STATEMENT
on
WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS
CHICAGO AMD ENVIRONS
August 1963
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control
Region 7 Chicago, Illinois
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Chicago and Environs
II. PRESENT WATER QUALITY 8
The Main Channel System
The Cal-Sag Channel
Calumet Watershed Complex
Lake Michigan
Fox River
III. WASTE SOURCES 26
Municipal Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Combined Sewer Overflows
Pollution from Vessels
Wastes from Federal Installations
IV. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MEASURES 36
Exclusion of Wastes at the Source
Storm Water Overflow Control
Waste Treatment Techniques and Rearch
Dispersal of Residues
Operations
V. FEDERALLY AIDED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS PROJECTS 43
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TABLES
1 Members of Technical Committee
2 Sources of Sewage Pollution - Illinois River System Main
Stem - North Branch Chicago River Subbasin
3 Sources of Sewage Pollution - Illinois River System Main
Stem - Laics Ilichigan to Kankakee River
4 Sources of Sewage Pollution - Illinois River System Main
Stem - Des Plaines River Subbasin
5 Sources of Sewage Pollution - Illinois River System Main
Stem - DuPage Riveir Subbasin
6 Sources of Sewage Pollution - Illinois River System Main
Stem - Calumet-Sag Channel and Tributaries
7 Sources of Sewage Pollution - Lake Michigan - Calumet River
Complex
8 Sources of Sewage Pollution - Lake Michigan - Waukegan -
Highland Park Area
9 Sources of Sewage Pollution - Illinois River System Main
Stem - Fox River Subbasin
10 Industrial Waste Inventory - Illinois River System
11 Industrial Waste Inventory - Calumet Area in Northwest
Indiana
12 Industrial Waste Inventory - Lake Michigan from the Illinois-
Wisconsin Line Southeast to Burns Ditch
13 Sources of Vessel Pollution - Chicago and Environs
14 Federal Installations
15 Federally Aided Sewage Treatment Works Projects
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FIGURES
1 Great Lakes and Illinois River Basins
2 Chicago Area and Environs
3 DO Averages, July and August, 1961, Upper Illinois River System
4 Combined Sewer Overflows
5 BOD Averages, April-May and June, 1961, Upper Illinois River
Basin
6 Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Densities - Geometric Means,
Upper Illinois River System
7 ABS Averages, January and February, 1962, Upper Illinois River
System
8 Mean Numbers of Benthic Organisms, Upper Illinois River System,
July, 1961 - June, 1962
9 Map - Chain 0'Lakes Area, Fox River Basin
10 Sources of Pollution - Municipal Wastes - Upper Illinois River
11 Sources of Pollution - Municipal Wastes - Little Calumet River
Area
12 Sources of Pollution - Industrial Wastes - Upper Illinois River
13 Industrial Intakes and Outfalls - Calumet Area
14 Significant Federal Installations
15 Federally Aided Sewage Treatment Works Projects - Chicago and
Environs
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I - INTRODUCTION
This is a statement covering certain aspects of a compre-
hensive study of water quality in the Great Lakes and Illinois River
Basins. The Great Lakes and their tributaries are part of the
St. Lawrence River system, draining to the Atlantic! Ocean - while
the Illinois River drains to the Gulf of Mexico through the Mississip-
pi River. (See Figure 1.) The two Basins are "being studied jointly
because of their interrelation at the city of Chicago, which straddles
the divide between them. Together, the two basins comprise the study
area of the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project. The GLIKB
Project, of the Public Health Service, is attached to Region V, Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare. The work of the Project is
part of the Public Health Service's Water Supply and Pollution Control
Program.
The Project was initiated in late 1960, and began full-scale
operations in the spring of 1961. Space for laboratories and
headquarters was obtained in the Army's Quartermaster Depot at 1819
W. Pershing Road, Chicago. Some 29,000 square feet of warehouse space
was renovated and converted for the purpose, about half of this being
devoted to laboratories. At full strength, the Project staff numbers
slightly over 150 people, some of whom are now working in the Lake
Erie Field Station, established last year at Cleveland, Ohio. The
permanent staff includes specialists covering a broad gamut of pro-
fessional skills, including sanitary and hydraulic engineers, chemists,
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biologists, bacteriologists, radiochemists, oceanographers, and
economists. Valuable counsel and advice have been received from a
Technical Advisory Committee, appointed by the Surgeon General.
Membership on this Committee is composed of men in responsible posi-
tions in State water resource and water pollution control agencies,
municipal water and sewer departments, private research organizations,
conservation groups, and industry. Table 1 gives the composition of
the Committee. Special assistance has been obtained from other federal
agencies.
The Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Fish and Wildlife Service, are furnishing boats and other facilities,
and cooperating on certain elements of the studies. Special studies
concerning water-oriented recreation, and fish and wildlife aspects,
are being made by the Bureaus of Outdoor Recreation, and Sport Fisher-
ies and Wildlife, respectively. The U. S. Geological Survey provides
routine and special information on stream flows and ground water hy-
drology. Other federal agencies have rendered valuable assistance.
The State Sanitary Water Board of Illinois and the Indiana
Stream Pollution Control Board have participated actively in the studies.
Other groups whose cooperation and assistance have' been very helpful
include: Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan Area Planning Commission;
Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry; clean streams committees;
civic groups; and individuals too numerous to mention.
The Great Lakes Basin, with a total drainage area of some
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290,000 square miles, is one of the major watersheds of the North
American continent. The Basin is roughly oval in shape, with an
elongated east-west dimension of about 900 miles, and a width north
and south of about 500 miles. The much smaller Illinois River Basin
extends in a southwesterly direction, from its common boundary with
Great Lakes Basin at the southern tip of Lake Michigan to the Junction
with the Mississippi River, 30 miles north of St. Louis, Missouri. It
is about 300 miles long and 100 miles wide, and encompasses an area of
29,000 square miles.
At the 1960 census, 27.5 million people resided within the
Illinois River Basin and the United States portion of the Great Lakes
Basin. This represents 1^ percent of the population of the United
States. The area contains 31 of the nation's 212 urban centers classi-
fied by the Census Bureau as Standard Matropolitan Statistical Areas.
Roughly four-fifths of the population is concentrated within these
31 centers. AB a further indication of the highly urbanized nature of
the region, 58 percent of the population is included in the five lar-
gest metropolitan areas. These are: Chicago and contiguous north-
western Indiana, with 6.9 million people; Detroit, 3.8 million;
Cleveland, 1.8 million; Buffalo, 1.3 million; and Milwaukee, 1.2
million.
The economic development of the Study Area is at an advanced
stage. In value added in manufacturing, it contributes about a fourth
of the national total. Its state of maturity is manifested by the
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extent and variety of activities conducted in the area as "well as "by
the population concentrations. The reasons for rapid progress in the
relatively short time since pioneer days are to be found in the area's
wealth of natural resources; its transportation advantages; and, in
large though indeterminate measure, in the tremendous value of the
Great Lalses as a water resource.
The average annual runoff (an approximate measure of the
perennially renewable water supply) in the Great Lakes Basin, at
the head of the St. Lawrence River, is about 235,000 cubic feet per
second (cfs). An outstanding characteristic of the Great Lakes natural
water system is the high degree of -uniformity in stream flows. This
feature is due to the high ratio of lake surface area to total drain-
age area. Some idea of the regulating effect can be gained from the
fact that the total annual volume of runoff, some 50 cubic miles,
would,if spread uniformly over the 95,000 square miles of lake sur-
face, cover it to a depth of less than three feet.
The bulk of water used by the cities and industries that ring
the Great Lakes is drawn from the Lakes. After use, this water
(except at Chicago) is returned to the source Lake - somewhat
diminished in quantity and bearing contaminants of great variety
in type and concentration. These water-borne wastes originating from
the activities of man, together with the pollutants carried by
natural runoff, constitute a potential hazard to the present and
future quality of water in the Lakes. Protection of the quality of
water in the Great Lakes is the number one problem in the conservation
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of this priceless natural resource.
