Environmental Protectn
Office of Information
Resources Managemei
Washington DC 20460
Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication
A Guide to Selected Sources
Second Update
C OIVIIVI U N IC A TIO N
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Risk Assessment,
Management, Communication
ENVIRONMENTAL
A Guide to Selected Sources: PROTECTION
Second Update: August 1987
UBRMW
C OIVIIVI U N IC A TIO N
Office of Information
Resources Management
and
Headquarters Library
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
RISK ASSESSMENT 1
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 1
ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 3
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND
PHARMACOKINETICS 3
METHODS OF ESTIMATING AND MEASURING
RISK 4
HEALTH RISKS 9
GENERAL 9
CANCER 10
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE
EFFECTS 13
NEUROTOXICITY *
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT .. 14
HAZARDOUS WASTE 18
RADIATION 23
ECOLOGICAL RISK 28
CORPORATE RISK ASSESSMENT *
POLICY 29
LEGAL ASPECTS *
USES OF RISK ASSESSMENT *
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES ... 30
EPA INFORMATION SYSTEMS INVENTORY .. *
OFFICE OF PESTICIDES PROGRAM .. *
OFFICE OF RADIATION RESEARCH .. *
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT *
RISK MANAGEMENT 31
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 31
POLICY 34
LEGAL ASPECTS *
HEALTH RISKS *
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT ... 35
HAZARDOUS WASTE *
RADIATION 37
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 37
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT 38
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES 43
* Indicates that no references were found for
this section.
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RISK COMMUNICATION 45
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER 45
INFORMING THE PUBLIC 47
INFORMING THE WORKER 49
OTHER SOURCES *
ORGANIZATIONS *
MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES *
EDUCATION *
APPENDIX A *
EPA Regional Network for Risk Assessment/
Risk Management *
APPENDIX B *
EPA LIBRARIES *
APPENDIX C *
DATABASES SEARCHED *
11
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This second update to the Guide has been prepared
and reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). Due to the rapidly expanding field
of risk information, EPA cannot guarantee that all
relevant sources are cited. Publication does not
signify that the contents reflect the views of EPA
or that EPA endorses the coverage and scope of the
subject matter as comprehensive, complete, and
appropriate.
111
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INTRODUCTION
This second quarterly update to Risk Assessment, Management.
Communication: A Guide to Selected Sources contains references
gathered from the following databases: Toxline, Conference
Papers Index, ENVIROLINE, National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS),
ABI Inform, and Legal Resource Index. They cover the period
from January through June 1987.
The risk update series is subdivided into three major
sections: Assessment, Management, and Communication, consult
the Table of Contents for the categories included in each
major division. The citations are arranged alphabetically
by title. The Chemical Specific Risk Assessment and Chemical
Specific Risk Management subsections are grouped by chemical
name. Abstracts in the Assessment section have been shortened
or eliminated if the content of the article is refelected in
the title.
The EPA library network can assist EPA staff and EPA
contractors in obtaining materials. Reference copies of the
Guide and its updates are available at all EPA libraries.
For those outside of EPA, the Guide and updates are available
through NTIS at the following address:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
703-487-4650
Guide: PB87-185500
1st Update: PB87-203402/AS
Questions or comments concerning the Guide or updates
can be sent to:
Headquarters Library, PM-211A
Risk Update
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, B.C. 20460
v
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RISK
ASSESSMENT
.... IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT EVALUATES THE
POTENTIAL FOR OCCURRENCE OF ADVERSE EFFECT.
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE includes cross-media approach,
de minimis risk, and uncertainty in assessment.
ASSESSING CHEMICAL HAZARDS,
KENAGA EUGENE E.
ENV SCIENCE Sc TECHNOLOGY, JUL 86, V20, N7, P660(3)
JOURNAL ARTICLE CHEMICAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT INVOLVES
COMPARISONS OF THE MAGNITUDE AND DURATION OF CHEMICAL
CONCENTRATIONS IN VARIOUS SEGMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT. TESTING
IS CONDUCTED AT FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS UNDER A WEALTH OF
CONGRESSIONAL MANDATES. THE NEED FOR SUMMARIZING GENERATED
INFORMATION IS OBVIOUS AND REQUIRES AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
TO HAZARD EVALUATION. TO PERFORM MEANINGFUL TOXICITY TESTS,
SCIENTISTS MUST BE FAMILIAR WITH THE NATURAL HISTORY OF
TEST ORGANISMS AND VARIABLES CONCERNING CHEMICAL OCCURRENCE
AND PARTITIONING IN THE ENVIRONMENT. LETHAL DOSE, LETHAL
CONCENTRATION, NO-EFFECT CONCENTRATION, AND ACUTE-CHRONIC
TOXICITY RATIO CONCEPTS ARE EXAMINED, AS ARE DIVERSE PREDICTIVE
METHODS. (ENVL)
[Chemical] risk assessment - general principles
Lovell DP
Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc., Carshalton/Surrey
Toxic Hazard Assess. Chem.; 1986,207-22 (NLM)
Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, Vol. 5
Sasena J ; Editor
1987,436 pp.
Book chem hazard assessment Safety chem book;Safety Of chem.
(NLM)
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Indoor Air. Volume 6. Evaluations and Conclusions for Health
Sciences and Technology. Proceedings of the International
Conference (3rd) on Indoor Air Quality and Climate Held in
Stockholm on August 20-24, 1984 Swedish Council for Building
Research, Stockholm.
Sponsor: Commission of the European Communities,
Luxembourg.; Gas Research Inst., Chicago, IL.; Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC.; Electric Power Research
Inst., Palo Alto, CA.
PB87-108742/XAB
Report No.: 013:1986; ISBN-91-540-4582-7
1986 109p
See also PB85-104222. Sponsored by Commission of the
European Communities, Luxembourg, Gas Research Inst., Chicago,
IL., Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC., and
Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, CA.
Country of Publication: Sweden
Table of contents includes the following: Characterization
of indoor pollution and sources; Formaldehyde: Sources, methods
of analysis, exposure and health effects; Radon in dwellings:
Exposure and risk analysis; Air ions and electrical fields;
Fibres and particulates in the indoor environment; Passive
smoking and health effects; Microorganisms related to buildings;
The importance of indoor air pollution to personal exposures in
industrialized societies; The importance of indoor air
pollution to personal exposures in developing countries;
Epidemiological studies of health disorders related to housing;
Odors and sensory irritants: Effects on health and comfort;
Allergies and other hypersensitivity reactions to indoor
pollutants; Indoor thermal climate: Requirements for comfort,
health and performance; Ventilation criteria: Biological demands
and formulation of standards; Building performance assessment;
Technical solutions to providing adequate indoor air quality
and thermal climate; Sick buildings: Physical and psychosocial
features, effects on humans and preventive measures; Policy
and regulatory issues; The 'sick1 building syndrome. (NTIS)
Risk assessment and comparisons: an introduction.
Wilson R ; Crouch EA
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.
Science; VOL 236, ISS 4799, 1987, P267-70
Risk assessment is presented as a way of examining risks so that
they may be better avoided, reduced, or otherwise managed. Risk
implies uncertainty, so that risk assessment is largely concerned
with uncertainty and hence with a concept of probability that is
hard to grasp. The results of even the simplest risk assessments
need to be compared with similar assessments of commonplace
situations to give them some meaning. We compare and contrast
some risk estimates to display their similarities and
differences. (NLM)
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Risk assessment and control decisions for protecting drinking
water quality
Cotruvo JA
Off. Drinking Water, U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington
Ady._ Chem.. Ser..; VOL 214, ISS Org. Pollut. Water, 1987,693-733
(NLM)
RISK ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL APPLICATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
LINCOLN D
SAXENA, J. (ED.). HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICALS, VOL. 5.
XV+436P. HEMISPHERE PUBLISHING CORP.: CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND; NEW
YORK, N.Y., USA. ILLUS. ISBN 0-89116-450-2.; 0 (0). 1987.
199-232. (NLM)
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ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
HYDROLYTIC STABILITY OF CHEMICALS: A COMPARISON OF EPA AND
OECD PROTOCOLS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR A COMBINED UNIVERSAL METHOD
GRAYSON B. T.
SHELL RESEARCH LTD, UK,
PESTICIDE SCIENCE, 1986, V17, P277(10)
JOURNAL ARTICLE RECENT EPA AND OECD GUIDELINES FOR
DETERMINING THE RATE OF HYDROLYSIS OF CHEMICALS ARE
CONTRASTED. (ENVL)
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QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND PHARMACOKINETICS includes
clinical and physiological pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism,
acceptable dail intake (ADI), quantitative structure-activity
relationship (QSAR), dose-response relationship.
The merits of quantitative risk assessment vs. TLV approaches to
on-criteria pollutant standards
Hui SP ; Batchelder JB Jr ; Dawson SV
California Air Resour. Board, Sacramento
Proc. APCA Annu^ Meet.; VOL 79th, ISS Vol. 5, 1986,86/72.5, 12
pp.
A review with 22 refs. in which quant, risk assessment of toxic
air pollutants was compared with the TLV (Threshold Limit Value)
method with respect to human. (NLM)
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A quantitative risk assessment approach for accidental releases
of toxic air pollutants from transportation of hazardous
substances
Doyle R; Lathrop J
Proc APCA Anrvu^ Meet.; VOL 79th, ISS Vol. 1, 1986,86/14.5, 16
pp. (NLM)
**********
METHODS OF ESTIMATING AND MEASURING RISK
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF LONG-TERM RODENT STUDIES AND
ATTENDANT PROBLEMS OF RISK ASSESSMENT
YOUNG SS
LLOYD, W. E. (ED.). SAFETY EVALUATION OF DRUGS AND CHEMICALS;
SYMPOSIUM, AMES, IOWA, USA, JUNE 1-4, 1981. XVIII+487P.
HEMISPHERE PUBLISHING CORP.: NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA; LONDON,
ENGLAND (DIST. OUTSIDE THE USA BY MCGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL BOOK
CO.: AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND; LONDON, ENGLAND). ILLUS. ISBN
0-89116-352-2.; 0 (0). 1986. 385-404. (NLM)
DOSE-DAMAGE THRESHOLD INFORMATION AND AN ATMOSPHERIC
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE,
JAKEMAN A. J. ; GREENWAY M. A. ; SIMPSON R. W.
AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, AUSTRALIA,
CLEAN AIR IN AUSTRALIA, FEB 86, V20, Nl, P7(7)
JOURNAL ARTICLE AIR POLLUTION DOSE-DAMAGE DATA ARE
REVIEWED FOR IDENTIFYING THE RISKS OF AMBIENT AIR POLLUTANTS TO
TARGET RECEPTORS IN THE INDUSTRIALIZED HUNTER REGION OF
AUSTRALIA. THERE IS, IN GENERAL, A SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN MAXIMUM
AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND SPECIFIED DAMAGES IN THE REGION.
CONCENTRATION MAXIMA ARE PREDICTED AND DAMAGES ARE DISCUSSED
FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE, PARTICULATES, FLUORIDES, NITROGEN DIOXIDE,
AND OXIDANTS. THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANT COMBINATIONS ON
HUMAN HEALTH, MATERIALS, AND VEGETATION ARE ALSO ANALYZED.
(ENVL)
Fault Tree Analysis of Nuclear Power Plants, Components
and Systems. 1975-January 1987
(Citations from the INSPEC: Information Services for the Physics
and Engineering Communities Database)
(Rept. for 1975-Jan 87)
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
PB87-854410/XAB
Jan 87 32p
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This bibliography contains citations concerning risk
assessment, reliability analysis, failure analysis, and safety
studies of nuclear power plant components and systems using
fault tree analysis methods. Faults caused by components, human
error, environmental considerations, and common mode failures
are presented. Various systems and components are analyzed
including high pressure safety injection, auxiliary
feedwater, instrumentation, emergency core flooding and
cooling, and steam generator tubing. (Contains 56 citations fully
indexed and including a title list.) (NTIS)
HAZARD: an expert system for risk assessment of environmental
chemicals.
Gottinger HW
Methods Inf Med; VOL 26, ISS 1, 1987, P13-23
Keywords: Carcinogens, Environmental *ADVERSE EFFECTS, Drug
Screening Expert Systems *, Human, Risk, Structure-Activity
Relationship (NLM)
Lognormal model for health risk assessment of fluctuating
concentrations.
Saltzman BE
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; VOL 48, ISS 2, 1987, P140-9
Health risk assessments of exposures to harmful materials
increasingly are required because of legal and economic
pressures. An important part of the procedure is the mathematical
model for the dose-effects relationship. If a linear no-threshold
relationship is assumed, then the mean of fluctuating
concentrations may be used for the calculation of health risk.
But the widely used PEL and TLV values assume a threshold
relationship. For this and for nonlinear relationships the
calculation with the use of the mean concentration is inaccurate,
because higher concentrations produce disproportionately higher
effects. An appropriate mathematical model based upon lognormal
concentrations and probit effects is proposed. Rather than
monitoring concentrations for unlikely high values, the method
requires estimation of their geometric mean and geometric
standard deviation. A health risk assessment than may be
calculated simply and conveniently from the charts and tables
provided. The method clarifies some issues and the specifics of
utilizing and improving the required data. The model should be
useful for assessing health risks from fluctuating concentrations
of most toxic compounds. (NLM)
Mutagens in water sources: detection and risk assessment
Tye RJ
J^ Inst. Water Eng. Sci.; VOL 40, ISS 6, 1986,541-8
A review with 22 refs. on short-term tests for mutagenicity of
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water borne chems. (NLM)
Playing the Odds
Johnston, Robert E.
Infosystems v34n4 PP: 32-37 Apr 1987
Automated risk analysis software can help avoid gambling
on system vulnerability. Applying risk analysis, a respected but
rarely used process, is not unlike writing a computer program. If
the user leaves out a critical element, the process will not
work. Risk analysis was hailed as the savior of computer
security in the early 1970s. In 1984, the first
microcomputer-based risk analysis packages appeared. Whether the
product is micro- or mainframe-based, however, the problem
remains the same as before automation of the process: it
often demands more effort than more conventional processes.
