80019991B
CO-OCCURRENCE OF DRINKING WATER
CONTAMINANTS LITERATURE SEARCH

FINAL DRAFT REPORT

JANUARY 27, 1999

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                                         Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
                                 Description of Literature Search
        An automated literature search was performed using the DIALOG database search engine.
    The databases searched are listed below:
O-
Databases
Ei Compendex(R)
CAB Abstracts
BIOSIS PREVIEWS(R)
Water Resour. Abs.
WATERNET(TM)
Wilson Appl. Sci. & Tech. Abs.
AGRICOLA
Toxline(R)
EMBASE
Enviroline(R)
Pollution Abs
Energy SciTec
NTIS
GEOBASE(TM)
Pascal
Period of Analysis
1970-1998/JulW2
1972-1998/May
1969-1998/JUNW2
1 967-1 998/Apr
1971-1998/Q2
1983-1998/May
1970-1998/May
1965-1 998/Apr
1974-1998/Jun Wl
1975-1998/May
1970-1998/May
1974-1998/MayB2
64-1998/JulWl
1980-1 998/Apr
1973-1998/May
Copyright and Publisher
© 1998 Engineering Info. Inc.
© 1998 CAB International
©1998 BIOSIS
© 1998 Cambridge Scientific Abs.
© 1998 American Water Works
Association
© 1998 The HW Wilson Corporation
© format only 1998 The Dialog
Corporation
© format only 1 998 The Dialog \
Corporation \
© 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
© 1998 Congressional Info. Service
© 1998 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
© 1998 Contains copyrighted material
© Comp&distr. 1998 NTIS, Intl. Copyright
All Right
© 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.
© 1998 INIST/CNRS
       The key words used in the literature search are shown in the list below.  The numbers shown
    to the left of the keyword are the number of hits associated with the keyword combination. A list
    of titles was generated and scanned for potentially relevant articles. Abstracts were obtained for
    these articles.  These abstracts were filtered for relevance and full articles were obtained for each
    pertinent document.  Each of these articles was reviewed. Information was extracted into a MS
    Access database.  A hardcopy of this database is contained in the following section of this
    appendix. The earlier mentioned list of key words used in the literature search are as listed
    below:
    January 27,1999
1-1
Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Search #
SI
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S8
S9
S10
Sll
S12
S13
S14
S15
S16
S17
• S18
S19
S20
S21
S22
S23
S24
S25
Number of Hits
13291
286
25
11
6
12
39
43
21
82
17
123
2
8
1
29
2
37
13
123
18
43
3
1
Key Words
CO(1 W)OCCUR? OR CO-OCCURRENCE
SI AND (CONTAMINANT OR POLLUTANT)
SI AND (DRINKING OR POTABLE)(2N) WATER
SI AND ANTIMONY
SI AND ASBESTOS
SI AND BARIUM
SI AND CADMIUM
SI AND CHROMIUM
SI AND MERCURY
SI AND NICKEL
SI AND NITRITE
SI AND NITRATE
SI AND RADIUM
SI AND SELENIUM
SI AND THALLIUM
SI AND CYANIDE
SI AND RADON
SI AND ARSENIC
SI AND RADIONUCLIDE
SI ANDSULFATE
SI AND URANIUM
SI AND MICROBES
SI AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
SI AND BERYLLIUM
Final Draft
1-2
January 27,1999

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                                     Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
    A hard copy of the information included in the MS Access database is contained in the
following sections.  The first section contains bibliographic information for the 64 articles
identified. The second section contains the notes that were extracted from each article. A
description of the fields for this section is listed below:

Article ID: Corresponds to the Article ID number in the Bibliography table.
Notecard #: The first two digits refer to the Article ID number for the article from which the
    note is extracted. The last two digits represent the order of the notes for an article.
Topic: Categorizes the notes according to the following general subject areas.
    Constituent Species: Notes that describe the various species or oxidation states of a
       contaminant.
    Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile: Notes that describe a contaminant' s movement
       through the soil profile and its sorption characteristics.
    Factors Affecting Geochemistry: A general category for notes that describe the
       hydrogeologic conditions under which a constituent is found.
    Geographic Location/Distribution: Notes that describe how a constituent is distributed
       geographically or among media (e.g. ground water, surface water, soils, etc.)
    Seasonal Variation: Notes that describe seasonal fluctuations in the concentration of a
       constituent.
    Source(s) - Anthropogenic: Notes that describe industrial, agricultural, municipal, or other
       anthropogenic sources of a constituent.
    Source(s) - Natural: Notes that describe mineralogic or atmospheric sources of a constituent.
    Study Methodology: Notes that describe relevant data-gathering techniques.
Constituent: Categorizes the notes according to constituents. If a note discusses more than one
    constituent, this keyword will reflect the constituent that is the primary subject of the note.
Co-Occurrence?: This field is used to flag those notes that make specific reference to the co-
    occurrence of two or more species.
Co-Occurrence Notes: For those notes that are flagged as "co-occurrence" notes, this field
    contains a list of the  co-occurring constituents.
January 27,1999                                I-3                                     Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Co-Qccurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search - Bibliography

 Article ID 1
 Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back
  Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of Carbonate-Aquifer Systems
 Source William Back & D.A. Stephenson, eds. Developments in Water Science (12): Contemporary Hydrology. Elsevier
         Scientific Publishing Company. New York.
  Volume 12            Number                 Date 1979               Pages 287-312
 Summary Good diagrams showing the chemical changes associated with groundwater/marine water interactions and
            flows (fig. 1) and processes (biological/physical and chemical) associated with the evolution of carbonate
            aquifers (fig. 2).

 Article ID 2
 Author Cherry, JA, A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson
  Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in Groundwater
 Source William Back & DA. Stephenson, eds. Developments in Water Science (12): Contemporary Hydrology. Elsevier
         Scientific Publishing Company. New York.
  Volume 12            Number                 Date  1979               Pages 373-392
 Summary Editor's Notes

 Article ID 3
 Author Back, William
 Title Geology and Groundwater Features of the Smith River Plain, Del Norte County, California
 Source United States Government Printing Office, Washington
 Volume               Number                 Date  1957               Pages 76pp.
 Summary

 Article ID A
 Author Cowart, J.B.
 Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.
 Source Willaim Back and Rene Letolte, eds. Symposium on Geochemistry of Groundwater. Elsevier Scientific Publishing
         Company: New York.
 Volume 16            Number                 Date  1982               Pages  185-194
 Summary

 Article ID 5
 Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars
 Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells
 Source Proceedings from Clean Water-Clean Environment conference in Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A., published by the
         American Society of Agricultural Engineers
 Volume 2             Number                 Date  March 5-8,1995      Pages 231-238
 Summary
Final Draft                                         1-4                                          January 27,1999

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                                            Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID &
 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
  Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Source Water Quality Technology Conference (Proceedings), Boston, MA, November 17-21,1996
  Volume               Number                 Date 1996               Pages 17pp.
 Summary

 Article ID 7
 Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise Wright, Julie BakJizar, and Louis Contey
  Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
 Source Water Quality Technology Conference (Proceedings), New Orleans, LA, November 12-161995.
  Volume               Number                 Date 1995               Pages 1587-1601
 Summary

 Article ID 8
 Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
  Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin, Indiana, 1994-95
 Source U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 110-96, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
  Volume               Number 110-96          Date May 1996           Pages 4
 Summary

 Article ID 9
 Author Wright, WmfieM G. and Catthy J. Janik
  Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin,
       Southwestern Colorado
 Source U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet FS-243-95
  Volume               Number                 Date 1995               Pages 4
 Summary

 Article ID 10
 Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L. Christian, Craig D. Nordgren, Jonathan D. Pollen
  Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North
       Slope
 Source Proceedings of the 1996 8th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering, Fairbanks, AL
  Volume               Number                 Date August 12-16,        Pages 494-505
                                                       1996
 Summary
January 27,1999                                       I-5                                            Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 11
  Author Segars, William I.
  Title  Nitrates in Groundwater: Some Facts on Occurrence
  Source  Poultry Digest
  Volume 54            Number 8               Date August 1995          Pages 24-25
  Summary

  Article ID 12
  Author  Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby
  Title  A  Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of
        the Midcontinental USA
  Source  Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection (Proceedings of the Prague Conference, 1995). IAHS Publication
          No. 225.
Volume Number 225 Date 1995
Summary
Pages 13-20
  Article ID 13
  Author Milvy, Paul and C. Richard Cothem
  Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for Radionuclides in Drinking Water
  Source  Chapter One of: C. Richard Cother and Paul Rebers, eds., Radon, Radium and Uranium in Drinking Water (USA:
          Lewis Publishers, Inc.)
  Volume               Number                 Date 1990                Pages  1-16
  Summary

  Article ID 30
  Author  SAIC
  Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water
       Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources
  Source  SAIC, McLean,  VA
  Volume               Number                 Date November 10,        Pages 60
                                                        1997
  Summary

 Article ID 31
 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross, Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
  Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
 Source Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
  Volume 47            Number 2                Date September 1997      Pages 197-221
 Summary
Final Draft                                        I-6                                            January 27,1999

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                                           Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 32
 Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
 Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
 Source Journal AWWA
 Volume 89           Number 10             Date October 1997        Pages 102-114
 Summary

 Article ID 33
 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
 Title Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water
       Sources, and Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
 Source Wat Sci Tech
 Volume 31            Number 5-6            Date 1995               Pages 215-222
 Summary

 Article ID 34
 Author Wyszomirski, P. and J. Zarebski
 Title Uranium in Kaolins and Co-occurring Mining Waters of Some Lower Silesian Kaolin Pits (Poland)
 Source
 Volume              Number                Date                    Pages 121
 Summary

 Article ID 35
 Author Hering, Janet G., Pen-Yuan Chen, Jennifer Wilkie, Menachem Elimetech, and Sun Liang
 Title Arsenic Removal by Ferric Chloride
 Source Journal AWWA
 Volume 88           Number 4              Date April 1996           Pages 155-167
 Summary

 Article ID 36
 Author Waypa, John J., Jennifer A. Wilkie, and Menachem Elimelech
 Title Removal of Arsenic from Water by Membrane Processes
 Source 1995 Annual Conference Proceedings; American Waterworks Association; Water Research Anaheim. CA
 Volume              Number                Date June 18-22,1995      Pages 627-634
 Summary
January 27,1999                                     1-7                                           Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 37
  Author Back, William
  Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
  Source U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey Professional Paper 498-A, United States Government Printing
         Office
  Volume               Number                 Date 1966               Pages 42pp.
  Summary

  Article ID 38
  Author Back, William
  Title Origin of Hydrochemical Fades of Ground Water in the Atlantic Coastal Plain
  Source Chapter 9 in Benchmark Papers in Geology: Chemical Hydrogeology (William Back and R. Allan Freeze,
         eds.),Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
  Volume 73            Number                 Date                     Pages 79-87
  Summary

  Article ID 39
  Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
  Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
  Source
  Volume               Number                 Date                    Pages
  Summary

  Article ID 41
  Author SAIC
  Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
  Source SAIC, McLean, VA
  Volume               Number                 Date  June 1,1998        Pages 166 pp.
  Summary

  Article ID 42
  Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
  Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element in Geochemical Prospecting
  Source Journal of Geochemical Exploration
  Volume 2             Number                 Date  1973               Pages 251-296
  Summary
Final Draft                                        I-8                                           January 27,1999

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                                            Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 43
 Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood D. Scoggin, and Larry A. Kramer
  Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of
       Nitrate in Groundwater
 Source Environmental Science & Technology
  Volume 32            Number 8              Date April 15,1998        Pages 1039-1047
 Summary

 Article ID 44
 Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
  Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the Eastern Sierra Nevada
 Source Environmental Science & Technology
  Volume 32            Number 5              Date 1998                Pages 657-662
 Summary

 Article ID 45
 Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
  Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
 Source Journal AWWA
  Volume^            Number*              Date March 1997         Pages 105-117
 Summary

 Article ID 46
 Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
  Title Occurrence of Herbicides, Nitrite Plus Nitrate, and Selected Trace Elements in Ground Water from Northwestern and
       Northeastern Missouri, July 1991 and 1992
 Source USGS Open-File Report
  Volume 94-332         Number                Date 1994                Pages 89 pp
 Summary

 Article ID 47
 Author States, Stanley, Kathleen Stadterman, Louis Ammon, Paul Vogel, Julie Baldizar, Denise Wright, Louis Contey, and
         JanSykora
 Title Protozoa in River Water Sources, Occurrence, and Treatment
 Source Journal AWWA
  Volume 89            Number 9              Date September 1997      Pages 74-83
 Summary
January 27,1999                                      I-9                                            Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 48
  Author Reid, Joe
  Title Arsenic Occurrence: USEPA Seeks Clearer Picture
  Source Journal AWWA
  Volume 86            Numbers               Date September 1994     Pages 44-51
  Summary

  Article ID 49
  Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
  Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
  Source USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report
  Volume 96-418        Number                 Date 1996               Pages 34pp
          3
  Summary

  Article ID 50
  Author Black, E. Kathleen and Gordon R. Finch
  Title Detection and Occurrence of Waterbome Bacterial and Viral Pathogens
  Source Water Environment Research
  Volume 66            Number 4               Date June 1994           Pages 292-298
  Summary

  Article ID 51
  Author Battaglin, William A. and Donald A. Goolsby
  Title Statistical Modeling of Agricultural Chemical Occurrence in Midwestern Rivers
  Source Journal of Hydrology
  Volume 196           Number                 Date 1997               Pages 1-25
  Summary

  Article ID 52
  Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
  Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
  Source Water SA
  Volume 22            Number 1               Date January 1996        Pages 7-18
  Summary

 Article ID 53
 Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L. Bamhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J. Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
  Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
 Source Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation
  Volume 15            Number 1               Date Winter 1995          Pages 142-149
  Summary
Final Draft                                       1-10                                          January 27,1999

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                                            Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 54
 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Giltespie
 Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kern Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California: Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
 Source Environmental Geosciences
 Volume 3             Number  3               Date 1996               Pages 143-153
 Summary

 Article ID 55
 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory Standards
 Source The Water Future of Albuquerque and Middle Rio Grande Basin, Proceedings of the 39th annual New Mexico Water
          Conference, November 3-4,1994, Albuquerque, New Mexico
 Volume               Number                 Date 1994               Pages 295-305
 Summary

 Article ID 56
 Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
 Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico
 Source The Water Future of Albuquerque and Middle Rio Grande Basin, Proceedings of the 39th annual New Mexico Water
          Conference, November 3-4,1994, Albuquerque, New Mexico
 Volume               Number                 Date 1994               Pages 257-276
 Summary

 Article ID 60
 Author Bhatt, Kailash
 Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Pesticides in Bowdte Aquifer, South Dakota
 Source Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
 Volume 47            Number  3               Date September 1997      Pages 223-237
 Summary

 Article ID 61
 Author Aceil, S.M.
 Title The Study of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Waters of the State of Mississippi
 Source 1996 Proceedings of the 26th Mississippi Water Resources Conference
 Volume               Number                 Date 1996               Pages 295-306
 Summary
January 27,1999  .                                     1-11                                             Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 62
  Author Chnstensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope
  Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney
       Reservoir Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.
  Source USGS Report No. USGS/WRI-97-4153
  Volume                Number                  Date 1997               Pages
  Summary

  Article ID 63
  Author Stackelberg, Paul E., Jessica A. Hopple, and Leon J. Kauffman
  Title Occurrence of Nitrate, Pesticides, and Volatile Organic Compounds in the Kikkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System,
       Southern New Jersey
  Source USGS Water Resources Investigation Report 97-4241
  Volume                Number                 Date 1997               Pages
  Summary

  Article ID 64
  Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Maley
  Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace Elements, and Radionuclides, in Ground and Surface
       Water from West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.
  Source Open File Report - US Geological Survey
  Volume                Number                 Date 1994               Pages
  Summary

  Article ID 65
  Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikte, and Michael C.R. Alavanja
  Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils of Frederick, Maryland
  Source Journal of Environmental Health
  Volume 60            Number 8               Date 1998               Pages 16-20
  Summary

  Article ID 66
  Author Moomead, Daryl L, W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf
  Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas
  Source Journal of Environmental Health
  Volume 60            Number 7               Date 1998               Pages 14-18
  Summary
Final Draft                                        1-12                                          January 27,1999

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                                            Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 67
 Author Valentine, J.L.
 Title Environmental Occurrence of Selenium in Waters and Related Health Significance
 Source Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
 Volume 10            Number 2-3             Date  1997                Pages  292-299
 Summary

 Article ID 68
 Author Fan, Anna M. and Valerie E. Steinberg
 Title Health Implications of Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water An Update on Methemoglobinemia Occurrence and
       Reproductive and Developmental Toxitity
 Source Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
 Volume 23            Number 1, Part 1         Date  February 1996        Pages  35-43
 Summary

 Article ID 69
 Author Daniel, PA, N. Dumoutier, V. Mandra, N. Tambo, and T. Kamei
 Title Cryptosporidium: a Risk Assessment
 Source Water Supply
 Volume 14            Number 3/4             Date  1996                Pages  387-401
 Summary                                                                                      \
                                                                                                 \\
                                                                                                 '\
 Article ID 70
 Author Goolsby, DA, W.A. Battaglin, and E.M. Thurman
 Title Occurrence and Transport of Herbicides and Nitrate in the Mississippi River During the 1993 Flood.
 Source American Water Resources Association: Responses to Changing Multiple-Use Demands: New Directions for Water
          Resources Planning and Management
 Volume               Number                 Date April 1994            Pages
 Summary This article does not have useful co-occurrence information

 Article ID 71
 Author Bright. DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer
 Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine EffluentThe Occurrence of Organoarsenicate and 'Hidden'
       Arsenic
 Source The Science of the Total Environment
 Volume Mo\            Number Ho. 2           Date  February 9,1996      Pages
          180
 Summary
January 27,1999                                      1-13                                            Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 72
  Author Back, William and Ivan Bames
  Title Relation of Electrochemical Potentials and Iron Content to Groundwater Flow Patterns
  Source Hydrology of Aquifer Systems
  Volume               Number                 Date  undated (circa        Pages  C1-C16
                                                       1962)
  Summary

  Article ID 73
  Author Korte, Nic
  Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern United States
  Source Environ Geol Water Sci
  Volume Vol. 18         Number No. 2            Date  1991                Pages  137-141
  Summary

  Article ID 74
  Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
  Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
  Source Water Rock Interaction
  Volume               Number                 Date 1992               Pages 835-837
  Summary

  Article ID 75
  Author Longtin, Jon P.
  Title Occurrence of Radon, Radium, and Uranium in Groundwater
  Source Journal AWWA
  Volume               Number                 Date undated (circa       Pages
                                                      1987)
  Summary This article has no useful co-occurrence information.

  Article ID 76
  Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
  Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
  Source Ground Water
  Volume 26            Number 3              Date May-June 1988       Pages 333
  Summary

 Article ID 77
 Author Garcia, Kerry T.
  Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada
  Source US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 87-4269
  Volume                Number                Date 1987               Pages
 Summary
Final Draft                                        1-14                                         January 27,1999

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                                            Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 78
  Author Goolsby, Donald A., R.C. Severson, S.A. Wilson, Kurt Webber
  Title Geochemistry of Soils and Shallow Ground Water, With Emphasis on Arsenic and Selenium, in Part of the Garrison
       Diversion Unit, North Dakota, 1985-1987
  Source
  Volume               Number                 Date  unknown (circa       Pages
                                                       1989)
  Summary

  Article ID 79
  Author Middelburg, R.F.
  Title Occurrence of Arsenic in the Dry Creek Basin, Sonoma County, California
  Source USGS Water Resources investigations 76-30
  Volume               Number                 Date  May 1976           Pages
  Summary No useful co-occurrence information found in this article.

  Article ID 80
  Author Ecctes, Lawrence A.
  Title Sources of Arsenic in Streams Tributary to Lake Crowtey, California
  Source USGS Water Resources Investigations 76-36
  Volume               Number                 Date  June 1976           Pages
  Summary

  Article ID 81
  Author Ficklin, Walter H., David G. Frank, Paul K. Briggs, and Robert E. Tucker
  Title Analytical Results for Water, Soil, and Rocks Collected Near Granite Falls, Washington as Part of an
       Arsenic-in-Groundwater Study
  Source USGS Open File Report 89-148
  Volume               Number                 Date  1989               Pages
  Summary

  Article ID 82
  Author Welch, Alan H. and Michael S. Lico
  Title Arsenic in an Alluvial-Lacustrine Aquifer, Carson Desert, Western Nevada
  Source Metals in Ground Water
  Volume               Number                 Date                     Pages E13-E18
  Summary
January 27,1999                                      1-15                                            Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 83
  Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
  Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
  Source Critical Reviews in Environmental Control
  Volume 21             Number 1               Date  1991                Pages 1-39
  Summary

  Article ID 84
  Author Michel, Jacqueline
  Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
  Source In: Radon, Radium, and Uranium in Drinking Water, C. Richard Cothem and Paul E. Rebers, eds.
  Volume                Number                 Date  1990                Pages 83-95
  Summary
Final Draft                                        1-16                                           January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search - Notes
 Article ID 1

 Notecard# 01-02


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent

 Co-Occurrence?
Author  Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back

Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
      Carbonate-Aquifer Systems

Date 1979

Page if 289-290

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The distribution of chemical species in groundwater is not random; rather, it is controlled by all the processes and
       reactions of diagenesis including recrystallization, dolomitization and cementation, by structural activity, by dissolution
       and reprecipitation of minerals during groundwater movement, and by mass transfer of chemical species. The
       observed chemical character of water in carbonate aquifers is both a control on the physical parameters just
       mentioned and in response to them. The chemistry of groundwater is a result of the intimate relationship between
       mineralogy and flow regime because these determine the occurrence, sequence, rates and progress of reactions. In
       other words, the mineralogy of an aquifer and its groundwater geochemistry are reflected in each other and change in
        a systematic and generally predictable way.
 Article ID 1

 Notecard* 01-03


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Sufote

 Co-Occurrence?
Author  Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back

Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
      Carbonate-Aquifer Systems

Date 1979
Page ft 290-291

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes When carbonate sediments first emerge from the marine environment, they undergo flushing of ocean water by
       freshwater... the dissolved solids content decreases; major ions change from predominantly Na-CI-Mg-SO4 to
       Ca-HCO3; sediments are recrystallized, selectively dissolved, cemented and perhaps dolomitized ...

       After carbonate sediments have been transformed into a rock aquifer, many additional chemical changes occur both in
       groundwater and in aquifer mineralogy. In recharge areas  ... Groundwater is typically of the Ca-HCO3 type. During
       its movement downgradient, Mg increases owing to dissolution of dolomite and high-Mg calctte while Ca remains
       relatively constant; SO4 increases as gypsum dissolves and HCO3 remains relatively constant.

       (SO4 concentrations shown to increase in moving from recharge water to downgradient water, decrease slightly
       during flushing, and decrease significantly during dolomitization (moving to marine water) as well as during the
       dissolution of Halite (from downgradient to brine).
 Article ID 1
 Notecardtt 01-04


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent

 Co-Occurrence?
Author  Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back

Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
      Carbonate-Aquifer Systems

Date 1979

Page # 292

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Where extensive accumulations of evaporite minerals occur, their dissolution results in highly saline brines (Fig. 1
       pathway D -> B). Another common pathway (D -> M) is caused by subsurface mixing of ocean water than has
       encroached into the deeper parts of coastal aquifers as in Florida; dedolomitization may occur under these
       circumstances [decreasing SO4, Ca and Mg while increasing C03, HCO3, Na, and K].

       (Dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2]
January 27,1999
        1-17
                                                        Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID ^

 NotecardH  01-05


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent

 Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back

 Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
      Carbonate-Aquifer Systems

Date 1979

Page it  303

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Throughout the geochemical evolution of an aquifer, reactions that result from mixing water bodies of different
        chemical compositions continue to be a major control on groundwater alteration processes including porosity and
        permeability redistribution. These reactions occur when bodies of saline and fresh water mix... Evidence for
        occurrence and progress of mixing zone reactions in the subsurface is primarily mineralogic; carbonate petrologists
        are now able to, provide a consistent and convincing interpretation for the origin of various cements, textures and
        crystal morphologies. Mixing owes its significance to the non-linearity of mineral solubility as a function of variables
        such as salinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, temperature and activity (effective concentration).
 Article ID 1

 Notecard#  01-06


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back

Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
      Carbonate-Aquifer Systems

Date 1979

Page ft 304-305

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Even without mixing, any process (e.g., changes in temperature, pH, CO2 content) that alters the activity of ions will
        affect the equilibrium conditions of a solution relative to one or more minerals. One such process associated with the
        zone of dispersion is the CO2 flux. Any influx of CO2, such as from root respiration, decomposition of lignite in an
        aquifer, or decomposition of organic material in intruding ocean water, will cause additional solution of caltite.
        Conversely outgassing, which commonly occurs when groundwater discharges at the surface, will prevent further
        solution and may, under certain conditions, cause precipitation of calcareous cements.
 Article ID 1

 Notecard# 01-07


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent

 Co-Occurrence?
Author  Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back

Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
      Carbonate-Aquifer Systems

Date 1979

Page# 310

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The opposite of dolomitization is dedotomitization which has been demonstrated by mass-transfer calculations to be an
       important control on the chemistry of groundwater in a Mississippian carbonate aquifer in parts of the western U.S.A.
       Basically, it has been found that this aquifer behaves similar to other carbonate-rock systems. The evolutionary
       pathways and the processes that control its chemistry of water are the same as those shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. The
       recharge area has a high total CO2 and relatively low total-dissolved solids. As groundwater moves downgradient
       through the aquifer it begins to dissolve caltite dolomite and gypsum from the mineralogic framework. This results in an
        increase in the total CO2 and increases in many of the other chemical constituents, particularly SO4 (-2), Ca (+2), and
       Mg (+2). Eventually, equilibrium with respect to calcrte is attained and no more calcite is dissolved from the aquifer.
Final Draft
    1-18
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 1
 Notecard# 01-01


 Topic Factors.Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence?
Author Hanshaw, Bruce B. and William Back

Title Major Geochemical Processes in the Evolution of
      Carbonate-Aquifer Systems

Date 1979

Page# 289

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Although some modem carbonate sediments are deposited in the deep sea, the vast bulk of carbonate deposition
       occurs in warm shallow (less than 12m depth) seas in the lower latitudes. Furthermore, the final site of accumulation
       and initial lithification is typically in the inter- to supra-tidal zone which has often been called the "knee-deep"
       environment. Therefore, our discussion is limited to the carbonate products from shallow normal marine environments,
       and we further limited our scope by excluding the hydrology of bedded evaporites, salt deposits, and associated
       subsurface brines.
 Article ID 2
 Notecard# 02-03


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Cherry, J.A., A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson

Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
      Groundwater

Date 1979

Page# 376

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Although conceptually the redox-pair approach to the acquisition of pE or Eh data is attractive, its applicability to natural
        waters has been severely restricted because of two factors: (1) many of the important redox reactions (those
       involving N, S, or C) are biologically mediated, with irreversibility as a characteristic feature; and (2) in the pE-pH
       domain of natural waters, the concentration of one of the species in a redox pair is commonly below the limits of
       analytical detection, for example S(2-) or HS(-) in the SO4(2-)-HS(-) pair, or Fe(3+) in the Fe(3+)-Fe(2+) pair.
 Article ID 2
 NotecardH 02-02


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author  Cherry, JA, A.U. Shaikh. D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson

Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
      Groundwater

Date 1979

Page it 375

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes A second approach for measurement off the redox status of natural waters involves analysis of water samples for
       concentrations of two or ore dissolved species containing the same element in different oxidation states. The
       concentrations are converted to activities using the Debije-Huckel or mean-salt relations and the pE or Eh values are
       obtained as indicated below... With these relations pE or Eh values can be calculated from the results of analytical
       determination of redox pairs such as SO4(2-) and HS(-) or S(2-), HCO3 (-) or CO2 and CH4, NO3(-) and NH4(+),
       Fe{3+) and Fe(2+), or Mn(IV) and Mn(ll). For a system at equilibrium, computed redox levels from each of these
       analytical pairs have the same value.
January 27,1999
        1-19
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 2

 Notecard#  02-04


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Cherry, J.A., A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson

 Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
      Groundwater

Date 1979

Page#  381

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The presence or absence of one of the As species, As(lll) or As(V) species, can be used as a qualitative indication of
        redox levels. If only As(V) species are detected in the water, the redox level is above the As window. In this case, at
        pH>7, HAsO4(2-) is the dominant species of As(V) and at pH<7, H2As04(-) is the dominant As(V) species. At redox
        levels below the redox window, only As(lll) species are detectable with H3As03 being the dominant species under
        moderately reducing conditions and AsS2(-) being important at very low redox levels.
 Article ID 2

 Notecard# 02-05


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Cherry, J.A., A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson

 Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
      Groundwater

Date 1979

Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes For As to be most useful as a redox indicator it must occur in the water at concentrations that yield a useful width for
        the redox window. The "maximum contaminant level" set by the USEPA (1975) for As in drinking water is 50 ug/l. From
        Fig. 5 it is apparent that total As concentrations well below this limit are sufficiently large to produce a redox window
        of significant width. In a survey of As concentrations in rivers and lakes... It was found that of 727 samples
        analysed, about 20% contained As at levels above 10 ug/l. Ferguson and Anderson (1974) also noted that As is the
        inorganic constituent that more commonly than any other constituent exceeds the maximum permissible limit for drinking
        water supplies. Because of the position of its redox window, As should generally be better suited as a redox
        indicator for use in groundwater than for surface water.
 Article ID 2

 Notecard# 02-01


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence1? No
Author  Cherry, J.A., A.U. Shaikh, D.E. Tallman, and R.V. Nicholson

Title Arsenic Species as an Indicator of Redox Conditions in
      Groundwater

Date 1979

Page# 373

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes As a result of recent advances in analytical methods, it is now possible to determine the concentrations of both As(lll)
       and As(V) at sufficiently low levels so that the apparent redox condition, as pE or pH, can be computed from
       measured concentrations of As (III) and As (V) species. The arsenic pE or Eh domain obtained using published
       thermodynamic data for As species and the assumption of redox equilibrium, provides a basis for obtaining an
       indication of redox levels within the central portion of the redox field for natural waters.
Final Draft
    I-20
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 3
 Notecard # 03-01


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Other
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William

Title Geology and Groundwater Features of the Smith River Plain, Del
      Norte County, California

Date 1957

Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Being in an area of extremely high rainfall, both the stream waters and ground waters on the Smith River plain are of
       low mineral concentration and are excellent for irrigation and domestic use. The only natural detrimental feature of the
       water is the high content of iron, found locally. Several wells in and around Crescent City have a high nitrate content.
       This may indicate sewage contamination, for nitrate is commonly an end product of the decomposition of organic
       matter. The chloride content of water contaminated by sewage also is somewhat higher than that of uncontaminated
       water from the same aquifer.

       One of the notable contrasts between the ground water of this area and the water of most of California is the low pH
       values, generally ranging from 6.0 to 7.2. These low pH values are presumably due to the presence of carbonic acid
       from the atmosphere and vegetation and organic acids from vegetation.

       Most of the waters are of the magnesium bicarbonate type. The bicarbonate ion is derived in part from carbon dioxide
       gas from the atmosphere dissolved in rain water. However, in general, the largest amount is from the carbon dioxide
       gas released by decomposition of vegetative matter. The principal source of the magnesium is the ferromagnesian
       minerals of the Jurassic rocks, especially serpentine.
 Article ID 4
 Notecard # 04-03


 Topic Constituent Species
 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.

Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
      of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.

Date 1982

Page* 186

Co-Occurrence Notes radium
 Notes In addition to these elemental fractionations, separation between the two long lived uranium isotopes, U(234) and
       U(238), occurs commonly in groundwaters (Cherduntsev, 1971). Thus, although the ultimate parent of radium is
       U(238), the local source for a radium anomaly may be comprised mostly of Th(230) with little uranium, or U(234) and
       in-grown Th(230) with little activity, or Th(230), U(234) and U(238) in approximate equilibrium. The mix of these
       nuclides is a function of the history of the geocnemical barrier which causes uranium precipitation.
 Article ID 4
 Notecard # 03-02


 Topic Constituent Species
 Constituent Radium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
      of the Tri-State Region. U.SA

Date 1982
Page if 185

Co-Occurrence Notes uranium
 Notes Uranium isotopes have been analyzed in a number of water samples from the groundwater flow system of the
       Cambro-Ordovician aquifers in the Tri-State region of Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma, U.SA The system consists of
       sodium chloride water having low uranium content (-0.04 ug/l) which meets westward flowing calcium bicarbonate
       water having uranium content about an order of magnitude greater in a transitional zone located just to the west of the
       Missouri-Kansas border. In the area where the waters and then flow southwestward, H2S is commonly found in the
       water, Ra(226) is relatively high and uranium concentration is lower than to the east It appears that at least part of the
        dissolved uranium in the westward flowing water is precipitated in the zone of mixing. Because the dissolved uranium
        has U(234)/U(238) activity ratio of 7-10, any precipitated uranium would have an enhanced capability for generating
       the daughter Ra(226). However, the distribution of uranium isotopes within the system suggests that the source of
       radium in the water of the transitional zone is not the inferred present-day zone of uranium accumulation but rather the
       brines themselves.
January 27,1999
        1-21
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID A

 Notecardti 04-02


  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Uranium

 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.

 Title  Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
       of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.

Date  1982

Page#  186

Co-Occurrence Notes radium
 Notes Uranium, thorium, and radium tend to fractionate because of chemical differences. Uranium tends to be mobile in
        oxidizing waters containing complexing bicarbonate, sulfate or phosphate anions; in reducing environments the
        solubility of uranium is sharply decreased and precipitation occurs. Thorium is virtually immobile under almost all
        surface conditions. Radium is quite mobile in high-CI waters but in the presence of sulfate, radium is very insoluble.
 Article ID 4
 Notecardti 04-04


 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Uranium

 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.

Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
      of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.

Date 1982

Page# 189-190

Co-Occurrence Notes radium
 Notes The fresh waters of the eastern side of the area of investigation have the highest uranium concentrations (Table II).
        Along the eastern boundary of the transitional zone, where the freshwaters first encounter the saline H2S-bearing
        waters, the uranium concentration decreases abruptly. In the same general location, the radium concentration begins a
        progressive increase in a westward direction as does the specific electrical conductivity (Fig. 3). IN the transitional
        zone the uranium concentration is at least an order magnitude less than in the freshwater zone whereas the radium is
        about an order of magnitude greater.
 Article ID 4

 Notecardti 04-07


 Topic Source(s) - Natural

 Constituent Radium

 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.

Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
      of the Tri-State Region, U.SA

Date 1982

Page it

Co-Occurrence Notes uranium
 Notes This information seems to preclude the present-day precipitation site as the major source of high radium values, so we
       are left with several alternatives: (1) that the boundary site between the freshwater zone and the transitional zone ...
        Was once further west and that it has migrated eastward in the recent geologic past, or (2) that the source of radium
       is the high-CI brine...

       The brine as the major radium source. This source must remain speculative for now as there are not appropriate
       samples presently available from this area although high radioactivity (presumably radium) has been reported from
       oil-field wells further west in Kansas (Gott and Hill, 1953) and in Oklahoma (Bloch, 1980). U-isotope analyses of brines
       from the Gulf of Mexico coast region indicate that the A.R. range is usually 1-2... Brine from one well in Israel is
       reported to have A.R.'s in the range 10-12 (Kronfeld, et. Al., 1975). If the lower A.R. values are valid for Kansas
       brines, then the U isotopes  measured as far west as locations 16 and 22 must have originated in the freshwater
       region and not with the high-Ra waters. Thus, in a mixing zone, various nuclides may have different sources even
       though the nuclides are members of the same decay series; the deciphering of such multisource systems may be best
       approached by isotopic rather than elemental analyses.
Final Draft
    I-22
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID A
 Notecard # 04-05

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
      of the Tri-State Region, U.S.A.
Date 1982
Page# 191
Co-Occurrence Notes radium
 Notes The decrease of uranium concentration, shown in Fig. 3b between locations 12 and 17 and in Fig. 3c between
       locations 12 and 14, is similar to that observed at other locations where oxidizing waters encounter a decrease in
       redox potential but the lack of an associated well-defined increase in A.R. is unusual. An increase in A.R. at a redox
       front has been observed in both sandstones (Coward and Osmond, 1980) and in carbonates (Coward, 1980). The
       decrease in dissolved uranium serves to locate uranium presently accumulating as a coating on the aquifer rocks.
 Article ID A
 Notecard # 04-06

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Radium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Cowart, J.B.
Title Uranium Isotopes and Ra(226) Content in the Deep Groundwaters
      of the Tri-State Region, U.SA
Date 1982
Page if 191
Co-Occurrence Notes uranium
 Notes By recoil or selective leaching modes, the A.R. in water can be increased. Direct recoil input is a function of the U(238)
        present where as selective leaching is strongly influenced by the relative amount of U(234) present The amount of
       Ra(226) generated by such a coating is a function of the amount of U(234) (and Th(230)) present but since its
       geochemistry differs from uranium, the radium is not constrained to remain with the accumulation. Thus, the high-A.R.
       uranium precipitating at the eastern edge of the transition zone should be an efficient Ra (226) generator, assuming
       enough time forTh(230) in-growth has lapsed.
 Article ID 5
 Notecard # 05-02
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars
Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells
Date March 5-8,1995
Page* 233
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Statewide, the average nitrate concentrations were 1.16 ppm for shallow wells and 0.48 ppm for deep wells. The
       Atlantic Coast Flatwoods and the Limestone Valley had the highest average concentration of nitrates in shallow wells
       at 3.3 ppm each, rt is unclear as to whether the problem is actually significantly greater in these areas or if the result
       could be attributed to the relatively low number of samples received from these areas...
       Statewide, only 0.9% of deep wells and 3.8% of shallow wells exceeded the drinking water standard.
January 27,1999
        I-23
Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 5

 Notecardtt  05-01

 Topic Study Methodology

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars

 Title  Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells

Date  March 5-8,1995

Page#  231-232

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service... has offered a water testing program since the early
        1980s... The routine analysis includes 15 mineral elements by pH and hardness. Other tests such as volatile
        organics, pesticide residues, and petroleum hydrocarbons are available as needed.

        In 1989 the Extension Service received USOA Water Quality Initiative funds to test each sample for N03-N in order to
        build a database on nitrate contamination. Since 1989 the Agriculture Services Laboratories have conducted between
        3,000 and 5,000 routine water tests per year. Of these, only about 25% indicated well depth, which experience has
        shown to be a significant factor in predicting nitrate contamination. The data addressed in this paper include all
        samples collected from 1989 through 1993 for which the well depth was specified on the water analysis submission
        form. There were a total of 3,419 such samples.
 Article ID 5

 NotecardH 05-03
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars

Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells

Date March 5-8,1995

Page if 233

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes From 1990 through 1994, the Georgia Environmental Protection Division conducted a similar nitrate study where they
        sampled 2,568 wells in South Georgia and 2,241 in North Georgia. They tested only wells which were less than 250
        feet deep and did not differentiate between shallow wells and deep wells. Also, their samples were collected at
        random, whereas ours were submitted by clientele at their own discretion. Their results indicated a slightly higher
        incidence of nitrates in South Georgia than in North Georgia, which might be expected in consideration of the fact that
        South Georgia generally has sandier soils and has more agricultural activities than North Georgia. Statewide, their
        results indicated that 95% of wells had less than 5 ppm No3-N, 4% had between 5 and 10 ppm, and 1% exceeded 10
        ppm.  Overall, our data indicated that 1.8% of the wells tested exceeded  10 ppm.
 Article ID 5

 Notecard# 05-04

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tyson, A.W., P. Bush, R. Perkins and W. Segars

Title Nitrate occurrence in Georgia's domestic wells

Date March 5-8,1995

Pagen 234

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes In 1994 the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service conducted a survey of 823 wells on farms in counties
        which were known to have high concentrations of livestock and poultry. Although the results have not yet been fully
       analyzed, they do implicate livestock and poultry operations in contributing to nitrate contamination. In this survey, 5.1%
        of the wells had N03-N levels above 10 ppm and, of the wells which were used specifically for livestock and poultry,
       7.5% exceeded 10 ppm.
Final Draft
    I-24
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 6                                   Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards

 Notecard # 06-07                              Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities

 Topic Other                                    Date 1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 3

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes sulfate

 Notes The 90th percentite concentrations of other dissolved constituents in high As waters (total As > 2 ppb) were
        compared to those in low As waters (total As < 2 ppb) to explore possible relations between arsenic and co-occurring
        constituents (Figure 4). No apparent relations between arsenic and pH, alkalinity, or the soluble aluminum
        concentration were observed. Sulfate and chloride concentrations for surface waters were much higher in waters
        with high arsenic than in waters with low arsenic. Since some of the co-occurring constituents are of concern with
        respect to the U.S. secondary maximum contaminant levels (Table 4), these relations can indicate possible secondary
        benefits of arsenic regulation.


 Article ID 6                                   Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards

 Notecard # 06-08                              Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities

 Topic Other                                    Date 1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page it 3

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Conventional water treatment methods including coagulation, Fe-Mn oxidation, and softening can also remove arsenic.
        Fifty-five percent of surface waters and 74% of groundwaters investigated in this study that contained more than 5
        ppb of total As would also benefit from treatment for hardness (Table 4 and  Figure 5). Thus, a large fraction of utilities
        impacted by the proposed arsenic regulation could meet the regulation by installing softening treatment processes to
        also remove hardness. Fe and Mn in groundwater also pose a water quality concern, and 61% of high arsenic
        groundwaters (total As > 5 ppb) also exceeded either the secondary Fe or Mn MCL (Table 4 and Figures 6 and 7).
        Consequently, this treatment process could also be installed with multiple benefits at many utilities in response to an
        arsenic regulation.
 Article ID 6                                   Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards

 Notecard # 06-09                              Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities

 Topic Other                                    Date 1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 4

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes sulfate

 Notes The selection of advanced arsenic removal technology is strongly dependent on the concentrations of co-occurring
       species in the influent. For example, sulfate is expected to control run length for anion exchange (Figure 8), which is
       deemed "nonviabte" for arsenic removal when raw water sulfate concentrations are greater than 120 ppm. On this
       basis, anion exchange is not a feasible option for arsenic removal (total As > 5 ppb) (Figure 8). This will drive up costs
       of the arsenic regulation since anion exchange cannot be applied at many utilities with high arsenic.
January 27,1999                                         I-25                                               Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 6                                   Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 06-03                             Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                  Date 1996
 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 1
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Mining activities expose arsenic-containing coals or ores, and smelting processes discharge arsenic wastes into
        natural water systems. Arsenic can also be introduced to the environment through application of arsenical pesticides.

 Article ID 6                                   Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 06-05                             Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Topic Other                                   Date 1996
 Constituent Arsenic                            Pagett 2
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Only one out of 189 surface water samples exceeded the current Arsenic MCL while four out of 239 groundwater
        samples did so. If the arsenic MCL were lowered to 2 ppb, more than 28% of the sampled utilities would exceed the
        standard.

 Article ID 6                                   Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 06-06                             Title  Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Topic Other                                    Date  1996
 Constituent Arsenic                            Pagett 2-3
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Paniculate As was more significant than previously suspected and more dominant in groundwater than in surface
        water. In fact, 16% of the groundwater utilities could achieve 90% arsenic removal simply by filtering paniculate As
       from the raw water. In contrast, surface water utilities could only achieve 80% As removal by filtration at maximum.
        Coagulation, softening, or anion exchange removes As(V), which was more than half the total arsenic in 40% of the
       surface waters and ground waters. As(lll), the most toxic and difficult to treat soluble arsenic species, dominated
        (>50% of the total arsenic) in only 25% of the surface waters  or groundwaters. The concentrations  of As(lll) reported
        in this work are probably an upper bound to the actual concentrations of As(lll) present in samples due to
        interferences from arsenic colloids. Thus, As(lll) concentrations appear low in U.S. drinking  waters.
 Article ID 6                                  Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 06-10                              Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                     Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Topic Otter                                   Date 1996
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page#  4
 Co-Occurrence?'Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes sulfate
 Notes While sulfate is not expected to significantly affect activated alumina performance, the run length is primarily a function
       of influent As concentrations (Figure 1). For more than 80% of the waters surveyed, activated alumina is predicted to
       treat more than 20,000 bed volumes before 10% arsenic breakthrough. About 20-30% of the waters surveyed would
       have benefited from overall total dissolved solids (TDS) reduction and arsenic removal by RP (Figure 9). Although RO
       treatment efficiency is not controlled by TDS, costs increase markedly in higher TDS waters. An overall cost
       comparison of RO, anion exchange, and activated alumina will be completed soon by examining these results.
Final Draft                                          I-26                                             January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 6                                   Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 06-01                              Title  Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities

 Topic Constituent Species                       Date  1996
 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 1
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Paniculate arsenic is much more significant and widespread than previously suspected. As(V) dominates soluble
       arsenic occurrence in most U.S. drinking waters, whereas As (III) is of relatively low significance. Additional benefits
       may be realized by utilities installing conventional water treatment to remove arsenic since arsenic-containing waters
       also tend to contain high hardness or soluble Fe and  Mn.
 Article ID 6                                  Author Chen, Hsiao-wen, and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 06-02                              Title  Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date  1996
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 1
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes                                 \

 Notes Naturally occurring arsenic is associated with sedimentary rocks, weathered volcanic rocks, and geothermal water.


 Article ID 7                                  Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
                                                        Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Contey             \

 Notecard # 07-06                              Title  Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
                                                      Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River
 Tioyuc Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date  1995
 Constituent Microbes                          Page* 1592
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes It should be noted that while farms and human sewage contribute to the level of parasites in rivers and lakes, there are
        other sources, such as the natural fauna, which are also important Elucidation of the relative importance of each
        source would require involved mass balance calculations, and the relative importance of each source would probably
        vary with individual waterways.


 Article ID 7                                  Author States, Stanley. Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
                                                        Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley
 Notecard # 07-02                              Title  Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
                                                      Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River

 F0/uc Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date  1995
 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page it 1591
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes giardia

 Notes Monitoring of the dairy farm stream (table 2) revealed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in 69% and 77%
        of the monthly samples, respectively. Mean densities were similar for both parasites and generally higher than ambient
        densities in the Allegheny indicating that the stream is a potential source of parasites to the river. The dairy farm
        studied in this survey was chosen for its proximity to the city and not for its size (only 20-25 cattle). It is expected that
        a larger farm might yield higher parasite numbers and perhaps even more Cryptosporidium oocysts.
January 27,1999                                         1-27                                               Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 7                                   Author States, Stanley,  Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadteiman, Denise
                                                         Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley

  Notecardft 07-03                              Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
                                                      Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River

  Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date 1995

  Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page#  1591

  Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes  giardia

  Notes Monthly analysis of treated effluent from a sewage plant, utilizing secondary treatment, revealed the presence of
        Cryptosporidium oocysts in 27% of the samples ... And the occurrence of Giardia cysts in 80% of the samples...
        (Table 2). The greater prevalence and concentration of Giardia in treated sewage may reflect the chronic shedding  of
        cysts by people asymptomaticalty infected with the Giardia parasite. These results suggest that human sewage, while
        contributing Cryptosporidium to natural bodies of water, may be even more important as a source of Giardia cysts.
 Article ID 7                                   Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
                                                        Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley

 Notecard #  07-04                             Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
                                                      Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River

 Topic SouTce(&) - Anthropogenic                 Date 1995

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page it 1592

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes giardia                               ,

 Notes In addition to monitoring treated sewage discharged into the Allegheny River, a limited attempt was made to evaluate
        the impact of CSOs (combined sewer overflows) (table 3)... The CSO data in this study, one from a grab sample and
        the other from a composite, both indicate the presence of high levels of Cryptosporidium and even higher levels of
        Giardia. These results reflect the large concentration of protozoa in raw sewage and suggest that CSOs are an
        important source of parasite contamination that merits further study.


 Article ID 7                                   Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
                                                        Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley

 Notecard #  07-08                             Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
                                                      Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River

 Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic                 Date 1995

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page# 1594-1595

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia

 Notes The following conclusions are drawn from the results of this study:

        1.) Giardia and Cryptosporidium are frequently present in river water with Cryptosporidium typically being somewhat
       more prevalent and present in higher numbers.

       2.) Dairy farms are a source of parasites into natural waterways. Treated sewage, but [particularly untreated
       sewage, is also a source, especially for Giardia.

       3.) Conventional drinking water plant clarification and filtration can completely eliminate  passage of Giardia cysts into
       the finished water supply. However, small numbers of Cryptosporidium may occasionally pass through the treatment
       plant even in the absence of obvious treatment problems.

       4.) Filter backwash water can contain significant numbers of parasites, especially Cryptosporidium. That these
       numbers are high, relative to levels typically observed in the raw source water, suggests that recycling of backwash
       water is a potential source of contamination to the treatment plant intake.
Final Draft                                          I-28                                             January 27.1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID!


 Notecardti 07-01


 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Cryptosporidium

 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
        Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley

Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
      Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River

Date 1995

Page# 1590-1591

Co-Occurrence Notes giardia
 Notes Parasites were observed at approximately the same occurrence rates in the Allegheny and Youghiogheny Rivers
        (Allegheny: Giardia - 60%, Cryptosporidium = 73%; Youghiogheny: Giardia - 67%, Cryptosporidium = 80%
        occurrence). The mean densities were also similar. However, in both  rivers, Cryptosporidium oocysts were generally
        more frequently detected, and at higher densities, than were Giardia cysts... These results... Are similar to earlier
        findings by other investigators.
 Article ID 7


 Notecard* 07-07


 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic

 Constituent Cryptosporidium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
        Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley

Tale Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
      Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River

Date 1995

Page* 1594

Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia
 Notes Table 5 summarizes the results of monthly assays of filter backwash water. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected
       in over 50% of the samples while Giardia cysts were observed in only 13% of the samples. The less frequent
       occurrence of Giardia may be the result of better removal of the larger Giardia cysts in the preceding plant clarification
       process. Comparison of the mean density of Cryptosporidium oocysts in backwash water (table 5) with oocyst
       densities in untreated river water (table 4) indicates that parasite levels in backwash water are substantially higher.
       This suggests that the practice of recycling untreated filter backwash water can constitute a significant source of
       parasites, especially Cryptosporidium, to the plant intake.
 Article ID!


 Notecard # 07-05


 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Cryptosporidium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author States, Stanley, Jan Sykora, Kathleen Stadterman, Denise
        Wright, Julie Baldizar, and Louis Conley

Title Sources, Occurrence, and Drinking Water Treatment Removal of
      Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Allegheny River

Date 1995

Page it 1592

Co-Occurrence Notes giardia
 Notes Furthermore, comparison of Giardia and Cryptosporidium numbers observed in effluent from secondary sewage
       treatment (table 2) and diluted raw sewage (table 3) indicates the extent to which conventional sewage treatment is
       important for controlling parasite levels in natural bodies of water.
January 27,1999
        I-29
                                                          Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 8
 Notecard# 08-05
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon

 Title  Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
       Indiana, 1994-95

Date  May 1996

Page# 3

Co-Occurrence Notes
  Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

  Constituent Nitrate

  Co-Occurrence? No

  Notes Water from 6 of the 94 shallow wells (6.4 percent) contained nitrate concentrations higher than 10 mg/L
        Nitrate was not detected, at a detection limit of 0.05 mg/L. in 43 percent of the shallow wells.

        In contrast to the wells with not detectable nitrate, samples from 29 percent of the shallow wells had nitrate
        concentrations higher than 3.0 mg/L.
 Article ID 8
 Notecard*  08-06


 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon

Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
      Indiana, 1994-95

Date May 1996

Page*  3

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The paired wells in the fluvial deposits show stratification of nitrate concentration with depth (fig. 4). The concentration
        of nitrate in samples from six of the shallow wells was higher than the concentration in the corresponding deep well.
        IN the remaining three well pairs, no nitrate was detected in samples from either well... Nitrate concentrations are
        typically higher at the top of the water table than at depth, in part because most nitrate sources originate at the land
        surface (Hallberg and Keeney, 1993). Nitrate concentrations tend to decrease with depth as recharge water
        containing nitrate moves downward and mixes with water that is lower in nitrate. Stratification of nitrate
        concentrations with depth also is influenced by the availability of dissolved oxygen. As dissolved oxygen
        concentrations decrease with depth, loss of nitrate by denitrification is enhanced.
 Article ID 8

 Notecardn 08-09


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon

Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
      Indiana, 1994-95

Date May 1996
Page# 4

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate concentrations were below the detection limit in samples from approximately 65 percent of the wells n the till
       plain and 41 percent of the wells in the glacial lowland (fig. 5). Low concentrations of nitrate in ground water
       underlying agricultural areas of the till plain and the glacial lowland are common where overlying clay-rich tills retard
       downward movement of nitrate and oxygen into the water-bearing units. Low concentrations of dissolved-oxygen in
       the ground water of the till plain and glacial lowland settings enable nitrate to be denitrified, thus lowering nitrate
       concentrations.
Final Draft
    1-30
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 •Article ID 8                                   Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon

 Notecard # 08-08                              Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
                                                      Indiana, 1994-95

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                  Date May 1996

 Constituent Nitrate                             Page# 4

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Nitrate concentrations in samples from three-fourths of the shallow wells in fluvial deposits underlying urban land
        were above the detection limit; however the nitrate concentration did not exceed 10 mg/L in any of the samples (fig. 5).
        This widespread, low-level contamination probably is due to (1) the vulnerable nature of the fluvial deposits... And
        (2) the prevalent use of lawn fertilizers in urban settings. Effluent from septic systems and leaky sewers also may
        contribute lesser amounts of nitrate to the ground water in urban settings.
 Article ID 8                                  Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon

 Notecard # 08-07                              Title  Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
                                                      Indiana, 1994-95

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date  May 1996

 Constituents/Unite                            Page it 3-4

 Co-Occurrence? Ho                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The largest percentage of shallow wells with a nitrate concentration between 3.1 and 10 mg/L (42 percent) and the
        largest percentage of shallow wells with a nitrate concentration higher than 10 mg/L (17 percent) were in fluvial
        deposits underlying agricultural land (figs. 3,5)... Elevated nitrate concentrations are expected in water from the
        fluvial deposits underlying agricultural land; the primary source of nitrate for this water is nitrogen fertilizers applied to
        the land. The fluvial deposits are vulnerable to nitrate contamination because water infiltrates through them rapidly
        (Seller and Ber, 1992). Rapid infiltration allows nitrate to easily move below the root zone where it is not available for
        uptake by plants. In addition, rapid infiltration replenishes ground water with oxygen-rich recharge water, inhibiting
        nitrate loss by denitrification.
 Article ID 8                                  Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon

 Notecard # 08-04                              Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
                                                     Indiana, 1994-95

 Topic Study Methodology                       Date May 1996

 Constituent Nitrate                            Page* 3

 Co-Occurrence?'Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes Nitrite

 Notes USGS installed 4 monitoring-well networks in the White River Basin... Designed to assess the concentrations and
       distributions of nitrate in shallow, recently recharged (generally less than 10 years old) ground water in four different
       environmental settings... Well locations were randomly selected... [samples were collected] from the 103 monitoring
        wells in the summers of 1994 and 1995. The USGS National Water Quality Laboratory measured nitrate plus nitrite and
       nitrite concentrations...
January 27,1999                                         1-31                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 8
 Notecard# 08-01

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence'? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
 Title  Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
       Indiana, 1994-95
Date  May 1996
Page#  1-2
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The principle land use in the [White River Basin] is agriculture (Fig. 2), which covers about 70 percent of the basin. In
        1992, about 22 percent of the basin was planted in corn, and about 18 percent was planted in soybeans. Other
        cropland comprises a smaller percentage of the basin and includes wheat and hay. Most of the forested land is
        located in the south-central part of the basin. There is significant industrialization in the cities of Indianapolis, Muncie,
        and Anderson.
 Article ID 8
 Notecardtt  08-02

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
      Indiana, 1994-95
Date May 1996
Page*  2
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The primary source of nitrate in ground water in the White River Basin is nitrogen fertilizer. Commercial fertilizer applied
        to agricultural and urban land accounts for approximately two-thirds of the estimated total nitrogen input to the basin
        (Jeff Martin, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1995). Other important nonpoint sources of nitrogen in the basin
        include manure, decomposing crop residues, septic systems, atmospheric deposition, and fixation of atmospheric
        nitrogen (Jeff Martin, 1995).
 Article ID 8
 NotecardK 08-03

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Moore, Rhett C. and Joseph M. Fenelon
Title Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water in the White River Basin,
      Indiana, 1994-95
Date May 1996
Page# 2-3
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrogen in the soil of the White River Basin commonly is in the form of nitrate. The primary mechanism for nitrate
       removal from the soil is plant uptake. However, nitrate can leach downward into ground water when nitrate
       concentrations in the soil exceed plant uptake. Where dissolved oxygen concentrations in ground water are low - less
       than 1 mg/L (milligram per liter) - the excess nitrogen can be removed by denitrification (the biochemical conversion of
       nitrate to nitrogen gas by bacteria). The potential for nitrate contamination of ground water is generally dependent on
       the following factors (1) amount of fertilizer and other nitrogen sources input to the soil; (2) amount of rainfall; (3)
       permeability of the surficial geologic materials; (4) depth to water, (5) depth to aquifer (for confined aquifers); and (6)
       availability of dissolved oxygen in the aquifer.  Ground water is most vulnerable to nitrate contamination in
       coarse-textured, well-drained deposits where  leaching rates are high and dissolved oxygen is present.
Final Draft
   I-32
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 9                                  Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik

 Notecard # 09-01                             Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
                                                     Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
                                                     Colorado

 TYr/uc Study Methodology                       Date 1995

 Constituent Suttate                            Page* 1

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes metals

 Notes Water samples were collected from natural springs and streams (... Determined to be unaffected by mining) in Topeka
        Gulch. Water samples also were collected from the drainage of two collapsed mines in Topeka Gulch and three mines
       in Ohio Gulch... Cement Creek was sampled at the streamflow-gaging station ... Water samples were filtered...
       Properties measured at each site were: pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity (if pH was greater than
       4.5), and water temperature ... Water-chemistry analyses included: dissolved major ions, dissolved major and trace
       metals, sulfur isotopes of dissolved sulfate, oxygen isotopes of water, and hydrogen isotopes of water.
 Article ID 9                                  Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik

 Notecard # 09-06                             Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
                                                     Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
                                                     Colorado

 7io>pic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date 1995

 Constituent Nickel                             Pagett 3

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes barium

 Notes Mines in Topeka Gulch... Contributed 49 percent of the dissolved barium load and 60 percent of the dissolved nickel
       load.


 Article ID 9                                  Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik

 Notecard # 09-05                             Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
                                                     Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
                                                     Colorado

 Topic Source(s)- Natural                       Date 1995

 Constituent Nickel                             PageU 3

 Co-Occurrence?Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes Barium

 Notes Naturally occurring dissolved metals can be traced by sampling water from natural springs and streams, analyzing for
       conservative constituents (constituents that remain dissolved in the water in contrast to constituents that might be
       attenuated by natural processes), and comparing natural dissolved metal loads to loads in the part of the stream that is
       affected by mining... This procedure was performed for Topeka Gulch; however, the analysis represents only a
       snapshot of the dissolved metals during the time period of sample collection. Barium and nickel seemed to act as
       conservative constituents in the study area.

       Natural  springs and streams in Topeka Gulch contributed 39 percent of the discharge, 51 percent of the barium load,
       and 40 percent of the nickel load to the mouth of Topeka Gulch...

       At the streamflow-gaging station on Cement Creek (fig. 1), natural springs and streams in Topeka Gulch contributed
       0.42 percent of the discharge, 0.73 percent of the barium load, and 0.47 percent of the nickel load.
January 27,1999                                        1-33                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 9

 Notecard# 09-07



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Sulfate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik

 Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
      Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
      Colorado

Date 1995

Page#  3

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes In sulfide-mineralized geologic regions that have been mined, such as the Upper Animas River Basin, the oxidation of
        sulfide minerals produces dissolved sulfate in natural springs and in mine drainage. In some collapsed mines, the
        dissolved sulfate can be subjected to microbial reduction. The oxygen in dissolved sulfate (SO4 (2-)) can be affected
        by several processes: (1) Oxidation of sulfide minerals by oxygen in ground water that has low dissolved-oxygen
        concentrations (such as natural springs that have deep ground-water flow paths); (2) oxidation of sulfide minerals by
        atmospheric oxygen in contact with the ore body (such as in an open mine); and (3) oxygen in dissolved sulfate
        where sulfide minerals were oxidized when water first enters the old mine, then part of the sulfate was subjected to
        reduction by sulfate-reducing bacteria because of the lack of atmosphere circulation to keep the system in an oxidizing
        condition.
 Article ID 9

 Notecard# 09-04



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Other
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik

Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
      Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
      Colorado

Date 1995

Page# 2

Co-Occurrence Notes Aluminum, iron, zinc
 Notes The concentrations of dissolved aluminum, iron, and zinc were lower (attenuated) at the mouth of Topeka Gulch
       compared to upper reaches. The metals could have been attenuated by natural adsorption processes by the stream
       water flowing in and out of the alluvial aquifer at the lower end of the gulch. Metals could be stored in the alluvium and
       possibly remobilized during high flows such as snowmelt runoff; however, this possibility was not analyzed and
       warrants further investigation.
 Article ID 9

 Notecard# 09-03



 Topic Source(s) - Natural

 Constituent Other

 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik

Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
      Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
      Colorado

Date 1995

Page# 2

Co-Occurrence Notes Aluminum, iron, zinc
 Notes During the sampling period, natural springs and streams contributed substantial dissolved metal loads (discharge times
       concentration) to Topeka Gulch. Dissolved aluminum and iron loads (fig. 5) were much larger than the dissolved zinc
       loads (fig. 6).
Final Draft
    1-34
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 9
 NotecardH 09-02


 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Other
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Cattily J. Janik
Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
      Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
      Colorado

Date 1995
Page # 2
Co-Occurrence Notes Aluminum, iron, zinc
 Notes Concentrations of dissolved aluminum in natural springs, a natural stream, and mines in Topeka and Ohio Gulches
       ranged from 7 to 22,000 micrograms per liter (ug/L) and concentrations of dissolved iron ranged from 3,600 to 78,000
       ug/L. Concentrations of dissolved zinc ranged from 6 to 7,440 ug/L. Water from natural springs and streams had similar
        aluminum, iron, and zinc concentrations compared to water from mines in Topeka and Ohio Gulches.
 Article ID 9
 Notecardtt 09-08


 Topic Source(s) - Natural
 Constituent Other
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wright, Winfield G. and Catthy J. Janik
Title Naturally Occurring and Mining-Affected Dissolved Metals in Two
      Subbasins of the Upper Animas River Basin, Southwestern
      Colorado

Date 1995
Page# 4
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Water from natural springs and streams in Topeka Gulch... Had high concentrations of dissolved metals during the
       low-flow period of September-October 1994. Natural sources contributed substantial dissolved metal loads to the
       mouth of Topeka Gulch, and natural sources in Topeka Gulch contributed measurable dissolved metal loads to Cement
       Creek.
 Article ID W

 Notecardtt 10-03

 Topic Source(s) - Natural
 Constituent Microbes
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
        Jonathan D. Pollen

Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium pan/urn and
      Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope
Date August 12-16,1996
Page* 497
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Giardia cysts are introduced into the water supply by human or animal excreta. There are several animal reservoirs of
       Giardia, including beaver, muskrat, bears and dogs.
 Article ID 10

 Notecard# 10-05

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Cryptosporidium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
        Jonathan D. Pollen

Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and
      Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope
Date August 12-16,1996
PageH 503-504
Co-Occurrence Notes  Giardia
 Notes The only occurrence of Giardia was associated with the spring thaw, while Cryptosporidium showed two occurrence
       intervals, spring thaw and shortly after the return of the ice cover	

       Samples showed significantly higher turbidity and total particle counts during wind events in which the water quality
       was influenced by benthic sediments being stirred up into the water column by wind and wave action. The data
       shows no direct correlation (r = 0.1) between higher turbidity and higher Giardia or Cryptosporidium counts.
January 27,1999
        I-35
Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 10                                  Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
                                                        Jonathan D. Pollen

 Notecard #  10-04                              Title Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and
                                                      Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope

 Topic Study Methodology                        Date August 12-16,1996

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page# 501-503

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes  microbes

 Notes A raw water sampling and analysis program was completed for nine fresh water sources located near the North
        Slope Borough (MSB) villages of Atqasuk, Kaktovik, Nuiqsut, Point Hope, Point Lay and Wainwright... A total of 8 lakes
        and one river in six villages were sampled ...

        The second project was with the Barrow Utilities and Electric Co-Operative (BUECI) which operates the drinking water
        treatment plant in Barrow. The raw water supply is taken from the Isatkoak Reservoir which is located between the
        City of Barrow and its suburb, Browervilte. The reservoir is fed mainly from snow melt and tundra runoff during the
        spring thaw... Samples were collected on a monthly basis to obtain a twelve month picture of how the protozoan
        population fluctuated throughout the seasons. Figure 9 outlines the results in the Isatkoak Reservoir for Giardia and
        Cryptosporidium.
 Article ID 10                                 Author Pollen, Michael R. and Cindy L Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
                                                        Jonathan D. Pollen

 Notecard # 10-01                              Title  Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and
                                                      Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date  August 12-16,1996
 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page# 496

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Ingestion of drinking water contaminated with viable oocysts is a major mode of transmission for humans.
       Cryptosporidium is introduced to the water supply via animal excreta containing oocysts. Important reservoirs of the
       oocysts include cattle, sheep, and pigs...

       Direct contact with infected animals, particularly calves and lambs, can cause illness in exposed persons. Uncooked,
       contaminated food can also cause infections.


 Article ID 10                                 Author Pollen. Michael R. and Cindy L. Christian, Craig D. Nordgren,
                                                        Jonathan D. Pollen
 Notecard # 10-02                             Title  Occurrence and Significance of Cryptosporidium parvum and
                                                      Giardia lamblia in Surface Waters on Alaska's North Slope
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date August 12-16,1996
 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page if 496

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Cryptosporidium is also found in wild animal populations. The organism is most prevalent in ruminants, such as deer,
       elk, and caribou and is found primarily in neonates of those species.
Final Draft                                          I-36                                             January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 11                                  Author Segars, William I.
 Notecard # 11-02                             Title  Nitrates in Groundwater: Some Facts on Occurrence
 Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic                 Date  August 1995
 Constituent Nitrate                            Page* 24
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes High nitrate levels in ground water can arise from a variety of agricultural and nonagricultural activities. Primary
       agricultural sources of N include fertilizer use, animal waste and breakdown of residual N in soils and crop residues.
       Non-agricultural sources such as nitrate-bearing minerals, septic tanks and municipal or organic wastes may also
       contribute to occurrences of nitrates in ground water. Regardless of the source, NO3-N can accumulate in subsurface
        soil horizons or leach into ground water if the unused N exceeds that removed by crops.
 Article ID 11                                  Author Segars, William I.
 Notecard # 11-03                             Title  Nitrates in Groundwater. Some Facts on Occurrence
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date  August 1995
 Constituent Nitrate                            Page# 24
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Areas most at risk for groundwater contamination generally have sandy, highly permeable soils with little organic
       matter, have sufficient rainfall or irrigation to promote deep leaching and are located over shallow, unconfined aquifers.
        Thus, site-specific conditions determine the likelihood of leaching.

