INVENTORY OF RESEARCH
                       IN
WATER  POLLUTION AND OTHER RELATED FIELDS
COLUMBIA BASIN AND PACIFIC COAST STATES
             U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

           FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
              Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
                  Corvallis, Oregon

                   November 1966

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OOOR66104
                            INVENTORY OF RESEARCH

                                     IN

                     WATER POLLUTION AND RELATED FIELDS
                    COLUMBIA BASIN AND PACIFIC COAST  STATES
                                 Compiled by
                               Lyman J. Niels on
                      U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE  INTERIOR
                FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                     Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
                              Corvallis,  Oregon

                               November

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                                 INDEX
Foreword --------.	 —	.	--•   i




Introduction =	-<	--•	_______	_	  ii




TABLE  I -




    Project Distribution Among Research  Categories 	  iv




TABLE  II -




    Financial Resources  Allocated for  Research	_--.	____   v




TABLE  III -




    Personnel Resources	  vi




Research Index --•	—	vii




j\ i 3 S Kcl »•_»*»•*_•««*»-«_•»_-•»"«»«-»»»"-»-•-»_»--•"""«-»-»_"-»_»»»•»_"_»_«_-'-»_«•--•••»•-'"_•_-•--'•-»"-»   ^




British Columbia  --.	   5




California	  11




Hawaii	,		  55




Idaho	-	--	  57




Montana .	-_  59




Oregon	 -.	__--  63




Utah	-	-	—  97




Washington •	 101




Wyoming	-•	.	 135

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                                FOREWORD
      In  1957, Mr. Edward  F. Eldridge, Technical Consultant to the Federal
Government's water pollution control activities headquartered in Portland,
Oregon,  introduced the first Inventory of Research in Water Pollution and
Related  Fields --^Columbia Basin and Pacific Coast $tates.  Since that"
time  periodically updated inventories have served as useful tools to
scientists engaged in water pollution control activities.  The current
issue derives from the earlier inventories.  It has been expanded to
provide  information on the distribution of resources and efforts among
the various categories of water pollution research, and the range of
participation by professional discipline.  It; is hoped that this document
will stimulate closer working relationships; among the Region's scientists
and will improve coordination of their efforts.
                                          Director of Research

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                             INTRODUCTION
      This  is  the seventh inventory of water  pollution  research  for  the
 Columbia River Basin and Pacific  Coast  States.   In  addition  to  the
 customary  abstract  of each research project,  this issue  provides  infor-
 mation relating to  distribution of efforts in various  areas  of  water
 pollution  research.   Each researcher submitting  data for the inventory
 was  asked  to  indicate the pertinent research area or areas of his
 project.   The data  submitted  are  given  in three  tables.

      Table 1, Allocation of Financial Resources, provides information
 on the relative distribution  of research funds.  Inasmuch as researchers
 reporting  did not,  in many cases,  indicate the major emphasis of  research
 but  simply checked  several categories,  this  table shows  a total of  517
 project activities,  whereas only  215 projects were  reported.  To  determine
 the  over-all  stress  of research,  whenever more than one  area of research
 was  indicated,  the  funds for  the  project were divided  equally among all
 categories checked.

      The total financial resources shown in  Table I are  extrapolated to
 indicate the  probable totals  for  all projects reporting.  This  was  neces-
 sary because  a number of researchers failed  to provide financial  data.

      Table II is  a  summary of  the  source of  research funds.   Funds  shown
 under states  and  universities  include not only research  financed  by
 various state agencies,  but also  research initiated and  budgeted  by the
 universities.

      Table III provides  data  on Personnel Resources.   Manpower  information
 for  182 projects  indicates  that 671 persons  are employed in  water pollu-
 tion research in  the  states of  Alaska,  California,  Hawaii, Idaho, Montana,
 Nevada, Oregon, Utah,  Washington,  Wyoming, and the  Province  of  British
 Columbia.   This figure is  undoubtedly high because  the same  personnel may
 be used on more than  one project.   For  this  reason  the 422.3 man years
 per  year of research  effort are considered a  better measure  of  manpower
 allocated  to  this research.   It should  be noted that 33  projects, or over
 15 percent of  the research  summaries submitted, did not  contain data on
 personnel  resources used.   Had  all  projects  reported manpower,  approxi-
mately  500 man-years  annually would be  indicated.

      This  table reveals  a wide  diversity of  disciplines  interested  in
water  pollution control.   Sixteen  professional skills were listed,  in-
cluding the "doctor"  and  "lawyer",  if not the "Indian  Chief", in addition
 to special  consultants and  technicians.  This spread of  interest among
many  disciplines may  be  indicative  of increasing awareness to the prob-
 lem  of  water  pollution as  it touches virtually every aspect of  human
behavior.
                               11

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     The research summaries are grouped alphabetically by states.  Each
project has been numbered for indexing.  In the research index each project
is listed under all pertinent areas.  For example, project number one is
related to watershed protection, fish and wildlife, and effects of pollu-
tion> and is therefore indexed under all three headings.

     The listing of each research project contains the following basic
information as submitted:

     (1)  Title of project,

     (2)  Name of institution doing research,

     (3)  A summary or abstract of project including objectives,

     (4)  Date project was started,

     (5)  Estimated duration of project,

     (6)  Name of principal investigator,

     (7)  Number and disciplines of personnel on project,

     (8)  Unusual or extraordinary equipment, and

     (9)  Brief bibliography of pertinent publications.
                                  ill

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                                TABLE II
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
ALLOCATED FOR RESEARCH*
SOURCE OF
FUNDS
Federal
States & Universities
Municipal
Industrial
Not Indicated
TOTAL
CURRENT
YEAR
$3,373,790
1,504,483
12,905
292,043
234,437
$5,417,658
PERCENT OF
TOTAL
62,27
27,77
0,24
5.39
4.33
100.00
*In 26.5 percent of the research summaries submitted, financial resource
 information was not given.

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                                TABLE III
PERSONNEL RESOURCES
DISCIPLINE
Engineers
Chemists
Biologists
Microbiologists
Ocean ographers
Geologists
Soil Scientists
Mathematicians
Economists
Hydrologists
Foresters
Biochemists
Meteorologists
Doctors of Medicine
Lawyers
Sanitarians
Technicians
Consultants
TOTAL
NUMBER REPORTED
151
85
173
52
31
14
14
9
4
6
4
1
1
1
1
1
113
10
671
MAN YEARS /YEAR
84.0
48.5
122.5
34.3
27.8
7.5
7.3
5.0
2.5
5.5
3.1
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.5
69.7
1.5
422.3
33 projects not reporting.
                                vi

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                              RESEARCH  INDEX
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT:  7, 19, 21, 39,  40,  46,  47,  54,  62,  65, 68, 69,
74,  95,  97,  173,  188

AQUEOUS  SOLUTIONS:   2, 49, 57, 72, 73,  149,  188,  197,  198,  213

CHARACTERIZATION:   4, 5, 7, 12,  17,  18,  25,  27,  42,  44,  45,  49, 50, 51, 52,
55,  57,  65,  71,  72, 73,  74, 75,  79,  80,  81,  82,  87,  88,  89,  96, 100, 107,
108,  110,  113, 123, 124, 139, 147, 150,  156,  157,  159,  170,  175, 176, 178,
188,  190,  192, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204,  209,  213

DISPOSAL OF  WASTE  EFFLUENTS:  14, 15,  16, 23,  27,  34, 36,  37,  38, 40, 46,
47,  61,  62,  73,  74, 89, 95, 97,  110,  113,  114,  118,  120,  121,  123, 125,
137,  152,  153, 154, 165, 174, 179, 188,  191,  194,  205,  213

ECONOMICS  OF DEVELOPMENT:  35, 38, 49,  67, 68,  112,  116,  128,  135, 163

EFFECTS  OF DEVELOPMENT:  2, 71,  72,  73,  75,  88,  96,  102,  103,  108, 109,
111,  120,  124, 125, 126, 147, 166, 168,  192,  200,  213

EFFECTS  OF POLLUTION:   1, 2,  3,  7, 8, 9, 10,  11,  14, 15,  25,  34, 36, 42,
44,  45,  46,  47,  48, 49, 59, 67,  70,  72,  73,  74,  75,  76,  77,  78, 88, 90,
98,  100,  105,  110,  111, 113,  118, 120,  123,  125,  126,  127,  131, 136, 138,
141,  142,  143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150,  151,  153,  154,  155,  160, 161, 164,
165,  180,  181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,  187,  188,  190,  192,  199, 208, 211,
213

ESTUARTNE  OCEANOGRAPHY:  2, 3, 9, 10, 43,  45,  57,  67,  71,  75,  77, 78,
94,  106,  114,  121,  137, 139,  141, 144,  145,  154,  159,  165,  190, 192

FISH AND WILDLIFE:   L, 2, 8,  11, 23, 36, 71,  75,  76, 80,  81,  98, 101,
102,  117,  120, 122, 126, 127, 142, 143,  144,  148,  149,  156,  157, 162,
164,  167,  168, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186,  187,  188,  189,  190,  192, 202,
209,  210,  213

IMPROVED TREATMENT:  21, 61,  62, 68, 69, 89,  110,  125,  188,  193

INTERACTION  OF WASTES:  24, 70,  125, 149,  179,  213

MISCELLANEOUS:  6,  22, 24,  27, 28, 29, 30, 33,  41, 50,  51,  52,  55, 58,  60,
63, 64, 65,  66, 68, 69, 75, 76, 83, 84, 85,  86,  92,  95,  98,  99, 100, 104,
112,  114,  116,  120, 128, 132,  133, 134,  138,  140,  141,  143,  144, 146, 149,
162,  191,  192,  196, 212
                                   vii

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RESEARCH  INDEX  (continued)

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS:   2,  4,  7,  18,  40, 45, 47S 49, 50, 51, 52,  53,
55, 56, 65,  66,  67,  68,  69,  72,  73,  74,  77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,
87, 98, 104,  108,  117,  118,  135,  143,  144, 147, 149, 150,  151, 152, 154,
155, 160,  166,  168,  189,  197,  198,  206,  207, 209, 210, 213

ROLE OF WATER IN GROWTH-,   87

SURFACE INTERACTIONS:   57,  66$  75,  125,  142, 168, 169, 170, 171,  172,
200, 213

TREATMENT  OF  WATER:   20,  39,  93,  119,  163, 167, 177, 188,  192, 195

USE OF WATER  OF  IMPAIRED  QUALITY:   20,  26, 31, 47, 51, 52, 65, 85,  108,
119, 120,  150,  167,  168,  186,  187,  188,  192

WATER SUPPLY:   2,  25, 32,  39,  44,  47,  49,  50, 76, 91, 100, 101, 115,
130, 148,  150,  166,  169,  172,  176,  178,  209, 214, 215

WATERSHED  PROTECTION:   1,  2,  13,  14,  15,  33, 36, 40, 98, 101,  103,
108, 124,  126,  127,  129,  135,  148,  166,  169, 200, 210
                                     viii

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                               ALASKA
1  MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON SALMON PRODUCTION:   Alaska
   Department of  Fish & Game,  cooperating with U.  S.  Bureau  of  Commer-
   cial Fisheries,  U, S« Forest  Service, Region 10,  Juneau.

   Object:   To detect changes  in the stream environment that may result
   from land use  and evaluate  such changes (to a large  extent in a
   quantitative manner) so remedial action may be  taken or the  pattern
   of  land  use management practices may be changed to obtain satisfac-
   tory results,

   Characteristics  Monitored:   (1) Composition of  streambed  spawning
   areas.   (2) Stream channel  configuration and amount  and kind of
   debris in the  stream.  (3)  Streamflow and water temperature.
   (4)  Classification of soil  types in the watershed.  (5) Sources
   of  sediment.   (6) Production  of salmon fry  and  survival.   (7) Assess-
   ment of  adult  salmon escapement.  Primary effort  to  date  has been in
   conjunction with logging and  road building.   The maximum  effort
   anticipated is the extension  of monitoring  activities to  ten differ-
   ent  drainages  with varying  physical characteristics.  The studies
   have been a cooperative venture between the  U.  S.  Forest  Service
   and  the  Alaska Department of  Fish and Game  with each agency  re-
   sponsible for part of the work;  recently the  Alaska Department of
   Fish and Game  is receiving  support from the  Federal  Government
   under the Commercial Fisheries  Research and  Development Act.

   Project  started:   Spring 1963  (duration - five  or  more years).
   Personnel:   1  biologist,  1  fisheries technician,  1 temporary employee.
   Principal Investigator:   Theodore C. Hoffman.

   Publications:  Hoffman,  Theodore C., William L.  Sheridan  and Frank
   J. Ossiander,   1965.  Effects  of causeway construction at Starrigavan
   Creek, Southeastern Alaska.  Alaska Department  of  Fish and Game,
   Information Leaflet No.  71, 32  p.  (Processed).

   Hoffman,  Theodore C, and William L.  Sheridan.  1965.  A technique
   for  evaluating effects of land  use on salmon streams.   Alaska
   Science  Conference  Proceedings  for 1965.  (In process).

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2  PESTICIDES INVESTIGATIONS:   U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
   Juneau,

   Project consists of two phase.-:

   (1) Monitoring of environment of fishes, especially for DDT.

   (2) Cooperative program of  research (U.  S.  Forest Service and U.  S.
       Bureau of Commercial Fisheries) to develop a biological control
       of blackheaded budworm.   The acceptable control organism must
       be harmless co fish and shellfish and effective enough to make
       chemical pest control unnecessary.

   A third phase has been completed:  Effect of 1/4 pound per acre
   DDT application on stream ecology.

   Project started:   1960.
   Personnel:   2 biologists.
   Principal Investigator:  Howard S. Sears,

   Special Equipment:   Continuous running supply of freshwater and sea-
   water; complete facilities  for maintaining fish and shell fish alive.
   Spectrophotometer,  Fluorometer,  Gas Chromatograph.

   Publications:   Reed,  Roger  J.  Effects of DDT on the ecology of
   salmon streams in Southeastern Alaska. (In press).
   KINETICS OF VITAMIN LIMITED ACTIVITY:   Institute of Water Resources,
   University of  Alaska,  College.

   The objective  of  this  project  is to relate  the concentration of  one
   class  of required nutrients to  microorganism growth velocity to
   assess the significance of  naturally occurring concentrations of
   vitamins. Ihiamine and the  Thiamine requiring yeast Cryptococcus
   albidus are being used for  the  required kinetic measurements.

   Project started:   December  1,  1965.
   Personnel:   1  microbiologist,  1 biochemist.
   Principal Investigator:   D. K,  Button.

   Special Equipment:  Continuous  culture system.

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THE DISTRIBUTION AND SUCCESSION OF AQUATIC PLANT COMMUNITIES IN
RELATION  TO  PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS LAKES
AND PONDS  OF  IHE TANANA VALLEY, CENTRAL ALASKA:  University of
Alaska, College,

This study is an attempt to rectify the dearth of information
concerning the distribution, community associations and successional
sequences  of  aquatic vascular plants in lentic habitats of Central
Alaska, so as to allow generalized regional conclusions regarding
the effects of physical-chemical characteristics of water on the
nature of aquatic vegetation, and the latter on water characteris-
tics,  Through an analysis of aquatic begetation samples (for
species composition, abundance, frequency, cover and/or species dry
weights) at each of various stations established at different water
depths, bottom types, and exposures to wave action in the limnetic
zone and immediate  land margin of various different-sized lakes and
ponds of the  Tanaaa Valley, interior Alaska, quantitative descrip-
tions of aquatic tracheophyte communities are being made.  An
attempt is being made to assess relative ecologlc positions or
successional  trends of aquatic plant associations along lake mar-
gins and to correlate this vegetational information with data to be
obtained from an analysis of water characteristics (including tem-
perature at various depths, pH, dissolved oxygen content, light
penetration,  salinity, total hardness) at the same stations sampled
at regular 2-3 week intervals throughout the summer season.  The
study should result in a better understanding of the interrelations
of water characteristics and aquatic vascular vegetation including
the possible  role of aquatic vascular plant communities as useful
indicators of physical-chemical characteristics of lakes and ponds
in interior Alaska,

Project Started:  January 1966 (duration - to May 1967),
Personnel:  2 biologists.
Principal  Investigator:   Dr, Vernon L, Harms.
INHERENT AND MAXIMUM MICKOBIAL ACTIVITY IN SMITH LAKE:  University
of Alaska, College,,

The growth kinetics, substrate affinities, and organic nitrogen
production of microorganisms isolated from Smith Lake will be
determined under optimal and environmental conditions.  These data
will be correlated with enumeration studies in an attempt to estimate
the role of microorganisms in the nutrient cycle of high arctic lakes,

Project Started:  November 1965 (duration - one year).
Personnel:  1 microbiolegist.
Principal Investigator:   Dr. Sheril D« Burton-.

Special Equipment;   Bendtx time of flight mass spectrometer, alpha,
beta and gamma counters, Technicon Auto Analyzer.

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DYNAMICS OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE IN LAKES:  Institute of Marine
Science, University of Alaska, College.

The project is concerned with measuring and evaluating the impor-
tance of the various transformations in the nitrogen cycle and their
interrelationship with the primary productivity regime of a lake.
Nitrogen-15 is used as a tracer in this work,  and emphasis has been
on the role of nitrogen fixation by blooms of  algae in supplying
nitrogen to the biological system.  Currently  the importance of loss
of combined nitrogen by denitrification is being emphasized.

Project Started;  August 1, 1964 (duration - to August 31, 1967).
Personnel:  1 chemist, 1 biologist.
Principal Investigators:  R. C. Dugdale, V. A. Dugdale.