The risk analysis process can be divided into 4 components: 1.
identification of risks, 2. identification of threats, 3.
recognition of vulnerabilities, and 4. documentation of
controls. Several packages are described. For example, the
Bayesian Decision Support System is a flexible, detailed, or
summary-level process that reduces the effort normally associated
with quantitative risk analysis. Tables. (ABI)
Risk assessment and food safety: a scientist's and regulator's
view.
Scheuplein, Robert J.
Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal 42 n2 237-250 April 1987
illustration; graph; chart (LRI)
RISK ASSESSMENT IN PRACTICE: BHOPAL,
SLATER D. H.
TECHNICA LTD,
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN AUSTRALIA, MAR 86, Vll, Nl, P12(5)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE UNION
CARBIDE PLANT IN BHOPAL, INDIA, IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF MANY OTHER
CHEMICAL PLANTS. ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES ARE BEING SOUGHT FOR
INCORPORATION IN THE DESIGN PROCESS OF CHEMICAL PLANTS. THE
QUESTION OF WHETHER AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY WOULD HAVE MADE A
DIFFERENCE IN BHOPAL IS ADDRESSED BY APPLYING STANDARD RISK
ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY TO THE PLANT. SIMULATION MODELING INDICATES
A LOGICAL SEQUENCE OF FAILURES AND CONSEQUENCES WHICH
EXPLAIN THE EVENTS AT BHOPAL. THE SUCCESS IN SIMULATING THE
OBSERVED EFFECTS IS FURTHER SUPPORT FOR USING NUMERICAL RISK
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AS AN AID TO DESIGN, SITING, AND
CONTINGENCY MEASURES FOR MAJOR HAZARD INSTALLATIONS. (ENVL)
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Risk assessment of trace element emissions from an urban
oil-fired power plant
Sapperstein MD
Piss. Abstr. Int. B 1986, 47(4), 1473; 1986,125 pp.
Screening the potential risks of toxic substances using a
multimedia compartment model: estimation of human exposure
McKone TE ; Layton DW
Environ. Sci. Div., Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore
Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.; VOL 6, ISS 4, 1986,359-80
A multimedia compartment model that was developed for screening
toxic substances is described. This model, referred to as
GEOTOX,usesa combination of phys., chem.,and landscape
propertiestoestablish the partitioning, reaction, and
interphase-transportcharacteristicsofachem. These
properties are used to est. concns. in the air, soil, water, and
food of a representative or generic environment. These concns.
are used in exposure-pathway models to calc. the quantities
absorbed by humans; then, dose-response data are used to est.
health risks. The capability of GEOTOX as a screening tool is
illustrated in a sample ranking of 3 chem. [i.e.,
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (I) [118-96-7],
hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine [121-82-4], and benzene
[71-43-2] being continuously added to the upper-soil compartment.
Ranking based on both toxic potency and environmental fate can
enhance the risk-management process when compared to ranking
based on toxic potency alone. (NLM)
STARA (Studies on Toxicity Applicable to Risk Assessment)
Toxicity Data Base
(Environmental research brief)
Farren, C. B. ; Hertzberg, R. C.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office.
PB87-117412/ZAB
Report No.: EPA/6OO/M-86/016
Sep 86 9p
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a
toxicity data base to aid in the development of risk assessment
methodologies and the assessment of health hazards from
hazardous waste sites and chemical spills. The data base
currently contains detailed animal toxicity data on nearly
200 chemicals and epidemiologic data on 30 chemicals. All
relevant publications and original research articles
describing the toxicity of a specific chemical were examined.
Useful dose-effect data were extracted and encoded, and entered
into EPA's IBM computer. Graphic summaries are generated by
plotting exposure level vs. exposure duration. Statistical
models to calculate human equivalent dose and duration have been
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programmed into the data base so that data on several
species can be displayed on a single graph. (NTIS)
TECHNIQUES AND MODELS TO ESTIMATE THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF
CONTROLLING TOXIC SYBSTANCES EMITTED FROM COAL-FIRED POWER
PLANTS,
EPRI REPORT EA-4490, MAR 86 (156)
ASSN REPORT MODELS AND DATA APPROPRIATE FOR HEALTH RISK
ANALYSIS WEREANALYZED FOR THEIR APPLICATION TO HEALTH BENEFITS
ESTIMATION OF CONTROLLING COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT TOXIC
EMISSIONS. A RISK FRAMEWORK DEVELOPED TRACES THE TOXIC
POLLUTANT FROM ITS SOURCE AT THE POWER PLANT THROUGH VARIOUS
ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA TO EXPOSURE TO THE PUBLIC. IT CAN BE USED
WITH SUITABLE MODIFICATIONS TO ANALYZE EITHER POLLUTANT
CONTROL OPTIONS FOR A SPECIFIC FACILITY OR FOR CONTROL
SCHEMES FOR POWER PLANTS IN GENERAL. RISK ASSESSMENT
MODELS USED FOR DETERMINING HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS ARE DESCRIBED,
AS ARE WAYS OF BALANCING HEALTH RISKS AGAINST THE COSTS OF
CONTROLLING THE POLLUTANT. (NTIS)
Urban air toxics exposure and risk assessment - a modeling
approach
Liu CS ; Yan S ; Anderson GE : Lunberg G
Proc^ - APCA Annu^ Meet^; VOL 79th, ISS Vol. 1, 1986,86/14.4, 10
pp.
Toxic air pollutant exposure model, Urban air pollution exposure
model,-Air pollution By toxic compds., population exposure to and
health risks from, assessment of, model for, in South Coast Air
Basin of California Urban;Carcinogens Air pollution by, exposure
to and health risks from, assessment of, model for, in South
Coast Air Basin of California;Health hazard From exposure to
toxic chems., assessment of, model for, in South Coast Air Basin
of California (NLM)
Use of biomarkers in risk assessment
Hart, R.W.
As s_o cd_ a t d. o n of_ C3J.n i.ca 1. S_ci.enti.s_ts 7^9_th Meeting 8640170
Atlanta, GA (USA) 13-16 Nov 1986
Association of Clinical Scientists
Institute for Clinical Science, 230 N. Broad Street, Room
14301 NCB, Philadelphia, PA 19102 (USA), Price: $75.00
(institutions); $50.00 (individuals) (CPI)
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HEALTH RISKS
GENERAL
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Discussion (Research Issues to Facilitate Risk Assessment of
Toxic Air Pollutants).
Graham JA
Govt Reports Announcements ^ Index (GRA&I), Issue 05, 1987
NTIS/PB87-115671, 6p
EPA/600/J-83/353
Given the excellence of the 'Critical Review of Toxic Air
Pollutants', the discussion will expand on a few points raised by
Dr. Goldstein rather than critique his comments. Because Dr.
Goldstein and the other discussants have addressed carcinogenesis
issues so well, the author will limit her comments to
noncarcinogenic endpoints. Focus is placed on health research
elements which feed into risk assessment using the basic premise
that a risk assessment can be no better than the data being
assessed. The discussion will be organized according to the
elements of research risk assessment and risk management
described by Dr. Goldstein and the National Academy of Sciences
panel. Dr. Goldstein's convention of TAP, standing for Toxic Air
Pollutants, will be used. Journal article, Pub. in Jnl. of the
Air Pollution Control Association 33, n9 p837-840 Sep 83.
(NLM)
Health risk assessment of chemical mixtures
Mehlman MA ; Witz G
Z^oc^ ~ APCA Annu_^ Meet.; VOL 79th, ISS Vol. 1, 1986,86/13.6, 17
pp. (NLM)
Theoretical background of carcinogenic risk assessment of
chemical substances.
Hayama T
Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu; VOL 9, ISS 9, 1986,544-9
A review and discussion with 3 refs., on the title study,
discussing in vivo handling of toxic substances, mechanism of
chem. carcinogens, carcinogenic assessment of chem. substances,
differences in response of bioorganisms to chem. substances, and
methods for evaluation of permissible concn. of chem. substances.
(NLM)
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HEALTH RISKS
CANCER ....includescarcinogenesis, carcinogens,
carcinogenicity, genetics, epidemiology, and multi-media
exposure.
Assessment of the risk of formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso
compounds from dietary precursors in the stomach.
Shephard SE ; Schlatter C ; Lutz WK
Institute of Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
Food Chem Toxicol; VOL 25, ISS 1, 1987, P91-108
A literature review has shown that the daily intakes of various
N-nitroso-precursor classes in a typical European diet span five
orders of magnitude. Amides in the form of protein, and
guanidines in the form of creatine and creatinine, are the
nitrosatable groups found most abundantly in the diet,
approaching levels of 100 g/day and 1 g/day, respectively.
Approximately 100 mg of primary amines and amino acids are
consumed daily, whereas aryl amines, secondary amines and ureas
appear to lie in the 1-10 mg range. The ease of nitrosation of
each precursor was estimated, the reactivities being found to
span seven orders of magnitude, with ureas at the top and amines
at the bottom of the scale. From this information and an
assessment of the carcinogenicity of the resulting N-nitroso
derivatives, the potential health risk due to gastric in vivo
nitrosation was calculated. (NLM)
Assessment of unscheduled and replicative DNA synthesis in rat
kidney cells exposed in vitro or in vivo to unleaded gasoline.
Loury DJ ; Smith-Oliver T ; Butterworth BE
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Department of Genetic
Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; VOL 87, ISS 1, 1987, P127-40 (NLM)
Cancer risk assessment and government regulation to protect
public health
Scroggin, D.G.
American Chemical Society 192nd Meeting 8630396 Anaheim,
CA (USA) 7-12 Sep 1986
American Chemical Society (ACS)
ACS Distribution Office, 210, 1155 16th Street, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20036 (USA). Telephone: (202) 872-4405,
Contact specific authors of specific papers for copies of
entire papers. ACS will publish a book of abstracts. Price:
$34.00 (CPI)
10
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Identification and comparative risk assessment of airborne
carcinogens from combustion sources
Lewtas J ; Nishioka MG ; Petersen BA
Report; ISS EPA/600/D-86/013; Order No. PB86-145786/GAR,, 1986,54
pp. (NLM)
Mechanisms of DNA Damage and Repair: Implications for
Careinogenesis and Risk Assessment.
Basic Life Sciences, Vol. 38
Simic MG ; Grossman L ; Upton AC ; Editors
[Proceedings of a Symposium Held June 2-7, 1985 in Gaithersburg,
Md.] 1986,578 pp. (NLM)
NEW APPROACHES IN RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CARCINOGENS,
PERERA FREDERICA
COLUMBIA UNIV,
RISK ANALYSIS, 1986, V6, N2, P195(7)
JOURNAL ARTICLE METHODS ARE NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE
ABILITY OF BIOMONITORING AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES TO
IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CARCINOGENIC HAZARDS AND TO QUANTIFY
HUMAN RISK. THE LIMITATIONS OF PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS CAN
BE MITIGATED BY THE DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF MOLECULAR MARKERS
OF BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE OF CARCINOGEN. PARALLEL ANIMAL
AND HUMAN STUDIES ARE RECOMMENDED AS A MEANS OF VALIDATING
THESE MARKERS. THE USE OF DNA ADDUCTS AS INDICATORS OF
BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE IS CONSIDERED. (ENVL)
Occupational risks for meningiomas of the CNS in Sweden.
McLaughlin JK ; Thomas TL ; Stone BJ ; Blot WJ ; Malker HS ;
Wiener JA ; Ericsson JL ; Malker BK
J Occup Med; VOL 29, ISS 1, 1987, P66-8
Using the Cancer-Environment Registry of Sweden, which links
cancer incidence (1961 to 1979) with census information (1960)
for all employed individuals in Sweden, a systematic,
population-based assessment was made of the occurrence of
meningiomas of the CNS according to industrial and occupational
classifications. Statistically significant standardized incidence
ratios (SIR) between 5 and 6 for meningioma were observed among
glass, porcelain, or ceramic workers of both sexes. SIRs of
similar magnitude were also found for men employed in the
headwear fabrication and book publishing industries.
Significantly elevated two- to three-fold risks were observed for
men employed in health care, railroad and trolley construction,
sheet and plate metal fabrication, and as moving equipment
operators. Some of the findings of this descriptive survey may
have arisen as a result of multiple comparisons, but several are
11
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consistent with earlier observations for brain cancer from other
countries and deserve further study. (NLM)
Occupational risks for renal cancer in Sweden.
McLaughlin JK ; Malker HS ; Stone BJ ; Weiner JA ; Malker BK
Ericsson JL ; Blot WJ ; Fraumeni JF Jr
Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,
Maryland 20892.
Br J Ind Med; VOL 44, ISS 2, 1987, P119-23 (NLM)
RELATIVE POTENCY OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS IN RODENTS,
GAYLOR DAVID W. ; CHEN JAMES J.
NATL CENTER FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH, AR,
RISK ANALYSIS, 1986, V6, N3, P283(8)
JOURNAL ARTICLE CARCINOGENESIS DATA COMPILED FOR 770
COMPOUNDS TESTED IN 2944 CHRONIC BIOASSAYS IN ANIMALS
PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY TO COMPARE CANCER RATES ACROSS ANIMAL
SPECIES. COMPARISONS DISCUSSED ARE RESTRICTED TO THE MOST
FREQUENTLY TESTED SPECIES: RATS, MICE, AND HAMSTERS. THE RATIO OF
THE MINIMUM TD50, THE CHRONIC DOSE RATE WHICH HALVES THE
PERCENTAGE OF TUMOR-FREE ANIMALS AT THE END OF AN EXPERIMENT,
PROVIDES A MEASURE OF THE RELATIVE POTENCY BETWEEN TWO SPECIES
FOR EACH COMPOUND ADMINISTERED. THE GEOMETRIC MEANS OF THE
RATIOS OF MINIMUM TD50S FOR RATS:MICE ARE 1/2.2 AND 1/1.3 FOR
DIET AND GAVAGE, RESPECTIVELY. IN GENERAL, THE MINIMUM TD50 IS
LOWEST FOR THE RAT AND HIGHEST FOR THE HAMSTER. (ENVL)
Risk assessment and evaluation of chemical carcinogens—present
and future strategies.