 Article ID 11                                  Author Segars, William I.
 Notecard # 11-01                             Title  Nitrates in Groundwater. Some Facts on Occurrence
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date  August 1995
 Constituent Nitrate                            Page if 24
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes One obvious question is how do the nitrates reach groundwater? The answer is primarily by leaching. Organic N or
       ammoniacal (NH4+) sources are converted to (NO3-N) by a process called nitrification. Because the NO3-N ion has a
       negative charge it is not attracted to negatively charged clays. Thus, any NO3-N not utilized by plants or denitrified
       (converted to gas) by microorganisms, can be leached into groundwater.

 Article ID 11                                  Author Segars, William I.
 Notecard # 11-04                             Title  Nitrates in Groundwater Some Facts on Occurrence
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date  August 1995
 Constituent Nitrate                            Page# 25
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Our studies in Georgia have shown that the wells most frequently found contaminated have one or all of the following
       characteristics: (1) are shallow (<50 ft. deep), (2) are old (>30 years), (3) are located down slope from nitrogen
       sources, (4) have unprotected well-heads that allow entrance of surface water, and (5) are not grouted or properly
       cased.
January 27,1999                                        I-37                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 12
 Notecard#  12-05



 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Other

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

 Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995

Page if 18

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The frequency of herbicide detection in near-surface aquifers was statistically related to crop irrigation. Water
        samples from wells located within 3.2 km of irrigated crops had almost double the frequency of herbicide detection
        (35%) than was observed in water samples from wells without nearby irrigation (19%). Irrigation potentially could
        provide leaching of chemicals from the land surface to the aquifer throughout the growing season.
 Article ID 12
 Notecardti  12-04



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Other

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995

Page#  16-17

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Herbicides were detected much more frequently in water from unconsolidated aquifers than in water from bedrock
        aquifers (Kolpin et. al., 1994).  Unconsolidated aquifers may be more susceptible to herbicide contamination because:
        (a) there is a general absence of overlying low-permeability material. Seventy-eight percent of the unconsolidated
        aquifers sampled, compared to only 48% of the bedrock aquifers sampled, were unconfined;

        (b) unconsolidated aquifers in the study region have a planar geometry that is typically long and narrow. In this
        geometry, flow paths are generally local with surface-recharge areas in proximity to wells. Conversely, bedrock
        aquifers typically are more extensive laterally and contain more regional flow paths;

        (c) most of the unconsolidated aquifers sampled are alluvial in origin and thus a hydraulic connection between the
        stream and the aquifer may exist. Streams in the midcontinent have much higher concentrations of herbicides than
        groundwater (Thurma et. al., 1992). Therefore, recharge to aquifers from streamflow could be a source of herbicide
        contamination (Squillace et al., 1993).
 Article ID 12
 Notecardt 12-03



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Other
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995

Pageti 15-16

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes A direct relation was determined between tritium content (indicative of the general age of the water) and herbicide
       contamination. Groundwater having a tritium content of <2 Tritium units (TU) is considered to be generally pre-1953 in
       age ("old" water). The frequency of herbicide detection is the greatest in the youngest water (Fig. 3). Obviously the
       general age of the water does not cause herbicide contamination, but simply identifies an aquifer's susceptibility to
       contamination by indicating the presence of post-1953 recharge water. Herbicides were not detected (at the 0.05 ug/L
       level) in aquifers which contained pre-1953 water. This age of water predates the first use of the target herbicides to
       improve crop yields in the midcontinent. However, when an analytical method with much lower reporting limits (down
       to 0.002 ug/L) was used, a small percentage o the aquifers which contained pre-1953 water were found to contain
       trace amounts of herbicides (from 0.003 to 0.009 ug/L atrazine). This discrepancy might be caused by small amounts
       of post-1953 water contaminated with herbicides entering and mixing within an aquifer or well through preferential
       flowpaths and cause trace concentrations of herbicides to be detected, but still not identify the general age of the
       water as post-1953. Aquifers found to contain 'Very recent" water indicated a high susceptibility to herbicide
       contamination, with almost 80% of these aquifers containing at least one herbicide or herbicide metabolite.
Final Draft
    I-38
January 27,1999

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                                                Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 12
 Notecard#  12-02



 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Other
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995

Page if  15

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Twenty-seven different pesticide compounds have been detected in the 810 groundwater samples collected for this
        study since 1991 ... Nearly all of the most frequently detected compounds were either herbicides or herbicide
        metabolites (Table 1).  Only one sample had a concentration (alachlor = 4.27 ug/L) that exceeded a USEPA maximum
        contaminant level for drinking water...

        Six of the seven most frequently detected compounds from this study were herbicide metabolites (Table 1). Thus.
        herbicide metabolites are being transported to aquifers and, in some cases, are more persistent and mobile than the
        parent compound. For example, the alachlor metabolite ethansulphonic acid (ESA) was found more then 10 times as
        frequently and at much higher concentrations than alachlor itself. Consequently, if herbicide metabolites are not
        quantified, the effects of herbicide use on groundwater quality would be substantially underestimated.
 Article ID 12
 Notecardn  12-09



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995

Page it 19

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate concentration has a strong direct relation to dissolved oxygen concentration (Fig. 5). The larger the dissolved
        oxygen concentration in the aquifer, the more likely that a sample would have excess nitrate. This relation was
        expected because nitrate is the dominant nitrogen species under oxidizing conditions and ammonium is the dominant
        nitrogen species under reducing conditions. The presence of hydrogen-sulphide odour during sampling indicates a
        strongly reducing environment, which is reflected by a few samples having nitrate concentrations >= 0.05 mg/L and by
        no samples having nitrate concentrations >=3.0 mg/L
 Article ID 12
 Notecard#  12-08



 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995

Page# 19

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate concentrations were not uniformly distributed in water in near-surface aquifers across the midcontinent (Fig.
        4). Concentrations were generally higher in the western portion of the study region than in the eastern portion.
        Because nitrogen-fertilizers are used intensively throughout the study region, the spatial patterns in chemical use alone
        are not enough to explain spatial patterns in nitrate occurrence. Other factors affecting nitrate contamination such as
        the type of soil, climate, irrigation, and type of aquifer also need to be considered to explain the spatial patterns in
        nitrate occurrence.
January 27,1999
        1-39
Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 12

 Notecard#  12-07



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

 Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995

Page#  18-19

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate contamination in near-surface aquifers was evaluated in terms of hydrogeologic setting. Nitrate contamination
        was more prevalent in unconsolidated aquifers than in the bedrock aquifers sampled. The median nitrate concentration
        was 0.94 mg/L for unconsolidated aquifers and <0.05 mg/L for bedrock aquifers (Kolpin et al., 1994). About 90% of the
        nitrate concentrations exceeding the maximum contaminant level for drinking water occurred in samples from
        unconsolidated aquifers.
 Article ID 12
 Notecard*  12-06



 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995

Page#  18

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate was found at a greater frequency than herbicides because it can be derived from many natural and
        anthropogenic sources. Nitrate concentrations were >= 0.05 mg/L in 61% and >=3.0 mg/L in 30% of the 810 water
        samples collected for analysis. Nitrate exceeded the USEPA's maximum contaminant level for drinking water (10 mg/L
        in 7% of the samples.

        A relation was determined between the age of groundwater, based on the tritium content, and nitrate concentrations
        >= 3.0 mg/L (Fig. 3). Almost half of the aquifers determined to contain "very recent" water had nitrate concentrations
        >= 3.0 mg/L (excess nitrate), a value suggested as a division between natural and human sources of nitrate (Madison
        & Brunett, 1985). However, very few occurrences of excess nitrate were found when the tritium content was < 10
        TU.
 Article ID 12

 Notecard# 12-01



 Topic Study Methodology

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Kolpin, Dana W. and Donald A. Goolsby

Title A Regional Monitoring Network to Investigate the Occurrence of
      Agricultural Chemicals in Near-Surface Aquifers of the
      Midcontinental USA

Date 1995
Page# 14

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes To better understand the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in groundwater, the US Geological Survey (USGS)
       designed a monitoring network that was geographically and hydrogeologically representative of near-surface aquifers
       in the com- and soybean-producing region of the midcontinental USA. Near-surface aquifers are defined as those
       being within 15 m of the land surface. In 1991, and well-selection strategy was used to selected 303 sampling sites
       distributed throughout 12 states (Fig. 1). This network was used to develop a regional data base from which spatial
       and statistical comparisons of agricultural chemical occurrence could be made (Kolpin & Burkart, 1991). The
       consistency of the site selection, sampling protocol, laboratory methods, time of sampling, and ancillary data collection
       for this study allowed fora unique investigation of the regional hydrogeologic, spatial, and seasonal distribution of
       agricultural chemicals in near-surface aquifers of the midcontinent.
Final Draft
    1-40
January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 13
 Notecard# 13-04

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Milvy, Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for
      Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Date 1990
Page# 3-4
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Although radionuclides in drinking water are found throughout the United States, certain geographic areas have
       particularly high levels. The highest levels of radon are observed in the New England states and in the
       Virginia-Maryland region High levels of radium in drinking water are measured in the Piedmont region of North Carolina,
       in South Carolina and Georgia, the mid-western area of Iowa, northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, and the four
       corners region in the West. The highest levels of uranium are found in the mountainous regions of the Western United
       States.
 Article ID K
 Notecard# 13-03

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Radon
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Milvy, Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for
      Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Date 1990
Page # 3
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Radon in drinking water is found only in groundwater supplies (the insoluble radon gas quickly degasses in surface
       water supplies). Smaller water supplies tend to take their water from smaller aquifers, which, in general, have larger
       granular surface areas and, thus, higher concentrations of radon ... It is expected, based upon this trend as well as
       additional limiting sampling, that radon occurrences in private wells will be a factor of three to ten times higher than
       concentrations measured in public drinking water supplies.                                             '
 Article ID K
 Notecardn 13-02

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Radium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Milvy, Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for
      Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Date 1990
Page it 2
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Although the occurrence of Ra(226) and Ra(228) are independent (they occur in two different radioactive series), in
       general their nationwide distributions with respect to concentration are somewhat similar.
 Article ID 13
 Notecard# 13-01

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Milvy. Paul and C. Richard Cothem
Title Scientific Background for the Development of Regulations for
      Radionuclides in Drinking Water
Date 1990
Page* 1
Co-Occurrence Notes radon
 Notes The radionuclides in drinking water are members of three natural radioactive series. These are the uranium series, the
       thorium series, and the actinium series. The specific elements of concern are radium (Ra), radon (Rn), and uranium (U).
        The isotopes in the uranium series that may pose a health risk because of their presence in drinking water are U(238),
        U(234), Ra(226), and Rn(222). Radium-228, which occurs in the Thorium series, is also found in drinking water. Very
       few of the other isotopes in these series have been detected in drinking water. Recently, however, polonium-210 has
       been detected in the drinking water of east central Florida.
January 27,1999
        1-41
Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 30                                 Author SAIC

 Notecard # 30-03                             Title  Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                     and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                     Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Other                                   Date  November 10,1997

 Constituent Microbes                          Page# 2-1

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Of the 38 samples that had Giardia or Cryptosporidium detections, only 9 (24 percent) had both Giardia and
       Cryptosporidium present. This low percentage of concurrence may be indicative of the absence of either protozoa in
       the source water, an artifact of imprecise analytical methods for these organisms, analyst expertise, or perhaps
       different transport mechanisms for these two protozoa. These data suggest that both cysts and oocysts should be
       analyzed for when evaluating risk of surface water influence.
 Article ID 30                                 Author SAIC

 Notecard # 30-02                             Title  Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                     and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                     Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date  November 10,1997

 Constituent Microbes                          Page it  1-5

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Hancock et al. (in press) found that there was no correlation between the distance of the ground water source to
       adjacent surface water and the occurrence of either Giardia of Cryptosporidium.                           '


 Article ID 30                                 Author SAIC

 Notecard # 30-04                             Title  Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                     and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                     Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Other                                   Date  November 10,1997

 Constituent Microbes                          Page#  2-4

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Generally, the concentrations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium were higher in vertical wells than in horizontal wells.
       However, fewer horizontal wells were tested than vertical wells.


 Article ID 30                                 Author SAIC

 Notecard # 30-06                             Title Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                    and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                    Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date November 10,1997

 Constituent Microbes                          Page#  2-7

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium breakthroughs in wells deeper than 300 feet BGS appear to be influenced by the
       hydrogeologic settings of well sites. Four of the five wells deeper than 300 feet were located in karst settings; no
       hydrogeologic data are available on one well.
Final Draft                                         I-42                                            January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 30

 Notecard# 30-01



 Topic Other

 Constituent Microbes
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author SAIC

Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
      and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
      Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

Date November 10,1997

Page* 1-5

Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
 Notes Most recently, Hancock et al. (in press), on a study of 383 ground water samples found that the presence of Giardia
       correlated with the presence of Cryptosporidium.  The presence of both pathogens correlated with the amount of
       sample examined but not with the month of sampling. There was correlation between source depth and occurrence of
        Giardia but not Cryptosporidium.  There was a correlation between designated general risk categories of low,
       moderate, and high and Giardia and Cryptosporidium occurrence; in fact, the probability of occurrence increased with
       repeat samples.
 Article ID 30

 Notecardti 30-07



 Topic Source(s) - Natural

 Constituent Microbes
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author SAIC

Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
      and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
      Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

Date November 10,1997

Page it 2-12

Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
 Notes Analyses of the reported data generally suggest that most  Giardia occurrences and Cryptosporidium occurrences are
        within 200 feet of the nearest surface water, although 16 percent of detections (3 out of 19) were in wells beyond
       the 200-foot setback distance.
 Article ID 30
 Notecard# 30-08



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Microbes
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC

Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
      and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
      Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

Date November 10,1997

Page# 2-10

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Sixty-three percent of Giardia detections (five out of eight detections) were reported in wells shallower than 100 feet
       BGS. Two occurrences were in wells extending to 50 feet BGS, and three occurrences were in wells with depths
       ranging from 51 to 100 feet BGS.  Of these five wells, two were horizontal wells (24 feet BGS and 87 feet BGS)
       presumably located in alluvial aquifers, one vertical well (55 feet BGS) was located in basalt, and another vertical well
       (90 feet BGS) penetrated fissured bedrock. No data were available on the type of aquifer tapped by the fifth well.

       Of the three remaining occurrences, two samples were collected from the same well which was located in a karst
       setting.
January 27,1999
        1-43
Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 30                                  Author SAIC

  Notecard it  30-09                             Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                     and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                     Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

  Topic                                         Date November 10,1997
  Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page it  2-10

  Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

  Notes... Cryptosporidium oocysts generally are not found in wells extending deeper than 100 feet BGS.  Only two
        Cryptosporidium occurrences (13 percent) were reported in wells penetrating to 50 feet BGS. However, nine out of
        15 occurrences (60 percent) were in wells between 51 feet BGS and 100 feet BGS. The two horizontal wells were
        present in this well depth range. One well, extending to 55 feet BGS, is located in basalt while four other wells are
        located in alluvial aquifers.  Data regarding aquifer type were not obtained for the remaining well sites.

        Four wells with reported Cryptosporidium detections (27 percent) were deeper than 100 feet BGS.  Of these, one
        wells was 110 feet BGS and the other three were greater than 350 feet BGS. No hydrogeologic data were available
        for the shallowest well (110 feet) or the deepest well (450 feet BGS). Both of the other two deep wells extend to 385
        feet BGS, are located in karst terrain, and are hydraulically connected to each other.
 Article ID 30                                 Author SAIC

 Notecard it 30-10                             Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                     and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                     Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date November 10,1997

 Constituent Microbes                          Page# 2-15

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-occurrence Notes

 Notes Three Giardia occurrences (43 percent) were present in wells located within 50 feet of the nearest surface water.
        The wells in this range were the sites of the highest and lowest Giardia cyst concentrations and included both
        horizontal wells. The third site was a vertical well located in fissured bedrock.

        Three other Giardia occurrences (43 percent) were reported in two vertical wells (two occurrences in the same well)
        located at setback distances between 51 and 100 feet of the nearest surface water. The well with two occurrences
        was located in karst and the other was drilled into basalt.

        Giardia cysts (two per 100 gallons) also were found in a vertical well 360 feet away from the nearest surface water
        and 29 feet deep BGS. No data are available on the type of aquifer penetrated by the well.
Final Draft                                         1-44                                             January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 30                                  Author SAIC

 Notecardti  30-11                              Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                      and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                      Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date November 10,1997

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page it 2-15

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Five Cryptosporidium occurrences (36 percent) were in wells within 50 feet of the nearest surface water. Both
        horizontal wells were present in this category. Two of the remaining three vertical wells were located in alluvial
        aquifers. The highest Cryptosporidium concentration (1,453 oocysts per 100 gallons) was reported in the vertical well
        for which no data are available on the type of aquifer tapped.

        Six samples collected from wells located between 51 and 100 feet of the nearest surface water or 43 percent of the
        data set had positive Cryptosporidium detections. Two occurrences were in wells located in karst, and one well was
        located in basalt. All other occurrences were in alluvial wells, except for one site for which no data are available.

        The two anomalous points in the data set represented wells located at 1,000 feet and 26,400 feet from the nearest
        surface water body. Cryptosporidium concentrations at these sites were 1 oocyst per 100 gallons and 30 oocysts
        per 100 gallons respectively. According to Ledbetter (undated), the well which is at a setback distance of 1,000 feet
        is located in alluvium, and it may have been inundated by floods prior to sampling. The Cryptosporidium detection is
        suspected to be the result of surface water contamination at the well discharge point. No hydrogeologic information is
        available for the second well.
 Article ID 30                                  Author SAIC

 Notecard # 30-12                              Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                      and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the'
                                                      Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Other                                    Date November 10,1997

 Constituent Microbes                           Page# 3-2

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Scatter plots and distribution tables of MPA data by well depth indicate that many of the "high risk" samples are present
        at depths less than 100 feet BGS.  Most Giardia and Cryptosporidium occurrences are reported at depths between 51
       feet BGS and 100 feet BGS.
January 27,1999                                         MS                                               Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 30                                  Author SAIC

 Notecard#  30-13                             Title Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                      and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                      Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Other                                    Date November 10,1997

 Constituent Microbes                           Page# 3-3

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Data indicate that a higher number of occurrences are associated with the traditionally wet months of the spring
        (March, April, and May) and with the late Autumn/early Winter months (October, November, December and January).
        In July, a traditionally dry month, there are no Giardia or Cryptosporidium occurrences and relatively few high risk MPA
        scores.

        However, high precipitation periods may not correspond to the periods of highest aquifer recharge or induced
        recharge from surface water.  Specific hydrogeological studies to obtain data on aquifer recharge need to be
        conducted at each site.  Other factors that may also affect such evaluations include precipitation variations relating to
        geographical sample locations and sample collection times, analytical limitations, and pathogen releases through
        surface runoff which are not linked to the seasonal variations. In addition, this study focuses on a small subset of
        data from horizontal and vertical wells with high MPA scores or protozoa occurrence. As such, this subset is not
        representative of the data required to evaluate the time and frequency of MPA sampling.


 Article ID 30                                 Author SAIC

 Notecard #  30-05                             Title  Microscopic Paniculate Analysis (MPA) Correlations with Giardia
                                                      and Cryptosporidium Occurrence in Ground Water Under the
                                                      Direct Influence of Surface Water (GWUDI) Sources

 Topic Other                                   Date  November 10,1997

 Constituent Microbes                          Page* 2-7

 Co-Occurrence^ Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Generally, the distribution table and plots indicate that Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were most frequently
        found in wells less than 100 feet BGS [Below Ground Surface]... In addition, most positive detections were at depths
        ranging from greater than 50 feet BGS to 100 feet BGS and were in wells located in alluvium.



 Article ID 31                                 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                        Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg

 Notecard #31-10                             Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                     Water.  Part II: Analysis of Data

 Topic Other                                   Date  September 1997

 Constituent Hitrate                            Page#  219

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Atrazine was found to co-occur with nitrate and with atrazine metabolites... For nitrate, 94% of atrazine positive
       samples were positive for nitrate, while only 34% of atrazine non-detects were positive for nitrate.
Final Draft                                          1-46                                             January 27,1999

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                                                Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 31                                  Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                         Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg

 Notecard #31-04                             Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                      Water. Part II: Analysis of Data

 Topic Other                                   Date September 1997

 Constituent Hitrate                             Page ft  207

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes.. .the issue of atrazine co-occurring with nitrate. Generally, these contaminants may be expected to co-occur
        because of the co-occurrence of causal factors: use of herbicides and fertilizers in agricultural settings in Iowa,
        hydro-geologic and well conditions conducive to leaching, and contaminant properties conducive to leaching.
        Regarding the latter, nitrate does not degrade and is highly soluble in water while atrazine is moderately persistent and
        slightly soluble.


 Article ID 31                                  Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                         Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg

 Notecard #31-05                             Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                      Water. Part II: Analysis of Data

 Topic Other                                   Date September 1997

 Constituent Nitrate                             Page#  207

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes An increased frequency of nitrate in the A+ [wells that tested positive for atrazine (versus a random sample)] wells
       was observed  in this study; 15 of 16 (94%) A+ wells had at least one monthly sample above 10 mg/L as compared to
       34 of 67 (51%) 10% [a random population] wells (p<0.01; Chi-squared test). IN addition, the average yearly nitrate
       concentrations found in nitrate positive wells from the 10% population (median = 6.0 mg/L), were significantly lower
       than the average yearly nitrate concentrations (median = 14.1 mg/L) found in the nitrate positive A-*- wells (p<0.05,
       Wilcoxon rank-sum test).  Finally, among those wells with nitrate levels above 10 mg/L at any month, the median
       average yearly nitrate concentration was greater in the A+ population, 19.3 mg/L, than in the 10%  population, 12.6
       mf/L; this difference was not statistically significant, however.


 Article ID 31                                  Author Pinsky, Paul,  Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                         Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg

 Notecard #31-06                             Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                      Water. Part II: Analysis of Data

 Topic Otter                                   Date September 1997

 Constituent Nitrate                             Pageti  207

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The increased prevalence of nitrate in wells with atrazine is also evident from examining the 10% population by itself.
       Four of 7 (57%) wells positive for atrazine had nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (at least once) compared to 11 of 60
       (18%) of atrazine negative wells (p = 0.02, Chi-square test). Also, the average yearly nitrate concentrations in these 7
        wells in the 10% population were higher (median = 8.9 mg/L) than the average yearly concentrations (median = 0.0
       mg/L) in the 60 wells without atrazine (p = 0.07, Wilcoxon rank-sum test).
January 27,1999                                         1-47                                               Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 31                                  Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                        Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg

 Notecard # 31-07                              Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                      Water.  Part II: Analysis of Data

 Topic Other                                    Date September 1997
 Constituent Nitrate                             PageK 208
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The issue of co-occurrence of nitrate and atrazine can also be examined at the level of the sample... A total of 1757
       unique samples are included in the final TVAC [Temporal Variability of Atrazine Contamination] data base with nitrate
       results... Of these, 1279 were eventually assigned values of non-detect and 478 were deemed positive for atrazine.
       The rate of occurrence of nitrate in the atrazine non-detect subset was 34% and the average nitrate concentration for
       those occurrences was 11.2 mg/L (median =4.4 mg/L; non-detects = 0.0).  In contrast, the rate of occurrence of nitrate
        in the atrazine positive subset was 94% with an average concentration of 24.1 mg/L (median = 13.3 mg/L; non-detect
       = 0.0).
 Article ID 31                                  Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                        Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
 Notecard # 31-03                              Title  A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                      Water.  Part II: Analysis of Data
 Topic Other                                    Date  September 1997
 Constituent Nitrate                             Page if 203
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Scribner et al. (1994) have clearly demonstrated that, for surface waters, herbicides like atrazine have peak
       occurrence frequencies and concentrations in the spring.  This occurs because  herbicide soil levels are highest near
       the time of peak agricultural applications, which is in the spring, and because spring rains lead to high surface runoff.
       This type of seasonal trend does not appear to occur with atrazine or nitrate in drinking water wells.
 Article ID 31                                  Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                        Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
 Notecard # 31-01                              Title  A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                      Water.  Part II: Analysis of Data
 Topic Other                                    Date  September 1997
 Constituent Nitrate                             Page if 202
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Nitrate was also more prevalent in the A+ population [wells that tested positive for atrazine (compared to welte in
       random sample that tested positive for atrazine)], 15 of 16 (94%) wells contained nitrate, and 10 of 16 (63%) had at
       least one occurrence above the MCL of 10 mg/L.
Final Draft                                          1-48                                             January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 31                                 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                       Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
 Notecard #31-02                             Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                     Water.  Part II: Analysis of Data
 Topic Other                                   Date September 1997
 Constituent mate                            Page# 203
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes A similar lack of seasonal pattern is seen for nitrate in both the 10% [random] and the A+ [wells that tested positive for
       atrazine] populations.  For the 10% population, the range of positive wells [wells in which nitrate occurs at least once
       above the detection limit over the course of the sampling] and of wells showing an occurrence above 10 mg/L was
       68-73%, and 10-18%, respectively. The A+ wells were more impacted by nitrate than the 10% population, but the
       ranges of positive wells and wells showing an occurrence above 10 mg/L were also narrow at 73-81% and 38-60%,
       respectively.
 Article ID 31                                 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                       Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
 Notecard #31-09                             Title A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                     Water. Part II: Analysis of Data
 Topic Other                                   Date September 1997
 Constituent Nitrate                            Page* 219
 Co-Occurrence? Ho                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes There does not appear to be any seasonal variation in the results from the TVAC study as measured by an analysis of
       monthly sampling from either population of wells studied, 10% or A+,  and from either contaminant studied, atrazine or
       nitrate.
 Article ID 31                                 Author Pinsky, Paul, Matthew Lorber, Kent Johnson, Burton Kross,
                                                       Leon Burmeister, Amina Wilkins, and George Hallberg
 Notecard # 31-08                             Title  A Study of the Temporal Variability of Atrazine in Private Well
                                                     Water.  Part II: Analysis of Data
 Topic Other                                   Date  September 1997
 Constituent Nitrate                            Page it 218
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The occurrence frequency for a well found positive for atrazine at least once during the year in the 10% [random]
       population is 10.4%, and the average concentration in those positive wells is 0.10 ug/l	About half of the 10%
       population had positive occurrences of nitrate; the mean concentration in these positive wells was 12.5 mg/L (median
       6.6 mg/L).
 Article ID 32                                 Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
 Notecard # 32-02                             Title  Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
 Topic Constituent Species                       Date  October 1997
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 103
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes As occurs in both inorganic and organic forms in natural water.  Inorganic As may be present in the +V oxidation state
       as arsenate or in the +III oxidation state as arsenite.  Both arsenate and arsenite occur in several protonated forms; at
       near-neutral pH, the predominant species are H2AsO4(-) and HAsO4(2-) for arsenate and H3AsO3 for arsenite.
       Organic As species occur in natural water both as a result of in situ production (biomethylation) and through the
       application of organoarsenical pesticides.
January 27,1999                                        I-49                                              Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 32
 Notecard# 32-03
  Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
 Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
 Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
 Date October 1997
 Page it  103
 Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Concentrations of As vary considerably in natural water supplies.  In rivers, total As concentrations range from <1 to
        40 ug/L with As occurring predominantly as inorganic species. In lakes, methylated species may account for up to 60
        percent of the total As concentration. Very elevated As concentrations have been reported in alkaline lakes (17 mg/L
        in Mono Lake, Calif., and 0.1 mg/L in Pyramid Lake) and in alluvial groundwater (up to 0.4 mg/L).
 Article ID 32
 Notecardtt 32-04
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
 Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
Date October 1997
Page* 103
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Arsenate is the thermodynamically stable form of inorganic As in oxic water and generally predominates in surface
       water.  Arsenite is favored under reducing conditions and is commonly observed in anoxic hypolimnetic water and
       reduced groundwater. Observed coexistence of the oxidized and reduced forms is attributable to a combination of the
        biological production of arsenite and slow oxidation kinetics and indicates that simple equilibrium calculations are
       insufficient to explain As speciation.  Oxidation of arsenite to arsenate is thermodynamically favorable in oxic water.
       Manganese oxides appear to be important oxidants of arsenite in natural water.
 Article ID 32
 Notecard# 32-01
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Waypa, John J., Menachem Elimetech, and Janet G. Hering
Title Arsenic Removal by RO and NF Membranes
Date October 1997
Page# 102
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes A recent study on As occurrence in the United States suggests that groundwater systems in the Southwest will be
       the most affected by adoption of a new standard for As in drinking water.
 Article ID 33
 Notecard # 33-01

 Topic Other
 Constituent Microbes
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author  Armon, R.and Y. Kott
Title Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
      Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
      Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
Date 1995
Page # 216
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes According to the whole data set, no correlation between conforms and bacteriophage groups was observed;
       nevertheless a good correlation was found while site grouping was performed.
Final Draft
   1-50
January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 33                                 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
 Notecard # 33-02                             Title  Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
                                                     Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
                                                     Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution            Date  1995
 Constituent Microbes                          Page# 217
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Coliforms and Bacteria
 Notes.. .the equivalent sites positive for coliforms and fecal coliforms were also positive for one or a combination of the
       three bacteriophages tested.  In addition some places were positive for bacteriophages without  coliforms or fecal
       coliforms present.

 Article ID 33                                 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
 Notecard # 33-03                             Title  Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
                                                     Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
                                                     Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
 Topic Other                                   Date  1995
 Constituent Microbes,                          Page* 217
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes.. .a higher frequency of bacteriophage isolation from well water supply compared with lake and spring sources.

 Article ID 33                                 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
 Notecard # 33-04                             Title  Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
                                                     Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
                                                     Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
 Top/cOmer                                   Date  1995
 Constituent Microbes                          Page# 218
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Coliforms and bacteria
 Notes Coliforms were present at those sites presented here concomitantly with bacteriophages.

