported through soil to groundwater, Mawdsley et al. (1996)
studied transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through three soil types. Oocysts were detected in leachate
(water collected from the bottom of the soil column) from intact soil columns following a 21-day irrigation period.
Although most (72.8 percent) of the oocysts were found in the top 2 cm of soil, 5.36 percent were found at soil depths
of 30 cm. C. parvum transport through soil was greater in a silty loam and a day loam soil than in a loamy sand soil.
Evidence suggests that the extent of adsorption is greater and the size of micropores is smaller in clay than in sandy
soils, so the results suggest that factors other than adsorption and micropore size influenced the oocyst movement...
[The authors] conclude that the rapid flow of water through macropores, which are representative of natural field
conditions, largely bypasses the filtering and absorptive effects of the soil, greatly increasing the risk of pathogen
transport to groundwater (Mawdsley et al. 1996).
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard if 41-13 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-12
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes.. .Giardia are ubiquitous in the environment, have a number of mammalian reservoir hosts in addition to humans, and
are resistant to environmental exposures. Their occurrence and persistence in surface water, even pristine water
samples, allow transport significant distances by entrainment within flowing water (Hurst 1997, Roach et al. 1993).
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-12 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-12
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes The factors that influence the transport of Giardia in the environment are the same as those affecting Cryptosporidium:
adsorption, filtration, and sedimentation. The other main feature affecting transport of Giardia, especially in soil and
aquifer materials, is its size. The Giardia cyst size is 8 to 12 urn in diameter, larger than the 4- to 6-um Cryptosporidium
oocyst. The larger size of the cyst potentially restricts movement through some soils and aquifer materials, except in
the presence of natural pathways such as macropores, fractures, and conduits. As with Cryptosporidium, Giardia
cysts in feces deposited on soil surfaces are readily transported during rainfall by surface runoff into surface water
and, perhaps, in some hydrogeologic settings, to groundwater.
Final Draft I-60 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard # 41-11 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes PageK 2-10
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Microorganisms are inactivated in soil at rates that vary with the degree of predation by other microorganisms, the
amount of sunlight, and the physical and chemical composition of the soil, including moisture content, pH, and
temperature (Gerba et al. 1975, Kowal 1985).
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-10 " Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile Date June 1,1998
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 2-9
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Damault et al. (1997) are studying preferential flow paths of C. pan/urn through several different media: glass bead
columns, sand columns, and disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. Results indicate that C. parvum can flow rapidly
through the vadose zone (Damault et al. 1997).
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-09 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page if 2-9
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Harvey et al. (1995) modeled the transport of protozoa in groundwater systems, using free-living flagellates (2 to 3 um
in situ) and microspheres 0.7 to 6.2 um in size. They noted that physical straining was not of major importance in
porous media, such as coarse sands, with grain diameter greater than 100 um. Adsorption or adherence to surfaces
appeared to be reversible.
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-24 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page* 5-51
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Rose (1988) detected Giardia cysts at a concentration of 0.29 cysts/L in 1 of 6 samples collected at a protected
watershed with poor water quality based on standard indicators (turbidity and total coliforms). A second watershed
of better water quality based on the indicators contained only 0.006 cysts/L (Rose 1988). Giardia cysts were also
detected! n 12 of 39 samples collected during a biweekly survey of a watershed in the western United states over a
1-year period (Rose et al. 1988 a.b). Sampling was conducted in a lake receiving sewage effluents, and in a river
downstream from the lake running through an area where there were a number of cattle pastures. Mean cyst
concentrations by season were 0.35,0.31,0.007, and 0.001 cysts/L, for the summer, fall, winter, and spring,
respectively. Giardia cyst concentrations were significantly correlated with Cryptosporidium oocyst levels, but there
were no significant correlations observed between cyst concentrations and either total or fecal coliforms or turbidity.
January 27,1999 1-61 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 41
Notecardtt 41-07
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile
Constituent Cryptosporidium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Date June 1,1998
Page# 2-8
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes.. .little information is available to identify which hydrogeologic settings are sensitive to [Cryptosporidium] oocyst
contamination because groundwater flow and oocyst transport through fractures or dissolution conduits effectively
bypass the protective action of most of the aquifer matrix.
Article ID 41
Notecard# 41-25
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Microbes
Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Date June 1,1998
Page it 5-54
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Hacock et al. (1997) sampled groundwater from 199 sites located in 23 of the contiguous 48 states in the U.S. they
detected Giardia in 1 percent (2/149) of the vertical wells; 14 percent (5/35) of the springs; 25 percent (1/4) of the
infiltration galleries; and 36 percent (4/11) of the horizontal wells. Rosen et al. (1996) reported 2 of 17 samples
positive for Giardia in sources classified as GWUDI. Hibler (1998) found Giardia in 14 percent (5/36) of springs, 5
percent (2/40) of wells, and 31 percent (5/16) of infiltration galleries.
Article ID 41
Notecard# 41-05
Topic Other
Constituent Cryptosporidium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Date June 1,1998
Page* 2-7
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The tendency of microorganisms to adsorb onto suspended particles facilitates the sedimentation of those organisms
during periods of low water flow or low runoff. Those sediments then serve as reservoirs from which the organisms
can be resuspended during periods of intense rainfall and/or flooding (Wilkinson et al. 1995). For example, oocysts in
feces deposited on soil surfaces are readily transported during rainfall by surface runoff into surface water. In
addition, during periods of increased source water turbidity and elevated flow, source water densities of
Cryptosporidium were elevated compared with normal conditions (LeChevallier et al. 1997a). Whether this was due to
runoff or resuspension of sediment from scouring effects was not determined, but the results suggest the potential for
contribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts by sediment resuspension.
Article ID 41
Notecard# 41-04
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile
Constituent Cryptosporidium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Date June 1,1998
Page if 2-6
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Cryptosporidium can be transported not only in surface runoff, but also through soil and groundwater or land drains to
surface water (Mawdsley et al. 1996, Hurst 1997). Movement of Cryptosporidium parvum through soil and
groundwater is influenced by filtration, adsorption to soil and aquifer matrix particles by processes that are governed
primarily by the magnitude and distribution of the electrical charge on the organism and the surrounding soil and aquifer
matrix, and sedimentation within soil or aquifer pores.
Final Draft
I-62
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-03 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date June 1,1998
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page it 2-6
Co-Occurrence"! No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Surface transport of oocysts is affected by rainfall and other seasonal factors. The character (topography, plant
cover) and uses (urban, farming) of a watershed also influence the occurrence or concentration of Cryptosporidium in
surface water (Hansen and Ongerth 1991). For example, a mountainous forested watershed with little or no human
activity had the lowest surface water oocyst concentrations and oocyst production, while downstream sample sites
influenced by dairy farming and urban runoff had oocyst concentrations and production rates almost 10 times higher
than the upstream sites (Hansen and Ongerth 1991).
Article ID 41 Author SAIC
Notecard # 41-29 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Date June 1.1998
Constituent Page #
Co-Occurrence^ Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes
Article ID 41 Author BMC
Notecard if 41-28 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page it 5-57
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes IN Massachusetts, Smith (1997) reported two Giardia occurrences in wells. At one site, 3.1 cysts per 100 gallons
were found in a caisson well 24 feet deep and 50 feet away from surface water. At another location , one
unconfirmed cyst per 100 L was found in a rock well 90 feet deep and 50 feet away from the nearest surface water
body.
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard it 41-27 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page it 5-54
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Giardia cysts also were found at three sites in Oregon with Cryptosporidium oocyst occurrences previously
discussed in Section 5.2.2.2. These three sites were a 55-foot deep basalt well, an infiltration gallery, and a Ranney
collector. In the basalt well, Giardia cysts were detected at 4 cysts per 100 gallons (Sebald 1997). Two samples
collected from the infiltration gallery were found to have presumptive Giardia cysts (2/100 L and 22.6/100 L), and the
Ranney collector had an unconfirmed occurrence of 9.1 Giardia cysts per 100 gallons (Salis 1997).
January 27,1999 1-63 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 41 Author SMC
Notecard # 41-08 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Topic Other Date June 1,1998
Constituent Microbes Page# 2-8
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Notes Hancock et al. investigated the correlation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence in groundwater with surface
water indicators. The presence of Giardia correlated with the presence of Cryptosporidium. Occurrence of Giardia
was correlated with source depth, but there was no correlation between Cryptosporidium occurrence and source
depth. There was a correlation between general risk categories of low, moderate, and high and the occurrence of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia [data not yet available]. However, there was no correlation between the distance of the
groundwater source from adjacent surface water and either pathogen.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-16 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Pagett 264
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Probably all plants and animals contain arsenic, but the levels are normally low...
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-07 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 253
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Among the igneous rocks there is relatively little difference in the arsenic content between the various types... Among
the sedimentary rocks the shales and argillites contain the most arsenic. This is particularly true of the pyritiferous
types and phosphorites. Iron-rich rocks show wide variations in their arsenic content... The arsenic content of
iron-rich rocks appears to depend on the availability of arsenic in the waters supplied to the basins of sedimentation.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-08 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Other Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page if 255
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Stream, river, and lake sediments vary widely in their arsenic contents, depending essentially on their proximity to
arsenic-bearing rocks and deposits. Some representative values from Canadian occurrences... higher than 25 ppm
As are invariably associated with arsenic-bearing rocks and deposits. In Recent stream, river, and lake sediments,
there is often a direct relationship between the arsenic content and the iron oxide and organic (carbon) content, the
first a result of strong adsorption and absorption processes and the second probably due to chelation and/or
metal-organic binding of arsenic.
Final Draft I-64 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-09 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Pagett 258
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Little can be said about metamorphic rocks except that they contain arsenic contents somewhat similar to the rocks
from which they are derived.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-10 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Source(s)- Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 258
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes.. .sediments, particularly the graphitic and pyritiferous types, contain the largest amounts of arsenic, and that most
igneous rocks are relatively low in the element. In these studies we have found that the bulk of arsenic in igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks occurs in pyrite.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R Jonasson
Notecard # 42-11 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
7c/w'cSource(s)- Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 262
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The arsenic content of normal soils and glacial materials is low except in the vicinity of deposits containing the element
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-12 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
rop/cSource(s)-Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 262
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Most stream, river, and lake waters are relatively low in the element [arsenic] (-1.7 ppb), generally well below the
standard of allowable concentration of arsenic (0.05 mg/1; 50 ppb) [Canadian] for drinking water. Ground waters tend
to have higher concentrations of arsenic compared with surface waters. Near arseniferous deposits ground waters
may be greatly enriched in arsenic. Oilfield waters generally average about 10 ppb As, but some brines contain up to
243 ppm As. Hot springs and cold springs in active volcanic terranes tend to carry relatively large amounts of arsenic.
January 27,1999 1-65 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-13 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 264
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The oceans and seas average about 2 ppb As. The nature of this arsenic is poorly characterized.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-21 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Other Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Pageti 278
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, uranium, antimony,
nickel, selenium
Notes Arsenic is a particularly good indicator in most types of geochemical surveys, not only for deposits containing the
element as an economic product, but also for many other types of mineral deposits enriched in a great variety of
metals. The most common elemental associates of arsenic are Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, U, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, Mo, W, Fe,
Co, Ni, Pt metals, Se, and S. There is a particularly marked coherence between arsenic and gold in practically all types
of gold deposits. This coherence also extends to silver in all of its deposits and is greatly accentuated in the native
silver variety containing nickel and cobalt (Cobalt type). There is frequently a dose relationship between arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth in many deposits. Arsenic may accompany copper, zinc, mercury, tin, lead, molybdenum,
tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, and the platinum minerals in most types of their deposits and can often serve as a
valuable indicator for those metals. Certain types of uranium deposits, particularly those enriched in the Ni-Co
arsenides (Jachymov-Great Bear Lake type) are markedly enriched in arsenic. Even some uranium deposits in
sandstones (Colorado Plateau type) have higher than average amounts of arsenic, mainly in pyrite.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-15 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 264
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The content of arsenic in rainwater and snow averages about 1 ppb, much of which is contributed by the burning of
coal, petroleum products, and smelting processes in domestic and industrial areas... Volcanic gases tend to be rich in
arsenic and these contribute considerable amounts of the element to the atmosphere in volcanic belts.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-02 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Other Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 252
Co-Occurrence? No ' Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The element most commonly associated with arsenic in nature is sulphur.
Final Draft I-66 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-17 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page ft 268
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic is widely diffused in many types of mineral deposits in trace, minor, and major amounts. It tends to be
concentrated in those deposits containing sulphides, either as separate arsenic minerals or as a minor or trace
constituent of a great number of sulphides and sulpho-salts.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-18 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 268
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The principal types of deposits in which arsenic is a constituent are as follows:
(1) Copper shale, argillite, and schist deposits (Kupferschiefer-White Pine-Zambia type)...
(2) Copper (uranium, vanadium, silver) sandstone deposits f Red bed' type)...
(3) Lead-zinc deposits in carbonate rocks (Mississippi Valley-Pine Point type)...
(4) Pyritiferous quartz-pebble conglomerates and quartzites enriched in one or more of gold, silver, uranium, thorium,
and rare earths (Wrtwatersrand-Bline River type)...
(5) Native copper deposits in or associated with amygdaloidal basalts (Keweenaw, Michigan type)...
(6) Skarn type deposits...
(7) Pegmatites and pegmatite-like bodies enriched in one or more of Sn, W, Nb, Ta, Bi, Mo, and U...
(8) Massive bodies, mantos, lodes, veins and stockworks...
(8a) Massive nickel-copper sulphide bodies commonly associated with basic rocks (Sudbury type)...
(8b) Massive Cu-Zn-Pb suphide bodies in volcanic and sedimentary terrenes (Noranda-Flin Flon-Bathurst type)...
(8c) Veins, lodes, and stockworks principally in granitic rocks and associated sediments and greatly enriched in one or
moreofSn.W.Bi, and Mo...
(8d) Various polymetallic veins, stockworks, mantos, and lodes containing essentially Cu, Ag, Pb, An, and Fe sulphides
and sulpho-salts...
(8e) Veins greatly enriched in Ni, Co, As, Sb, Ag, Bi, and U (Cobalt-Great Beal Lake-Jachymov type)...
(8f) Gold-quartz veins, stockworks, and silicified zones...
(8g) Realgar-orpiment deposits...
(9) Mercury deposits...
(10) Disseminated bodies in various rocks...
(10a) Disseminated gold deposits, mainly in sedimentary rocks...
(10b) Disseminated (porphyry) copper and/or molybdenum deposits...
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-19 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page ft 272
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In endogene processes arsenic and arsenic compounds may reach their sites of deposition in fractures, faults, and
chemically receptive rocks, in the vapour state, in solutions, or by a variety of diffusion mechanisms.
January 27,1999 I-67 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-01 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Other Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 251
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, uranium, antimony,
selenium, nickel
Notes Arsenic is widely diffused in nature and is concentrated in many types of mineral deposits, particularly those
containing sulphides and sulpho-salts. It accompanies many elements in their deposits including Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd,
Hg, U, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, Mo, W, Fe, Ni, Co, and Pt metals. Arsenic is, therefore, a good indicator in
geochemical prospecting for some twenty elements of commercial importance.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-20 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page* 275
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes During the weathering of rocks and deposits containing arsenic the element enters the exogene (surficial) cycle mainly
as soluble arsenates in which the element is in the (V) oxidation state.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-05 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 253
Co-Occurrence? Ho Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The principal carrier of arsenic in rocks and in many types of mineral deposits is pyrite, FeS2. This mineral may contain
up to 6,000 ppm or more As, the element being apparently present in lattice sites substituting for sulphur.
Article ID 42 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Notecard # 42-04 Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Topic Constituent Species Date 1973
Constituent Arsenic Page# 252
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The principal arsenic minerals in endogene (hypogene) deposits are arsenopyrite, nkxolite, cobaltite, tennantite,
enargite, native arsenic, orpiment, realgar, and proustite.. .The principal supergene minerals, formed as a result of
oxidation of the hypogene sulphides, sulpho-salts, etc., are scorodite, beudantite, olivenite, mimetite, arsenolite,
erythrite, and annabergite.
Final Draft I-68 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 42
Notecardtt 42-14
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Date 1973
Page# 264
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes With respect to pH, both acid and alkaline waters contain arsenic, mainly because of the amphoteric nature of the
element.
Article ID 42
Notecardt 42-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Date 1973
Page if 252
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, sulfate (?), mercury
Notes Native arsenic is relatively common in certain types of mineral deposits despite the fact that the element has a marked
chalcophite character forming sulphides and a great variety of sulpho-salts, particularly with the metals Cu, Ag, Zn, Hg,
Pb, and Fe. The most common of these sulpho-salts is tetrahedrite-tennattcte with the complex formula (Cu, Fe, Zn,
Cd, Bi, Hg, Ag)12(Sb, As, Bi)4S13. Arsenic forms oxides and complex oxides in nature, and other complex oxygen
salts of the element. The biophite character of arsenic is manifest by its presence, usually in small amounts, in a wide
variety of living organisms and their fossil equivalents.
Article ID 42
NotecardH 42-06
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson '
Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
in Geochemical Prospecting
Date 1973
Page# 253
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic and antimony
Notes The terrestrial abundance of arsenic and antimony is of the order of 3 ppm and 0.7 ppm respectively as calculated
from the available data. The As/Sb ratio in terrestrial rocks is therefore, approximately 4.3.