Henschler D
Institut f:ur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universitzat,
W:urzburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol; VOL 113, ISS 1, 1987, Pl-7 (NLM)
12
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HEALTH RISKS
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS includes
development and reproductive effects; embryo and fetal effects,
fertility, exposure during pregnancy, teratogenicity, mutagenesis
and mutagenicity; genetics and carcinogenesis; and neoplasia.
INTERAGENCY REGULATORY LIAISON GROUP WORKSHOP ON
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY RISK ASSESSMENT,
ENV HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, APR 86, V66, P193(29)
JOURNAL ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS OF A WORKSHOP HELD IN ROCKVILLE,
MD, DURING SEPTEMBER 21-23, 1981, FOCUSING ON THE
EVALUATION OF DATA FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN REPRODUCTIVE
TOXICOLOGY ARE COMPILED. PROCEDURES AVAILABLE FOR ASSESSING RISK
FROM AVAILABLE HUMAN AND ANIMAL DATA WERE DISCUSSED, AS WAS
INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND ITS USE
IN INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA TO HELP EXPLAIN
INTERSPECIES VARIATION IN RESPONSE. EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON
ENDPOINTS OF TERATOGENICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY, AND THE
ROLE OF PHARMACOKINETICS IN REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH. EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS FOR COLLECTION OF
DATA AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DATA ARE
OUTLINED. (ENVL)
Intragenomic heterogeneity in DNA damage processing: potential
implications for risk assessment
Hanawalt PC
Basic Life Sci.; VOL 38, ISS Mech. DNA Damage Repair, 1986,489-98
A review with 45 refs. on 3 examples of intragenomic
heterogeneity in DNA repair in mammalian genomes. (NLM)
13
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
BENZENE
Benzene and leukemia. An epidemiologic risk assessment.
Rinsky RA ; Smith AB ; Hornung R ; Filloon TG ; Young RJ ; Okun
AH ; Landrigan PJ
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division
of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies,
Cincinnati, OH 45226.
N Engl J Med; VOL 316, ISS 17, 1987, P1044-50
To assess quantitatively the association between benzene exposure
and leukemia, we examined the mortality rate of a cohort with
occupational exposure to benzene. Cumulative exposure for each
cohort member was estimated from historical air-sampling data
and, when no sampling data existed, from interpolation on the
basis of existing data. (NLM)
CADMIUM
Logistic Regression Analysis of Cadmium-Induced Renal
Abnormalities
Ellis, K. J. ; Yuen, K. ; Cohn, S. H.
Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
DE86014174/XAB
Report No.: BNL-38374; CONF-860297-1
Feb 86 20p
International cadmium conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1 Feb
1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Contract No.: AC02-76CH00016
Cases of renal dysfunction associated with cadium exposure
have been reported in Belgium, Great Britian, Japan, United
States, and Sweden. Indirect estimates of body burden were
often based on the measurement of environmental exposure
conditions or on tissue concentrations in urine, blood,
saliva, or hair clippings. More recently, however, the direct
in vivo assessment of liver and kidney cadmium burden in humans
has provided additional data. Sufficient data on humans does
exist, however, to make reasonable estimates of the increased
risk for cadmium-induced renal dysfunction. In the present
paper, a linear logistic regression model has been developed on
the basis of liver and kidney cadmium burden. These
relationships are discussed with respect to the concept of
a critical concentration for the renal cortex. 14 refs., 3
figs., 2 tabs. (ERA citation 11:048902) (NTIS)
14
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DIETHYLNITROSAMINE
Molecular dosimetry of O4-ethyldeoxythymidine in rats
continuously exposed to diethylnitrosamine.
Boucheron JA ; Richardson FC ; Morgan PH ; Swenberg JA
Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chemical Industry Institute
of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Cancer Res; VOL 47, ISS 6, 1987, P1577-81
There is considerable interest in incorporating mechanistically
based biological data into the process of quantitative risk
assessment. Presently, no adequate data bases for internal
dosimeters, such as DNA adducts, exist for humans or experimental
animals. (NLM)
DIOXIN
Acute toxicity in the guinea pig and in vitro "dioxin-like:
activity of the environmental contaminant 1,2,4,5,7,8-hexachloro
(9H)xanthene.
DeCaprio AP ; Briggs R ; Gierthy JF ; Kim JC ; Kleopfer RD
J Toxicol Environ Health; VOL 20, ISS 3, 1987, P241-8
A number of sites in the state of Missouri have been contaminated
with polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans as a result
of improper waste-oil application for dust control. In addition
to these compounds, relatively high levels of
l,2,4,5,7,8-hexachloro(9H)xanthene (1,2,4,5,7,8-HCX), a
by-product of hexachlorophene manufacture, were also detected.
Unlike the dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, no animal toxicity
data are available on the chlorinated xanthenes. (NLM)
A critical examination of assumptions used in risk assessments of
dioxin contaminated soil.
Paustenbach DJ ; Shu HP ; Murray FJ
Syntex Inc., Palo Alto, California 94303.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol; VOL 6, ISS 3, 1986, P284-307
Environmental standards for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(dioxin, TCDD) are currently being considered by regulatory
agencies worldwide. Among these are limits for tap water, soil at
industrial sites, residential soil, fish, ambient air, and fly
ash. Thus far, in the United States, no standards have been
promulgated but a few have been suggested. This paper critically
evaluates several aspects of previously proposed approaches to
setting limits for TCDD in residential soil and soil within
industrial sites. (NLM)
15
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Dioxin emissions from modern, mass fired, stoker/boilers for use
in waste-to-energy risk assessments
Hahn JL
Proc^ Z APCA Annu_._ Meet^; VOL 79th, ISS Vol. 3, 1986,86/50.12, 8
pp.
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin emission
waste incineration Dibenzofuran emission waste incineration
boiler,-Air pollution By polychlorinated dibenzo>-p-dioxins and
dibenzofurans, from municipal solid waste incineration, in
waste-to-energy plants;Firing of furnaces With municipal solid
wastes, in waste-to-energy plants, polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emissions from;Flue gases From
incineration of municipal solid wastes, in waste-to-energy
plants, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran
emissions from;Waste solids Incineration of, in waste-to-energy
plants, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran
emissions from, risk assessment in relation to Municipal refuse
(NLM)
DIOXINS AND FURANS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: EVALUATING TOXICOLOGICAL
RISK FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES BY MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS,
HUTZINGER 0. ; BERG M. V. ; OLIE K. ; OPPERHUIZEN A. ; SAFE S.
UNIV OF BAYREUTH, W GERMANY,
DIOXINS IN THE ENV (HEMISPHERE) REPORT, 1985, P9(22)
BOOK BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO
POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS (PCDDS) AND DIFURANS (PCDFS) ARE
SIGNIFICANT. KEY SOURCES OF PCDDS AND PCDFS ARE IDENTIFIED
AS CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, COMBUSTION, AND WASTE
DISPOSAL SITES. COMMON BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIC EFFECTS ARE
SUMMARIZED. THE USE OF IN VITRO BIOASSAYS IS DISCUSSED AS A
METHOD OF HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR THESE COMPOUNDS. THE
PROBLEM OF JUDGING SEVERAL PCDD/PCDF POLLUTION SOURCES USING
A NUMBER OF UNRELATED CRITERIA CAN BE APPROACHED BY APPLYING
MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY. THE ELECTRE TECHNIQUE FOR
RANKING AND SELECTING ALL SOURCES IS EXPLAINED. (ENVL)
LEAD
Gasoline Lead in Urban and Rural Play Areas
LaBelle, S. J.
Argonne National Lab., IL. Center for Transportation Research.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
DE86014594/XAB
Report NO.: CONF-8605179-1
1986 24p
World conference on transport research, Vancouver, Canada, 12
May 1986.
Contract No.: W-31-109-ENG-38
16
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Leaded gasoline used as fuel for automobiles and trucks
has been implicated as a source of lead that eventually reaches
small children. Lead has deleterious effects on cognitive
development of pre-school age children. Although allowable
levels of lead in gasoline were reduced 90% on January 1, 1986,
in the US, lead previously accumulated in soil will remain.
Measurements of surface soil lead in Illinois play areas
revealed higher accumulations in center city and suburban
areas than in much less densely settled urban and rural areas
outside the Chicago area (downstate llinois). The results of
the soil analysis in this study do not address the larger
question of pathways for child-lead ingestion and consequent
health effects. However, based on results of the study in the
Chicago area, other high traffic suburban areas may wish to
consider review of their soils. Risk assessment has not been
undertaken, but may be the next step in determining the extent
of hazard posed to small children from surface cumulations of
lead. (ERA citation 11:052042) (NTIS)
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and the risk assessment
process for methylene chloride
Andersen ME ; Clewell HJ II ; Gargas ML ; Smith FA ; Reitz RH
Biochem. Toxicol. Branch, Armstrong Aerosp. Med. Res. Lab.,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.; VOL 87, ISS 2, 1987,185-205
Methylene chloride (DCM) [75-09-2] is metabolized by 2 pathways;
1 dependent on oxidn. by mixed-function oxidase (MFO) [9040-60-
2] and the other dependent on glutathione S-transferase (GST)
[50812-37-8]. A physiol. based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model
based on knowledge of these pathways was used to describe the
metab. of DCM in 4 mammalian species (mouse, rat, hamster, and humans)
(NLM)
GENERAL
Aerosols: Research, Risk Assessment and Control Strategies.
Lee SD ; Schneider T ; Grant LD ; Verkerk PJ ; Editors
[Proceedings of the 2nd U.S.-Dutch International Symposium,
Williamsburg, Va., May 19-25, 1985]
1986, 1221 pp. (CPI)
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WORST CASE ANALYSIS STUDY ON FOREST PLANTATION HERBICIDE USE,
WASHINGTON DEPT NATURAL RESOURCES REPORT, MAY 86 (9)
STATE/LOCAL GOVT REPORT THE LIKELIHOOD AND SEVERITY OF
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS FROM SEVEN HERBICIDES
ARE ANALYZED UNDER CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR AERIAL
APPLICATION IN WASHINGTON FORESTS. ELEMENTS OF UNCERTAINTY
INHERENT IN THE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT, HAZARD ASSESSMENT, AND
RISK CHARACTERIZATION PROCESSES ARE DISCUSSED. VARIOUS
ELEMENTS OF UNCERTAINTY ARE ADDRESSED BY CONDUCTING A WORST
CASE ANALYSIS. HIGHEST ESTIMATED CANCER RISKS FROM
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES ARE DETERMINED FOR HERBICIDE LOADERS.
WORST CASE ESTIMATES OF CANCER RISK RANGE FROM 40 PER TRILLION
FOR PICLORAM TO 0.1 PER MILLION FOR ATRAZINE. MARGINS OF SAFETY
FOR SYSTEMIC, REPRODUCTIVE, AND TERATOGENIC EFFECTS RANGE FROM
22 TO OVER 100,000. (NTIS)
**********
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Analysis of the issues related to sea dumping of radioactive
wastes.
Bewers, J. M. and C. J. R. Garrett.
Marine Policy 11:105-24 Ap '87, tables
History of regulation through the London Dumping Convention;
oceanographic and radiological bases for risk assessment. (PAIS)
Are Resource Recovery Plants the Answer to Local Waste
Problems?
Anonymous
Public Utilities Fortnightly vll8n!2 PP: 53-55 Dec 11, 1986
AVAILABILITY: Public Utilities Reports, Inc., Rosslyn
Center Bldg., Suite 2100, 1700 Moore St., Arlington, VA 22209
In California in the 1970s, resource recovery projects,
which burn municipal solid waste to run a generator providing
electricity, held great promise for conservation. However,
refuse was readily disposed of into landfills, and no
resource recovery projects were built. With increasing scarcity
of available land, proposals for resource recovery plants are
reappearing. There are 2 major types of resource recovery
plants -- mass burn and refuse-derived fuel. One mass-burn
facility, the San Diego energy recovery project in southern
California, will process 2,300 tons of trash a day and produce
60 megawatts of power. The Bay area resource recovery project,
a refuse-derived facility, will process 2,750 tons of solid waste
a day and produce 78 megawatts of power. The permitting
process included project description, environmental impact
assessment, and public health risk assessment. (ABI)
18
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Assessing Exposure to Toxic Substances from Land Disposal of
Hazardous Wastes
Fingleton, D. J. ; Oezkaynak, H. ; Burbank, B. ; Finkel, A. M.
; Cadena, F.
Argonne National Lab., IL. Energy and Environmental Systems
Div.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
DE86014567/XAB
Report No.: CONF-860606-17
1986 22p
Air Pollution Control Association annual meeting and
exhibition, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 22 Jun 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Contract No.: W-31-109-ENG-38
The paper examines key model components and uncertainties
generic to most quantitative methods used in assessing exposure
risks to toxic substances disposed of in landfills. The
analysis is based on the framework proposed by EPA for
deriving screenings levels for certain dioxin or solvent
containing hazardous wastes. (ERA citation 11:052040) (NTIS)
Criteria for Identifying Areas of Vulnerable Hydrogeology under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Appendix D.
Development of Vulnerability Criteria Based on Risk Assessments
and Theoretical Modeling.