 Article ID 33                                 Author Armon, R.and Y. Kott
 Notecard # 33-05                             Title  Distribution Comparison Between Coliphages and Phages of
                                                    Anaerobic Bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) in Water Sources, and
                                                     Their Reliability as Fecal Pollution Indicators in Drinking Water
 Topic Other                                   Date  1995
 Constituent Microbes                          Page it 218
 Co-Occurrence? No    •                       Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Well water was found more frequently to harbour bacteriophages possibly showing local surface contamination.
January 27,1999                                       1-51                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 34
  Notecard#  34-01


  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

  Constituent Uranium

  Co-Occurrence? No
 Author Wyszomirski, P. and J. Zarebski

 Title  Uranium in Kaolins and Co-occurring Mining Waters of Some
       Lower Silesian Kaolin Pits (Poland)

 Date

 Page# 121

 Co-Occurrence Notes
  Notes The uranium content in some Lower Silesian kaolins is higher than the average in clayey rocks amounting to ca. 4.2
        ppm. This fact has been stated, among others, for an example of kaolins and weakly kaolinized granites exploited quite
        recently from "Andrzej" open pit in Zarow.  Some mining waters of this deposit are also characterized by an elevated
        content of this element. The similar situation should be expected at the undertaking of exploitation of neighbouring,
        "Antoni" kaolin deposit.
 Article ID 34

 Notecard#  34-02


  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wyszomirski, P. and J. Zarebski

Title Uranium in Kaolins and Co-occurring Mining Waters of Some
      Lower Silesian Kaolin Pits (Poland)

Date

Page# 121
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The uranium content in the studied samples from "Andrzej" open pit, determined by means of INAA (instrumental
        neutron activation analysis), amounts to:
        - 37+/-10 ppm - for weakly kaolinized granite
        -11.3 +/- 2.6 ppm - for residual kaolin

        It is possible that the reason for the elevated uranium content in these kaolins is the presence of uranium in minerals of
        pegmatite veins cutting the kaolinized granite of the "Andrzej" deposit. In the weathering process, uranium of some
        pegmatitic minerals undergoes the oxidation from U(4+) to U(6+) making mobile and perfectly soluble uranyl ion
        [UO2](2+). The above is the probably reason for the distinctly elevated content of uranium in the mining waters of
        "Andrzej" pit occurring in the direct neighbourhood of the kaolinized granite (for example ca. 0.5 ppm in samples
        collected during spring periods).
 Article ID 34

 Notecard* 34-03


 Topic Other

 Constituent Uranium

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wyszomirski, P. and J. Zarebski

Title Uranium in Kaolins and Co-occurring Mining Waters of Some
      Lower Silesian Kaolin Pits (Poland)

Date

Page# 121

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The uranium content [in the mining waters of "Andrzej" pit] is changeable in different seasons of the year,
       nevertheless, it exceeds remarkably the concentration of this element in most ground waters. The range for the
       majority of them is from 5x10A-12 to 5x10*-9 mol [UO2J(2+) per litre.  Moreover, in summertime, especially in the very
       hot and rain-free period, when there the majority of mining waters dry up, one can observe the crystallization of
       secondary sulphate minerals (e.g. copiapite) in which a remarkable concentration of uranium ion exceeding 1 wt.%
       has been stated.
Final Draft
   I-52
                                                                                                   January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 35

 Notecard # 35-01
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Hering, Janet G., Pen-Yuan Chen, Jennifer Wilkie, Menachem
        Elimetech, and Sun Liang
Title Arsenic Removal by Feme Chloride
Date April 1996
Page it 155
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes US drinking water supplies typically contain less than 5 ug/L arsenic.  However, accurate determinations of low-level
        arsenic occurrence are only now becoming available through intensive efforts by USEPA and water utilities. These
        findings indicate that arsenic occurrence is highest for groundwater in the southwestern United States.
 Article ID 35

 Notecard # 35-02
 Topic Source(s) - Natural
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Hering, Janet G., Pen-Yuan Chen, Jennifer Wilkie, Menachem
        Elimelech, and Sun Liang
Title Arsenic Removal by Ferric Chloride
Date April 1996
Page# 156
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Naturally elevated arsenic concentrations are common in groundwaters of the western United States, particularly in
        geothermal waters and groundwaters in mining areas. Although the concentrations of arsenic in rivers and lakes are
        usually low (<1-40 ug/L), higher concentrations (up to several hundred micrograms per litre) occur in surface waters
        influenced by hydrothermal inputs, such as the tributaries to Lake Crowtoy in Mono County, Calif. Extremely elevated
        concentrations have been reported in alkaline lakes (e.g., up to 17 mg/L in Mono Lake).
 Article ID 37
 Notecard # 37-01

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
      Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page # A1
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The ground-water flow pattern is the principal hydrologic control on the chemical character of the water. Within the
       coastal Plain sediments, the proportions of clay, glauconitic sand, and calcareous material are the principal lithologic
       controls over the chemistry of the water
 Article ID 37
 Notecard # 37-02

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
      Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page # A2
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes In any area the main factors that control the chemical character of ground water are the dimate and vegetative cover,
        the mineral composition and physical properties of the rocks and soil through which the water circulates, and the relief
        of the land surface. ... Other factors that affect the chemistry of the water are physical and chemical character of
        the soils through which the water percolates and the activity of microorganisms.
January 27,1999
        I-53
Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID XT
 Notecard#  37-03

  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence? No
 Author Back, William
 Title  Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
       Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
 Date  1966
 Page  #  A2
 Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The percentage of clay and the presence or absence of greensand [glauconrtic sand] and calcareous sediments are
        believed to be the dominant controls on the chemistry of the water [of the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain]... .the
        general relationships and the relative amounts of clay, greensand, and calcareous sediments are representative of the
        regional variations.
 Article ID 37
 Notecard#  37-04

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
 Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
      Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page#  A37
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The primary controls on the dissolved-solids content of ground water are the chemical character of the water as it
        enters the zone of saturation; the distribution, solubility, and adsorption capacity of the minerals in the deposits; the
        porosity and permeability of rocks; and the flow path of the water.
 Article ID yj
 Notecard* 37-05

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
      Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page# A37
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes On the baste of the assumptions that chemical equilibrium has not been attained between the water and the minerals
       and that an excess of soluble material is available, the dissolved-solids content of the water increases and the
       chemical system tends to move closer to equilibrium as the flow path lengthens. A constant volume of water and a
       decrease in grain size of soluble material will result in a higher dissolved-solids content of a particular flow path.  An
       increase in concentration due to smaller grain size results from two different effects: (1) the smaller grains of any
       soluble material will go into solution more readily than coarse grains of the same material, and (2) the smaller grain size
       causes a decrease in permeability that requires a longer residence time to traverse the same flow distance.
       Therefore, in an area of fine-grained material containing abundant soluble minerals, we would expect the water to
       have higher dissolved-solids content doser to the recharge area than it would have in an area of coarser sediments
       containing less soluble material.
 Article ID 37
 Notecard* 37-06

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William
Title Hydrochemical Fades and Ground-Water Flow Patterns in
      Northern Part of Atlantic Coastal Plain
Date 1966
Page # A37
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes.. .the dissolved-solids content of water in any area increases when water from a different source, containing more
       dissolved ions, is introduced either by sea-water intrusion or by seepage of deeper brines.
Final Draft
   I-54
January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 39                                 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 39-05                             Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                     Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Topic Other                                   Date
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 3
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic and sulfate
 Notes No apparent relations between arsenic and pH, alkalinity, or the soluble aluminum concentration were observed.
       Sulfate and chloride concentrations for surface waters were much higher in waters with high arsenic than in waters
       with low arsenic.

 Article ID 39                                 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 39-06                             Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                     Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Topic Other                                   Date
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 3
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Fe and Mn in groundwater also pose a water quality concern, and 61% of high arsenic groundwaters (total As > 5
       ppb) also exceeded either the secondary Fe or Mn MCL.

 Article ID 39                                 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
 Notecard # 39-03                             Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                     Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Topic Other                                   Date
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page # 2
 Co-Occurrence? Ho                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Paniculate arsenic was more significant than previously suspected and more dominant in groundwater than in surface
       water... As(V).. .was more than half the total arsenic in 40% of the surface waters and the groundwaters.  As(lll),
       the most toxic and difficult to treat soluble arsenic species, dominated (>50% of the total arsenic) in only 25% of the
       surface waters or groundwaters... As(lll) concentrations appear low in U.S. drinking waters.

 Article ID 39                                 Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards
 Notecard it 39-04                             Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                     Waters: Implications for Water Utilities
 Topic Other                                   Date
 Constituent Barium                            Page if 3
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes barium and chromium
 Notes..  .Ba3(AsO4)2 was highly oversaturated in most waters. The only other solid close to saturation is CrAsO4.
January 27,1999                                        1-55                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 39                                  Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and Marc Edwards

 Notecard # 39-02                              Title Arsenic Occurrence and Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution            Date

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 2

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The highest total As concentrations were found in Alabama (68 ppb) and Oklahoma (117 ppb), respectively. Only one
        out of 189 surface water samples exceeded the current arsenic MCL while four out of 239 groundwater samples did
        so. If the arsenic MCL were lowered to 2 ppb, more than 28% of the sampled  utilities would exceed the standard.


 Article ID 39                                  Author Chen, Hsiao-wen and  Marc Edwards

 Notecard # 39-01                              Title Arsenic Occurrence and  Speciation in United States Drinking
                                                      Waters: Implications for Water Utilities

 TVipic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                  Date

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page it 1

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Naturally occurring arsenic is associated with sedimentary rocks, weathered volcanic rocks, and geothermal water.
        Mining activities expose arsenic-containing coals or ores, and smelting processes discharge arsenic wastes into
        natural water systems. Arsenic can also be introduced to the environment through  application of arsenical pesticides.



 Article ID 41                                   Author BMC

 Notecard #41-15                              Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule       \

 Topic Other                                    Date June  1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                           Page# 2-13

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Environmental conditions contributing to the persistence of Giardia cysts are similar to those described for
        Cryptosporidium in Section 2.1.5. Surface water sources are more likely to be  contaminated with Giardia than are
        ground water sources (Craun 1990). Marginally treated or untreated surface water  supplies result in high risk of
        transmitting Giardia because cysts can survive for several months in cold waters, and relatively low numbers of
        Giardia are required for an infective dose (Craun 1990).
 Article ID 41                                  Author SAIC

 Notecard # 41-19                              Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page it  5-42

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes In Oregon, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected at three sites:

       - In a well drilled into basalt, Sebald (1997) reports that Cryptosporidium oocysts were found at 12 oocysts per 100 L.
       The well is located 80 feet from a river, is 55 feet deep, and is suspected to be linked to the river by a gravel conduit.
       Microscopic analyses were done after close correlations were observed between pH and turbidity values in the river
       and the well.

       - At an infiltration gallery located 15 feet below a river, 11 presumptive Cryptosporidium oocysts occurrences have
       been reported (Sails 1997).

       - Salis (1997) also reports the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts (4.5/100 L) in a groundwater sample from a
       Ranney collector 87 feet deep and 50 feet away from the nearest surface water.
Final Draft                                          I-56                                             January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 41                                 Author SMC

 Notecard # 41-23                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                    Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Other                                  Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                         Page*  5-47

 Co-Occurrence? No                         Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Lee (1993) reported 9 confirmed giardiasis cases and several suspected cases associated with two wells in Lemont,
       Pennsylvania, in a community water system serving 1200 customers. All eight water samples from both wells were
       positive for Giardia cysts.  One well is 304 feet deep and 95 feet from the stream; the other well is 323 feet deep and
       45 feet from the stream. Both wells are drilled in Ordovician medium to thin-bedded limestones and dolomite that may
       be solution-enhances (karst). Green algae, diatoms, and rotifers were other surface water indicators found (EPA
       1994, Lee 1993).
 Article ID 41                                Author SAIC

 Notecard # 41-22                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                    Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Other                                  Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                         Page it 5-43

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Hancock et al. (1998) performed statistical analyses of another data set [unpublished] to determine if correlations exist
       between the presence of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and other surface water indicators in groundwater. A total of 383
       groundwater samples were analyzed for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and other microscopic particulates using EPA
       recommended [MPA and ICR] procedures. The presence of Giardia correlated with the presence of Cryptosporidium
       (Hancock et al. 1998). The presence of both pathogens correlated with the amount [of sample] examined but not with
       the month of sampling. There was a correlation between source depth and occurrence of Giardia but not
       Cryptosporidium.
 Article ID 41                                 Author SMC

 Notecard # 41-21                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                    Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic Other                                  Date June 1,1998
 Constituent Microbes                         Page if 5-43

 Co-Occurrence? No                         Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes EPA (1997b) reviewed the results of MPA determinations in various hydrogeological settings.  Protozoa were detected
       in alluvial, karst, and other groundwater systems greater than 200 ft from surface water sources, and in basalt
       alluvial, karst, and fissured bedrock wells at depths exceeding 200 ft (EPA 1997b).


 Article ID 41                                 Author SAIC

 Notecard if 41-20                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                    Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Other                                  Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                   Page if 5-43

 Co-Occurrence? No                         Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes All three boreholes [in a U.K. study] positive for Cryptosporidium were located in chalk aquifers; one was in an urban
       location, and all were located near rural catchments.
January 27,1999                                       I-57                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 41                                  Author SAIC

 Notecard # 41-01                              Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page# 2-6

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes.. .cryptosporidiosis infections tend to be seasonal, with a higher prevalence during the warmest, wettest months
        (Current 1986). In most areas of North America, Cryptosporidium generally becomes a concern in surface waters
        between March and June, when spring rains increase runoff and many newborn animals are present in the
        environment to amplify oocyst numbers [www-personal.ksu.edu/~coccidia/(August 1997)]. Microorganisms, along
        with other particulates that comprise the soil, can be suspended in this surface water and transported as surface
        runoff. The microorganisms (including parasitic protozoa) can be transported either as individual organisms,
        aggregates of organisms, or within an aggregate of soil particles and organisms.
 Article ID 41                                  Author SMC

 Notecard # 41-26                              Title  Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Other                                    Date  June 1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                           Page* 5-54

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Diehl (undated) reports 11 occurrences of Giardia in Pennsylvania. Groundwater monitoring data show that detection
       sites included two vertical wells, one infiltration gallery, and five springs (Lee 1993, Pennsylvania Department of the
       Environment 1997, Conrad 1997, Delhi 1997, Fridirici 1997).  Concentrations at these sites ranged from 0.3 cysts/100 L
       to 5.5 cysts/100 L. EPA reports Giardia concentrations of 1 cyst/100 gallons from an infiltration gallery, and 3 cysts
       per 100 gallons in a gravel well that was flooded.
 Article ID 41                                 Author SMC

 Notecard #41-16                              Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Seasonal Variation                       Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                          Page*  2-13

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Giardia cysts survive relatively long periods in water, particularly at temperatures below 20 oC; above 20 oC, cyst
       inactivation is rather rapid (Jakubowski 1990). Evidence suggests that Giardia cysts in fresh water survive best at 4
       to 8 oC (Jakubowski 1990).



 Article ID 41                                 Author SMC

 Notecard # 41-14                              Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile         Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                          Page#  2-13

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes With the exception of the Hancock et al. (1998) investigation discussed in Sect. 2.1.4.2., no information is available to
       contrast the differing transport of Giardia cysts versus Cryptosporidium oocysts through soils or sediments to
       groundwater, with or without the presence of macropores, fractures, or conduits. It is likely that the difference in size
       and any possible difference in charge between the two could affect the relative rate of transport of each through
       soils, sediments, and aquifer materials. Mikels (1992) found that no Giardia were recovered from collector wells
       constructed in alluvial river valleys, although Giardia were detected in adjacent rivers. In addition, no insects, other
       macroorganisms, or other large-diameter pathogens were present in the water from the collector wells.
Final Draft                                          I-58                                             January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 41                                  Author SAIC

 NotecardH 41-17                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Other                                   Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                          Page# 4-4

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes Studies of North American watersheds have documented background levels of contamination by Cryptosporidium
       oocysts and Giardia cysts (Ongerth and Stibbs 1987, Rose 1988, Isaac-Renton et al. 1994, Hansen and Ongerth 1991,
       LeChevallier et al. 1991b, LeChevallier and Norton 1995).  Oocyst and cyst concentrations in source waters and
       treated water have been shown to vary with human activities in the watershed and seasonal variations in storm water
        runoff and production (shedding) of oocysts by animals of human users of the watershed (Hansen and Ongerth
       1991). Even protected watersheds (e.g., reservoirs where human activity is prohibited or limited) will typically contain
       a low concentration of oocysts and cysts because infected wild animals cannot be excluded from these areas
       (Hansen and Ongerth 1991).
 Article ID 41                                  Author SMC

 Notecardft 41-18                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Other                                   Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page# 5-23
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in drinking water supplies using groundwater as a source indicate that these systems
       were under the direct influence of surface water (EPA 1994).. .In outbreaks where groundwater is not adequately
       treated, contamination can occur form sewage overflow and seepage, surface water runoff, streams and rivers, and
       through limestone and fissured rock (Craun and Calderon 1996).
 Article ID Al                                  Author SMC

 Notecard # 41-02                             Title  Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Other                                   Date  June 1.1998

 Constituent Microbes                          Page It 2-6

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Cryptosporidium and giardia

 Notes Recently. LeChevallier et al. (1997a) and Stewart et al. (1997a) studied the effects of runoff events on
       Cryptosporidium and Giardia density and found the greatest protozoan densities were detected during the "first flush"
       following a precipitation event or peak source water turbidity spike.
January 27,1999                                        I-59                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 41                                  Author SAIC

 Notecard #41-06                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile          Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page# 2-8

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes To understand the likelihood that oocysts could be transported through soil to groundwater, Mawdsley et al. (1996)
        studied transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through three soil types. Oocysts were detected in leachate
        (water collected from the bottom of the soil column) from intact soil columns following a 21-day irrigation period.
        Although most (72.8 percent) of the oocysts were found in the top 2 cm of soil, 5.36 percent were found at soil depths
        of 30 cm. C. parvum transport through soil was greater in a silty loam and a day loam soil than in a loamy sand soil.
        Evidence suggests that the extent of adsorption is greater and the size of micropores is smaller in clay than in sandy
        soils, so the results suggest that factors other than adsorption and micropore size influenced the oocyst movement...
        [The authors] conclude that the rapid flow of water through macropores, which are representative of natural field
        conditions, largely bypasses the filtering and absorptive effects of the soil, greatly increasing the risk of pathogen
        transport to groundwater (Mawdsley et al. 1996).
 Article ID 41                                  Author SMC

 Notecard if 41-13                              Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                           Page# 2-12

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes.. .Giardia are ubiquitous in the environment, have a number of mammalian reservoir hosts in addition to humans, and
        are resistant to environmental exposures.  Their occurrence and persistence in surface water, even pristine water
        samples, allow transport significant distances by entrainment within flowing water (Hurst 1997, Roach et al. 1993).



 Article ID 41                                  Author SAIC

 Notecard # 41-12                              Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile          Date June 1,1998

 Constituent Microbes                           Page# 2-12

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium

 Notes The factors that influence the transport of Giardia in the environment are the same as those affecting Cryptosporidium:
        adsorption, filtration, and sedimentation. The other main feature affecting transport of Giardia, especially in soil and
        aquifer materials, is its size.  The Giardia cyst size is 8 to 12 urn in diameter, larger than the 4- to 6-um Cryptosporidium
        oocyst.  The larger size of the cyst potentially restricts movement through some soils and aquifer materials, except in
        the presence of natural pathways such as macropores, fractures, and conduits. As with Cryptosporidium, Giardia
        cysts in feces deposited on soil surfaces are readily transported during rainfall by surface runoff into surface water
        and, perhaps, in some hydrogeologic settings, to groundwater.
Final Draft                                          I-60                                             January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 41                                  Author SMC
 Notecard # 41-11                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic Other                                   Date June 1,1998
 Constituent Microbes                          PageK 2-10
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Microorganisms are inactivated in soil at rates that vary with the degree of predation by other microorganisms, the
       amount of sunlight, and the physical and chemical composition of the soil, including moisture content, pH, and
       temperature (Gerba et al. 1975, Kowal 1985).

 Article ID 41                                  Author SAIC
 Notecard # 41-10             "                Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile         Date June 1,1998
 Constituent Cryptosporidium                    Page# 2-9
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Damault et al. (1997) are studying preferential flow paths of C. pan/urn through several different media: glass bead
       columns, sand columns, and disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. Results indicate that C. parvum can flow rapidly
       through the vadose zone (Damault et al. 1997).

 Article ID 41                                  Author SAIC
 Notecard # 41-09                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile         Date June 1,1998
 Constituent Microbes                          Page if 2-9
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Harvey et al. (1995) modeled the transport of protozoa in groundwater systems, using free-living flagellates (2 to 3 um
       in situ) and microspheres 0.7 to 6.2 um in size. They noted that physical straining was not of major importance in
       porous media, such as coarse sands, with grain diameter greater than 100 um. Adsorption or adherence to surfaces
       appeared to be reversible.

 Article ID 41                                  Author SAIC
 Notecard # 41-24                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                     Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic Other                                   Date June 1,1998
 Constituent Microbes                          Page* 5-51
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
 Notes Rose (1988) detected Giardia cysts at a concentration of 0.29 cysts/L in 1 of 6 samples collected at a protected
       watershed with poor water quality based on standard indicators (turbidity and total coliforms). A second watershed
       of better water quality based on the indicators contained only 0.006 cysts/L (Rose 1988). Giardia cysts were also
       detected! n 12 of 39 samples collected during a biweekly survey of a watershed in the western United states over a
       1-year period (Rose et al. 1988 a.b).  Sampling was conducted in a lake receiving sewage effluents, and in a river
       downstream from the lake  running through an area where there were a number of cattle pastures. Mean cyst
       concentrations by season were 0.35,0.31,0.007, and 0.001 cysts/L, for the summer, fall, winter, and spring,
       respectively. Giardia cyst concentrations were significantly correlated with Cryptosporidium oocyst levels, but there
       were no significant correlations observed between cyst concentrations and either total or fecal coliforms or turbidity.
January 27,1999                                        1-61                                               Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 41
 Notecardtt  41-07

 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile
 Constituent Cryptosporidium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
 Title  Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
       Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Date  June 1,1998
Page#  2-8
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes.. .little information is available to identify which hydrogeologic settings are sensitive to [Cryptosporidium] oocyst
        contamination because groundwater flow and oocyst transport through fractures or dissolution conduits effectively
        bypass the protective action of most of the aquifer matrix.
 Article ID 41
 Notecard# 41-25

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Microbes
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
 Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Date June 1,1998
Page it  5-54
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Hacock et al. (1997) sampled groundwater from 199 sites located in 23 of the contiguous 48 states in the U.S. they
        detected Giardia in 1 percent (2/149) of the vertical wells; 14 percent (5/35) of the springs; 25 percent (1/4) of the
        infiltration galleries; and 36 percent (4/11) of the horizontal wells.  Rosen et al. (1996) reported 2 of 17 samples
        positive for Giardia in sources classified as GWUDI. Hibler (1998) found Giardia in 14 percent (5/36) of springs, 5
        percent (2/40) of wells, and 31 percent (5/16) of infiltration galleries.
 Article ID 41
 Notecard# 41-05

 Topic Other
 Constituent Cryptosporidium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Date June 1,1998
Page* 2-7
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The tendency of microorganisms to adsorb onto suspended particles facilitates the sedimentation of those organisms
       during periods of low water flow or low runoff.  Those sediments then serve as reservoirs from which the organisms
       can be resuspended during periods of intense rainfall and/or flooding (Wilkinson et al. 1995). For example, oocysts in
       feces deposited on soil surfaces are readily transported during rainfall by surface runoff into surface water. In
       addition, during periods of increased source water turbidity and elevated flow, source water densities of
       Cryptosporidium were elevated compared with normal conditions (LeChevallier et al. 1997a). Whether this was due to
       runoff or resuspension of sediment from scouring effects was not determined, but the results suggest the potential for
        contribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts by sediment resuspension.
 Article ID 41
 Notecard# 41-04

 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile
 Constituent Cryptosporidium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author SAIC
Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Date June 1,1998
Page if 2-6
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Cryptosporidium can be transported not only in surface runoff, but also through soil and groundwater or land drains to
       surface water (Mawdsley et al. 1996, Hurst 1997). Movement of Cryptosporidium parvum through soil and
       groundwater is influenced by filtration, adsorption to soil and aquifer matrix particles by processes that are governed
       primarily by the magnitude and distribution of the electrical charge on the organism and the surrounding soil and aquifer
        matrix, and sedimentation within soil or aquifer pores.
Final Draft
    I-62
January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 41                                 Author SAIC
 Notecard # 41-03                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                    Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date June 1,1998
 Constituent Cryptosporidium                   Page it 2-6
 Co-Occurrence"! No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Surface transport of oocysts is affected by rainfall and other seasonal factors.  The character (topography, plant
       cover) and uses (urban, farming) of a watershed also influence the occurrence or concentration of Cryptosporidium in
        surface water (Hansen and Ongerth 1991). For example, a mountainous forested watershed with little or no human
       activity had the lowest surface water oocyst concentrations and oocyst production, while downstream sample sites
       influenced by dairy farming and urban runoff had oocyst concentrations and production rates almost 10 times higher
       than the upstream sites (Hansen and Ongerth 1991).

 Article ID 41                                 Author SAIC
 Notecard # 41-29                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                    Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic                                       Date June 1.1998
 Constituent                                 Page #
 Co-Occurrence^                             Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes

 Article ID 41                                 Author BMC
 Notecard if 41-28                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                    Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic Other                                  Date June 1,1998
 Constituent Microbes                         Page it 5-57
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes IN Massachusetts,  Smith (1997) reported two Giardia occurrences in wells. At one site, 3.1 cysts per 100 gallons
       were found in a caisson well 24 feet deep and 50 feet away from surface water. At another location , one
       unconfirmed cyst per 100 L was found in a rock well 90 feet deep and 50 feet away from the nearest surface water
       body.

 Article ID 41                                 Author SMC
 Notecard it 41-27                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                    Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
 Topic Other                                  Date June 1,1998
 Constituent Microbes                         Page it 5-54
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Giardia cysts also were found at three sites in Oregon with Cryptosporidium oocyst occurrences previously
       discussed in Section 5.2.2.2. These three sites were a 55-foot deep basalt well, an infiltration gallery, and a Ranney
       collector.  In the basalt well, Giardia cysts were detected at 4 cysts per 100 gallons (Sebald 1997). Two samples
       collected from the infiltration gallery were found to have presumptive Giardia cysts (2/100 L and 22.6/100 L), and the
       Ranney collector had an unconfirmed occurrence of 9.1 Giardia cysts per 100 gallons (Salis 1997).
January 27,1999                                       1-63                                              Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 41                                  Author SMC
  Notecard # 41-08                             Title Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence Assessment for the
                                                      Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
  Topic Other                                   Date June 1,1998
  Constituent Microbes                           Page# 2-8
  Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Giardia and Cryptosporidium
  Notes Hancock et al. investigated the correlation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence in groundwater with surface
        water indicators. The presence of Giardia correlated with the presence of Cryptosporidium. Occurrence of Giardia
        was correlated with source depth, but there was no correlation between Cryptosporidium occurrence and source
        depth. There was a correlation between general risk categories of low, moderate, and high and the occurrence of
        Cryptosporidium and Giardia [data not yet available]. However, there was no correlation between the distance of the
        groundwater source from adjacent surface water and either pathogen.

 Article ID 42                                  Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
  Notecard # 42-16                             Title  The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                      in Geochemical Prospecting
  Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date  1973
  Constituent Arsenic                            Pagett 264
  Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Probably all plants and animals contain arsenic,  but the levels are normally low...

 Article ID 42                                  Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard #  42-07                              Title  The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                      in Geochemical Prospecting
  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry              Date  1973
 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 253
  Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Among the igneous rocks there is relatively little  difference in the arsenic content between the various types... Among
        the sedimentary rocks the shales and argillites contain the most arsenic.  This is particularly true of the pyritiferous
        types and phosphorites. Iron-rich rocks show wide variations in their arsenic content... The arsenic content of
        iron-rich rocks appears to depend on the availability of arsenic in the waters supplied to the basins of sedimentation.

 Article ID 42                                  Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-08                              Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                      in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Other                                    Date  1973
 Constituent Arsenic                            Page if  255
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Stream, river, and lake sediments vary widely in their arsenic contents, depending essentially on their proximity to
       arsenic-bearing rocks and deposits. Some representative values from Canadian occurrences...  higher than 25 ppm
       As are invariably associated with arsenic-bearing rocks and deposits. In Recent stream, river, and lake sediments,
       there is often a direct relationship between the arsenic content and the iron oxide and organic (carbon) content, the
       first a result of strong adsorption and absorption  processes and the second probably due to chelation and/or
       metal-organic binding of arsenic.
Final Draft                                          I-64                                             January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-09                             Title  The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date  1973
 Constituent Arsenic                            Pagett 258
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Little can be said about metamorphic rocks except that they contain arsenic contents somewhat similar to the rocks
       from which they are derived.

 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-10                             Title  The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Source(s)- Natural                        Date  1973
 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 258
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes.. .sediments, particularly the graphitic and pyritiferous types, contain the largest amounts of arsenic, and that most
       igneous rocks are relatively low in the element. In these studies we have found that the bulk of arsenic in igneous,
       sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks occurs in pyrite.

 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-11                              Title  The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 7c/w'cSource(s)- Natural                        Date  1973
 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 262
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The arsenic content of normal soils and glacial materials is low except in the vicinity of deposits containing the element

 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-12                             Title  The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 rop/cSource(s)-Natural                        Date  1973
 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 262
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Most stream, river, and lake waters are relatively low in the element [arsenic] (-1.7 ppb), generally well below the
       standard of allowable concentration of arsenic (0.05 mg/1; 50 ppb) [Canadian] for drinking water. Ground waters tend
       to have higher concentrations of arsenic compared with surface waters. Near arseniferous deposits ground waters
       may be greatly enriched in arsenic. Oilfield waters generally average about 10 ppb As, but some brines contain up to
       243 ppm As. Hot springs and cold springs in active volcanic terranes tend to carry relatively large amounts of arsenic.
January 27,1999                                       1-65                                             Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-13                             Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date 1973
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 264
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The oceans and seas average about 2 ppb As. The nature of this arsenic is poorly characterized.

 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-21                             Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Other                                   Date 1973
 Constituent Arsenic                           Pageti 278
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, uranium, antimony,
                                                                      nickel, selenium
 Notes Arsenic is a particularly good indicator in most types of geochemical surveys, not only for deposits containing the
        element as an economic product, but also for many other types of mineral deposits enriched in a great variety of
        metals. The most common elemental associates of arsenic are Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, U, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, Mo, W, Fe,
        Co, Ni, Pt metals, Se, and S. There is a particularly marked coherence between arsenic and gold in practically all types
        of gold deposits. This coherence also extends to silver in all of its deposits and is greatly accentuated in the native
        silver variety containing nickel and cobalt (Cobalt type). There is frequently a dose relationship between arsenic,
        antimony, and bismuth in many deposits. Arsenic may accompany copper, zinc, mercury, tin, lead, molybdenum,
        tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, and the platinum minerals in most types of their deposits and can often serve as a
        valuable indicator for those metals. Certain types of uranium deposits, particularly those enriched in the Ni-Co
        arsenides (Jachymov-Great Bear Lake type) are markedly enriched in arsenic. Even some uranium deposits in
        sandstones (Colorado Plateau type) have higher than average amounts of arsenic, mainly in pyrite.
 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-15                             Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date 1973
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 264
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The content of arsenic in rainwater and snow averages about 1 ppb, much of which is contributed by the burning of
       coal, petroleum products, and smelting processes in domestic and industrial areas... Volcanic gases tend to be rich in
       arsenic and these contribute considerable amounts of the element to the atmosphere in volcanic belts.

 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-02                             Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Other                                   Date 1973
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 252
 Co-Occurrence? No                 '         Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The element most commonly associated with arsenic in nature is sulphur.
Final Draft                                         I-66                                             January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson

 Notecard # 42-17                              Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date 1973

 Constituent Arsenic                           Page ft 268

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Arsenic is widely diffused in many types of mineral deposits in trace, minor, and major amounts. It tends to be
       concentrated in those deposits containing sulphides, either as separate arsenic minerals or as a minor or trace
       constituent of a great number of sulphides and sulpho-salts.


 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson

 Notecard # 42-18                              Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date 1973

 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 268

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The principal types of deposits in which arsenic is a constituent are as follows:
       (1) Copper shale, argillite, and schist deposits (Kupferschiefer-White Pine-Zambia type)...
       (2) Copper (uranium, vanadium, silver) sandstone deposits f Red bed' type)...
       (3) Lead-zinc deposits in carbonate rocks (Mississippi Valley-Pine Point type)...
       (4) Pyritiferous quartz-pebble conglomerates and quartzites enriched in one or more of gold, silver, uranium, thorium,
       and rare earths (Wrtwatersrand-Bline River type)...
       (5) Native copper deposits in or associated with amygdaloidal basalts (Keweenaw, Michigan type)...
       (6) Skarn type deposits...
       (7) Pegmatites and pegmatite-like bodies enriched in one or more of Sn, W, Nb, Ta, Bi, Mo, and U...
       (8) Massive bodies, mantos, lodes, veins and stockworks...
       (8a) Massive nickel-copper sulphide bodies commonly associated with basic rocks (Sudbury type)...
       (8b) Massive Cu-Zn-Pb suphide bodies in volcanic and sedimentary terrenes (Noranda-Flin Flon-Bathurst type)...
       (8c) Veins, lodes, and stockworks principally in granitic rocks  and associated sediments and greatly enriched in one or
        moreofSn.W.Bi, and Mo...
       (8d) Various polymetallic veins, stockworks, mantos, and lodes containing essentially Cu, Ag, Pb, An, and Fe sulphides
        and sulpho-salts...
       (8e) Veins greatly enriched in Ni, Co, As, Sb, Ag, Bi, and U (Cobalt-Great Beal Lake-Jachymov type)...
       (8f) Gold-quartz veins, stockworks, and silicified zones...
       (8g) Realgar-orpiment deposits...
       (9) Mercury deposits...
       (10) Disseminated bodies in various rocks...
       (10a) Disseminated gold deposits, mainly in sedimentary rocks...
       (10b) Disseminated (porphyry) copper and/or molybdenum deposits...
 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson

 Notecard # 42-19                              Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry            Date 1973

 Constituent Arsenic                           Page ft  272

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes In endogene processes arsenic and arsenic compounds may reach their sites of deposition in fractures, faults, and
       chemically receptive rocks, in the vapour state, in solutions, or by a variety of diffusion mechanisms.
January 27,1999                                        I-67                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-01                             Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Other                                   Date 1973
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 251
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, uranium, antimony,
                                                                      selenium, nickel
 Notes Arsenic is widely diffused in nature and is concentrated in many types of mineral deposits, particularly those
       containing sulphides and sulpho-salts. It accompanies many elements in their deposits including Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd,
       Hg, U, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, Mo, W, Fe, Ni, Co, and Pt metals. Arsenic is, therefore, a good indicator in
       geochemical prospecting for some twenty elements of commercial importance.

 Article ID 42                                 Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-20                             Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1973
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page* 275
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes During the weathering of rocks and deposits containing arsenic the element enters the exogene (surficial) cycle mainly
        as soluble arsenates in which the element is in the (V) oxidation state.

 Article ID 42                                  Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-05                             Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1973
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 253
 Co-Occurrence? Ho                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The principal carrier of arsenic in rocks and in many types of mineral deposits is pyrite, FeS2.  This mineral may contain
        up to 6,000 ppm or more As, the element being apparently present in lattice sites substituting for sulphur.