Special Equipment:  Bendix time of flight mass spectrometer for
Nitrogen-15 tracer work.  Radioisotopes laboratory for Carbon-14
primary productivity.

Publications:  Dugdale, V. A. and R. C. Dugdale.  1965.  Nitrogen
metabolism in Lakes III. Tracer studies of the assimilation of
inorganic nitrogen sources.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 10(1):53-57.

Dugdale, Vera Alexander.  1965,  Inorganic nitrogen metabolism and
phytoplankton primary productivity in a subarctic lake.  Ph.D.
thesis.  University of Alaska, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.

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                           BRITISH COLUMBIA
7  WATER POLLUTION IN THE OKANAGAN:  Research Station, Summerland.
   Canada Department of Agriculture.

   (1)  Survey of BOD of effluents from municipal and trade waste
   sources which discharge into Okanaga^i Lake,

   (2)  Treatment parameters in apple processing plant waste.  Deter-
   mination of aeration and additives required to reduce BOD of
   waste as economically as possible.

   Project Started:  July 1965 (duration - 3-5 years).
   Personnel:  1 microbiologist.
   Principal Investigator:   D. R. MacGregor,
8  BIOLOGICAL THRESHOLDS FOR POLLUTIONAL EFFECTS IN FISHES:  Fisheries
   Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo.

   Application of response surface methodology tp the investigation of
   response domains under the influence of pollutants.

   Objectives:  Examination of

   (1)  Sub-lethal physiological responses to pollutants
   (2)  Determination of physiological optima
   (3)  Thresholds for maximum tolerance over a field of ancillary
        abiotic environmental variables.

   Project Started:   1965.
   Personnel:   1 biologist, 1 technician.
   Principal Investigator:   D. F. Alderdice.

   Publications:   Alderdice, D.  F. 1963. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can-
   20(2):525-550.

   Alderdice,  D.  F.   1963.   Ph.D. Thesis,  Univ. Toronto, Toronto,
   Ontario.

   Alderdice,  D.  F.   1965.   Biological problems) in water pollution.
   Trans.  3rd  Seminar.   Cincinnati,  Ohio.   pp.  320-325.

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    PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF VICTORIA HARBOUR, THE GORGE
    AND PORTAGE INLET:  Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological
    Station, Nanaimo,

    Portage Inlet is a shallow marine embayment connected to Victoria
    Harbour by a narrow gut which is eminently constricted at the Gorge
    Narrows.  Urban and agricultural drainage have introduced much
    nutrient into Portage Inlet, which has dense growth of attached and
    floating vegetation.  Preliminary investigations show that there is
    a unique imbalance in certain nutrients during the summer with very
    high phosphate and low nitrate concentrations.  Salinities in August
    were higher in Portage Inlet than in the deep waters of Victoria
    Harbour, indicating higher evaporation than runoff and precipitation
    at this time of year.

    Project Started:   August 1965 (duration - 1 1/2 years).
    Personnel:   1 oceanographer, 1 technician.
    Principal Investigator:   M. Waldichuk
10  SEASONAL CHANGES IN WATER PROPERTIES OF ALBERNI INLET UNDER WASTE
    LOADING FROM A KRAFT PULP MILL:   Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
    Biological Station, Nanaimo.

    The major deleterious effect of  the kraft mill effluent in a poorly
    flushed inlet such as Alberni is a drastic reduction in dissolved
    oxygen concentration of the waters during late summer.  Most of this
    effect appears to be due to decomposition of the dissolved constitu-
    ents in the wastes, but there is growing evidence that some of the
    oxygen uptake may be caused by decay of the wood solids deposited
    in the sludge beds of shallow estuarine waters.

    Project Started:  June 1965 (duration - to October 1966).
    Personnel:  1 oceanographer, 1 technician.
    Principal Investigator:  M. Waldichuk.
11  INCREMENTAL STRESSES IMPOSED ON SALMONIDS BY KRAFT PULP MILL WASTES;
    British Columbia Research Council, Vancouver.

    Development of techniques for measuring incremental stresses imposed
    on salmonids by kraft pulp mill wastes.  These techniques are to be
    used in assessing mill operation and design, evaluation of treatment
    systems and receiving bodies of water.

    Project Started:  1964 (duration - 10 years).
    Personnel:   1 chemist, 2-3 biologists.
    Principal Investigator:   Dr. C. C. Walden

    Special Equipment:  Fish laboratory.

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    11 (continued)

    Publications:  1965,  Pollution and toxicity characteristics of
    kraft pulp effluents.  Tappi 48:136-141.

    1965.  Water pollution and the kraft pulp mill industry.  Western
    Fisheries, October 1965.
12  AFFECT OF KRAFT PULP MILL DESIGN AND OPERATION ON EFFLUENT BOD
    VALUES:   British Columbia Research Council,  Vancouver.

    Evaluation of the effect of pulp mill design and operation on
    effluent BOD values to permit operational and design changes
    intended to reduce total pollution loading.

    Project  Started:   1965 (duration - to 1966).
    Personnel:   1 chemist, 1 biologist.
    Principal Investigator:   Dr. C. C. Walden.
13  STUDY OF THE BASIC METABOLISM OF THIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS:
    British Columbia Research Council,  Vancouver.

    The long-term goal of this research is to define the basic
    phenomena regulating the oxidation of ferrous iron and sulfur by
    the chemoautotrophic bacterium,  Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, as
    related to the problem of acidic mine drainage.   Extensive data
    have been collected on nutrient  requirements, respiration rates have
    been examined for the utilization of soluble iron, sulfur and various
    compounds thereon.  Intermediate metabolic pathways for the  utiliza-
    tion of thiosulfate have been elucidated.  Continuing studies in-
    volve the biochemical reactions  of  sulfide to thiosulfate to tetra-
    thionate and the various enzyme  systems associated therewith.  It
    is anticipated that the information will prove useful to devising
    methods for the control or elimination of the organism in those
    areas where its activities in producing acidic drainage produces
    a water pollution hazard.

    Project Started:   June 1, 1964 (duration - to May 30, 1967).
    Personnel:   2-3 microbiologists.
    Principal Investigator:   Dr.  C.  C.  Walden.

    Special Equipment:   preparative  ultracentrifuge, radioactive gas flow
    counter, absorption spectrophotometer.

    Publications:   Iron oxidation by the chemoautotroph, Thiobacillus
    ferrooxidans.   Can. J. Microbiol.  (In press).

    Three manuscripts in state of preparation.

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14  LEVELS OF LETHAL AND SUB-LETHAL EFFECT OF RAW AND TREATED NEUTRALIZED
    KRAFT PULP BLEACH WASTE ON SOCKEYE AND PINK SALMON IN THEIR FRESH-
    WATER LIFE PHASES:   International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission,
    New Westminster.

    Experimental work is being done to describe the lethal,  but espe-
    cially sub-lethal toxic effects of neutralized kraft pulp mill
    bleach waste on adults, eggs,  alevins, fry and smolts.   Hematolog-
    ical and histological examinations are being made for sub-lethal
    effects.  Growth rates of  alevins and fry reared in neutralized
    bleach waste are being measured.  The effect of neutralized bleach
    waste and model compounds  from the waste on metabolic rate of  alevins
    is being determined.  Results  of the foregoing experiments are being
    compared"with controls and with results of identical experiments
    using biologically treated (i.e., activated sludge) neutralized
    bleach waste.  It is proposed  that ultimately interaction between
    toxic effects and stress caused by the environment will  be eluci-
    dated.

    Project Started:  September 1963 (duration - several years).
    Personnel:   1 engineer, 1  biologist, 1 technician.
    Principal Investigator:  James A. Servizi

    Publications:  Servizi, J. A., E. T. Stone and R. W. Gordon.
    Toxicity and treatment of  kraft pulp bleach plant waste. Progress
    Report, International Pacific  Salmon Fisheries Commission. (In
    press),
15  MONITORING WATER QUALITY OF THE FRASER RIVER WATERSHED:   International
    Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission,  New Westminster.

    The monitoring program consists of measuring nineteen  pertinent
    chemical and physical characteristics of the water along with the
    bottom fauna of the stream bed.  These measurements are  made twice
    a year at all stations and monthly on two stations in  the Lower
    Fraser.  Stations are located at Vancouver,  Mission, Hope,  Quesnel,
    Prince George, Walhachin, Savona, and Kamloops on the  Fraser River
    and Thompson River.  The stations are set up to measure  the effect
    of pollution from industrial and domestic growth on the  water quality
    and biota of the Fraser Watershed.  The object of the  program is to
    preserve and protect the fishing industry from pollution from other
    industries.  At present the program is designed to determine the
    effect of the rapidly expanding pulp industry on the biota and water
    quality of the Fraser River and Thompson River.

    Project Started:  Spring 1963 (duration - continuous).
    Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 technician.
    Principal Investigator:  Richard Burkhalter

    Special Equipment:   One square foot,  artificial substrate,  bottom
    fauna sampling trays.  Submerged for 30 day samples.

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16  ACUTE TOXICITY BIO-ASSAYS,  USING SOCKEYE SALMON FINGERLINGS, OF
    BIO-DEGRADABLE DETERGENTS AND RELATED COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY PRODUCTS:
    International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, New Westminster.

    The 96-^hour median tolerance limit,  using sockeye finger lings,  was
    determined for the following materials used in commercial laundries;
    996 Universal Detergent,  Blusour,  Urytex,  Perlite and Borochlor.

    Project  Started:   December  1965 (duration - one month).
    Personnel:   1 biologist.
    Principal  Investigator:   James A.

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                          CALIFORNIA
17  MEASUREMENT OF GAMMA ISOTOPES IN WASTEWATER:  California Institute
    of Technology, Pasadena.

    The pattern of gamma isotope concentrations in Los Angeles sewage
    was studies by scintillation spectrometry.  A seasonal pattern was
    noted among the nuclides of fallout origin (Zr-95, Ru-103, Ce-141,
    Cs-137); concentrations rose from low levels to peak values during
    the month of December, and gradually fell off during the spring  and
    summer to reach their original low levels in September,  Cobalt-60
    and cesium-137 also occurred occasionally as heavy slugs presumably
    discharged by some industry.  The theory of converting gamma spectro-
    grams into concentration estimates was developed,  particularly with
    regard to the statistics involved when the estimates are based on
    photopeak dimensions,

    Principal Investigator;  Andrew L. Gram,

    Publications:  Gram, A, L,, T.  R. Folsom, G. J. Mohanrao,  1965,
    Studies of gamma radioactivity in sewage and seawater.  Technical
    Memorandum EH-65-2, W. M. Keck Laboratory of Environmental Health
    Engineering.
18  STATISTICS OF ESTIMATING MICRO"ORGANISM CONCENTRATIONS BY THE
    DILUTION METHOD:  California Institute of Technology,  Pasadena.

    The project objective is to improve upon the present standard pro-
    cedure of interpreting dilution method data to get estimates of
    microorganism concentrations.  The present procedure (maximum
    likelihood or "mosc probable number11) does not lead to an efficient
    estimate and hence can lay no claim for optimality.  Tables to
    replace the MPN values normally used will be computed, and these
    estimates will have the property of least mean square error for a
    given limited bias.

    Principal Investigator:  Andrew L. Gram.
19  BIOCHEMICAL STABILIZATION OF  AQUEOUS  SOLUTIONS  OF  ORGANIC  COMPOUNDS
    BY UNSATURATED FLOW THROUGH POROUS  MEDIA:   California Institute of
    Technology, Pasadena,

    In space voyages of longer than two weeks  it will  be necessary to
    recover, purify, and reutilize urine  and washwaters.  Inasmuch as
    the total dissolved solids in urine exceed 40,000  mg/1,  some  type
    of demineralization system is indicated,   More  than  half of the
    solids will be organic and consequently difficult  to separate by
                                 11

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    19 (continued)

    evaporative processes, membrane dialysis,  etc.   It would  be  advan-
    tageous if the organic solids could be oxidized to inorganic con-
    stituents prior to demineralization.  This project proposes  to
    study and evaluate many of the parameters  associated with the
    intermittent aerobic filtration of aqueous solutions or organic
    compounds, especially urine and its various constituents, in flow
    through unsaturated porous media.  Specifically,  it is  the aim of
    the project to determine the pathways and  rates of biochemical
    degradation for each major organic constituent  of  urine under
    these conditions of treatment0

    Project Started:  May 1965.
    Principal Investigators:  Jack E. McKee, Albert B. Pincince.

    Publications:  McKee, J. E.  1964.  Liquid wastes  and water  pot-
    ability in space vehiclesa  Conferences on Nutrition in Space and
    Related Waste Problems, NASA SP-70.
2Q  WASTEWATER RECLAMATION BY PERCOLATION AND  GROUND  WATER MOVEMENT:
    California Institute of Technology,  Pasadena.

    The reclamation of wastewater from municipal and  industrial  effluents
    represents one of the least costly methods of  augmenting  the limited
    water supplies of arid regions,  such as southern  California, provided
    the water can be rendered potable from esthetic and public-health
    viewpoints^  A field study has been  carried out for 27 months in the
    Whittier Narrows area where spreading basins with sub-surface sam-
    pling pans have been constructed to  study  percolation into the ground
    of a treated secondary effluent  from the 12-mgd Whittier  Narrows
    Water Reclamation Plant.  Waters percolating to depths of 2, 4, 6,
    and 8 feet have been collected and analyzed on a  weekly basis in
    regards to chemical and biological quality,, Particular emphasis
    has been on the reduction of the synthetic detergent,  alkyl-
    benzenesulfonate (ABS), in the waters percolating through the zone
    of aeration in the soil.  ABS is typical of the exotic synthetic
    chemical compounds that are refractory to  biochemical degradation
    by ordinary waste treatment processes,  A  special study was  also
    performed by adding a very high  concentration  of  an attenuated
    Sabin polio vaccine to the influent  of one of  the test basins in
    order to measure quantitatively  the  removal of viruses by the
    percolation process.  The addition of the  vaccine was necessary
    because normal wastewater treatment  removes viruses to a  large
    extent and the remaining viruses are so small  in  number that
    quantitative analyses are very difficult.   In  addition to the
    field studies, multiple sand columns have  been constructed in the
    laboratory.  These columns are of a  special design which  permits
    the hydraulic load to be applied intermittently.   For more than
                                  12

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    20 (continued)

    350 days, a comparative study was performed on the biological  removal
    from a synthetic wastewater of the conventional ABS vs.  the new
    synthetic detergent, linear alkane sulfonate (LAS).  Changes in
    chemical and biological parameters were  measured at four depths with-
    in the 26-inch columns.

    Principal Investigators:  Jack E. McKee, Francis C. McMichael.

    Publications:  McKee, J. E. and P. C.  McMichael.  First  and second
    annual reports on wastewater reclamation at Whittier Narrows.  Sep-
    tember 1963 and 1964.

    McMichael, F. C.  A field study of water quality changes resulting
    from intermittent spreading of wastewater at Whittier Narrows,
    presented at the 36th Annual Meeting  of  the California Water Pollu-
    tion Control Association at Fresno.  April 24,  1964,
21  ADSORPTION OF VIRUSES:  California Institute of  Technology,  Pasadena.

    The need for removal or inactivation of  viruses  from water has  been
    demonstrated beyond question by the presence of  enteroviruses in
    sewage and proven epidemics from such sources.   Techniques employed
    in the collection of viruses from sewage are far from  satisfactory, '
    since a major portion of the virus particles are adsorbed  or en-
    trapped on solid matter.  The purpose of this investigation  is  to
    study the adsorption phenomenon of viruses  to various  adsorbents,
    such as activated carbon,  diatomaceous earth, coconut  charcoal, and
    sand.  To execute this study a quantitative method  of  assaying
    enteroviruses present in water was developed. Initial studies  were
    performed with Escherichia coli bacteriophage T-4 to give  some  in-
    sight to the problems involved.  Sabin Type-3 polio virus  has also
    been used in these investigations.   The  ability  of  adsorbed  virus
    particles to be desorbed and become active  infectious  agents is
    being determined under two conditions.  The first condition  involves
    adsorption and desorption in an environment free of living organisms.
    The second is in the presence of living  organisms as typically  found
    in sewage.  The anticipation is to develop  a quantitative  assay for
    enteroviruses in sewage and to reveal the mechanisms of  adsorption
    and the fate of the adsorbed viruses.

    Principal Investigators:  John T.  Cookson,  Jr.,  and Wheeler  J.  North.

    Publications:  Cookson,  John T., Jr.   Virus assay in sewage, presented
    at meeting of Hawaii Water Pollution Control Association.  June 23,
    1965.
                                  13

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22  KELP HABITAT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT:  California Institute  of  Technology,
    Pasadena.

    Methods are being developed for restoring natural marine vegetation
    in areas where^damage has apparently resulted from  pollution  by  dis-
    charge of wastes from metropolitan areas.  One technique with great
    promise involves grazer control.   Of prime importance  is the  reduc-
    tion of swarms of herbivorous sea urchins.  The method of choice has
    been poisoning with quicklime which can be controlled  so that urchins
    are killed without substantial damage to other organisms.   This
    technique has passed from the experimental to the pilot  stage and
    will be used on a large scale commercial basis in 1966.  A  second
    technique is under development and involves culturing  small kelp on
    ropes in the laboratory with subsequent transplantation  to  the field.
    Pilot scale experiments have increased the productivity  of  the Point
    Loma kelp bed about 20-fold during the past year.

    Principal Investigator:  Wheeler  J. North.