Article ID 43
Notecardn 43-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood 0. Scoggin, and Larry A.
Kramer
Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
Groundwater
Dote April 15,1998
Page# 1043
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes During the past 25 years, numerous studies have shown a direct relationship between nitrate concentration in
groundwater and nitrogen fertilization rates and/or fertilization history on agricultural landscapes. Nitrate concentration
in groundwater under forest unfertilized (or low-level fertilized) landscapes, pastures, meadows, and grasslands are
generally cited as <2 mg/L nitrate and often <1 mg/L, whereas nitrate concentrations beneath fertilized crops and/or
animal production areas are commonly >10 mg/L and may range to >100 mg/L.
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 43
Notecard # 43-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood 0. Scoggin, and Larry A.
Kramer
Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
Groundwater
Date April 15,1998
Page# 1043
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Mitigation of the nitrate-nitrogen load in soil and groundwater may be achieved through combinations of heterotrophic
denitrification, autotrophic denitrification, or dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ion. Heterotrophic and
autotrophic bacteria are distinguished by their source of electron-donor species; heterotrophs requiring organic carbon
and autotrophs utilizing inorganic species. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction produces ammonium ion as the end product.
It is regulated by oxygen and usually only observed in electron-rich environments.
Article ID 43
Notecard # 43-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood D. Scoggin, and Larry A.
Kramer
Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
Groundwater
Date April 15.1998 '
Page# 1043
Co-Occurrence Notes
\
Notes The high concentration of nitrate at the 6-8 m depth in the unsaturated loess of the ridge top suggests that substantial
leaching occurs beneath these landscape positions. The mid-valley, toe-slope position (L3-3) generally shows the
highest concentration nearer the surface at the 3 m depth. At L3-3 the soil-pore water nitrate concentration was
appreciably lower than that at the ridge tops at the 4-6 m depth. The lysimeter nest in the valley position (L3-2), which
is nearest to the shallow water table, reveals the lowest nitrate concentration. At depths below the root zone, the
distribution of nitrate in soil pore water varies by landscape position. Maxima at depths below 6 m on both ridge tops
suggests that soil pore water is a major source of the nitrate-nitrogen load transported to the headcut in groundwater.
Article ID 4$
Notecard # 43-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood D. Scoggin, and Larry A.
Kramer
Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
Groundwater
Date April 15,1998
Pagett 1046
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Many variables influence the resultant concentration of nitrate detected in groundwater beneath intensively fertilized
agricultural landscapes. However, over the long-term, three seem to be dominant: the amount of source nitrogen that
is available, the amount of infiltrating or percolating water (determined by the hydraulic properties of the soil), and the
potential for reduction of nitrate and/or denitrification. The first variable is determined by application rate together with
the amount deposited by rainfall less that removed in runoff; the second factor is governed by the transmissivity and
water-storage capacity of the soil; and the third is determined largely by the soil biomass.
Final Draft
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January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 43
Notecard # 43-04
Topic Seasonal Variation
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood D. Scoggin, and Larry A.
Kramer
Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
Groundwater
Date April 15,1998
Page# 1045
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Variability of nitrate concentration at the same sampling time among all seven wells results from the differences in the
time lag required for the movement of a parcel of percolated water and by the timing of fertilizer application. Early
spring or late fall infiltration from snowmelt or light rainfall may move only a portion of the mass of nitrate-nitrogen
through the vadose zone into the saturated loess. Conversely, rainfall following a mind-spring application of fertilizer
could infiltrate an appreciable fraction of it through the unsaturated zone.
Article ID 44
Notecard it 44-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page # 659
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The in-stream oxidation rate observed along Hot creek is substantially greater than those reported for other
nongeothermal systems. On the basis of the estimated flow velocity of 0.4 m/s, a pseudo-first-order half-life of 0.3 h
was calculated for As(lll) oxidation. Oxidation observed in sediment and water samples collected from nongeothermal
systems has been attributed to both biological and abiotic processes. In general, calculated pseudo-first-order
half-lives for As(lll) oxidation ranged from 6 to 13 h, however, a value on the order of 0.5 h was observed for one soil
isolate of bacteria. Abiotic oxidation has been attributed to manganese oxides in several natural systems. Rates
reported for As(lll) oxidation by synthetic manganese oxides varied widely with half-lives between 0.15 and 203 h.
Rapid oxidation of As(lll) has previously been reported in the Azure Spring drainage in Yellowstone National Park and
in pipelines at geothermal power stations but these rates were not quantified.
Article ID 44
Notecard ft 44-06
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page# 661
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The lack of oxidation found in batch studies conducted after sterile filtration of the sample or after the addition of
antibiotics to the reactor strongly suggests that bacteria attached to submerged macrophutes are mediating As(lll)
oxidation in Hot Creek Below the gorge boundary where the plants are abundant
January 27,1999
1-71
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 44
Notecardti 44-04
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page# 659
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Spatial variations in simultaneously collected samples were examined at several locations along Hot Creek. Within the
gorge, significant cross-sectional variations were observed for total As concentrations, which ranged from 1.14 to
2.04 uM. This result is consistent with geothermal inputs in the stream bed. Variability in Cl concentration paralleled
total As with values between 0.50 and 0.76 mM. The fraction of As(lll), however, was relatively constant among the
samples at 41%.
Article ID 44
Notecardt 44-05
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page if 660
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes These results suggest that aquatic macrophytes or some component associated with the plants are responsible for the
rapid As(lll) oxidation occurring within Hot Creek.
Article ID 44
Notecard* 44-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page# 657
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The concentration and speciation of As in the aquatic environment are governed by numerous biogeochemical
processes, which may be abiotic or biologically mediated. Inorganic As species usually predominate in surface
waters, although methylated species may become dominant in epilimnetic waters overlying a suboxic hypolimnion. Of
the inorganic species, As(V) is thermodynamicalry stable under oxic conditions, and As(lll) predominates under
reducing conditions. As(lll), however, may be present as a metastable species in oxic environments as a result of
slow oxidation kinetics and biologically mediated reactions.
Article ID 44
Notecardti 44-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page # 659
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Variable As(lliyAs(V) ratios have been observed in other geothermal systems and attributed to processes including
cooling, mixing with surficial water, and water-rock interactions; however, no clear correlation could be made
between %As(lll) and temperature. Our data are consistent with the extent of oxidation being related to residence time
within the hot spring pool with lower pool temperatures associated with longer residence time and an increased
fraction of oxidized As.
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID AS
Notecard# 45-01
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Date March 1997
Page# 107
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic is a naturally occurring contaminant and exhibits localized trends in occurrence based on specific geophysical
and chemical properties of a region. Thus, the likelihood of arsenic occurrence in water supplies must consider both
the geographic location and the type of water source (i.e., groundwater versus surface water).
Article ID 45
Notecard# 45-02
Topic Other
Constitu ent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Date March 1997
Page it 111
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In general, groundwater systems had higher levels of arsenic than did surface water supplies. For groundwater
sources, the fraction of PSWs finding arsenic concentrations >5 ug/L ranged from 16 to 46 percent, whereas surface
water sources rarely found arsenic concentrations >5 ug/L (0-11 percent). The majority of PWSs sampled - 53 - 71
percent of groundwater sources and 61-68 percent of surface water sources - had arsenic concentrations <2 ug/L.
Article IDAS
Notecard* 45-04
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Date March 1997
Page* 116
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes -Overall, higher concentrations of arsenic are present in groundwater sources compared with surface water sources.
Nonetheless, surface water supplies detected arsenic more frequently than groundwater systems.
-Low-level arsenic occurrence in US source waters is prevalent, with more than half of the groundwater and surface
water sources showing detectable arsenic (>0.5 ug/L). The majority of water sources - 53-71 percent of
groundwater sources and 61 - 88 percent of surface water sources - were found to have arsenic present below 2
ug/L.
-Regional trends in arsenic occurrence were found for both surface water and groundwater sources, with higher
concentrations of arsenic in the south central and more western states.
Article ID 45
Notecard# 45-03
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Date March 1997
Page* 112
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Consistent with their assigned NOF [natural occurrence frequency] levels, the East Coast and southeastern regions
experienced only low-level arsenic occurrence for both surface water and groundwater sources. Although surface
water supplies in the Midwest (region 4) were found to have arsenic levels <5 ug/L, a higher fraction of those sources
exceeded 1 ug/L than did sources in regions 1-3 [New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeast]. Surface water sources
in regions 5 [South Central], 6 [North Central], and 7 [Western] had substantially higher proportions of elevated arsenic
occurrence compared with the rest of the nation.
January 27,1999
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Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 46
Notecard# 46-03
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Ma ley
Title Occurrence of Herbicides, Nitrite Plus Nitrate, and Selected Trace
Elements in Ground Water from Northwestern and Northeastern
Missouri, July 1991 and 1992
Date 1994
Page# 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic concentrations detected in water samples from all wells [in northwestern Missouri] ranged from less than 5 to
9 ug/L.
Article ID to
Notecard it 46-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence of Herbicides, Nitrite Plus Nitrate, and Selected Trace
Elements in Ground Water from Northwestern and Northeastern
Missouri, July 1991 and 1992
Date 1994
PageU 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen, concentrations in water samples from wells ranged from less than 0.05 to 63 mg/L in
samples from 129 wells in northwestern Missouri in July 1991. The mean nitrite plus nitrate concentration in water
samples from wells was 8.9 mg/L. Water samples form 31 wells (24 percent) had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations
that were greater than or equal to the Missouri drinking-water supply criteria of 10 mg/L (Missouri Department of
Natural Resources, 1992).
Water samples in northwestern Missouri that had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mg/L
had a mean well depth of 38.0 ft and a mean well diameter of 30.7 in. Wells that had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations
less than the detection limit of 0.05 mg/L had a mean depth of 72.7 ft and a mean diameter of 20.2 in.
[Hydrogeology in northwestern Missouri, from pp. 5-9]
Most of the wells sampled in northwestern Missouri.. .were screened in glacial drift aquifers.
Extensive alluvial deposits of Holocene age are associated with major streams in the study area: The Grand,
Nodaway, and Platte Rivers in northwestern Missouri.. Twenty-two alluvial wells were sampled in northwestern
Missouri...
Cyclic Pennsylvanian sediments of limestone, shale, sandstone, coal, and underclays thicken to the north and west
coincident with the regional dip (McQueen and Greene, 1938). Wells completed in Pennsylvanian rocks are usually
shallow, hand-dug wells lined with rocks or bricks.. .Twenty-one of the wells sampled in northwestern Missouri were
completed in Pennsylvanian rocks...
The sampled wells withdraw water from the alluvium, glacial drift, and Pennsylvanian rocks.
Most of the sampled wells in northwestern Missouri were augered and cased with concrete tiles.
Final Draft
1-74
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 46
Notecard # 46-02
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence of Herbicides, Nitrite Plus Nitrate, and Selected Trace
Elements in Ground Water from Northwestern and Northeastern
Missouri, July 1991 and 1992
Date 1994
Page# 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In July, 1992, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations in water samples from 144 wells in northeastern Missouri ranged from
less than 0.05 to 60 mg/L with a mean concentration of 5.8 mg/L The nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were greater
than or equal to 10 mg/L in water samples from 28 wells (19 percent). Wells in northeastern Missouri that had nitrite
plus nitrate concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mg/L had a mean well depth of 78.5 ft as compared to 237 ft for
those wells that had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations less than the detection limit of 0.05 mg/L. The mean well
diameter for wells with nitrite plus nitrate concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mg/L was 24.1 in. as compared to
7.8 in. for those wells that had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations less than 0.05 mg/L.
(Hydrogeology in northeastern Missouri, from pp. 5-9]
.. .four wells in northeastern Missouri were screened in glacial drift aquifers...
Extensive alluvial deposits of Holocene age are associated with major streams in the study area ;.. .the Fox,
Mississippi, Salt, and Wyaconda Rivers in northeastern Missouri.. .15 [alluvial wells] were sampled in northeastern
Missouri...
Cyclic Pennsylvanian sediments of limestone, shale, sandstone, coal, and underctavs thicken to the north and west
coincident with the regional dip (McQueen and Greene, 1938). Wells completed in Pennsylvanian rocks are usually
shallow, hand-dug wells lined with rocks or bricks.. .25 of the wells sampled in northeastern Missouri were completed
in Pennsylvanian rocks...
Mississippian rocks.. .crop out extensively in northeastern Missouri. These rocks are cherry limestone, dolostone, and
shale. Well-developed solution channels are common in the Burlington and Keokuk Limestones.. .Wells completed in
Mississippian formations were sampled in northeastern Missouri.
A sequence of Lower Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, and Upper Ordovician shale and limestone formations serves
to separate the Ordovician and Cambrian formations from the overlying sediments. The Ordovician and Cambrian
formations are composed of a series of permeable and semi-permeable sandstones and dolostones.. Twenty-four
wells completed in the Ordovician and Cambrian formations were sampled in northeastern Missouri.
The sampled wells in northeastern Missouri withdraw water from alluvium, glacial drift, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian,
and Ordovician rocks.
Article ID 46
Notecard » 48-02
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Reid, Joe
Title Arsenic Occurrence: USEPA Seeks Clearer Picture
Date September 1994
Page it 48
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes According to USEPA officials, occurrence trends based on the state and regional data continue to show that arsenic
occurs primarily in groundwater sources, with the highest concentrations found west of the Mississippi River, and that
it affects primarily smaller systems, with most of the exposure occurring in systems serving fewer than 10,000
people.
January 27,1999
I-75
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 46
Notecard # 48-03
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Reid, Joe
Title Arsenic Occurrence: USEPA Seeks Clearer Picture
Date September 1994
Page# 50
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The MWDSC [Metropolitan Water District of Southern California] survey indicated that higher arsenic concentrations are
found in the western and southwestern United States, with lower concentrations in the eastern states...
According to the MWDSC report, The data suggest that exposure to arsenic increases west of the Mississippi River,
and a majority of the West Coast population surveyed is currently drinking water with arsenic levels >2 ug/L."
The highest concentrations of arsenic in raw water were found in USEPA regions VI, VII, and IX. A majority of the
population in region IX was exposed to arsenic concentrations between 2 and 20 ug/L
Article ID 48
Notecard # 48-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Reid, Joe
Title Arsenic Occurrence: USEPA Seeks Clearer Picture
Date September 1994
Page# 45
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Existing occurrence data indicate that arsenic occurs primarily in groundwater systems in the western United States..
. However, USEPA recently released information indicating that arsenic occurrence at levels approaching 2 ug/L may
also be prevalent as well in the eastern United States.
Article ID 49
Notecard # 49-12
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 23
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes This study focused on nitrate and pesticides in samples from domestic wells and shallow ground water in the State
[Missouri]. Based on the results of this study, as many as 80,000 domestic wells (24 percent) in the State may have
elevated nitrate concentrations larger than the drinking-water criterion or have detectable concentrations of one or
more pesticides. The data indicate the presence of elevated nitrate and pesticide concentrations in ground water
within the State, although they are primarily associated with practices that occur near the wellhead. Results of this
study indicate that elevated nitrate and pesticide concentrations are likely to be localized and limited to shallow ground
water. However, continued use of agricultural chemicals could increase the amount of nitrate and pesticides present
in ground water...
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 49
Notecard# 49-11
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 22
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The frequency of elevated nitrate concentrations (greater than 3 milligrams per liter) in ground water indicates that
anthropogenic sources are contributing to the high nitrate concentrations. If the widespread application of fertilizer
resulted in elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water, then increases in county fertilizer use and in the
percentage of surrounding row crops would be expected to be predictors of increased nitrate concentrations. Neither
of these is true. Nitrate concentration is inversely related to county-wide fertilizer use, which indicates that other
sources apparently are more important in the transport of nitrate to ground water. Nitrogen-isotope and land-use data
indicate that animal wastes were the predominant source of nitrate in ground water in west-central Missouri.
Article ID 49
Notecardn 49-10
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentrations were significantly related to the distance of a wen from a feedlot (Kruskal-Wallis test; p<0.001).
A feedlot was defined as any present, or historical, confined animal enclosure. Water samples from wells with a
feedlot less than 0.25 mi away had significantly higher NO3 concentrations than samples from wells with a feedlot
more than 0.25 mi away (Tukey's test; a=0.05). The highest median concentration of NO3 (3.7 mg/L) was detected in
samples from wells located within 100 ft of a feedlot; samples from wells located between 100 ft and 0.25 mi from a
feedlot had only a slightly less median N03 concentration (3.5 mg/L). Samples from wells that were located more than
0.25 mi from a feedlot had the lowest median concentration of NO3 (0.6 mg/L).
Animal manure can be a substantial source of NO3 to ground water (Madison and Brunett, 1985). Nitrogen isotope
ratios can be useful in identifying sources of NO3. Nitrogen isotope data from selected wells in west-central Missouri
(Wilkison, 1993) indicate that animal wastes are the predominant source of NO3 in ground water of that area.
Article ID 49
Notecard# 49-04
Topic Other
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Notes Paraphrased from info pp. 2-4:
Author Wilkison. Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page ft 2
Co-Occurrence Notes
A significant percentage of samples (12.6% - 23.8%) from domestic wells in several Missouri studies exceeded 10
mg/L nitrate. In contrast, a survey of all public drinking water wells in Missouri revealed only three wells whose
samples exceeded 10 mg/L nitrate. These wells tend to be "screened at much deeper intervals than domestic wells
because of the yields needed to supply large quantities of potable water."