 Article ID 42                                  Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
 Notecard # 42-04                             Title  The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
                                                     in Geochemical Prospecting
 Topic Constituent Species                       Date 1973
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 252
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The principal arsenic minerals in endogene (hypogene) deposits are arsenopyrite, nkxolite, cobaltite, tennantite,
       enargite, native arsenic, orpiment, realgar, and proustite.. .The principal supergene minerals, formed as a result of
       oxidation of the hypogene sulphides, sulpho-salts, etc., are scorodite, beudantite, olivenite, mimetite, arsenolite,
       erythrite, and annabergite.
Final Draft                                         I-68                                            January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 42
 Notecardtt 42-14

 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
      in Geochemical Prospecting
Date 1973
Page# 264
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes With respect to pH, both acid and alkaline waters contain arsenic, mainly because of the amphoteric nature of the
       element.
 Article ID 42
 Notecardt 42-03

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson
Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
      in Geochemical Prospecting
Date 1973
Page if 252
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, sulfate (?), mercury
 Notes Native arsenic is relatively common in certain types of mineral deposits despite the fact that the element has a marked
       chalcophite character forming sulphides and a great variety of sulpho-salts, particularly with the metals Cu, Ag, Zn, Hg,
        Pb, and Fe.  The most common of these sulpho-salts is tetrahedrite-tennattcte with the complex formula (Cu, Fe, Zn,
       Cd, Bi, Hg, Ag)12(Sb, As, Bi)4S13. Arsenic forms oxides and complex oxides in nature, and other complex oxygen
       salts of the element. The biophite character of arsenic is manifest by its presence, usually in small amounts, in a wide
       variety of living organisms and their fossil equivalents.
 Article ID 42
 NotecardH 42-06

 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Boyle, R.W., and I.R. Jonasson                    '
Title The Geochemistry of Arsenic and Its Use as an Indicator Element
      in Geochemical Prospecting
Date 1973
Page# 253
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic and antimony
 Notes The terrestrial abundance of arsenic and antimony is of the order of 3 ppm and 0.7 ppm respectively as calculated
       from the available data. The As/Sb ratio in terrestrial rocks is therefore, approximately 4.3.
 Article ID 43

 Notecardn 43-02


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood 0. Scoggin, and Larry A.
        Kramer
Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
      Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
      Groundwater
Dote April 15,1998
Page# 1043
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes During the past 25 years, numerous studies have shown a direct relationship between nitrate concentration in
       groundwater and nitrogen fertilization rates and/or fertilization history on agricultural landscapes. Nitrate concentration
        in groundwater under forest unfertilized (or low-level fertilized) landscapes, pastures, meadows, and grasslands are
        generally cited as <2 mg/L nitrate and often <1 mg/L, whereas nitrate concentrations beneath fertilized crops and/or
       animal production areas are commonly >10 mg/L and may range to >100 mg/L.
January 27,1999
        I-69
                                                         Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 43


 Notecard # 43-03



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood 0. Scoggin, and Larry A.
         Kramer

Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
      Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
      Groundwater

Date April 15,1998

Page#  1043

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Mitigation of the nitrate-nitrogen load in soil and groundwater may be achieved through combinations of heterotrophic
        denitrification, autotrophic denitrification, or dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium ion.  Heterotrophic and
        autotrophic bacteria are distinguished by their source of electron-donor species; heterotrophs requiring organic carbon
        and autotrophs utilizing inorganic species.  Dissimilatory nitrate reduction produces ammonium ion as the end product.
        It is regulated by oxygen and usually only observed in electron-rich environments.
 Article ID 43


 Notecard # 43-01
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood D. Scoggin, and Larry A.
        Kramer

Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
      Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
      Groundwater

Date April 15.1998                                        '

Page# 1043

Co-Occurrence Notes
                                                        \
 Notes The high concentration of nitrate at the 6-8 m depth in the unsaturated loess of the ridge top suggests that substantial
       leaching occurs beneath these landscape positions. The mid-valley, toe-slope position (L3-3) generally shows the
       highest concentration nearer the surface at the 3 m depth.  At L3-3 the soil-pore water nitrate concentration was
       appreciably lower than that at the ridge tops at the 4-6 m depth. The lysimeter nest in the valley position (L3-2), which
       is nearest to the shallow water table, reveals the lowest nitrate concentration. At depths below the root zone, the
       distribution of nitrate in soil pore water varies by landscape position. Maxima at depths below 6 m on both ridge tops
       suggests that soil pore water is a major source of the nitrate-nitrogen load transported to the headcut in groundwater.
 Article ID 4$


 Notecard # 43-05



 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood D. Scoggin, and Larry A.
        Kramer

Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
      Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
      Groundwater

Date April 15,1998

Pagett 1046

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Many variables influence the resultant concentration of nitrate detected in groundwater beneath intensively fertilized
       agricultural landscapes. However, over the long-term, three seem to be dominant: the amount of source nitrogen that
       is available, the amount of infiltrating or percolating water (determined by the hydraulic properties of the soil), and the
       potential for reduction of nitrate and/or denitrification. The first variable is determined by application rate together with
       the amount deposited by rainfall less that removed in runoff; the second factor is governed by the transmissivity and
       water-storage capacity of the soil; and the third is determined largely by the soil biomass.
Final Draft
    I-70
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 43


 Notecard # 43-04



 Topic Seasonal Variation
 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Steinheimer, Thomas R., Kenwood D. Scoggin, and Larry A.
        Kramer

Title Agricultural Chemical Movement through a Field-Size Watershed in
      Iowa: Subsurface Hydrology and Distribution of Nitrate in
      Groundwater

Date April 15,1998

Page# 1045

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Variability of nitrate concentration at the same sampling time among all seven wells results from the differences in the
       time lag required for the movement of a parcel of percolated water and by the timing of fertilizer application.  Early
       spring or late fall infiltration from snowmelt or light rainfall may move only a portion of the mass of nitrate-nitrogen
       through the vadose zone into the saturated loess. Conversely, rainfall following a mind-spring application of fertilizer
       could infiltrate an appreciable fraction of it through the unsaturated zone.
 Article ID 44

 Notecard it 44-02


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering

Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
      Eastern Sierra Nevada

Date 1998

Page # 659

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The in-stream oxidation rate observed along Hot creek is substantially greater than those reported for other
       nongeothermal systems. On the basis of the estimated flow velocity of 0.4 m/s, a pseudo-first-order half-life of 0.3 h
       was calculated for As(lll) oxidation. Oxidation observed in sediment and water samples collected from nongeothermal
       systems has been attributed to both biological and abiotic processes. In general, calculated pseudo-first-order
       half-lives for As(lll) oxidation ranged from 6 to 13 h, however, a value on the order of 0.5 h was observed for one soil
       isolate of bacteria. Abiotic oxidation has been attributed to manganese oxides in several natural systems. Rates
       reported for As(lll) oxidation by synthetic manganese oxides varied widely with half-lives between 0.15 and 203 h.
       Rapid oxidation of As(lll) has previously been reported in the Azure Spring drainage in Yellowstone National Park and
       in pipelines at geothermal power stations but these rates were not quantified.
 Article ID 44

 Notecard ft 44-06


 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering

Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
      Eastern Sierra Nevada

Date 1998

Page# 661

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The lack of oxidation found in batch studies conducted after sterile filtration of the sample or after the addition of
       antibiotics to the reactor strongly suggests that bacteria attached to submerged macrophutes are mediating As(lll)
       oxidation in Hot Creek Below the gorge boundary where the plants are abundant
January 27,1999
        1-71
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 44
 Notecardti 44-04

 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
 Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
      Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page# 659
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Spatial variations in simultaneously collected samples were examined at several locations along Hot Creek.  Within the
        gorge, significant cross-sectional variations were observed for total As concentrations, which ranged from 1.14 to
        2.04 uM. This result is consistent with geothermal inputs in the stream bed. Variability in Cl concentration paralleled
        total As with values between 0.50 and 0.76 mM. The fraction of As(lll), however, was relatively constant among the
        samples at 41%.
 Article ID 44
 Notecardt 44-05

 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
      Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page if 660
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes These results suggest that aquatic macrophytes or some component associated with the plants are responsible for the
        rapid As(lll) oxidation occurring within Hot Creek.
 Article ID 44
 Notecard* 44-01

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
      Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page# 657
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The concentration and speciation of As in the aquatic environment are governed by numerous biogeochemical
       processes, which may be abiotic or biologically mediated. Inorganic As species usually predominate in surface
       waters, although methylated species may become dominant in epilimnetic waters overlying a suboxic hypolimnion. Of
       the inorganic species, As(V) is thermodynamicalry stable under oxic conditions, and As(lll) predominates under
       reducing conditions. As(lll), however, may be present as a metastable species in oxic environments as a result of
       slow oxidation kinetics and biologically mediated reactions.
 Article ID 44
 Notecardti 44-03

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkie, Jennifer A., and Janet G. Hering
Title Rapid Oxidation of Geothermal Arsenic (III) in Streamwaters of the
      Eastern Sierra Nevada
Date 1998
Page # 659
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Variable As(lliyAs(V) ratios have been observed in other geothermal systems and attributed to processes including
       cooling, mixing with surficial water, and water-rock interactions; however, no clear correlation could be made
       between %As(lll) and temperature.  Our data are consistent with the extent of oxidation being related to residence time
        within the hot spring pool with lower pool temperatures associated with longer residence time and an increased
       fraction of oxidized As.
Final Draft
    I-72
January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID AS
 Notecard# 45-01
 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Date March 1997
Page# 107
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Arsenic is a naturally occurring contaminant and exhibits localized trends in occurrence based on specific geophysical
        and chemical properties of a region.  Thus, the likelihood of arsenic occurrence in water supplies must consider both
       the geographic location and the type of water source (i.e., groundwater versus surface water).
 Article ID 45
 Notecard# 45-02
 Topic Other
 Constitu ent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Date March 1997
Page it 111
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes In general, groundwater systems had higher levels of arsenic than did surface water supplies. For groundwater
       sources, the fraction of PSWs finding arsenic concentrations >5 ug/L ranged from 16 to 46 percent, whereas surface
       water sources rarely found arsenic concentrations >5 ug/L (0-11 percent). The majority of PWSs sampled - 53 - 71
       percent of groundwater sources and 61-68 percent of surface water sources - had arsenic concentrations <2 ug/L.
 Article IDAS
 Notecard* 45-04
 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Date March 1997
Page* 116
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes -Overall, higher concentrations of arsenic are present in groundwater sources compared with surface water sources.
        Nonetheless, surface water supplies detected arsenic more frequently than groundwater systems.
       -Low-level arsenic occurrence in US source waters is prevalent, with more than half of the groundwater and surface
       water sources showing detectable arsenic (>0.5 ug/L).  The majority of water sources - 53-71 percent of
       groundwater sources and 61 - 88 percent of surface water sources - were found to have arsenic present below 2
       ug/L.
       -Regional trends in arsenic occurrence were found for both surface water and groundwater sources, with higher
       concentrations of arsenic in the south central and more western states.
 Article ID 45
 Notecard# 45-03
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Frey, Michelle M. and Marc A. Edwards
Title Surveying Arsenic Occurrence in US Drinking Water
Date March 1997
Page* 112
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Consistent with their assigned NOF [natural occurrence frequency] levels, the East Coast and southeastern regions
       experienced only low-level arsenic occurrence for both surface water and groundwater sources. Although surface
       water supplies in the Midwest (region 4) were found to have arsenic levels <5 ug/L, a higher fraction of those sources
        exceeded 1 ug/L than did sources in regions 1-3 [New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeast].  Surface water sources
       in regions 5 [South Central], 6 [North Central], and 7 [Western] had substantially higher proportions of elevated arsenic
       occurrence compared with the rest of the nation.
January 27,1999
        I-73
Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 46

 Notecard#  46-03



 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Ma ley

Title Occurrence of Herbicides, Nitrite Plus Nitrate, and Selected Trace
      Elements in Ground Water from Northwestern and Northeastern
      Missouri, July 1991 and 1992

Date 1994

Page# 11

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Arsenic concentrations detected in water samples from all wells [in northwestern Missouri] ranged from less than 5 to
        9 ug/L.
 Article ID to
 Notecard it  46-01



 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley

Title Occurrence of Herbicides, Nitrite Plus Nitrate, and Selected Trace
      Elements in Ground Water from Northwestern and Northeastern
      Missouri, July 1991 and 1992

Date 1994

PageU 11

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen, concentrations in water samples from wells ranged from less than 0.05 to 63 mg/L in
        samples from 129 wells in northwestern Missouri in July 1991.  The mean nitrite plus nitrate concentration in water
        samples from wells was 8.9 mg/L. Water samples form 31 wells (24 percent) had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations
        that were greater than or equal to the Missouri drinking-water supply criteria of 10 mg/L (Missouri Department of
        Natural Resources, 1992).

        Water samples in northwestern Missouri that had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mg/L
        had a mean well depth of 38.0 ft and a mean well diameter of 30.7 in.  Wells that had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations
        less than the detection limit of 0.05 mg/L had a mean depth of 72.7 ft and a mean diameter of 20.2 in.

        [Hydrogeology in northwestern Missouri, from pp. 5-9]
        Most of the wells sampled in northwestern Missouri.. .were screened in glacial drift aquifers.

        Extensive alluvial deposits of Holocene age are associated with major streams in the study area:  The Grand,
        Nodaway, and Platte Rivers in northwestern Missouri.. Twenty-two alluvial wells were sampled in northwestern
        Missouri...

        Cyclic Pennsylvanian sediments of limestone, shale, sandstone, coal, and underclays thicken to the north and west
        coincident with the regional dip (McQueen and Greene, 1938).  Wells completed in Pennsylvanian rocks are usually
        shallow, hand-dug wells lined with rocks or bricks.. .Twenty-one of the wells sampled in northwestern Missouri were
        completed in Pennsylvanian rocks...

        The sampled wells withdraw water from the alluvium, glacial drift, and Pennsylvanian rocks.

        Most of the sampled wells in northwestern Missouri were augered and cased with concrete tiles.
Final Draft
   1-74
January 27,1999

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                                                Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 46

 Notecard # 46-02



 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley

Title Occurrence of Herbicides, Nitrite Plus Nitrate, and Selected Trace
      Elements in Ground Water from Northwestern and Northeastern
      Missouri, July 1991 and 1992

Date 1994

Page# 11

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes In July, 1992, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations in water samples from 144 wells in northeastern Missouri ranged from
        less than 0.05 to 60 mg/L with a mean concentration of 5.8 mg/L The nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were greater
        than or equal to 10 mg/L in water samples from 28  wells (19 percent). Wells in northeastern Missouri that had nitrite
        plus nitrate concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mg/L had a mean well depth of 78.5 ft as compared to 237 ft for
        those wells that had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations less than the detection limit of 0.05 mg/L. The mean well
        diameter for wells with nitrite plus nitrate concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mg/L was 24.1 in. as compared to
        7.8 in. for those wells that had nitrite plus nitrate concentrations less than 0.05 mg/L.

        (Hydrogeology in northeastern Missouri, from pp. 5-9]
        .. .four wells in northeastern Missouri were screened in glacial drift aquifers...

        Extensive alluvial deposits of Holocene age are associated with major streams in the study area ;.. .the Fox,
        Mississippi, Salt, and Wyaconda Rivers in northeastern Missouri.. .15 [alluvial wells] were sampled in northeastern
        Missouri...

        Cyclic Pennsylvanian sediments of limestone, shale, sandstone, coal, and underctavs thicken to the north and west
        coincident with the regional dip (McQueen and Greene, 1938). Wells completed in Pennsylvanian rocks are usually
        shallow, hand-dug wells lined with rocks or bricks.. .25 of the wells sampled in northeastern Missouri were completed
        in Pennsylvanian rocks...

        Mississippian rocks.. .crop out extensively in northeastern Missouri. These rocks are cherry limestone, dolostone, and
        shale. Well-developed solution channels are common in the Burlington and Keokuk Limestones.. .Wells completed in
        Mississippian formations were sampled in northeastern Missouri.

        A sequence of Lower Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, and Upper Ordovician shale and limestone formations serves
        to separate the Ordovician and Cambrian formations from the overlying sediments. The Ordovician and Cambrian
        formations are composed of a series of permeable and semi-permeable sandstones and dolostones.. Twenty-four
        wells completed in the Ordovician and Cambrian formations were sampled in northeastern Missouri.

        The sampled wells in  northeastern Missouri withdraw water from alluvium, glacial drift, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian,
        and Ordovician rocks.
 Article ID 46
 Notecard » 48-02

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Reid, Joe
Title Arsenic Occurrence: USEPA Seeks Clearer Picture

Date September 1994

Page it 48

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes According to USEPA officials, occurrence trends based on the state and regional data continue to show that arsenic
       occurs primarily in groundwater sources, with the highest concentrations found west of the Mississippi River, and that
        it affects primarily smaller systems, with most of the exposure occurring in systems serving fewer than 10,000
       people.
January 27,1999
        I-75
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 46
 Notecard # 48-03
  Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Reid, Joe
 Title Arsenic Occurrence: USEPA Seeks Clearer Picture
Date September 1994
Page#  50
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The MWDSC [Metropolitan Water District of Southern California] survey indicated that higher arsenic concentrations are
        found in the western and southwestern United States, with lower concentrations in the eastern states...
        According to the MWDSC report, The data suggest that exposure to arsenic increases west of the Mississippi River,
        and a majority of the West Coast population surveyed is currently drinking water with arsenic levels >2 ug/L."
        The highest concentrations of arsenic in raw water were found in USEPA regions VI, VII, and IX. A majority of the
        population in region IX was exposed to arsenic concentrations between 2 and 20 ug/L
 Article ID 48
 Notecard # 48-01
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Reid, Joe
Title Arsenic Occurrence: USEPA Seeks Clearer Picture
Date September 1994
Page# 45
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Existing occurrence data indicate that arsenic occurs primarily in groundwater systems in the western United States..
        . However, USEPA recently released information indicating that arsenic occurrence at levels approaching 2 ug/L may
        also be prevalent as well in the eastern United States.
 Article ID 49
 Notecard # 49-12

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 23
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes This study focused on nitrate and pesticides in samples from domestic wells and shallow ground water in the State
       [Missouri]. Based on the results of this study, as many as 80,000 domestic wells (24 percent) in the State may have
       elevated nitrate concentrations larger than the drinking-water criterion or have detectable concentrations of one or
       more pesticides.  The data indicate the presence of elevated nitrate and pesticide concentrations in ground water
       within the State, although they are primarily associated with practices that occur near the wellhead. Results of this
       study indicate that elevated nitrate and pesticide concentrations are likely to be localized and limited to shallow ground
       water.  However, continued use of agricultural chemicals could increase the amount of nitrate and pesticides present
       in ground water...
Final Draft
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January 27,1999

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                                                Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 49

 Notecard#  49-11


 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley

Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94

Date 1996

Page# 22

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The frequency of elevated nitrate concentrations (greater than 3 milligrams per liter) in ground water indicates that
        anthropogenic sources are contributing to the high nitrate concentrations.  If the widespread application of fertilizer
        resulted in elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water, then increases in county fertilizer use and in the
        percentage of surrounding row crops would be expected to be predictors of increased nitrate concentrations.  Neither
        of these is true. Nitrate concentration is inversely related to county-wide fertilizer use, which indicates that other
        sources apparently are more important in the transport of nitrate to ground water. Nitrogen-isotope and land-use data
        indicate that animal wastes were the predominant source of nitrate in ground water in west-central Missouri.
 Article ID 49
 Notecardn 49-10


 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley

Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94

Date 1996

Page# 11

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate concentrations were significantly related to the distance of a wen from a feedlot (Kruskal-Wallis test; p<0.001).
        A feedlot was defined as any present, or historical, confined animal enclosure. Water samples from wells with a
        feedlot less than 0.25 mi away had significantly higher NO3 concentrations than samples from wells with a feedlot
        more than 0.25 mi away (Tukey's test; a=0.05). The highest median concentration of NO3 (3.7 mg/L) was detected in
        samples from wells located within 100 ft of a feedlot; samples from wells located between 100 ft and 0.25 mi from a
        feedlot had only a slightly less median N03 concentration (3.5 mg/L). Samples from wells that were located more than
        0.25 mi from a feedlot had the lowest median concentration of NO3 (0.6 mg/L).

        Animal manure can be a substantial source of NO3 to ground water (Madison and Brunett, 1985). Nitrogen isotope
        ratios can be useful in identifying sources of NO3. Nitrogen isotope data from selected wells in west-central Missouri
        (Wilkison, 1993) indicate that animal wastes are the predominant source of NO3 in ground water of that area.
 Article ID 49

 Notecard# 49-04


 Topic Other

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No

 Notes Paraphrased from info pp. 2-4:
Author Wilkison. Donald H. and Randall D. Matey

Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94

Date 1996
Page ft 2

Co-Occurrence Notes
       A significant percentage of samples (12.6% - 23.8%) from domestic wells in several Missouri studies exceeded 10
       mg/L nitrate.  In contrast, a survey of all public drinking water wells in Missouri revealed only three wells whose
       samples exceeded 10 mg/L nitrate. These wells tend to be "screened at much deeper intervals than domestic wells
       because of the yields needed to supply large quantities of potable water."
January 27,1999
        1-77
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 49

 Notecard#  49-09


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey

 Title  Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
       Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94

Date  1996

Page#  11

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate concentrations were significantly related to the water-level depth below the land surface (Kruskal-Wallis test:
        p<0.001). Water samples from wells in which the water level was less than 50 ft. from the land surface had
        significantly higher N03 concentrations than samples from wells with water levels deeper than 50 ft below the land
        surface (Tukey's test; a=0.05). The median NO3 concentration in samples from wells was 2.1 mg/L where the water
        level was less than 10 ft below land surface, 4.3 mg/L where it was 10 to 25 ft below land surface, 4.0 mg/L where it
        was 25.1 to 50 ft below land surface, 0.31 mg/L where it was 50.1 to 100 ft below land surface, and 0.14 mg/L where
        it was deeper than 100 ft below the land surface.  Depth to water generally is an indicator of susceptibility of the
        aquifer to contamination from surface applications of agricultural chemicals. An extremely shallow water table - less
        than 10 ft. - can be favorable to lower NO3 concentrations, especially in areas with poorly drained soils that often
        have low dissolved oxygen concentrations.  Where these conditions occur, ammonia, and not NO3, tends to be the
        dominant species in ground water.
 Article ID 49
 Notecard# 49-05


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey

Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94

Date 1996

Page* 9

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Water samples from shallow, large-diameter wells completed in glacial drift or Pennsylvanian rocks and from wells
       where the water table was within 50 ft of the land surface, within 0.25 mi of a feedlot, or within 100 ft of a chemical
       mixing area were more likely to have elevated NO3 concentrations. Elevated NO3 concentrations were not
       significantly related to the percentage of row crops within a 0.25-mi radius from the well and were inversely related to
       county-wide fertilizer usage.
 Article ID 49

 Notecard # 49-07


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley

Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94

Date 1996
Page# 10

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate concentrations were significantly related to well depth (Kruskal-Wallis test; p<0.001) Water samples from wells
        less than 75 ft deep had significantly higher concentrations than those samples from wells that were deeper than 75
       ft (Tukey's test; a-0.05). Water from wells completed in shallow aquifers is more susceptible to contamination because
        of shorter flow paths and less time for degradation and denitrification to occur. Median NO3 concentrations were
       highest (3.9 mg/L) in samples from wells less than 25 ft deep and consistently declined for increasing well depth. The
       median N03 concentration was 2.4 mg/L for samples from wells 25 to 50 ft deep, 1.8 mg/L for wells 50.1 to 75 ft deep,
        and 0.05 mg/L (the analytical detection limit) for wells deeper than 75 ft.
Final Draft
    1-78
January 27,1999

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                                                Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 49
 Notecard # 49-08

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate concentrations were significantly related to well diameter (Kruskal-Wallis test; p<0.001). Water samples from
        wells with diameters less than or equal to 6 in. had significantly lower concentrations of NO3 than did those samples
        from wells with diameters greater than 6 in. (Tukey's test; a=0.05). This relation probably exists because wells with
        diameters 6 in. or less were most likely to be completed in either alluvial, Mississippian/Springfield Plateau, or
        Cambrian-Ordovician/Ozark aquifers. Wells completed in glacial drift and Pennsylvanian rocks were significantly larger
        in diameter (Tukey's test; a-0.05) and many are poorly cased or constructed.  Median NO3 concentration in samples
        from wells 6 in. or less in diameter was 0,05 mg/L, 6.25 to 24 in. in diameter was 2.35 mg/L, 24.5 to 36 in. in diameter
        was 3.45 mg/L.
 Article ID 49
 Notecard # 49-02

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Matey
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page# 1
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The percentage of row crops within a 0.25-mile radius of the well was not related to NO3 concentrations.. .Nitrate
       concentrations in ground water were inversely related to estimated fertilizer-use rates.
       Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in samples with pesticide detections than for those without detections.
        Wells less than 0.25 mile from a feedlot had significantly higher NO3 concentrations than other wells, however, NO3
       concentrations were not related to the well distance from a septic system.
 Article ID 49
 Notecard ft 49-01

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page it 1
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes [in Missouri] Ground water from glacial drift or Pennsylvanian rocks had significantly higher concentrations of nitrate
       and more frequent pesticide detections than did ground water from alluvial, Mississippian/Springfield Plateau, or
       Cambrian-Ordovician/Ozark aquifers. Water samples from wells less than 75 feet deep, greater than 6 inches in
       diameter, and where the water level was within 50 feet of the land surface had significantly higher nitrate
       concentrations.. .than samples from other wells.
January 27,1999
        1-79
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 49
 Notecard # 49-06

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
 Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page#  9
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nitrate concentrations in water samples from wells were significantly related to the aquifer (Kruskal-Wallis test;
        p<0.001).. .Multiple comparisons indicate that significant differences in median NO3 concentrations exist between
        wells completed in alluvial, Mississippian/Springfield Plateau, or Cambrian-Ordovician/Ozark aquifers and wells
        completed in glacial drift and Pennsylvanian rocks (Tukey's test; a=0.05). Because of the hydrogeologic setting of
        these aquifers within the state [Missouri], domestic wells completed in alluvial, glacial drift, and Pennsylvanian rocks
        tend to be shallower than those completed in Mississippian/Springfield Plateau and Cambrian-Ordovician/Ozark
        aquifers.
 Article ID 49
 Notecard # 49-03

 Topic
 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence?
Author Wilkison, Donald H. and Randall D. Maley
 Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Selected Pesticides in
      Ground Water in Missouri, 1986-94
Date 1996
Page # 2
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Ninety-five domestic wells in two reaches of the Missouri River alluvium were sampled in 1988 and 1989 for NO3 and
        selected pesticides (Ziegler and others, 1993). Samples from 12.6 percent of the sites had NO3 concentrations in
        excess of 10 mg/L.
 Article ID SI
 Notecard # 52-01
 Topic Constituent Species
 Constituent Antimony
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page* 9
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes [Antimony] is a typical trace metal found in very small quantities in waters (ug/L). Two forms of Sb are found in natural
        waters: Sb(3+) which occurs under moderately oxidising conditions and Sb(5+) predominating in highly oxidising
       environments.
 Article ID 52
 Notecard # 52-08
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Barium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page it 9
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes the Ba compounds are used in several industrial activities: petroleum wells, paints and paper pulp, bituminous
       products, medicine and others (WHO, 1986-1993; Underwood, 1977).
Final Draft
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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-16                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date January 1996
 Constituent Chromium                         Page if 11
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes chromium, sutfate, cyanide
 Notes Chromium is found in the mineral chromrte. The Cr(2+) ions form amine and cyanide complexes; the Cr(3+) ions form
       complexes not only with chlorides, but also with fluorides, sulphates, ammonium salts, cyanides, sulphocyanides,
       oxalates and citrates; chromates are comptexed by H2O2; the chromates of the alkali metals, and also ferric, cupric,
       manganous and magnesium chromates are soluble, but the majority of the chromates of the other metals are insoluble
       (Pourbaix, 1966).
 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-27                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution            Date January 1996
 Constituent Selenium                          Pageti 16
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Concentrations of [selenium] in surface waters as SeO3(2-) (setenite), SeO4(2-) (selenate) and dimethyl selenium
       typically do not exceed 10 ug/L (WHO, 1993). Underground waters, conversely, can contain up to 1 mg/L. especially
       in waters which drain volcanic land; as for example, in certain zones of the USA (Catalan Lafuente, 1981; WHO,
       1986).
       Furthermore, a recent study carried out in the USA (Liu and Narasimhan, 1994) demonstrated that Se exhibits a trend in
        depth in lakes and reservoirs, similar to Al, Fe, and Mn; this is due to chemical, electrochemical and microbiological
       factors.

 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin. Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-26                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date January 1996
 Constituent Selenium                          Page it 16
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Selenium is an essential element being widely spread in nature, especially in volcanic zones,  but in small amounts; it is
       associated with Cu, S, and B.
       From a chemical point of view, the setenides, setenites and setenates of metals other than the alkali metals are
       generally insoluble; moreover, Se forms complexes such as setenophosphoric acid PSe(OH)3, chromosetenite acid,
       cobattisetertic complexes and complexes derivatives of uranic acid and nitrosylsulphuric acid.
 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-25                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Constituent Species                      Date January 1996
 Constituent Nickel                             Page if 16
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nickel salts are reasonably soluble in water, except the ferri- and ferrocyanides, sulphide and Ni-dimethylglyoxime.
       Likewise, the existence of the following complexes of Ni is known: hydrochloric, and sulphuric (very stable), amine
       (fairly stable), oxalic, thiocyanide, metaphosphoric, pirophosphoric and cyanide complexes (Pourbaix, 1966).
January 27,1999                                        1-81                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 52                                 Author Gatvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-24                              Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date January 1996
 Constituent Nickel                            Page#  15
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes [Nickel] is used in the melting process of metallic alloys, as catalyst and in pesticide formulations.

 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-23                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Constituent Species                      Date January 1996
 Constituent Nickel                            Page it  15
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nickel is naturally found as the arsenate and sulphide.

 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-22                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date January 1996
 Constituent Mercury                           Page# 15
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Mercury is a typical element which experiences biotransformation processes in the environment (Leed, 1972; USEPA
        1977; ECC, 1979; Standard Methods, 1989) which increases its toxic potential.  In this way, Hg in waters is found both
        in inorganic form as Hg(+) chloride and hydroxide, and in organic compounds such as the very toxic methyl, dimethyl
        and phenyl.  Likewise, some Hg(2+) inorganic compounds can be detected in waters as HgCI2(2+) (WHO, 1990).
        Oxidation of Hg(+) compounds in well-oxygenated waters and especially those with pH lower than 5.0 is rapid,
        yielding Hg(2+). Later, Hg(2+) can react according to two processes:
        -Reduction to metallic Hg carried out by Pseudomonas and other water micro-organisms. Once Hg is formed, it might
        be evaporated to the atmosphere, and later, it is deposited in rain.
        -Formation of very toxic organo-mercury compounds such as methyl mercury and dimethyl mercury. In this way,
        Hg(2+) is either associated with organic particles, or with microorganisms, or even with the bottom sediments of
        natural water systems, experiencing a process of methylaton is both oxygenated and anoxic media.
        In the oxygenated medium, the process yields firstly mercuric methionin which later breaks own to produce methyl
       derivatives. If the pH of water is low, the formation of methyl mercury is favoured against dimethyl mercury.
Final Draft                                          I-82                                            January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 52
 Notecardti 52-21
 Topic Source(s) - Natural
 Constituent Mercury
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page# 15
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The main sources of Hg in the environment are natural volcanic emissions followed by effluents rich in Hg discharged
       by certain industries, cement production, fuel combustion, batteries, sodium hydroxide and chlorine production.
       Moreover, Hg can also be used in pesticide formulations.
       The following compounds of monovalent mercury are sparingly soluble: the halide, the chromate and the sulphide.
       Divalent mercury forms the following sparingly soluble compounds: iodide, thiocyanic and sulphide. Moreover, Hg(2+)
       forms a large number of complexes which are often quite stable: chloride, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, thiocyanic,
       hydrocyanic, amine, sulphurous and thiosulphuric complexes (Pourbaix, 1966). On the other hand, Hg levels in waters
        are generally very low not exceeding more than 1  ug/L (USEPA, 1977; Catalan Lafuente, 1981; Garcia Garrido, 1986).
        However, in highly polluted waters in Germany, up to 0.40 mg/L have been detected in a few cases only (WHO,
       1986).
 Article ID 52
 Notecardft 52-20
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Mercury
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page* 15
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Mercury usually occurs in the earth's crust as the sulphide while at the same time being found in some mines as the
       liquid. The main sources of Hg in the environment are natural volcanic emissions followed by effluents rich in Hg
       discharged by certain industries, cement production, fuel combustion, batteries, sodium hydroxide and chlorine'
       production. Moreover, Hg can also be used in pesticide formulations.
 Article ID 52
 Notecardtt 52-19
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Chromium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin. Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page if 11
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The concentrations of Cr in natural unpolluted waters are not higher than 25 ug/L (ECC, 1979): nevertheless, these
       levels increase for waters with low pH values (pH 6.0) as wells as for very hard waters.
 Article ID 52
 Notecardtt 52-06
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page # 9
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes While the majority of European surface waters present As values of less than 5 ug/L, rarely exceeding 10 ug/L
       (EUREAU, 1994), higher As levels in groundwaters have been reported from many parts of the world, e.g. 0.6 to 2.0
       mg/L in Taiwan, 3.0 mg/L in Japan, 0.9 to 3.4 mg/L in Argentina and up to 1.7 mg/L in the USA (Dutta and Chaudhuri,
       1991).
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 52
 NotecardK 52-17
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Chromium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Mann
 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page#  11
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes From a chemical point of view, the Cr(6+) salts (HCrO4(-), CrO4(2-), and Cr2O7(2-)) are more soluble than the Cr(3+)
        compounds, especially the hydroxide.  Oxidation of trivalent Cr to hexavalent Cr can be carried out etectrochemically
        and, also, biologically. This implies a complex equilibrium between dissolution and precipitation of Cr compounds in
        natural water media. In this sense, the reductive action of organic matter on the Cr(6+) compounds to yield Cr(3+)
        organics complexes is well known (ECC, 1979; WHO, 1993).
 Article ID 52
 NotecardU 52-02
 Topic Source(s) - Natural
 Constituent Antimony
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page* 9
Co-Occurrence Notes antimony and arsenic
 Notes The source of Sb in the water medium is the dissolution of sulphide minerals which contain the element. In this way,
       Sb is also associated with arsenic minerals as impurity.                                                 '
 Article ID 52
 Notecard# 52-15
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Cadmium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page# 10
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Form and fate of Cd in water depend upon its chemical speciation which is determined by the pH of the water and the
       hardness as well as the presence of ligands and co-existing metal cations. So, the solubility of Cd in water is a
       function of the pH value: the lower the pH value the higher the solubility. In this way, surface waters commonly show
       <1 ug/L (Catalan Lafuente, 1981; Hiat and Juff, 1975).  Furthermore, the waters rich in humic compounds contain the
       lowest Cd levels because of the high stability of the Cd-humic substances  complexes generated there (Standard
       Methods, 1989).
 Article ID 52
 Notecard* 52-14
 Topic Source(s) - Natural
 Constituent Cadmium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
Date January 1996
Page# 10
Co-Occurrence Notes cadmium, nitrate, surfate, cyanide
 Notes [Cadmium] is a trace element in the earth's crust which is generally associated with zinc minerals (i.e. greenockrte, a
       cadmium sulphide found associated with zinc sulphide)...
       Cadmium forms several complexes with anions: halides, nitrate, sulphate, thiosulphate, ammonia and cyanide, generally
        not very stable.  A large number of salts and basic salts of Cd are sparingly soluble or very sparingly soluble, i.e.,
       carbonate, cyanide, phosphate and sulphide (Pourbaix, 1966).
Final Draft
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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard if 52-13                            Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Constituent Species                      Date January 1996
 Constituent Beryllium                         Page if 10
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes this element can be found in the radioactive from as (7)Be, emanating from natural interactions between cosmic
       radiation and the atmosphere (UN, 1988).