    Publications:  North, W. J., E. K. Anderson,  V. D.  Vacquier,  and
    L. G. Jones.  1965.  Annual Report, Kelp Habitat Improvement  Project,
    California Institute of Technology.  70 pp.           ;.
23  MARINE WASTE DISPOSAL AND SEA URCHIN ECOLOGY:   California  Institute
    of Technology, Pasadena.

    This investigation is studying possible food relationships between
    human wastes dispersed in the ocean and large  populations  of  sea
    urchins that persist near discharge sites.   Sediment  collections and
    water samples are being collected in the field to determine the
    physical and chemical condition of the dispersed wastes.   Nutritional
    studies are being made of urchins to see how much organic  intake is
    needed to prevent starvation and to find out how rapidly they can
    incorporate fine sediments,  suspended particles and dissolved organics.

    Principal Investigator:  Wheeler J. North.
    EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON AQUEOUS  SOLUTIONS  OF  THE DETERGENT
    ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE AND SEVERAL LOWER HOMOLOGS: California
    Institute of Technology, Pasadena.

    A study was conducted of the degradation  of  benzene-,  p-toluene-,
    and alkylbenzene-sulfonates under the action of ionizing radiation
    from a 3400-curie, Cobalt-60 irradiator.   Effects of varying solute
    concentrations, pH, and dissolved oxygen  concentrations were observed
    as functions of the energy absorbed by the solutions.   The rates  of
    oxygen depletion and the rates of hydrogen peroxide, enol,  and sul-
    fate production were followed by irradiating the solutions for
                                  14

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    24 (continued)

    varying periods of time.  Results of the irradiations indicate
    that, in aerated solutions,  the major mode of degradation is by
    desulfonation of the molecule,,  Degradation was accompanied by
    significant losses in oxygen, possibly a result of direct oxidation
    of the solute by radiation,  rather than by free radical reactions.
    Enols were also found to occur, but at very low concentrations. The
    product formed as a result of desulfonation of benzenesulfonic acid
    appeared to be quinonoid rather than phenolic in nature.  In de-
    aerated solutions, enol yields were found to decrease,  while sulfates
    were not observed.  A more rapid decrease in the ultraviolet absorpT
    tion peaks of these homologs in deaerated solutions was attributed
    to the formation of dimers.   The study indicates that the use of
    radiation, as a water or wastewater treatment process for degrading
    organic compounds, would necessarily be limited to aerated solutions
    in situations where the large losses of oxygen would not be detri-
    mental.

    Principal Investigators:  Jules B. Cohen, William R. Samples.
25  THE FATE OF SELECTED ORGANIC PESTICIDES  IN WATER:   California
    Institute of Technology,  Pasadena.

    The purpose of this investigation has been to ascertain the fate of
    certain pesticides once they reach a water supply.   Two synthetic
    organic herbicides, viz., isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)  carbamate
    (CIPC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),  were selected for
    this study.  A particular pesticide may  be removed  from a waterway
    by a variety of natural processes.   The  principal avenues and the
    ones with which this research has been concerned are adsorption on
    particulate matter and biological degradation.   In  all  the experi-
    mental work, radioactively labeled pesticides have  been employed,
    A liquid scintillation counting procedure has provided  a sensitive
    analytical technique for  measuring the amount of pesticide remain-
    ing in a solution.  The biological degradation study primarily deals
    with the herbicide CIPC.   Experimental results indicate that the
    isopropyl portion of the  molecule is degraded within 10 days, while
    the ring portion is only  partially destroyed over a period of months^
    Ultraviolet spectographs  of the samples  support the hypothesis that
    the ring is broken, but a short chain molecule remains  and is not
    degraded.  Studies on 2,4-D indicated no significant degradation
    over a period of months.   Adsorption of  CIPC and 2,4-D  on three
    types of standard clay minerals and activated carbon was investi-
    gated.  Negligible adsorption occurred with the clay minerals.  The
    data obtained from studies of the adsorption of CIPC on activated
    carbon enabled the investigators to establish the adsorption rate,
    capacity, bonding energy, and kinetics for the system.   The final
    segment of the study involves the process of degradation of CIPC
                                  15

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    25 (continued)

    previously adsorbed on carbon.  The results from these experiments
    are not available at this time,

    Principal Investigators:  Henry G. Schwartz,  Jr.,  and William R.
    Samples.


26  SEWAGE RECLAMATION BY PRESSURIZED RECHARGE OF AQUIFERS:   California
    Institute of Technology, Pasadena.

    Reclaimed used water may in the future be a major water supply
    source.  Investigations have been conducted on the reclamation
    potential of underground flow of reclaimed water after injection
    through a pressurized well.  The use of treatment procedures  in
    addition to normal secondary sewage treatment have also  been  in-
    vestigated.  These procedures include chlorination,  coagulation,
    and various types of filtration.  Initial conclusions drawn from
    this research include:  (1) the concentration of oxidizing agents
    present limits the degree of removal of organic substances,
    (2) nitrate almost totally disappears, (3) bacterial and viral
    contaminations are not problems, and (4) water approaching the
    requirements of the USPHS Drinking Water Standards can be obtained
    by proper treatment and handling of the effluent.

    Principal Investigator:  William R. Samples.

    Publications:  Samples, W. R.  Deepwell injection and underground
    pollution effects.  Presented at Gordon Research Conference on
    Micro-chemical Contaminants in Water.  June 1964.
27  DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED GROUND  WATER FLOW:   California
    Institute of Technology,  Pasadena.

    A theoretical and experimental study was  made  of  the  stability  and
    mixing of a density-stratified flow in a  saturated porous medium.
    The objects of the study  were to investigate the  influence  of
    density differences on the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient  and
    to determine why it was possible to have  a  denser fluid  in  appar-
    ently stable horizontal motion on top  of  a  lighter fluid.   Experi-
    ments in which lateral dispersion coefficients were measured dis-
    closed that, for sodium chloride solutions  of  up  to at  least 1%
    concentrations,  there was no influence on the  dispersion from
    density differences.  An  analysis of the  stability of the motion
    showed that such a flow was theoretically always  unstable but that
    instability growth rates  could be so low  that  a quasi-stable flow
    was induced.  The results will have application in understanding
    the assimilation of waste waters into  ground water.  The study  is
                                16

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    27 (continued)

    continuing with emphasis on developing a better knowledge of the
    role of molecular diffusion in the dispersion phenomenon,

    Principal Investigators:  E, John List, Norman H.  Brooks, Robert C.
    Y. Koh.

    Publications:   List, E. J.  1965.  The stability and mixing of a
    density-stratified horizontal flow in a saturated porous medium,
    Ph.D. Thesis.
28  DISPERSION IN TURBULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW:   California Institute of
    Technology,  Pasadena.

    As water utilization and production and disposal of  waste products
    become more  intensive in the United States,  pollution becomes an
    ever greater problem in our rivers and estuaries.  Of particular
    importance is the disposal in rivers,  either by accident or design,
    of radioactive products.  The mechanism by which flows in open
    channels disperse pollutants is  imperfectly  understood;  results  of
    field experiments have varied widely from test to  test and from
    river to river.   Attempts to verify the existing theory (by Taylor
    and others)  have  failed completely.  Large discrepancies have been
    noted between results of laboratory and field experiments.  The
    purposes of  this  project are:  first,  to test the  existing theory
    and determine wherein it fails;  second,  to identify  the dominant
    mechanisms responsible for dispersion in both laboratory and natural
    situations;  and third,  to establish a  workable method whereby the
    dispersion characteristics of a  natural system can be more clearly
    predicted from a  knowledge of the  hydraulic  characteristics.  The
    project includes  participation in  a field study being carried out by
    the U.  S,  Geological Survey in the Duwamish  River  and Estuary in the
    State of Washington.  Support for  further laboratory study will  be
    provided by  the U.  S.  Geological Survey (1965-66).

    Principal  Investigators:   Norman H,  Brooks,  Hugo B.  Fischer,

    Publications:  Fischer,  Hugo B.  1964.   Discussion of "Time of Travel
    of Soluble Contaminants,"  by Thomas J.  Buchanan.   J.  San.  Engng. Jjiy_L
    Am, Soc, Civ.  Engrs.,  Dec.  1964, pp.  129-130.

    Fischer,  Hugo  B.   1965.   Discussion of  "Numerical  Solution to a
    Dispersion Equation" by  N.  Yotsukura and M.  B.  Fiering,   J^ Jlydraul,
    Div.  Am.  Soc.  Civ,  Engrs.,  March 1965,  pp. 402-407.

    Fischer,  Hugo  B.   1965.   Discussion of  "Estuarine  Water  Quality
    Management and Forecasting"  by R.  V, Thomann and M.  J.  Sobel.
    J.  San.  Engng. Div.  Am.  Soc.  Civ.  Engrs., June  1965.
                                   17

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29  DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS:   California Institute of
    Technology, Pasadena.

    A theoretical and experimental study has been made of flow in a  den-
    sity-stratified reservoir when the fluid is withdrawn from a line
    sink at the end of the reservoir.  During the past year,  a viscous,
    diffusive theory for flow to a point sink has also been obtained
    with some experimental verification.  An approximate integral theory,
    valid for somewhat larger flow rates, has been developed for both the
    two-dimensional and axisymmetric cases.   This approximate theory
    checks with all the experimental results.  The results of this research
    will be applicable to the management of  water supply reservoirs  when
    they are stratified, because layers of water may be withdrawn selec-
    tively at different times to control downstream river temperature and
    chemical quality of the water.  Complementing the above work on  with-
    drawal, research is continuing on the problem of discharge into  a
    stratified fluid environment.  When buoyant jets (or plumes) are
    generated from point and line sources in a stratified ambient fluid,
    the fluid rises only to some equilibrium level, then spreads in  a
    thin cloud.  Variables include angle of  discharge and the horizontal
    velocity component of the ambient fluid.  Results check quite well
    with the few experiments performed.  This aspect of the work is
    applicable to pollution control problems in lakes and oceans. Some
    exploratory work has been started on the problem of a two-dimension-
    al, impulsively started, non-buoyant horizontal jet into a strati-
    fied ambient fluid.  A forward wake is clearly visible in the exper-
    iments.

    Principal Investigators:  Robert C. Y. Koh, Norman H. Brooks,

    Publications:  Koh, R. C. Y.  1965.  Viscous stratified flow towards
    a sink.  Journal of Fluid Mechanics (in  press).

    Brooks, N. H. and R. C. Y. Koh.  Discharge of Sewage effluent from a
    line source into a stratified ocean.  Submitted for XI Congress,
    International Association for Hydraulic  Research, Leningrad.  Sept-
    ember 1965.

30  SEDIMENTATION FROM TURBIDITY CURRENTS:  California Institute of
    Technology, Pasadena.

    This project extended from June 1964 to  August 1965 and consisted
    of two phases.  In the first, an investigation was made of the
    motion of the head of a density current, consisting of a salt
    solution flowing down a slope beneath fres  water.  It was found  that
    the velocity of the head could be related to the velocity and Froude
    number of the uniform flow established behind the head.  At large
    Froude numbers the velocity of the head  is  smaller than the velocity
    of uniform flow, owing to loss of salt solution by mixing at the
    head.  In the second phase of the investigation, turbidity currents
                                  18

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    30  (continued)

    were produced by using surges composed of suspensions of plastic
    beads  (density  1.52) released from a lock into a horizontal channel.
    Sediment deposited from the decelerating surge was sampled in order
    to  study the effect on the size distribution of different initial
    concentrations  and velocities.  Slow motion moving pictures permit-
    ted detailed qualitative study of the processes of deposition,,

    Principal Investigator:  Gerard V. Middleton, Division of Geological
    Sciences.
31  USE OF HIGH T.D.S. WATERS BY BLENDING:  Lps Angeles Valley College,
    Los Angeles.

    This study is associated with the use of normally high T.D.S.
    ground water by blending with water from a salt water conversion
    plant and/or sewage treatment plant effluent.  This blended water
    may be used for either domestic or agricultural purposes.

    Project Started:  December 1964 (duration - to 1966).
    Personnel:  1 engineer, 3 engineering geologists.
    Principal Investigator:  Dr. J. E. Slosson,
32  GROUND WATER SUPPLY, EMERALD BAY, CATALINA:  Los Angeles Valley
    College, Los Angeles,

    This study is associated with the development of a ground water
    supply for residential use on Catalina Island.

    Project Started:  December 1964 (duration - to 1966).
    Personnel:   3 engineering geologists.
    Principal Investigator:  Dr. J. E. Slosson.


33  EROSION CONTROL OF URBAN LAND AREAS:   Los Angeles Valley College,
    Los Angeles.

    This study is associated with erosion control, causes, and effects
    upon urban land development in Southern California.

    Project Started:  June 1959 (duration - continuing).
    Personnel:   3 engineering geologists»
    Principal Investigator:  Dr. J. E. Slosson.

    Publications:   Parson's Landing Landslide.  To be published by the
    Association of Engineering Geologist, Spring 1966.
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34  EVALUATION OF WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF THE CLEAR LAKE AREA OF
    LAKE COUNTY:  Sacramento State College, Sacramento,

    Clear Lake, California, is a natural fresh water recreational lake
    created by a volcanic dike across the upper Cache Creek drainage
    channel.  The presence of hot and cold mineral springs has made it
    a favorite vacation and recreational area of many,,  Other major
    beneficial uses include municipal and domestic water supply,  irri-
    gation and fish propagation.  Waste disposal by public  and private
    systems has resulted in localized water pollution conditions  posing
    hazards to the public health and adverse effects on fish, wildlife,
    and recreational activities,,  The objective of this study is  to
    provide an inventory of waste discharges in areas contiguous  to
    Clear Lake and in waters tributary to the lake.  This supplements
    previous water quality investigations conducted at Clear Lake for
    basic use in formulating waste discharge policy for the Clear Lake
    Basin area.  The project study entails the location, identification
    and characterization of existing waste discharges to evaluate
    potential surface and subsurface drainage into the lake.  The reduced
    data will be evaluated to determine the potential impact of antici-
    pated quantities and characteristics of waste discharges on the
    receiving waters,

    Project Started;  July 1, 1965 (duration - to June 30, 1966).
    Personnel;  3 engineers, 1 stenographer, 1 keypunch operator.
    Principal Investigator:  Professor Leonard WT Horn,

    Special Equipments  Aerial photographic equipment utilizing Ektachroroe
    and Inf-rared films in the assessment of water quality characteristics,

    Publications:  California Department of Water Resources, Bulletin
    94-13,  Land and Water Use in Putah-Cache Creek Basins Hydrographic
    Unit,  Volumes I and IT (1965),
35  A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY CONTROLS  Sacramento State College
    Foundation, Sacramento.

    The long-term objective of this project is to develop a dynamic model
    for water quality control*  This model will aid water quality managers
    in planning facilities to achieve or maintain water quality objectives
    as quantities and qualities of generated wastes change in the future.
    Current investigation is studying the influence of three factors on
    the costs of waste treatment:

    (a)  Growth of municipalities and industries,
    (b)  Entrance and exit of firms,
    (c)  Changing conditions in the receiving waters, such as variations
         in flows, temperatures, reaeration and deoxygenation®
                                  20

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    35  (continued)

    Project Started:  January 3, 1966 (duration - 1 year).
    Personnel:   1 engineer,,
    Principal Investigator:  Kenneth D. Kerri.

    Publications:  Kerri, Kenneth D.  1965.  An investigation of
    alternative means of achieving water quality objectives.  Doctoral
    dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State Univer-
    sity, Gorvallis.  177 pages.

    Kerri, Kenneth D.  An economic approach to water quality control„
    Paper presented at Water Pollution Control Conference, Atlantic
    City, New Jersey, October 10-14, 1965.  32 pages.
36  PESTICIDE DISTRIBUTION AND DEGRADATION IN WATERWAYS:  Stanford
    University, Palo Alto.

    The aim of this research is to evaluate the significance of sorption
    and biodegradation on the distribution and movement of pesticides
    through soils and in streams and lakes.

    Project Started:  September 1, 1964 (duration - to August 31, 1967).
    Personnel;  3 engineers, 1 chemist.
    Principal Investigator:  Perry L. McCarty.

    Special Equipment:  2 electron capture and 1 microcoulimetric gas
    chromatographs.
37  ANAEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT KINETICS:  Stanford University, Palo Alto.

    To evaluate the kinetics of the anaerobic waste treatment process
    so that process design might be improved to obtain optimum loadings
    and maximum efficiency of treatment.

    Project Started:  September 1, 1962 (duration - to August 31, 1966).
    Personnel:  2 engineers, 1 chemist.
    Principal Investigator:  Perry L. McCarty.

    Publications?  Kinetics of waste assimilation in anaerobic treatment,
    Society for Industrial Microbiology, August 1965.
38  WATER ECONOMICS IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY:  Stanford University,
    Civil Engineering Department, Palo Alto.

    The project objective is the study of water costs of the industry,,
    This includes water and waste processing requirements and costs as
                                  21

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    38  (continued)

    well as the special costs involved.  Relationships within the water
    and waste cost functions will be considered in an effort to identify
    the economically important characteristics of the industry's practice
    in water use.

    Project Started*  July 1, 1962.
    Personnel:  2 engineers, 1 economist,
    Principal Investigator:  Dr. Rolf Eliassen*

    Special Equipment:  Use of the University Computation Center,,

    Publications:  Progress Reports 2 and 3:  June 1963.
39  STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL OF VIRUS BY FILTRATION:   Stanford University,
    Palo Alto.

    Objectives:  To determine filter efficiency in  the removal  of  virus
    from waste streams.  This study will evaluate various filter media
    sizes, the effect of different commercial polyelectrolytes,  and  the
    efficiency of diatomaceous earth in virus removal.