January 27,1999
1-77
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 49
Notecard# 49-09
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentrations were significantly related to the water-level depth below the land surface (Kruskal-Wallis test:
p<0.001). Water samples from wells in which the water level was less than 50 ft. from the land surface had
significantly higher N03 concentrations than samples from wells with water levels deeper than 50 ft below the land
surface (Tukey's test; a=0.05). The median NO3 concentration in samples from wells was 2.1 mg/L where the water
level was less than 10 ft below land surface, 4.3 mg/L where it was 10 to 25 ft below land surface, 4.0 mg/L where it
was 25.1 to 50 ft below land surface, 0.31 mg/L where it was 50.1 to 100 ft below land surface, and 0.14 mg/L where
it was deeper than 100 ft below the land surface. Depth to water generally is an indicator of susceptibility of the
aquifer to contamination from surface applications of agricultural chemicals. An extremely shallow water table - less
than 10 ft. - can be favorable to lower NO3 concentrations, especially in areas with poorly drained soils that often
have low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Where these conditions occur, ammonia, and not NO3, tends to be the
dominant species in ground water.
Article ID 49
Notecard# 49-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page* 9
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Water samples from shallow, large-diameter wells completed in glacial drift or Pennsylvanian rocks and from wells
where the water table was within 50 ft of the land surface, within 0.25 mi of a feedlot, or within 100 ft of a chemical
mixing area were more likely to have elevated NO3 concentrations. Elevated NO3 concentrations were not
significantly related to the percentage of row crops within a 0.25-mi radius from the well and were inversely related to
county-wide fertilizer usage.
Article ID 49
Notecard # 49-07
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 10
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentrations were significantly related to well depth (Kruskal-Wallis test; p<0.001) Water samples from wells
less than 75 ft deep had significantly higher concentrations than those samples from wells that were deeper than 75
ft (Tukey's test; a-0.05). Water from wells completed in shallow aquifers is more susceptible to contamination because
of shorter flow paths and less time for degradation and denitrification to occur. Median NO3 concentrations were
highest (3.9 mg/L) in samples from wells less than 25 ft deep and consistently declined for increasing well depth. The
median N03 concentration was 2.4 mg/L for samples from wells 25 to 50 ft deep, 1.8 mg/L for wells 50.1 to 75 ft deep,
and 0.05 mg/L (the analytical detection limit) for wells deeper than 75 ft.
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 49
Notecard # 49-08
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentrations were significantly related to well diameter (Kruskal-Wallis test; p<0.001). Water samples from
wells with diameters less than or equal to 6 in. had significantly lower concentrations of NO3 than did those samples
from wells with diameters greater than 6 in. (Tukey's test; a=0.05). This relation probably exists because wells with
diameters 6 in. or less were most likely to be completed in either alluvial, Mississippian/Springfield Plateau, or
Cambrian-Ordovician/Ozark aquifers. Wells completed in glacial drift and Pennsylvanian rocks were significantly larger
in diameter (Tukey's test; a-0.05) and many are poorly cased or constructed. Median NO3 concentration in samples
from wells 6 in. or less in diameter was 0,05 mg/L, 6.25 to 24 in. in diameter was 2.35 mg/L, 24.5 to 36 in. in diameter
was 3.45 mg/L.
Article ID 49
Notecard # 49-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 1
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The percentage of row crops within a 0.25-mile radius of the well was not related to NO3 concentrations.. .Nitrate
concentrations in ground water were inversely related to estimated fertilizer-use rates.
Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in samples with pesticide detections than for those without detections.
Wells less than 0.25 mile from a feedlot had significantly higher NO3 concentrations than other wells, however, NO3
concentrations were not related to the well distance from a septic system.
Article ID 49
Notecard ft 49-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page it 1
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes [in Missouri] Ground water from glacial drift or Pennsylvanian rocks had significantly higher concentrations of nitrate
and more frequent pesticide detections than did ground water from alluvial, Mississippian/Springfield Plateau, or
Cambrian-Ordovician/Ozark aquifers. Water samples from wells less than 75 feet deep, greater than 6 inches in
diameter, and where the water level was within 50 feet of the land surface had significantly higher nitrate
concentrations.. .than samples from other wells.
January 27,1999
1-79
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 49
Notecard # 49-06
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 9
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nitrate concentrations in water samples from wells were significantly related to the aquifer (Kruskal-Wallis test;
p<0.001).. .Multiple comparisons indicate that significant differences in median NO3 concentrations exist between
wells completed in alluvial, Mississippian/Springfield Plateau, or Cambrian-Ordovician/Ozark aquifers and wells
completed in glacial drift and Pennsylvanian rocks (Tukey's test; a=0.05). Because of the hydrogeologic setting of
these aquifers within the state [Missouri], domestic wells completed in alluvial, glacial drift, and Pennsylvanian rocks
tend to be shallower than those completed in Mississippian/Springfield Plateau and Cambrian-Ordovician/Ozark
aquifers.
Article ID 49
Notecard # 49-03
Topic
Constituent
Co-Occurrence?
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page # 2
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Ninety-five domestic wells in two reaches of the Missouri River alluvium were sampled in 1988 and 1989 for NO3 and
selected pesticides (Ziegler and others, 1993). Samples from 12.6 percent of the sites had NO3 concentrations in
excess of 10 mg/L.
Article ID SI
Notecard # 52-01
Topic Constituent Species
Constituent Antimony
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page* 9
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes [Antimony] is a typical trace metal found in very small quantities in waters (ug/L). Two forms of Sb are found in natural
waters: Sb(3+) which occurs under moderately oxidising conditions and Sb(5+) predominating in highly oxidising
environments.
Article ID 52
Notecard # 52-08
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Barium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page it 9
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes the Ba compounds are used in several industrial activities: petroleum wells, paints and paper pulp, bituminous
products, medicine and others (WHO, 1986-1993; Underwood, 1977).
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-16 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date January 1996
Constituent Chromium Page if 11
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes chromium, sutfate, cyanide
Notes Chromium is found in the mineral chromrte. The Cr(2+) ions form amine and cyanide complexes; the Cr(3+) ions form
complexes not only with chlorides, but also with fluorides, sulphates, ammonium salts, cyanides, sulphocyanides,
oxalates and citrates; chromates are comptexed by H2O2; the chromates of the alkali metals, and also ferric, cupric,
manganous and magnesium chromates are soluble, but the majority of the chromates of the other metals are insoluble
(Pourbaix, 1966).
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-27 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution Date January 1996
Constituent Selenium Pageti 16
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Concentrations of [selenium] in surface waters as SeO3(2-) (setenite), SeO4(2-) (selenate) and dimethyl selenium
typically do not exceed 10 ug/L (WHO, 1993). Underground waters, conversely, can contain up to 1 mg/L. especially
in waters which drain volcanic land; as for example, in certain zones of the USA (Catalan Lafuente, 1981; WHO,
1986).
Furthermore, a recent study carried out in the USA (Liu and Narasimhan, 1994) demonstrated that Se exhibits a trend in
depth in lakes and reservoirs, similar to Al, Fe, and Mn; this is due to chemical, electrochemical and microbiological
factors.
Article ID 52 Author Galvin. Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-26 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date January 1996
Constituent Selenium Page it 16
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Selenium is an essential element being widely spread in nature, especially in volcanic zones, but in small amounts; it is
associated with Cu, S, and B.
From a chemical point of view, the setenides, setenites and setenates of metals other than the alkali metals are
generally insoluble; moreover, Se forms complexes such as setenophosphoric acid PSe(OH)3, chromosetenite acid,
cobattisetertic complexes and complexes derivatives of uranic acid and nitrosylsulphuric acid.
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-25 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Constituent Species Date January 1996
Constituent Nickel Page if 16
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nickel salts are reasonably soluble in water, except the ferri- and ferrocyanides, sulphide and Ni-dimethylglyoxime.
Likewise, the existence of the following complexes of Ni is known: hydrochloric, and sulphuric (very stable), amine
(fairly stable), oxalic, thiocyanide, metaphosphoric, pirophosphoric and cyanide complexes (Pourbaix, 1966).
January 27,1999 1-81 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 52 Author Gatvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-24 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date January 1996
Constituent Nickel Page# 15
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes [Nickel] is used in the melting process of metallic alloys, as catalyst and in pesticide formulations.
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-23 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Constituent Species Date January 1996
Constituent Nickel Page it 15
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nickel is naturally found as the arsenate and sulphide.
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-22 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date January 1996
Constituent Mercury Page# 15
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Mercury is a typical element which experiences biotransformation processes in the environment (Leed, 1972; USEPA
1977; ECC, 1979; Standard Methods, 1989) which increases its toxic potential. In this way, Hg in waters is found both
in inorganic form as Hg(+) chloride and hydroxide, and in organic compounds such as the very toxic methyl, dimethyl
and phenyl. Likewise, some Hg(2+) inorganic compounds can be detected in waters as HgCI2(2+) (WHO, 1990).
Oxidation of Hg(+) compounds in well-oxygenated waters and especially those with pH lower than 5.0 is rapid,
yielding Hg(2+). Later, Hg(2+) can react according to two processes:
-Reduction to metallic Hg carried out by Pseudomonas and other water micro-organisms. Once Hg is formed, it might
be evaporated to the atmosphere, and later, it is deposited in rain.
-Formation of very toxic organo-mercury compounds such as methyl mercury and dimethyl mercury. In this way,
Hg(2+) is either associated with organic particles, or with microorganisms, or even with the bottom sediments of
natural water systems, experiencing a process of methylaton is both oxygenated and anoxic media.
In the oxygenated medium, the process yields firstly mercuric methionin which later breaks own to produce methyl
derivatives. If the pH of water is low, the formation of methyl mercury is favoured against dimethyl mercury.
Final Draft I-82 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 52
Notecardti 52-21
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Mercury
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page# 15
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The main sources of Hg in the environment are natural volcanic emissions followed by effluents rich in Hg discharged
by certain industries, cement production, fuel combustion, batteries, sodium hydroxide and chlorine production.
Moreover, Hg can also be used in pesticide formulations.
The following compounds of monovalent mercury are sparingly soluble: the halide, the chromate and the sulphide.
Divalent mercury forms the following sparingly soluble compounds: iodide, thiocyanic and sulphide. Moreover, Hg(2+)
forms a large number of complexes which are often quite stable: chloride, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, thiocyanic,
hydrocyanic, amine, sulphurous and thiosulphuric complexes (Pourbaix, 1966). On the other hand, Hg levels in waters
are generally very low not exceeding more than 1 ug/L (USEPA, 1977; Catalan Lafuente, 1981; Garcia Garrido, 1986).
However, in highly polluted waters in Germany, up to 0.40 mg/L have been detected in a few cases only (WHO,
1986).
Article ID 52
Notecardft 52-20
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Mercury
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page* 15
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Mercury usually occurs in the earth's crust as the sulphide while at the same time being found in some mines as the
liquid. The main sources of Hg in the environment are natural volcanic emissions followed by effluents rich in Hg
discharged by certain industries, cement production, fuel combustion, batteries, sodium hydroxide and chlorine'
production. Moreover, Hg can also be used in pesticide formulations.
Article ID 52
Notecardtt 52-19
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Chromium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin. Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page if 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The concentrations of Cr in natural unpolluted waters are not higher than 25 ug/L (ECC, 1979): nevertheless, these
levels increase for waters with low pH values (pH 6.0) as wells as for very hard waters.
Article ID 52
Notecardtt 52-06
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page # 9
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes While the majority of European surface waters present As values of less than 5 ug/L, rarely exceeding 10 ug/L
(EUREAU, 1994), higher As levels in groundwaters have been reported from many parts of the world, e.g. 0.6 to 2.0
mg/L in Taiwan, 3.0 mg/L in Japan, 0.9 to 3.4 mg/L in Argentina and up to 1.7 mg/L in the USA (Dutta and Chaudhuri,
1991).
January 27,1999
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Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 52
NotecardK 52-17
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Chromium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Mann
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page# 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes From a chemical point of view, the Cr(6+) salts (HCrO4(-), CrO4(2-), and Cr2O7(2-)) are more soluble than the Cr(3+)
compounds, especially the hydroxide. Oxidation of trivalent Cr to hexavalent Cr can be carried out etectrochemically
and, also, biologically. This implies a complex equilibrium between dissolution and precipitation of Cr compounds in
natural water media. In this sense, the reductive action of organic matter on the Cr(6+) compounds to yield Cr(3+)
organics complexes is well known (ECC, 1979; WHO, 1993).
Article ID 52
NotecardU 52-02
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Antimony
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page* 9
Co-Occurrence Notes antimony and arsenic
Notes The source of Sb in the water medium is the dissolution of sulphide minerals which contain the element. In this way,
Sb is also associated with arsenic minerals as impurity. '
Article ID 52
Notecard# 52-15
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Cadmium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page# 10
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Form and fate of Cd in water depend upon its chemical speciation which is determined by the pH of the water and the
hardness as well as the presence of ligands and co-existing metal cations. So, the solubility of Cd in water is a
function of the pH value: the lower the pH value the higher the solubility. In this way, surface waters commonly show
<1 ug/L (Catalan Lafuente, 1981; Hiat and Juff, 1975). Furthermore, the waters rich in humic compounds contain the
lowest Cd levels because of the high stability of the Cd-humic substances complexes generated there (Standard
Methods, 1989).
Article ID 52
Notecard* 52-14
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Cadmium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page# 10
Co-Occurrence Notes cadmium, nitrate, surfate, cyanide
Notes [Cadmium] is a trace element in the earth's crust which is generally associated with zinc minerals (i.e. greenockrte, a
cadmium sulphide found associated with zinc sulphide)...
Cadmium forms several complexes with anions: halides, nitrate, sulphate, thiosulphate, ammonia and cyanide, generally
not very stable. A large number of salts and basic salts of Cd are sparingly soluble or very sparingly soluble, i.e.,
carbonate, cyanide, phosphate and sulphide (Pourbaix, 1966).
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard if 52-13 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Constituent Species Date January 1996
Constituent Beryllium Page if 10
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes this element can be found in the radioactive from as (7)Be, emanating from natural interactions between cosmic
radiation and the atmosphere (UN, 1988).
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-12 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution Date January 1996
Constituent Beryllium Page* 10
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In continental waters, the mean Be concentrations range from 10(-2) to 1.1 ug/L, while in drinking waters it can be
detected only at very low levels, commonly less than 1 ug/L and showing a mean level near to 0.2 ug/L (WHO, 1993).
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard if 52-11 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date January 1996
ConstituentBeryllium Pagett 10
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes [Beryllium] is commonly associated with feldspars although K can also be found in a typical mineral such as "beryl"
(USEPA, 1980). On the other hand, Be is uncommon in natural waters but it is sometimes found as the chloride, nitrate
and sulphate salts. These compounds are relatively soluble in water in the following sequence: CI>NO3>SO4.
Beryllium also forms soluble complexes with anions such as citrate, tartrate, oxalate, flouride and phosphates.
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-10 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution Date January 1996
Constituent Barium Page if 10
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Ba is found relatively frequently in waters at levels of less than 0.1 mg/L. Likewise, certain volcanic thermal waters
can contain up to 10 mg/L (USEPA, 1977). On the other hand, the Ba concentration in drinking water does not exceed
1.0 mg/L and is commonly about 0.10 to 0.40 mg/L for USA and Russian drinking waters (WHO, 1986).
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-09 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date January 1996
Constituent Barium Page if 10
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Salts of Ba sparingly soluble are the carbonates, oxalates, sulphates, phosphates and chromates white certain
complexes such as polymetaphosphates and organic hydroxyl compounds are more soluble (Pourbaix, 1966).
January 27,1999 I-85 Final Draft
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Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-07 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date January 1996
Constituent Barium Page# 9
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The amount of Ba in the earth's crust is about 0.5 g/kg, especially found in certain minerals such as barite (barium
sulphate) and witherite (barium carbonate).
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-05 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date January 1996
Constituent Arsenic Pageft 9
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes the main contribution of arsenic to waters is actually industrial, because of production of As as a by-product in the
metallurgical processing of other metals.
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-04 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date January 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 9
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic is common in a great variety of minerals, as well as sulphides, specially in those of Cu, Co, Pb, and Zn. The
mean concentration of As in the earth's crust is about 2 mg/kg. The presence of As in waters is due to both soluble
salts and organic complexes emanating from volcanic emissions. In this way, tartrates, morybdates and tungstates
from complexes with arsenic. The alkali metal arsenites and arsenates are very soluble; the other arsenites and
arsenates are soluble only in acid solutions. In particular, triargentic arsenate and magnesium ammonium arsenate are
sparingly soluble in water (Pourbaix, 1966). Moreover, under moderately oxidising conditions, arsenic is found as
As(3+), while a higher oxidising medium promotes the oxidation toward As(5+).
Article ID 52 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Notecard # 52-03 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date January 1996
Constituent Antimony Page# 9
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Likewise, Sb can occur in some raw waters due to discharges from dye factories, mining effluents and certain other
industries (Standard Methods, 1989; EUREAU, 1994)
According to the data available (WHO, 1993; EUREAU, 1994) Sb in drinking waters is usually less than 4 ug/L (as ions
or organic complexes), while in certain parts of England and Wales the concentrations can be as high as 12 ug/L.