With the foregoing overview as a background, the rest of this
statement will "be devoted to a more detailed discussion of a small
but important part of the total area - the subregion comprising the
city of Chicago and its environs (Figure 2).
Chicago and Environs
For the purposes of this report, the area henceforth under con-
sideration lies within and comprises most of the six Illinois counties
of the Chicago Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) and the
two Indiana counties that make up the Gary-Hammond-East Chicago SMSA.
With respect to its "water geography", the area is divided into five
parts, as follows:
l) The main connecting channel between Lake Michigan
and the Illinois River, extending from Lake inlets
at Wilmette and the Chicago River mouth, through
the North Shore Channel, North Branch of Chicago
River, Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and Des
Plaines River, to the confluence of the Des Plaines
and Kankakee Rivers;
2) The Calumet-Sag Channel and that portion of the
Calumet River System presently tributary to the
Illinois River including Wolf Lake;
3) The Calumet Area of northwest Indiana presently
tributary to Lake Michigan;
4) Local waters of Lake Michigan, along the shoreline
from the Wisconsin-Illinois State line southward
and eastward to include the mouth of Burns Ditch
in Indiana; and
5) A portion of the Fox River extending from the
Wisconsin-Illinois State line southward through
the urbanized area of metropolitan Chicago, including
the Fox Chain 0'Lakes.
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Chicagoland - to use its locally popular name - is both
the largest urban center in the Great Lakes Basin and the least
favorably situated one with respect to water supply and water-borne
waste disposal. Located at the southern dead end of Lake Michigan, and
standing astride a continental divide, it could not resort to the ex-
pedient typical of other large cities, that is, drawing water supply
from its uphill side and discharging waste waters on the downhill
side. The area's dilemma is alleviated by the unique geography created
by the Ice Age. In the first place, nowhere else in the world is so
large a body of fresh water as Lake Michigan to be found so close to
the headwaters of a drainage basin. Second, the top of the divide, in
Chicago, is only about 10 feet above the water level of Lake Michi-
gan. Finally, the Des Plaines River, on the other side of the divide,
has an elevation some 30 feet lower than Lake level; this made it
possible to cut a water-level channel through the divide and induce
gravity flow westward across the divide without pumping.
In 1900, as a result of a succession of water-borne epidemics
in Chicago, the first canal through the divide was put into operation.
Through this canal the bulk of the area's waste waters were diverted to
flow down the Illinois River; additional lake water was diverted
for dilution of the then untreated wastes. Subsequently, progressive
technological improvements have been made, in the way of interception,
collection, and treatment of wastes prior to discharge. There has been
a continuing series of lawsuits relative to diversion of Great Lakes
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water, beginning shortly after the canal was opened, "with the latest
litigation still in progress "before the United States Supreme Court.
Following entry of the United States Government as a party
litigant in the current Chicago diversion case in February I960,
the Department of Justice requested the Public Health Service to
render professional assistance, in the way of fact-finding investi-
gations, and recommendations consonant with the protection of the
public health and general welfare. To accomplish these purposes, in
connection with the development of long range comprehensive basinwide
plans, the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project was created in
September 1960.
In July of this year (1963) the Project substantially completed
its role in the diversion hearings. A series of 1? formal reports and
supplementing memoranda were prepared for the Justice Department,
presented in evidence, and used as the basis for oral testimony before
the Special Master in Chancery appointed by the Supreme Court to con-
duct hearings. The information gathered, and the conclusions reached
for that purpose, also support the following brief summary of the
water quality management situation in the area previously described.
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II - PRESENT WATER QUALITY
This chapter describes the water quality conditions in
each of the five water zones previously defined; the following
chapter contains inventories of waste sources in each zone.
Beginning in 1961, a series of sampling surveys and other studies
have been carried out in the area. The water quality studies en-
compassed the measurement and evaluation of over thirty separate
parameters. Of these, the parameters or indicators considered most
important and relevant to the alleviation of immediate pollution
problems in the area are discussed herein. These are: Dissolved
Oxygen (DO); Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD); Coliforms and patho-
genic bacteria; detergents (ABS); persistent organic chemicals;
aquatic nutrients; temperature; degradable organic chemicals and
sludge; and the biological indicators. In the Lake Michigan waters
the additional parameters phenol and ammonia are discussed.
The Main Channel System
This channel begins at Wilmette, Illinois, with controlling
works regulating the inflow of Lake Michigan water. It flows pouth,
through the north part of the City of Chicago,receiving tributary
flow from the North Branch of the Chicago Rirer and the effluent
from the north side Metropolitan Sanitary District plant, to the
confluence, in the Loop, with the Chicago River. Waters entering
from the lake here, through controlling works, merge and flow south,
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then southwest to receive the effluent of the Stickney Works of the
Metropolitan Sanitary District, then to the confluence with the
Cal-Sag Channel; the combined flows continue in a southwest di-
rection to controlling works at Lockport, then merge with the
Des Plaines River, just above Dresden Dam, to form the Illinois
River. In this seventy miles of stream are discharged the total
waste effluents of the Chicago area community, except for tte frac-
tion entering Lake Michigan. Thase discharges consist of the
effluents of the three large Metropolitan Sanitary District plants,
storm water overflows, cooling water and industrial discharges,
and miscellaneous outfalls unconnected to the main Metropolitan
Sanitary District system.
The principal pollutional problems are lack of dissolved
oxygen with correspondingly high BOD, extremely high coliforra count
with confirmed presence of pathogenic bacteria, high levels of
nutrients that affect the quality of water farther downstream,
presence of excessive levels of persistent organic chemicals such as
ABS, a large rise in stream temperature to further intensify the
adverse effects of oxygen demand, oxygen-consuming and unsightly
sludge deposits, refuse, garbage, and waste matter floating on the
surface, and a biology limited to only those organisms,such as
sludgeworms,capable of living in rich organic environments.
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Dissolved Oxygen
The waters entering the system at Wilmette and the
Chicago River are saturated with DO. As they flow downstream,
the entrance of oxygen-demanding wastes rapidly depletes this
resource and in certain seasons reduces it to zero. This had
occurred in the North Branch near its confluence with the Chicago
River and again below the Stickney Works - see Figure 3t DO
levels do not recover until passage over the dam at Brandon,
where it is restored by aeration. Further recovery is experienced
at Dresden, where the cleaner waters of the Kankakee contribute
to the recovery.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
The oxygen-demanding wastes discharged to the watercourse
are immediately in evidence following the entrance of Lake Michigan
waters to the system, The discharges of the North Side and Stickney
Works, although fully treated by conventional means, are yet of
sufficient strength and volume to create large increases in oxygen
demand. To these demands are added the raw sewage spilled over
from numerous storm water overflows that discharge into this
stream, usually during storm periods, but occasionally when gates
do not close properly. (See Figure h, Combined Sewer Overflows)
Other oxygen-demanding wastes, from miscellaneous sources, and the
large accumulations of organic sludge, resulting from both the
solids discharges of the treatment plants and the raw sewage from
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storm water make up the total load carried by the stream. Figure
5 presents a typical BOD profile for this stream.
Coliforms and Pathogens
Figure 6 presents representative coliform densities found
during the study. It is quite apparent that densities approaching
levels present in raw sewage can be encountered, and the averages
are far higher than any levels considered safe. These observa-
tions are further substantiated by a special attempt to isolate
particular pathogenic organisms, which confirmed the presence of
enteric pathogens, including polio and ECHO viruses, in over UO
percent of the samples collected. The levels indicate a direct
hazard to health, for those people whose work requires them to
come into some contact with the water.
Detergents (ABS)
The presence of ABS is widely evident in visible foam on
streams throughout the Chicagoland area, especially in the vicinity
of sewage treatment plant outfalls, below spillways, and at other
places where the water is agitated.