    Project Started:  July 15, 1965 (duration - to  September 25,  1966),
    Personnel:  2 graduate students.
    Principal Investigators:   Dr. Rolf Eliassen,  Dr.  Paul Kruger,  and
    Olivia Chen,

    Special Equipment:  High speed centrifuges, Model HR-1;  electronic
    colony counter, precision linear and logarithmic  ratemeter.


40  RECLAMATION OF REUSABLE WATER FROM SEWAGE:  Stanford University,
    Palo Alto.

    The purpose of the project is to demonstrate, on a pilot-plant scale,
    the conversion of treatment plant effluent into usable water through
    the use of ion-exchange techniques.  The demonstration plant includes
    an activated sludge unit, a conventional sand filter, a  diatomite
    filter, an ion exchange column and a storage pond to receive the re-
    claimed water.  The specific object of the project is to reduce  the
    amount of refractory materials in the subject water, with particular
    emphasis on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.

    Project Started:  September 15, 1962 (duration  -  through September 14,
    1967).
    Personnel:  2 engineers,  1 chemist, 2 technicians.
    Principal Investigator:  Dr. Rolf Eliassen.
                                  22

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     40  (continued)

     Special Equipments  Complete package-type rapid bloc activated sludge
     unit, conventional sand filter, diatomaceous earth filter, ion ex-
     change column, effluent storage pond.

     Publications:  Eliassen, Rolf, Bruce M, Wycoff, and C0 D, Tonkin.
     Ion exchange for reclamation of reusable supplies,  J. Am. Wat.  Wks.
    Assn., September 1965.

     Wycoff, Bruce.  Water renovation by ion exchange.  California Water
     Pollution Control Assn. Meeting, April 1964,

     Stanford Civil Engineering Technical Report No. 41, August 1964S

     Stanford Civil Engineering Technical Report No. 49, January 1965.

    Stanford Civil Engineering Technical Report No. 58, October 19653
41  RESEARCH IN THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS TO EVALUATE ATTAIN-
    MENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMS:  Taft College,  Taft,

    The objective of this undertaking is to develop mathematical and
    statistical methods to evaluate the attainments of the Bureau of
    Reclamation's Atmospheric Water Resources Program in the Southern
    Sierra area of California, especially in the Kern River drainage
    basin and the Kern County area.

    Project Started:  June 1965 (duration - 2 years).
    Personnel:  1 mathematician,  1 student assistant.
    Principal Investigator:  Lawrence E. Peahl.
42  ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR THE GEORGIA PACIFIC  AND
    CROWN SIMPSON PULP MILLS,  HUMBOLDT COUNTY, CALIFORNIA:   Humboldt
    State College, Arcata.

    A study of the marine environment off Samoa and Fairhaven before  and
    during  mill operation.  The project  includes study of  benthic inver-
    tebrates,  fish, crabs, and water chemistry.

    Project Started:  June 1965.
    Personnel:  1 chemist, 3 biologists.
    Principal  Investigators:  James  Cast,  George Allen,  John DeMartini,
    and Fred Telonicher,
                                  23

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43  FAUNAL CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO BAY:  University of San
    Francisco, San Francisco,

    Distribution of faunal elements and the effect of wastes and other
    variables,  Biomass estimate of different environmental patterns,,
    Project Started;  196JU
    Personnel;  2 biologists.
    Principal Investigator:  Francis P, Filiue*
44  DETERMINATION AND OCCURRENCE OF NITRATE IN WATER:   Fresno State
    College, Fresno.

    The increasing nitrate content of well water in the Fresno area is
    a threat to the health of livestock and people,  It is also an
    important consideration in. fertilization of soil that is irrigated
    with this water.  Chemical analyses of identiea-1 samples by several
    laboratories have yielded conflicting results.  A spectrophotometric
    method of analysis involving absorption in the ultraviolet range has
    been worked out in the Chemistry Department of the college.  The
    various chemical methods heretofore used have been shown to have
    serious shortcomings*  Indications are chat the ultraviolet absorp-
    tion and phenaldisulfonic acid methods can be made to give consistent
    results on both synthetic solutions and ground water.  The former
    method is much less time consuming than the latters  Additional work
    will be done on the methods and a variation of the ultraviolet
    absorption method of analysis, attention will turn to the effects
    of the methods of collecting and storing samples before analysis and
    the seasonal, yearly and geographical variations of nitrate contents
    Both incoming irrigation water and well water in the Fresno area
    will be studied,

    Project Started;  1962,
    Personnel:  1 chemist, 1 soil scientist, 3 students.
    Principal Investigators  R. W. Bremaer.

    Special Equipment:  A Beckman DK~2 automatic recording spectrophoto-
    meter.

    Publications:  Two reports on Independent Study 190 in the Chemistry
    Department of Fresno State College are on file in the college library;
    Authors are:  (1) Ronald Ea Majorsj C2') Fred Shore.
45  AN INVESTIGATION OF WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY AND POLLUTIONAL
    CHARACTERISTICS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY-   university of California,
    College of Engineering, Berkeley,

    The primary objective of this investigation is to develop information
    and data which will permit quantitative resolution of the effects of

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45 (continued)

waste discharge upon beneficial uses of San Francisco Bay and
contiguous estuarine waters with particular emphasis on the fishery
resource.  This general objective shall include the following
specific objectives:

(1)  To collate, review, and evaluate existing reports relating to
     water pollution, fishery resources, and corollary biological
     and chemical data;
(2)  To develop quantitative biological, chemical, physical and
     hydrographic descriptions of the Bay with due regard to seasons,
     tidal action, and fresh water inflow;
(3)  To correlate these biological, chemical, physical, and hydro-
     graphic data with waste discharges and to determine, insofar as
     possible, the effects of these discharges on the beneficial uses
     of the Bay;
(4)  To develop, if practicable, simple indices or parameters that
     can be used for a continuing monitoring program to evaluate
     quantitative future changes in the Bay.

Project Started:  September 1960 (duration - to December 1966),
Personnel:   4 engineers, 3 mathematicians, 3 aides.
Principal Investigators:  Prof. Erman A, Pearson and Prof. Robert E.
Selleck.

Publications:  A Comprehensive Study of San Francisco Bay, 1962-63,
(Third Annual Report), Text and Appendices.

A Comprehensive Study of San Francisco Bay, 1963-64, (Fourth Annual
Report), Text and Appendices.

Final Report, a Comprehensive Study of San Francisco Bay, Volume I,
Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Sampling and Analytical
Methods,
FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS PERTINENT TO MICROBIOLOGICAL WASTE CONVERSION
IN ISOLATED ENVIRONMENTS:  University of California, Berkeley,

The objectives are:

(1)  Determination of optimum conditions for algal growth, primarily
     with respect to geometry of light source;
(2)  The design and operation of a specialized waste unit to obtain
     maximum waste treatment per unit of volume of weight of culture;
(3)  The development and operation of an advanced model of the micro-
     terella;
(4)  The determination of that combination of environmental factors
     which would bring about the most efficient functioning of the
                             25

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    46 (continued)

         algatron (a growth unit in which a mechanically rotated algal
         culture is the essential feature) and the microterella with
         respect to gas exchange, waste disposal and treatment, and
         water exchange;
    (5)  The development of the design of a unit in which two 70-kg men
         could be made a part of a closed environmental system.

    Project Started:  1961,
    Personnel:  3 engineers, 1 chemist, 1 biologist, 1 microbiologist.
    Principal Investigator:  Dr, W, J. Oswald.

    Special Equipment:  closed ecological system "microterella".

    Publications:  Golueke, C. G. and W. J. Oswald.  1963.  Closing an
    ecological system consisting of a mammal,  algae and nonphotosynthetic
    microorganisms.  Am. Biol. Teach., 25(7).

    Golueke, C. G. and W. J. Oswald.  1964.  Role of plants in closed
    systems.  A. Rev. PI. Physiol. Vol. 15.

    Golueke, C. G. and W. J. Oswald.  1966.  The algatron, a novel
    microbial culture system.  Sun Wk. 11(1).

    Oswald, W. J. and C. G. Golueke.  1961.  Man in space -
    he takes along his waste problem!  Wastes  Engng^ 32(9).

    Oswald, W. J. and C. G. Golueke.  1962.  Environmental control
    studies with a closed ecological system.  Proc. Inst. Envir. Sci.

    Oswald, W, J. and C. G. Golueke.  1964,  Closed ecological systems.
    J. San. Engng. Div. Am. Soc, Civ. Engrs.
47  NUTRITIONAL AND DISEASE TRANSMITTING POTENTIAL OF SEWAGE GROWN ALGAEl
    University of California, Berkeley,

    Algae are grown in a sewage in a 2/3-acre algal production-waste
    treatment pond.  The algal crop is harvested in three steps:

    (1)  Initial concentration by centrifugation or by chemical pre-
         cipitation;
    (2)  Dewatering the slurry from step 1 to a paste by means of a
         solid bowl centrifuge;
    (3)  Drying the paste on a steam-heated drum dryer.

    The algal product is sent to University of California at Davis campus
    where feed trials with the material are run with lambs, hogs, and
                                  26

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     47 (continued)

     steers as  the test  animals.   The  quality  of  the reclaimed water  is
     determined at the Sanitary Engineering  Laboratory  of  the University
     according  to conventional  sanitary  analyses.   The  concentration
     activity of pesticides  by  algae when  grown in  waste waters  is  also
     being investigated.

     Project Started:  1962.
     Personnel:   3 engineers, 1 chemist, 1 biologist, 1 microbiologist.
     Principal  Investigator:  W. J. Oswald.

     Special Equipment:   2/3-acre  high rate  pond.

     Publications:  Golueke, G. G., W. J,  Oswald, and H. K. Gee.  1964.
     Harvesting and processing  sewage-grown  planktonic  algae.  Univ.  of
     Calif.  San.  Eng. Res. Lab., College of  Engineering and School  of
     Public  Health, SERL  Report No. 64-8.

     Golueke, C.  G., W. J. Oswald  and  H. K.  Gee.  1965.  Harvesting and
     processing sewage-grown planktonic algae.  J.  Wat. Pollut. Control
     Fed.

     Golueke, C.  G., W. J. Oswald, and H.  K. Gee.   1966.   Effect of
     nitrogen additives on algal yield.  J.  Wat.  Pollut. Control Fed.
     (In press).

     Oswald, W.  J. and C. G. Golueke.  Eutrophication trends in the
     United  States, a problem?  Presented  before the Water Pollution
     Control Federation,  Atlantic  City, New  Jersey, October 11, 1965.

     Oswald, W.  J. and C. G. Golueke.  Algae production from waste.
     Proc. 18th Annual California  Animal Industry Conference, Fresno.
     October 25,  1965.

     Oswald, W.  J.,  C. G. Golueke, R.  C. Cooper, J. H. Meyers, H. Hintz,
     and H. K, Gee.   1964.  Nutritional and disease transmitting poten-
     tial of sewage-grown algae.   First Progress Report, WP 00026 R1-R2-
    R3, SERL Report No.  64-6.
48  EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EPIDERMAL TUMORS IN THE ENGLISH SOLE, PAROPHRYS
    VETULUS;  University of California, Berkeley.

    This project is studying the occurrence of tumors on the English
    Sole (Parophrys vetulus) found in San Francisco Bay and northern
    coastal waters of California.  This investigation includes a study
    of the environmental aspects of this disease in fish, a determina-
    tion of the causative agent and if the agent is associated with the
    discharge of domestic and industrial wastes into San Francisco Bay
                                  27

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    48 (continued)

    and other marine locations®

    Personnel:  1 biologist, 2 tnicrobiolegist.
    Principal Investigator:  Dr. Robert C.  Cooper,
49  SOILS, PESTICIDES AND THE QUALITY OF WATER:   University of  California,
    Davis.

    Project Objectives:

    (1)   To establish whether movement through  the soil  constitutes  a
          significant source of the pesticides found in surface and
          ground waters,
    (2)   To identify the properties of pesticides and of soils that
          control the extent of movement of pesticides in and through
          soils.
    (3)   To ascertain the solubility characteristics of  pesticides
          sorbed on soil particles and hence the effect of suspended
          soil on the concentrations of pesticides in water.
    (4)   To ascertain the effects of management of pesticide and land
          on the transport, by all means, of pesticides to water supplies.

    Project Started:  1965 (duration - to 1969).
    Personnel:  2 water and soil scientists.
    Principal Investigator:  J. W. Biggar.
50  PROCESSES AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DETERIORATION OR
    IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF GROUND WATER:   University of California,
    Davis.

    Project Objectives:

    (1)   To study the effect of irrigation  management in salt-affected
          soils on the concentration and composition of effluents.
    (2)   To determine the effect of slightly soluble minerals in soils
          on the solute composition and concentration of percolating
          waters.

    Project Started:  1963 (duration - one year).
    Personnel*  1 water scientist.
    Principal Investigator:  L.  D. Doneen.

    Publications:  Doneen, L, D,  Properties of deep substrata in the
    West Side of San Joaguin Valley, California.  Submitted for publica-
    tion to HILGARDIA.
                                  28

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    50 (continued)

    Tanji, K. K., G. R. Dutt, J, L. Paul,  and L.  D.  Doneen.   A computer
    method for predicting salt concentration at variable soil water
    content.  Submitted for publication to HILGARDIA,

    Tanji, K. Ke, L. D. Doneen, and J« L.  Paul.  Predictions on the
    quality of water percolating through stratified  substrata by com-
    puter analysis.  Submitted for publication to HILGARDIA»
51  WATER QUALITY IN RELATION TO THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    OF SOILS:  University of California,  Davis..

    Project Objectives:

    (1)  To determine the effect of various salts and their concentration
         in irrigation water on soil structure and infiltration rates.
    (2)  To determine the degree of accumulation of harmful salines in
         the soil from various irrigation waters and the quantity of
         leaching water required to maintain a productive soil for agri-
         cultural crops,
    (3)  To relate (a) the precipitation  of salts to the potential
         salinity of the water and (b) salt concentration and sodium
         content to a permeability index  for selected soils.
    (4)  To determine the role magnesium  plays, when the water or soil
         contains large amounts of this ion, on plant growth, permeability
         of the soil, and its reclamation.

    Project Started:  1963 (duration - indefinite).
    Personnel:   1 chemist, 1 water scientist.
    Principal Investigator:  L. D0 Doneen.

    Publications?  Tanji, K. K. and L. D. Doneen.  Quantitative prediction
    of CaCOg precipitation in HC'O", salt solutions undergoing progressive
    reduction in volume.  Accepted for publication in Soil Science Society
    of America  Proceedings.
52  INORGANIC AND ORGANIC IMPURITIES OF IRRIGATION WATERS AFFECTING SOIL
    PROPERTIES AND PLANT GROWTHS   University of California,  Davis.

    Project Objectives:   To determine the effects of dissolved and  sus-
    pended mineral and organic materials contained in irrigation waters
    on soils and plants.  Investigation will include:

    (1)  The effects of  kinds and concentrations of salts on soil
         structure and penetration of irrigation waters into soils
    (2)  Effects on plants of materials dissolved in irrigation waters,,
    (3)  The degree of accumulation of harmful salines in the soil  as
                                  29

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    52 (continued)

          affected by (a) kinds and concentrations of salts^in the water,
          (b) soil conditions, (c) climatic conditions,  and (d)  practices
          of growerso
    (4)   A study of the suitability of sewage, effluents and drainage
          waters as irrigation waters.  Sewage,  drainage,  and natural
          waters have many properties in common, but sewage and  drainage
          waters also contain materials which are not found in natural
          waters.

    Project Started;  1947 (duration - continuous).
    Personnel^  1 water scientist.
    Principal Investigator:  L. D. Doneen0

    Publications;  Doneen, L. D.  1964.  Notes on water  quality  in agri-
    culture,  Wat. Sci. Engng;. "Paper 4001,


53  VACUUM CUP EMISSION SPECTROGRAPHY AS A  ROUTINE METHOD  FOR QUANTITA-
    TIVE WATER QUALITY DETERMINATIONS:  University of California,  Los
    Angeleso

    Project Objectives;  To evaluate the vacuum cup electrode technique
    as a tool in the study of water quality, with emphasis in reducing
    cost and increasing sensitivity and accuracy for routine application
    of the method in determination of trace elements such  as boron, zinc,
    manganese, and copper in water from widely varying sources.

    Project Started:  July 1, 1965 (duration - to June 30, 1966).
    Personnels  2 chemists.
    Principal Investigator:  A. F. Bush.

    Special Equipment:  Dual-Grating Bausch and Lomb Emission Spectrograph.
54  DISSOLVED SOLIDS REMOVAL FROM THIRD STAGE EFFLUENT AT HYPERION
    TREATMENT PLANT IN LOS ANGELES:   University of California,  Los Angeles.

    A cooperative project with the City of Los Angeles' Bureau  of Sani-
    tation and UCLA Department of Engineering to study behavior of a
    sewage treatment process which would expand the usefulness  of waste
    water0  A tertiary stage algae pond was constructed and operated for
    three years in an effort to duplicate on a large scale the  salt
    reduction demonstrated in a small pond on the UCLA campus^   The
    objective was to allow algae to grow at a prolific rate and remove
    them from the water, thus improving water quality.

    Project Started;  September 1961 (duration - to June 1965).
    Personnel;  5 engineers, 4 chemists, 1 microbiologist.
                                  30

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    54  (continued)

    Principal Investigator:  A. F, Bush.