Where anitimony-tin solder replaces lead solder, exposure to Sb may increase.
Final Draft I-86 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 52
Notecard# 52-18
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Chromium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Mann
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page# 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Ato/esThe main sources of Cr to the environment are industrial effluents emanating from the production of corrosion inhibitors
and pigments.
Article ID 53
Notecardti 53-05
Topic Other
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L Earnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page* 147
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Occurrence of all agricultural chemicals was higher in the Effingham County study area when
•Agricultural chemicals were stored within 500 feet of the well (a<.001)
•Agricultural chemicals were used for nonagricultural uses, such as on lawns and gardens (a=.001)
-Well depth was less than 30 feet (a=01)
-Specific conductance of the samples water was greater than or equal to 500 umhos/cm (a=.01)
-Temperature of the sampled water was less than 12.5 C (a=.025)
-Wells were within 500 feet of surface water (a=.025)
-Samples were collected during the winter or spring (a=.05)
Article ID tt
Notecard# 53-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L Bamhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page it 145
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The study areas in Effingham and Piatt counties have no know aquifer material within the uppermost 50 feet however,
wells in the two areas tap very different sources of water. In the Effingham County study area, large-diameter wells
generally drain water from thin, discontinuous layers of sand and gravel or fracture zones interspersed in the low
hydraulic conductivity tills at an average depth of 35 feet (11m). These geologic materials are too thin and/or
discontinuous to satisfy our definition of aquifer materials. In Piatt County, small-diameter wells tap water from a sand
and gravel aquifer at an average depth of 111 feet (34 m). These differences in the source of water and well depth
were thought to be responsible for the observed difference in occurrence.
January 27,1999
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Article ID 53
Notecard# 53-04
Topic Other
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence'? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L. Barnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page# 146.
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes the rejection of the null hypothesis for all occurrences, nitrate occurrences, and pesticide occurrences indicated that
these occurrences were a function of both well type and depth to the uppermost aquifer material. The results of
hypothesis testing showed that well type and depth to the uppermost aquifer material can help predict all occurrences,
pesticide occurrences, and the occurrence of some individual agricultural chemicals, such as nitrate or atrazine, but it
was not useful for picloram.
Article IDS*
Notecard# 53-03
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock. M.L. Earnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page# 145
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes the stratification variable can generally be used to predict the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in rural private
wells. However, the first two classes (0 to 5 feet and 5 to 20 feet) may be combined because the difference is not
statistically significant.
Article IDS*
Notecard* 53-06
Topic Other
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Notes Occurrence of all agricultural chemicals was higher in the Kankakee County study area when
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L. Earnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page# 147
Co-Occurrence Notes
-Specific conductance of the sampled water was greater than or equal to 500 umhos/cm (a=.01)
-Bedrock elevation increased (a=.05)
-The surficial geology was thin till over Silurian dolomite bedrock (a=.05)
Article ID S3
Notecard# 53-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L Barnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page# 144
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The number of all occurrences, nitrate occurrences, and pesticide occurrences was highest in the Effingham County
study area, followed by Kankakee, Mason, Livingston, and Piatt counties. Nitrate occurrences were greater than
pesticide occurrences for the study areas in Effingham, Kankakee, and Mason counties.
Final Draft
I-88
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-05 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 145
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Anthropogenic sources of As include: (1) atmospheric release through the use of fossil fuels and smelting operations,
(2) leaching from mining waste tailings piles, (3) historic use of As as an embalming agent in corpses, (4) oil field brine
disposal activities, (5) leaching from pesticide/herbicide production facilities, and (6) direct application through
agricultural use of pesticides/herbicides (Welch et al., 1988; Korte and Fernando, 1991; Fetter, 1993).
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard if 54-10 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Topic Source(s)- Natural Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 150
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The predominance of dissolved As occurs in the eastside groundwater sources form Sierran surface flows. Because
surface water from the Kem river enters the flow path with only -0.003 mg/L dissolved As, the increase in dissolved
As must be coming from a source along the groundwater flow path. Summaries of point count analyses from sediment
collected at subsurface sites along the groundwater flow path indicate that intermediate volcanics range from 1 to
76% and granitic lithic fragments range from 12.6 to 51% in the three slides (Swartz, 1995). Arsenic concentrations in
granite and intermediate volcanics range from 0.5 to 5.8 mg/kg and 0.18 to 15 mg/kg, respectively (Welch et al., 1988).
Dissolution of these grains along the flow path could be a potential source of dissolved As.
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-09 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page* 150
Co-Occurrence? Ho Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The average As concentration in anthro-west groundwater is 0.023 mg/L, whereas the maximum dissolved As
concentration from these wells is 0.039 mg/L. These figures are well below the As concentrations in eastside
groundwaters.
[From p. 149, chemistry of Anthro-west Groundwaters]
Groundwaters in the six other westside wells are termed anthro-west groundwaters because of possible
anthropogenic alteration. These waters contain mainly Na and Cl. Previous work suggests that many waters along
the base of Elk Hills have been altered by disposal, mixing with evaporativery concentrated surface waters from Buena
Vista Lake overflow, or movement of connate waters from formations in Elk Hills (California Department of Water
Resources, 1990). The hydrogeology of the study area near Elk Hills is not sufficiently understood to conclude the
cause of alteration. However, surface disposal of produced brine along the eastern base of Elk Hills is documented
(White, 1993). These waters have an average TDS concentration of 1373 mg/L, with a range from 394 to 3210 mg/L.
Elevated Cl and Br concentrations indicate possible input from brine associated with oil field activities. Observed CI:Br
ratios suggest mixing of local oil field water with local surface waters. Nitrate levels are typically below the detection
limit of 0.1 mg/L, suggesting these waters are relatively unaltered by agricultural activities.
January 27,1999 I-89 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey 0. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-08 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kern Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
7o/»/'c Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page if 150
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Dissolved As in westside groundwater is extremely low; two wells have As below the detection limit of 0.001 mg/L,
and the remaining two wells have a dissolved As concentration of 0.002 mg/L.
[From p. 147, chemistry of Westside Groundwaters]
Four wells contain groundwater with high amounts of SO4 and Na or Ca along the western boundary of the project
area that closely resembles naturally occurring westside groundwater described by Wood and Davis (1959) and Dale
et al. (1966). These waters are sourced from westside ephemeral streams from the Coast Ranges and are found
along the base of Elk Hills adjacent to the western study area boundary. These waters have an average TDS of 810
mg/L, and range from 297 to 1890 mg/L. Nitrate levels are typically below the detection limit of 0.1 mg/L, suggesting
that these waters are relatively unaltered by agricultural activities..
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-06 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kern Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 150
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic concentrations in eastside groundwater average 0.036 mg/L. Spring 1993 values of dissolved As range from
0.002 to 0.163 mg/L in eastside groundwater. All seven wells with As concentrations exceeding 0.05 mg/L in the
spring sampling round contain eastside groundwater.
[From p. 14, chemistry of Eastside Groundwaters]
The Ha-HCO3 waters are termed eastside groundwaters because of their similarity to Kern River water which
recharges the aquifer from the east. These groundwaters are similar to Kem River water with respect to TDS values
and general water chemistry (high HCO3, low SO4 and Cl), except that Kem River water ahs Ca and Na in nearly
equivalent amounts with considerable Mg, whereas Na is clearly dominant in the Ha-HCO3 water. The difference in
cation composition is probably the result of cation exchange along the aquifer flow path. This would cause the loss of
Mg and Ca, while replacing those constituents with equivalent amounts of Na. This is a common groundwater
evolution pattern observed in deep alluvial aquifers with restricted atmospheric contact (Drever, 1988; Appelo and
Postma, 1993).
Thirty-two of the 57 wells sampled are of the Na-HCO3 water type. Spring 1993 analyses of Na-HCO3 water have an
average TDS of 128 mg/L, with none of the waters exceeding 200 mg/L The pH of the Na-HCO3 waters ranges from
8.2 to 9.2 and averages 8.75. The very low TDS and nitrate concentrations, typically below the detection limit of 0.1
mg/L, indicate these waters have been relatively unaltered by human activities.
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-11 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page it 151
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Available data strongly suggest that As is naturally occurring and is likely sources from dissolution of igneous aquifer
materials as the water moves along an extensive flow path within the Kem River alluvial fan.
Final Draft I-90 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-04 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
70p/c Source(s) - Natural Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page if 145
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Volcanic activities are the primary natural source of As to the environment. Volcanic atmospheric emissions result in
average As concentrations in precipitation from oceanic air masses of 0.019 ug/L and terrestrial air masses of 0.46
ug/L (Andreae, 1980). As is associated with volcanic glasses, geothermal areas, and mineral deposits because
arsenic minerals are not formed until the pneumatolytic and hydrothermal stages of magmatic cooling (Robertson,
1989).
As can readily substitute for silicon, ferric iron, and aluminum in aluminosilicate minerals; therefore, it is commonly
present in a variety of igneous rocks. Marine mudstone and claystone tend to have elevated As associated with
sulfides (pyrite) and organic matter, whereas nonmarine sedimentary shales/clays tend to be elevated in As as a
result of sorptive processes (Welch et al., 1998). Therefore, igneous rocks or the Sierra Nevada, Coast Range marine
rocks, and nonmarine clay beds associated with Buena Vista and Kem Lakes are potential natural sources of As in
the KFE [Kem Fan Element].
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-03 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Topic Constituent Species Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page if 145
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
\
Notes Arsenic occurs in the +5, +3, +1,0, -3 valence states. In natural waters, dissolved As typically has a valence of +5
(arsenate) or +3 (arsenite), depending on Eh and pH conditions. Arsenate exists in the oxyanionic form as either
H2AsO4(-), HAsO4(2-), or AsO4(3-); arsenite is H2AsO3(-) (Edwards, 1994).
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard if 54-02 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
70/rfc Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page if 144
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Several oil field and agricultural operations are located within and around the study area. Evidence shows that these
activities have altered groundwater composition. Therefore, human activities could be the source of dissolved As;
however, our research indicates otherwise.
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-01 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page if 143
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Welch et al. (1988) noted a variety of occurrences of elevated As throughout the West [United States], along with
many natural and human activities acting as potential sources.
January 27,1999 1-91 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 54 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
Notecard # 54-07 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 150
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The average dissolved As concentration for anthro-east groundwater is 0.002 mg/L. Samples from three of the wells
contain dissolved As below the detection limit of 0.001 mg/L and were not used in the average.
[From p. 150, chemistry of Anthro-east Groundwaters]
The remaining 15 shallower wells in fe central and eastern portions of the study area have a wide variety of water
types, show indications of alteration t-y human activities, and are termed anthro-east groundwaters. These waters
are likely of a Kern River origin that have been altered by activities including agriculture, oil field produced-water
disposal operations, and artificial recharge. The average TDS of these waters is 348 mg/L with a maximum TDS of
1680 mg/L. The average pH of these waters is 8.0 with a range from 7.3 to 8.4. Chloride concentrations as high as
724 mg/L are seen in some groundwater samples, indicating possible mixing with brine associated with oil field
activities. Nitrate concentrations in these waters average 11.5 mg/L, with a range from 1.2 to 41 mg/L, indicating likely
alteration by agricultural activities.
Article ID 55 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Notecard # 55-06 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1994
Constituent Arsenic Page# 302
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The available data indicate that the geothermally active Jemez Mountains area is a major source of arsenic to the Middle
Rio Grande. The concentration of arsenic in the Jemez River is an average of one order of magnitude higher than that
of the Rio Grande just above their confluence.
Article ID 55 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Notecard # 55-10 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
70/>/£Source(s)- Anthropogenic Date 1994
Constituent Arsenic Page# 304
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic is a naturally occurring element in the Middle Rio Grande. Sources of arsenic to the river include:
- The geothermally active Jemez Mountains area
- The Rio Puerco/Rio San Jose system which drains the Grants Mineral Belt and a portion of the Jemez Mountains.
- The portion of the Middle Rio Grande valley below Socorro.
- Discharge of arsenic in wastewater effluent from municipalities located along the Middle Rio Grande which depend
on arsenic-containing groundwater for public water supplies.
- Irrigation return flow of arsenic-containing groundwater.
Final Draft I-92 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 55 Author Ranigan, Kevin G.
Notecard # 55-09 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1994
Constituent Arsenic PageU 304
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic is a naturally occurring element in the Middle Rio Grande. Sources of arsenic to the river include:
- The geothermalty active Jemez Mountains area
- The Rio Puerco/Rio San Jose system which drains the Grants Mineral Belt and a portion of the Jemez Mountains.
- The portion of the Middle Rio Grande valley below Socorro.
- Discharge of arsenic in wastewater effluent from municipalities located along the Middle Rio Grande which depend
on arsenic-containing groundwater for public water supplies.
- Irrigation return flow of arsenic-containing groundwater.
Article ID 55 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Notecard # 55-08 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1994
Constituent Arsenic Page# 302
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The elevated levels of arsenic in the Rio Grande below Socorro may be due to discharge of groundwater containing
arsenic associated with known geothermally active areas in the region or the past volcanic history of the area. These
elevated arsenic levels may also be due to surface enrichment of arsenic rock in the area due to moderate and
advanced potassium metasomatism of the region associated with alkaline, saline brines in a playa lake environment
(Dunbaretal. 1994).
Article ID 55 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Notecard if 55-07 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
70/uc Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1994
Constituent Arsenic Page* 302
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The Rio Puerco/Rio San Jose system also contributes significant amounts of arsenic to the Middle Rio Grande. Mining
activity at the Grants Mineral Belt may have mobilized some of this arsenic into the environment.
Article ID 55 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Notecard # 55-05 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic Date 1994
Constituent Arsenic Page# 301
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Sources of arsenic to the Middle Rio Grande include tributary streams originating in areas of geothermal and mining
activity and the discharge of groundwater containing arsenic. Arsenic in groundwater reaches the Middle Rio Grande
both through natural discharge in areas where the river is a gaining stream and through groundwater pumping for
municipal water supplies and subsequent discharge via wastewater effluent as well as pumping for irrigation with
subsequent return flow.
January 27,1999 I-93 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 55
Notecard# 55-04
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
Date 1994
PageK 301
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Sources of arsenic to the Middle Rio Grande include tributary streams originating in areas of geothermal and mining
activity and the discharge of groundwater containing arsenic. Arsenic in groundwater reaches the Middle Rio Grande
both through natural discharge in areas where the river is a gaining stream and through groundwater pumping for
municipal water supplies and subsequent discharge via wastewater effluent as well as pumping for irrigation with
subsequent return flow.
Article ID 55
Notecard# 55-03
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
Date 1994
Page# 295
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Major sources of human-related release include smelting of ores and use of arsenic containing pesticides. Additional
sources from commercial and industrial processes include use of arsenic-containing wood preservatives and paints
and pigments.
Article ID $5
Notecard# 55-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
Date 1994
Page H 295
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic occurs in the earth's crust at an average concentration of 1.8 micrograms per gram (ug/g) (Krauskopf 1979)
and at a concentration of 2.6 micrograms per liter (ug/l) in seawater (Maidment 1993). The average concentration of
arsenic in the atmosphere in areas where major emission sources are absent has been estimated at 3 nanograms per
cubic meter (USEPA1980). The average concentration of arsenic in fresh surface waters is 3 ug/l (Boyle and
Jonasson 1973). A nationwide study of trace metals in waters throughout the United States found arsenic to be
present at a concentration greater than 5 ug/l in 5.5 percent of the samples (Kopp and Kroner 1968). The Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 1990) reported on a 1970 study which found that up to 1 percent of
the water supplies in the United States had concentrations of arsenic exceeding 10 ug/l.
Article ID 55
Notecard# 55-02
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
Standards
Date 1994
Page* 295
Co-Occurrence Notes
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Notes Natural sources of arsenic include arsenic gases and compounds formed as a result of volcanic and geothermal
activity and weathering of minerals and ores containing arsenic.
Final Draft
1-94
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 56
NotecardK 56-06
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Chapin. Charles E. and Nelia W. Ounbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Page# 270
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The main source of arsenic is water-rock reactions, both low and high temperature. Arsenic concentrations in
groundwater vary with the type of rock in contact with the water, the temperatures, residence time, and geochemical
parameters such as pH, Eh, salinity, complexing agents, etc. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater are highest in
silicic volcanic terranes and lowest in regions underlain mainly by granitic and metamorphic rocks.
Article ID 56
Notecardn 56-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Page if 258
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenic is a metalloid that sublimes to vapor at 613oC. Its enthalpy of vaporization is among the lowest of common
elements, being lower than mercury and intermediate between iodine and bromine (Ernstey 1991). Arsenic has several
valence states, of which +3 (arsenite) and +5 (arsenate) are the most common in nature. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
sublimes at only 193oC and the pentasuffide (As2S5) sublimes at SOOoC. Consequently, arsenic is strongly enriched in
volcanic gases as compared to magma, with an enrichment factor of 10(3) to 10(6). The crustal abundance of
arsenic is estimated at 1500 ppb (Emstey 1991), but its abundance in common rocks varies widely. Of particular
importance to ground and surface waters in the western U.S. is the relative abundance and mobility of arsenic in silicic
volcanic rocks, in volcanidastic sediments derived from them, and in the hydrothermal systems commonly associated
with silicic volcanism.