Figure 7 presents data on ABS concentrations in the areas,
obtained from analyses of samples collected in January and
February 1962. Except for waters entering inlets from Lake Michigan,
waters from nearly every station sampled revealed ABS concentra-
tions greater than 0.5 milligrams per liter (mg/1).
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Values as high as 2.0 mg/1 were found below the principal treatment
plant discharges.
Nutrients - Phosphate and Nitrogen Compounds
Among the components of domestic and industrial waste are
chemical compounds that act as nutrients, or fertilizers, to the
natural biological life of a stream. The most important of these
are the phosphates and compounds of nitrogen. These compounds
are not readily removed by conventional treatment, and their
presence in effluents results in considerable water quality de-
gradation in downstream areas under conditions favorable to growth
of algae.
Some sections of the main channel system contain as much
as 10 mg/1 of phosphate in some parts and carry 3 mg/1 into
the Illinois River in low flow seasons. Part of this is due to the
domestic and industrial wastes of the Chicago area, and a sizable
amount is contributed by the Blockson Works Plant, Olin Mathieson
Chemical Corporation, in the Joliet area.
The nitrogen contributions to the main stem are principally
from the Metropolitan Sanitary District effluents. The stream
carries high levels of ammonia and organic nitrogen, which under-
go metabolic changes in the stream and result in a sizable
secondary oxygen demand in downstream portions of the Illinois River.
The effect of these nitrogenous residues is further exhibited by
their fertilizing action. The net result of the combined effects
of the high phosphate and nitrogenous residues is continued
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degradation of downstream water quality by the twofold action of
reduced oxygen levels and high algal productivity, which creates
water use problems of its own. The problem of nutrient removal is
one of the principal unsolved problems to be faced by pollution
control agencies and should be highlighted in research plans of
all interests concerned with preservation of water quality.
Temperature
The waters of Lake Michigan are relatively cold at
their point of entry into the main channel. Contributions of
waste water by the Metropolitan Sanitary District (MSB) dis-
charges and by at least three large power plants quickly raise the
temperature of the waterway an average of 9-10°C. It has been
estimated that about £6 percent of this rise in temperature is
due to the power plant cooling waters. The effect of this
temperature rise is to increase the rate of oxygen uptake by the
waste assimilation processes of the stream and to reduce the oxygen
capacity of the stream. Both of these effects are detrimental.
Organic Solids
Studies made on the effluents of the MSD plants showed
an average discharge of about 120 tons per day of suspended mate-
rial, on an annual basis, Similar studies on one of the storm over-
flows in the Chicago area showed that contributions from this
source would average 2$ tons per day distributed throughout a year
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by typical annual storm patterns. The combined loading to the
waterway presents itself throughout the length as sludge deposits.
These deposits ferment constantly under anaerobic conditions,
produce nauseous appearance, odors, and gas bubbles, and exert
additional oxygen demands on the stream. One of the most im-
portant considerations in the improvement of the waters in the
waterway system will be the removal of these organic solids through
additional treatment and the elimination of combined sewer systems.
Biology
Studies of the biological life of the main stem confirm
the findings of gross pollution noted above. The biology of this
stream is one of complete barrenness in certain zones, along with
extremely high numbers of the tubificid worms (sludgeworms) at
many points along its course. A clean water stream would have
many varieties of aquatic life, including fish and bottom dwellers.
This stream has no fish and only one or two varieties of bottom
life, which, when present, are found in tremendous numbers. ^
Figure 8 presents a summary of the bottom dwelling organisms
found in these waters and attests to the degradation of its water
quality.
The Gal-Sag Channel
The Cal-Sag Channel originates at the Calumet Harbor inlet
and normally flows west through the controlling works at Blue
Island (soon to be changed to the O'Brien Locks just south of
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Lake Calumet), to its junction with the main stem at Sag junction,
a distance of about 32 miles. In its flow westward it receives
drainage outflow from Lake Calumet, the Grand Calumet River, the
Calumet treatment plant of the Metropolitan Sanitary District,
and the Little Calumet River, with incidental drainage from the
surrounding areas. The stream normally flows westward; but many
times, particularly following periods of heavy rainfall, it has
been known to flow in the opposite direction, with the divide near
the confluence of the Little Calumet River.
Dissolved Oxygen
Waters entering the Gal-Sag channel system from Lake
Michigan are high in DO, about 7 mg/1 (see Figure 3) although not
up to saturation level, probably because of the effects of fre-
quent reversals of flow. As they proceed westward, the DO level
drops to about 1-2 mg/1 in the vicinity of the Calumet treatment
works. A slight rise occurs here due to the high oxygen content
of this effluent, but farther westward the minimum DO is reached
near the junction with the main stem. Although DO levels are
highly depleted, reflecting gross pollution in the stream, its
condition does not reach the zero levels found along the main stem.
BOD
The BOD at the inlet to the Gal-Sag system from Lake
Michigan is higher than waters representative of the Lake
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(see Figure £). This can be attributed to the reversals of
flow previously described. As the waters flow westward, a large
increase in BOD occurs in the vicinity of the Calumet treatment
works outfall. Farther downstream, the BOD is gradually reduced,
due to natural purification processes, but does not approach a
satisfactory level even at the confluence. The satisfaction of
this BOD, coupled with the oxygen demands of the sludge beds in
this channel, combine to produce the low DO levels found in
this stream.
Coliforms and Pathogens
The conditions described for the main stem apply equally
to this stream. The high coliform densities (Figure 6) throughout
its length are a definite hazard to health. Likewise, the high
coliforms encountered at the inlet to this stream may be a
major source of pollution of Lake Michigan during the periods of
stream reversal previously noted.
Persistent Chemicals, Nutrients, Temperature, Solids, and Biology
The conditions described for these parameters in the main
stem apply equally to this channel. Biological findings at the
inlet further confirm the effects of reversal of flow by the
presence of large numbers of sludgeworms at this point.
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Calumet Watershed Complex
Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal
This stream originates at Gary, Indiana, and flows
westward, receiving large volumes of effluents from the indus-
tries at Gary and the effluents from the Gary, Hammond, and
East Chicago sewage treatment plants. Much of the flow origina-
ting from the Gary area is diverted north through the Indiana
Harbor Canal and enters Lake Michigan. Part of the Hammond dis-
charge also flows in this direction at times, with the remainder
flowing west to the confluence with the Cal-Sag. During storm
periods, these flows may move in either direction.
The DO levels in this stream are comparable to those
found in the upper waterway. Low DO levels predominate in the
waters diverted to Lake Michigan, and zero DO is found in the
portion flowing westward into the Cal-Sag channel. The BOD
levels are correspondingly high and increase sharply in the western-
most section of this stream. Coliform levels are also very high
in all sections of the stream, approaching the levels present in
raw sewage at its confluence with the Cal-Sag channel. The other
parameters exhibit similarly high levels, except the portion of the
stream draining into Lake Michigan. This portion shows a high
ammonia level in relation to the total nitrogen content, a high
phenol level, and a relatively low phosphate level. These re-
lationships indicate that the waste discharges into this portion
of the stream are predominantly industrial, masking the effects
of the municipal discharges.
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Little Calumet River and Burns Ditch
Like the Grand Calumet, the Little Calumet flows in two
directions. Originating east of Gary, in the Dunes area, it flows
west to the Cal-Sag channel, but a large portion of the flow is
diverted into Lake Michigan through Burns Ditch, located east of
Gary. This stream receives the wastes from many small tributar-
ies and small treatment plants with some industrial effluents.
The eastern portion is comparatively clean, but the western
portion, including that which drains east through Burns Ditch,
exhibits levels of DO, BOD, and coliforms comparable to the other
streams already described. The overall water quality of this
stream is comparable to that described for the Cal-Sag channel.
Lake Michigan
Water in the main body of Lake Michigan, as revealed by
samplings at stations located 10 miles or more from shore, is
of very high quality. Its nutrient levels are favorable, con-
taining only traces of phosphate and oxidized nitrogen, sufficient-
ly low to suppress the growth of undesirable planktonic organisms.