Anon
NTIS/PB86-224995
Govt Reports Announcements ^ Index (GRA&I), Issue 22, 1986
Appendix D identifies the three routes of exposure to
contaminated ground water. It includes analysis of the
theoretical considerations affecting plume concentration,
discharge, plume size, and TOT. Case studies are used to
illustrate the three exposure pathways and to illustrate risk
assessment methods. Interim rept. (Final). See also
PB86-224987. (NLM)
Exposure and risk assessment of toxic waste in a multimedia
context
McKone TE ; Layton DW
Proc_._ - APCA Annu_._ Meet^; VOL 79th, ISS Vol. 1, 1986,86/12.1, 16
pp.
Toxic waste exposure risk assessment, Modeling toxic waste risk
assessment;Organic compounds Wastes contg., exposure to, risk
assessment of, model for;Process simulation Of transport and
transformation, of toxic components of wastes
Physicochemical;Wastes Exposure to, risk assessment of, model for
Toxic (NLM)
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Indigenous mammals as indicators of environmental pollution and
potential health risk at chemical waste dumps
Charters DW ; Christian JJ
Hazard Assess. Chem.; VOL 5,, 1987,171-97
Review mammal indicator environmental pollution Health risk
assessment chem review Indigenous mammal pollution indicator
review;Environmental pollution Chem. waste dumps in, health risk
assessment of, indigenous mammals in;Health hazard Of chem. waste
sites, assessment of, indigenous mammals as indicators of;Mammal
As indicator of environmental pollution at chem. waste
sites;Wastes Health risk assessment of, indigenous mammals in,
environmental pollution in relation to Chem. (NLM)
PROBLEMS AND RESPONSIBILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH HAZARDOUS
WASTE AT THE STATE LEVEL,
HESSE JOHN L. ; RUDOLPH RICHARD ; RECTOR DELBERT
MICHIGAN DEPT PUBLIC HEALTH,
J ENV HEALTH, JAN-FEB 86, V48, N4, P186(4)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE STATE OF MICHIGAN HAS BEEN VERY
ACTIVE IN IDENTIFYING, EVALUATING, AND RESOLVING HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS. THE STATE'S 1982 ENV. RESPONSE ACT PROVIDES
A DISPOSAL SITE RANKING SYSTEM BASED ON RELATIVE RISK, AND A
FUNDING MECHANISM TO ADDRESS NEEDED RESPONSE ACTIONS. A NINE-
MEMBER SITE REVIEW BOARD MAKES THE FINAL DECISION TOWARD DENIAL
OR APPROVAL OF NEW SITES. OTHER RELATED PROGRAMS ARE
CURRENTLY MONITORING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES
AND FOCUSING ON RISK ASSESSMENT AND HEALTH STUDIES. (ENVL)
Risk Assessment and Ranking Methodologies for Hazardous Chemical
Defense Waste: A State-of-the-ART Review and Evaluation. Task 1
Report.
Chu MSY ; Rodricks JV ; St. Hilaire C ; Bras RL
NTIS/DE86013281
Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Govt Reports Announcements ^ Index (GRA&I), Issue 26, 1986
This report summarizes the work performed under Task 1 of
the Risk Assessment Evaluation Task under the Hazardous Chemical
Defense Waste Management Program of the Department of Energy
(DOE). The objective of Task 1 was to identify, review, and
evaluate the state-of-the-art tools and techniques available for
ranking and evaluating disposal facilities. (NLM)
RISK ASSESSMENT: ENGINEERING TOOL
Tusa W
Civil Engineering/ASCE 56(2):59-61; 1986.
The large growth in the hazardous waste market has led civil
20
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engineers to use risk assessment as a tool to determine the
approximate level of remedial action needed at hazardous waste
sites and to determine an engineering design that will control
the release of hazardous materials. The risk assessment begins
by defining the sources of the contaminant and identifying the
migration path and rate. The receptors of the contaminants are
identified and the health risks are determined. The final steps
involve deciding acceptable levels of exposure to the
contaminants and identifying and evaluating appropriate
technologies for remedial action and future control of the site.
There are problems associated with each of the steps and
improvements are suggested to make the risk assessment procedure
even more valuable. (NLM)
Safety Assessment of Alternatives to Shallow Land Burial of
Low Level Radioactive Waste. Volume 1. Failure Analysis of
Engineered Barriers
Otis, M. D.
EG and G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls.
Sponsor: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. Office
of Nuclear Regulatory Research.; Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
NUREG/CR-4701/XAB
Report No.: EGG-2465
Aug 86 7Op
Sponsored by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, and Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
Contract No.: DE-AC07-76ID01570
The need for new disposal capacity for Low Level radioactive
Waste (LLW) has led to a re-examination of disposal practices. A
number of enhancements and alternatives to traditional shallow
land burial have been proposed to meet the need for new
capacity and to address various concerns about the performance
history of existing commercial LLW sites. There are five major
alternative near surface disposal concepts: Above GroundVaults
(AGV) , Earth Mounded Concrete Bunker tumuli (EMCB) , Below
Ground Vaults (BGV), Augered Hole (AH) shaft disposal, and
mined cavities. (NTIS)
SAMPLING THE OCEANS FOR POLLUTION: A RISK ASSESSMENT
APPROACH TO EVALUATING LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL AT
SEA,
PRAGER JAN C. ; BIERMAN VICTOR J. ; PAUL JOHN F. ; BONNER
JAMES S.
EPA, RI,
DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS REPORT, MAY-JUN
86, V6, N3, P2(25)
JOURNAL ARTICLE THE EPA OFFICE OF RADIATION PROGRAMS IS
CONSIDERING ADOPTING A HAZARD ASSESSMENT APPROACH TO EVALUATING
ANY PERMIT REQUESTS FOR DISPOSAL OF LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE
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WASTES AT SEA. THIS INVOLVES DEVELOPING EVALUATION PROTOCOLS TO
GUIDE THE LICENSING PROCESS. COMPONENTS OF THE HAZARD
ASSESSMENT PROCESS ARE DELINEATED, INCLUDING SITE
CHARACTERIZATION, WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT,
AND EFFECTS ASSESSMENT. THE APPLICATION OF THIS ANALYTICAL
SCHEME TO MARINE DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IS EXPLORED.
RECOMMENDATIONS COVER DECISION TREE APPLICATION, COMPUTERIZED
DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, AND INTERACTIVE COMPUTERIZED
PERMITTING AND MONITORING. (ENVL)
Systemstudie Andere Entsorgungstechniken. Abschlussbericht.
Technischer Anhang 5. Technisches Konzept und
Sicherheitsanalyse des Transports von Endlargergebinden mit
abgebrannten Brennelementen (Systems Study 'Alternative
Entsorgung1. Final Report. Technical Annex 5. Technical
Concept and Safety Analysis of the Transport of Ultimate Storage
Compounds Including Spent Fuel Elements)
Schneider, K. ; Jobst, C. ; Bergmann, W. ; Hilbert, F.
Transnuklear G.m.b.H., Hanau (Germany, F.R.).
Sponsor: Nuklear-Chemie und -Metallurgie G.m.b.H., Hanau
(Germany, F.R.). ; Kernf orschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H.
(Germany, F.R.).
TIB/B86-09321/XAB
1984 245p
Text in German. See also TIB/B86-09320. Prepared in
cooperation with Nuklear-Chemie und -Metallurgie G.m.b.H.,
Hanau (Germany, F.R.), and Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe
G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.).
Languages: German
Country of Publication: Germany, Federal Republic of
Within the framework of specialized R and D work on
alternative proceeding in waste management, a safety analysis was
carried out for waste transportation in the fuel cycle. The
annual collective dose risk due to transportation accidents in
railroad transportation is assessed on the basis of the
probabilistic risk analysis. A detailed cask concept is
presented for the transportation of conditioned fuel
elements. The collective radiation exposure of the relevant
population classes caused by trouble-free transportation is
calculated. The results of analyses of accident and normal
operation are compared and summarized. (Copyright (c) 1986 by
FIZ. Citation no. 86 : 09321.) (NTIS)
Systemstudie Andere Entsorgungstechniken. Abschlussbericht.
Technischer Anhang 22. Bewertungsverfahren (Systems Study
•Alternative Entsorgung1. Final Report. Technical Annex 22.
Evaluating Methods)
Jansen, P. J. ; Oszuszky, F. ; Pechacek, F. ; Szeless, A.
Technische Univ., Vienna (Austria). Inst. fuer Energiewirtschaft,
Sponsor: Oesterreichische Elektrizitaetswirtschafts A.G.,
Vienna.; Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany,
22
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F.R.).
TIB/B86-09326/XAB
1983 145p
Text in German. See also TIB/B86-09325. Prepared in
cooperation with Oesterreichische Elektrizitaetswirtschafts
A.G., Vienna, and Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H.
(Germany, F.R.).
Languages: German
Country of Publication: Germany, Federal Republic of
The actual overall evaluation of the two waste management
options must obviously take place taking into account two
aspects: (A) estimate of the significance of different level
natural uranium consumption/economic efficiency; (B) estimate
of different level actually resulting collective dose
equivalents (environmental compatibility). Considerations
of international and social acceptance are unlikely to provide
any significant contribution for an evaluation. Speculations of
this kind are by no means confirmed. Therefore, the
implementation of a panel has been suggested to act as central
authority for the evaluation of waste management options
comprising persons having different attitudes towards nuclear
energy. Talks are necessary to determine what is felt to be
significant for good reasons. Reducing the complex nature of the
decision-making problem from a multitude of evaluation aspects
to a few important ones is possible but in dialogue. Only in
dialogue can the significant aspects of evaluation be weighed
against each other and a compromise, a joint judgement on waste
management be achieved. The authors call this kind of dialogue
formalized, because it can be supported in many ways by
analyses. (Copyright (c) 1986 by FIZ. Citation no.86:09326.)
(NTIS)
**********
RADIATION
Aerial Radiological Survey of the H.B. Robinson Steam Electric
Plant and Surrounding Area, Hartsville, South Carolina. Date of
Survey: June 1985
EG and G, Inc., Las Vegas, NV. Remote Sensing Lab.
Sponsor: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
DE86013952/XAB
Report No.: EGG-10282-1100
Apr 86 2Op
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche
products. Original copy available until stock is exhausted.
Contract No.: AC08-83NV10282
The survey covered a 64-square-kilometer (25-square-mile)
area centered on the Plant. The highest radiation exposure
rates, up to a maximum of 220 microroentgens per hour ( mu
R/h), were inferred from the data measured directly over the
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Plant. This detected radiation was due to the presence of cobalt-
58, cobalt-60, and cesium-137, which was consistent with
normal Plant operations. A single offsite anomaly was detected
within the survey area this anomaly, which was approximately
1.3 kilometers (0.8 miles) northwest of the Plant, was the site
of the Plant's coal-fired generating station's ash settling
pond. (NTIS)
Energetics of Smelt/Water Explosions
(Technical rept. Jul 84-Jul 86)
Grace, T. M. ; Robinson, R. R.
Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI.
Sponsor: IIT Research Inst., Chicago, IL.; Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, Washington, DC. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research.
NUREG/CR-4745/XAB
Oct 86 280p
Prepared in cooperation with IIT Research Inst., Chicago, IL.
Sponsored by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research.
Contract No.: NRC-G-04-84-009
The question of how to scale data on steam explosions from
laboratory tests has been raised in the course of several risk
assessment studies of severe nuclear reactor accidents.
Analysis of smelt-water explosions at kraft pulp mills may
provide some answers in this regard because the scale of
structures involved and the volumes of water and smelt
(fuel) are roughly on the same order of magnitude as those
encountered in nuclear reactors. The purpose of this work
was to obtain data on the energy conversion efficiency
(thermal to mechanical) of steam explosions in large scale
systems by analysis of smelt-water explosions in kraft paper
pulp mill recovery boilers and dissolving tanks. (NTIS)
Proceedings of the Workshop on Containment Integrity (3rd)
Cochrell, R. ; Molina, T.
Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM.
Sponsor: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. Office
of Nuclear Regulatory Research.; Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
NUREG/CP-0076/XAB
Report No.: SAND-86-0618
Jul 86 566p
Sponsored by Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, and Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
Contract No.: DE-AC04-76DP00789
The Workshop was held in Washington, DC, on May 21-23, 1986.
The behavior of containments during severe accidents was of
primary interest to the over 140 participants. Sessions were held
on (A) Containment Integrity as a Part of Risk Assessment, (B)
Operational Experience and Its Relationship to Containment
24
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Performance During Accident Conditions, (C) Containment
Environment and Loading Conditions During Severe
Accidents, (D) Analysis/Testing of Containment Systems, Part
1, and (F) Analysis/Testing of Containment Systems, Part II.
(NTIS)
Radon Detection in Homes and Buildings. 1970-October 1986
(Citations from the NTIS Database)
(Kept, for 1970-Oct 86)
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
PB87-850038/XAB
Nov 86 5Ip
This bibliography contains citations concerning the
detection of radon and radon daughter gases in homes and
buildings. Measurement techniques and equipment, the effect of
local geology on radon in a building, the effect of home
weatherization measures on radon levels, and sources of radon
entering buildings are among the topics discussed.
Residential and non-residential buildings are examined. Risk
assessment and ways to control the amount of radon in a
building are briefly considered. (Contains 86 citations fully
indexed and including a title list.) (NTIS)
Reactor Safety Research Semiannual Report, July — December
1985. Volume 34
(Technical rept)
Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM.