Arsenic has chalcophite, siderophite, and oxyphite characteristics, meaning that it tends to follow sulfur, iron, and
oxygen in geochemical processes. In aqueous systems, the two common oxidation states are arsenite (+3) and
arsenate (+5). Arsenite is the common form under reducing conditions, such as in deep groundwater and magmatic
and hydrothermal systems, whereas arsenate dominates in most surface waters and shallow groundwater. Arsenite
is not easily sorbed onto any compound or mineral and is thus very mobile. Arsenate, however, is easily sorbed onto
iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and fine-grained sediments. The Mn(+4) ion, which is widely distributed as a
coating on fracture surfaces and mineral grains, is an efficient oxidizer of As(+3) to As(+5). Note in Table 1 the
enrichment of arsenic in iron-rich and clay-rich rocks.
Both arsenite and arsenate are equally soluble in aqueous fluids where they commonly are present as oxyanions. In
an oxidizing environment (0.2 - 0.5 V), as in most river waters, both H2As)4(-) and HAsO4(-2) occur in appreciable
proportions, while under reducing conditions (0 - 0.1 V) H3AsO3 is the dominant species (Mok and Wai 1994).
Arsenite forms complex ions with chloride in the pH range 6 to 12 and forms both complex ions and colloids with sulfur
in hydrothermal systems. Arsenite also forms complex anions with fluoride. Organic complexed with arsenite can
greatly increase its mobility (Mok and Wai 1994).
In rivers such as the Rio Grande, arsenic in unfiltered samples is appreciable higher than in filtered samples because
of sorption on, and copretipitation with, hydrous oxides or iron, manganese, and aluminum as well as attachment to
sediment grains. The scavenging power of these particles for arsenic is further evident in the dramatically higher
arsenic content of sediment from the river bed.. .Mok and Wai (1194, p. 101) state that, "In a river, arsenic is
predominantly bound to sediments." Arsenic can be released from the sediments if the pH becomes acidic or if the pH
becomes very high (>8.5). At high pH levels, hydroxide ions compete with arsenic anions for sorption sites. Arsenic
can also be released if the Eh becomes reducing. Reduction of feme ions to ferrous ions liberates sorbed arsenic as
As(+3), which is highly mobile.
January 27,1999
I-95
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 56
Notecard# 56-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Pagett 263
Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic, antimony, barium, mercury
Notes.. .two areas with arsenic contents between 20 and 200 ppm are associated with fossil hydrothermal systems.
These hydrothermally altered areas contain manganese veins and show enrichment in other elements, such as Sb, Zn,
Ba, Au, and Hg, that are typically associated with hydrothermal systems. Arsenic has long been used as a
"pathfinder" element in prospecting for hydrothermal gold deposits.
Article ID 56
Notecard* 56-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence^ No
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Page # 263
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Hydrothermal waters in silicic volcanic fields are usually enriched in arsenic which often results in increased
concentration in both ground and surface waters.
Article ID 56
Notecard* 56-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence"! Yes
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Page# 268
Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic, nitrate
Notes A number of geochemical factors are associated with increases or decreases in arsenic concentrations in the Middle
Rio Grande Basin (CH2M HILL 1990). Arsenic correlates positively with temperature, depth, fluoride, sodium, chloride,
silica, nitrate, alkalinity, and pH of water. Inverse correlations are observed with total water hardness (Ca, Mg) and
Eh. Especially significant factors in increased arsenic concentrations are depth, temperature, and fluoride content
(CH2M HILL 1990).
Article ID SS
Notecardit 56-05
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Page if 268
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Table 4 shows that wells having a total depth less than 1200 ft in the Albuquerque well fields produce mainly
Ca-Mg-HCO3 waters containing less than 20 ppb arsenic with a pH between 7 and 8 and an Eh of approximately 300
mV (CH2M HILL 1990). In contrast, groundwater in wells having a total depth greater than 1200 ft produce mainly
alkaline Na-HCO3 waters containing more than 30 ppb arsenic with higher fluoride contents, higher pH, and
considerably less oxidation potential.
Final Draft
I-96
January 27.1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 60
Notecardti 60-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Bhatt, Kailash
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Pesticides in Bowdle
Aquifer, South Dakota
Date September 1997
Page# 237
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Approximately thirty-eight percent of analyzed nitrate samples in the aquifer exceeded the 10 mg/l U.S. EPA's maximum
contaminant limit. High nitrate fluctuations in selected wells are indicative of high vulnerability in the study areas and
non-point source contamination from the agricultural fields which subsequently may vary due to attenuation and
dispersion between month to month. Nitrate levels and pesticide detections in most wells decreased with well depth,
with minor exceptions. Leaching through the vadose zone is a primary mechanism of nitrate movement to
groundwater, with high nitrate concentrations in the upper part of the aquifer. The detection of different pesticides at
various depths suggests that soil and pesticide characteristics play a far more important role in pesticide movement
than they do for nitrates. Shallow wells in nested sites recorded a higher number of detections than the deeper wells.
The absence of micropore connectivity in deeper parts of the aquifer is the major factor for low detection in deeper
wells. The transit time for water to move to the upper saturates zone ranges from two to five months after a
precipitation event. The number of pesticide detections in area wells increase during periods of heavy and continuous
precipitation.
Although a quantitative correlation between the application rate, precipitation and occurrence cannot be drawn due to
lack of information on fertilizer and pesticide application rate period, the long term monitoring results can be useful for
modelling purposes, where calibration and field verification are needed. The results also can be used as a tool by the
local and federal agencies to implement nutrient and pesticide management policies.
Article ID GQ
Notecard* 60-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent titrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Bhatt, Kailash
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Pesticides in Bowdle
Aquifer, South Dakota
Dote September 1997
Page # 230
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Shallow wells at some nested sites recorded more than double the nitrate concentrations of the deeper wells. At all
nested well sites in the study area, shallow wells had higher nitrate concentrations than the deeper wells, indicating
leaching may be a primary mode of nitrate movement. Leaching mechanism of nitrates varies with season and type of
crop grown in the field (Theocharopoulos et al., 1993) and was not analyzed in detail in this study. Studies including
one conducted by Hall (1992) indicated that there is no relationship between nitrate concentrations in groundwater and
either depth to the water table or sampling depth below the water table. He also concluded that relationship between
nitrate concentration in groundwater and loading rate of fertilizer were statistically significant. In studying the impacts
of agricultural activity in five US regions, Hamilton and Heteel (1995) concluded that in some aquifers the nitrate levels
increased with well depth and in others it decreased. Nitrate levels in groundwater are more responsive to nitrogen
application in the surface than to the degree and direction of ground water fluctuation. The percolating water from
fertilized fields moves through the micropores of the unsaturated zone. Depending upon the site specific properties of
geologic medium and time of precipitation in the area, the lag time varied from one well to other well.
January 27,1999
1-97
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 60
Notecardn 60-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Bhatt, Kailash
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Pesticides in Bowdle
Aquifer, South Dakota
Date September 1997
Page# 230
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Wide fluctuations of nitrate levels in individuals wells are indicative of non-point source contribution from fertilized
fields. Concentrations variation within month to month sampling also suggest attenuation and dispersion of nitrates and
depends on groundwater flow and geologic regime of the study areas.
[Also a series of graphs showing the relationship between nitrate concentrations, water levels and area precipitation
in four selected wells]
Article ID 61
Notecard# 61-01
Topic Other
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Aceil, S.M.
Title The Study of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in
Waters of the State of Mississippi
Date 1996
Page #296
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Transport of NORM in coastal and estuaries can follow Pick's law and diffusion theory. [Gives equations for transport
in one dimension, in estuaries, and in rivers, streams, and lakes. Also for subsurface seepage.]
\
Article ID &
NotecardH 61-02
Topic Other
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Aceil, S.M.
Title The Study of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in
Waters of the State of Mississippi
Date 1996
Page ft 297
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes NORM activities, especially the oil and gas related part, are at their early stages in the state of Mississippi. Lack of
public awareness has been the cause of unfortunate incidents in the past. Similar studies in neighboring states and
studies in general indicate that the radioactivities of the water and mixed water and minerals could be nil to several
thousands of Pico Curie (pCi) per liter of water or gram of scale on the pipes or sludges that resulted from drilling
(Greer et al, 1995); Oddo et al.; Fisher 1995; Smith et al 1995; and Fisher 1994)
Final Draft
I-98
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 62 Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope
Notecard # 62-04 Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal
Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.
Topic Study Methodology Date 1997
Constituent Page# 4
Co-Occurrence? Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes A network of 34 sampling sites was established in the Cheney Reservoir watershed to evaluate spatial variability in
concentrations of selected water-quality constituents during low flow. Low flow is streamflow originating primarily as
springs or ground-water seepage (including irrigation return flow) or from point-source discharges such as
wastewater treatment plants. Low flow does not have a surface-runoff component.
Each of the 34 sampling sites were sampled once during June 11-12,1996, and again during September 10-11,1996.
Five sampling sites during the June period and six sampling sites during the September period were not sampled
because the streams at those sites were either dry or had no streamflow (contained only isolated pools). Physical
determinations made onsite included streamflow, specific conductance, pH, air and water temperatures, barometric
pressure, and dissolved-oxygen concentration. Samples collected for subsequent laboratory determination included
dissolved solids and major ions, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus species), atrazine, and fecal coliform bacteria. All
samples were collected according to methods presented in Horowitz and others (1994).
Article ID 62 Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope
Notecard # 62-05 Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal
Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.
Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic Date 1997
Constituent Hitrate Page# 7
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes nitrate, microbes
Notes Major sources of nutrients include agricultural activities such as the application of synthetic fertilizers and the pasturing
and confined feeding of livestock.- It is likely that this statewide trend in increased use of synthetic fertilizers also has
occurred in the Cheney Reservoir watershed. - A less significant nonpoint source of nutrients is the bacterial
decomposition of plant and animal protein and possible leaching from septic systems. Also, nutrients, particularly
ammonia and nitrate, may be components of rainfall; however, because of the predominate agricultural land use in the
watershed and the associated potential for distribution of nutrients, it is presumed that rainfall is a relatively minor
contributor of nutrients to the watershed. The most substantial point sources of nutrients in the Cheney Reservoir
Watershed probably are the municipal wastewater discharges from several small towns within the watershed.
Article ID 62 Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope
Notecard ft 62-03 Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal
Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.
Topic Other Date 1997
Constituent Page* 12
Co-Occurrence? Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Water-quality constituents may respond differently to increases in streamflow. For example, concentrations of
dissolved solids may be largest during low flow when streams are dominated by ground-water discharges containing
relatively large concentrations of dissolved minerals. A previous study (Bevans, 1989) showed inverse relationships
between dissolved solids and streamflow for the major streams in Sedgwick County. As streamflow increased,
dissolved-solids concentrations decreased. Conversely, concentrations of nutrients, atrazine, and fecal coliform
bacteria may be largest during high flow when streams are receiving these constituents with runoff from the
watershed (Pope, 1995; Pope and others, 1997; Putnam, 1997). The implication of these relations to long-term water
quality in Cheney Reservoir are: (1) the average concentration of dissolved solids in the reservoir probably is less than
in streams during low flow, and (2) average concentrations of nutrients and atrazine, and average densities of fecal
coliform bacteria in the reservoir may be greater than in streams during low flow.
January 27,1999 I-99 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 62 Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope
Notecard # 62-02 Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazme, and Fecal
Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1997
Constituent Other Page it 11
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Generally, densities of fecal coliform bacteria in surface water of the Cheney Reservoir watershed appear to be of
nonpoint-source origin and presumably associated with livestock production.
Article ID 62 Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope
Notecard # 62-01 Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal
Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.
rop/c Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1997
Constituent Nitrate Page# 9
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The larger [nitrite plus nitrate] average concentrations in the watershed appear to be of non-point source origin,
presumably from agricultural activities such as livestock production (pasturing orfeedlot operations) or fertilizer
applications.
Article ID 63 Author Stackelberg, Paul E., Jessica A. Hopple, and Leon J. Kauffman
Notecard # 63-02 Title Occurrence of Nitrate, Pesticides, and Volatile Organic
Compounds in the Kikkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System, Southern
New Jersey
Topic Other Date 1997
Constituent titrate Page*
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The media concentration of nitrate was highest (13.0 mg/l) in samples from agricultural areas, where nitrogen
fertilizers are used for crop production. Median nitrate concentrations in samples from the new and old urban areas,
where nitrogen sources include domestic fertilizers and sewage wastes, were similar (2.6 and 3.5 mg/l, respectively).
Nitrate concentrations were lowest (median 0.07 mg/l) in undeveloped areas, reflecting the lack of human inputs of
nitrogen into the subsurface environment in these areas.
Article ID 63 Author Stackelberg, Paul E., Jessica A. Hopple, and Leon J. Kauffman
Notecard it 63-01 Title Occurrence of Nitrate, Pesticides, and Volatile Organic
Compounds in the Kikkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System, Southern
New Jersey
Topic Study Methodology Date 1997
Constituent Nitrate Page M
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Water samples were collected from a network of 72 shallow monitoring wells to assess the chemical quality of
recently recharged ground water in the surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system of southern New Jersey. The
wells are randomly distributed among agricultural, urban, and undeveloped areas to provide data representative of
chemical conditions of ground water underlying each of these land-use settings. Samples were analyzed for
nutrients, pesticides, and VOCs.
Final Draft 1-100 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 64
Notecardti 64-04
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace
Elements, and Radionuclides, in Ground and Surface Water from
West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.
Date 1994
Page it 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes During 1990, the nutrient analyzed was nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen, in milligrams per liter. During 1991, the nutrient
analyses included total nitrite plus nitrate, dissolved ammonia, nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, and orthophosphate. Nitrite plus
nitrate concentrations are considered to be nitrate because nitrite concentrations were less than 5 percent of the
nitrite plus nitrate concentrations.
[Table 5 shows summary of nitrate concentrations and sigma 15N values in water samples from wells and well and
land-use data]
Article ID 64
Notecard# 64-01
Topic Study Methodology
Constituent
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace
Elements, and Radionuclides, in Ground and Surface Water from
West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.
Date 1994
Page # 2
Co-Occurrence Notes Nitrate, Nitrite. Radionuclides, Arsenic
Notes Agricultural production is the primary land use in west-central Missouri. The dominant row crops are soy beans, hay,
com, wheat, and grain sorghum. Beef and pork are the principal livestock products. Pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers
are used extensively on row crops and may enter ground and surface water. Because ground water is the primary
drinking water source for many people in the area, the USGS, in cooperation with the Missouri Dept. of Health, sampled
wells, springs, and surface-water sites in west-central Missouri during 1990 and 1991 to determine concentrations of
pesticides, nutrients, nitrogen isotopes, radionudides, arsenic, iron, and manganese in ground and surface water
from west-central Missouri. This report contains the results of analyses for pesticides, nutrients, nitrogen isotopes,
radionudides. arsenic, iron, manganese, and selected land-use characteristics for ground- and surface-water
samples from Bates, Cass, St. Clair, and Vemon Counties in west-central Missouri.
Article IDS*
Notecard# 64-02
Topic Study Methodology
Constituent
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace
Elements, and Radionudides, in Ground and Surface Water from
West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.
Date 1994
Page# 6
Co-Occurrence Notes Nutrients, Radionudides, Arsenic
Notes During 1990, wells, springs, and surface water sites were selected for sampling in Bates, Cass, St. Clair, and Vemon
Counties. Because a random sampling of domestic drinking water was desired, wells were not exduded from
sampling if chemicals were mixed near the well. Surface water was sampled from the six largest streams in the area;
one pond used for drinking water also was sampled.
During 1991, wells, springs, and surface water sites were sampled in Bates, Cass, and Vemon Counties. No samples
were collected in St. Clair County based on the results of sampling during 1990.
Land use data were collected in 1990 and 1991, including distance of the well from the chemical-mixing area, distance
from feedlot, distance from the septic system, and the percentage of land area with row crops within 0.25 mi of the
well
January 27,1999
1-101
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 64
Notecardti 64-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace
Elements, and Radionuclides, in Ground and Surface Water from
West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.
Date 1994
Page # 6
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The ratio of 15nitrogen to 14nitrogen in nitrate, relative to atmospheric nitrogen (sigma 15N of nitrate), expressed in per
mil in ground water can be useful in determining the origin of the nitrogen source. Krietler (1975) reported that the
sigma 15N relative to the atmospheric nitrogen standard is largest for nitrate originating from animal wastes. The
volatilization of ammonia in animal wastes is the principal factor that controls the ratio (Krietler, 1975) Values of the
sigma 15N of nitrate derived from animal waste are greater than +10 per mil. Values of sigma 15N of nitrate derived
from fertilizers or oxidation of soil nitrogen are less than for nitrate derived from feedlot or septic wastes. (Spalding
and others, 1982)
Article ID tt
Notecard# 65-05
Topic Souroe(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikle, and Michael C.R. Alavanja
Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
of Frederick, Maryland
Date 1998
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes microbes, nitrate
Notes The relationship between coliform bacteria and nitrate contamination and lot size suggests that septic systems may
cause increased levels of well contamination as lot sizes decrease. Installation of adequate septic systems is needed
on existing small lots to ensure attenuation of coliform bacteria. A long-range study is needed to determine what
changes septic system use causes in nitrate concentrations in wells in a subdivision. Information from such a study
could show the long-term nitrate contribution to the groundwater caused by septic systems and could be used in
making zoning decisions about minimum residential lot size in unsewered subdivisions.