Its mineral content is comparatively low and quite uniform except
for some minor variability in some of the constituents. These
constituents provide no problems with respect to the water uses
encountered.
The inshore waters of the Lake, particularly in the southwest
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sector, exhibit some significant variations from those des-
cribed above and in some areas are sufficiently affected to
cause impairment to water uses. Data collected by the Project,
although incomplete, nevertheless are of sufficient volume to
highlight some of the problems resulting from the waste discharges
entering this sector of the lake.
Dissolved Oxygen and BOD
Although DO concentration and BOD do not reach critical
levels, there is exhibited sufficient change in these parameters,
particularly in the Indiana Harbor area, to point to need for
remedial measures. Levels of DO as low as 2.5 and BOD's up to
5.1 mg/1, have been recorded, indicating this as one of the major
waste input sources. Fortunately, because of the large dilutions
afforded by the lake, these conditions do not persist, except for
this harbor area.
The Calumet and Chicago River harbors did not exhibit
comparable levels, presumably because these harbors are input
points into the Illinois River system rather than points of dis-
charge. The limited number of Burns Ditch results indicated DO
levels as low as $.h and BOD's up to 10.1 mg/1. The effects on
adjacent waters in Lake Michigan are now being studied.
Coliforms
In contrast with the coliform findings in the deep waters
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of the lake, the coliform levels in the southwest sector provide
ample evidence of pollution. Increased levels, as high as 1000/100
ml, were found as far out as Ij. miles from shore, between the Wisconsin
line and Gary, Indiana. In the Calumet Harbor area, the levels
were comparatively low, probably due to little or no flow re-
versal encountered during this study period. Levels in the
Indiana Harbor area were also comparatively low, although it is
well known that this area receives effluents from two major
municipal treatment works, Gary and East Chicago, Indiana.
Limited sampling of Burns Ditch discharges by the Project have
shown levels as high as 11,000 organisms per 100 ml, with levels
up to 7,600 per 100 ml in adjacent Lake waters. Results from
sampling in 1961 by the State Board of Health of Indiana showed
levels as high as 1*30,000/100 ml, with 6 of 20 samples higher
than 200,000.
The high coliform levels, and other pollutional effects,
inhibit recreational opportunities in Lake Michigan waters, es-
pecially along Indiana shores, Bathing beaches in Chicago and
the Chicago water intakes are affected from these sources under
circumstances wherein the water movements of the lake are from
south to north along the shoreline, or during periods of heavy
storm runoff when the Calumet River discharges into the Lake.
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Persistent Chemicals and ABS
These materials are relatively low and present no par-
ticular problems to water users at this time, except during periods
of water movement from south to north along the shoreline. During
these periods of water movement, slugs of waste discharges have
been known to remain undiluted for sufficient distance and time
to produce marked taste and odor problems to the water supply
of Chicago and adjacent cities. The Project is currently in-
volved in a study of this problem and will attempt to pinpoint
the sources of these wastes, as well as the extent of water damage
involved. There is no doubt at this time that much of this ori-
ginates in the industrial complex between Gary and the Calumet
River, including the discharges from the Indiana Harbor Canal.
Nutrients
Nutrient levels along the southwest shoreline, although
very low when compared with the Illinois waterway, present a
current problem to present-day water uses and a much greater
potential problem to future water uses of Lake Michigan. Pro-
lific growths of attached algae (Cladophora) periodically break
off and are deposited on the Chicago beaches, causing nuisances
from its decay. Regular occurrences of heavy plankton populations
result in interference in water treatment processes, and reduction
of filter plant productive capacity.
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So long as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds are discharged into
the Lake, these problems will intensify.
Long-range water quality considerations require that dis-
charge of materials into the Lake be discouraged and that re-
search in the removal of these materials from effluents be in-
tensified.
Phenol and Ammonia
These materials are basic components of industrial
discharges from the industrial complex between Gary and the Calumet
River. High phenol and ammonia levels, sufficient to affect
municipal water supplies*have been found in this area. Phenols
as high as 32 micrograms per liter have been found in the in-
shore waters and 52.it in the waters of Indiana Harbor. Corres-
ponding ammonia levels are 0.37 mg/1 and ii.18 mg/3, respectively.
The principal effects of these components are the taste and odor,
and chlorination problems encountered in municipal water treat-
ment processes. Although both of these components are subject to
biological degradation, the cool temperatures of the Lake reduce
the reaction rate. This, coupled with predominant water movements
from south to north, results in recurring water treatment problems.
Biology
The inshore areas of Lake Michigan from Calumet Harbor
to Burns Ditch, Indiana, are degraded biologically, in degrees
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ranging from »severe" near Indiana and Calumet Harbors to "mild"
near Burns Ditch. The bottom-dwelling organisms are predominant-
ly sludgeworms and bloodworms. These organisms favor a habitat
of organic sediment and are very tolerant of poor water quality
conditions. The aquatic scuds (Pontaporeia) that are predominant
bottom dwellers throughout Lake Michigan, except near major waste
sources, are almost nonexistent in these inshore waters. They
prefer a sand and gravel habitat and require clean, clear water.
However, the sludgeworms and bloodworms do not occur in large
numbers as would be expected where organic sediments cover the
lake bottom. This is attributed to the industrial wastes dis-
charged in the Calumet and Indiana Harbor areas that are either
toxic or inhibitory to those organisms.
Biological degradation is further evidenced by a paucity
of planktonic algae even though nutrient levels are relatively
high. Suspended solids emanating from the harbors inhibit the
development of planktonic algae,either by reducing the transpar-
ency of the water and consequently limiting light penetration,
or by toxic effects. Water transparencies are generally less than
one meter in the lake waters as far as h miles off the Calumet
area shoreline.
In the inshore area from the Wisconsin-Illinois state
line south to Calumet Harbor, the benthic fauna consists of a
varied population of organisms usually predominated by Pontaporeia.
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2k
At some stations, however, the oligochaete worms were numerous.
The waters of this area are influenced by organic wastes discharged
farther north in Wisconsin, and a standing crop of planktonic algae
results that is sometimes 10 to 100 times more dense than the waters
farther lakeward. In addition, these nutrient-rich waters produce
luxuriant mats of filamentous algae (usually Cladophora) which
cover all firm submerged attachment surfaces. They break loose
during storms, or at maturity,' and wash up on bathing beaches,
foul fishing nets, and clog water intake screens. The death,
deposition, and decay of algae results in a bottom habitat of
organic sediment that is more favorable to sludgeworms and blood-
worms and less favorable to the desirable aquatic scuds.
Fox River
This river originates in Wisconsin west of Milwaukee and
flows south into Illinois, receiving waste discharges of man-made
origin and the runoff from adjacent farm lands. In Illinois it
passes through a series of recreational lakes known as the
Chain 0' Lakes (see Figure 9), where it receives septic tank
effluent, the discharges of several sewage treatment-plants, and
local runoff. From its outlet at Lake Pistakee, it flows past
the cities of Elgin, St. Charles, Geneva, Batavia, and Aurora
to its confluence with the Illinois River, receiving the treated
wastes from these and many smaller communities en route. It is
predominantly a recreational stream, supporting many marinas.
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The flow through Illinois is restricted by many small impoundments
to provide sufficient water for these activities.
Water quality studies by the Project consisted of routine
samples collected at its mouth during the study of the Illinois
River and a short period of study of the Chain 0' Lakes area by
the Lake County Health Department, in which the Project provided
laboratory support.
Samples collected at the mouth of the river are character-
ized by high DO levels, BOD's averaging between 3 and 10 mg/1 in
the three study periods, phosphates up to 1.0 mg/1, high nitrogen
levels, and coliforms of 1,500 per 100 ml.
The Chain 0' Lakes study showed DO as low as 3.0 mg/1,
phosphate up to 0.76 mg/1, and ammonia of 1.09 mg/1 at various
sampling locations.