    Special Equipment:  An activated sludge pilot plant for reclamation
    of waste waters, approximate flow 15,000 gallons per day; a trick-
    ling filter system for treatment of waste water, approximately
    15,000 gallons flow per day; chemical analytical facility; two algae
    ponds representing different scale operations which are compared in
    regard to their effectiveness in removing salts from waste water for
    reclamation purposes; electron microscope facility.
55  LEACHING REQUIREMENT AND SALINITY STUDIES WITH BEARING ORANGE TREES:
    University of California, Riverside.

    Uniform quantities of water salinized to four compositions are being
    applied to Valencia orange trees.  Soil salinity is being followed
    continuously and will be evaluated in terms of irrigation water com-
    position and management*  Leaf analysis and fruit production data will
    be collected and evaluation made.

    Objectives:

    (1)  Evaluation of salinity in terms of fruit production and fruit
         quality®
    (2)  Appropriate irrigation management for waters of varied salinity.

    Project Started:  Spring 1965 (duration - 1972),
    Personnel:  1 chemist, 1 technician.
    Principal Investigator:  Frank T. Bingham.
56  EFFECT OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON REUSE OF WATER:   University of California,
    Riverside.

    An important,  but often overlooked,  aspect of water pollution deals
    with agricultural waters and specifically with their contamination
    by salts derived from soils and geological formations or through
    human and industrial use.  In the latter case recycling through the
    soil can greatly modify composition  of waters important to plant,
    animal, and human health because (a) many are essential in extremely
    small amounts,  and (b) excesses of some are  known or suspected to  be
    injurious.

    Project Objectives:

    (1)  Establish  the concentration of  certain  trace elements (Al,  B,
         Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn,  Mo, Ni,  Fb,  Sr, Y,  Zn,  and others as the need
         may arise  and speetrographic techniques for their analysis can
                                  31

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56  EFFECT OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON REUSE OF WATER:   University of
    California, Riverside.

    An important, but often overlooked, aspect of water pollution deals
    with agricultural waters and specifically with their contamination
    by salts derived from soils and geological formations or through
    human and industrial use.  In the latter case recycling through the
    soil can greatly modify composition of waters important to plant,
    animal, and human health because (a) many are essential in extremely
    small amounts, and (b) excesses of some are known or suspected to be
    injurious.

    Project Objectives:

    (1)  Establish the concentration of certain trace elements (Al, B,
         Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Y, Zn,  and others as the need
         may arise and spectrographic techniques for their analysis can
         be developed) in the surface and ground waters of California;
    (2)  Relate trace element concentrations to the past history of the
         water, including geologic and use factors;
    (3)  Determine how trace element concentrations are modified upon
         passage of water through soils;
    (4)  Establish the effects of water composition and water-soil inter-
         actions on crop plants.

    Project Started:  January 1964 (duration - 3 years).
    Personnel:   2 chemists,
    Principal Investigator:  Gordon R. Bradford.

    Special Equipment:  3.4 M convertible direct reading spectrograph,
    atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
57  HYDROBIOLOGY OF AN ARTIFICIALLY FED ENCLOSED LAGOON AT THE UNIVERSITY
    OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA:   University of California, Santa
    Barbara.

    The UCSB campus lagoon, which covers about 25 acres, has been
    closed to the sea for several years.  It is maintained at constant
    level by effluent from the sea water system of the marine laboratory.
    Winter rains lower the salinity to less than 20°/00; but the excess
    of evaporation over precipitation during the summer creates a hyper-
    saline environment.  Northwesterly winds during the spring and
    early summer often cause noxious downwelling and anoxic putrifica-
    tion at the downwind end, although after a wet winter this influence
    is minimal.  As would be expected in a small eutrophic lagoon,
    phosphates are high and most dissolved nitrogen is in the form
    of ammonia.  The water grass Ruppia and green alga Enteromorpha
    predominate plant life.  Enteromorpha spreads during the winter
    and spring months of maximum transparency, but declines during
                                  32

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    57 (continued)

    Late, spring.  The limnomedusan Gonionemus vertens occurs with the
    Enteromorpha bloom.  Various insects and worms constitute the food
    sources of the two resident fishes, Fundulus pawipinnis and Gjl-
    lichyhys mirabiles.  Noxious conditions can be controlled inexpen-
    sively by dredging dead plants and by local aeration.

    Project Started:  June 1, 1963 (duration - to September 30, 1965).
    Personnel:  3 biologists, 1 hydrobiologist.
    Principal Investigator:  Alfred W. Ebeling.

    Special Equipment:  Industrial Instruments Electrodeless Salinom-
    eter,  Precision Scientific Galvanic Cell Oxygen Analyzer, Klett
    2cm Colorimeter.

    Publications:   Todd, Eric S., A. Kier and A. W. Ebeling.
    Gonionemus vertens (Limnomedusae:01indiidae).  Bull. Sth.
    Calif. Acad. Sci. (in press).

    Hydrological report in preparation.
58  STUDIES ON THE ECOLOGY OF BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE:  University
    of California, Santa Barbara.

    Scuba diving techniques are employed to survey, map and describe
    communities of larger benthic marine algae off the southern
    California coast.  Measurement of and descriptive accounts of the
    structure and seasonal changes related to the vegetation are
    underway.  The study is centered off Anacapa Island - an unpolluted
    area some distance from the mainland.  The study is primarily a
    descriptive one at present, although a number of benthic algae
    are being grown under different conditions in the marine labora-
    tory on campus.

    Project Started:   September 1963 (duration - continuing).
    Personnel:   2 biologists.
    Principal Investigator:  M. Neushul.

    Special Equipment:  Diving equipment (underwater communications
    gear) and underwater photographic gear.

    Publications:   Neushul, M.  1%5.  Scuba, diving .studies,.'of the  ; ,
    vertical distribution^of benthic marine plants.  Proc. Sth Mar.
    Biol. Symposium,  Goteborg 1965.  Reprinted from Botanica Gothe-
    burgensa.Ill,  pp. 161-176.

    North,  W.  J. and  others.  1964.  An investigation of the effects
    of discharged wastes on kelp.  Publication No. 26,  State of
    California Water  Quality Control Board.
                                  33

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59  BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA RELATIONSHIP TO OCEAN POLLUTION:   University
    of Southern California, Los Angeles.

    The principal objective of this project is to show the relationship
    between the normal distribution patterns of benthonic foraminifera
    of the mainland shelf and the modification of these patterns around
    ocean outfalls.  In order to show this, studies have been made of
    the distribution patterns of dead populations using empty tests and
    these patterns are then compared with the distribution patterns of
    living specimens.

    Project Started:   January 1, 1965 (duration - to December 31, 1966).
    Personnel:   6 microbiologists.
    Principal Investigator:  Dr. Orville L. Bandy.

    Special Equipment:  Microscopes, IBM computer, emission spectrograph.

    Publications:  Bandy, 0. L., J. C. Ingle, Jr. and J. M. Resig.  1964.
    Facies trends, San Pedro Bay, California.  Bull. Geol. Soc.  Am.
    75:403-424.

    Bandy, 0. L., J.  C. Ingle, Jr., and J. M. Resig.  1964.  Foraminifera,
    Los Angeles County outfall area, California.  Limnol. Oceanogr.
    9:124-137.

    Bandy, 0. L., J.  C. Ingle, Jr., and J. M. Resig.  1964.  Foraminifer-
    al trends,  Laguna Beach outfall area.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 9:112-123.

    Bandy, 0. L., J.  C. Ingle, Jr., and J. M. Resig.  1965.  Foraminiferal
    trends, Hyperion outfall, California.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:314-332.

    Bandy, 0. L., J.  C. Ingle, Jr. and J. M. Resig.  1965.  Modification
    of foraminiferal distribution by the Orange County outfall,  Califor-
    nia.  Ocean Science and Engineering, Transactions of Joint Conference,
    Marine Tech. Soc. and Am. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr., Washington, D.C.,
    June 1965,  pp. 55-76.

    Resig, J. M.  1964.  The southernmost occurrence of Elphidiella
    hannai (Cushman and Grant), 1927, off the west coast of North
    America.  J. Paleont. 38(2):393-396.
60  FACTORS CONTROLLING UTILIZATION OF SANITARY LANDFILL SITE:  Univer-
    sity of Southern California, Los Angeles.

    Instrumented landfills existing under controlled field conditions
    will be utilized to continue and expand the study of several facets
    of landfill use and performance.  Included in the studies will be
    the effect of aeration, rainfall and controlled irrigation for turf
    support on settlement, temperature, humidity, percolation, gas
    quality, and refuse decomposition.


                                  34

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    60 (continued)

    Project Started:  May 1, 1960 (duration - 8 years).
    Personnel:  2 engineers, 3 graduate students.
    Principal Investigator:   Robert C. Merz.

    Publications:  Gas production in a sanitary landfill.  Public
    Works 95(2):84, February 1964.

    Factors controlling utilization of sanitary landfill site.
    First Progress Report to USPHS, March 1965.
61  TREATMENT OF BEET SUGAR WASTES BY PONDING:  Beet Sugar Development
    Foundation, Ft. Collins, Colorado - Research conducted at Tracy,
    California.

    Project Objectives:  To evaluate lagooning as a means of treating
    beet sugar plume wastes.  Project includes study of anaerobic,
    aerobic, and facultative environments.

    Project Started:  June 1965 (duration - 2 to 3 years).
    Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 programmer, 2 laboratory assistants,
    3 consultants.
    Principal Investigator:  James Fischer.

    Special Equipment:  Pilot plant lagoons (1) Kacre anaerobic
    lagoon, (2) 2-acre facultative lagoon, and (3) 3-acre aerobic
    lagoon.
62  FOAM RECYCLE:  Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
    California, in cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service.

    Project Objective;  To investigate the foam recycle method of
    foamate disposal for a foam separation process.  The effluent
    from the Saugus activated sludge waste water treatment plant is
    subjected to foam separation and the foamate recycled to the
    aeration basin inflow to determine if foamate reduction can be
    obtained.

    Project Started:  August 1965 (duration - to December 1965).
    Personnel:   1 engineer, 1 chemist.
    Principal Investigator:  Max Augustus.
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63  REFUSE TO SEWER STUDY:  Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
    California.

    The primary objective of the project is to determine the feasibility
    of using a sewerage system as a transport vehicle for solid waste
    disposal, and the effects of the addition of refuse on the treat-
    ment process.  The study is divided into two parts.

    (1)  Determine the settling characteristics of ground refuse in
         sewage, and
    (2)  Determine the digestibility of the resultant sludge-refuse
         mixture.

    Project Started:  February 8, 1965 (duration - 15 months).
    Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 chemist.
    Principal Investigator:  Robert D. Whitley.

    Special Equipment:  Refuse grinder, pilot plant digesters.
6,4  ODOR CONTROL RESEARCH:  Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
    County, California.

    Project Objective:  To identify and evaluate sources of odors at
    the Districts' joint water pollution control poant and provide
    methods for controlling odor emission.  An odor evaluation panel
    of 8 people has been set up to give quantitative values to odor
    levels.  Initial research involved location of and quantitative
    evaluation of odor sources such as sludge digestion gas emission,
    sedimentation tank emission, and others.  Pilot plant studies were
    then conducted to cost evaluate methods of removing odors from
    an odorous air stream.  Odorous air scrubbing systems being
    evaluated include activated sludge, a floating bed scrubber
    using various chemicals, activated carbon and fume incineration.
    Identity of some of the odorous air compounds has been studied
    using gas chromatography.  Preliminary research has shown that
    odor levels from the Districts' JWPCP are well within recommended
    air pollution limits.

    Project Started:  September 1964 (duration - through 1966).
    Personnel:  1 engineer, 2 technicians.
    Principal Investigator:  Jay G. Kremer.

    Special Equipment:  Odor evaluation panel for quantitative odor
    measurement, instrument for measuring Rp*' mercaPtans an
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65  RECREATIONAL REUSE STUDY:  Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
    County, California, in cooperation with U. S, Public Health
    Service.

    Project Objective:  Determine the most feasible method for
    renovating available sewage oxidation pond water for use in
    recreational lakes.  The Lancaster-PaImdale area of the
    Antelope Valley proposed to create a water-based recreational
    site including 19 acres of lake area.  Due to a local potable
    water shortage the renovation and reuse of oxidation pond water
    was proposed.  The oxidation pond water contained large quantities
    of algae causing wide daily fluctuations in pH and dissolved oxygen
    content and preventing the maintenance of fish life.  Removal of
    enough organic matter, algae and algae nutrients to allow a clear
    water regimen to become established was necessary.  Extensive
    research was undertaken in three phases; collecting basic data
    on the character of the water, laboratory jar test evaluations
    of numerous chemical coagulants, and pilot plant operation of
    the most promising processes.  Basic data collection has shown
    a definite seasonal variation in algae pond water characteristics
    which affected treatment costs and results»  Of the numerous
    treatment methods tested, use of aluminum sulfate as the primary
    coagulant was found most economical to obtain turbidity, algae
    and phosphate nutrient reduction.  Cationic polyelectrolytes were
    also found effective as coagulant aids.

    Project Started:   October 1963 (duration - through 1966),
    Personnel:  2 engineers, 2 chemists, 1 laboratory technician,
    2 laborers.
    Principal Investigator:  Gerald Stern.

    Publications:  Dryden, F. D. and G. Stern.  1965.  Renovation
    of oxidation pond waters for recreational reuse,  Presented
    before the 1965 annual conference of the California Water Pol-
    lution Control Association,  San Diego.  Calif. Wat. Pollut.
    Control Assn. Bull., October 1965.

    U. S. Public Health Service, First Annual Report on Advanced
    Waste Treatment by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
    County, 1965.
66  FOAM SEPARATION STUDY:  Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
    County, California, in cooperation with U. S. Public Health
    Service.

    The foam separation study was designed to develop a prototype
    foam separation tank with optimum operating characteristics.
    Of particular interest was the possibility that the foam .
    separation process would provide economical first stage


                                  37

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    66 (continued)

    tertiary treatment for the partial removal of suspended solids from
    activated sludge secondary effluents.  In addition, the process
    removes residual ABS and COD.  Anticipating the conversion from
    resistant to biodegradable surfactants, test runs were conducted
    featuring the addition of small concentrations of LAS to provide
    the necessary froth to achieve suspended solids removal.  Pilot
    design variations for 1/2 to 1 mgd capacity foamers included
    single chamber horizontal flow and multiple-chamber counter-cur-
    rent flow patterns.  Variables included detention time, air-liquid
    ratio, freeboard and concentrations of effluent constituents.

    Project Started:  August 1, 1963 (duration - to December 1965).
    Personnel:   2 engineers, 1 chemist.
    Principal Investigators:  John Zoltek, Max Augustus, Robert Miele.

    Publications:   Joint PHS-LACSD Water Renovation Research Project,
    Interim Report Part II,  Contract No. PH-86-63-214,  July 1963 to
    July 1964.
67  DOMINGUEZ CHANNEL STUDY:   Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
    County, California.

    Dominguez Channel has been utilized for the past 50 years for the
    disposal of storm runoff  and industrial wastes to harbor waters
    and thence to the Pacific Ocean.   ome 8.5 miles of the lower end
    of this water course are  being deepened and widened for flood control
    purposes, creating a tidal channel 4-17 feet deep.  Work on the lower
    2/3 of the channel was completed about a year ago.  Wide differences
    of opinion existed concerning the ability of the improved channel
    to assimilate industrial  wastes during summer months when there
    would be no storm water runoff.  Some thought that all industrial
    wastes should be diverted into public sewers.  The high cost of
    sewer and treatment plant capacity (estimated current value
    $3,000,000) required adequate justification.  A study made under
    summer conditions showed  that the zone of maximum pollutional
    effects had moved from the mouth to the upper end of the channel.
    Nuisance levels no longer exist.  The question of the improved
    channel's capability to continue to assimilate the industrial
    wastes presently being discharged to it was resolved in the
    affirmative.  Sewer disposal is not required.

    Project Started:  July 1965 (duration - 6 months)8
    Personnel:   3 engineers,  1 chemist.
    Principal Investigator:   Dr. James Foxworthy.
                                   38

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68  DEVELOPMENT OF COST VS. QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS FOR WATER RENOVATION
    SYSTEMS:  Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, California, in
    cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service.

    Project Objective:  Determine the relationships between treatment
    costs and effluent quality for several variations of the activated
    sludge process.  The investigation was carried out in the Sanita-
    tion Districts' 12 mgd Whittier Narrows water reclamation plant.
    Evaluation was based on the relative BOD,  COD, suspended solids,
    and turbidity of the effluent at various flow rates.  The plant is
    unique in that plant flow can be controlled at almost constant rates
    while air rates and flow patterns are varied.

    Project Started:  October 1963 (duration - to December 1965).
    Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 chemist.
    Principal Investigator:  John Zoltek.

    Publications:  Joint PHS-LACSD Water Renovation Research Project,
    Interim Report Part III,  Contract No. PH-86-63-214, July 1963 to
    July 1964.
69  CARBON ADSORPTION STUDY:   Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
    California, in cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service.

    Project Objective:   To investigate the adsorption process using
    activated carbon on a pilot plant scale treating final effluent
    from the Pomona activated sludge plant.  The feed to the beds of
    granular activated carbon was initially filtered through a diatcr--
    maceous earth filter but is now fed directly to the activated
    carbon columns.  The feed may be subjected to various pretreat-
    ments such as coagulation, filtration, or foam separation.  Carbon
    is regenerated on site and returned to the adsorption units.  The
    efficiency of the adsorption process is measured by monitoring the
    feed and product for parameters such as COD, TOC, ABS, and others.
    Water quality is monitored at several points along the contactor
    to determine the optimum water residence times and carbon adsorp-
    tion loadings.  Loss of carbon through abrasion attrition and
    regeneration is measured by periodic carbon inventories. Auxiliary
    studies are being conducted to determine optimum activated carbon
    contactor design and operation.