Sponsor: Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. Office
of Nuclear Regulatory Research.; Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
NUREG/CR-4 3 4 0-V2/XAB
Report No.: SAND-85-1606-VOL-2
Jul 86 326p
See also NUREG/CR-4340-VI. Sponsored by Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, Washington, DC. Office of Nuclear Regulatory
Research, and Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Contract No.: DE-AC04-76DP00789
Sandia National Laboratories is conducting, under USNRC
sponsorship, phenomenological research related to the safety of
commercial nuclear power reactors. The research includes
experiments to simulate the phenomenology of the accident
conditions and the development of analytical models, verified
by experiment, which can be used to predict reactor and safety
systems performance and behavior under abnormal conditions. The
objective of the work is to provide NRC requisite data bases
and analytical methods to (1) identify and define safety issues,
(2) understand the progression of risk-significant accident
sequences, and (3) conduct safety assessments. The collective
NRC-sponsored effort at Sandia National Laboratories is
directed at enhancing the technology base supporting licensing
decisions. (NTIS)
25
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A reconsideration of cells at risk and other key factors in radon
daughter dosimetry
James AC
Natl. Radiol. Prot. Board, Chilton/Didcot/Oxfordshire
ACS Symp. Ser.; VOL 331, ISS Radon Its Decay Prod., 1987,400-18
Radon daughter dosimetry bronchial
cell Lung cancer radon dose assessment Review radon daughter
dosimetry lung;Air pollution By radon daughters, lung exposure
to, dosimetry of, model for, bronchial cells at risk in relation
to,-Bronchi Cells of, radon daughter exposure hazard to, lung
exposure dosimetry in relation to;Dosimetry Of radon daughters,
model for, lung health risk assessment in relation to;Process
simulation For radon daughter dosimetry for lung exposure,
bronchial cells at risk i relation to Biological
(NLM)
Risk assessment of alternative spent-fuel storage technologies
Facchini A ; De Servi U ; Dworschak H ; Hunt BA ; Tominez M ;
Volta G
Politec. Milano, Milan
Energ. Nucl. (Rome); VOL 3, ISS 2, 1986,65-77
Spent fuel storage technol risk Radioactive waste spent fuel
storage Safety spent fuel storage;Earthquake Risk assessment of
nuclear reactor spent fuel storage technologies in relation
to;Nuclear reactor fuels and fuel elements Risk assessment of
alternative storage technol. for Spent;Radioactive wastes Risk
assessment of storage technologies for Spent fuel (NLM)
Science and trans-science in radiation risk assessment: Child
cancer around the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield,
UK.
CROUCH D
Sci. Policy Res. Unit, Univ. Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RF,
UK.
SCI TOTAL ENVIRON; 53 (3). 1986. 201-216.
The assessment of health risks to the population from
radionuclides in the environment is a complex and as yet
incomplete science: biogeochemical mechanisms of environmental
transfer and concentration are poorly understood; models of
radionuclide metabolism rely largely on inconclusive and
contradictory experiments with animals, and the principles by
which results may be extrapolated to humans are unknown;
uncertainties in the dosimetry of alpha-emitters in children and
the foetus are acute; and chronic doubt persists over the
magnitude of low-level dose-response for radiation
carcinogenesis. To deny uncertainties of this nature is to court
public distrust of scientific risk assessment; public confidence
in nuclear power technologies might be strengthened through a
26
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more open discussion of the technical difficulties involved.
These problems are described with reference to the assessment of
cancer risks at a large nuclear facility in the north of England.
The extent of uncertainties in a recent radiological risk
assessment are found to be such that, should scientific concern
persist over the exceptional incidence of child cancer in the
locality, greater consideration should be given to a reappraisal
of the risk calculation. (NLM)
Smart approach to level-1 probabilistic risk assessment
Harper, F.T.; Camp, A.L.
SNL
American Nuclear Society Winter Meeting 8640330 Washington,
DC (USA) 16-20 Nov 1986
American Nuclear Society (ANS)
American Nuclear Society, 555 N. Kensington Avenue, La
Grange Park, IL 60525 (USA). Telephone: (312) 352-6611,
Conference abstracts will be published in Volume 53 of ANS
Transactions. Price: Prepaid $100.00 (U.S.); $116.00 (overseas)
(CPI)
Use of the Food-Chain Model FOOD III and the Soil Model SCEMR to
Assess Irrigation as a Biosphere Pathway.
Govt Reports Announcements &_ Index (GRA&I) , Issue 04, 1987
Sheppard SC
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Pinawa (Manitoba). Whiteshell
Nuclear Research Establishment.
NTIS/DE85900459, U.S. Sales Only., 36p
Irrigation of contaminated water onto crop land is a
relatively direct pathway for radionuclides to deliver a
radiation dose to man. Irrigation was not originally included in
the SYVAC assesmsnet model for the Precambrian Shield because no
irrigation is currently practiced in the region. This report
re-evaluates this decision. An analysis of meteorological data
shows that crop yield in northern Ontario would benefit from
irrigation. Thus, incentives are present for subsistence-scale,
and perhaps commercial-scale, irrigation of surface or well
water. A food-chain analysis indicated that irrigation with
contaminated water could deliver a dose comparable to direct
consumption (drinking) of the same water, for some radionuclides.
Long-term contamination of soil through irrigation was predicted
to be a substantial hazard, even when soil leaching was
incorporated into the food-chain model. This report presents
parameter estimates that could be used to incorporate irrigation
as a pathway in the SYVAC code and will constitute the basis for
further decisions concerning this pathway. (ERA citation
11:030579) Work performed under Canada/US Waste Management
Information Exchange Agreement. (NLM)
27
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ECOLOGICAL RISKS
Effects of Toxic Pollutants on Aquatic Resources Using
Statistical Models and Techniques to Extrapolate Acute and
Chronic Effects Benchmarks
Linder, E. ; Patil, G. P. ; Suter, G. W. ; Taillie, C.
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park. Center for
Statistical Ecology and Environmental Statistics.
Sponsor: Oak Ridge National Lab., TN. Environmental
Sciences Div.; Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
DE86014639/XAB
Report No.: CONF-860983-2
1986 5p
Oceans '86, Washington, DC, USA, 23 Sep 1986.
Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
Contract No.: AC05-840R21400
Data extrapolations are required to assess the effects
of toxic pollutants on aquatic resources. We present a
procedure that uses maximum likelihood methods of estimating
a functional linear relationship for extrapolation. Optimal
estimates for the variance of the extrapolation parameters as
well as the fitted values do not exist. We propose several
alternative variance estimates which are used for
computations of the extrapolated chronic benchmark and its
distribution. Improved estimates can be obtained by applying
computer-intensive resampling methods. (ERA citation
11:052085) (NTIS)
QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS IN AQUATIC
TOXICOLOGY,
HERMENS JOOP L.
UNIV OF UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS,
PESTICIDE SCIENCE, 1986, V17, P287(10)
JOURNAL ARTICLE KNOWLEDGE OF QUANTITATIVE
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS (QSAR) ENABLES THE TOXICITY
OF AQUATIC POLLUTANTS TO BE PREDICTED FROM THEIR
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES. SEVERAL TECHNIQUES THAT CAN BE USED
TO OBTAINS QSARS ARE REVIEWED, AND EXAMPLES OF QSAR STUDIES ARE
PRESENTED FOR SOME IMPORTANT GROUPS OF AQUATIC POLLUTANTS.
REACTIVE ORGANIC HALIDES, PHENOLS, ANILINES, AND SOME
RELATIVELY UNREACTIVE, NONIONIZED COMPOUNDS ARE ALSO
DISCUSSED. THE OPPORTUNITY FOR APPLYING PREDICTED TOXICITIES
IN ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT IS EXPLORED. (ENVL)
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POLICY
EPIDEMIOLOGY IN RISK ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY POLICY
WHITTEMORE AS
J CHRONIC DIS; 39 (12). 1986 (RECD. 1987). 1157-1168. (NLM)
Risk assessment in environmental policy-making.
Russell M ; Gruber M
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460.
Science; VOL 236, ISS 4799, 1987, P286-90
Environmental policy-making has become more dependent on formal,
quantitative risk assessment because of increasing attention to
the prevention of human health damage from toxic chemicals. Risk
assessment helps set priorities for regulation of the very large
numbers of chemicals that are of potential concern and helps
direct limited social and government resources against the most
significant risks. Although the scientific basis for risk
assessment is often uncertain and the public and its
representatives have often been confused by its use in regulatory
decisions, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency currently
uses a variety of risk assessment techniques to set priorities,
tailor regulations, and make decisions at particular sites. The
Environmental Protection Agency also attempts to make the
practice of risk assessment more consistent throughout the agency
and to improve public understanding of the meaning of risk
assessment and risk management. (NLM)
The Perils of Prudence: How Conservative Risk
Assessments Distort Regulation
Nichols, Albert L.; Zeckhauser, Richard J.
Regulation v!0n2 PP: 13-24 Nov/Dec 1986
In setting health and safety regulations, government
agencies commonly rely on assumptions that give high
estimates of risk — a prudent and conservative approach.
Overestimates of health risks, however, result in more
stringent and costly regulation. Some low-level risks are
regulated too stringently while more severe risks are allowed
to be underregulated. Quantitative risk assessment attempts
to determine whether a substance poses a hazard and if so,
the magnitude of the risk. Risk management involves the
development of policies to control those risks. While these 2
activities should be separated, in reality, the line between
them is often blurred. An alternative to the conservative
or upper-bound assessmentapproach is to report a range of risk
estimates. Scientists should estimate how likely it is that any
particular risk estimate is correct, and policy decisions about
health risk should be based upon the expected value or mean
29
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estimate of the risk, not the upper bound. The expected-
value approach should be viewed as a goal for long-range reform.
References. (ABI)
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES .... this section highlights a
variety of documents, including bibliographies, serial
publications, directories, special subject collections, indexes,
etc. These sources lead to information and data on specific
chemicals and chemical groups as well as many of the intricate
components of risk assessment including exposure, fate, toxicity,
chemical safety and handling, physical and chemical properties,
standards and regulations, manufacturing and use, etc.
Course in environmental chemical hazard assessment
Dunnette, D.A.
American Chemical Society 192nd Meeting 8630396 Anaheim,
CA (USA) 7-12 Sep 1986
American Chemical Society (ACS)
ACS Distribution Office, 210, 1155 16th Street, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20036 (USA). Telephone: (202) 872-4405,
Contact specific authors of specific papers for copies of
entire papers. ACS will publish a book of abstracts. Price:
$34.00 (CPI)
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RISK
MANAGEMENT
.... DESCRIBES REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING
PROCESSES TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE includes decision-making, acceptable
risk, risk-taking (psychology), multi-media approach, cross-media
approach, applications, uncertainity, risk/benefit.
BHOPAL AFTERMATH REVIEW: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CANADIAN
SITUATION,
ENV CANADA ENV PROTECTION SERVICE REPORT, MAR 86 (252)
NON US GOVT REPORT IN LIGHT OF THE TRAGIC INDUSTRIAL
ACCIDENT IN BHOPAL, INDIA, IN DECEMBER 1984, THE CANADIAN
MINISTER OF THE ENV. AUTHORIZED AN ASSESSMENT OF THE
ADEQUACY OF EXISTING MEASURES TO PREVENT AND RESPOND TO MAJOR
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN CANADA. SPILL POTENTIAL, PREVENTION
MECHANISMS, AND RESPONSE PROTOCOLS ARE EVALUATED. USING THE
HAZARD CRITERIA AS A BASIS FOR IDENTIFYING CHEMICALS OF
IMPORTANCE, A SITE-SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE PERFORMED
FOR EACH INDUSTRIAL PLANT TO DETERMINE POTENTIAL FOR A MAJOR
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT. COMPANIES USING OR MANUFACTURING HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS IN CANADA SHOULD MINIMIZE INVENTORIES AND ENSURE THAT
PERSONNEL ARE FULLY TRAINED ABOUT THE CHEMICALS HANDLED. OTHER
RECOMMENDATIONS COVER SAFETY AUDITS, CONTINGENCY PLANNING,
BUFFER ZONES, SPILL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS, AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL
TREATMENT. (ENVL)
The chemical industry after Bhopal: an international
symposium held in London, 7/8th November 1985.
Smith, M. A., ed.
('86) vi+318p, tables charts
ORDER INFO: IBC Technical Services Ltd., Bath House, 56
Holborn Viaduct, London, EC1A 2EX, Eng. (ISBN 0-907822-73-8) pa
Implication of the accident for plant safety, risk
assessment, and emergency preparedness. Partial contents:
Safety and the chemical industry in developing countries,
by R. Sethuraman; Liability for products and the
manufacturing process, by J. G. Trotter; The problems of
insuring hazardous operations after Bhopal, by M. L. Tobin.
(PAIS)
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Decision and Risk Analysis
Moskowitz, Herbert; Bunn, Derek
European Jrnl of Operational Research (Netherlands) v28n3
PP: 247-260 Mar 1987
In reviewing current trends in decision and risk analysis,
an emphasis is set on different modeling approaches and the way
that the structure of analysis is changing. The focus is as much
on implementation as analytical issues, and particular
attention also is given to questions of public-sector risk
evaluation and management. Trends in research are explored
within the standard decision analysis model of formulation,
assessment, and optimization, although it is acknowledged
that this framework itself is a subject of research and
change. The development of the personal computer and suitable
interactive software increasingly will stimulate the
application of its concepts and methods to real
decision-making problems in both the private and public
sectors. Tables. Diagrams. References. (ABI)
INTERNATIONAL TOXICITY UPDATE,
DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS REPORT,
MAY-JUN 86, V6, N3, P27(10)
JOURNAL ARTICLE RECENT ADVANCES IN THE CONTROL OF TOXIC
SUBSTANCES WORLDWIDE ARE SURVEYED. THE INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY
RESEARCH CENTRE OF INDIA HAS UNDERTAKEN A PROGRAM OF
COMPILING SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON VARIOUS TOPICS OF
INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY. A SCORING SYSTEM HAS
BEEN DEVELOPED IN THE NETHERLANDS FOR SETTING PRIORITIES IN
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS HAZARD ASSESSMENT. THE USE, FATE,
DISPOSAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PCBS ARE
EXAMINED, AND DIRECTIVES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THIS CHEMICAL
WITHIN THE OECD ARE DISCUSSED. DEVELOPMENTS PERTAINING TO THE
REGULATION OF ASBESTOS IN THE U.K., LINDANE IN THE U.S.,
AND BENZOYL PEROXIDE IN IRELAND ARE ALSO COVERED. (ENVL)
A New Understanding of Risk Management
Berlonghi, Alexander; Mattman, Jurg W.