Plankton counts at the mouth of the river ranged from
5,700 to 35^000 organisms per ml, the dominant groups being diatoms,
greens, and blue-greens, in that order. The Chain 0' Lakes study
showed counts as high as 56,000, dominated by blue-greens and
diatoms.
In summary, the data reveal the principal water quality
problems to be the high algae levels resulting from the nutrients
present in the numerous sewage discharges and the slow flow-through
and low velocity of these waters, tending to hold these nutrients
in the zones of discharge.
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' ' III WASTE SOURCES
This chapter presents a review of known wastes discharged in
the Chicago and Environs area. The area is divided into five parts
or sub-areas as described in Chapter I.
The presentation consists of five sections. The first section
is a summary of municipal wastes, which includes domestic and indus-
trial wastes discharged to municipal sewerage systems. The second
section presents a summary of industrial wastes discharged directly
to local watercourses. The third section pertains to combined sewer
overflows. The fourth section is on pollution from vessels, and the
fifth section concerns wastes from Federal installations.
Municipal Wastes
Sewered communities, institutions, and commercial establishments
such as motels are included in the municipal sewage inventory. Data
were compiled from existing Federal, State, Local and Sanitary District
reports and supplemented by field investigations. The reported data
are for the year I960, except that data for the Calumet Area in North-
western Indiana are for the year 1961. Municipal systems serving
1,000 or more persons are tabulated individually by subbasin whereas
those serving less than 1,000 persons are grouped by subbasin in
Tables 2 to 9, inclusive, and depicted in Figures 10 and 11. The
portion of the Fox River below Yorkville contributes minimal pollution
to the Illinois River System and is therefore not shown in Figure 10.
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27
Population equivalents (PE) are calculated on a 5-day "bio-
chemical oxygen demand (BOD) "basis, using analytical data from GLIKBP
studies or furnished by the plant or control agency and assuming each
pound per day of BOD to "be equivalent to six persons. The data pre-
sented for the subbasins in the Chicago and Environs area shows that
if-36 communities, institutions., and commercial establishments are served
by 301 sewerage works. The total waste load to these systems is about
9,860,000 PE and the total load discharged to the watercourses is
about 1,290,000 PE. The following table summarizes the waste loads
by sub-areas:
Waste Loads
Population Equivalents
Sub-Areas Before jgreatment As Discharged
1. The main connecting channel between Lake 7,828,300 968,100
Michigan and the Illinois River, extend-
ing from Lake Inlets, at Wilmette and the
Chicago River mouth, through the North
Shore Channel, North Branch of Chicago
River, Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal,
and Des Plaines River; to the confluence
of the Des Plaines and Kankakee Rivers;
exclusive of sub-area 2.
2. The Calumet-Sag Channel and that portion 1,163,280 182,500
of the Calumet River System presently
tributary to the Illinois River; including
Wolf Lake.
3. The Calumet Area of northwest Indiana Included in Sub-Area k
presently tributary to Lake Michigan
k. Local waters of Lake Michigan, along the
shoreline from the Wisconsin-Illinois
State line southward and eastward to in-
clude the mouth of Burns Ditch in Indiana.
Sub-Area 3 420,060 55,665
Waukegan-Highland Park Area 207,900 26,965
Total for Sub-Area 4 527,960~ ""82,630
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5. A portion of the Fox River extending from the 238,910 59;600
Wisconsin-Illinois State Line southward
through the urbanized area of metropolitan
Chicago, including the Pox Chain 0'Lakes.
In addition to sewered or partially sewered communities included
in this section, there are many unsewered areas discharging septic tank
effluents or raw sewage to local watercourses. There may be some cases
where the overall waste contribution to a local watercourse is consider-
able, but in general these matters constitute local nuisances and
sanitation problems. Loads from these sources are not included in the
above table.
Industrial Wastes
The industrial waste summary encompasses industrial establish-
ments that discharge directly to the receiving waters of the area.
Initial waste loads were compiled from State, County, City and
Sanitary District records, and supplemented by data received from
individual industries, regulatory agencies, and field investigation of
known outfalls. For some industries, waste loads were estimated from
data obtained from similar industries. Industries discharging waste
loads of 1,000 PE or greater are tabulated individually by subbasin,
whereas those with waste loads less than 1,000 PE are grouped by sub-
basin in Tables 1, 11 and 12, and depicted in Figures 12 and 13.
One-hundred .^nd forty-three industries were reviewed in the study
area. Those industries include ?0 chemical plants, 11 iron and/or
steel plants, 6 by-product coke plants, ^ paper and allied product plants,
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29
7 oil refineries, 15 food processing plants and a variety of other
diversified industrial enterprises. Most of these industries provide
some type of waste treatment facilities and/or control measures.
The total industrial waste load discharged in the study area
is about 1,183,000 PE and is summarized by sub-areas in the following
table:
Population
Sub-Area No. of Plants Equivalent
1. The main connecting channel between Lake 80 259,100
Michigan and the Illinois River, extending
from Lake inlets at Wilmette and the
Chicago River mouth, through the North
Shore Channel, Worth Branch of Chicago
River, Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and
Des Plaines River, to the confluence of the
Des Plaines and Kankakee Rivers, exclusive
of sub-area 2.
2. The Calumet-Sag Channel and that portion of 36 92.000
the Calumet River System presently tributary
to the Illinois River; including Wolf Lake
3. The Calumet Area of northwest Indiana
presently tributary to Lake Michigan; (included in Sub-Area V)
4. Local waters of Lake Michigan, along the
shoreline from the Wisconsin-Illinois State
line southward and eastward to include the
mouth of Bums Ditch in Indiana.
Sub-Area 3 18 812,000
Waukegan-Highland Park Area 3 8,800
Total for Sub-area 4 21 820;800
5. A portion of the Fox River extending from the 8 11,200
Wisconsin-Illinois State Line southward through
the urbanized area of metropolitan Chicago,
including the Fox Chain 0'Lakes
Many industries discharge pollutants other than oxygen-demanding
wastes that can adversely affect the receiving waters. The principal
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non-oxygen demanding pollutants are inert solids,, oil, dissolved solids,
inorganic chemicals and certain organic chemicals and nutrients.
Combined Sewer Overflows
The overflow of raw sewage and industrial wastes mixed with
storm water during periods of storm runoff constitutes a significant
intermittent source of pollution of the waterways in the Chicago Area.
The project conducted a pilot study in the area tributary to the three
main sewage treatment plants of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago for the purpose of estimating the amount of pollution
from combined sewer overflows.
The pilot study was conducted on the area tributary to the
Roscoe Street sewer. Results from the pilot study were translated by
appropriate ratios to determine the BOD overflow load in each treatment
plant area, tabulated as follows:
Average Annual BOD
Overflow Load
Treatment Plant Ib/day
North Side 7,100
Stickney 35,500
Calumet 4,300
Total U6,900
The total estimated load shown above is almost a third as much
as the combined load to the stream system from the three MSB treatment
plants.
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31
Pollution from Vessels
During 1961, 69,360,5^8 tons of freight were handled in Chicago
and environs from United States, Canadian and Foreign overseas vessels,
comprising some 17,000 trips. These were made by cargo, tugboats,
towboats, commercial fishing, shuttle and sightseeing vessels. The
number and type of ships, cargo capacities, port time, passengers and
pollutional estimates of vessels using the watercourses in the Chicago
area during 196! for international, intrastate and intraport commerce
have been compiled in Table 13.
The number of pleasure craft having marine toilet facilities
that used Lake Michigan in the Chicago area in 1961, has been estimated
at 8,000 involving 160,000 trips.