    Project Started:  September 1964 (duration - to September 1968).
    Personnel:   2 engineers,  3 chemists, 1 technician.
    Principal Investigator:  John English.

    Special Equipment:   total organic carbon analyzer, activated car-
    bon regeneration furnace.
                                 39

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70  STRIPED BASS MORTALITY INVESTIGATION:   California Department of
    Fish and Game, Sacramento,  in cooperation with U.S. Geological
    Survey,

    Large numbers of striped bass die annually during the spring months
    in the upper portion of San Francisco Bay.  Preliminary studies
    indicate a toxic material is causing the mortality.  The material
    may originate with a waste  discharge or may result from a combina-
    tion of factors including the interaction of wastes from one or
    more sources, the interaction of wastes and natural materials,
    and the physiology of the fish.   The objective of the study is
    to determine the cause or causes of mortality to allow remedial
    action, if possible, and to allow us to predict the effect of
    various proposals for waste discharge or water development in
    the area.

    Project Started:   June 1965 (duration - approximately 12 months).
    Personnel:  2 engineers, 4 chemists.
    Principal Investigatorsi  L. R.  Dunham, W. Silvey, D. Lollock.

    Special Equipment:   spectrograph for analysis of minerals in
    water and gas chromatograph or infrared spectrograph for organic
    materials.
71  A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN DYNAMICS IN THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN
    DELTA:   California Department of Fish and Game and California
    Department of Water Resources,  Sacramento,  in cooperation with
    U. S. Geological Survey.

    The objective is to define the  relationships that exist between
    dissolved oxygen and various physical, chemical, hydrological, and
    biological parameters throughout the estuary.  This information will
    be used to establish operating  criteria for future water developments»
    so dissolved oxygen problems can be avoided in the estuary.  The
    objective will be achieved by relating periodic measurements at a
    series of stations selected to  represent varying conditions in the
    Delta.  Parameters measured include phytoplankton, zooplankton,
    chlorophyll, light penetration,and levels,  water retention time
    and velocity, community production and respiration, and various
    chemical constituents.

    Project Started:  July 1965 (duration - to January 1968).
    Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 chemist, 4 biologists.
    Principal Investigator:  Harold K. Chadwick.

    Publications:  Annual Report No. 4 - Delta Fish and Wildlife Protec-
    tion Study, California Department of Fish and Game, Appendix B,
    June 30, 1965.
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72  SANITARY LANDFILL STUDIES:  California Department of Water
    Resources, Sacramento.

    The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of
    decomposition products from refuse landfills on ground water and
    to develop plans or measures for the protection of ground waters
    from pollution.

    Project Started:  July 1962 (duration - 5 years).
    Personnel:  1 engineer.
    Principal Investigator:  Gary A. Boulier.

    Special Equipment:   mobile pump unit, submersible pump, packers
    on pump for selected strata sampling.

    Publications:   Bulletin 147-5 - to be published in spring 1967.
73  DISPERSION AND PERSISTENCE OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS IN GROUND WATER,
    COLTON NARROWS,  SAN BERNARDINO AND RIVERSIDE COUNTIES:   California
    Department of Water Resources, So. Dist. Planning Branch, Sacramento.

    The general objectives of this investigation are:

    (1)  To assist the Santa Ana River Basin Regional Water Quality
         Control Board in the conduct of its regulatory responsibilities.
    (2)  To determine the fate of synthetic detergents percolating into
         the ground  waters.
    (3)  To develop  fundamental data that will aid in the evaluation of
         mixing and  dispersion of waters within a ground water basin.

    The specific objectives  are to determine the areal extent in the
    ground waters of synthetic detergents in the area of investigation
    and also the changes occurring during the study period; to determine
    the concentrations of synthetic detergents reaching the ground water
    from the unsaturated zone by percolation, and dispersion of synthetic
    detergents in the ground water body, and the persistence of synthetic
    detergents in ground water.

    Project Started:   January 1962 (duration - June 1967).
    Personnel:   2 engineers, 2 chemists, 1 engineering geologist.
    Principal Investigator:   George P. Gribkoff.

    Special Equipment:   Packer equipped pump for selective  depth sam-
    pling,  device for collecting samples of percolating waters from
    the unsaturated  zone at  depths in excess of  the capabilities of
    ordinary vacuum  tensiometers,  a modified infrared spectrophotometer.

    Publications:  Dispersion and Persistence of Synthetic  Detergents
    in  Ground Water,  San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, September
    1964.

                                 41

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74  PREPILOT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANT - SAN JOAQUIN MASTER DRAIN:
    California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento.

    This is an engineering development project for removal of the algae
    growth potential from agricultural drainage waters.   The major ob-
    jective is to develop the construction,  operation and  maintenance
    costs; the design criteria; and the practicability and efficiency
    of biological treatment, both aerobic and anaerobic,  of drainage
    waters.  Incidental studies will include the changes  in pesticide
    and mineral concentration related to the treatment processes.
    Also included will be a study of the biological growths that may be
    expected to occur in the drainage facilities and receiving waters.
    The reclamation of any treatment by-products (such as  algae) will
    be investigated.  Prediction of the initial and future character-
    istics of the waters of the Master Drain will also be  included.
    The prepilot plant will include an algae growth pond,  a digestion
    pond,  a holding pond, separation study facilities, and a chemical
    and biological laboratory.

    Project Started:  July 1963 (duration -  to January 1969).
    Personnel:  3 engineers, 1 chemist, 2 biologists, 2 technicians,
    3 consultants.
    Principal Investigator:  Louis A. Beck.
75  DISSOLVED OXYGEN DYNAMICS STUDY OF THE SACRAMENTO - SAN JOAQUIN
    ESTUARY:   California Departments of Water Resources and^Fish and
    Game,  Sacramento, in cooperation with U.  S.  Geological Survey.

    The project will develop relationships between (1) the fertilization
    of the surface waters with: nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal,
    industrial, and agricultural wastes, (2)  phytoplankton productivity
    with respect to time and space distribution, (3) oxygen relationships,
    (4) hydraulics, (5) water chemistry, and  (6) fish populations in the
    estuary.   Generally the objective of the  study is to develop a
    working hypothesis under which the biology and chemistry of the
    estuary can be controlled to provide a suitable environment for
    optimum development of the fishery resources of the estuary, as
    the Peripheral Canal Project is constructed to convey surplus water
    of Northern California through the Sacramento - San Joaquin River
    Delta for export.

    Project Started:  July 1965 (duration - 3 years).
    Personnel:   1 engineer, 1 chemist, 5 biologists.
    Principal Investigator:  Thomas E. Bailey.

    Special Equipment:  fluorometer, photometer and'pyrheliometer,
    spectrograph, inverted microscope.
                                  42

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    75 (continued)

    Publications:  Annual Report No, 4 (1964-65), Delta Fish and
    Wildlife Protection Study, The Effect of Water Development on
    the Delta Environment, The Resources Agency of California,
    1965, (In press).
76  DELTA FISH AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION STUDY:  California Depart-
    ment of Water Resources, Sacramento.

    Study began July 1961, to determine the effects of water
    transport across the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta on fish and
    wildlife as a Delta water facility is constructed as part of the
    State Water Project.  This is a cooperative study by the Depart-
    ment of Water Resources and Department of Fish and Game; the
    agencies provide engineering and biological data respectively.
    During the past five years the study has (1) documented and
    more closely defined the ecology of the estuary, (2) established
    the effects of the proposed projects on the Delta, (3) assisted
    in the choice of that facility.  The Peripheral Canal concept
    has now been chosen for the Delta Water Transfer Project.
    The emphasis of the study is now shifting from applied biological
    research to the area of how to operate the project,  The study
    is presently involved in investigation of (1) neomysis in the
    Delta, (2) striped bass mortality, f3) local wetlands management
    (Suisun Marsh), (4) development of a fish ladder to pass striped
    bass, (5) development of a pump to lift live fish, and (6) dissolved
    oxygen dynamics.

    Project Started:  July 1961 (duration ~ to June 1968).
    Personnel:  4 engineers, 15 biologists.
    Principal Investigators:  C. C. Coy, D. W. Kelly, H. K. Chadwick.

    Special Equipment:  analog model of Delta, analog computer, striped
    bass ladder test facility, air lift pump (fish ladder), a future
    test facility.

    Publications:   Annual Reports No» 3 (1964 and No, 4 (1965).

    Investigation of the Sacramento, San Joaquin Estuary,  Vol. 1 and
    2 (1965), published by California Department of Fish and Game.
77  DELTA-SUISUN BAY POLLUTION INVESTIGATION:   Department of Water
    Resources,  San Francisco Bay District.

    This investigation is part of the water quality portion of the
    overall planning of the State of California's water project and
    includes estimation of water quality changes resulting from the
                                43

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    77 (continued)

    San Joaquin Master Drain,  The general objective of the investigation
    is to characterize present natural and man-made sources of water
    quality degradation, to determine their effect on water quality in
    the waterways of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta-Suisun Bay area,
    and to evaluate these and future sources with respect to operation
    of the Delta Water Facility and San Joaquin Valley Drainage Facility^

    Project Started:  1961 (duration - to June 1966).
    Personnel:  4 engineers,
    Principal Investigator:  W. M. Gibson.

    Special Equipment:  equipment for fluorescent dye tracer studies
    in an estuary.

    Publications:  Delta-Suisun Bay Pollution Investigation.  Bulletin
    No. 123, State of California, 1966.

    Bailey, T. E,  1965.  Observations on the Limnology of a Polluted
    Reach of an Estuary.  Presented at the 46th Annual Meeting, Pacific
    Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, June
    25, 1965.

    Office Reports of San Francisco Bay District of the Department of
    Water Resources:  Water Transport Through the Cross Delta Channels;
    Hydraulic Characteristics of Mokelumne River System; Hydraulic
    Model Studies of Effects of San Joaquin Valley Drainage Facilities;
    Environmental Characteristics of Three Dead-End Sloughs; Delta
    Water Quality; Delta-Suisun Bay Waste Discharge Inventory and
    Projection.
78  DELTA-BAY WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION:   Department of Water
    Resources, San Francisco Bay District.

    The objectives of this investigation are to determine the following
    within the San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun Bays:

    (1)  Existing nutrient and pesticide concentrations and related
         water quality factors through evaluation of existing data and
         limited field studies.
    (2)  Adequacy of monthly grab sampling in a cross-section, with
         particular emphasis on ecological parameters.
    (3)  Flow characteristics and assimilative capacity of the system
         using dye tracer techniques„
    (4)  The. mode of pesticide transport.

    Project Started:  June 1965 (duration - to 1969).
    Personnel:  4 engineers.
    Principal Investigator:   W. M. Gibson.
                                   44

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79  WATER QUALITY REPORT ON PAUMA, PALA, AND BONSALL GROUNDWATER
    BASINS:  California Department of Water Resources, San Diego
    Regional Water Quality Control Board,

    An investigation of basic hydrology, geology, and groundwater
    quality in portions of the San Luis Rey River Basin.

    Project Started:  July 1960 (duration - to December 1965).
80  ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KELP BEDS NEAR POINT LOMA:  San Diego
    Regional Water Quality Control Board.

    An investigation and report on the physical condition,
    biological activity, and stage of development of kelp beds
    in the Pacific Ocean in vicinity of Point Loma, for the purpose
    of providing surveillance information subsequent to the inception
    of a community waste discharge in the area through a submarine
    outfall.

    Project Started:  August 1964 (duration - to September 1965).
    Principal Investigator:  Dr. Wheeler J. North.


81  THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OFFSHORE OF POINT LOMA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY;
    San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board.

    Investigation of the marine ecology along the western shore of
    Point Loma from the intertidal zone to the 100-foot depth by
    diver-biologists.  Acquire data to aid in describing and
    evaluating the effect of a large municipal sewage outfall.

    Project Started:  February 1965 (completed in 1965).
    Principal Investigators:  Charles H, Turner, E. E. Ebert, and
    R. R. Given.
82  GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS IN SAN DIEGO RIVER VALLEY:  California
    Department of Water Resources, San Diego Regional Water
    Quality Control Board.

    An investigation of the basic geology, hydrology, and ground and
    surface water quality in the middle reach of the San Diego River,

    Project Started:  July 1959 (duration - to September 1965).
                                45

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83  WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION OF MONTEREY COUNTY, INCLUDING RECOMMENDED
    QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS:   California
    Department of Water Resources, Regional Water Quality Control
    Board, San Luis Obispo.

    Objectives:

    (1)  Determine present quality of surface and ground waters.
    (2)  Determine occurrence, utilization, and movement of both surface
         and ground waters, particularly as they may be affected^ by
         waste discharges.
    (3)  Determine quality of existing sewage and industrial waste
         discharges and the effect they may have on water quality.
    (4)  Recommend realistic mineral water quality criteria for
         maximum beneficial use of surface and ground waters.
    (5)  Recommend wells suitable for monitoring:  (a) water quality
         of basin, and (b) effects of existing waste discharges.
         Present general information regarding monitoring ground
         waters in the vicinity of future waste discharges.

    Project Started:   1965 (duration - one year).
84  WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION OF SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY COASTAL
    PLAIN, INCLUDING RECOMMENDED QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR SURFACE AND
    GROUND WATERS:  California Department of Water Resources, Regional
    Water Quality Control Board, San Luis Obispo.

    Objectives:

    (1)  Determine present quality of surface and ground waters.
    (2)  Determine occurrence, utilization, and movement of both surface
         and ground waters, particularly as they may be affected by
         waste discharges.
    (3)  Determine quality of existing sewage and industrial waste disr
         charges and the effects they may have on water quality.
    (4)  Recommend realistic mineral water quality criteria for maximum
         beneficial use of surface and ground waters.
    (5)  Recommend wells suitable for monitoring:  (a) water quality of
         basin, and (b) effects of existing waste discharges.

    Project Started:  1965 (duration - one year).
85  SANTEE RECREATION PROJECT:  FWPCA, Region IX, San Francisco, in
    cooperation with California agencies.

    This seven-agency cooperative study evaluated the fate of viruses
    along with bacterial indicators, physical and chemical quality
    data through a conventional secondary treatment process, additional
                                   46

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    85 (continued)

    tertiary processes, and recreational lakes deliberately designed
    to utilize the community's reclaimed sewage effluent.  The study
    presented convincing evidence that allowed the state and local
    health authority and the Water District to increase the recrea-
    tional program until a water contact swimming program was con-
    ducted during the 1965 summer season.  The program met with
    complete public acceptance.  This cooperative study also
    evaluated the eutrophication problems and ecological relations
    that developed from the use of waste water in this manner.

    Project Started:  February 1962 (duration - to June 1966).
    Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 biologist.
    Principal Investigator:  John C. Merrell, Jr.

    Publications:  Santee Recreation Project Summary Report.
    USPHS Environmental Health Series Publication, 1965.
86  SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA, CALIFORNIA,
    WATER QUALITY AND WASTE DISPOSAL STUDY:  Department of the Army,
    Corps of Engineers.

    Authorizing Legislation of Congress:  Section 216 of the Flood
    Control Act of 1965 which is quoted below:

        (1)  The Secretary of the Army is hereby authorized and
        directed to cause to be made, under direction of the
        Chief of Engineers, an investigation and study of San
        Francisco Bay, California, including San Pablo Bay,
        Suisun Bay and other adjacent bays and tributaries there-
        to, with a view to determining the feasibility of, and
        extent of Federal interest in, measures for waste disposal
        and water quality control and allied purposes.

    Supplemental Authority:  House of Representatives Committee on
    Public Works resolution, adopted May 8, 1964, which is quoted
    below:

        (2)  Resolved by the Committee on Public Works of the House
        of Representatives, United States, that the Board of
        Engineers for Rivers and Harbors is hereby requested to
        review the reports on Sacramento, San Joaquin and Kern
        Rivers, California, published as^House Document 191,
        73rd Congress, Second Session, and other reports, with
        a view to determining the feasibility of remedial measures
        for water quality control and other purposes, included in
        comprehensive development of the Sacramento-San Joaquin
        Delta, including verification of conclusions by model
        analysis as deemed necessary.
                                 47

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    86 (continued)

    Project Started:  Fiscal Year 1966 (duration - 5 years).

    Special Equipment:  Existing tidal hydraulic model of entire Sa"n
    Francisco Bay system and portion of ocean outside Golden Gate,
    constructed to vertical scale of 1:100 and horizontal scale of
    1:1,000.
87  PRECIPITATION OF CaC03 AND ACCUMULATION OF EXCHANGEABLE Na FRQM
    IRRIGATION WATERS AS INFLUENCED BY LANGELIER'S pH VALUES AND
    LEACHING PERCENTAGE:  USDA - ARS - SWC, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,
    Riverside.

    The objectives of this research are:

    (1)  To determine the amount of CaC03 which precipitates in soil
         irrigated at various leaching percentages with waters having
         various theoretical pH values at equilibrium with CaCOo
         (pHc);
    (2)  To study the interactive effects of the SAR and the pHc value
         of the irrigation water, and the leaching percentages of the
         accumulation of exchangeable Na.