Risk Mgmt v34n4 PP: 54-60 Apr 1987
A reexamination of the understanding of risk is required
in order to become more effective in coordinating all the
actions of the various professionals involved in the
management of risk. At first, the risk manager's job was
one of assuring the best protection and insurance coverage
possible for the organization, then, the risk manager became
responsible for saving money by reducing overall costs. A new
trend of risk management today focuses on management and
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analytical techniques in risk assessment. Three fundamental
assumptions about risk management must be addressed. First, it
is assumed that risk exists independent of someone talking
about risk. However, risk is not an objective reality. Second,
it has been taken for granted that risk managers are managing
risk; however, risk managers manage the conversations and
commitments of various people in such a way that all those
conversations and commitments are protected and allowed to be
fulfilled. Third, the view that the role of the risk manager has
not been established is sometimes an excuse for not developing
more competence. (ABI)
Risk Management: Weighing the Pros and Cons
McKay, Richard S.
Inform vlnl pp: 16-18 Jan 1987
Understanding risk and the ways risk affects an
organization's decision-making approach is vital. Risk
management consists of the identification, analysis, and
evaluation of risk and the selection of methods that are
most advantageous for treating it. The elements of risk
management are: 1. risk assessment, which is broken down
into risk estimation and risk identification, and 2. risk
evaluation, consisting of risk aversion and risk acceptance. The
federal government is mandating the use of risk analysis in
automatic data processing (ADP) as a tool to help allocate and
protect limited resources. An important requirement for
incorporating risk analysis as a routine management tool for
federal ADP security is an awareness that the proper use of risk
analysis helps ensure that the organization's mission is not
compromised. Risk analysis is a structured method of feedback
on a company's processes and should be conducted in order
to reduce risk rather than to place blame. Diagrams. References.
(ABI)
WARNING SYSTEMS IN RISK MANAGEMENT,
PATE-CORNELL M. E.
STANFORD UNIV,
RISK ANALYSIS, 1986, V6, N2, P223(12)
JOURNAL ARTICLE A METHOD IS INTRODUCED THAT ALLOWS
PROBABILISTIC EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF WARNING SYSTEMS,
AND COMPARISON OF THEIR PERFORMANCE AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS
WITH THOSE OF OTHER MEANS OF RISK MANAGEMENT. THE METHOD OF
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A WARNING SYSTEM
IS PROPOSED AS A FUNCTION OF THE QUALITY OF THE SIGNALS
ISSUED, AND OF THE RESPONSE OF THE PEOPLE TO WHOM WARNINGS ARE
DIRECTED. THE TRADE-OFF BETWEEN THE RATE OF FALSE ALERTS AND THE
LENGTH OF LEAD TIME IS STUDIED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE LONG-TERM
EFFECTS OF CRYING WOLF AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EMERGENCY
ACTIONS. (ENVL)
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POLICY includes federal, state and local policy, science,
public and regulatory policy.
Atomic level modeling of the chemical and tribological
properties
Goddard, W.A.,III
California Inst. Technol., Pasadena, CA
ASLE 1987 Annual Meeting 8720081 Anaheim, CA (USA) 11-14
May 1987 American Society of Lubrication Engineers (ASLE)
ASLE, 838 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 (USA).
Telephone: (312) 825-5536, Price: $60.00 (ASLE members); $80.00
(non-members) (CPI)
Chemical Notification Laws in the OECD Member Countries
Arup, Christopher
Jrnl of World Trade Law (UK) v21nl PP: 47-66 Feb 1987
AVAILABILITY: Journal of World Trade Law, 10 Hill View Rd.,
Twickenham, Middlesex, England TW1 1EB
In many Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development (OECD) countries, the screening of chemical
products is extending to the premarketing notification of
the basic chemicals themselves. A key OECD resolution was
the 1977 Recommendation concerning procedures and
requirements for anticipating the effects of chemicals on
humans and the environment. Administrative requirements demand
that manufacturers and importers: 1. maintain the results
of assessments of the effects of a chemical, 2. notify
authorities of all new chemical substances, and 3. submit a
dossier for the chemical under investigation. A 2-step initial
hazard assessment procedure determines the potential
human and environmental effects. Guidelines are given for
the type of information that should be disseminated when a
chemical is transferred along the commercial chain. The OECD
in 1981 accepted the Decision Concerning the Mutual Acceptance
of Data in the Assessment of Chemicals. The program is a good
source of principles for organizing a new screening
system. References. (ABI)
Risk management today: a how-to guide for local government.
(book reviews)
Counts, Lajuana M.
Urban Lawyer 19 nl 185-186 Wntr 1987 (LRI)
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The role of Congress in risk management. (includes panel
discussion) (Standing Committee Symposium on Risk Management)
Green, Harold P.; Freeman, George; Doniger, David D.; Cummings,
Philip T.; Reed, Phillip D.
Environmental Law Reporter 16 n8 10220-10224 Aug 1986
(LRI)
**********
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT
ASBESTOS
Air Force Asbestos Guidance for Rating and Assessing Damage
and Exposure (GRADE)
(Final rept.)
Pazyra, L. P.
Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Lab., Brooks
AFB, TX.
AD-A174 875/5/XAB
Report No.: OEHL-86-072EH0021HGA
Aug 86 69p
The Asbestos GRADE system is based upon the asbestos risk
assessment and abatement prioritization system developed by
Versar, Inc. of Springfield VA. The method provides a means by
which the Air Force, Command, or base officials may prioritize
asbestos abatement for sprayed-on, trowelled-on, or damaged
friable asbestos-containing material (ACM). Also, included are
recommended survey and bulk sampling procedures, a rating
and scoring checklist with individual factor definitions,
recommended Rating vs Priority follow-up actions, and 15
examples on the use of the rating and scoring checklist. (NTIS)
ASBESTOS HAZARD MANAGEMENT,
OULLETTE ROBERT P. ; CHEREMISINOFF PAUL N.
(VERSAR INC, VA) AND ; (NEW JERSEY INST TECHNOLOGY)
POLLUTION ENGINEERING, MAR 87, V19, N3, P36(8)
JOURNAL ARTICLE ASBESTOS AND ITS HAZARDS HAVE PROMPTED
CONSIDERABLE PUBLIC CONCERN IN RECENT YEARS. BUILDING OWNERS,
SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS, AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES HAVE BEEN
BURDENED WITH THE RESPONSIBILITY OF INVESTIGATING POTENTIAL
ASBESTOS HAZARDS. REGULATIONS AND THE LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS
ASSOCIATED WITH ASBESTOS EXPOSURE HAVE PROVIDED LIMITED
GUIDANCE FOR ADDRESSING THIS PROBLEM. HAZARD, RISK, AND
EXPOSURE ARE IDENTIFIED AS THEY RELATE TO ASBESTOS HAZARD
MANAGEMENT, AND CORRECTION PROCEDURES ARE OUTLINED. (ENVL)
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DIOXIN
DIOXINS IN CANADA: DECIDING THE PUBLIC HEALTH RISK,
MORRISON A. B.
HEALTH & WELFARE CANADA,
DIOXINS IN THE ENV (HEMISPHERE) REPORT, 1985, P39(10)
BOOK CANADIAN NATIONAL CRITERIA FOR DIOXIN EMISSIONS IN
AIR HAVE NOT YET BEEN DEVELOPED UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT,
ALTHOUGH AUTHORITY TO DO SO EXISTS. RECENT CANADIAN CONCERNS
ABOUT THE DIOXIN PROBLEM STEM FROM MOUNTING EVIDENCE OF
WIDESPREAD ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON
HUMANS. ESTIMATES OF DIOXIN RELEASES ANNUALLY TO THE CANADIAN
ENVIRONMENT FROM CHEMICAL USAGE, WASTE DUMPS, AND COMBUSTION ARE
REPORTED. PROBLEMS INHERENT IN RISK ASSESSMENT ARE CITED, AND THE
FEDERAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT OF DIOXINS IS OUTLINED.
REGULATIONS NOW GOVERN THE MANUFACTURE OF DIOXINS IN CANADA, AS
WELL AS RELATED DISPOSAL OF WASTES, REGISTRATION, COMBUSTION, AND
MONITORING OF FOODS. (ENVL)
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
PCS risk management for institutional electric distribution
systems
Hansen, W.G.
Tetratech Inc., Bellevue, WA, USA
IHter national. MONTECH '86 Conference 8635044
Montreal, Quebec (Canada) 29 Sep-3 Oct 1986
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
IEEE Service Center, Publication Sales Department, 445
Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) (CPI)
36
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RADIATION
Biological basis of radiological protection and its application
to risk assessment. Proceedings of a one-day seminar. Bristol,
April 11, 1986.
Br J Radiol; VOL 60, ISS 709, 1987, Pl-50 (NLM)
**********
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .... includes cost/benefit, cost/effectiveness.
The dangers of caution: conservatism in assessment and the
mismanagement of risk.
Nichols, Albert L. and Richard J. Zeckhauser.
bibl
In: Advances in applied micro-economics, 1986
p 55-82 '86
Focuses on carcinogens; analysis of the debate about the
EPA's recently tightened limits on lead in gasoline. (PAIS)
Environmental Law: An Emerging Threat to Financial
Institutions
Shumate, Jack D.
Bank Administration v63n2 PP: 44-46 Feb 1987
In lending to businesses that may produce or become involved
with toxic waste, banks risk running into problems
with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act of 1980, or the ''Superfund.'' In seeking
contribution by those liable, the Environmental Protection
Agency can choose to go after anyone participating in the
management of the facility. Superfund is intended to protect
mortgagees, but secured creditors seeking to protect their
interests sometimes have acted to influence company management
decisions in ways that removed that protection. To avoid
liability, even innocent owners, such as foreclosers, who takes
title after contamination must show they had no reason to know of
the problem. Other state and federal environmental
regulations also may impose liability on lenders; lending
officers themselves may be held accountable by litigious
shareholders. This potential risk mandates rigorous
attention to the nature and operation of a borrower's business.
Special insurance may be required, but periodic independent
audits are the best answer. (ABI)
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CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT
Asbestos Problems: The Property Manager's Role
Loomis, Harwood W.
Journal of Property Mgjnt v52n2 PP: 43-44,46 Mar/Apr 1987
The courts may consider it the property manager's duty
to take reasonable precautions to assure that people in a
building are not subjected to the hazard of asbestos.
Building owners and managers should consider having their
properties tested for asbestos if they were built between 1930
and 1976. An independent consultant can prepare a hazard
assessment study if asbestos is found and often can recommend
ways to allow asbestos to remain in the building, subject to
periodic monitoring. Three options are available for
abatement of asbestos: 1. enclosure, 2. encapsulation, and
3. removal. Owners and managers considering removal should be
selective in choosing a contractor, ensuring that the company is
properly trained, qualified, and licensed and that the work will
be done in accordance with recognized standards. An
independent consultant should monitor the job in progress
and provide a posttest to verify the satisfactory removal
of the asbestos. All pertinent records of removal should be
maintained for at least 25 years. (ABI)
Chemicals Go to Captives for Coverage
Katzenberg, Daniel
Chemical Week v!40n5 PP: 68,71 Feb 11, 1987
The "insurance crisis11 is still very much a reality for
many chemical companies, which have been labeled "high
risk" and are still being refused liability coverage by most
insurers. The problem is that insurers and reinsurers have not
yet recovered from major losses in 1984-1985. More insurance is
now available to chemical companies than was available a year
ago, but that coverage is generally very expensive. Also, the
insurance coverage often is insufficient to satisfy the chemical
companies' insurance needs. The coverage continues to be
provided on a claims-made basis, while "low-risk" companies
are insured under occurrence policies. Chemical companies
increasingly are turning to captive insurance companies, owned by
the policyholders themselves. Three large new excess-coverage
insurers have been formed in the last year: 1. American
Casualty Excess Insurance Association, 2. XL Insurance, and
3. the American Excess Insurance Association. Some small
chemical companies have formed their own captive insurance
company as well. Tables. (ABI)
38
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EIL Claims Call for Company Involvement
Bradford, Michael
Business Insurance v21n!5 PP: 59 Apr 13, 1987
According to a panel of experts, a business faced with an
environmental impairment liability (EIL) claim should get
involved early in efforts to determine the extent of its
exposure. At the 25th annual Risk & Insurance Management Society
conference, speakers stressed the importance of taking an active
role in managing EIL claims. Travelers Indemnity Co.'s Floyd
H.Knowlton noted the importance of playing a role in the cleanup,
rather than letting the government come up with a remedy.
Robert Mason of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
explained that, when a company becomes actively involved, it
has the opportunity to influence the type of remedy the EPA
decides to enforce in a cleanup. Panel members agreed that hiring
an outside consultant should be a consideration for a company
facing an EIL claim. Attorney Howard P. Epstein identified
several factors to consider when companies face an EIL claim:
1. whether in-house personnel could supply the technical
needs, 2. consultant's experience, and 3. the cost of the
consultant's services. (ABI)
EIL: Insurance Coverage Isn't Enough
Berkowitz, Joan B.
Nat3.onaJL Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
v91n!3 PP: 57-59,68 Mar 30, 1987
The risk management process is starting to be applied to
environmental exposures. There was a retrenchment in the
environmental impairment liability (EIL) market between 1983-
1986 for several reasons, such as: 1. Premiums had been
underpriced. 2. Insurance costs were low and interest rates
were high, leading insurers to assume incorrectly that they
could cover losses. 3. The market was skewed toward the high-
risk side. In 1987, there are signs that the EIL market is
returning. Self-insured groups are seeking members, including:
1. Hypercept TM, 2. North American Casualty Cooperative, and
3. Waste Insurance Liability Ltd. Government regulations to
control environmental risks are proliferating. Liability is
strict — triggered by damages regardless of cause. The general
trend in legislation and litigation is toward increasing
responsibility for business and improved vigilance in
enforcement. Historical data need to be analyzed to establish
rate structures that reflect the risk being insured. (ABI)
39
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Environmental Risk Management: A New Approach to Pollution
Insurance
Merklein, Ernest A., Jr.