The inadequate and/or non-treatment of discharged wastes by an
increased volume of commercial shipping and pleasure craft in the Chicago
area has resulted in greater overall pollution. Those wastes are
classified as follows:
1. Wastes of human origin
2. Wastes from ballast and bilge water
3. Compartment washings
h. Garbage
5. Dredged materials
6. Refuse and dunnage
?. Cargo losses
8. Miscellaneous
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32
Pollution problems resulting from the uncontolled discharging of
wastes from vessels can be serious, such as they can alter the esthetic
value of harbors, bathing beaches and private property; be a health
hazard to bathers and water skiers; and be costly and a health hazard
to municipal and industrial water supplies.
The increased number of pleasure craft in this area has resulted
in greater congestion and pollution in harbors and marinas. Oil, gaso-
line exhaust wastes, garbage and sewage are the major sources of
pollution from pleasure craft.
Most of the pleasure craft in the Chicago area are used from
12 to 16 hours per week and carry an average crew of k persons per
vessel. The operating season for pleasure boats usually lasts about
17 weeks. There are times during the season when many of the boaters
live on their craft when moored in the marinas. The 8,000 pleasure
craft having marine toilet facilities can be expected to contribute a
domestic sewage equivalent to that from a community of 3>000 persons
to the harbors and beaches in Chicago and environs whereas the waste
load from commercial vessels using the ports in this area is equiva-
lent to that from a community of 1,700 persons.
Pollution from commercial vessels and pleasure craft is serious
since it degrades shoreline property, affects water quality, creates
a health hazard, and affects harbor and bathing beach conditions.
Although the pollution conditions do not spread over extended areas in
open waters, they became significant problems in ports, harbors, and
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33
marinas due to the concentration of "boats therein. Further, due to the
itinerant nature of "boat movements coupled with indiscriminate vaste
disposal practices, there exists a continuing pollution hazard to
water supply intakes.
The pollution problem from commercial craft could be alleviated
either by the installation of adequate waste treatment devices, by
pumping wastes via a sewer line installed on the dock for ultimate
disposal on land, or by the development of strict regulations for the
control of sanitation in the various ports in the Chicago area In
respect to pleasure craft, the problem could be alleviated, by in-
tensive research directed toward development of effective treatment
devices, educational programs to encourage boaters to use shore
facilities and the development of strict regulations for the control
of sanitation in marinas.
In the Chicago area, the Interstate Quarantine Regulations
prohibit discharges of wastes within k miles of the City of Chicago
intakes. At all other municipal potable water intakes in the Great
Lakes the prohibited area is 3 miles. The control of discharges from
the great variety of ocean going ships, lake boats, other commercial
craft, and pleasure craft which ply other areas of the Great Lakes
is difficult at best. Posting of the regulations, coupled with surveil-
lance limited to the efforts of the Public Health Service, the Coast
Guard and possibly the Corps of Engineers, constitute the control
measures.
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Wastes from Federal Installations
Overall, there are 2173 federal installations located in the
Region reported as discharging wastes, although the vast majority are
on municipal sewerage systems. Some 216 of these installations dis-
charge treated and untreated wastes into the surface waters of the
Region. The Regional Office is actively pursuing a program involving
evaluation surveys and reports on this latter group. Also in instances
where reports of pollution conditions are received by the Regional
Office, technical assistance is given to the installation to correct
the condition and prevent reccurrance.
Included in the 2l6 mentioned above are 2^ federal installations
that discharge wastes into the surface waters of Chicago and its en-
virons. Eighteen of these installations, with a total domestic waste
volume of 5,569,- 000 gallons per day, have waste treatment facilities
provided. Six installations with a total of 2,980 fallons of wastes
per day discharge without treatment into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship
Canal, the Little Calumet River and Lake Michigan.
The most significant contributors are the two sewage treatment
plants at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center, the plant at Fort
Sheridan, the Argonne National Laboratory and the Kankakee and Elwood
Units of the Joliet Arsenal. Apart from a potential waste load
estimated at 5-0 MGD from an inactive industrial operation at the
Kankakee Unit of the Joliet Arsenal, the balance of the federal in-
stallations contribute a total of about 20,000 GPD of industrial wastes
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35
to the surface streams of the area. Identification of all 2*4- installa-
tions along with estimates of waste flows to the receiving streams and
lakes are listed in Table 14 and located on Figure Ik.
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36
IV WATSR.. QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MEASURES
It will be apparent from the foregoing description of conditions,
that no single panacea will result in the improvements in water quality
which the area needs, desires, and - with concerted effort - can
achieve. It is possible, however, to define the major elements of the
problem, and to suggest those measures on which a concentration of
effort may be expected to yield the most immediate and greatest
improvement.
In its reports to the Justice Department for the diversion
hearings, the Public Health Service made the following recommendations:
"1. No less than secondary treatment should be provided for
all sewage being discharged to the Upper Illinois River
System and the main stem below Lockport.
2. The Metropolitan Sanitary District should undertake an
extensive study to determine the best plan to attain the
recommended goal on stream coliform density. The tech-
nical practicability of disinfecting the canal at several
locations and/or the disinfecting of treatment plant
effluents and storm water overflows should be studied.
3. The Metropolitan Sanitary District should continue its
present experimental program of artificial reaeration
of the river system in order to determine whether it is
practical to increase oxygen concentrations by this
method under the conditions that prevail.
k. The recently enacted industrial waste ordinance should
be reviewed for possible revisions that will encourage
industrial practices which minimize the quantity and
strength of industrial wastes delivered to the MSD
sewer system.
5. The Metropolitan Sanitary District should continue
the program for the detection of unknown submerged
outfalls, illegal connections to storm sewers, and
other types of illicit connections.
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37
6. The use of the canals in the Chicago area for cooling
water by air conditioning, thermal power, and industrial
installations should be regulated and limited.
1. The MSD and other responsible agencies should increase the
emphasis given to research and development programs
for improvement" of treatment techniques and other measures
to protect the quality of receiving waters.
8. The Metropolitan Sanitary District should immediately
undertake comprehensive engineering studies to determine
the best plan for the separation of storm and sanitary
sewers, and the plan should be implemented as it becomes
available. Suggested short-term improvements should be.
made in the meantime.
9- The "water year" for computation of the average allowable
diversion should begin on March 1, and should continue
for a two-year period if necessary for balancing the
water account when circumstances dictate, to foster better
utilization of the authorized diversion."
Improvement measures can be conveniently grouped under headings
of Exclusion, Collection, Treatment, Dispersal, and Operations.
Exclusion of Wastes at the Source
While it seems certain that waste transport will continue to be
one of the uses served by the waters of an area, there are certain
substances which should be excluded from sewer systems, and disposed
of by other means. Most notable of these is radioactive material,
and there seems to be universal agreement that the quantities of such
material discharged to streams should be severely limited. Other
materials which should be separated (or kept separate) from waste water
at the source include the toxic metals, oil, and strong acids or
alkalis. In addition, economic considerations can be made to exert
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38
greater influence on the choice of disposal methods by industries.
To that end, the Public Health Service has recommended consideration
of industrial waste ordinances that base the charges for sewer service
on the quantities of wastes received for treatment and disposal. (This
is not the current practice of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Chicago ). The experience of other cities has been cited to show that
this practice can result in substantial reduction of waste loads
handled by the public disposal facility.
Storm Water Overflow Control
Like many of the older large cities of the country, Chicago to-
day has a sewer system that evolved in response to current practices
as time went on rather than being planned in the light of present-
day knowledge and attitudes. The collector system of the Metropolitan
Sanitary District contains some 350 overflow points, where a part of
the mixture of storm water and untreated sewage is spilled locally to
the stream system. The continuous effects of these periodic overflows
were described earlier in the discussion of the Biochemical Oxygen
Demand exerted by sludge deposits.
The task, of separating sewers or effecting other control measures
in congested areas and high-value districts is a monumental one, and
it is not expected to be fully accomplished in a short time. Urban
redevelopment affords an opportunity to institute corrective practices.
The Public Health Service has recommended that MSD,and others charged
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39
with the responsibility, embark upon a thorough study of ways and
means to solve this problem.