 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-12                            Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution           Date January 1996
 Constituent Beryllium                         Page* 10
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes In continental waters, the mean Be concentrations range from 10(-2) to 1.1  ug/L, while in drinking waters it can be
       detected only at very low levels, commonly less than 1 ug/L and showing a mean level near to 0.2 ug/L (WHO, 1993).

 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard if 52-11                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date January 1996
 ConstituentBeryllium                         Pagett 10
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes [Beryllium] is commonly associated with feldspars although K can also be found in a typical mineral such as "beryl"
       (USEPA, 1980). On the other hand, Be is uncommon in natural waters but it is sometimes found as the chloride, nitrate
       and sulphate salts. These compounds are relatively soluble in water in the following sequence: CI>NO3>SO4.
       Beryllium also forms soluble complexes with anions such as citrate, tartrate, oxalate, flouride and phosphates.

 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-10                            Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution           Date January 1996
 Constituent Barium                           Page if 10
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Ba is found relatively frequently in waters at levels of less than 0.1 mg/L.  Likewise, certain volcanic thermal waters
       can contain up to 10 mg/L (USEPA, 1977). On the other hand, the Ba concentration in drinking water does not exceed
       1.0 mg/L and is commonly about 0.10 to 0.40 mg/L for USA and Russian drinking waters (WHO, 1986).

 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-09                            Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date January 1996
 Constituent Barium                           Page if 10
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Salts of Ba sparingly soluble are the carbonates,  oxalates, sulphates, phosphates and chromates white certain
       complexes such as polymetaphosphates and organic hydroxyl compounds are more soluble (Pourbaix, 1966).
January 27,1999                                       I-85                                             Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard #  52-07                              Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date January 1996
 Constituent Barium                            Page#  9
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The amount of Ba in the earth's crust is about 0.5 g/kg, especially found in certain minerals such as barite (barium
        sulphate) and witherite (barium carbonate).

 Article ID 52                                 Author  Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard #  52-05                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date January 1996
 Constituent Arsenic                           Pageft  9
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes the main contribution of arsenic to waters is actually industrial, because of production of As as a by-product in the
        metallurgical processing of other metals.

 Article ID 52                                 Author  Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard #  52-04                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date January 1996
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page#  9
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Arsenic is common in a great variety of minerals, as well as sulphides, specially in those of Cu, Co, Pb, and Zn. The
       mean concentration of As in the earth's crust is about 2 mg/kg. The presence of As in waters is due to both soluble
       salts and organic complexes emanating from volcanic emissions. In this way, tartrates, morybdates and tungstates
       from complexes with arsenic. The alkali metal arsenites and arsenates are very soluble; the other arsenites and
       arsenates are soluble only in acid solutions.  In particular, triargentic arsenate and magnesium ammonium arsenate are
       sparingly soluble  in water (Pourbaix, 1966). Moreover, under moderately oxidising conditions, arsenic is found as
       As(3+), while a higher oxidising medium promotes the oxidation toward As(5+).
 Article ID 52                                 Author Galvin, Rafael Marin
 Notecard # 52-03                             Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date January 1996
 Constituent Antimony                          Page# 9
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Likewise, Sb can occur in some raw waters due to discharges from dye factories, mining effluents and certain other
       industries (Standard Methods, 1989; EUREAU, 1994)
       According to the data available (WHO, 1993; EUREAU, 1994) Sb in drinking waters is usually less than 4 ug/L (as ions
       or organic complexes), while in certain parts of England and Wales the concentrations can be as high as 12 ug/L.
       Where anitimony-tin solder replaces lead solder, exposure to Sb may increase.
Final Draft                                         I-86                                            January 27,1999

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                                              Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 52

 Notecard# 52-18
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Chromium

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Galvin, Rafael Mann

Title Occurrence of Metals in Waters: an Overview

Date January 1996

Page# 11

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Ato/esThe main sources of Cr to the environment are industrial effluents emanating from the production of corrosion inhibitors
        and pigments.
 Article ID 53


 Notecardti 53-05


 Topic Other
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L Earnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
        Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray

Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
      Wells: Results from the Pilot Study

Date Winter 1995

Page* 147

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Occurrence of all agricultural chemicals was higher in the Effingham County study area when
       •Agricultural chemicals were stored within 500 feet of the well (a<.001)
       •Agricultural chemicals were used for nonagricultural uses, such as on lawns and gardens (a=.001)
       -Well depth was less than 30 feet (a=01)
       -Specific conductance of the samples water was greater than or equal to 500 umhos/cm (a=.01)
       -Temperature of the sampled water was less than 12.5 C (a=.025)
       -Wells were within 500 feet of surface water (a=.025)
       -Samples were collected during the winter or spring (a=.05)
 Article ID tt


 Notecard# 53-02


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L Bamhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
        Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray

Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
      Wells: Results from the Pilot Study

Date Winter 1995

Page it 145

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The study areas in Effingham and Piatt counties have no know aquifer material within the uppermost 50 feet however,
        wells in the two areas tap very different sources of water.  In the Effingham County study area, large-diameter wells
       generally drain water from thin, discontinuous layers of sand and gravel or fracture zones interspersed in the low
       hydraulic conductivity tills at an average depth of 35 feet (11m). These geologic materials are too thin and/or
       discontinuous to satisfy our definition of aquifer materials.  In Piatt County, small-diameter wells tap water from a sand
       and gravel aquifer at an average depth of 111 feet (34 m). These differences in the source of water and well depth
       were thought to be responsible for the observed difference in occurrence.
January 27,1999
        1-87
Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 53

 Notecard# 53-04

 Topic Other
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence'? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L. Barnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
         Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
 Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
      Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page#  146.
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes the rejection of the null hypothesis for all occurrences, nitrate occurrences, and pesticide occurrences indicated that
       these occurrences were a function of both well type and depth to the uppermost aquifer material.  The results of
       hypothesis testing showed that well type and depth to the uppermost aquifer material can help predict all occurrences,
        pesticide occurrences, and the occurrence of some individual agricultural chemicals, such as nitrate or atrazine, but it
       was not useful for picloram.
 Article IDS*

 Notecard# 53-03

 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock. M.L. Earnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
        Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
 Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
      Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page# 145
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes the stratification variable can generally be used to predict the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in rural private
       wells. However, the first two classes (0 to 5 feet and 5 to 20 feet) may be combined because the difference is not
       statistically significant.
 Article IDS*
 Notecard* 53-06
 Topic Other
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
 Notes Occurrence of all agricultural chemicals was higher in the Kankakee County study area when
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L. Earnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
        Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
      Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page# 147
Co-Occurrence Notes
       -Specific conductance of the sampled water was greater than or equal to 500 umhos/cm (a=.01)
       -Bedrock elevation increased (a=.05)
       -The surficial geology was thin till over Silurian dolomite bedrock (a=.05)
 Article ID S3

 Notecard# 53-01

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Mehnert, E., S.C. Schock, M.L Barnhardt, M.E. Caughey, S.F.J.
        Chou, W.S. Dey, G.B. Dreher, and C. Ray
Title The Occurrence of Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois' Rural Private
      Wells: Results from the Pilot Study
Date Winter 1995
Page# 144
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The number of all occurrences, nitrate occurrences, and pesticide occurrences was highest in the Effingham County
       study area, followed by Kankakee, Mason, Livingston, and Piatt counties. Nitrate occurrences were greater than
       pesticide occurrences for the study areas in Effingham,  Kankakee, and Mason counties.
Final Draft
    I-88
January 27,1999

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                                                Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 54                                  Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie

 Notecard # 54-05                              Title  Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                       Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date  1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 145

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Anthropogenic sources of As include: (1) atmospheric release through the use of fossil fuels and smelting operations,
        (2) leaching from mining waste tailings piles, (3) historic use of As as an embalming agent in corpses, (4) oil field brine
        disposal activities, (5) leaching from pesticide/herbicide production facilities, and (6) direct application through
        agricultural use of pesticides/herbicides (Welch et al., 1988; Korte and Fernando, 1991; Fetter, 1993).


 Article ID 54                                  Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie

 Notecard if 54-10                              Title  Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                       Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?

 Topic Source(s)- Natural                        Date  1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 150

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The predominance of dissolved As occurs in the eastside groundwater sources form Sierran surface flows. Because
        surface water from the Kem river enters the flow path with only -0.003 mg/L dissolved As, the increase in dissolved
        As must be coming from a source along the groundwater flow path.  Summaries of point count analyses from sediment
        collected at subsurface sites along the groundwater flow path indicate that intermediate volcanics range from 1 to
        76% and granitic lithic fragments range from 12.6 to 51% in the three slides (Swartz, 1995). Arsenic concentrations in
        granite and intermediate volcanics range from 0.5 to 5.8 mg/kg and 0.18 to 15 mg/kg, respectively (Welch et al., 1988).
        Dissolution of these grains along the flow path could be a potential source of dissolved As.
 Article ID 54                                  Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie

 Notecard #  54-09                              Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page*  150

 Co-Occurrence? Ho                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The average As concentration in anthro-west groundwater is 0.023 mg/L, whereas the maximum dissolved As
        concentration from these wells is 0.039 mg/L. These figures are well below the As concentrations in eastside
        groundwaters.

        [From  p. 149, chemistry of Anthro-west Groundwaters]
        Groundwaters in the six other westside wells are termed anthro-west groundwaters because of possible
        anthropogenic alteration.  These waters contain mainly Na and Cl.  Previous work suggests that many waters along
        the base of Elk Hills have been altered by disposal, mixing with evaporativery concentrated surface waters from Buena
        Vista Lake overflow, or movement of connate waters from formations in Elk Hills (California Department of Water
        Resources, 1990). The hydrogeology of the study area near Elk Hills is not sufficiently understood to conclude the
        cause  of alteration. However, surface disposal of produced brine along the eastern base of Elk Hills is documented
        (White, 1993). These waters have an average TDS concentration of 1373 mg/L, with a range from 394 to 3210 mg/L.
        Elevated Cl and Br concentrations indicate possible input from brine associated with oil field activities. Observed CI:Br
        ratios suggest mixing of local oil field water with local surface waters. Nitrate levels are typically below the detection
        limit of 0.1  mg/L, suggesting these waters are relatively unaltered by agricultural activities.
January 27,1999                                         I-89                                               Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 54                                  Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey 0. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie

 Notecard # 54-08                             Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kern Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?

  7o/»/'c Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page if 150

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Dissolved As in westside groundwater is extremely low; two wells have As below the detection limit of 0.001 mg/L,
        and the remaining two wells have a dissolved As concentration of 0.002 mg/L.

        [From p. 147, chemistry of Westside Groundwaters]
        Four wells contain groundwater with high amounts of SO4 and Na or Ca along the western boundary of the project
        area that closely resembles naturally occurring westside groundwater described by Wood and Davis (1959) and Dale
        et al. (1966). These waters are sourced from westside ephemeral streams from the Coast Ranges and are found
        along the base of Elk Hills adjacent to the western study area boundary. These waters have an average TDS of 810
        mg/L, and range from 297 to 1890 mg/L. Nitrate levels are typically below the detection limit of 0.1 mg/L, suggesting
        that these waters are relatively unaltered by agricultural activities..


 Article ID 54                                  Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie

 Notecard #  54-06                             Title  Dissolved Arsenic in the Kern Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date  1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 150

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Arsenic concentrations in eastside groundwater average 0.036 mg/L. Spring 1993 values of dissolved As range from
        0.002 to 0.163 mg/L in eastside groundwater. All seven wells with As concentrations exceeding 0.05 mg/L  in the
        spring sampling round contain eastside groundwater.

       [From p. 14, chemistry of Eastside Groundwaters]
       The Ha-HCO3 waters are termed eastside groundwaters because of their similarity to Kern River water which
       recharges the aquifer from the east.  These groundwaters are similar to Kem River water with respect to TDS values
       and general water chemistry (high HCO3, low SO4 and Cl),  except that Kem  River water ahs Ca and Na in  nearly
       equivalent amounts with considerable Mg, whereas Na is clearly dominant in  the Ha-HCO3 water. The difference in
       cation composition is probably the result of cation exchange along the aquifer flow  path. This would cause the loss of
       Mg and Ca, while replacing those constituents with equivalent amounts of Na. This is a common groundwater
       evolution pattern observed in deep alluvial aquifers with restricted atmospheric contact (Drever, 1988; Appelo and
       Postma, 1993).

       Thirty-two of the 57 wells sampled are of the Na-HCO3 water type. Spring 1993 analyses of Na-HCO3 water have an
       average TDS of 128 mg/L, with none of the waters exceeding 200 mg/L The pH of the Na-HCO3 waters ranges from
       8.2 to 9.2 and averages 8.75.  The very low TDS and nitrate concentrations, typically below the detection limit of 0.1
       mg/L, indicate these waters have been relatively unaltered by human activities.
 Article ID 54                                  Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie

 Notecard # 54-11                              Title  Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date  1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page it 151

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Available data strongly suggest that As is naturally occurring and is likely sources from dissolution of igneous aquifer
       materials as the water moves along an extensive flow path within the Kem River alluvial fan.
Final Draft                                          I-90                                             January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 54                                 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
 Notecard # 54-04                              Title  Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
 70p/c Source(s) - Natural                       Date  1996
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page if 145
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Volcanic activities are the primary natural source of As to the environment. Volcanic atmospheric emissions result in
        average As concentrations in precipitation from oceanic air masses of 0.019 ug/L and terrestrial air masses of 0.46
        ug/L (Andreae, 1980). As is associated with volcanic glasses, geothermal areas, and mineral deposits because
        arsenic minerals are not formed until the pneumatolytic and hydrothermal stages of magmatic cooling (Robertson,
        1989).
        As can readily substitute for silicon, ferric iron, and aluminum in aluminosilicate minerals; therefore, it is commonly
        present in a variety of igneous rocks. Marine mudstone and claystone tend to have elevated As associated with
        sulfides (pyrite) and organic matter, whereas nonmarine sedimentary shales/clays tend to be elevated in As as a
        result of sorptive processes (Welch et al., 1998). Therefore, igneous rocks or the Sierra Nevada, Coast Range marine
        rocks, and nonmarine clay beds associated with Buena Vista and Kem Lakes are potential natural sources of As in
        the KFE [Kem Fan Element].

 Article ID 54                                 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
 Notecard # 54-03                              Title  Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
 Topic Constituent Species                      Date  1996
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page if 145
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
                                                                                                      \
 Notes Arsenic occurs in the +5, +3, +1,0, -3 valence states. In natural waters, dissolved As typically has a valence of +5
        (arsenate) or +3 (arsenite), depending on Eh and pH conditions. Arsenate exists in the oxyanionic form as either
        H2AsO4(-), HAsO4(2-), or AsO4(3-); arsenite is H2AsO3(-) (Edwards, 1994).

 Article ID 54                                 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
 Notecard if 54-02                             Title  Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
 70/rfc Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date  1996
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page if 144
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Several oil field and agricultural operations are located within and around the study area.  Evidence shows that these
        activities have altered groundwater composition. Therefore, human activities could be the source of dissolved As;
        however, our research indicates otherwise.

 Article ID 54                                 Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie
 Notecard # 54-01                              Title  Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?
 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution            Date  1996
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page if 143
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Welch et al. (1988) noted a variety of occurrences of elevated As throughout the West [United States], along with
        many natural and human activities acting as potential sources.
January 27,1999                                         1-91                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 54                                  Author Swartz, Robert J., Geoffrey D. Thyne, and Janice M. Gillespie

 Notecard #  54-07                              Title Dissolved Arsenic in the Kem Fan, San Joaquin Valley, California:
                                                      Naturally Occurring or Anthropogenic?

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 150

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The average dissolved As concentration for anthro-east groundwater is 0.002 mg/L. Samples from three of the wells
        contain dissolved As below the detection limit of 0.001 mg/L and were not used in the average.

        [From p. 150, chemistry of Anthro-east Groundwaters]
        The remaining 15 shallower wells in fe central and eastern portions of the study area have a wide variety of water
        types, show indications of alteration t-y human activities, and are termed anthro-east groundwaters. These waters
        are likely of a Kern River origin that have been altered by activities including agriculture, oil field produced-water
        disposal operations, and artificial recharge. The average TDS of these waters is 348 mg/L with a maximum TDS of
        1680 mg/L. The average pH of these waters is 8.0 with a range from 7.3 to 8.4.  Chloride concentrations as high as
        724 mg/L are seen in some groundwater samples, indicating possible mixing with brine associated with oil field
        activities.  Nitrate concentrations in these waters average 11.5 mg/L, with a range from 1.2 to 41 mg/L, indicating likely
        alteration by agricultural activities.


 Article ID 55                                  Author Flanigan, Kevin G.

 Notecard # 55-06                              Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
                                                      Standards

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date 1994

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 302

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The available data indicate that the geothermally active Jemez Mountains area is a major source of arsenic to the Middle
        Rio Grande.  The concentration of arsenic in the Jemez River is an average of one order of magnitude higher than that
        of the Rio Grande just above their confluence.



 Article ID 55                                  Author Flanigan, Kevin G.

 Notecard # 55-10                              Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
                                                      Standards

 70/>/£Source(s)- Anthropogenic                  Date 1994

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 304

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Arsenic is a naturally occurring element in the Middle Rio Grande.  Sources of arsenic to the river include:
       - The geothermally active Jemez Mountains area
       - The Rio Puerco/Rio San Jose system which drains the Grants Mineral Belt and a  portion of the Jemez Mountains.
       - The portion of the Middle Rio Grande valley below Socorro.
       - Discharge of arsenic in wastewater effluent from municipalities located along the Middle Rio Grande which depend
       on arsenic-containing groundwater for public water supplies.
       - Irrigation return flow of arsenic-containing groundwater.
Final Draft                                          I-92                                            January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 55                                 Author Ranigan, Kevin G.
 Notecard # 55-09                             Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
                                                     Standards
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date 1994
 Constituent Arsenic                           PageU  304
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Arsenic is a naturally occurring element in the Middle Rio Grande. Sources of arsenic to the river include:
       - The geothermalty active Jemez Mountains area
       - The Rio Puerco/Rio San Jose system which drains the Grants Mineral Belt and a portion of the Jemez Mountains.
       - The portion of the Middle Rio Grande valley below Socorro.
       - Discharge of arsenic in wastewater effluent from municipalities located along the Middle Rio Grande which depend
       on arsenic-containing groundwater for public water supplies.
       - Irrigation return flow of arsenic-containing groundwater.
 Article ID 55                                 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
 Notecard # 55-08                             Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
                                                     Standards
 Topic Source(s) - Natural                       Date 1994
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page#  302
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The elevated levels of arsenic in the Rio Grande below Socorro may be due to discharge of groundwater containing
       arsenic associated with known geothermally active areas in the region or the past volcanic history of the area. These
       elevated arsenic levels may also be due to surface enrichment of arsenic rock in the area due to moderate and
       advanced potassium metasomatism of the region associated with alkaline, saline brines in a playa lake environment
       (Dunbaretal. 1994).

 Article ID 55                                 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
 Notecard if 55-07                             Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
                                                     Standards
 70/uc Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date 1994
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page*  302
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The Rio Puerco/Rio San Jose system also contributes significant amounts of arsenic to the Middle Rio Grande. Mining
       activity at the Grants Mineral Belt may have mobilized some of this arsenic into the environment.

 Article ID 55                                 Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
 Notecard # 55-05                             Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
                                                     Standards
 Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic                 Date 1994
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page#  301
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Sources of arsenic to the Middle Rio Grande include tributary streams originating in areas of geothermal and mining
       activity and the discharge of groundwater containing arsenic. Arsenic in groundwater reaches the Middle Rio Grande
       both through natural discharge in areas where the river is a gaining stream and through groundwater pumping for
       municipal water supplies and subsequent discharge via wastewater effluent as well as pumping for irrigation with
       subsequent return flow.
January 27,1999                                        I-93                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 55
 Notecard# 55-04

 Topic Source(s) - Natural
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
      Standards
Date 1994
PageK  301
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Sources of arsenic to the Middle Rio Grande include tributary streams originating in areas of geothermal and mining
       activity and the discharge of groundwater containing arsenic. Arsenic in groundwater reaches the Middle Rio Grande
       both through natural discharge in areas where the river is a gaining stream and through groundwater pumping for
       municipal water supplies and subsequent discharge via wastewater effluent as well as pumping for irrigation with
       subsequent return flow.
 Article ID 55
 Notecard# 55-03

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
 Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
      Standards
Date 1994
Page# 295
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Major sources of human-related release include smelting of ores and use of arsenic containing pesticides. Additional
       sources from commercial and industrial processes include use of arsenic-containing wood preservatives and paints
       and pigments.
 Article ID $5
 Notecard# 55-01

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
      Standards
Date 1994
Page H 295
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Arsenic occurs in the earth's crust at an average concentration of 1.8 micrograms per gram (ug/g) (Krauskopf 1979)
       and at a concentration of 2.6 micrograms per liter (ug/l) in seawater (Maidment 1993). The average concentration of
       arsenic in the atmosphere in areas where major emission sources are absent has been estimated at 3 nanograms per
       cubic meter (USEPA1980). The average concentration of arsenic in fresh surface waters is 3 ug/l (Boyle and
       Jonasson 1973). A nationwide study of trace metals in waters throughout the United States found arsenic to be
       present at a concentration greater than 5 ug/l in 5.5 percent of the samples (Kopp and Kroner 1968).  The Agency for
       Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 1990) reported on a 1970 study which found that up to 1 percent of
       the water supplies in the United States had concentrations of arsenic exceeding 10 ug/l.
 Article ID 55
 Notecard# 55-02
Author Flanigan, Kevin G.
Title Arsenic in the Middle Rio Grande: Occurrence and Regulatory
      Standards
Date 1994
Page* 295
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Topic Source(s) - Natural
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
 Notes Natural sources of arsenic include arsenic gases and compounds formed as a result of volcanic and geothermal
       activity and weathering of minerals and ores containing arsenic.
Final Draft
    1-94
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 56

 NotecardK 56-06


 Topic Source(s) - Natural

 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Chapin. Charles E. and Nelia W. Ounbar

Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
      Grande Basin, New Mexico

Date 1994

Page# 270

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The main source of arsenic is water-rock reactions, both low and high temperature. Arsenic concentrations in
        groundwater vary with the type of rock in contact with the water, the temperatures, residence time, and geochemical
        parameters such as pH, Eh, salinity, complexing agents, etc. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater are highest in
        silicic volcanic terranes and lowest in regions underlain mainly by granitic and metamorphic rocks.
 Article ID 56
 Notecardn 56-01


  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar

Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
      Grande Basin, New Mexico

Date 1994

Page if 258

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Arsenic is a metalloid that sublimes to vapor at 613oC.  Its enthalpy of vaporization is among the lowest of common
       elements, being lower than mercury and intermediate between iodine and bromine (Ernstey 1991). Arsenic has several
        valence states, of which +3 (arsenite) and +5 (arsenate) are the most common in nature.  Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
       sublimes at only 193oC and the pentasuffide (As2S5) sublimes at SOOoC. Consequently, arsenic is strongly enriched in
        volcanic gases as compared to magma, with an enrichment factor of 10(3) to 10(6). The crustal abundance of
       arsenic is estimated at 1500 ppb (Emstey 1991), but its abundance in common rocks varies widely. Of particular
       importance to ground and surface waters in the western U.S. is the relative abundance and mobility of arsenic in silicic
        volcanic rocks, in volcanidastic sediments derived from them, and in the hydrothermal systems commonly associated
       with silicic volcanism.

       Arsenic has chalcophite, siderophite, and oxyphite characteristics, meaning that it tends to follow sulfur, iron, and
       oxygen in geochemical processes. In aqueous systems, the two common oxidation states are arsenite (+3) and
       arsenate (+5). Arsenite is the common form under reducing conditions, such as in deep groundwater and magmatic
       and hydrothermal systems, whereas arsenate dominates in most surface waters and shallow groundwater. Arsenite
       is not easily sorbed onto any compound or mineral and is thus very mobile. Arsenate, however, is easily sorbed onto
       iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and fine-grained sediments. The Mn(+4) ion, which is widely distributed as a
       coating on fracture surfaces and mineral grains, is an efficient oxidizer of As(+3) to As(+5). Note in Table 1 the
       enrichment of arsenic in iron-rich and clay-rich rocks.

       Both arsenite and arsenate are equally soluble in aqueous fluids where they commonly are present as oxyanions.  In
       an oxidizing environment (0.2 - 0.5 V), as in most river waters, both H2As)4(-) and HAsO4(-2) occur in appreciable
       proportions, while under reducing conditions (0 - 0.1 V) H3AsO3 is the dominant species (Mok and Wai 1994).
       Arsenite forms complex ions with chloride in the pH range 6 to 12 and forms both complex ions and colloids with sulfur
        in hydrothermal systems. Arsenite also forms complex anions with fluoride. Organic complexed with arsenite can
       greatly increase its mobility (Mok and Wai 1994).

       In rivers such as the Rio Grande, arsenic in unfiltered samples is appreciable higher than in filtered samples because
       of sorption on, and copretipitation with, hydrous oxides or iron, manganese, and aluminum as well as attachment to
       sediment grains. The scavenging power of these particles for arsenic is further evident in the dramatically higher
       arsenic content of sediment from the river bed.. .Mok and Wai (1194, p. 101) state that, "In a river, arsenic is
       predominantly bound to sediments."  Arsenic can be released from the sediments if the pH becomes acidic or if the pH
       becomes very high (>8.5). At high pH levels, hydroxide ions compete with arsenic anions for sorption sites. Arsenic
       can also be released if the Eh becomes reducing. Reduction of feme ions to ferrous ions liberates sorbed arsenic as
       As(+3), which is highly mobile.
January 27,1999
        I-95
                                                          Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 56
 Notecard# 56-02

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
 Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
      Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Pagett  263
Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic, antimony, barium, mercury
 Notes.. .two areas with arsenic contents between 20 and 200 ppm are associated with fossil hydrothermal systems.
        These hydrothermally altered areas contain manganese veins and show enrichment in other elements, such as Sb, Zn,
        Ba, Au, and Hg, that are typically associated with hydrothermal systems. Arsenic has long been used as a
        "pathfinder" element in prospecting for hydrothermal gold deposits.
 Article ID 56
 Notecard* 56-03

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence^ No
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
 Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
      Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Page # 263
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Hydrothermal waters in silicic volcanic fields are usually enriched in arsenic which often results in increased
        concentration in both ground and surface waters.
 Article ID 56
 Notecard* 56-04

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence"! Yes
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
      Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Page# 268
Co-Occurrence Notes Arsenic, nitrate
 Notes A number of geochemical factors are associated with increases or decreases in arsenic concentrations in the Middle
       Rio Grande Basin (CH2M HILL 1990).  Arsenic correlates positively with temperature, depth, fluoride, sodium, chloride,
       silica, nitrate, alkalinity, and pH of water. Inverse correlations are observed with total water hardness (Ca, Mg) and
       Eh. Especially significant factors in increased arsenic concentrations are depth, temperature, and fluoride content
       (CH2M HILL 1990).
 Article ID SS
 Notecardit 56-05

 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Chapin, Charles E. and Nelia W. Dunbar
Title A Regional Perspective on Arsenic in Waters of the Middle Rio
      Grande Basin, New Mexico
Date 1994
Page if 268
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Table 4 shows that wells having a total depth less than 1200 ft in the Albuquerque well fields produce mainly
       Ca-Mg-HCO3 waters containing less than 20 ppb arsenic with a pH between 7 and 8 and an Eh of approximately 300
       mV (CH2M HILL 1990).  In contrast, groundwater in wells having a total depth greater than 1200 ft produce mainly
       alkaline Na-HCO3 waters containing more than 30 ppb arsenic with higher fluoride contents, higher pH, and
       considerably less oxidation potential.
Final Draft
    I-96
January 27.1999

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                                                Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 60

 Notecardti 60-03


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Bhatt, Kailash

Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Pesticides in Bowdle
      Aquifer, South Dakota

Date September 1997

Page#  237

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Approximately thirty-eight percent of analyzed nitrate samples in the aquifer exceeded the 10 mg/l U.S. EPA's maximum
        contaminant limit. High nitrate fluctuations in selected wells are indicative of high vulnerability in the study areas and
       non-point source contamination from the agricultural fields which subsequently may vary due to attenuation and
       dispersion between month to month. Nitrate levels and pesticide detections in most wells decreased with well depth,
       with minor exceptions. Leaching through the vadose zone is a primary mechanism of nitrate movement to
       groundwater, with high nitrate concentrations in the upper part of the aquifer. The detection of different pesticides at
       various depths suggests that soil and pesticide characteristics play a far more important role in pesticide movement
       than they do for nitrates. Shallow wells in nested sites recorded a higher number of detections than the deeper wells.
       The absence of micropore connectivity in deeper parts of the aquifer is the major factor for low detection in deeper
       wells. The transit time for water to move to the upper saturates zone ranges from two to five months after a
       precipitation event. The number of pesticide detections in area wells increase during periods of heavy and continuous
       precipitation.

       Although a quantitative correlation between the application rate, precipitation and occurrence cannot be drawn due to
       lack of information on fertilizer and pesticide application rate period, the long term monitoring results can be useful for
       modelling purposes, where calibration and field verification are needed.  The results also can be used as a tool by the
       local and federal agencies to implement nutrient and  pesticide management policies.
 Article ID GQ

 Notecard* 60-01


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent titrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Bhatt, Kailash

Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Pesticides in Bowdle
      Aquifer, South Dakota

Dote September 1997

Page #  230

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Shallow wells at some nested sites recorded more than double the nitrate concentrations of the deeper wells. At all
       nested well sites in the study area, shallow wells had higher nitrate concentrations than the deeper wells, indicating
       leaching may be a primary mode of nitrate movement. Leaching mechanism of nitrates varies with season and type of
       crop grown in the field (Theocharopoulos et al., 1993) and was not analyzed in detail in this study. Studies including
       one conducted by Hall (1992) indicated that there is no relationship between nitrate concentrations in groundwater and
        either depth to the water table or sampling depth below the water table. He also concluded that relationship between
       nitrate concentration in groundwater and loading rate of fertilizer were statistically significant. In studying the impacts
       of agricultural activity in five US regions, Hamilton and Heteel (1995) concluded that in some aquifers the nitrate levels
       increased with well depth and in others it decreased. Nitrate levels in groundwater are more responsive to nitrogen
       application in the surface than to the degree and direction of ground water fluctuation. The percolating water from
       fertilized fields moves through the micropores of the unsaturated zone.  Depending upon the site specific properties of
       geologic medium and time of precipitation in the area, the lag time varied from one well to other well.
January 27,1999
        1-97
Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 60
 Notecardn 60-02

  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Bhatt, Kailash
 Title Occurrence and Distribution of Nitrate and Pesticides in Bowdle
      Aquifer, South Dakota
Date September 1997
Page#  230
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Wide fluctuations of nitrate levels in individuals wells are indicative of non-point source contribution from fertilized
        fields. Concentrations variation within month to month sampling also suggest attenuation and dispersion of nitrates and
        depends on groundwater flow and geologic regime of the study areas.
        [Also a series of graphs showing the relationship between nitrate concentrations, water levels and area precipitation
        in four selected wells]
 Article ID 61
 Notecard#  61-01

 Topic Other
 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Aceil, S.M.
Title The Study of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in
      Waters of the State of Mississippi
Date 1996
Page #296
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Transport of NORM in coastal and estuaries can follow Pick's law and diffusion theory. [Gives equations for transport
        in one dimension, in estuaries, and in rivers, streams, and lakes. Also for subsurface seepage.]
                                                                                                       \
 Article ID &
 NotecardH 61-02

 Topic Other
 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Aceil, S.M.
Title The Study of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in
      Waters of the State of Mississippi
Date 1996
Page ft 297
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes NORM activities, especially the oil and gas related part, are at their early stages in the state of Mississippi. Lack of
        public awareness has been the cause of unfortunate incidents in the past. Similar studies in neighboring states and
        studies in general indicate that the radioactivities of the water and mixed water and minerals could be nil to several
        thousands of Pico Curie (pCi) per liter of water or gram of scale on the pipes or sludges that resulted from drilling
        (Greer et al, 1995); Oddo et al.; Fisher 1995; Smith et al 1995; and Fisher 1994)
Final Draft
   I-98
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 62                                  Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope

 Notecard # 62-04                              Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal
                                                      Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
                                                      Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.

 Topic Study Methodology                        Date 1997

 Constituent                                   Page# 4

 Co-Occurrence?                              Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes A network of 34 sampling sites was established in the Cheney Reservoir watershed to evaluate spatial variability in
       concentrations of selected water-quality constituents during low flow. Low flow is streamflow originating primarily as
       springs or ground-water seepage (including irrigation return flow) or from  point-source discharges such as
       wastewater treatment plants. Low flow does not have a surface-runoff component.