    Twenty-four lysimeters have been filled with a nonsodic, calcareoMS
    soil, planted with Harding's grass, and are being irrigated with
    six different waters (variable total salt concentration and
    composition) and at four different leaching percentages.  Following
    each irrigation, the volume and the Ca, Mg, Na, and HC03 concentra-
    tions of the leachates from each lysimeter will be determinedf
    Precipitation of CaC03 and exchangeable Na accumulation will be
    determined and evaluated with respect to quality of irrigation
    water and the leaching percentage used.

    Project Started:  January 1964 (duration - to June 1967).
    Principal Investigators:  C. A. Bower and G. Ogata.

    Special Equipment:  24 lysimeters.
88  SOUTH LAKE TAHOE-TAHOE KEYS:  Engineering-Science, Inc., Oakland,

    A residential development is under construction along several
    miles of dredged waterways located near the Upper Truckee River
    on the south end of Lake Tahoe.  In the interest of lake water
    pollution prevention and adequate water quality control within the
    development's waterways, a research and water quality program is
    now underway at this development site.  The physical, chemical,
    and biological characteristics of the water and benthos of
                                   48

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    88 (continued)

    dredged waters are being established in order to develop an
    effective economical water quality control program.  An ex-
    tensive water circulation system between the lake and
    waterways has been planned for the prevention of water stag-
    nation problems within the waterways.  The investigation will
    be continued throughout 1966.

    Project Started:   Fall 1965 (duration - one year).
   ;Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 chemist, 1 biologist, 1 microbiologist,
    Principal Investigator:  Ralf C. Carter.

    Special Equipment:  limnological equipment, scuba equipment,
    in-situ productivity apparatus, sample concentrating device
    for 0.005 pm level of nutrients.
89  IMPROVED WASTE TREATMENT DESIGN OF SUBMARINE DISPOSAL:
    Engineering-Science, Inc., Oakland.

    Marine waste disposal is becoming of increasing importance in
    coastal states; however, most coastal treatment plants  utilize
    conventional operations (developed largely for inland disposal
    to fresh water streams or lakes) and hence are not particularly
    efficient for marine disposal.  Previous studies for Engineering-
    Science, Inc. indicated that the removal of floatable material
    should be the controlling factor in disposal to the marine
    environment.  It was the object of the research to develop
    simplified and/or improved methods for such removal or  control,
    together with development of methods for measuring floatable
    material in waste effluents and in the marine environment needed
    for the evaluation of performance of improved treatment methods.
    The research has yielded the following results:

    (1)  Development of a liquid-liquid extraction method for deter-
         mination of hexane extractable material in sewage  using
         direct extraction in a one-liter sampling bottle.
    (2)  Development of a quantitative method of determining floatable
         material in sewage using a special Teflon-coated floatation
         funnel.
    (3)  Conclusions indicating that promising treatment methods for
         marine disposal are pressure floatation of raw sewage,
         improved gravity retention focused on improving floatable
         solids removal, and gravity retention followed by  pressure
         floatation of the effluent.
    (4)  Development of a sampling device for quantitative  collection
         of floatable material on the ocean surface.
                                 49

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    89 (continued)

    Project Started:  June 1963 (duration - to January 1967).
    Principal Investigator:  Harvey F. Ludwig.

    Special Equipment:  specially designed liquid-liquid extraction
    apparatus for determination of hexane extractable material in
    sewage, specially designed and fabricated Teflon-coated funnel
    for quantitative determination of floatable material in sewage,
    specially designed and fabricated sampling device for quantitative
    collection of floatable material on the ocean surface.

    Publications:  Determination and Removal of Floatable Material from
    Waste Water.  Summary Report Project Years 1963-65, prepared for
    Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control USPHS by Engineering?
    Science, Inc., November 1965.
9tO  IN-SITU INVESTIGATION OF MOVEMENT OF GASES PRODUCED FROM DECOMPOSING
    REFUSE:  Engineering-Science, Inc., Oakland.

    In Southern California, since World War II, serious concern has
    developed among various public and private agencies over possible
    ground water degradation resulting from the disposal of municipal
    refuse by landfilling.  One of the potential pollutants is carbon
    dioxide gas which is a product of refuse decomposition.  This gas,
    moving into the soil from the refuse, is of great importance
    because of its high solubility in water, tending toward a lowering
    of pH with the likelihood that the water will increase in hardness
    or other mineralization.  This research had as its major aim t;he
    determination of the velocity and quantity of movement of refuse
    gases in the soil surrounding a landfill.  A suitable test site
    was chosen in a section of a gravel pit operated by the Azusa
    Rock and Sand Co.  The test landfill was installed with gas monitor^
    ing probes located throughout the refuse and in a pattern of wells
    surrounding the fill.  It was thereby possible to detect gas produc*
    tion within the refuse and in the surrounding soil.  Carbon dioxide
    was found to be the only decomposition gas moving into the soil
    in any significant amounts.  Estimates of the velocity and magni-
    tude of C02 movement were made.  It was concluded that a landfill
    can be expected to contribute C02 to the surrounding soil for
    many years and that, if a given ground water is deemed to be in
    danger from C02 pollution, forms of gas control might be needed^
    Current research is directed toward finding means of preventing
    or minimizing gas movement into the ground, such as investigation
    of barrier materials (plastics, etc.), ventilation and burnoff
        , e.g.) and the role of soil cover.
                                  50

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    90 (continued)

    Project Started:  December 1961 (duration - to June 1966).
    Personnel:  3 engineers.
    Principal Investigator:  Harvey F. Ludwig.

    Special Equipment:  Specially designed and fabricated plastic
    probes for gas sampling, special temperature and moisture probe
    for soils, specially designed and fabricated equipment for
    collecting and measuring rate and amount of carbon dioxide
    passing upward through fill cover to the atmosphere.

    Publications:  Bishop, William D., Ralf C. Carter and Harvey
    F. Ludwig.  1965.  Gas movement from landfilled rubbish.
    Publ. Wks. November 1965.

    Bishop, William D., Ralf C. Carter and Harvey F. Ludwig,  1966.
    Water pollution hazards from refuse-produced carbon dioxide.
    Paper submitted and accepted for the third conference of the
    International Association on Water Pollution Research, Munich,
    Germany.

    Two annual reports and six progress reports to the California
    State Water Quality Control Board.
9}  RELATIONSHIP OF TREATMENT METHODS TO SUSPENDED MATTER IN WATER:
    Engineering-Science, Inc., Oakland.

    The objectives of this research were to characterize suspended
    particulate matter in water, to conduct laboratory investigation
    involving a variety of water treatment processes, and to develop
    correlations and conclusions in order to improve the removal of
    suspended matter.  Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of suspended
    matter in a suspension was measured by a developed method using
    methylene blue.  Average size of suspended matter could be
    approximated by the ratio of suspension CEC and the weight of
    suspended matter in unit volume.  The jar test with alum indicated
    that the alum dosage of coagulation is dependent on suspension CEC.
    At a constant pH of coagulation, the alum dosage decreased with the
    increase of CEC when suspension CEC is less than about 10 mg/1.
    When CEC is greater than about 10 mg/1, the alum dosage increased
    with the increase of CEC.  It was also observed that the optimum
    pH of coagulation was dependent on a suspension alkalinity, and the
    type of suspended matter. Mobility measurement along with jar test
    was run to explain the interrelationship of CEC, pH, alkalinity, and
    the type of suspended matter.  The change of particle mobility with
    the passing of  time after the addition of alum was noted and it was
    explained by C02 equilibrium.  An attempt was made to measure the
    filterability of coagulated and settled water, and a modified method
    of "Silting Index11 measurement was found promising.
                                 51

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    91 (continued)

    Project Started:  September 1, 1961 (duration - to February 10,
    1965),
    Principal Investigator:  Harvey F. Ludwig.

    Special Equipment:  microscopic electrophoresis cell, silting
    index apparatus.

    Publications:  Wonsuk, Kim, Harvey F. Ludwig and William D.
    Bishop,  Cation exchange capacity and pH in the coagulation
    process.  J. Am. Wat. Wks. Assn. 27(3):327, March 1965.

    Two annual reports (1963-1964, 1964-1965) to USPHS
92  PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A WATER SYSTEM RECOVERY OPERATION IN A
    POSTATTACK FALLOUT SITUATION:   REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR
    POSTATTACK SANITATION:  Engineering-Science, Inc., Arcadia.

    A determination of the response of city water distribution systems
    to nuclear weapons attack, blast vulnerability and fallout radiation^
    and recovery operating procedures.  The development of material for
    a prototype manual for planning and conducting a water system
    recovery operation in a postattack fallout situation.  A determina-
    tion of the environmental response to nuclear weapons and post-
    attack sanitation requirements.  The removal of fallout material
    from the recovery environment.

    Project Started:   September 1964 (duration - three years).
    Personnel:  4 engineers.
    Principal Investigators:  Judson A. Harmon and Harvey F. Ludwig.

    Publications:   A prototype manual on civil defense aspects of
    water works operations.

    Postattack Sanitation, Waste Disposal, Pest and Vector Control
    Requirements and Procedures.
93  METHODOLOGY FOR COMPARATIVE ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
    PROCESSES FOR SALINE WATER CONVERSION:  Stanford Research Institute?
    Menlo Park.

    Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California has developed a
    procedure for comparative engineering analysis of saline water cpnverT
    sion processes.  A differential-associated cost method was developed
    that permits comparison of processes on a uniform and "objective
    scale, utilizing a normalized cost procedure.  The method consists
    of three basic steps:


                                   52

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    93 (continued)

    (1)  Estimation of capital and operating costs of a process for
         a selected set of design specifications, operating condi-
         tions, and cost factors.
    (2)  Grouping of the associated operating costs into components.
    (3)  Calculation of the differential costs or the change in
         operating costs resulting from changes in the values of
         variables from the selected basis.

    The resulting rating allows direct comparison of processes, based
    on their present state of development, and permits an evaluation
    of the effects of either actual or proposed improvements.  By
    grouping of various costs associated with different components
    of the processes, the relative importance of each can be directly
    evaluated, and the limiting steps of a process can be determined
    objectively.  The limiting or critical steps of a process can be
    analyzed to determine if further significant reduction in cost is
    attainable, thereby improving the feasibility of the process.  If
    improvements in the critical steps are unlikely to be realized,
    the potential of the process is limited.  The method was
    utilized to evaluate 13 processes in varying degrees.  The results
    of the Institute's study are presently graphical in many cases.

    Project Started:  January 1963 (duration - to February 1966).
    Principal Investigator:  Robert E. DeLaRue.
94  MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
    OF SUISUN BAY AND SAN PABLO BAY:  Water Resources Engineers, Inc.,
    under contract to USPHS, Division of Water Supply and Pollution
    Control.

    The project objective is the development of a mathematical model
    for simulation of hydraulic behavior of a portion of the estuary pf
    the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system.  The model, when developed,
    will be capable of reproducing tidal elevation and current behavior
    in two-dimensional, vertically mixed estuaries and accepting a
    previously-developed water quality model of a comparable system.

    Project  Started:  June 21, 1965 (duration - 9 months).
    Personnel:   3 engineers.

    Special Equipment:  IBM 7094 computer and auxiliary equipment.
                                 53

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95  CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL, TREATMENT AND UTILIZATION:   Water Resources
    Engineers,  Inc.,  under contract to California Water Quality Control
    Board.

    The project is aimed at developing effective systems for treatment}
    disposal, and/or  utilization of liquid and solid wastes from the
    food canning industry.  Studies are being conducted on wastes from
    peach and tomato  canning at Stockton, California.  The project is
    to be conducted in three phases:

  '  (1)  Characterization in-plant of waste streams and water use.
    (2)  Evaluation of waste treatability by physical,  chemical, and
         biological processes.
    (3)  Pilot-scale  evaluation of selected treatment systems with em-
         phasis on economic feasibility as well as industry-wide appli-
         cation.

    Project Started:   June 1964 (duration - 3 years).
    Personnel:   6 engineers, 3  chemists, 1 microbiologist.
    Principal Investigator:   Gerald T. Orlob.

  '  Publications:   Review of Literature - Cannery Waste Treatment,
    Disposal and Utilization.  Report by Water Resources Engineers,
    Inc.  to State Water Quality Control Board, September 1965.
                                        54

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                                 HAWAII
96  GROUND WATER POLLUTION STUDY, KALAUAO, OAHU:   Board of Water
    Supply, C & C of Honolulu.

    Determine effect, extent, and rate of ground water, chemical,
    bacteriological pollution due to return irrigation water, tidal
    action, sea water encroachment and natural infiltration under
    a regimen of pumping.  Due to changing land uses,  the study will
    be extended to determine the effects of changing land uses on
    the quality of ground water in the area.  This phase of the study
    will continue on a reduced scale for some years in order to
    develop the necessary data on the changes.

    Project Started:   February 1959 (duration - through 1965).
    Personnel:   1 engineer,  1 chemist, 1 microbiologist.
    Principal Investigator:   J. Chang.

    Special Equipment:   gas  chromatograph.
                                55

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                                  IDAHO
97  SHELLEY LAGOON, SECONDARY WASTE TREATMENT STUDY:   The R, T. French
    Company, Shelley.

    Phase 1 - 1963-64 season.  A preliminary test was conducted to see
    if potato waste could be treated in lagoons and in conjunction with
    sanitary waste.
    Phase 2 - 1964-65 season.  The indications of the first phase were
    that potato wastes could be treated by lagoons and in conjunction
    with sanitary sewage.  Phase 2 was to increase the lagoon BOD load-
    ing at intervals throughout the year to determine the rate at which
    the lagoon could be loaded and to check algae and plankton strains
    being produced.  Fish were also added to the lagoon to observe their
    reactions.
    Phase 3 - 1965-66 season.  From phase 2 we found  that we may be
    able to load the lagoon at 150 Ibs. of BOD/acre/day.  This loading
    is now being maintained throughout the entire year, with the algae
    and plankton strains still being observed.
    Phase 4 - Hopefully we will add aeration to the lagoon and perhaps
    some design changes.  Objectives:   (1) Determine  highest safe BOD
    loading in a lagoon,  (2) Determine whether potato waste and sani-
    tary waste can be treated together more economically than separately,
    (3) To find the most efficient lagoon design and  use for potato
    wastes.   (4) Determine if there are any profitable byproducts (fish,
    algae,  etc.) that could be harvested from lagoons treating potato
    wastes.

    Project  Started:   October 1963 (duration - to summer of 1967),
    Personnel:   2 chemists,  1 clerk.
    Principal Investigators:   W,  M.  Swanson,  K.  L.  Sirrine.

    Publications:   Two brief  reports  presented to the Engineering
    Committee of the Idaho Potato Processors Association,
                                57

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                                MONTANA


98  STREAM SEDIMENT INVESTIGATION:  Montana Fish  and Game Department,
    Helena.

    Certain agricultural practices  are  responsible  for  the addition of
    gross quantities of sediment into  streams.  These practices in-
    clude (1)  overgrazing the  entire watershed; (2) brush and tree
    removal on the floodplain  and along streambanks; (3) snag removal
    and channel realignment;  (4) row crop  production on steep sloping
    land; (5)  overgrazing on floodplain land; and (6) surface irrig-
    tion return water.   The purpose of  this study has been to obtain
    information which expresses  an  inverse relationship between sediment
    concentrations and  trout production.   The aim of the project is to
    specifically locate the source  of gross sediment concentrations
    and then to cooperate with the  various governmental agencies con-
    cerned with irrigation projects so  that corrective  measures can be
    undertaken.

    Project Started:  1960 (duration -  to  1975).
    Personnel:  1 biologist.
    Principal  Investigator:  Don R. Bianchi.

    Special Equipment:   Mark VI  standpipe, Type E water level recorders,,
    P-48 depth integration suspended sediment sampler,  Ryan and Taylor
    thermographs.

    Publications:  Bianchi, D. R.   1963.   Stream  sediment investigation^
    Job Comp.  Rep.,  F-20-R-8.  Montana  Fish and Game Department.

    Bianchi, D. R.  1964.  Stream sediment investigation.  Job. Comp. Rep,,
    F-20-R-9.   Montana  Fish and  Game Department.

    Bianchi, D. R.  Effects of sediment on egg survival of rainbow trout
    and cutthroat trout.  (Unpublished).

    Peters,  J. C.  The  effects of stream sedimentation  on trout embryo
    survival.   Biological Problems  in Water Pollution,  3rd Seminar,
    USDHEW PHS No. 999-WP-25.  pp 275-279.

    Peters,  J. C.  1963.  Stream sedimentation and  trout populations in
    Bluewater  Creek,  Montana.  (Unpublished).

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 99  DETECTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ENZOOTIC WATER POLLUTION:  Uni-
     versity of Montana, Missoula.

     The purpose of this investigation is to determine che qualita-
     tive and quantitative aspects of wild animal and bird pollution
     on water, including surface and underground.  The health aspects
     of the pollution will also be examined.

     Project Started:  September 1, 1965 (duration - 4 years).
     Personnel:  2 biologists, 2 microbiologists,
     Principal Investigators:  Mitsuru Nakamura and William B. Rowan.
100  INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC M1CROPOLLUTANTS AND PROTOZOA:  University
     of Montana, Missoula,

     Water pollution and water quality studies in this country,
     with a few notable exceptions, while stressing the larger
     invertebrates and vertebrate members of food chains such as
     the aquatic insects and fish, have neglected the smaller pro-
     tozoa.  Yet these animals, besides being often primary con-
     sumers, display several features that make them compelling
     study material for water research.  The primary purpose of
     this study is to determine the usefulness of free-living pro-
     tozoa as bioassay tools in the study of organic micropollution.
     We will attempt to screen as broad a range of protozoa as
     possible within the time period available.  Special attention
     will be given, however, to ciliates such as Tetrahymena
     pyriformis and Paramecium £££» that can be maintained in
     axenic culture on defined medium.  Most of the measurements
     to be made will relate to the impact of the pollutant on
     the population growth curves of the cultures.  Secondarily,
     the study should contribute to an understanding of the
     ecology of protozoan populations.