It is appropriate to note here an important sidelight of the
combined sewer problem. The runoff from rainfall in an urban area
is itself a carrier of pollutional materials to streams. The few
pilot studies that have been completed to date suggest that this con-
tribution is substantial. Further study of this aspect is needed, and
is under way; the need for such study is not, however, considered
justification for continuing the practice of deliberately combining
storm runoff with large quantities of waste known to be of human fecal
origin.
Waste Treatment Techniques and Research
In regard to waste treatment practices, there is need for research
to improve the efficacy of treatment, and also for wider and better
application of things already known. Modern methods for biological
treatment of wastes can do only a part of the job - but they can do
that part to a greater degree than is currently being practiced in
many places. Reasons may be that plants are too small, are obsolete,
are not designed to take full advantage of present technical knowledge,
or are not manned by operators trained and motivated to do the best
possible job.
Properly designed and operated, treatment plants today should
be expected to accomplish, with a high degree of efficiency, the
following results: l) removal of floating matter and suspended solids;
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2) stabilization of decomposable organic material, as reflected by
satisfaction of biochemical oxygen demand; 3) destruction of patho-
gens; and h) provision of dissolved oxygen, to contribute toward the
oxygen demand of the continuing reaction as the residue flows down-
stream. Referring to the third item, the Service has recommended
investigation of the feasibility of chlorinating the effluents from
municipal waste treatment plants The major plants in this area
(including MSB) do not chlorinate effluents at present.
In the Chicago area and environs, some isolated communities
and several industries are still discharging wastes with little or
no treatment. These wastes should either be provided with proper
treatment at the source, or connected to the central systems.
Research is especially needed to develop techniques' Tor treat-
ment of persistent organic and other synthetic compounds that resist
biological degradation, and for the removal of the nutrients that
promote aquatic growth and lead to dense algal blooms in streams and
lakes. Recognition of the need for research, and support of it, can
yield solutions, as demonstrated by recent developments with regard
to synthetic detergents,
In addition to treatment at plants, the possibilities for in.
situ treatment, in the receiving streams and lakes, should be further
explored. The Metropolitan Sanitary District is to be commended for
its experiments with an in-stream aerator, aimed at increasing the
oxygen input to the stream from the air. Although the results to date
have not been notably succesful, efforts along this line should be
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continued. Other possibilities along this line are in-stream dis-
infection and better ways to control undesirable aquatic growths.
As previously noted,, the removal of nutrients, nitrogen and phosphate,
from effluents, would help. But nitrogen and phosphate are not the
only elements required for over- active aquatic growth. Beeearch
effort may disclose some governing element which is present in minute
quantities, and is amenable to control.
Dispersal of Residues
In the present state of knowledge, the effluent from municipal
and industrial wastes, even after a high degree of treatment, will
still degrade the quality of water in receiving streams to such a
degree as to be detrimental to many uses, unless sufficient quantities
of higher-quality water are made available to dilute the residue and
reduce concentrations of pollutional materials both known and unknown
in nature. That is why the Public Health Service recommended that the
direct diversion from Lake Michigan at Chicago, presently allowed by the
Supreme Court, not be reduced. The planning and design of waste col-
lection and treatment systems should give greater attention to
strategic location of the outfalls for ultimate disposal. Many treat-
ment plants in the Chicago area discharge to watercourses that have no
other flow during dry-weather periods. Master sewerage plans should be
prepared for the area. These plans should delineate the areas served,
or to be served, by each individual system, and should foster the
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combining of small isolated plants into integrated systems as
development progresses.
Operations
It goes without saying that the best designed plant will not
accomplish its purpose without proper operation.Encouragement and
support should be given to the state water pollution control agencies
in their efforts to improve training and promote licensing of sewage
works operators. Illinois now has mandatory, and Indiana voluntary,
licensing procedures.
Monitoring and surveillance are important elements of operation
that merit greater attention. The development of remotely-controlled
and continuously recording instruments for measuring water quality has
made rapid strides in recent years. As an example of operational use
of such equipment, dissolved oxygen analyzers should be permanently
installed at critical points in the Chicago area stream system. The
information thus obtained should be relayed to a control center and
there utilized to dispatch flows of allowable diversion from Lake
Michigan as needed, for most efficient utilization of the water.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago not only
exercises authority over its own works; but also has some jurisdiction
over the receiving channels. This is a fortunate arrangement, and the
District should actively pursue a program of policing to prevent
illicit discharges to the waterway, both occasional and continual.
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V - FEDERALLY AIDED SEWAGE TREATMEOT WORKS PROJECTS
Forty-two projects in nine counties within the Chicago
area in Illinois and Indiana have received construction grants of
over $!? million under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
These grants have supported construction in excess of $19.6
million, for projects serving a population of approximately
1$0,000. Twenty-seven projects have been completed and placed in
operation. The remaining 15> are currently under construction.
Detailed data on the individual projects are listed in
Table 15. Figure 15 depicts the geographical location of the
various projects.
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TABUS 1
MEMBERS OF TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASINS PROJECT
Mr. Loring F. Oeming
Executive Secretary-
State of Michigan
Water Resources Commission
200 Mill Street
Lansing 13, Michigan
Mr. C. W. Klassen .
Technical Secretary
State of Illinois
Sanitary Water Board
Springfield, Illinois
Mr. Norval E. Anderson
Chief Engineer
The Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
100 East Erie Street
Chicago 11, Illinois
Dr. C. S. Boruff
Technical Director
Hiram Walker & Sons, Inc.
Peoria 1, Illinois
Mr. R. A. Hirshfield
General Hydraulic Engineer
Commonwealth Edison Company
Chicago 90, Illinois
Mr. B. A. Poole
Technical Secretary
Stream Pollution Control Board
1330 W. Michigan Street
Indianapolis 7, Indiana
Mr. P. J. Marschall
Vice President in charge of
Engineering
Abbott Laboratories
14th and Sheridan
North Chicago, Illinois
Mr. C. J. McLean
c/o Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan
Area Planning Commission
72 West Adams Street
Chicago 3, Illinois
Mr. 0. J. Muegge
State Sanitary Engineer
The State of Wisconsin
Board of Health
State Office Building :
Madison 2, Wisconsin
Mr. Ross L. Harbaugh
Superintendent, Chemical Department
Inland Steel Company
Indiana Harbor Works
East Chicago, Indiana
Mr. A. F. Endres
Manager
Whiting Refinery
American Oil Company
2400 New York Avenue
Whiting, Indiana
Mr. Burton H. Atvrood
National Treasurer
Izaak Walton League
Crystal Lake, Illinois
Mr. Horace R. Frye
Superintendent, Water & Sewer Dept.
City of Evanston
Evanston, Illinois
Mr. Edward C. Logelin
Vice President
U. S. Steel Corporation
208 S. LaSalle Street
Chicago 90, Illinois
Mr. H. H. Gerstein
Chief Water Engineer, Bureau of
Water
Department of Water and Sewers
City of Chicago
Chicago 2, Illinois
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-------
-------
TABLE 14 a
FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
ILLINOIS
Installation
Discharge
Surface Water Body
Lake Co.
1. Naval Training Center-East
(Great Lakes)
2. Naval Training Center-West
(Great Lakes)
3. Nike Site (Half Day)
4. Fort Sheridan
5. Nike Site (Near Palatine)
Cook Co.
6. Nike Qtrs. (Worth)
7. Nike Qtrs. (Worth)
8. Nike MNT Shop (Orland Park)
9. Nike Qtrs. (Orland Park)
10. Nike Site (Orland Park)
11. DA Housing (LeMont)
3,000,000 GPD Sewage Lake Michigan
Secondary w/chlorination
750,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
4,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
500,000 GPD Sewage
18,700 GPD Indus.