       Each of the 34 sampling sites were sampled once during June  11-12,1996, and again during September 10-11,1996.
       Five sampling sites during the June period and six sampling sites during the September period were not sampled
       because the streams at those sites were either dry or had no streamflow (contained only isolated pools). Physical
       determinations made onsite included streamflow, specific conductance, pH, air and water temperatures, barometric
       pressure, and dissolved-oxygen concentration. Samples collected for subsequent laboratory determination included
       dissolved solids and major ions, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus species), atrazine, and fecal coliform bacteria. All
       samples were collected according to methods presented in  Horowitz and  others (1994).


 Article ID 62                                  Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope

 Notecard # 62-05                              Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal
                                                      Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
                                                      Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.

 Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic                 Date 1997

 Constituent Hitrate                             Page# 7

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes nitrate, microbes

 Notes Major sources of nutrients include agricultural activities such as the application of synthetic fertilizers and the pasturing
        and confined feeding of livestock.- It is likely that this statewide trend in increased use of synthetic fertilizers also has
        occurred in the Cheney Reservoir watershed. - A less significant nonpoint source of nutrients is the bacterial
       decomposition of plant and animal protein and possible leaching from septic systems. Also, nutrients, particularly
       ammonia and nitrate, may be components of rainfall; however,  because of the predominate agricultural land use in the
       watershed and the associated potential for distribution of nutrients, it is presumed that rainfall is a relatively minor
       contributor of nutrients to the watershed. The most substantial point sources of nutrients in the Cheney Reservoir
       Watershed probably are the municipal wastewater discharges from several small towns within the watershed.
 Article ID 62                                  Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope

 Notecard ft 62-03                              Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal
                                                      Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
                                                      Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.

 Topic Other                                    Date 1997

 Constituent                                   Page* 12

 Co-Occurrence?                              Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Water-quality constituents may respond differently to increases in streamflow. For example, concentrations of
       dissolved solids may be largest during low flow when streams are dominated by ground-water discharges containing
       relatively large concentrations of dissolved minerals. A previous study (Bevans,  1989) showed inverse relationships
       between dissolved solids and streamflow for the major streams in Sedgwick County. As streamflow increased,
       dissolved-solids concentrations decreased. Conversely, concentrations of nutrients, atrazine, and fecal coliform
       bacteria may be largest during high flow when streams are receiving these constituents with runoff from the
       watershed (Pope, 1995; Pope and others,  1997; Putnam, 1997). The implication of these relations to long-term water
       quality in Cheney Reservoir are: (1) the average concentration of dissolved solids in the reservoir probably is less than
        in streams during low flow, and (2) average concentrations of nutrients and atrazine, and average densities of fecal
       coliform bacteria in the reservoir may be greater than in streams during low flow.
January 27,1999                                         I-99                                               Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 62                                 Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope

  Notecard #  62-02                              Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazme, and Fecal
                                                     Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
                                                     Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.

  Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date 1997

  Constituent Other                             Page it 11

  Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

  Notes Generally, densities of fecal coliform bacteria in surface water of the Cheney Reservoir watershed appear to be of
        nonpoint-source origin and presumably associated with livestock production.


  Article ID 62                                 Author Christensen, Victoria G. and Larry M. Pope

  Notecard #  62-01                             Title Occurrence of Dissolved Solids, Nutrients, Atrazine, and Fecal
                                                     Coliform Bacteria during Low Flow in the Cheney Reservoir
                                                     Watershed, South-Central Kansas, 1996.

  rop/c Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date 1997

  Constituent Nitrate                            Page# 9

  Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

  Notes The larger [nitrite plus nitrate] average concentrations in the watershed appear to be of non-point source origin,
        presumably from agricultural activities such as livestock production (pasturing orfeedlot operations) or fertilizer
        applications.



  Article ID 63                                 Author Stackelberg, Paul E., Jessica A. Hopple, and Leon J. Kauffman

  Notecard # 63-02                             Title Occurrence of Nitrate, Pesticides,  and Volatile Organic
                                                     Compounds in the Kikkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System, Southern
                                                     New Jersey

  Topic Other                                   Date 1997

  Constituent titrate                            Page*

  Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

  Notes The media concentration of nitrate was highest (13.0 mg/l) in samples from agricultural areas, where nitrogen
        fertilizers are used for crop production. Median nitrate concentrations in samples from the new and old urban areas,
        where nitrogen sources include domestic fertilizers and sewage wastes, were similar (2.6 and 3.5 mg/l, respectively).
        Nitrate concentrations were lowest (median 0.07 mg/l)  in undeveloped areas, reflecting  the lack of human inputs of
        nitrogen into the subsurface environment in these areas.
 Article ID 63                                 Author Stackelberg, Paul E., Jessica A. Hopple, and Leon J. Kauffman

 Notecard it 63-01                             Title Occurrence of Nitrate, Pesticides, and Volatile Organic
                                                     Compounds in the Kikkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System, Southern
                                                     New Jersey

 Topic Study Methodology                       Date 1997

 Constituent Nitrate                            Page M
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Water samples were collected from a network of 72 shallow monitoring wells to assess the chemical quality of
       recently recharged ground water in the surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system of southern New Jersey. The
       wells are randomly distributed among agricultural, urban, and undeveloped areas to provide data representative of
       chemical conditions of ground water underlying each of these land-use settings. Samples were analyzed for
       nutrients, pesticides, and VOCs.
Final Draft                                         1-100                                           January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 64

 Notecardti  64-04



  Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Nitrate

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Maley

Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace
      Elements, and Radionuclides, in Ground and Surface Water from
      West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.

Date 1994

Page it  11

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes During 1990, the nutrient analyzed was nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen, in milligrams per liter. During 1991, the nutrient
        analyses included total nitrite plus nitrate, dissolved ammonia, nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, and orthophosphate. Nitrite plus
        nitrate concentrations are considered to be nitrate because nitrite concentrations were less than 5 percent of the
        nitrite plus nitrate concentrations.

        [Table 5 shows summary of nitrate concentrations and sigma 15N values in water samples from wells and well and
        land-use data]
 Article ID 64

 Notecard# 64-01



 Topic Study Methodology
 Constituent

 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Maley

Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace
      Elements, and Radionuclides, in Ground and Surface Water from
      West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.

Date 1994

Page # 2

Co-Occurrence Notes Nitrate, Nitrite. Radionuclides, Arsenic
 Notes Agricultural production is the primary land use in west-central Missouri. The dominant row crops are soy beans, hay,
       com, wheat, and grain sorghum. Beef and pork are the principal livestock products. Pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers
       are used extensively on row crops and may enter ground and surface water. Because ground water is the primary
       drinking water source for many people in the area, the USGS, in cooperation with the Missouri Dept. of Health, sampled
        wells, springs, and surface-water sites in west-central Missouri during 1990 and 1991 to determine concentrations of
        pesticides, nutrients, nitrogen isotopes, radionudides, arsenic, iron, and manganese in ground and surface water
       from west-central Missouri. This report contains the results of analyses for pesticides, nutrients, nitrogen isotopes,
       radionudides. arsenic, iron, manganese, and selected land-use characteristics for ground- and surface-water
       samples from Bates, Cass, St. Clair, and Vemon Counties in west-central Missouri.
 Article IDS*

 Notecard# 64-02



 Topic Study Methodology
 Constituent

 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Matey

Title Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace
      Elements, and Radionudides, in Ground and Surface Water from
      West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.

Date 1994

Page# 6

Co-Occurrence Notes Nutrients, Radionudides, Arsenic
 Notes During 1990, wells, springs, and surface water sites were selected for sampling in Bates, Cass, St. Clair, and Vemon
       Counties. Because a random sampling of domestic drinking water was desired, wells were not exduded from
       sampling if chemicals were mixed near the well. Surface water was sampled from the six largest streams in the area;
       one pond used for drinking water also was sampled.

       During 1991, wells, springs, and surface water sites were sampled in Bates, Cass, and Vemon Counties. No samples
       were collected in St. Clair County based on the results of sampling during 1990.

       Land use data were collected in 1990 and 1991, including distance of the well from the chemical-mixing area, distance
       from feedlot, distance from the septic system, and the percentage of land area with row crops within 0.25 mi of the
       well
January 27,1999
        1-101
Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 64

  Notecardti 64-03



  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

  Constituent Nitrate

  Co-Occurrence? No
Author Zeigler, Andrew C., Donald H. Wilkison, and Randall D. Maley

 Title  Occurrence of Selected Pesticides, Nutrients, Selected Trace
       Elements, and Radionuclides, in Ground and Surface Water from
       West-Central Missouri - July 1990-March 1991.

Date  1994

Page  #  6

Co-Occurrence Notes
  Notes The ratio of 15nitrogen to 14nitrogen in nitrate, relative to atmospheric nitrogen (sigma 15N of nitrate), expressed in per
        mil in ground water can be useful in determining the origin of the nitrogen source. Krietler (1975) reported that the
        sigma 15N relative to the atmospheric nitrogen standard is largest for nitrate originating from animal wastes. The
        volatilization of ammonia in animal wastes is the principal factor that controls the ratio (Krietler, 1975) Values of the
        sigma 15N of nitrate derived from animal waste are greater than +10 per mil. Values of sigma 15N of nitrate derived
        from fertilizers or oxidation of soil nitrogen are less than for nitrate derived from feedlot or septic wastes. (Spalding
        and others, 1982)
 Article ID tt

 Notecard# 65-05


 Topic Souroe(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikle, and Michael C.R. Alavanja

Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
      of Frederick, Maryland

Date 1998

Page*

Co-Occurrence Notes microbes, nitrate
 Notes The relationship between coliform bacteria and nitrate contamination and lot size suggests that septic systems may
        cause increased levels of well contamination as lot sizes decrease. Installation of adequate septic systems is needed
        on existing small lots to ensure attenuation of coliform bacteria. A long-range study is needed to determine what
        changes septic system use causes in nitrate concentrations in wells in a subdivision. Information from such a study
        could show the long-term nitrate contribution to the groundwater caused by septic systems and could be used in
        making zoning decisions about minimum residential lot size in unsewered subdivisions.
 Article ID tt

 Notecardti  65-04


 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic

 Constituent Nitrate
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikle. and Michael C.R. Alavanja

Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
      of Frederick, Maryland

Date 1998

Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The negative correlation between lot size and nitrate contamination for all wells and for wells located in three soil
       groups suggests that nitrate contamination of wells in these soil groups originated from septic systems and was not
       due to residual nitrogen from past agricultural land use. Studies by Exner and Spalding and Tjostem et al. Suggested
       that elevated levels of nitrates in groundwater are due to point-source contamination (e.g. barnyards and septic
       systems) and are not caused by the past agricultural use. The observations of this study indicate that septic systems
       contribute to the contamination of wells are also supported by Tinker, who found that nitrate levels were higher in
       wells located on the down gradient side of a subdivision in Wisconsin, and by Ford et al.  who found that nitrate levels
       decreased in wells as their distance from septic systems increased.
Final Draft
   1-102
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 65                                  Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikle, and Michael C.R. Alavanja

 Notecard # 65-03                              Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
                                                      of Frederick, Maryland

 Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic                  Date 1998

 Constituent Microbes                           Page it 19

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Nine of the 10 soil groups exhibited a negative correlation between lot size and coliform contamination of wells,
       suggesting that septic systems contributed to coliform contamination of wells on small lots. In addition, the significant
       negative correlation between lot size and coliform contamination in the Edgemont soil group and the presence of fecal
       coliform bacteria in wells located on the two smallest lots indicate that the wells in this soil group were particularly
       vulnerable to contamination. Exner and Spalding also reported that wells located near a point source (intermittently
       used barnyards) were more frequently contaminated with coliform bacteria. Coliform bacteria attenuation may be
       increased when shallow disposal systems and sand filters are used on lots less than one acre.


 Article ID 65                                  Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikle, and Michael C.R. Alavanja

 Notecard it 65-01                              Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
                                                      of Frederick, Maryland

 Topic Study Methodology                       Date 1998

 Constituent                                   Page it 16

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes microbes, nitrate

 Notes Specifically, two predictions were tested: (1) A negative correlation between lot size and coliform bacteria and nitrate
       contamination will exist in unsewered areas;  (2) Coliform bacteria and nitrate contamination will decrease with
       increasing case length. The relationship of coliform bacteria and nitrate levels to lot size and casing length was tested
       for all wells in unsewered areas. (n=832) and for wells in 10 soil groups in Frederick County, Maryland, to determine if
       septic system construction'or placement contributed to well contamination. Coliform bacteria and nitrate concentration
       were negatively correlated with lot size. In addition, coliform bacteria levels were negatively correlated with casing
       length, and there was a trend toward nitrate levels being associated with casing  length. The results suggest that
       septic systems may be a source of coliform bacteria and nitrate contamination of wells. The casing length required in
       well construction should be increased in areas where wells may be prone to coliform bacteria contamination if the
       minimum amount of casing is used.
January 27,1999                                         1-103                                               Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 65                                  Author Tuthill, Anna, D.B. Meikte, and Michael C.R. Alavanja

 Notecard # 65-02                              Title Coliorm Bacteria and Nitrate Contamination of Wells in Major Soils
                                                       of Frederick, Maryland

  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1998

 Constituent Nitrate                             Page if  19

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                          Co-Occurrence Notes nitrate, microbes

 Notes A significant negative correlation between coliform bacteria and nitrate contamination and lot size was found only in
        the Edgemont soil group. The two smallest lots in this soil group were contaminated with fecal coliform bacteria. In nine
        of the 10 soil groups, however, the correlation coefficient was negative. If there were no overall relationship between
        lot size and contamination with coliform bacteria, there would be an equal number of positive and negative RHO values.


        For three of the soil groups, a significant negative correlation was found between nitrate contamination and lot size.
        The significant negative correlation found for all wells was probably due primarily to the large sample for the
        Manor/Glenelg soil group. A negative correlation between nitrate level and lot size was present in seven of the 10 soil
        groups. In the Manor/Glenelg soil group, nitrate contamination levels clearly decreased as lot size increased. Although
        nitrate levels in Highfield soil were relatively low, the contamination level may still be related to lot size. In the
        Penn/Readington/Croton soil group, the pattern of nitrate contamination in relation to lot size was not as tight as in the
        other soil groups.

        A significant negative correlation was found between coliform bacteria and casing length in the Manor/Glenelg soil
        group. The significant negative correlation found in all wells was also probably due to the large sample size of the
        Manor/Glenelg soil group. In seven of the 10 soil groups, there was a negative correlation between coliform bacteria
        contamination and casing length. A negative correlation was found in seven soil groups. When the wells were
        grouped by casing length regardless of soil type, there was an inverse relationship between the percentage of
        coliform bacteria contamination and casing length. There was not, however, a significant correlation between nitrates
        and casing length.


 Article ID 66                                   Author Moorhead, Daryl L, W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf

 Notecard it  66-01                              Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas

 Topic Source(s)- Anthropogenic                  Date 1998

 Constituent Microbes                           Page #
 Co-Occurrence? No                            Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Playa  lakes are an integral part of the surface water management plan for the city of Lubbock, Texas. Most have been
        enlarged to increase volume. Surrounding streets are designed to direct runoff into local basins, so the
        once-ephemeral wetlands are now permanent urban impoundments. A variety of recreational activities bring people
        into contact with these playas. This study found coliform densities 10 to 100 times greater than recommended for
        human contact (i.e. swimming or wading). Analyses of water quality characteristics and landscape features suggest
       that total coliform densities are diluted by the greater water inputs of larger watersheds and by overflow from adjacent
         basins. Both totat-coliform and E. coli densities appear to be unrelated to other environmental parameters. The source
       of coliforms, the reason for such high densities, and factors responsible for their persistence remain uncertain.
 Article ID 66                                   Author Moorhead, Daryl L., W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf

 Notecard # 66-02                               Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas

 Topic Study Methodology                        Date 1998

 Constituent Nitrate                              Page #

 Co-Occurrence? No                            Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The authors investigated 20 playa lakes located within the city of Lubbock, Texas, that remain permanently inundated.
       - Water samples were assayed for concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, orthophosphate, alkalinity, total acidity, and
       total chlorine using a surface water quality test kit. Landscape features associated with each playa were evaluated
       according to aerial photographs: total watershed area, total surface area of playa, and total area of adjacent park or
       open land.
Final Draft                                           1-104                                             January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 6B
 Notecard # 66-03
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Microbes
 Co-Occurrence? No
                                              Author Moorhead, Daryl L, W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf
                                              Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas
                                              Date 1998
                                              Page*  15
                                              Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Observations revealed very high coliform populations in most playas-Although significant relationships were found to
       exist between some water quality parameters and watershed characteristics, none of the correlation coefficients for
       bacteria were significant.
 Article ID 66
 Notecard'# 66-04
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Microbes
 Co-Occurrence? No
                                              Author Moorhead, Daryl L., W. Shane Davis, and Craig F. Wolf
                                              Title Coliform Densities in Urban Waters of West Texas
                                              Date 1998
                                              Page*
                                              Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes While densities of coltforms in Lubbock playas may pose a threat to public heath, their origin is uncertain. Feachem
       reported that ratios of E. coli to total coliforms of less than 4.0 probably derive from nonhuman sources. Values for
       nontruncated data in the present study ranged from 0.04 to 0.89 and averaged 0.33 (for 12 playas), which implied a
       source other than human. Both chemical and biological contaminants in urban environments can be traced to many
       sources, such as waterfowl and pet feces, chemical applications to lawns and gardens, vehicle emissions, and
       erosion. The sources vary with surrounding land use and the extent of impervious surface areas.
 Article ID 67
 Notecard # 67-01

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution
 Constituent Selenium
 Co-Occurrence? No
                                              Author Valentine, J.L.
                                              Title Environmental Occurrence of Selenium in Waters and Related
                                                    Health Significance
                                              Date 1997
                                              Page#
                                              Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Selenium has been found in appreciable amounts in a few spring and well waters due to high geological occurrence.
       Scott and Voegeli (1961) found selenium ranging from 1 to 400 ug/l in surface waters from Colorado. Selenium in well
       waters used by an Ute Indian family near Ignacio, Colorado contained 9000 ug/l (Beath, 1962). Cannon (1964) reported
        1000-3000 ug/l in spring water of a uranium-rich area in Grand County, Utah. Valentine et al. (1978) reported 26-1800
       ug/l in well water of Grants, New Mexico, which is also a uranium-rich area. Johnson and Roth (1978) reported 92 ug/l
        selenium in drinking water in Golden, Colorado. Industrial discharges from an electrolytic copper works have been
       thought to cause increased selenium concentrations (0.2-0.25 mg/l) in river waters in Russia (Ptetnikova, 1970). More
       recently agricultural irrigation waste waters have reported selenium concentrations of 140-4200 ug/l (Fan et al, 1988)
       Fan et al (1988) state that the major fraction of the selenium was as selenate with some methylated selenium being
       identified. Domestic wells in the vicinity did not exceed 10 ug/l.
 Article ID 67
 Notecard # 67-02
                                              Author Valentine, J.L.
                                              Title Environmental Occurrence of Selenium in Waters and Related
                                                    Health Significance
Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1997
Constituent Selenium                          Page* 293
Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes.
Notes Selenium in water occurs in various forms depending on the pH and Eh of the medium.
January 27,1999
                                                      1-105
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 67                                  Author Valentine, J.L.

 Notecard #  67-03                              Title Environmental Occurrence of Selenium in Waters and Related
                                                      Health Significance

  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1997

 Constituent Selenium                          Page# 294

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Even though selenate selenium is found in waters derived from seleniferous soils, it is difficult to predict plant selenium
        content from soil data. It is also difficult in some cases to predict water selenium content. (Fan et al., 1988; Palmer,
        1995)


 Article ID 68                                  Author Fan, Anna M. and Valerie E. Steinberg

 Notecard #  68-01                              Title Health Implications of Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water An
                                                      Update on Methemoglobinemia Occurrence and Reproductive and
                                                      Developmental Toxitity

 Topic                                         Date February 1996
 Constituent                                   Page #
 Co-Occurrence?                              Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes This article did not provide any useful information.


 Article ID 69                                  Author Daniel,  PA, N. Dumoutier, V. Mandra, N. Tambo, and T. Kamei

 Notecard # 69-01                              Title Cryptosporidium: a Risk Assessment

 Topic Other                                    Date 1996

 Constituent Cryptosporidium                     Page# 388

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The conventional indicators of microbial water quality (e.g. conforms and heterotrophic plate counts) do not necessarily
        correlate with the presence or concentrations of Cryptosporidium.

       The minimum infective dose is thought to be very low.
 Article ID 71                                 Author Bright, DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer

 Notecard # 71-02                              Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine EffluentiThe
                                                     Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden' Arsenic

 Topic Constituent Species                      Date February 9,1996

 ConstituentArsenic                           Page#  166

 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, antimony

 Notes Several researchers have recently demonstrated in non-biotic environmental compartments the presence of additional
       complex arsenicals which are hidden to commonly used hydride generation techniques. These arsenic species have
       been collectively referred to as 'hidden' or 'refractory'. Hidden arsenic comprised that portion of all arsenicals that does
        not generate a volatile arsine on reaction with borohydride, unless decomposed to simpler forms.  Reimer et al have
       also detected organoantimony compounds in aquatic plant samples which are hidden to hydride-generation, atomic
       absorption spectroscopy analysis unless first subjected to microwave digestion with added potassium dichromate.
       Hidden arsenicals in water or sediment potentially include arsenocholine, arsenobetaine, arsenolipids, and
       arsenosugars; their metabolites (or precursors); possible sulfur- or thiol-containing arsenicals; and other presently
       undescribed compounds. In practice, the identity of hidden arsenic in environmental samples has rarely been
       determined, although hidden arsenic may account for in excess of 50% of the local arsenic budge in marine sediment
       interstitial water.
Final Draft                                         1-106                                            January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 71                                  Author Bright, DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer

 Notecard #71-05                              Title  Arsenic in SubArcfic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine Effiuent.The
                                                      Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden' Arsenic

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date  February 9,1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 180

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Aggett and O'Brien proposed a detailed model of arsenic cycling in lacustrine sediments, and largely discounted earlier
        hypothetical models by Furguson and Gavis and Weed which emphasized the role of methylarsenical production in
        controlling the upward remobilization of arsenic from sediments to the water column. The role of inorganic chemical
        processes, especially of iron-and manganese-oxyhydroxides, in controlling arsenic distributions in aqueous systems
        has subsequently been emphasized by a large number of researchers. However, recent research on the presence of
        MMAA and DMAA in lacustrine and marine waters, as well as the dominance of Organoarsenicals in the fate and
        effects of arsenic inputs. The emphasis by most researchers on inorganic arsenic species in examining environmental
        arsenic cycling is, in part, an artifact of the  currently available analytical techniques. This study and research by
        others have provided evidence of exocellular arsenicals that are hidden to hydride-generation techniques, at
        concentrations in pore water that can exceed the concentration of arsenate + arsenite by a factor of three or more.
        Clearly, exocellular Organoarsenicals and other hidden arsenic species potentially represent a substantial portion of the
        total arsenic budget in some ecosystems;  the geochemical fate and bioavailablity of Organoarsenicals has not been
        clearly elucidated.

        Studies undertaken within the last decade  of methylarsenic distribution in aquatic environmental have emphasized the
        role of algae as methytators and have focused on the concentrations of arsenite, arsenate, MMAA, and DMAA in the
        water column. It is becoming increasingly  dear, however, that the de novo production by bacteria may account for a
        significant proportion of methylated arsenic levels in aquatic systems, and that arsenic methylation in sediments bears
        a similarity to  mercury methylation. There is no reason to dismiss the role of bacterial arsenic methylation in the photic
        zone of the water column either.


 Article ID 71                                  Author Bright, DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer

 Notecard # 71-01                              Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine EffluentThe
                                                      Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden' Arsenic

 Topic Other                                    Date  February 9.1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page if 166

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The toxicrty of arsenic to aquatic biota is controlled by the type of arsenic species present, as well as the partitioning
        of arsenicals between environmental compartments.


 Article ID 71                                  Author Bright. DA, M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer

 Notecard #71-04                              Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine EffluentThe
                                                     Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden* Arsenic

 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution            Date  February 9,1996

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page #

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes In this study, we have demonstrated that a wide range of methylarsenic compounds occurs in the water column and
        pore water of freshwater environments near Yellowknife, N.W.T. Depth profiles of EMeAs compounds in sediment
        cores, along with corroborative evidence from arsenic methylation by anaerobic microbial cultures, indicate that
        sulfate-reducing bacteria play a role in the  arsenic methylation. The results presented here exhibit a strong similarity to
        recent studies of methylarsenic distributions in marine sediments.
January 27,1999                                        1-107                                              Final Draft

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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 71

  NotecardK  71-03


  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

  Constituent Mercury

  Co-Occurrence? No
Author Bright, D.A., M. Dodd, and K.J. Reimer

 Title Arsenic in SubArctic Lakes Influenced by Gold Mine Effluent:The
      Occurrence of Organoarsenicals and 'Hidden' Arsenic

Date February 9,1996

Page#  166

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The biomethylation of mercury in freshwater sediment is directly related to bioavailability and toxicity. The importance
        of arsenic methylation and demethylation, however, is not known and the factors that control the concentrations of
        organoarsenicals in water and sediment have not been elucidated. In sediments, bacterial methylation and
        demethylation as well as microbially-mediated oxidation-reduction reactions might alter the lippphilicity and bioavailability
        of pore water arsenicals, directly alter arsenic toxicity, and/or alter the rates of arsenic remobilization from and
        demobilization into the sediment.
 Article ID 72

 NotecardU 72-01


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Other

 Co-Occurrence?
Author Back, William and Ivan Barnes

Title Relation of Electrochemical Potentials and Iron Content to
      Groundwater Flow Patterns

Date undated (circa
      1962)
Page* C11

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The greatest amount of iron occurs where the pH is between about 5.0 and 6.5 and the Eh is less than about 200 mv.
        Note that in water with pH values less than 5, the iron concentrations are not the greatest, but rather have a wide
        range between 10^-3.69 and
        The samples from each aquifer tend to cluster according to Eh, pH, or iron content.  For instance, the Patuxent samples
        have pH between 4.5 and 4.8 and iron content between 10^-5.17 (0.38 ppm) and 10M.74 (1 .01 ppm) Most of the
        samples from the Patapsco Formation have pH between 4.0 and 5.1. The wide range in iron concentration was
        discussed in an earlier section as a function of the flow path and resulting oxidation potential. With the exception of
        two samples the water from the Magothy and Raritan Formations has a pH greater than 4.9 and the iron content is
        more than about 10M (5.6 ppm). Although the pH of samples from the Aquia greensand ranges from 5.50 to 7.79, the
        iron content is nearly uniform, ranging from 0.43 to 0.48 ppm. The sample with the lowest pH, 5.50, has the highest
        oxidation potential, +5.82 mv, and the sample with the highest pH, 7.79, has the lowest Eh, -13 mv; the third sample has
        an intermediate value for both variables. The equal iron content of all three samples may indicate that this water is in
        equilibrium with an iron-bearing mineral that was not studied during this investigation.
Final Draft
   1-108
                                                                                                   January 27,1999

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                                                Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 72

 Notecard #  72-02


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Other
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Back, William and Ivan Barnes

Title Relation of Electrochemical Potentials and Iron Content to
      Groundwater Flow Patterns

Date undated (circa
      1962)
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Contact with the atmosphere affects the oxidation potential of the water oxygenated water tends to have a potential
        higher than natural water with no oxygen. Within the same aquifer the oxidation potential is higher in areas of recharge
        than it is in areas of discharge. The oxidation potential is one variable that controls the occurrence and concentration
        of iron in water. A relationship was found among the oxidation state and amount of iron in water, the groundwater
        flow pattern, and the mineralogy and organic content of the deposits. This statement probably is a valid generalization
        for any hydrologic system that contains iron-bearing sediments and oxidizable material.

        The difference and changes in Eh within  a hydrologic system can be used to substantiate conclusion s based on other
        hydrologic data regarding source and movement of ground water.-lncondusive evidence suggests that oxidation
        potentials may show a seasonal variation in shallow aquifers, this would lead to seasonal variation in concentration of
        iron in water.  .

        Ranges of concentrations of iron in water can be predicted as a function of Eh and pH together. The Eh values
        measured in the field are between the values predicted from the solubility of Fe(OH)3c and the solubility of hematite.
 Article ID 73

 Notecard #  73-04


 Topic Source(s) - Natural

 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic

Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern
      United States

Date 1991

Page*  137
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Relatively high concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic are common in the US. Most published sites occur in the
       west and result from weathered volcanic rocks, geothermal areas, irrigation practices, or mineral deposits.

       The circumstances at the Missouri study site are very different. The aquifer under investigation is quaternary alluvium
       underlain by Pennsytvanian strata - mostly limestones and shales. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 1, the
       occurrences of arsenic within the site are somewhat sporadic. - Indeed, seven years of intensive site
       characterization have demonstrated that the industrial operation were not a source of arsenic contamination.
January 27,1999
        1-109
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 73

 Notecard # 73-08


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic

 Title  Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern
       United States

Date  1991

Page#  140

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The mechanism for elevated arsenic concentrations in midwestem alluvial groundwater systems probably begins with
        the deposition of iron oxides during streamflow while the alluvium is being deposited. These oxides have a strong
        affinity for dissolved arsenic and adsorb it from the streamwater. The amount of arsenic adsorbed by the iron oxides
        is apt to be extremely variable because deposition occurs over a long period of time. Variations in redox conditions,
        concentrations of dissolved species, and position in the stream all effect the amount of adsorbed arsenic. As the
        alluvium is buried, it eventually becomes subject to slow groundwater movement. As redox conditions become
        increasingly reducing, the ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron, resulting in mobilization of some of the adsorbed
        arsenic. If conditions are sufficiently reducing long enough, essentially all of the arsenic may be reduced to As(lll)
        (Agget and Kriegman 1988)

        Support for this mechanism is available in the literature.  Druel and Swoboda 1972 showed in a laboratory that as
        conditions become more reducing, ferric iron reduces to ferrous and previously sorbed arsenic is reduced and
        mobilized. This may explain why, at the study site, little correlation existed between the iron and arsenic
        concentrations in the groundwater.  Thus, local variations in Eh and arsenic content demonstrate why the arsenic
        concentration in midwestem alluvial groundwaters may be significantly elevated yet sporadic and does not correlate
        with commonly measured groundwater parameters.
 Article ID 73
 Notecard # 73-07


 Topic Other

 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestem
      United States

Date 1991
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes A review of drilling records revealed that an orange iron oxide stain (described as limonite) was frequently noted on
       the lithologic logs. Typically, the limonite was noted as a stain on a dark-green reduced clay. The literature contains
       much discussion of the scavenging of arsenic by iron oxides. Thus, in subsequent drilling operations, some of the
       linonrte was collected and separated from the clay. Analysis of the limonite subsamptes showed that some contained
       as much as 84 mg/kg of arsenic. This finding was significant because a laboratory study demonstrated that sediments
       having arsenic concentrations similar to those in the limonite could support aqueous concentrations as high as those
       observed at the study site.
 Article ID 73
 Notecard If 73-05


 Topic Study Methodology
 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic

Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestem
      United States

Date 1991
Page# 138

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The initial phase of the investigation focused on determining the arsenic species present in the groundwater. Such
       information was deemed important because: 1) the presence of organic arsenicals might indicate prior usage of
       pesticides of herbicides, and 2) a determination of arsenic oxidation states would provide additional insight into the
       redox conditions in the aquifer. In addition, As(lll) is generally more toxic than As(V).
Final Draft
   1-110
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 73

 Notecard#  73-03


 Topic Geographic Location/Distribution

 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic

Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern
      United States

Date 1991

Page* 137

Co-Occunence Notes
 Notes Discussions with state agencies revealed that high concentrations of arsenic occur in aquifers in at least five state in
        the midwestem US.: Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, and Ohio. In most cases, the appearance of the arsenic
        could not be correlated with waste disposal, chemical usage, or with the site geochemical and geologic features. Data
        collected at the Missouri site, however, and a review of information from the various states revealed that similar
        geochemical conditions prevailed wherever elevated concentrations of arsenic were found in groundwater. A review
        of some of the data suggested that one reason there had not been much study of this phenomenon is that the
        arsenic-contaminated water-supply aquifers were relatively low-yield, sufficient for single families but not
        municipalities. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to describe a common set of hydrogeologic conditions that yield
        elevated levels of naturally occurring arsenic in groundwaters of the US.
 Article ID 73

 Notecardtt 73-02


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic
Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestem
      United States

Date 1991
Page* 137
Co-Occurrence Notes
                                                        \
 Notes A recent investigation of the groundwater at an industrial facility in the state of Missouri, USA, revealed the presence
       of arsenic in concentrations significantly greater than the US EPA drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/l (Korte 1990).
       Extensive review of the site's history revealed no arsenic usage. More puzzling was the fact that the arsenic
       concentrations were not correlated to other groundwater parameters.  For example, many wells at the site contained
       tens of parts per million of iron and manganese oxides to adsorb arsenic (Pierce and Moore, 1980) a direct correlation
       of iron and/or manganese content and arsenic content might have been expected. Instead, water samples containing
       elevated arsenic typically exhibited elevated levels of iron and manganese, but relative concentrations were so
       variable that no direct correlation existed.
 Article ID 73
 Notecardti 73-01


 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Korte, Nic

Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestem
      United States

Date 1991

Page* 137

Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes High concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic are present in alluvial groundwater systems in the midwestem U.S.
        These occurrences tend to be sporadic because the arsenic is mobilized only under a narrow range of redox
        conditions. The reducing conditions must be sufficient to reduce and dissolve iron and manganese but not to produce
        sulfkte. Typically the affected aquifers are relatively high in day content and of relatively low [word unreadable]. For
        that reason, many of these occurrences are in aquifers supplying single families. The mechanism by which the arsenic
        is mobilized begins with the deposition of nonoxides??(word partially missing) during streamflow while the alluvium is
        being deposited. The oxides have a strong affinity for dissolved arsenic and adsorb it from the streamwater.
January 27,1999
        1-111
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 73
 Notecardtt 73-06

  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
 Author Korte, Nic
  Title Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Groundwaters of the Midwestern
       United States
 Date 1991
 Page ft  139
 Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The presence of As(ll) without detectable As(V) was evidence that conditions at the site were strongly reducing.
       Other evidence included high concentrations of iron and manganese and little or no dissolved oxygen in the
       groundwater. However, no simple correlation existed between the arsenic content and the concentrations of iron,
       manganese, or oxygen. Sulfide was not present, but ample evidence of anaerobic biodegradation (based on
       transformations undergone by chlorinated solvents present in some portions of the aquifer) was present. This
       information is important because arsenic is precipitated by sulfide and may be reduced by microorganisms.
 Article ID 74
 Notecardti 74-03
 Topic Study Methodology
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
 Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
 Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
 Date 1992
 Page if 836
 Co-Occurrence Notes                                 \
 Notes During 1987-1989,146 wells penetrating the Permian part of the aquifer were sampled. Water-producing sandstone
       layers in the test holes were isolated using inflatable packers, and water samples were analyzed.
 Article ID 74
 Notecard# 74-11
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
 Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
 Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
 Date 1992
 PageU
 Co-Occurrence Notes uranium, arsenic
 Notes Water with a pH below 8.5 tends to contain only low concentrations of As but may contain very high concentrations of
        U. Water with a pH less than 8.5 and a high concentration of U tends to be from shallow wells, have over 0.9 mmol/l of
        exchanged sodium, and have a CO3 2- activity higher than waters with the same pH but with only low concentrations
        ofU.
 Article ID 74
 NotecardH 74-10
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Uranium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
* Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Brett
 Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
 Date 1992
 Page if
 Co-Occurrence Notes uranium, arsenic
 Notes In its most oxidized state (U(VI)) U is an oxy-cation (UO2 2+) and tends to sorb on negatively charged mineral
       surfaces. Within the range of water pH in the aquifer, the mobility of U can be enhanced by the complexation of the U
       oxycation with carbonate ions (C03 2-) to form neutral or negatively charged complexes. At a high pH the activity of
       carbonate ions increases in solution  and mobilization of oxidized U is favored. Thus, in waters with a pH above 8.5
       high U concentrations occur with dissolved As.
Final Draft
    1-112
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 74
 Notecardtt 74-09
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Schlottmann, J.L and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Arsenate (As(V)) tends to sorb on positively charged iron oxide surfaces. Iron oxides are abundant in this red-bed
       aquifer, and analyses of the rock-cores has shown arsenic to be associated with yellow-brown goetfiite. Desorption
       of arsenate from iron-oxide surfaces is enhanced by increasing pH, which may explain the association between As
       and pH in the aquifer.
 Article ID 74
 Notecardn 74-08
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Schlottmann, J.L and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page it 838
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic uranium
 Notes Data collected for this study show a strong relation between dissolved As and pH, and between dissolved U and the
       amount of cation exchange the water has undergone. Arsenic is present at high concentration (50-110 ug/l) only in
       water with a pH at or above 8.5.
       Uranium exceeds 20 ug/l only in water containing 0.9 mmol/l or more exchanged sodium and a pH greater than or equal
       to 7.2. Water with a pH above 8.5 and a high concentration of U (20-318 ug/l) commonly is from a deep well (>300 ft
       deep) Water with a pH 7.2 to 8.5 and a high U concentration (20-217 ug/l) generally is from a shallow well (<200 ft
       deep) in the day-rich part of the aquifer and has a high alkalinity (300-650 mg/l).
 Article ID 74
 Notecard# 74-07
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Schlottmann, J.L and G.N. Brett
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page if 837
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, selenium, uranium
 Notes Detectable dissolved oxygen (>1mg/l) is present in most water in the aquifer, indicating an oxic environment (Bemer,
       1981). Water without detectable oxygen commonly contains As, selenium, or U, which are generally only mobile in
       post-oxic or oxic environments, and are not mobile in sulfidic and methanic environments. Determination of As
       oxidation state in this water and in some oxic water showed the As to be present as As(V), the highest oxidation
       state. This indicates most water in the aquifer resides in post-oxic or oxic environments. The oxic and post-oxic redox
       environments in the aquifer should allow As and U to be in oxidation states (As(V) and U(VI) that enhance the
       mobilization of the elements.
January 27,1999
       1-113
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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID 74
  Notecard# 74-05
  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
  Constituent Arsenic
  Co-Occurrence? No
Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit

 Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA

Date 1992

Pagett  836

Co-Occurrence Notes
  Notes The aquifer is composed primarily of fine- and very-fine-grained quartz-litharenite sandstone and tenticularty
        interbedded with mudstone.