Article ID tt
Notecardti 65-04
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Nitrate
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikle. and Michael C.R. Alavanja
Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
of Frederick, Maryland
Date 1998
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The negative correlation between lot size and nitrate contamination for all wells and for wells located in three soil
groups suggests that nitrate contamination of wells in these soil groups originated from septic systems and was not
due to residual nitrogen from past agricultural land use. Studies by Exner and Spalding and Tjostem et al. Suggested
that elevated levels of nitrates in groundwater are due to point-source contamination (e.g. barnyards and septic
systems) and are not caused by the past agricultural use. The observations of this study indicate that septic systems
contribute to the contamination of wells are also supported by Tinker, who found that nitrate levels were higher in
wells located on the down gradient side of a subdivision in Wisconsin, and by Ford et al. who found that nitrate levels
decreased in wells as their distance from septic systems increased.
Final Draft
1-102
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 65 Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikle, and Michael C.R. Alavanja
Notecard # 65-03 Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
of Frederick, Maryland
Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic Date 1998
Constituent Microbes Page it 19
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nine of the 10 soil groups exhibited a negative correlation between lot size and coliform contamination of wells,
suggesting that septic systems contributed to coliform contamination of wells on small lots. In addition, the significant
negative correlation between lot size and coliform contamination in the Edgemont soil group and the presence of fecal
coliform bacteria in wells located on the two smallest lots indicate that the wells in this soil group were particularly
vulnerable to contamination. Exner and Spalding also reported that wells located near a point source (intermittently
used barnyards) were more frequently contaminated with coliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria attenuation may be
increased when shallow disposal systems and sand filters are used on lots less than one acre.
Article ID 65 Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikle, and Michael C.R. Alavanja
Notecard it 65-01 Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
of Frederick, Maryland
Topic Study Methodology Date 1998
Constituent Page it 16
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes microbes, nitrate
Notes Specifically, two predictions were tested: (1) A negative correlation between lot size and coliform bacteria and nitrate
contamination will exist in unsewered areas; (2) Coliform bacteria and nitrate contamination will decrease with
increasing case length. The relationship of coliform bacteria and nitrate levels to lot size and casing length was tested
for all wells in unsewered areas. (n=832) and for wells in 10 soil groups in Frederick County, Maryland, to determine if
septic system construction'or placement contributed to well contamination. Coliform bacteria and nitrate concentration
were negatively correlated with lot size. In addition, coliform bacteria levels were negatively correlated with casing
length, and there was a trend toward nitrate levels being associated with casing length. The results suggest that
septic systems may be a source of coliform bacteria and nitrate contamination of wells. The casing length required in
well construction should be increased in areas where wells may be prone to coliform bacteria contamination if the
minimum amount of casing is used.
January 27,1999 1-103 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 65 Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikte, and Michael C.R. Alavanja
Notecard # 65-02 Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
of Frederick, Maryland
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1998
Constituent Nitrate Page if 19
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes nitrate, microbes
Notes A significant negative correlation between coliform bacteria and nitrate contamination and lot size was found only in
the Edgemont soil group. The two smallest lots in this soil group were contaminated with fecal coliform bacteria. In nine
of the 10 soil groups, however, the correlation coefficient was negative. If there were no overall relationship between
lot size and contamination with coliform bacteria, there would be an equal number of positive and negative RHO values.
For three of the soil groups, a significant negative correlation was found between nitrate contamination and lot size.
The significant negative correlation found for all wells was probably due primarily to the large sample for the
Manor/Glenelg soil group. A negative correlation between nitrate level and lot size was present in seven of the 10 soil
groups. In the Manor/Glenelg soil group, nitrate contamination levels clearly decreased as lot size increased. Although
nitrate levels in Highfield soil were relatively low, the contamination level may still be related to lot size. In the
Penn/Readington/Croton soil group, the pattern of nitrate contamination in relation to lot size was not as tight as in the
other soil groups.
A significant negative correlation was found between coliform bacteria and casing length in the Manor/Glenelg soil
group. The significant negative correlation found in all wells was also probably due to the large sample size of the
Manor/Glenelg soil group. In seven of the 10 soil groups, there was a negative correlation between coliform bacteria
contamination and casing length. A negative correlation was found in seven soil groups. When the wells were
grouped by casing length regardless of soil type, there was an inverse relationship between the percentage of
coliform bacteria contamination and casing length. There was not, however, a significant correlation between nitrates
and casing length.
Article ID 66 Author Moorhead, Daryl L, W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf
Notecard it 66-01 Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas
Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic Date 1998
Constituent Microbes Page #
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Playa lakes are an integral part of the surface water management plan for the city of Lubbock, Texas. Most have been
enlarged to increase volume. Surrounding streets are designed to direct runoff into local basins, so the
once-ephemeral wetlands are now permanent urban impoundments. A variety of recreational activities bring people
into contact with these playas. This study found coliform densities 10 to 100 times greater than recommended for
human contact (i.e. swimming or wading). Analyses of water quality characteristics and landscape features suggest
that total coliform densities are diluted by the greater water inputs of larger watersheds and by overflow from adjacent
basins. Both totat-coliform and E. coli densities appear to be unrelated to other environmental parameters. The source
of coliforms, the reason for such high densities, and factors responsible for their persistence remain uncertain.
Article ID 66 Author Moorhead, Daryl L., W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf
Notecard # 66-02 Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas
Topic Study Methodology Date 1998
Constituent Nitrate Page #
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The authors investigated 20 playa lakes located within the city of Lubbock, Texas, that remain permanently inundated.
- Water samples were assayed for concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, orthophosphate, alkalinity, total acidity, and
total chlorine using a surface water quality test kit. Landscape features associated with each playa were evaluated
according to aerial photographs: total watershed area, total surface area of playa, and total area of adjacent park or
open land.
Final Draft 1-104 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 6B
Notecard # 66-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Microbes
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moorhead, Daryl L, W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf
Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas
Date 1998
Page* 15
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Observations revealed very high coliform populations in most playas-Although significant relationships were found to
exist between some water quality parameters and watershed characteristics, none of the correlation coefficients for
bacteria were significant.
Article ID 66
Notecard'# 66-04
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Microbes
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moorhead, Daryl L., W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf
Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas
Date 1998
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes While densities of coltforms in Lubbock playas may pose a threat to public heath, their origin is uncertain. Feachem
reported that ratios of E. coli to total coliforms of less than 4.0 probably derive from nonhuman sources. Values for
nontruncated data in the present study ranged from 0.04 to 0.89 and averaged 0.33 (for 12 playas), which implied a
source other than human. Both chemical and biological contaminants in urban environments can be traced to many
sources, such as waterfowl and pet feces, chemical applications to lawns and gardens, vehicle emissions, and
erosion. The sources vary with surrounding land use and the extent of impervious surface areas.
Article ID 67
Notecard # 67-01
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Selenium
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Valentine, J.L.
Title Environmental Occurrence of Selenium in Waters and Related
Health Significance
Date 1997
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Selenium has been found in appreciable amounts in a few spring and well waters due to high geological occurrence.
Scott and Voegeli (1961) found selenium ranging from 1 to 400 ug/l in surface waters from Colorado. Selenium in well
waters used by an Ute Indian family near Ignacio, Colorado contained 9000 ug/l (Beath, 1962). Cannon (1964) reported
1000-3000 ug/l in spring water of a uranium-rich area in Grand County, Utah. Valentine et al. (1978) reported 26-1800
ug/l in well water of Grants, New Mexico, which is also a uranium-rich area. Johnson and Roth (1978) reported 92 ug/l
selenium in drinking water in Golden, Colorado. Industrial discharges from an electrolytic copper works have been
thought to cause increased selenium concentrations (0.2-0.25 mg/l) in river waters in Russia (Ptetnikova, 1970). More
recently agricultural irrigation waste waters have reported selenium concentrations of 140-4200 ug/l (Fan et al, 1988)
Fan et al (1988) state that the major fraction of the selenium was as selenate with some methylated selenium being
identified. Domestic wells in the vicinity did not exceed 10 ug/l.
Article ID 67
Notecard # 67-02
Author Valentine, J.L.
Title Environmental Occurrence of Selenium in Waters and Related
Health Significance
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1997
Constituent Selenium Page* 293
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes.
Notes Selenium in water occurs in various forms depending on the pH and Eh of the medium.
January 27,1999
1-105
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 67 Author Valentine, J.L.
Notecard # 67-03 Title Environmental Occurrence of Selenium in Waters and Related
Health Significance
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1997
Constituent Selenium Page# 294
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Even though selenate selenium is found in waters derived from seleniferous soils, it is difficult to predict plant selenium
content from soil data. It is also difficult in some cases to predict water selenium content. (Fan et al., 1988; Palmer,
1995)
Article ID 68 Author Fan, Anna M. and Valerie E. Steinberg
Notecard # 68-01 Title Health Implications of Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water An
Update on Methemoglobinemia Occurrence and Reproductive and
Developmental Toxitity
Topic Date February 1996
Constituent Page #
Co-Occurrence? Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes This article did not provide any useful information.
Article ID 69 Author Daniel, PA, N. Dumoutier, V. Mandra, N. Tambo, and T. Kamei
Notecard # 69-01 Title Cryptosporidium: a Risk Assessment
Topic Other Date 1996
Constituent Cryptosporidium Page# 388
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The conventional indicators of microbial water quality (e.g. conforms and heterotrophic plate counts) do not necessarily
correlate with the presence or concentrations of Cryptosporidium.
The minimum infective dose is thought to be very low.
Article ID 71 Author Bright, DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer
Notecard # 71-02 Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine EffluentiThe
Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden' Arsenic
Topic Constituent Species Date February 9,1996
ConstituentArsenic Page# 166
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, antimony
Notes Several researchers have recently demonstrated in non-biotic environmental compartments the presence of additional
complex arsenicals which are hidden to commonly used hydride generation techniques. These arsenic species have
been collectively referred to as 'hidden' or 'refractory'. Hidden arsenic comprised that portion of all arsenicals that does
not generate a volatile arsine on reaction with borohydride, unless decomposed to simpler forms. Reimer et al have
also detected organoantimony compounds in aquatic plant samples which are hidden to hydride-generation, atomic
absorption spectroscopy analysis unless first subjected to microwave digestion with added potassium dichromate.
Hidden arsenicals in water or sediment potentially include arsenocholine, arsenobetaine, arsenolipids, and
arsenosugars; their metabolites (or precursors); possible sulfur- or thiol-containing arsenicals; and other presently
undescribed compounds. In practice, the identity of hidden arsenic in environmental samples has rarely been
determined, although hidden arsenic may account for in excess of 50% of the local arsenic budge in marine sediment
interstitial water.
Final Draft 1-106 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 71 Author Bright, DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer
Notecard #71-05 Title Arsenic in SubArcfic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine Effiuent.The
Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden' Arsenic
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date February 9,1996
Constituent Arsenic Page# 180
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Aggett and O'Brien proposed a detailed model of arsenic cycling in lacustrine sediments, and largely discounted earlier
hypothetical models by Furguson and Gavis and Weed which emphasized the role of methylarsenical production in
controlling the upward remobilization of arsenic from sediments to the water column. The role of inorganic chemical
processes, especially of iron-and manganese-oxyhydroxides, in controlling arsenic distributions in aqueous systems
has subsequently been emphasized by a large number of researchers. However, recent research on the presence of
MMAA and DMAA in lacustrine and marine waters, as well as the dominance of Organoarsenicals in the fate and
effects of arsenic inputs. The emphasis by most researchers on inorganic arsenic species in examining environmental
arsenic cycling is, in part, an artifact of the currently available analytical techniques. This study and research by
others have provided evidence of exocellular arsenicals that are hidden to hydride-generation techniques, at
concentrations in pore water that can exceed the concentration of arsenate + arsenite by a factor of three or more.
Clearly, exocellular Organoarsenicals and other hidden arsenic species potentially represent a substantial portion of the
total arsenic budget in some ecosystems; the geochemical fate and bioavailablity of Organoarsenicals has not been
clearly elucidated.
Studies undertaken within the last decade of methylarsenic distribution in aquatic environmental have emphasized the
role of algae as methytators and have focused on the concentrations of arsenite, arsenate, MMAA, and DMAA in the
water column. It is becoming increasingly dear, however, that the de novo production by bacteria may account for a
significant proportion of methylated arsenic levels in aquatic systems, and that arsenic methylation in sediments bears
a similarity to mercury methylation. There is no reason to dismiss the role of bacterial arsenic methylation in the photic
zone of the water column either.
Article ID 71 Author Bright, DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer
Notecard # 71-01 Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine EffluentThe
Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden' Arsenic
Topic Other Date February 9.1996
Constituent Arsenic Page if 166
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The toxicrty of arsenic to aquatic biota is controlled by the type of arsenic species present, as well as the partitioning
of arsenicals between environmental compartments.
Article ID 71 Author Bright. DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer
Notecard #71-04 Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine EffluentThe
Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden* Arsenic
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution Date February 9,1996
Constituent Arsenic Page #
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In this study, we have demonstrated that a wide range of methylarsenic compounds occurs in the water column and
pore water of freshwater environments near Yellowknife, N.W.T. Depth profiles of EMeAs compounds in sediment
cores, along with corroborative evidence from arsenic methylation by anaerobic microbial cultures, indicate that
sulfate-reducing bacteria play a role in the arsenic methylation. The results presented here exhibit a strong similarity to
recent studies of methylarsenic distributions in marine sediments.
January 27,1999 1-107 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 71
NotecardK 71-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Mercury
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Bright, D.A., M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer
Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine Effluent:The
Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden' Arsenic
Date February 9,1996
Page# 166
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The biomethylation of mercury in freshwater sediment is directly related to bioavailability and toxicity. The importance
of arsenic methylation and demethylation, however, is not known and the factors that control the concentrations of
organoarsenicals in water and sediment have not been elucidated. In sediments, bacterial methylation and
demethylation as well as microbially-mediated oxidation-reduction reactions might alter the lippphilicity and bioavailability
of pore water arsenicals, directly alter arsenic toxicity, and/or alter the rates of arsenic remobilization from and
demobilization into the sediment.
Article ID 72
NotecardU 72-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence?
Author Back, William and Ivan Barnes
Title Relation of Electrochemical Potentials and Iron Content to
Groundwater Flow Patterns
Date undated (circa
1962)
Page* C11
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The greatest amount of iron occurs where the pH is between about 5.0 and 6.5 and the Eh is less than about 200 mv.
Note that in water with pH values less than 5, the iron concentrations are not the greatest, but rather have a wide
range between 10^-3.69 and
The samples from each aquifer tend to cluster according to Eh, pH, or iron content. For instance, the Patuxent samples
have pH between 4.5 and 4.8 and iron content between 10^-5.17 (0.38 ppm) and 10M.74 (1 .01 ppm) Most of the
samples from the Patapsco Formation have pH between 4.0 and 5.1. The wide range in iron concentration was
discussed in an earlier section as a function of the flow path and resulting oxidation potential. With the exception of
two samples the water from the Magothy and Raritan Formations has a pH greater than 4.9 and the iron content is
more than about 10M (5.6 ppm). Although the pH of samples from the Aquia greensand ranges from 5.50 to 7.79, the
iron content is nearly uniform, ranging from 0.43 to 0.48 ppm. The sample with the lowest pH, 5.50, has the highest
oxidation potential, +5.82 mv, and the sample with the highest pH, 7.79, has the lowest Eh, -13 mv; the third sample has
an intermediate value for both variables. The equal iron content of all three samples may indicate that this water is in
equilibrium with an iron-bearing mineral that was not studied during this investigation.
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 72
Notecard # 72-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William and Ivan Barnes
Title Relation of Electrochemical Potentials and Iron Content to
Groundwater Flow Patterns
Date undated (circa
1962)
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Contact with the atmosphere affects the oxidation potential of the water oxygenated water tends to have a potential
higher than natural water with no oxygen. Within the same aquifer the oxidation potential is higher in areas of recharge
than it is in areas of discharge. The oxidation potential is one variable that controls the occurrence and concentration
of iron in water. A relationship was found among the oxidation state and amount of iron in water, the groundwater
flow pattern, and the mineralogy and organic content of the deposits. This statement probably is a valid generalization
for any hydrologic system that contains iron-bearing sediments and oxidizable material.
The difference and changes in Eh within a hydrologic system can be used to substantiate conclusion s based on other
hydrologic data regarding source and movement of ground water.-lncondusive evidence suggests that oxidation
potentials may show a seasonal variation in shallow aquifers, this would lead to seasonal variation in concentration of
iron in water. .
Ranges of concentrations of iron in water can be predicted as a function of Eh and pH together. The Eh values
measured in the field are between the values predicted from the solubility of Fe(OH)3c and the solubility of hematite.
Article ID 73
Notecard # 73-04
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern
United States
Date 1991
Page* 137
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Relatively high concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic are common in the US. Most published sites occur in the
west and result from weathered volcanic rocks, geothermal areas, irrigation practices, or mineral deposits.
The circumstances at the Missouri study site are very different. The aquifer under investigation is quaternary alluvium
underlain by Pennsytvanian strata - mostly limestones and shales. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 1, the
occurrences of arsenic within the site are somewhat sporadic. - Indeed, seven years of intensive site
characterization have demonstrated that the industrial operation were not a source of arsenic contamination.