Secondary w/chlorination
3, ooo
300,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
Skokie Creek
Indian Creek
Lake Michigan
Buffalo Creek
3,600 GPD Sewage
Secondary
2,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
3,000 GPD Sewage
800 GPD Indus.
Secondary
10,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
4,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
200 GPD Sewage
No Treatment
Cal Sag Channel
Cal Sag Channel
Marley Creek
Marley Creek
Marley Creek
Chicago San. & Ship
Canal
-------
-------
TABLE 14 b
Installation
DuPage Co.
12. Argonne National Lab.
13. Nike Site (Addison)
Discharge
600,000 GPD
1,130 GPD Indus.
Secondary Plants
10,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
Surface Water Body
Des Plaines River
UNNamed Swamp Trib.
To Salt Creek
Will Co.
14. Joliet Arsenal - Elwood Unit 462,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
Indus. Floor Washings
(No Est.)
15. Joliet Arsenal-Kankakee Unit 6,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
185,500 GPD Sewage
Primary
16. Lockport Lock & Dam
(Lockport)
17. Brandon Road I&D
(Joliet)
Indus. (Inactive)
450 GPD Sewage
NO Treatment
450 GPD Sewage
NO Treatment
Prairie Creek
25 Acre Pond
Jackson Creek
Grant Creek
Des Plaines River
Des Plaines River
-------
-------
Installation
Lake Co.
18. DA Housing (Highland)
19. Indiana Hbr. E. Bkw. Lt.
(Near East Chicago)
20. DA Housing (Schererville)
21. Nike Site (Munster)
TABLE 14 c
INDIANA
Discharge
1,400 GPD Sewage
NO Treatment
280 GPD Sewage
NO Treatment
200 GPD Sewage
NO Treatment
10,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
Surface Water Body
Little Calumet River
Lake Michigan
Cady Marsh-Hart Ditch
Trib. to Little
Calumet River
Hart Ditch Trib. to
Little Calumet River
Porter Co.
22. Nike (Wheeler)
23. Nike Site Launching
(Chesterton)
24. Nike Site Housing
10,000 GPD Sewage
Primary
1,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
9,000 GPD Sewage
Secondary
Unnamed Ditch
Dunes Creek to
Little Calumet River
Dunes Creek to
Little Calumet River
-------
-------
TABIJ3
FEDERALLY AIDED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS PROJECTS
IN CHICAGO AMD ENVIRONS
Municipalities
Type of
Treatment
Facility Cost
Federal
Grant
Present Pop
Status Served
STATE OF ILLINOIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-
6.
?.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Village of
Algonquin
City of
Crystal Lake
City of
Harvard
Village of
Hunt ley
Village of
Richmond
City of
Woodstock
City of
Wauconda
Village of
Deerfield
Gages Lake
San. Dist.
Village of
Lake Villa
Round Lake
San. Dist
North Shore
San. Dist.
Village of
Antioch
Village of
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP,
Int.
STP
STP
STP
STP
P/S,
F/M
STP
STP
STP
STP
$226
20k
162
61
51
365
238
293
279
145
547
668
220
718
,558
>664
,44o
,146
,997
,000
,542
,608
,488
,921
,947
,384
,976
,390
$67,
61,
48,
18,
15,
109,
71,
88,
83,
43,
160,
200,
65,
215,
976
399
732
343
599
500
562
082
846
776
685
515
016
517
Complete
Under
Construction
Complete
Complete
Complete
Under
Construction
Complete
Complete
Under
Construction
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
1,223
8,314
3,905
830
623
8,859
1,173
11 ,.711.
4,076
824
11,270
38,940
2,268
2,238
Fox Lake
Int.
-------
TABLE 15TD
FEDERALLY AIDED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS PROJECTS
IN CHICAGO AND ENVIRONS
Municipalities
Type of
Treatment
I/
Facility Cost
Federal
Grant
Present Pop
Status Served
STATE OF ILLINOIS
15-
16.
17-
18.
19-
20.
21.
22.
23-
2k.
25.
26.
City of
Batavia
San. Dist.
of Elgin
City of
St. Charles
Village of
Lansing
Village of
Thornton
Downers Grove
San. Dist.
Village of
Roselle
Salt Creek
San. Dist.
City of
West Chicago
Wheat on
San. Dist.
Village of
Winfield
Village of
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
STP,
Int.
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
Int.
STP,
Int.
STP,
$548,
$1,008,
$194,
$682,
$109,
$551,
$230,
$203,
$6i4,
$1,545,
$369,
$304,
414
625
990
T59
602
400
607
776
000
500
090
711
$164,
$250,
$58,
$20*4-,
$32,
$160,
$69,
$^5,
$172,
$463,
$82,
$91,
524
000
497
827
880
420
182
600
507
650
500
012
Complete
Under
Construction
Complete
Complete
Complete
Under
Construction
Under
Construction
Complete
Complete
Under
Construction
Under
Construction
Complete
5,
*3,
9,
15,
1,
27,
3,
12,
5,
27,
1,
1,
838
500
207
675
217
000
581
100
316
000
189
857
Wood Dale
27. Village of
Beecher
P/S,
Int.
Secondary STP $165,220
$49,566 Under
Construction
1,367
-------
-------
TABLE 15c
FEDERALLY AIDED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS PROJECTS
IN CHICAGO AND ENVIRONS
Municipalities
Type of
Treatment
I/
Facility
Cost
Federal
Grant
Present Pop.
Status Served
STATE OF ILLINOIS
28.
29-
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35-
36.
37-
38.
Village of
Frankfort
City of
Lockport
Village of
Mokena
Village of
New Lenox
Village of
Peotone
Village of
Plainfield
City of
Wilmington
Village of
Bourbannais
City of
Kanfeakee
Village of
Manteno
City of
Momence
ILLINOIS
SUB-TOTALS
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
38 project*
STP
STP,
P/S
Int.
STP,
Out.
P/S
STP,
Int.
STP
STP
STP,
P/S
F/M
STP,
Int.
STP
STP, Out
P/S, Int.
STP
3 $1
186,057
426,064
215,348
225,936
147,659
70,000
282,676
218,843
881,003
235,979
209,898
.3,813,248
55,817
126,019
64,604
67,780
40,000
21,000
84,802
65,653
250,000
70,260
Complete
Complete 4,
Complete
Complete 1,
Complete 1,
Under
Construe- 2,
tion
Complete 3,
Complete 1,
Complete 33,
Complete 1,
Under
Construe- 2,
tion
$4,012,431 304,
685
954
903
235
146
200
354
598
000
789
747
712
-------
-------
TABLE
FEDERALLY AIDED SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS PROJECTS
IN CHICAGO AND ENVIRONS
Type of
Municipalities Treatment Facility
Federal Present Pop.
Cost Grant Status Served
STATE OF INDIANA
39. Town of Secondary Int.P/S,
Griffith F/M,Out.
40. San. Dist. Secondary STP,
of Hammond P/S
4l. San. Dist. Secondary Int.
of Hammond
42. City of
Hobart
Secondary STP,
Int.
Under
$1,519,000 250,000 Construe- 9,445
tion
2,452,006 250,000 Under 154,915
Construe-
tion
810,000 243,000 Under 12,000
Construc-
tion
1,043,239 250,000 Under con- 10,244
struction
INDIANA
SUB-TOTALS
GRAND
TOTALS
4 projects
$5,824,245 $993,000
186,004
42 projects
$19,637,493 $5,005,431
490,716
I/ STP -- Sewage Treatment Plant
Int. Interceptor Sewer
Out.-- Outfall
P/S -- Pumping Station
F/M -- Force Main
-------
Great Lakes Q Illinois
River Basins Study
Area E
Inland Waterways"
United States ES
Canada EZ
GREAT LAKES 8 ILLINOIS
RIVER BASINS PROJECT
GREAT LAKES AMD ILLINOIS RIVER
BASiNS
U.S. DEPI OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
. FIGURE I
-------
N
LAKE MICHIGAN
Scale
10 20
30
?S^=:-S^E^ Miles
. CHICAGO AREA 8: ENVIRONS
U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, S WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
T.L -
------- |