        The most notable diagenetic feature of the aquifer is the pervasive red color, which is caused by abundant
        grain-coating iron oxides and indicates the generally oxidized nature of the rocks. Locally, yellow-brown goethrte grain
        coatings color thick sequences of sandstone. Also notable are the reduced zones, which are white or pale greenish
        gray in color due to a lack of ferric oxides and which are generally less than five feet thick.

        Chemical and mineralogic analyses of the rock core revealed that the highest concentrations of As (up to 62
        micrograms per gram were found in rocks containing abundant yellow-brown goethrte grain coatings. No discreet
        As-mineral phases were found, although two grains of iron pyrite isolated by heavy separation did contain some As.
        Pyrite is rare  in the aquifer.
 Article ID 74

 Notecard # 74-02

 Topic Other

 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
Date 1992
Page# 835
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The Central Oklahoma aquifer underlies approximately 3,000 square miles in central Oklahoma. It is composed of
       Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits and the underlying Permian sandstone and mudstone. The alluvium and
       terrace deposits were not included in this study because they generally do not contain water with high concentrations
       of As or U. Permian geologic units in the aquifer include the Garter Sandstone, the Wellington Formation, and undivided
        rocks of the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups.
 Article ID 1 A,

 Notecard # 74-01

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Schlottmann, J.L and G.N. Breit

Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA

Date 1992

Page# 835

Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, uranium
 Notes The Central Oklahoma aquifer is a major source of water in central Oklahoma. In the confined part of the aquifer,
       dissolved arsenic (As) concentrations commonly exceed the Federal drinking water standard of 50 ug/l (USEPA1986).
        Dissolved uranium concentrations commonly exceed the proposed standard of 20 ug/l in both the confined and
       unconfined parts of the aquifer. The high concentrations of As and U were found to be a function of 1) the distribution
       of As and U in the solid phases of the aquifer. 2) the oxidized nature of the aquifer 3) the distribution of sandstone and
        mudstone in the aquifer, and 4) changes in water chemistry as the water flows through the aquifer. This paper
       describes water-rock interactions that mobilize As and U.
Final Draft
   1-114
January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 74                                 Author Schlottmann, J.L. and G.N. Breit
 Notecard # 74-06                             Title Mobilization of As and U in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, USA
 Topic Distribution/Transport in Soil Profile         Date 1992
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page#  837
 Co-Occurrence? Yes                         Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, uranium
 Notes Mudstone in the aquifer generally contains a higher concentration of As and generally contains a higher concentration
       of As and U than does sandstone and may be an important source for these elements.

 Article ID 76                                 Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
 Notecard # 76-09                             Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
 Topic Other                                   Date May-June 1988
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page #
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Adsorption or coprecipitation also can be major factor controlling aqueous arsenic concentrations. Phases that may
       coprecipitate with or adsorb arsenic include hydrous oxides and hydroxides of iron, manganese, clay minerals, and
       organic matter

 Article ID 76                                 Author Welch. Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
 Notecard # 76-17                             Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date May-June 1988
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page it  342
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes In general, geothermal water has higher arsenic concentrations than nonthermal water that does not drain mineralized
       areas. The geochemical controls and sources of arsenic in geothermal systems are not well understood, although the
       relation between chloride and arsenic at Yellowstone and Lassen has led to the interpretation that aqueous arsenic
       may be derived largely from leaching of the aquifer matrix.

 Article ID 76                                 Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
 Notecard # 76-16                             Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date May-June 1988
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page#
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The part of eastern Nevada and  western Utah underlain by carbonate rocks is one part of the Alluvial Basins
       groundwater region with characteristically low dissolved aqueous arsenic concentrations.
       Ground water form the Columbia Lava Plateau in Washington generally has low arsenic concentrations. This area is
       domininantly comprised of basaltic volcanic rocks, whereas parts of Oregon and the Western Snake River Plain with
       more frequent occurrences of intermediate to high arsenic concentrations are commonly underlain by more acidic
       extrusive rocks similar to the northern part of the Alluvial Basins of western Nevada.
January 27,1999                                        1-115                                              Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 76
 Notecard# 76-15
  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
 Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page#  342
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Within the Alluvial Basins, both confined and unconfined aquifers with elevated arsenic concentrations (>50 ug/l) are
       commonly associated with sediments partially derived from volcanic rocks of intermediate to acidic composition.
       Examples of elevated arsenic concentrations generated from reaction of ground water with nonsedimentary and
       unmineralized volcanic aquifers have not been found during this investigation. Although the arsenic may ultimately be a
       result of weathering of volcanic rocks, the elevated arsenic concentrations in the Alluvial Basins may be a result of
       reactions occurring within volcanically derived sediments. The weathering process my result in the concentration of
       arsenic onto phases such as ferric oxyhydroxide that are deposited with the sediments. Subsequent dissolution by
       chemically reduced ground water of the phases containing arsenic could then generate elevated dissolved arsenic
       concentrations.
 Article ID 76
 Notecard# 76-14
 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Some areas that have experienced land subsidence resulting from inelastic or permanent compaction also have
        notably high arsenic concentrations. Examples include the southern San Joaquin Valley (California Department of
        Water Resources, 1966) and, possibly the Las Vegas Valley. Whether high arsenic concentrations are caused by
        inelastic compaction has not been established.
 Article ID 7&
 Notecard# 76-13
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page# 339
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Nonthermal water of the Alluvial Basins, Columbia Lava Plateau, and the Colorado Plateau ground water regions have
       similar log mean, upper and lower quartite values. Within the Alluvial Basins region, very high concentrations of arsenic
        (>1000 ug/l) occur within shallow ground water (<30 feet below land surface) recharged through agricultural
       irrigation. Examples include the Carson Desert in western Nevada (located about 50 miles east of Reno) and the Tulare
       Lake area in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. In these areas, the shallow ground water flows to
       agricultural drains and may affect surface water use.
Final Draft
   1-116
                                                   January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 76
 NotecardX  76-12
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Pagett 339
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Elevated arsenic concentrations are widespread in the western US in nonthermal water that is unaffected by mining..
        . The arsenic concentrations of water in the western mountain ranges are generally lower than those in the other
        groundwater regions with data for the Sierra Nevada being sparse. Notable exceptions to the generally low arsenic in
        the western mountain ranges are found in the vicinity of Eugene, Oregon (Lane County) where concentrations
        exceeding 50 micrograms per liter (ug/l) occur. The aquifers in the Eugene area include sediments derived from
        volcanic rocks that are immediate to acidic in composition. In the vicinity of Verdi, Nevada (located about 10 miles west
        of Reno), which is also in the western mountain ranges, ground water contains elevated arsenic concentrations in an
        aquifer composed of volcanic rocks of intermediate to acidic composition and their sedimentary derivatives. The
        association of elevated arsenic with sedimentary aquifers derived form volcanic rocks has also been found within the
        Alluvial Basins ground water region as discussed later in this section
 Article ID 7Q
 Notecard*  76-18
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page it
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Areas in which some of the highest concentrations in the western US occur are associated with mining.
 Article ID 7$
 NotecardH 76-10
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page ft 338
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes A survey of literature and an examination of more than 7,000 analyses for arsenic in computerized data bases
       indicates that the occurrence of elevated arsenic concentrations in ground water can be related to the geochemical
       environment and regional ground-water hydrology.
January 27,1999
       1-117
                                                         Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
Article ID 76

Notecard #  76-01

Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
                                                Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L Hughes

                                                Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States

                                                Date May-June 1988

                                                Page#
                                                Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes High concentrations of arsenic are generally associated with one of four geochemical environments: 1 ) basin-fill
       deposits of alluvial-lacustrine origin, particularly in semiarid areas, 2) volcanic deposits, 3) geothermal systems, and 4)
       uranium and gold-mining areas.

       In the first two environments, arsenic appears to be associated with sediments derived, in part, from volcanic rocks of
       intermediate to acidic composition. Dissolved arsenic concentrations in water from volcanic aquifers in the same
       regions, however, may be low (less than 1 0 micrograms per liter)

       Alluvial and lacustrine sedimentary deposits appear to be an important source of arsenic in volcanic areas (such as
       Lane County, Oregon) and in areas underlain  by basin-fill deposits (such as Carson Desert in Nevada and the Tulare
       Lake basin in California). Mobilization of arsenic in sedimentary aquifers may be, in part, a result of changes in the
       geochemical environment due to agricultural irrigation. In the deeper subsurface, elevated arsenic concentrations are
       associated with compaction caused by groundwater withdrawals.
Article ID 76

Notecard # 76-08

Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

Constituent Arsenic
Co-Occurrence? No
                                                Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes

                                                Title  Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
                                                Date  May-June 1988
                                                Pagett 337

                                                Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Mineral precipitation can limit aqueous arsenic concentrations in ground water. Of the more than 320 minerals identified
        that contain arsenic, few are present in most geochemical environments. The commonly identified arsenic-bearing
       minerals are realgar (As2S3), orpiment (AsS.), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), claudetite (As2O3), arsenolrte (As4O6), arsenic
       pentoxide (As2O5), and scorodite (FeAsO4 . 2H20). Within this group of minerals, arsenopyrite probably is the most
       common arsenic mineral. Alkaline-earth and transition-metal arsenates also may control the arsenic concentrations in
       ground water.

       Barium arsenate has been suggested as a possible control on arsenic concentrations on the basis of its low solubility.
Article ID 76

Notecard # 76-1 1

Topic Study Methodology

Constituent Arsenic

Co-Occurrence? No
                                                Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes

                                                Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States

                                                Date May-June 1988

                                                Page# 339

                                                Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The assembled data do not represent a random sampling of ground water in the western US. Most important sources
       of bias may arise from the designs of the studies generating the data. In studies directed toward resource appraisal,
       sampling of nonthermal ground water from existing wells may result in a tendency to exclude sources with known
       water-quality problems, because of avoidance or abandonment of wells where problems have been recognized. An
       opposite bias may be present in studies directly addressing arsenic contamination as a result of more intensive
       sampling in areas where arsenic is know to be present at elevated concentrations. Another possible source of bias
       may be a result of incorrectly identified water as thermal, nonthermal, or from a mined area. Despite these potential
       problems in using historical data, the broad generalizations presented here are believed to be valid.
Final Draft
                                                  1-118
                                                                                                   January 27, 1 999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 76
 Notecardtt 76-02
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page it 333
Co-Occurrence Notes arsenic, selenium, antimony
 Notes Arsenic can serve as an example of the factors that may influence concentrations of other constituents because other
        oxyanions, such as phosphorus, selenium, molybdenum, antimony, tungsten, and vanadium, are affected by many of
       the same types of reactions.
 Article ID 76
 Notecardit 76-03
 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page it 334
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Higher than average arsenic levels in precipitation are often associated with anthropogenic sources, such as
       emissions from smelters, and have resulted in abnormally high arsenic concentrations in surface sediments. It is
       unusual to find high arsenic concentrations in river water without a significant contribution of arsenic from geothermal
       water or mineralized areas.
       The Malheur River, which drains part of southeastern Oregon, is notable for dissolved arsenic concentrations that
       exceed 50 ug/l during periods of low flow.
 Article ID 76
 Notecardit 76-04
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page# 334
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes An obvious difference in arsenic concentration does not exist among the various types of igneous rocks. Arsenic
       does, however, concentrate in some minerals. For instance, arsenic readily substitutes for silicon, ferric iron, and
       aluminum in crystal lattices of silicate minerals. As a result, arsenic concentrations tend to be relatively high in volcanic
       glass, aluminosilicate materials, and igneous rocks containing iron oxide. Because the arsenic content of metamorphic
       rocks is dependent primarily on source-rock composition, arsenic concentrations are highly variable within this rock
       type. Sedimentary rocks generally contain higher arsenic concentrations than igneous and metamorphic rocks.
       Tourtelot (1964) found that, in general, arsenic in nonmarine shales/clays is present in pyrite and organic matter.
       Sandstones and carbonate rocks are comparatively low in arsenic, averaging only 1 mg/kg.  High arsenic
       concentrations in phosphorites have been positively correlated with the organic (Gukjrandsen, 1966) and iron content
       (Stow, 1969) of the rock.
 Article ID 76
 Notecardit 76-05
 Topic Other
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico. and Jennifer L Hughes
Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
Date May-June 1988
Page it
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Comparisons of the data in tables 1 and 3 indicate that suspended and bottom sediments in most aquatic systems
       contain much higher arsenic concentrations than those of the water.
January 27,1999
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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 76                                  Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
 Notecard # 76-06                              Title  Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date  May-June 1988
 Constituent Arsenic                            Page# 335
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes In soils, organic matter can concentrate arsenic in the upper horizons while adsorption onto ferric oxyhydroxide can
        enrich arsenic at greater depths. Arsenic in certain solid phases within sediments, particularly iron oxides, organic
        matter, and sulfides, may be the primary source of arsenic in ground water. Elevated concentrations of dissolved
        arsenic may be expected under conditions where these solid phases are unstable.
        Figure 1 on page 335 is illustration of the forms of naturally occurring arsenic found in the environment.
 Article ID 76                                 Author Welch, Alan H, Michael S. Lico, and Jennifer L. Hughes
 Notecard # 76-07                              Title Arsenic in Ground Water of the Western United States
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry            Date May-June 1988
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page #
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Major processes responsible for observed concentrations of arsenic in ground water include: mineral
       precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption, chemical transformations, ion exchange, and biologic activity.  Factors
       such as pH, Eh, solution composition, competing and complexing ion, aquifer mineralogy, reaction kinetics, and
       hydraulics of a ground-water system can all potentially affect the arsenic concentrations.

 Article ID 77                                 Author Garcia, Kerry T.
 Notecard if 77-02                             Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada
 Topic source(s)                                Date 1987
 Constituent Nitrate                            Page*  40
 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Constituent: Nitrate
       Source or cause of occurrence: Derived from the atmosphere or may be  leached from decaying organic matter,
       fertilizers, sewage, industrial wastes, or sewage.
       Normal range in concentration: 0 to 10 mg/l
 Article ID 77                                 Author Garcia, Kerry T.
 Notecard # 77-03                             Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada
 Topic source(s)                                Date 1987
 Constituent Arsenic                           Page# 40
 Co-Occurrence? Ho                          Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Constituent: Arsenic
       Source or cause of occurrence: Associated with volcanic minerals and metallic ore deposits. Common in water of
       thermal springs.
Final Draft                                         1-120                                           January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix t. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 77

 Notecard# 77-04
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic

 Co-Occurrence? No
                                              Author Garcia, Kerry T.

                                               Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada

                                              Date 1987

                                              Page # 60

                                              Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes A statistical evaluation of constituents in [Douglas County] ground water indicates that sodium, arsenic, iron,
       manganese, and zinc each have a single statistical "population," whereas dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium,
       bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, and nitrate each have two discrete "populations." Because of known
       hydrogeologic conditions in certain areas of Douglas County, the two data distributions may be caused by: water
       flowing from metasedimentary rocks into alluvial-fan deposits in the Topaz Lake area; water above the clay layers
       underlying the Douglas County Airport; and geothermal water in the Jacks Valley-Indian Hills and Saratoga Hot Springs
       areas.
                                               Author Garcia, Kerry T.

                                               Title Ground-Water Quality in Douglas County, Western Nevada

                                               Date 1987

                                               Page # 39-40
                                               Co-Occurrence Notes
Article ID 77

Notecardtt 77-01

Topic source(s)

Constituent Sutfate

Co-Occurrence? No

Notes [From Table 1]

      Constituent: Sulfate (SO4)

      Source or cause of occurrence:  Dissolved from rocks and soils containing gypsum and sulfide or sulfate minerals.
      Commonly associated with coal deposits, metallic ore deposits, and geothermal areas. May be derived from industrial
      wastes and atmospheric pollution.

      Normal range in concentration: Generally ranges from 1 to 1,000 mg/l.
 Article ID 78

 Notecard# 78-01



 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic

 Constituent Other

 Co-Occurrence? No
                                              Author Goolsby, Donald A., R.C. Severson, SA Wilson, Kurt Webber

                                              Title Geochemistry of Soils and Shallow Ground Water, With Emphasis
                                                    on Arsenic and Selenium, in Part of the Garrison Diversion Unit,
                                                    North Dakota, 1985-1987

                                              Date unknown (circa
                                                    1989)
                                              Page# 1

                                              Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Recent studies in the western US have focused on important environmental problems associated with irrigating arid
       and semiarid lands underlain by soils that originated from sediments deposited in a marine environment.-The natural
       accumulation of potentially toxic elements in the sedimentary rocks makes these lands important remobilization sources
       for trace elements such as selenium. Results of earlier investigations in the western San Joaquin Valley of California
       have demonstrated that under intensive irrigation, trace quantities of selenium have been mobilized, transported, and
       concentrated. This can create a major environmental problem. Changes in environmental conditions, such as those
       accompanying irrigation in the Garrison Diversion Unit, could result in increased concentrations or remobilization of
       potentially toxic elements. This  in turn could limit water and soil uses and affect the ecological system dependent on the
        water resource.

       Reconnaissance evaluations by the US Department of the Interior's Irrigation Drainage Task Force indicated the
       probability of such effects at the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in the San Joaquin Valley of California, the Tulare
       Lake Bed area in California, the Salton Sea in southern California, and the Kendrick Irrigation Project in eastern
       Wyoming. At many of these areas, marine shales of Cretaceous age were the original source of trace elements.
       Concentration of trace elements commonly was achieved through leaching processes, adsorption on fine-grained or
       organic-rich materials, evapotranspiration or bioaccumulation.
January 27,1999
                                                      1-121
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 Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
  Article ID BO

  Notecard# 80-02

  Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry

  Constituent Arsenic
  Co-Occurrence? No
 Author Eccles, Lawrence A.

 Title  Sources of Arsenic in Streams Tributary to Lake Crowley,
       California
 Date  June 1976

 Page*
 Co-Occurrence Notes
  Notes According to Wiltey, O'Neal, and Rapp (1974), the geothermal water is either a sodium bicarbonate or a sodium chloride
         bicarbonate type. It is characterized in Long Valley by: high concentrations of dissolved solids - mainly sodium,
        bicarbonate, chloride, boron, and arsenic; a relatively low concentration of magnesium compared to other native water;
         and high concentrations of a host of trace elements.
  Article ID 80

  Notecard#  80-01
  Topic Source(s) - Natural

  Constituent Arsenic
  Co-Occurrence? No

  Notes Arsenic enters Lake Crowley primarily from hot springs in Long Valley.
Author Eccles, Lawrence A.

 Title Sources of Arsenic in Streams Tributary to Lake Crowley,
      California
Date June 1976

Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
        Sixty percent of the arsenic discharged to Lake Crowley is from springs in Hot Creek Gorge.

        Other sources of arsenic in Long Valley are from either high volume and low-arsenic concentration springs, such as
        the springs at Hot Creek Fish Hatchery, or high-concentrations and low-volume springs, such as those found in the
        vicinity of the Alkali lakes.

        Many hot springs and other surface manifestations of geothermal activity occur in Long Valley, Calif. Water from these
        hot spring has a high concentration of arsenic and other dissolved minerals and blends with surface water that flow
        into manmade Lake Crowley and subsequently into the Los Angeles city water supply by way of the Los
        Angeles-Owens River aqueduct. The hot-spring water is the major source of arsenic to Lake Crowley and thence to
        the aqueduct which supplies 80 percent of the water for the City of Los Angeles.
 Article ID 81


 Notecardti 81-01



 Topic Study Methodology

 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Ficklin, Walter H., David G. Frank, Paul K. Briggs, and Robert E.
        Tucker

Title Analytical Results for Water, Soil, and Rocks Collected Near
      Granite Falls, Washington as Part of an Arsenic-in-Groundwater
      Study

Date 1989
Page*
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The arsenic concentration in some domestic water supply wells in the vicinity of Granite Falls, Washington greatly
       exceeds the maximum allowable concentration for safe drinking water (50 ug/l). We collected ground water samples
       from several of these wells and also solid phase material from sites adjacent to some of the wells. We also collected
       samples from in-place vein material that was exposed to the surface at a rock crushing operation near the Wayside
       mine (abandoned), a mine water sample and a vein sample from the Yankee Boy mine (abandoned), and two sediment
       samples and a water sample from Gardner Lake. The samples were collected to determine, if possible, the source of
       the arsenic in the ground water.

       Some outcrops of volcanic rocks can be found in the vicinity of Granite Falls, however most of the samples were
       collected in the areas where surficial alluvial material occurs.
Final Draft
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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 82
 Notecard# 82-01

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Welch, Alan H. and Michael S. Lico
Title Arsenic in an Alluvial-Lacustrine Aquifer, Carson Desert, Western
      Nevada
Date
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Elevated arsenic concentrations (>0.01 mo/1) are common in ground water of the western US (Alaska, Arizona,
       California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) - Natural high concentrations of arsenic appear to be associated
       with one of four geological environments: alluvial-lacustrine deposits, geothermal systems, volcanic deposits and their
       derivatives, and mineralized (suffide-rich) areas, notably gold-bearing deposits. The most extensively affected
       environment, in terms of total area, appears to be the alluvial-lacustrine type, where arsenic concentrations as high as
       several milligrams per liter are attained.
 Article ID 83
 Notecardtt 83-06
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Date 1991
Page if 31
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Although few data exist, low-yielding alluvial groundwater systems employed as drinking water supplies may be a
       significant source of arsenic exposure.
 Article ID tt
 Notecardn 83-01
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Date 1991
Page* 1
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Reducing conditions in alluvial aquifers supplying single families may result in significant exposures to naturally
       occurring As(lll).
       In general, the mechanism promoting the mobility of As(lll) in groundwater is the onset of reducing conditions in alluvium
        in which iron oxides have sorbed arsenic.
 Article ID 83
 Notecard* 83-02
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Arsenic
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando
Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater
Date 1991
Page # 2
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The occurrence of arsenic in natural waters is usually associated with sedimentary rocks of marine origin, weathered
       volcanic rocks, fossil fuels, geothermal areas, mineral deposits, mining wastes, agricultural use, or irrigation practices.
        With the exception of agricultural practices, occurrences in North America have typically been found in the western
       US and have been associated with oxygenated environments.
January 27,1999
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                                                         Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID 83                                  Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando

 Notecard #  83-03                              Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater

 Topic Source(s) - Anthropogenic                 Date 1991

 Constituent Arsenic                            PageH 2

 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes Because of arsenic's reputation as a poison, and its use as a herbicide and pesticide, many occurrences are attributed
        to anthropogenic use. A number of studies have described arsenic contamination from spills of herbicides, and
        pesticides. Some of these incidents or usages have resulted in regionally contaminated aquifers.



 Article ID 83                                  Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando

 Notecard'#  83-04                              Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater

 Topic Source(s) - Natural                        Date 1991

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page #
 Co-Occurrence? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The major natural source of arsenic to the environment appears to be volcanoes.


 Article ID 83                                  Author Korte, Nic E. and Quintus Fernando

 Notecard #  83-05                              Title A Review of Arsenic (III) in Groundwater

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry             Date 1991

 Constituent Arsenic                            Page #
 Co-Occurrence1? No                           Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The effect of other ions on As(lll) mobility has been considered by there is no agreement in the literature

       Apparently, only manganese, and not iron, oxidizes As(lll), although both reactions are thermodynamicaHy favorable.
       Cherry et al did report that ferric iron oxidized As(lll). The reaction, however, only occurred at low pH (pH=2) and not
       under near-neutral pH. In addition, oxidation due to carbonate or silicate minerals also does not occur.
 Article ID 84                                 Author Michel, Jacqueline

 Notecard # 84-07                              Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations

 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry            Date 1990

 Constituent Radon                            Page#  93

 Co-Occurrence? No                          Co-Occurrence Notes

 Notes The strong correlation of Rn in groundwater with lithology of the aquifer has been demonstrated in numerous studies.

       Granitic-type rock aquifers always have the highest levels of Rn in groundwater. Average levels in water from
       granites, are usually 8,000 pCi/l or greater.

       Basaltic-type rock aquifers are expected to have very low Rn

       Metamorphic rocks - the original composition of the rock prior to metamorphism is a more important factor affecting the
       Rn content of groundwater than just the degree of metamorphism.

       Rn levels in crystalline rock aquifers are a function of the U content and distribution of the aquifer, but also the
       efficiency of transport of Rn from the solid into groundwater. The transport mechanisms are complex, but they result in
        crystalline rocks tending to have the highest Rn levels of all aquifer types, even when the aquifers have similar
       mineralogical composition and U content.
Final Draft                                         1-124                                            January 27,1999

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                                               Appendix I. Co-Occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID B4
 Notecardti  84-06
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Radon
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page#
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes The results of these studies have shown that the small public water supplies and private wells tenet to have the
       highest levels of Rn. This relationship is not due, however, to any functional relationship between system size and Rn
       concentrations, such as losses to aeration or decay thorough extensive distribution systems. Rather, the correlation
       reflects the relationship between system size and aquifer composition or rock type. The apparent relationship between
        Rn and system size is due to the fact that larger systems obtain groundwater from aquifer types that tend to have
       lower Rn than those that are used by smaller systems and domestic wells. For example, crystalline rock aquifers
       generally do not produce enough water to satisfy the needs of large water users, but smaller users could rely on such
        a source.
 Article ID 84
 Notecard# 84-05
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Radon
 Co-Occurrence? No
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page it                                                \
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Notes Rn is of unique concern as a natural radionudide in drinking water because it is a gas with no chemical affinities and a
       half-life of 3.8 days. Thus, Rn is not transported any significant distance in groundwater, and its concentration in a
       well sample is directly controlled by the lithology of the aquifer solids adjacent to the well.
 Article ID M
 Notecard* 84-04
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Radium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
 Notes 226Ra is easy to measure.
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page# 90
Co-Occurrence Notes radium, uranium
       The area with the highest 226Ra was in Illinois/Iowa, where the very old, dean sandstones were high in both Ra
       isotopes. The highest 226Ra measurements were associated with high TOS, due to desorption of 226Ra from the
       aquifer solids.
       The 226Ra content of groundwater from granitic aquifers was variable but could have a high mean.
       Limestone aquifers generally do not have elevated levels of 226Ra, except in Florida, where they are affected by the
       presence of phosphate deposits that are enriched in U. Studies have shown that elevated 226Ra is due to phosphate
       mineralization, with no significant differences in levels in similar mining versus unmined areas. 226Ra in limestone
       aquifers is affected by ionic strength of the water, with regional trends of increasing concentrations of 226Ra in wells
       with distance from the recharge zone and increases in TDS.
January 27,1999
       1-125
Final Draft

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Appendix I. Co-occurrence of Drinking Water Contaminants Literature Search
 Article ID B4
 Notecard # 84-03
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Radium
 Co-Occurrence? No
 Notes The aquifers that generally had high levels of 228Ra were as follows:
        1) Granitic rock aquifers
        2) Arkosic sand and sandstone aquifers
        3) Quartzose sandstone aquifers
Author Michel, Jacqueline
 Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page it
Co-Occurrence Notes
 Article ID 84
 Notecard'# 84-01
 Topic Other
 Constituent Radium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page if 84
Co-Occurrence Notes radium, radon
 Notes One conclusion from study of radionuclides in groundwater is that there is little correlation between Ra and Rn levels.
 Article ID M
 Notecard if 84-08
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Radon
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page if 93
Co-Occurrence Notes radon, uranium
 Notes The only other types of clastic aquifer having the potential for elevated Rn are those composed of arkosic sediments,
       especially those derived from the physical weathering of granites where the sediments have not been transported far
       from the granitic source. However, arkosic sediments are not really extensive and grade with distance into more
       mature sediments.
       Rn levels in groundwater from carbonate aquifers are generally low.  A notable exception is the phosphate mining
       region in central Florida, where U enrichment is associated with the phosphate deposits.
 Article ID M
 Notecard if 84-02
 Topic Factors Affecting Geochemistry
 Constituent Radium
 Co-Occurrence? Yes
Author Michel, Jacqueline
Title Relationship of Radium and Radon with Geological Formations
Date 1990
Page if
Co-Occurrence Notes radium, uranium
 Notes 228Ra is directly controlled by the distribution of Th in the aquifer solids, and the levels generally do not vary much
       within an aquifer. Where there has been no secondary enrichment of U, 228Ra is generally the dominant Ra isotope in
       solution, primarily due to the higher natural abundance of Th over U.
       The only water-quality parameter that shows any correlation with Ra is total dissolved solids (TDS). At TDS levels of
       greater than 1,000 ppm, particularly in clean, quartz sandstones, competition for the few available sorption sites on the
        aquifer solids is high, and Ra solubility is enhanced by the common-ion effect, a process by which absorbed Ra atoms
        can be replaced by more common ions in solution. However, this correlation has not been universal for 228Ra,
       particularly in Illinois.
Final Draft
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