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 73
Notecard # 73-08
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern
United States
Date 1991
Page# 140
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The mechanism for elevated arsenic concentrations in midwestem alluvial groundwater systems probably begins with
the deposition of iron oxides during streamflow while the alluvium is being deposited. These oxides have a strong
affinity for dissolved arsenic and adsorb it from the streamwater. The amount of arsenic adsorbed by the iron oxides
is apt to be extremely variable because deposition occurs over a long period of time. Variations in redox conditions,
concentrations of dissolved species, and position in the stream all effect the amount of adsorbed arsenic. As the
alluvium is buried, it eventually becomes subject to slow groundwater movement. As redox conditions become
increasingly reducing, the ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron, resulting in mobilization of some of the adsorbed
arsenic. If conditions are sufficiently reducing long enough, essentially all of the arsenic may be reduced to As(lll)
(Agget and Kriegman 1988)
Support for this mechanism is available in the literature. Druel and Swoboda 1972 showed in a laboratory that as
conditions become more reducing, ferric iron reduces to ferrous and previously sorbed arsenic is reduced and
mobilized. This may explain why, at the study site, little correlation existed between the iron and arsenic
concentrations in the groundwater. Thus, local variations in Eh and arsenic content demonstrate why the arsenic
concentration in midwestem alluvial groundwaters may be significantly elevated yet sporadic and does not correlate
with commonly measured groundwater parameters.
Article ID 73
Notecard # 73-07
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestem
United States
Date 1991
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes A review of drilling records revealed that an orange iron oxide stain (described as limonite) was frequently noted on
the lithologic logs. Typically, the limonite was noted as a stain on a dark-green reduced clay. The literature contains
much discussion of the scavenging of arsenic by iron oxides. Thus, in subsequent drilling operations, some of the
linonrte was collected and separated from the clay. Analysis of the limonite subsamptes showed that some contained
as much as 84 mg/kg of arsenic. This finding was significant because a laboratory study demonstrated that sediments
having arsenic concentrations similar to those in the limonite could support aqueous concentrations as high as those
observed at the study site.
Article ID 73
Notecard If 73-05
Topic Study Methodology
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestem
United States
Date 1991
Page# 138
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The initial phase of the investigation focused on determining the arsenic species present in the groundwater. Such
information was deemed important because: 1) the presence of organic arsenicals might indicate prior usage of
pesticides of herbicides, and 2) a determination of arsenic oxidation states would provide additional insight into the
redox conditions in the aquifer. In addition, As(lll) is generally more toxic than As(V).
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 73
Notecard# 73-03
Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern
United States
Date 1991
Page* 137
Co-Occunence Notes
Notes Discussions with state agencies revealed that high concentrations of arsenic occur in aquifers in at least five state in
the midwestem US.: Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, and Ohio. In most cases, the appearance of the arsenic
could not be correlated with waste disposal, chemical usage, or with the site geochemical and geologic features. Data
collected at the Missouri site, however, and a review of information from the various states revealed that similar
geochemical conditions prevailed wherever elevated concentrations of arsenic were found in groundwater. A review
of some of the data suggested that one reason there had not been much study of this phenomenon is that the
arsenic-contaminated water-supply aquifers were relatively low-yield, sufficient for single families but not
municipalities. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to describe a common set of hydrogeologic conditions that yield
elevated levels of naturally occurring arsenic in groundwaters of the US.
Article ID 73
Notecardtt 73-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestem
United States
Date 1991
Page* 137
Co-Occurrence Notes
\
Notes A recent investigation of the groundwater at an industrial facility in the state of Missouri, USA, revealed the presence
of arsenic in concentrations significantly greater than the US EPA drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/l (Korte 1990).
Extensive review of the site's history revealed no arsenic usage. More puzzling was the fact that the arsenic
concentrations were not correlated to other groundwater parameters. For example, many wells at the site contained
tens of parts per million of iron and manganese oxides to adsorb arsenic (Pierce and Moore, 1980) a direct correlation
of iron and/or manganese content and arsenic content might have been expected. Instead, water samples containing
elevated arsenic typically exhibited elevated levels of iron and manganese, but relative concentrations were so
variable that no direct correlation existed.
Article ID 73
Notecardti 73-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestem
United States
Date 1991
Page* 137
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes High concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic are present in alluvial groundwater systems in the midwestem U.S.
These occurrences tend to be sporadic because the arsenic is mobilized only under a narrow range of redox
conditions. The reducing conditions must be sufficient to reduce and dissolve iron and manganese but not to produce
sulfkte. Typically the affected aquifers are relatively high in day content and of relatively low [word unreadable]. For
that reason, many of these occurrences are in aquifers supplying single families. The mechanism by which the arsenic
is mobilized begins with the deposition of nonoxides??(word partially missing) during streamflow while the alluvium is
being deposited. The oxides have a strong affinity for dissolved arsenic and adsorb it from the streamwater.
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 73
Notecardtt 73-06
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern
United States
Date 1991
Page ft 139
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The presence of As(ll) without detectable As(V) was evidence that conditions at the site were strongly reducing.
Other evidence included high concentrations of iron and manganese and little or no dissolved oxygen in the
groundwater. However, no simple correlation existed between the arsenic content and the concentrations of iron,
manganese, or oxygen. Sulfide was not present, but ample evidence of anaerobic biodegradation (based on
transformations undergone by chlorinated solvents present in some portions of the aquifer) was present. This
information is important because arsenic is precipitated by sulfide and may be reduced by microorganisms.
Article ID 74
Notecardti 74-03
Topic Study Methodology
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page if 836
Co-Occurrence Notes \
Notes During 1987-1989,146 wells penetrating the Permian part of the aquifer were sampled. Water-producing sandstone
layers in the test holes were isolated using inflatable packers, and water samples were analyzed.
Article ID 74
Notecard# 74-11
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
PageU
Co-Occurrence Notes uranium, arsenic
Notes Water with a pH below 8.5 tends to contain only low concentrations of As but may contain very high concentrations of
U. Water with a pH less than 8.5 and a high concentration of U tends to be from shallow wells, have over 0.9 mmol/l of
exchanged sodium, and have a CO3 2- activity higher than waters with the same pH but with only low concentrations
ofU.
Article ID 74
NotecardH 74-10
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Uranium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
* Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Brett
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page if
Co-Occurrence Notes uranium, arsenic
Notes In its most oxidized state (U(VI)) U is an oxy-cation (UO2 2+) and tends to sorb on negatively charged mineral
surfaces. Within the range of water pH in the aquifer, the mobility of U can be enhanced by the complexation of the U
oxycation with carbonate ions (C03 2-) to form neutral or negatively charged complexes. At a high pH the activity of
carbonate ions increases in solution and mobilization of oxidized U is favored. Thus, in waters with a pH above 8.5
high U concentrations occur with dissolved As.
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 74
Notecardtt 74-09
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Schlottmann, J.L and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Arsenate (As(V)) tends to sorb on positively charged iron oxide surfaces. Iron oxides are abundant in this red-bed
aquifer, and analyses of the rock-cores has shown arsenic to be associated with yellow-brown goetfiite. Desorption
of arsenate from iron-oxide surfaces is enhanced by increasing pH, which may explain the association between As
and pH in the aquifer.
Article ID 74
Notecardn 74-08
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Schlottmann, J.L and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page it 838
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic uranium
Notes Data collected for this study show a strong relation between dissolved As and pH, and between dissolved U and the
amount of cation exchange the water has undergone. Arsenic is present at high concentration (50-110 ug/l) only in
water with a pH at or above 8.5.
Uranium exceeds 20 ug/l only in water containing 0.9 mmol/l or more exchanged sodium and a pH greater than or equal
to 7.2. Water with a pH above 8.5 and a high concentration of U (20-318 ug/l) commonly is from a deep well (>300 ft
deep) Water with a pH 7.2 to 8.5 and a high U concentration (20-217 ug/l) generally is from a shallow well (<200 ft
deep) in the day-rich part of the aquifer and has a high alkalinity (300-650 mg/l).
Article ID 74
Notecard# 74-07
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Schlottmann, J.L and G.N. Brett
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page if 837
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, selenium, uranium
Notes Detectable dissolved oxygen (>1mg/l) is present in most water in the aquifer, indicating an oxic environment (Bemer,
1981). Water without detectable oxygen commonly contains As, selenium, or U, which are generally only mobile in
post-oxic or oxic environments, and are not mobile in sulfidic and methanic environments. Determination of As
oxidation state in this water and in some oxic water showed the As to be present as As(V), the highest oxidation
state. This indicates most water in the aquifer resides in post-oxic or oxic environments. The oxic and post-oxic redox
environments in the aquifer should allow As and U to be in oxidation states (As(V) and U(VI) that enhance the
mobilization of the elements.
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 74
Notecard# 74-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Pagett 836
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The aquifer is composed primarily of fine- and very-fine-grained quartz-litharenite sandstone and tenticularty
interbedded with mudstone.
The most notable diagenetic feature of the aquifer is the pervasive red color, which is caused by abundant
grain-coating iron oxides and indicates the generally oxidized nature of the rocks. Locally, yellow-brown goethrte grain
coatings color thick sequences of sandstone. Also notable are the reduced zones, which are white or pale greenish
gray in color due to a lack of ferric oxides and which are generally less than five feet thick.
Chemical and mineralogic analyses of the rock core revealed that the highest concentrations of As (up to 62
micrograms per gram were found in rocks containing abundant yellow-brown goethrte grain coatings. No discreet
As-mineral phases were found, although two grains of iron pyrite isolated by heavy separation did contain some As.
Pyrite is rare in the aquifer.
Article ID 74
Notecard # 74-02
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page# 835
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The Central Oklahoma aquifer underlies approximately 3,000 square miles in central Oklahoma. It is composed of
Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits and the underlying Permian sandstone and mudstone. The alluvium and
terrace deposits were not included in this study because they generally do not contain water with high concentrations
of As or U. Permian geologic units in the aquifer include the Garter Sandstone, the Wellington Formation, and undivided
rocks of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups.
Article ID 1 A,
Notecard # 74-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Schlottmann, J.L and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page# 835
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, uranium
Notes The Central Oklahoma aquifer is a major source of water in central Oklahoma. In the confined part of the aquifer,
dissolved arsenic (As) concentrations commonly exceed the Federal drinking water standard of 50 ug/l (USEPA1986).
Dissolved uranium concentrations commonly exceed the proposed standard of 20 ug/l in both the confined and
unconfined parts of the aquifer. The high concentrations of As and U were found to be a function of 1) the distribution
of As and U in the solid phases of the aquifer. 2) the oxidized nature of the aquifer 3) the distribution of sandstone and
mudstone in the aquifer, and 4) changes in water chemistry as the water flows through the aquifer. This paper
describes water-rock interactions that mobilize As and U.
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 74 Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
Notecard # 74-06 Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile Date 1992
Constituent Arsenic Page# 837
Co-Occurrence? Yes Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, uranium
Notes Mudstone in the aquifer generally contains a higher concentration of As and generally contains a higher concentration
of As and U than does sandstone and may be an important source for these elements.
Article ID 76 Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Notecard # 76-09 Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Topic Other Date May-June 1988
Constituent Arsenic Page #
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Adsorption or coprecipitation also can be major factor controlling aqueous arsenic concentrations. Phases that may
coprecipitate with or adsorb arsenic include hydrous oxides and hydroxides of iron, manganese, clay minerals, and
organic matter
Article ID 76 Author Welch. Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Notecard # 76-17 Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date May-June 1988
Constituent Arsenic Page it 342
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In general, geothermal water has higher arsenic concentrations than nonthermal water that does not drain mineralized
areas. The geochemical controls and sources of arsenic in geothermal systems are not well understood, although the
relation between chloride and arsenic at Yellowstone and Lassen has led to the interpretation that aqueous arsenic
may be derived largely from leaching of the aquifer matrix.
Article ID 76 Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Notecard # 76-16 Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date May-June 1988
Constituent Arsenic Page#
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The part of eastern Nevada and western Utah underlain by carbonate rocks is one part of the Alluvial Basins
groundwater region with characteristically low dissolved aqueous arsenic concentrations.
Ground water form the Columbia Lava Plateau in Washington generally has low arsenic concentrations. This area is
domininantly comprised of basaltic volcanic rocks, whereas parts of Oregon and the Western Snake River Plain with
more frequent occurrences of intermediate to high arsenic concentrations are commonly underlain by more acidic
extrusive rocks similar to the northern part of the Alluvial Basins of western Nevada.
January 27,1999 1-115 Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 76
Notecard# 76-15
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page# 342
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Within the Alluvial Basins, both confined and unconfined aquifers with elevated arsenic concentrations (>50 ug/l) are
commonly associated with sediments partially derived from volcanic rocks of intermediate to acidic composition.
Examples of elevated arsenic concentrations generated from reaction of ground water with nonsedimentary and
unmineralized volcanic aquifers have not been found during this investigation. Although the arsenic may ultimately be a
result of weathering of volcanic rocks, the elevated arsenic concentrations in the Alluvial Basins may be a result of
reactions occurring within volcanically derived sediments. The weathering process my result in the concentration of
arsenic onto phases such as ferric oxyhydroxide that are deposited with the sediments. Subsequent dissolution by
chemically reduced ground water of the phases containing arsenic could then generate elevated dissolved arsenic
concentrations.
Article ID 76
Notecard# 76-14
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Some areas that have experienced land subsidence resulting from inelastic or permanent compaction also have
notably high arsenic concentrations. Examples include the southern San Joaquin Valley (California Department of
Water Resources, 1966) and, possibly the Las Vegas Valley. Whether high arsenic concentrations are caused by
inelastic compaction has not been established.
Article ID 7&
Notecard# 76-13
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page# 339
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Nonthermal water of the Alluvial Basins, Columbia Lava Plateau, and the Colorado Plateau ground water regions have
similar log mean, upper and lower quartite values. Within the Alluvial Basins region, very high concentrations of arsenic
(>1000 ug/l) occur within shallow ground water (<30 feet below land surface) recharged through agricultural
irrigation. Examples include the Carson Desert in western Nevada (located about 50 miles east of Reno) and the Tulare
Lake area in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. In these areas, the shallow ground water flows to
agricultural drains and may affect surface water use.
Final Draft
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Article ID 76
NotecardX 76-12
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Pagett 339
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Elevated arsenic concentrations are widespread in the western US in nonthermal water that is unaffected by mining..
. The arsenic concentrations of water in the western mountain ranges are generally lower than those in the other
groundwater regions with data for the Sierra Nevada being sparse. Notable exceptions to the generally low arsenic in
the western mountain ranges are found in the vicinity of Eugene, Oregon (Lane County) where concentrations
exceeding 50 micrograms per liter (ug/l) occur. The aquifers in the Eugene area include sediments derived from
volcanic rocks that are immediate to acidic in composition. In the vicinity of Verdi, Nevada (located about 10 miles west
of Reno), which is also in the western mountain ranges, ground water contains elevated arsenic concentrations in an
aquifer composed of volcanic rocks of intermediate to acidic composition and their sedimentary derivatives. The
association of elevated arsenic with sedimentary aquifers derived form volcanic rocks has also been found within the
Alluvial Basins ground water region as discussed later in this section
Article ID 7Q
Notecard* 76-18
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page it
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Areas in which some of the highest concentrations in the western US occur are associated with mining.
Article ID 7$
NotecardH 76-10
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page ft 338
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes A survey of literature and an examination of more than 7,000 analyses for arsenic in computerized data bases
indicates that the occurrence of elevated arsenic concentrations in ground water can be related to the geochemical
environment and regional ground-water hydrology.
January 27,1999
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Article ID 76
Notecard # 76-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes High concentrations of arsenic are generally associated with one of four geochemical environments: 1 ) basin-fill
deposits of alluvial-lacustrine origin, particularly in semiarid areas, 2) volcanic deposits, 3) geothermal systems, and 4)
uranium and gold-mining areas.
In the first two environments, arsenic appears to be associated with sediments derived, in part, from volcanic rocks of
intermediate to acidic composition. Dissolved arsenic concentrations in water from volcanic aquifers in the same
regions, however, may be low (less than 1 0 micrograms per liter)
Alluvial and lacustrine sedimentary deposits appear to be an important source of arsenic in volcanic areas (such as
Lane County, Oregon) and in areas underlain by basin-fill deposits (such as Carson Desert in Nevada and the Tulare
Lake basin in California). Mobilization of arsenic in sedimentary aquifers may be, in part, a result of changes in the
geochemical environment due to agricultural irrigation. In the deeper subsurface, elevated arsenic concentrations are
associated with compaction caused by groundwater withdrawals.
Article ID 76
Notecard # 76-08
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Pagett 337
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Mineral precipitation can limit aqueous arsenic concentrations in ground water. Of the more than 320 minerals identified
that contain arsenic, few are present in most geochemical environments. The commonly identified arsenic-bearing
minerals are realgar (As2S3), orpiment (AsS.), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), claudetite (As2O3), arsenolrte (As4O6), arsenic
pentoxide (As2O5), and scorodite (FeAsO4 . 2H20). Within this group of minerals, arsenopyrite probably is the most
common arsenic mineral. Alkaline-earth and transition-metal arsenates also may control the arsenic concentrations in
ground water.