Corporate Accounting v5n2 PP: 7-9 Spring 1987
Due to unresolved legal, political, and social issues,
many major insurers have discontinued their environmental
impairment liability (EIL) insurance or have increased the
premiums on it substantially. The lack of affordable EIL
insurance threatens the financial solvency of the
hazardous-waste industry and affects the commercial,
manufacturing, and governmental sectors. Moreover, government
regulatory agencies are imposing stricter financial penalties
for pollution. Therefore, corporate risk managers must be
able to evaluate their organizations' liability risks. This
evaluation can be accomplished by using a comprehensive
environmental risk-management program that consists of: 1. risk
assessment performed by a team of scientists and engineers, 2.
loss prevention, and 3. loss control. Next, a risk-financing
method should be selected. The alternatives to traditional
insurance include: 1. risk-retention groups or captive
insurance companies, 2. combinations of risk retention and
transfers, 3. risk transfers, and 4. various financial
instruments. (ABI)
Excess and Surplus Lines — EIL Insurance: Handle with Care
Metelski, John J.
Best's Review (Prop/Casualty) v87nll PP: 54-58 Mar 1987
In the past, many environmental impairment liability (EIL)
insurance programs failed because they entered the market for
inappropriate reasons and broke many of the basic rules
for success in underwriting a new coverage. However, the EIL
area can be reentered successfully if the insurer follows the
general principles of product development and specific techniques
of environmental assessment and takes into account the pertinent
environmental regulations. EIL, perhaps one of the most
challenging underwriting efforts of the insurance industry, is
a distinct mixture of exposures that can be related to
property, casualty, and boiler and machinery exposures. The
risk assessment of each insured site is central to a successful
EIL program. This assessment must be a comprehensive
scientific and engineering evaluation of the insured's
operation and practices as well as the surrounding
environment, among other things. Equally important to the EIL
program is the ability to respond quickly to a pollution incident
in the event of a claim. (ABI)
40
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Labor Relations Update — Risky Business: Creating a Safe
Env i ronment
Price, Dennis L.
Personnel v63nll PP: 62-67 Nov 1986
The US justice system is increasingly putting responsibility
for safety on management. The 2 important tests developed
by the courts for determining management responsibility are
foreseeability and prudence. Foreseeability requires managers
to conduct studies that document the safety record of each
company product and maintain records of similar products on the
market. Inductive reasoning involves such techniques as job
safety analysis, task analysis, preliminary hazard
analysis, and energy/barrier analysis. It is reasonable to
accept risks, but how reasonable a risk is depends partly
on the probability or frequency of occurrence and the severity
of the event. Actions that management can take to ensure an
adequate safety program include: 1. Hire an adequately trained
professional safety engineer. 2. Have management involved in
decisions of acceptable risk. 3. Require documented analyses of
hazards. Charts. (ABI)
Major Firms Move Beyond Compliance to Reduce Hazards
Baram, Michael
Nat_iona_l Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
v91n!6 PP: 19-21 Apr 20, 1987
A new age is emerging for the chemical industry, as federal,
state, and local agencies and community residents move to
reduce chemical accident hazards. In response, some major
firms are taking actions that go beyond mere compliance with
the law in an effort to protect their own self-interests.
Many companies are now carefully evaluating their
activities, the chemicals they handle, and the safety measures
they use, in order to: I. ensure compliance with the reporting
and disclosure provisions of the new laws and so avoid agency
enforcement action and civil penalties, and 2. reduce the
expected adverse implications of the new disclosure
requirements. To meet these goals, firms are making voluntary
efforts to reduce the incidence and magnitude of accident risks
at their facilities; improving their relations with community
officials and residents through better risk communication; and
improving their emergency response plans in conjunction with
local officials. (ABI)
Managing Workplace Cancer Risks
Singh, Jaswawt; Mahoney, William A.
Natd-ona!. Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
v91n!3 PP: 26,66,70 Mar 30, 1987
A recent US District Court award of $108 million to the
41
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family of a chemical plant worker who died of leukemia
should be a signal to risk managers that health-related injuries
or fatalities resulting from exposure to toxic substances in
the workplace are cause for larger damage awards than
occupational injuries or deaths from other causes. In
general, chemically induced cancers are characterized by long
latency periods, and genetic predisposition may govern the
production of cancer from chemicals. About 43 chemicals are
regulated as carcinogens by the various federal government
agencies, and about 20 industrial chemicals and/or chemical
processes have been associated with increased carcinogenic
risks in workers. Asbestos exposure is the leading
occupational and environmental health issue in the US.
Successful management of carcinogenic risks involves the
efforts of risk and insurance managers, legal staff,
industrial hygienists, and environmental engineers and production
managers. Tables. (ABI)
Pollution: An HPR Attack
Blinn, James D.; Levin, Michael R.
MfL^ioJl^l. Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
V91n9 PP: 21,28 Mar 2, 1987
Providing meaningful financial and engineering
protection against environmental impairment liability
exposures has become a serious problem for many public and
private organizations in the US. In response, attention has
shifted toward developing captives, pools, and risk retention
groups for the long-term management of pollution risks. A
highly protected risk approach (HPR) may be used by a
variety of captive programs. The HPR approach represents a
long-term way to address the significant financial exposures
borne by organizations storing and using chemical substances. It
involves the development and refinement of a
comprehensive set of engineering and operational standards
for controlling each significant risk. The HPR approach relies
extensively on the use of site inspections to ensure the
adherence of facilities to the standards and to monitor
significant changes over time. Detailed classification
systems must be developed in defining key areas of exposure.
(ABI)
POLLUTION LIABILITY INSURANCE AND THE INTERNALIZATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS,
KATZMAN MARTIN T.
UNIV OF TEXAS,
POLICY STUDIES REVIEW, FEE 86, V5, N3, P614(10)
JOURNAL ARTICLE CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON THE
EFFECTS OF USING PRIVATE INSURANCE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR
REGULATING THE RISKS OF THE CHEMICAL CYCLE IS SUMMARIZED. THE
INSTITUTIONAL CHOICES IN REGULATION ACTIVITIES THAT MAY CAUSE
42
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LATENT DAMAGE ARE EXAMINED; INSURABILITY AND THE SUPPLY OF
POLLUTION LIABILITY INSURANCE ARE ALSO CONSIDERED. AN EFFECTIVE
APPROACH TO CHEMICAL RISK MANAGEMENT IS TO DEVELOP THE STATUTES,
TORT LAW, AND INSURANCE AS A MUTUALLY REINFORCING TOOL. STATUTORY
STANDARDIZATION CAN MAKE THE TORT PROCESS MORE PREDICTABLE AND
MORE EFFECTIVE; A PREDICTABLE TORT PROCESS CAN MAKE POLLUTION
RISKS MORE INSURABLE. (ENVL)
**********
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES .... this section highlights
a variety of documents, including bibliographies, guides,
handbooks, and other general reference works which describe
management tools useful in environmental risk management.
National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse: Bibliography
of Selected Reports and 'Federal Register1 Notices Related to Air
Toxics, July 1986 (Interim rept.)
Post, B. K. ; Bloomhardt, M. A. ; Phelps, R. H. ; Pelland, A.
S.
Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
PB87-125787/XAB
Report No.: DCN-86-203-024-78-04; EPA/450/5-86/008
Jul 86 888p
Supersedes PB86-183456. Sponsored by Environmental
Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards.
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-3889
The purpose of the bibliography is to provide state and local
agencies with citations to reports and Federal Register
notices useful to them in developing and operating air toxics
control programs. The edition of the bibliography updates,
expands, and supersedes two bibliographies previously published
by NATICH: Bibliography of Selected EPA Reports and Federal
Register Notices (January 1985) and Selected Bibliography
of Health Effects/Risk Assessment Information (July 1984). The
citations selected for the bibliography were compiled through
April 1986. (NTIS)
43
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Risk
COMMUNICATION
.... THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING AN
AUDIENCE TO MAKE BETTER PERSONAL AND SOCIETAL
DECISIONS REGARDING RISK.
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
COMPARISON OF KEY FEATURES OF THE HOUSE AND SENATE SUPERFUND
BILLS,
MCCARTHY JAMES ; MELTZ ROBERT ; REISCH MARK E.
US LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE REPORT
86-508 ENR, JAN 7, 86 (18)
FED GOVT REPORT KEY FEATURES OF THE SUPERFUND BILLS PASSED BY
THE HOUSE AND SENATE DURING THE FIRST SESSION OF THE 99TH
CONGRESS ARE COMPARED. THE COMPARISON IS PRESENTED IN TABULAR
FORM AND COVERS 10 ISSUES: TAX PROVISIONS, CLEANUP
SCHEDULES, CLEANUP STANDARDS, SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES, COMMUNITY
RIGHT-TO-KNOW, LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS, CITIZEN SUITS,
PRE-ENFORCEMENT AND PRE-COST RECOVERY REVIEW, R&D, AND FEDERAL
FACILITIES. THE HOUSE BILL PROVIDES AN ESTIMATED $9.5 BILLION
IN REVENUES OVER FIVE YEARS FROM PETROLEUM, CHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND IMPORTED DERIVATIVES TAXES.
THE SENATE BILL PROVIDES AN ESTIMATED $7.3 BILLION IN REVENUES
OVER FIVE YEARS FROM PETROLEUM, CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK, AND
MANUFACTURERS EXCISE TAXES. (ENVL)
The expanding scope of employers' duties under the hazard
communication standard and state and local right-to-know laws.
Goldsmith, Willis J.
Employee Relations Law Journal 12 n4 705-711 Spr 1987
(LRI)
Hazard Communication One Year Later
Bradford, Hazel; Bluestone, Mimi
Chemical Week v!39n25 PP: 73-74 Dec 17, 1986
The Occupational Safety & Health Administration's
(OSHA) hazard communications standard has been in effect
for one year, leading to thousands of citations for
violations but very few fines. The standard requires chemical
companies to label products hazardous to human health and safety.
45
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Manufacturers that use such products must make material safety
data sheets available to employees and train workers in the
risks involved. A clarification by OSHA in June 1986
specified which infractions would be treated as more serious
and has led to an increase in penalties. The AFL-CIO has
criticized both industry implementation of the standard
andOSHA's enforcement. The union is particularly unhappy
with training programs, claiming that they are not being
initiated in about one-third of cases and are poor in another
third. OSHA is under a court order to expand the program to
include other users of chemicals besides manufacturing. Tables.
(ABI)
OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard: The Early Returns
Goldsmith, Willis J.
Employee Relations Law Jrnl v!2n2 PP: 313-319 Autumn 1986
A recent rule issued by the Occupational Safety & Health
Administration (OSHA) indicates that the Hazard
Communication Standard (HCS) will be extended beyond the
manufacturing sector. The rule is a response to an appeals
court decision that sustained challenges to 3 aspects of the
HCS: 1. its application only to manufacturing employers, 2. the
apparent breadth of its preemption provision, and 3. the
scope of its trade secret protections. The court ordered
OSHA to narrow the trade secret provisionsof the HCS and to
liberalize access to such information. The court also ruled that
OSHA had not adequately justified limiting the HCS to the
manufacturing sector. OSHA revised the HCS definition of
"trade secret1'and broadened the categories of people who
may gain access to such information in nonemergency cases.
OSHA also issued an advance notice seeking comments on
expanding the HCS to cover all employees in all industries.
References. (ABI)
Physician employers and 'right to know1.
Lumb G
Pa Med; VOL 90, ISS 2, 1987, P32-6
Human, Legislation, Medical *TRENDS, Occupational Diseases
*CHEMICALLY INDUCED/PREVENTION & CONTROL, Pennsylvania
Physicians * (NLM)
TIME IS RUNNING OUT FOR COMPLIANCE WITH HAZARD COMMUNICATION
Nemec MM
Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Magazine 4 (2):37-40;
1986.
The Hazard Communication Standard of the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) is reviewed. As of 25 May 1986,
firms must have a written program that lists hazardous chemicals,
46
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methods to inform employees about nonroutine tasks, methods to
inform contractors about hazardous chemicals in the work area,
and information explaining labeling, warning, and employee
training procedures. Also, employees must be informed of the
requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard and trained to
detect releases of hazardous chemicals in the work area. OSHA
requirements for Material Safety Data Sheets are discussed. OSHA
health and physical hazards used in defining a hazardous chemical
are listed. (NLM)
Washington's hazard communication standard.
Ellison, Christine
Gonzaga Law Review 21 n2 509-540 June 1986
Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act (LRI)
**********
INFORMING THE PUBLIC
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund) (P.L. 96-510), December 1986;
as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of
1986 (P.L. 99-499).
United States. Laws, statutes, etc.
'87 v+226p
SERIES: 99th Cong., 2d sess.; Com. print; S. print 99-217; SD
cat. no. Y4.P 96/10 : S.prt. 99-2 17 ;
ORDER INFO: Supt Docs pa
Prepared for the Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S.
Senate. Partial contents: Hazardous substances releases,
liability, compensation; Pollution insurance; Emergency
planning and community right-to-know; Radon gas and indoor air
quality research. (PAIS)
The Hazardous Chemicals Right-to-Know Act: letting the public
know what's next door. (Survey of Developments in North Carolina
Law, 1985)
Spilsbury, John L.
North Carolina Law Review 64 n6 1330-1351 Aug 1986
North Carolina Hazardous Chemicals Right to Know Act (LRI)
Issues and Media Relations
Mindszenthy, Bart J.