Barium arsenate has been suggested as a possible control on arsenic concentrations on the basis of its low solubility.
Article ID 76
Notecard # 76-1 1
Topic Study Methodology
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page# 339
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The assembled data do not represent a random sampling of ground water in the western US. Most important sources
of bias may arise from the designs of the studies generating the data. In studies directed toward resource appraisal,
sampling of nonthermal ground water from existing wells may result in a tendency to exclude sources with known
water-quality problems, because of avoidance or abandonment of wells where problems have been recognized. An
opposite bias may be present in studies directly addressing arsenic contamination as a result of more intensive
sampling in areas where arsenic is know to be present at elevated concentrations. Another possible source of bias
may be a result of incorrectly identified water as thermal, nonthermal, or from a mined area. Despite these potential
problems in using historical data, the broad generalizations presented here are believed to be valid.
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 76
Notecardtt 76-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page it 333
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, selenium, antimony
Notes Arsenic can serve as an example of the factors that may influence concentrations of other constituents because other
oxyanions, such as phosphorus, selenium, molybdenum, antimony, tungsten, and vanadium, are affected by many of
the same types of reactions.
Article ID 76
Notecardit 76-03
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page it 334
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Higher than average arsenic levels in precipitation are often associated with anthropogenic sources, such as
emissions from smelters, and have resulted in abnormally high arsenic concentrations in surface sediments. It is
unusual to find high arsenic concentrations in river water without a significant contribution of arsenic from geothermal
water or mineralized areas.
The Malheur River, which drains part of southeastern Oregon, is notable for dissolved arsenic concentrations that
exceed 50 ug/l during periods of low flow.
Article ID 76
Notecardit 76-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page# 334
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes An obvious difference in arsenic concentration does not exist among the various types of igneous rocks. Arsenic
does, however, concentrate in some minerals. For instance, arsenic readily substitutes for silicon, ferric iron, and
aluminum in crystal lattices of silicate minerals. As a result, arsenic concentrations tend to be relatively high in volcanic
glass, aluminosilicate materials, and igneous rocks containing iron oxide. Because the arsenic content of metamorphic
rocks is dependent primarily on source-rock composition, arsenic concentrations are highly variable within this rock
type. Sedimentary rocks generally contain higher arsenic concentrations than igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Tourtelot (1964) found that, in general, arsenic in nonmarine shales/clays is present in pyrite and organic matter.
Sandstones and carbonate rocks are comparatively low in arsenic, averaging only 1 mg/kg. High arsenic
concentrations in phosphorites have been positively correlated with the organic (Gukjrandsen, 1966) and iron content
(Stow, 1969) of the rock.
Article ID 76
Notecardit 76-05
Topic Other
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico. and Jennifer L Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page it
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Comparisons of the data in tables 1 and 3 indicate that suspended and bottom sediments in most aquatic systems
contain much higher arsenic concentrations than those of the water.
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 76 Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Notecard # 76-06 Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date May-June 1988
Constituent Arsenic Page# 335
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes In soils, organic matter can concentrate arsenic in the upper horizons while adsorption onto ferric oxyhydroxide can
enrich arsenic at greater depths. Arsenic in certain solid phases within sediments, particularly iron oxides, organic
matter, and sulfides, may be the primary source of arsenic in ground water. Elevated concentrations of dissolved
arsenic may be expected under conditions where these solid phases are unstable.
Figure 1 on page 335 is illustration of the forms of naturally occurring arsenic found in the environment.
Article ID 76 Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Notecard # 76-07 Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date May-June 1988
Constituent Arsenic Page #
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Major processes responsible for observed concentrations of arsenic in ground water include: mineral
precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption, chemical transformations, ion exchange, and biologic activity. Factors
such as pH, Eh, solution composition, competing and complexing ion, aquifer mineralogy, reaction kinetics, and
hydraulics of a ground-water system can all potentially affect the arsenic concentrations.
Article ID 77 Author Garcia, Kerry T.
Notecard if 77-02 Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada
Topic source(s) Date 1987
Constituent Nitrate Page* 40
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Constituent: Nitrate
Source or cause of occurrence: Derived from the atmosphere or may be leached from decaying organic matter,
fertilizers, sewage, industrial wastes, or sewage.
Normal range in concentration: 0 to 10 mg/l
Article ID 77 Author Garcia, Kerry T.
Notecard # 77-03 Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada
Topic source(s) Date 1987
Constituent Arsenic Page# 40
Co-Occurrence? Ho Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Constituent: Arsenic
Source or cause of occurrence: Associated with volcanic minerals and metallic ore deposits. Common in water of
thermal springs.
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Appendix t. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 77
Notecard# 77-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Garcia, Kerry T.
Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada
Date 1987
Page # 60
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes A statistical evaluation of constituents in [Douglas County] ground water indicates that sodium, arsenic, iron,
manganese, and zinc each have a single statistical "population," whereas dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium,
bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, and nitrate each have two discrete "populations." Because of known
hydrogeologic conditions in certain areas of Douglas County, the two data distributions may be caused by: water
flowing from metasedimentary rocks into alluvial-fan deposits in the Topaz Lake area; water above the clay layers
underlying the Douglas County Airport; and geothermal water in the Jacks Valley-Indian Hills and Saratoga Hot Springs
areas.
Author Garcia, Kerry T.
Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada
Date 1987
Page # 39-40
Co-Occurrence Notes
Article ID 77
Notecardtt 77-01
Topic source(s)
Constituent Sutfate
Co-Occurrence? No
Notes [From Table 1]
Constituent: Sulfate (SO4)
Source or cause of occurrence: Dissolved from rocks and soils containing gypsum and sulfide or sulfate minerals.
Commonly associated with coal deposits, metallic ore deposits, and geothermal areas. May be derived from industrial
wastes and atmospheric pollution.
Normal range in concentration: Generally ranges from 1 to 1,000 mg/l.
Article ID 78
Notecard# 78-01
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
Constituent Other
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Goolsby, Donald A., R.C. Severson, SA Wilson, Kurt Webber
Title Geochemistry of Soils and Shallow Ground Water, With Emphasis
on Arsenic and Selenium, in Part of the Garrison Diversion Unit,
North Dakota, 1985-1987
Date unknown (circa
1989)
Page# 1
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Recent studies in the western US have focused on important environmental problems associated with irrigating arid
and semiarid lands underlain by soils that originated from sediments deposited in a marine environment.-The natural
accumulation of potentially toxic elements in the sedimentary rocks makes these lands important remobilization sources
for trace elements such as selenium. Results of earlier investigations in the western San Joaquin Valley of California
have demonstrated that under intensive irrigation, trace quantities of selenium have been mobilized, transported, and
concentrated. This can create a major environmental problem. Changes in environmental conditions, such as those
accompanying irrigation in the Garrison Diversion Unit, could result in increased concentrations or remobilization of
potentially toxic elements. This in turn could limit water and soil uses and affect the ecological system dependent on the
water resource.
Reconnaissance evaluations by the US Department of the Interior's Irrigation Drainage Task Force indicated the
probability of such effects at the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in the San Joaquin Valley of California, the Tulare
Lake Bed area in California, the Salton Sea in southern California, and the Kendrick Irrigation Project in eastern
Wyoming. At many of these areas, marine shales of Cretaceous age were the original source of trace elements.
Concentration of trace elements commonly was achieved through leaching processes, adsorption on fine-grained or
organic-rich materials, evapotranspiration or bioaccumulation.
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID BO
Notecard# 80-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Eccles, Lawrence A.
Title Sources of Arsenic in Streams Tributary to Lake Crowley,
California
Date June 1976
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes According to Wiltey, O'Neal, and Rapp (1974), the geothermal water is either a sodium bicarbonate or a sodium chloride
bicarbonate type. It is characterized in Long Valley by: high concentrations of dissolved solids - mainly sodium,
bicarbonate, chloride, boron, and arsenic; a relatively low concentration of magnesium compared to other native water;
and high concentrations of a host of trace elements.
Article ID 80
Notecard# 80-01
Topic Source(s) - Natural
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Notes Arsenic enters Lake Crowley primarily from hot springs in Long Valley.
Author Eccles, Lawrence A.
Title Sources of Arsenic in Streams Tributary to Lake Crowley,
California
Date June 1976
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
Sixty percent of the arsenic discharged to Lake Crowley is from springs in Hot Creek Gorge.
Other sources of arsenic in Long Valley are from either high volume and low-arsenic concentration springs, such as
the springs at Hot Creek Fish Hatchery, or high-concentrations and low-volume springs, such as those found in the
vicinity of the Alkali lakes.
Many hot springs and other surface manifestations of geothermal activity occur in Long Valley, Calif. Water from these
hot spring has a high concentration of arsenic and other dissolved minerals and blends with surface water that flow
into manmade Lake Crowley and subsequently into the Los Angeles city water supply by way of the Los
Angeles-Owens River aqueduct. The hot-spring water is the major source of arsenic to Lake Crowley and thence to
the aqueduct which supplies 80 percent of the water for the City of Los Angeles.
Article ID 81
Notecardti 81-01
Topic Study Methodology
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Ficklin, Walter H., David G. Frank, Paul K. Briggs, and Robert E.
Tucker
Title Analytical Results for Water, Soil, and Rocks Collected Near
Granite Falls, Washington as Part of an Arsenic-in-Groundwater
Study
Date 1989
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The arsenic concentration in some domestic water supply wells in the vicinity of Granite Falls, Washington greatly
exceeds the maximum allowable concentration for safe drinking water (50 ug/l). We collected ground water samples
from several of these wells and also solid phase material from sites adjacent to some of the wells. We also collected
samples from in-place vein material that was exposed to the surface at a rock crushing operation near the Wayside
mine (abandoned), a mine water sample and a vein sample from the Yankee Boy mine (abandoned), and two sediment
samples and a water sample from Gardner Lake. The samples were collected to determine, if possible, the source of
the arsenic in the ground water.
Some outcrops of volcanic rocks can be found in the vicinity of Granite Falls, however most of the samples were
collected in the areas where surficial alluvial material occurs.
Final Draft
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 82
Notecard# 82-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H. and Michael S. Lico
Title Arsenic in an Alluvial-Lacustrine Aquifer, Carson Desert, Western
Nevada
Date
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Elevated arsenic concentrations (>0.01 mo/1) are common in ground water of the western US (Alaska, Arizona,
California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) - Natural high concentrations of arsenic appear to be associated
with one of four geological environments: alluvial-lacustrine deposits, geothermal systems, volcanic deposits and their
derivatives, and mineralized (suffide-rich) areas, notably gold-bearing deposits. The most extensively affected
environment, in terms of total area, appears to be the alluvial-lacustrine type, where arsenic concentrations as high as
several milligrams per liter are attained.
Article ID 83
Notecardtt 83-06
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Date 1991
Page if 31
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Although few data exist, low-yielding alluvial groundwater systems employed as drinking water supplies may be a
significant source of arsenic exposure.
Article ID tt
Notecardn 83-01
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Date 1991
Page* 1
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Reducing conditions in alluvial aquifers supplying single families may result in significant exposures to naturally
occurring As(lll).
In general, the mechanism promoting the mobility of As(lll) in groundwater is the onset of reducing conditions in alluvium
in which iron oxides have sorbed arsenic.
Article ID 83
Notecard* 83-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Date 1991
Page # 2
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The occurrence of arsenic in natural waters is usually associated with sedimentary rocks of marine origin, weathered
volcanic rocks, fossil fuels, geothermal areas, mineral deposits, mining wastes, agricultural use, or irrigation practices.
With the exception of agricultural practices, occurrences in North America have typically been found in the western
US and have been associated with oxygenated environments.
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 83 Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Notecard # 83-03 Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic Date 1991
Constituent Arsenic PageH 2
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Because of arsenic's reputation as a poison, and its use as a herbicide and pesticide, many occurrences are attributed
to anthropogenic use. A number of studies have described arsenic contamination from spills of herbicides, and
pesticides. Some of these incidents or usages have resulted in regionally contaminated aquifers.
Article ID 83 Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Notecard'# 83-04 Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Topic Source(s) - Natural Date 1991
Constituent Arsenic Page #
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The major natural source of arsenic to the environment appears to be volcanoes.
Article ID 83 Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Notecard # 83-05 Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1991
Constituent Arsenic Page #
Co-Occurrence1? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The effect of other ions on As(lll) mobility has been considered by there is no agreement in the literature
Apparently, only manganese, and not iron, oxidizes As(lll), although both reactions are thermodynamicaHy favorable.
Cherry et al did report that ferric iron oxidized As(lll). The reaction, however, only occurred at low pH (pH=2) and not
under near-neutral pH. In addition, oxidation due to carbonate or silicate minerals also does not occur.
Article ID 84 Author Michel, Jacqueline
Notecard # 84-07 Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry Date 1990
Constituent Radon Page# 93
Co-Occurrence? No Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The strong correlation of Rn in groundwater with lithology of the aquifer has been demonstrated in numerous studies.
Granitic-type rock aquifers always have the highest levels of Rn in groundwater. Average levels in water from
granites, are usually 8,000 pCi/l or greater.
Basaltic-type rock aquifers are expected to have very low Rn
Metamorphic rocks - the original composition of the rock prior to metamorphism is a more important factor affecting the
Rn content of groundwater than just the degree of metamorphism.
Rn levels in crystalline rock aquifers are a function of the U content and distribution of the aquifer, but also the
efficiency of transport of Rn from the solid into groundwater. The transport mechanisms are complex, but they result in
crystalline rocks tending to have the highest Rn levels of all aquifer types, even when the aquifers have similar
mineralogical composition and U content.
Final Draft 1-124 January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID B4
Notecardti 84-06
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Radon
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes The results of these studies have shown that the small public water supplies and private wells tenet to have the
highest levels of Rn. This relationship is not due, however, to any functional relationship between system size and Rn
concentrations, such as losses to aeration or decay thorough extensive distribution systems. Rather, the correlation
reflects the relationship between system size and aquifer composition or rock type. The apparent relationship between
Rn and system size is due to the fact that larger systems obtain groundwater from aquifer types that tend to have
lower Rn than those that are used by smaller systems and domestic wells. For example, crystalline rock aquifers
generally do not produce enough water to satisfy the needs of large water users, but smaller users could rely on such
a source.
Article ID 84
Notecard# 84-05
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Radon
Co-Occurrence? No
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page it \
Co-Occurrence Notes
Notes Rn is of unique concern as a natural radionudide in drinking water because it is a gas with no chemical affinities and a
half-life of 3.8 days. Thus, Rn is not transported any significant distance in groundwater, and its concentration in a
well sample is directly controlled by the lithology of the aquifer solids adjacent to the well.
Article ID M
Notecard* 84-04
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Radium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Notes 226Ra is easy to measure.
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page# 90
Co-Occurrence Notes radium, uranium
The area with the highest 226Ra was in Illinois/Iowa, where the very old, dean sandstones were high in both Ra
isotopes. The highest 226Ra measurements were associated with high TOS, due to desorption of 226Ra from the
aquifer solids.
The 226Ra content of groundwater from granitic aquifers was variable but could have a high mean.
Limestone aquifers generally do not have elevated levels of 226Ra, except in Florida, where they are affected by the
presence of phosphate deposits that are enriched in U. Studies have shown that elevated 226Ra is due to phosphate
mineralization, with no significant differences in levels in similar mining versus unmined areas. 226Ra in limestone
aquifers is affected by ionic strength of the water, with regional trends of increasing concentrations of 226Ra in wells
with distance from the recharge zone and increases in TDS.
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Article ID B4
Notecard # 84-03
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Radium
Co-Occurrence? No
Notes The aquifers that generally had high levels of 228Ra were as follows:
1) Granitic rock aquifers
2) Arkosic sand and sandstone aquifers
3) Quartzose sandstone aquifers
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page it
Co-Occurrence Notes
Article ID 84
Notecard'# 84-01
Topic Other
Constituent Radium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page if 84
Co-Occurrence Notes radium, radon
Notes One conclusion from study of radionuclides in groundwater is that there is little correlation between Ra and Rn levels.
Article ID M
Notecard if 84-08
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Radon
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page if 93
Co-Occurrence Notes radon, uranium
Notes The only other types of clastic aquifer having the potential for elevated Rn are those composed of arkosic sediments,
especially those derived from the physical weathering of granites where the sediments have not been transported far
from the granitic source. However, arkosic sediments are not really extensive and grade with distance into more
mature sediments.
Rn levels in groundwater from carbonate aquifers are generally low. A notable exception is the phosphate mining
region in central Florida, where U enrichment is associated with the phosphate deposits.
Article ID M
Notecard if 84-02
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
Constituent Radium
Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page if
Co-Occurrence Notes radium, uranium
Notes 228Ra is directly controlled by the distribution of Th in the aquifer solids, and the levels generally do not vary much
within an aquifer. Where there has been no secondary enrichment of U, 228Ra is generally the dominant Ra isotope in
solution, primarily due to the higher natural abundance of Th over U.
The only water-quality parameter that shows any correlation with Ra is total dissolved solids (TDS). At TDS levels of
greater than 1,000 ppm, particularly in clean, quartz sandstones, competition for the few available sorption sites on the
aquifer solids is high, and Ra solubility is enhanced by the common-ion effect, a process by which absorbed Ra atoms
can be replaced by more common ions in solution. However, this correlation has not been universal for 228Ra,
particularly in Illinois.
Final Draft
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