Business Qtrly (Canada) v51n4 PP: 78-83 Mar 1987
47
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Four key emerging issues are affecting media-organizational
relations: 1. the right to know, 2. the business and
entertainment of news, 3. the increasing specialization and
fragmentation of the media, and 4. financial and investor
relations through media. The right to know has led people and the
media to ask tougher, more pointed questions of many
organizations. Media is a very competitive industry, and as a
result, the trend is toward more "on-the-spot" coverage of
events, followed by quick analyses of complex situations. At
the same time, the various media outlets are becoming more
specialized and its people are better educated, prepared, and
equipped. Finally, corporate financial results are of
increasing interest today, and the media is prepared to
scrutinize those numbers more closely. These issues have 3
significant implications for executives and public relations
people alike — that effective media relations is an ongoing
process, that it is proactive, and that preparation is crucial,
involving a media audit, media training, and media monitoring.
(ABI)
Right-to-Know Law Asking for Flood of Disclosures
Baram, Michael
National Underwriter (Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits)
v91nll PP: 23-24 Mar 16, 1987
A new federal law requires companies producing or
handling certain hazardous chemicals to report new
information on these chemicals to federal, state, and local
authorities. These officials, in turn, must use the information
to develop plans for responding to chemical accidents
endangering community residents. In addition, state and local
officials must make much of the information and the emergency
plans available to the general public. Congress enacted the
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986
as an amendment to the 1980 Superfund law. The 2 reports that
firms handling certain chemicals must file on a periodic basis
are: 1. a Materials Safety Data Sheet, and 2. an inventory of
each of the chemicals at the facility. Another report must
be filed with the Environmental Protection Agency. The long-
term result of the law may be a reduction of accident hazards.
(ABI)
RISK COMMUNICATION
RUCKELSHAUS W
CHEMTECH; 16 (9). 1986. 533-535.
HUMAN USA RIGHT-TO-KNOW REGULATION (NLM)
Superfund's Title III: Not Easy to Digest
MacKerron, Conrad B.; Rich, Laurie A.
Week v!40n20 PP: 20-21 May 27, 1987
48
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The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, a
Superfund provision better known as Title III, imposes heavy
emergency planning and hazardous substance reporting requirements
on both regulators and regulated companies. Involved state and
federal regulatory officials, who face problems with funding
as well as data gathering, dissemination, and analysis,
believe that the law will require extraordinary cooperation among
government, the industry, and the public. A serious challenge
will be to familiarize the estimated 1.5 million facilities
that use, store, or emit hazardous substances with their
responsibilities under the law. Since the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has limited enforcement resources,
Title III may evolve into a primarily voluntary program of
compliance. Congress has provided no funds for the EPA to run the
program nor for state agencies responsible for collecting and
analyzing hazardous waste data from industrial facilities.
Charts. (ABI)
**********
INFORMING THE WORKER
THE ACCIDENT IN BHOPAL, INDIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S.
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL POLICIES,
AIDALA JAMES
US LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE REPORT
IB85022, MAR 6, 86 (13)
FED GOVT REPORT IN DECEMBER 1984, AN ACCIDENT AT A UNION
CARBIDE CO. PESTICIDE PLANT IN BHOPAL, INDIA, KILLED AND
INJURED THOUSANDS OF NEARBY RESIDENTS. THE EVENT HAS RAISED
A VARIETY OF ISSUES CONCERNING THE MANUFACTURE AND HANDLING
OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS IN THE U.S. SOME OF THE MAJOR CONCERNS
WHICH ALREADY HAVE BEEN OR ARE LIKELY TO BE THE SUBJECT OF
CONGRESSIONAL SCRUTINY ARE IDENTIFIED. THESE INCLUDE
CONTROLS ON THE MANUFACTURE AND USE OF CHEMICALS, COMMUNITY
AND WORKER RIGHT-TO-KNOW OF CHEMICALS FOUND IN THE WORKPLACE
AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS, AND CONTROLS ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF
TOXIC CHEMICALS. RELATED CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITY AND LEGISLATION
ARE SURVEYED. (ENVL)
Challenges Confront Industrial Hygienists
Palisano, Peg
Occupational Hazards v49n5 PP: 87-90 May 1987
In a roundtable discussion, 4 industrial hygienists
discussed current issues and trends affecting industrial
health and safety. Gerald Sattelmeier of Chrysler notes that
many operations that were once performed manually are now done by
robots, and this reduces worker exposure to risks. Some facets
49
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of the industrial hygienist's work are made more difficult by
changes, such as quality circles, that greatly broaden an
employee's exposure. In the chemical industry, the
hygienist not only must be concerned with the workers but with
the ultimate consumer of the product as well. New problems are
emerging from the increased use of computers and small assembly
operations. Joe Holtshouser of Goodyear warns that the
tendency of large manufacturers to contract out as many
operations as possible to cut costs could result in the
proliferation of hazardous exposures through small plants
since federal and state agencies lack the workforce to monitor
many operations. The recently implemented hazard communication
standard has had the greatest impact on industrial hygiene of all
the standards issued by the Occupational Safety and Health
Agency. (ABI)
Chemical Hazard Disclosure Obligations
Susser, Peter A.
EroE-lP-Y-iB6.!^; B^i^iHH5. Today v!3n4 PP: 301-308 Winter
1986/1987
Manufacturing employees have recently become subject to
the Hazard Communication Standard promulgated by the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). As a
result, employers who are chemical manufacturers or users
must inventory hazardous chemicals, label them, maintain data
sheets, and train workers in compliance with the law. The issue
is complicated by state disclosure laws with which employers may
also be required to comply. Implementation of the OSHA
standard and its requirements are reviewed. At the present
time, OSHA is considering a number of amendments to the
standard, such as extending its scope to all employers, not
just those engaged in manufacturing. Court rulings have
further defined the scope and requirements of the Hazard
Communication Standard. Ongoing litigation must further clarify
the relationship between local, state, and federal laws in this
area, but it is clear that the right of workers to know about
hazardous materials with which they are working is an imperative
that will remain important in the coming years. References.
(ABI)
"CHIT": CHEMICAL HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND TRAINING
Meek RD; Meek LG; Capuano AA
Young, R.A., ed.
HazPro '85; Proceedings of the HazPro '85 Professional
Certification Symposium and Exposition; 1985 May 15-17;
Baltimore, MD. Northbrook, IL: Pudvan Publishing Co.;
1985:543-547.
Right-to-know laws and standards established by the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) require
employers to inform their workforce of hazards associated with
50
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chemicals they are exposed to. Employers must train their
employees at their initial assignment, whenever a new chemical is
introduced, and for any nonroutine task. Employees should be
aware of the location of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS),
monitoring methods used to detect hazards, the location of
personal protective equipment, and emergency procedures. CHIT,
chemical hazard identification and training, is a graphic symbol
system designed to help employers comply with OSHA standards and
right-to-know laws. The system is color coded: red designates
fire; yellow, reactivity; blue, health hazards; and green,
personal protective equipment. CHIT includes a chemical hazard
summary sheet that is a symbolic version of MSDS, six groups of
adhesive labels for label and summary sheets, three hazard-type
stickers, and three signalword stickers. CHIT appears to be an
effective system. (NLM)
An employee's right to know about hazards in the workplace:
OSHA's new hazard communication standard.
Dennard, H. Lane, Jr.
Georgia State Bar Journal 21 n3 119(4) Feb 1985
(LRI)
FLORIDA SUBSTANCE LIST, FLORIDA RIGHT-TO-KNOW LAW CHAPTER 442,
INCLUDING CHAPTER 38F-41, FLORIDA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE (RULES
OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR & EMPLOYMENT SECURITY),
FLORIDA DEPT LABOR Si EMPLOYMENT SECURITY REPORT, UNDATED (53)
STATE/LOCAL GOVT REPORT THE FLORIDA SUBSTANCE LIST
IDENTIFIES THE SUBSTANCES COVERED BY THE STATE'S RIGHT-TO-KNOW
LAW. THE STATUTE REQUIRES EMPLOYERS TO GIVE NOTICE TO EACH
EMPLOYEE OF THE TOXIC SUBSTANCES INVOLVED IN HIS/HER EMPLOYMENT
WHICH MAY ENDANGER OR CAUSE DEATH TO THE EMPLOYEE OR MEMBERS OF
THE EMPLOYEE'S FAMILY. AN EMPLOYEE HAS AN INHERENT RIGHT TO KNOW
ABOUT SUCH SUBSTANCES IN THE WORKPLACE. PROVISIONS OF THE
STATUTE ARE DELINEATED, AND CONTENTS OF THE FLORIDA SUBSTANCE
LIST ARE APPENDED. (ENVL)
Florida's (USA) right-to-know law.
ALEXIOU NG
Dep. of Comprehensive Med., Coll. of Med., Univ. of S. Fla., Box
41, 12901 N. 30th St., Tampa, Fla. 33612.
FLA SCI; 49 (3). 1986. 162-167.
Florida's Right To Know Law is a landmark piece of 1985
legislation for its potential for prevention of accidents and
illness that may be work related. For some scientists the law
will be an imposition on a free investigative spirit. For others,
the law will merely reassure the worker that he/she is practicing
good health and laboratory safety for himself and those for whom
he/she is responsible. The best way to determine the steps needed
to be compliant, is to review the law itself at least once and
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then have a copy available for periodic referral purposes. The
law intent is to protect the health and safety of the worker
through informed consent. Workplace exposures to toxic and
hazardous substance may cause disease or aggravate existing
disease, and should be taken seriously. (NLM)
An introduction to the hazard communication standard
Anon
US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, Room N3641, 200 Constitution Avenue, Washington,
D.C. 20210, USA, 1985. 18p.+ 82 slides + sound tape.
A slide-tape programme on chemical safety with 82 slides covering
the following: hazard determination; material safety data sheets;
labels; written hazard communication programme, employee
information and training; trade secrets. (NLM)
Is the Hazard Communication Standard Working?
Reid, Robert
Occupational Hazards v49n4 PP: 47-50 Apr 1987
On January 21, 1987, the United Steelworkers of America (USW)
and Public Citizen Inc. filed a motion in the Third Circuit Court
of Appeals seeking a ruling directing the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) to order expansion of the
hazard communication standard's scope within 2 weeks of the
court's decision and to set the effective date of that
expansion no more than 90 days after issuance of its order.
An enormousamount of confusion and criticism surrounds the
hazard communication standard, expansion of which was first
ordered in May 1985. One problem is that there are more than
10,000 citations for violations of the standard; in addition,
there are different interpretations of what constitutes
compliance with a performance standard. Most of the
violations concern requirements for: 1. written hazard
communication programs, 2. employee information or training
programs, 3. material safety data sheets, and 4. labeling. There
also are allegations that some smaller manufacturers havenot even
tried to comply. (ABI)
OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard
Mason, James L.
Vital Speeches v53n4 PP: 118-121 Dec 1, 1986
The hazard-communication standard developed by the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires
manufacturers to train their employees in the safe use of
hazardous chemicals. The "right-to-know"requirement means
that employees must be trained at the time they are assigned
to work with a hazardous chemical and must be retrained whenever
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a new substance is introduced. Similar regulations are being
prepared for nonmanufacturing industries. Many state and local
communities have their own right-to-know laws on education
and training. Annually, some 11,000 deaths and nearly 2 million
injuries and illnesses result from work-related accidents and
diseases. The new OSHA standard requires adapting training to the
new environment. There will be continued growth in the
use ofinteractive training systems, which offer employees
the opportunity to participate and understand while meeting
industry's need forcost-effectiveness. (ABI)
Right-to-know laws: maintaining compliance.
Wood JL
Resource Consultants Inc., Brentwood, Tenn.
Op-CUP Hearth Saf; VOL 56, ISS 3, 1987, P20-1, 24, 27-9
Keywords: Computers; Consumer Advocacy *LEGISLATION &
JURISPRUDEN; Environmental Pollutants *POISONING; Government
Agencies; Human ; Occupational Diseases *CHEMICALLY INDUCED ;
United States (NLM)
Seeking Toxics Data down on the Farm
Mullen, Theo; Rich, Laurie A.
Chemical Week v!39n25 PP: 16 Dec 17, 1986
Nine farm workers in Texas have filed a class action suit
seeking to reverse the exclusion of farm workers from the
state's 1985 Hazard Communication Act. The law requires
employers who store chemicals to educate employees about
hazards and to issue suitable protective equipment. According to
the lawyer for the employees, James Harrington, farm workers are
the only group excluded under the act. Since virtually all the
farm laborers covered by the lawsuit are Mexican-American, the
suit also cites racism as an issue. The plaintiffs want
material safety data sheets provided in Spanish and
pesticide makers to conduct safety and training classes for
farm workers. The National Agricultural Chemical Association
agrees that farm workers should be covered by the act. (ABI)
SUCCESSFUL RIGHT TO KNOW TRAINING
Szepatowski BA
Young, R.A., ed.
HazPro ' 86: Proceedings p_f the HazPro '86 Professional Certification
S_y_mp_OŁ>_ium and Expos_it^on; 1986 April 1-4; Baltimore, MD.
Northbrook, IL: Pudvan Publishing Co.; 1986:85-96.
Right-to-know (RTK) regulations are designed to prevent
adverse health effects from exposure to workplace chemicals.
Employers, as well as employees, can benefit from RTK training.
A comprehensive worker safety training program can increase
worker productivity, minimize opportunities for liability suits,
53
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and allow a firm to become eligible for rebate programs offered
by insurance companies. Employee training begins with filling
out Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). These sheets are filled
out by the manufacturers of hazardous materials and must
therefore be examined carefully for completeness. Training is
required for each new employee and each time a
introduced into the workplace. The MSDS fo-
be accessible and thoroughly explained to a.
Employees should understand all information
hazardous material containers. Training shox
time for questions. At the end of RTK traini
employees should sign a statement showing tha
the program and understood the material prese.
hazard is
hazard should
loyees.
labels of
•.lude ample
grams,
have attended
(NLM)
Toward a meaningful "right-to-know": model legislation and
commentary.
Kupfer, Nancy S.
Seton Hall Legislative Journal 9 n3 621-658 Summ 1986
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
54
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