     Project Started:  Juanuary 1, 1966 (duration - \\ years).
     Personnel:  2 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  W. B. Rowan.
101  THE ROLE OF FRESH WATER SNAILS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SAL-
     MONELLAE:   University of Montana, Missoula.

     The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to
     which snails of the general Lymnaea, Helisoma, and Physa are
     capable of harboring economically important pathogens such as
     Salmonella typhi-murium (livestock), S_._ pullorum (poultry)
     and related forms.  The snails are exposed to the bacteria,
     maintained for varying periods of time, surface sterilized,
                                 60

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101 (continued)

and their tissues sectioned and cultured.  The study is expected to
contribute knowledge to the epizootiology of Salmonella, and is
preliminary to more extensive work in this area.

Project Started:   November 1, 1965 (duration - 2 years).
Personnel:  2 biologists.
Principal Investigators:  M. J. Nakamura, W. B. Rowan.
                          61

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                                 OREGON
 102   THE  INFLUENCE  OF  LOGGING ON THE SURVIVAL TO EMERGENCE OF COHO
      SALMON AND  STEELHEAD:  Oregon Game Commission, Research
      Division, Portland.

      The  objectives of  this study are to:

      (1)  Determine the  influence of the intragravel environment on
          survival  (to  emergence) of salmonids.
      (2)  Develop methods of measuring directly that survival.
      (3)  Measure the  impact of logging on the intragravel environ-
          ment.

      Project Started:   1960 (duration - to 1973).
      Personnel:  3 biologist, 1 graduate assistant.
      Principal Investigators:  R. W. Phillips, H. J. Campbell.

      Publications:  Koski, K. Victor.  1966.  The survival of coho
      salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from egg deposition to emergence
      in three Oregon coastal streams.  M.S. thesis, Oregon State
      University.

      Lowry,  Gerald R.  1965.  Movement of cutthroat trout, Salmo
      clarki clarki (Richardson) in three Oregon coastal streams.
     Trans.  Am. Fish. Soc. 94:334-338.

     Phillips, Robert W.  1961.  Alsea watershed study.  Misc. paper
     no.  110,  Agri.  Exp. Sta.,  Oregon State University, Corvallis.
      pp 33-37.

     Phillips, Robert W.  1964.  The influence of gravel size on
      survival  to emergence of coho and steelhead.  15th Northwest
     Fish Culture Conference.   Corvallis,  Oregon.

     Phillips, Robert W. and Homer J. Campbell.  1961.   The
     embryonic survival of coho salmon and steelhead trout as
      influenced by some environmental conditions in gravel beds.
      14th Annual Report of the  Pacific Marine Fish Commission.
     Portland, Oregon*   pp 60-74.
103  IMPROVEMENT OF LOGGING METHODS  AND MANAGEMENT  OF  CUTOVER AND
     BURNED LANDS TO MAINTAIN SOIL STABILITY AND  REGULATE  RUNOFF IN
     DOUGLAS FIR AND MIXED CONIFER WATERSHEDS:  Pacific Northwest
     Forest and Range Experiment Station,  Corvallis.

     To determine the characteristics  and  interrelations of  soil,
     plants and water, to determine  how logging methods, road construc-
     tion and timber management  practices  can be  improved  to curtail
     erosion and sedimentation,  to prevent stream channel  impairment,

                                63

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     103 (continued)

     and co regulate quantity and timing of runoff in Douglas fir and
     mixed-conifer forest lands of western Washington and Oregon.  Work
     is in four categories:   erosion on logging roads and logged areas,
     water quality, quantity and timing of runoff, and water use and
     disposition.

     Project Started:  1952 (duration - continuing).
     Personnel:  2 forest hydrologists, 2 soil scientists.
     Principal Investigator:  Jack Rothacher.

     Publications:  Fredricksen, R. L.  1965.  Christmas storm damage on
     the H, J. Andrews Experimental Forest.  Pacific Northwest Forest and
     Range Experiment Station Res. Note PNW-29, August 1965, 11 p., illus.

     Fredricksen, R. L,  1962.  Sedimentation following logging road
     construction in a small western Oregon watershed.  Proc. Federal
     Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi.


104  DISPOSITION OF PESTICIDES IN SOIL AND WATER OF FOREST AND RELATED
     RANGE ENVIRONMENTS:   U. S, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest
     and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis.

     To determine how chemical, physical, and microbiological properties
     of forest soil are affected by, and lead to alteration and degradation
     of, chemical pesticide residues; how such residues are moved over and
     through the soil; how much and in what forms residues are present
     in waters of forested or related rangeland areas, and to provide
     information which will serve as a sound basis for devising new or
     modifying present practices of pesticide use to reduce or eliminate
     pollution of water by chemical residues.

     Project Started:  October 1964 (duration - continuing).
     Personnel:  1 chemist,  1 microbiologist, 2 soil scientists.
     Principal Investigator:  Robert F. Tarrant.

     Special Equipment:  gas chromatograph with electron capture and
     microcoulometric detection features.
105  WASHINGTON STATE ENFORCEMENT PROJECT:   Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration, Portland.

     The purpose of this project is to determine the effects of pulp and
     paper mill waste discharges on the water quality and marine resources
     of Puget Sound,  A program composited of engineering, oceanographic,
     biological, and economic studies has been completed in areas adja-
     cent to Anacortes and Port Angeles, and is near ing its conclusion
     at Bellingham and Everett.  The engineering studies, concluded in


                                     64

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     105  (continued)

     each area, provide a complete description of the amount and nature
     of the pulp and paper mill wastes discharged into various sections
     of Puget Sound.  The oceanographic studies, also completed, have
     (a) determined the dispersion, travel, and persistence of mill
     wastes in the receiving waters; (b) described the currents and water
     movements which affect waste dispersion; (c) described the water
     quality as influenced by mill wastes; and (d) measured the areal
     coverage, depths, and composition of sludge deposits.  The economic
     studies have delineated some of the important economic factors and
     established a basis for the judgment of what constitutes reasonable
     abatement procedures.

     There are eleven biological studies which can be categorized into
     physiology, ecology, and fisheries.  The physiological work is com-
     posed of long and short term bioassays conducted _in situ, in the
     laboratory using environmental waters, and in the laboratory using
     prepared, known materials.  The test organisms are juvenile salmon,
     adult oysters, oyster larvae, and English sole eggs.  Results indi-
     cate that sulfite waste liquor is a severely toxic material, even
     when quite dilute.

     The ecological work is concerned with the composition, distribution,
     abundance, and relationships of the plankton and benthos in the test
     areas.  Volunteer periphyton communities (on glass slides) and plank-
     ton productivity characteristics are also being studied.  All data
     from these investigations are being computer-processed to elucidate
     significant relationships.

     The fisheries studies have demonstrated the distribution and migra-
     tion patterns of juvenile salmon,  the composition and distribution of
     demersal fishes, and are now concerned with the distribution and
     abundance of flatfish afflicted with tumors.  Preliminary evalua-
     tions indicate that juvenile salmon try to utilize receiving waters
     shown to be toxic and that fish with tumors are found only in shallow
     waters close to fresh water sources or in polluted areas.

     Project Started:   January 1962 (duration - to July 1967),
     Principal Investigator:   E. N. Kari.

     Special Equipment:   survey vessel  equipped with laboratory,  hydro-
     graphic winches,  live tank, and trawling gear.
106  TEST DEVICE FOR COLLECTING MARINE INVERTEBRATES:   Federal Water
     Pollution Control Administration, Pacific Northwest Water Labora-
     tory,  Newport.

     Six rectangular, compartmentalized plexiglass devices for support-
     ing various substrates were placed in Yaquina Bay,  Oregon in 1965
     to secure information on kinds and development characteristics of

                                  65

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     106 (continued)

     invertebrates utilizing the substrates.  Findings are to be used
     in designing a sampler to collect invertebrates of specific interest
     and in testing the field utility of this approach to systems analy-
     sis relative to predicting certain waste load capacities and effects
     in estuaries.  The project entailed the use of four types of repli-
     cated substrate places (roughened and smooth glass, marine plywood,
     and masonite) and two types of duplicated substrate boxes (rocks and
     shells, and sediment) set at two depths during two seasonal periods
     over varying periods of time (3, 6, and 9 weeks).

     Project Started:   June 30, 1965 (duration - to June 30,  1966).
     Personnel:   1 biologist.
     Principal Investigator:  William D, Clothier.
107  ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS OF OREGON AND
     WASHINGTON:   Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,  Pacific
     Northwest Water Laboratory,  Newport.

     A review of  literature for an annotated bibliography of pertinent
     research papers on biological, chemical,  geological, and physical
     characteristics of the marine and tidal waters and adjoining  shore
     areas in Oregon was initiated in 1965 to facilitate research  plan-
     ning and program development relative to waste disposal problems in
     salt water.   Four bibliographies are to be prepared, each to  cover
     subject matter in the following geographical areas:

     (1)  Coastal and estuarine waters of Oregon.
     (2)  Outer coastal and estuarine waters of Washington.
     (3)  Puget Sound.
     (4)  Columbia River and its  discharge area.

     The latter two will be updated supplements to bibliographies  pub-
     lished by the University of  Washington.  A first draft of the first
     compilation, "A contribution to a bibliography of Oregon coastal and
     estuarine waters", has been readied for editorial review.  It con-
     tains about  400 annotated references.

     Project Started:   January 1965 (duration - June 1968).
     Personnel:   1 oceanographer.
     Principal Investigator:  George Ditsworth.
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108  EFFECTS OF WATERSHED ACTIVITIES ON WATER QUALITY IN THE PACIFIC
     NORTHWEST:  Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
     Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis,

     Overall objectives:

     (1)  To determine the impact and effects of current and proposed
          watershed uses and practices on water quality in the Pacific
          Northwest.
     (2)  To determine the nature and causes of water quality problems
          in Pacific Northwest watersheds,
     (3)  To develop measures for prevention and correction of water
          quality problems that arise from the region's watershed
          practices.

     Project Started:  January 1, 1964 (duration - to 1971),
     Personnel:  1 forester, 1 technician.
     Principal Investigator:  Sichard B, Marston,

     Special Equipment:  electrolytic conductivity recorders.
109  EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE-PURPOSE IMPOUNDMENTS ON WATER QUALITY:  Federal
     Water Pollution Control Administration, Pacific Northwest Water
     Laboratory, Corvallis,,

     A study of water quality in impoundments, current and stratification
     patterns, the biota, and interrelationships of the chemical, biological,
     and physical parameters.  The objective is to develop sufficient basic
     information on the ecological, chemical, and physical effects and
     changes occurring in the impoundments to permit forecasting future
     water quality and to safeguard the quality of the water passing
     through them.

     Project Started:   November 1964 (duration - long term).
     Personnel:  1 engineer, I technician, (current year).
     Principal Investigator:  Lyman J.  Nielson,
110  TREATMENT PROCESSES:   Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
     tion,  Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory,  Corvallis.

     Immediate objectives  are:

     (1)  To develop methods for assessing nature and extent of water
          quality degradation caused by pulp and paper wastes,
     (2)  To assimilate information and evaluate remedial processes now
          available.
     (3)  To field test potentially applicable  processes in cooperation
          with industry and others.
                                 67

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     110 (continued)

     Specific projects presently proposed are as follows:

     (1)  Develop a more significant and useful test as a  substitute for
          the Pearl-Benson index to differentiate sulfite  waste liquor
          from other reactive compounds in waste waters and natural
          waters.
     (2)  Document all known and available methods and means for the
          utilization, recycle, recovery and treatment of  wastes from
          the pulp and paper industries.  A publication will ultimately
          be developed,
     (3)  Determine the use of such treatment processes of mills within
          the Pacific Northwest.  Pilot scale operations will be developed
          in cooperation with the pulp and paper industries.
     (4)  Determination of the effects of log storage on water quality.
     (5)  Coordinate a national program relating to waste  water research
          in the pulp and paper industry.

     Project Started:   July 1965 (duration - continuing).
     Personnel:   1 engineer, 2 chemists.
     Principal Investigator:  Ralph Scott.


Ill  EUTROPH1CATION:  Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
     Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis.

     This project is studying the sources of plant nutrients in water
     bodies and  their effects on water use.  Nutrients stimulate inten-
     sive and extensive growths of water plants which, when they die and
     decay, cause secondary oxygen-demanding pollution in  the receiving
     waters, accompanied by disagreeable tastes and odors.  The problem
     of  nutrient accumulation in water bodies is widespread in the nation.
     This project is limited to the Upper Klamath Lake in  Oregon.  Four
     objectives  are as follows:  assemble information available from
     past studies on Upper Klamath Lake, determine where algal nutrients
     are obtained from within the watershed, learn more about the physio-
     logical characteristics of the nuisance blue-green algae in the lake,
     and find some feasible method of controlling algal production in
     Upper Klamath Lake.

     Project Started:   September 1964 (duration - to September 1967),
     Personnel:   3 chemists, 3 biologists, 1 technician, 1 clerk-stenog-r-
     rapher, 1 consultant.
     Principal Investigator:  Leslie Seyb,
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112  UNDERGROUND WATER OF THE DESCHUTES RIVER BASIN:   Central Oregon
     College, Bend,

     Project Objectives:

     (1)  Field study and compilation of water wells  in the Deschutes
          Basin.
     (2)  Thin section study of related formations.
     (3)  Mapping of structure from well logs.
     (4)  Determination of static water table.

     Project Started:   1959 (duration - to 1967).
     Personnel:  1 engineer, 2 assistants.
     Principal Investigator:  William W. Hudson.
113  EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICALLY MODIFIED PULPING EFFLUENTS
     ON THE PRODUCTION OF FISH:   National Council for Stream Improve-
     ment, Corvallis.

     Objectives:  To determine whether various chemical and biological
     modifications of pulp mill effluent are effective in reducing
     effluent toxicity to finned fish.  The effect of biological modi-
     fication of kraft effluents in short term acute toxicity has been
     initiated.  This work will be continued and expanded to include
     detailed characterization of other effluents and assessment of
     biological and chemical modification on short term acute toxicity
     and productivity of finned fish.

     Project Started:  1965 (duration - 4 years).
     Personnel:  2 engineers, 1 biologist.
     Principal Investigators:  R. 0, Blosser and E. L. Owens.
114  A STUDY OF TEMPERATURE MICROSTRUCTURE AT THE OCEAN FLOOR AND ITS
     IMPLICATIONS WITH REGARD TO HEAT FLOW OBSERVATIONS:   Department
     of Oceanography,  Oregon State University,  Corvallis.

     The objective of  this project is to initiate a study  of the
     stability of the  temperature environment at the deep  ocean floor.
     A new thermal probe for measuring long time variations  in tempera-
     ture at the sea bottom interface of the ocean floor is  being
     constructed.  Thermal measurements will be made to a  depth of
     several meters in the sea bottom and to a height of 1 or 2 meters
     above the floor of the ocean.  The initial design of  the instru-
     ment is nearly complete.  Recovery techniques are now being
     investigated.  Theoretical studies concerning temperature fluc-
     tuations at bottom of the ocean are being conducted,  in relation
     to eddy or turbulent diffusivity.
                                 69

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     114 (continued)

     Project Started:   June 1965 (duration - to May 1966).
     Personnel:   1 oceanographer,  1 geophysicist,  2 students.
     Principal Investigator:   G. Bodvarsson.

     Special Equipment:   temperature probes for deep-sea use and ocean-
     ographic vessel,  YAQUINA.
115  THE PREDICTION OF UNSATURATED FLOW RATES FROM PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
     OF THE POROUS MEDIUM:   Oregon State University in cooperation with
     Water Resources Research Institute, Department of the Interior,
     Corvallis.

     Objectives:

     (1)  To establish a relationship between water transmission coeffi-
          cients  of a porous medium and the physical properties of the
          medium by a series of systematic measurements.
     (2)  To develop a method by which water transmission coefficients
          for any porous material may be predicted reliably by means  of
          an analytic procedure.
     (3)  To establish the  possible use of a mercury intrusion porosimeter
          as a tool for the routine measurement of pore size distribution.
     (4)  To compare values of water transmission coefficients calculated
          from pore size distributions with experimentally obtained values.

     The development of the unsaturated flow theory leads to the deter-
     mination of  several parameters necessary for the prediction of water
     movement in  porous media.  Little investigation has  been done to
     determine these parameters as a function of easily measured physical
     properties of the medium.  The flow parameters have  been related to
     characteristic functions obtained from experiments.   The theory  has
     been successful in some cases under special conditions.  When experi-
     mental data  do not match with the values predicted using the charac-
     teristic functions, only assumptions about the discrepancies between
     theory and experience  can be presented.  The objective of the pro-
     posed study  is to establish a relationship between water transmission
     coefficients and properties of the porous medium by  a series of
     systematic measurements performed on a range of materials.  The
     need for fundamental information about unsaturated flow parameters
     obtained in  a systematic manner is urgent.  Unsaturated water move-
     ment is a basic aspect of many studies related to water treatment,
     movement of  chemicals  (pesticides) and movement of water as part
     of the hydrologic cycle.

     Project Started:  January 1, 1966 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:  4 soil scientists.
     Principal Investigator:  L. L. Boersma.
                                    70

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116  INVESTIGATION  OF AQUATIC WEED PROBLEMS AND MEANS OF CONTROL WITH
     EMPHASIS ON BRAZILIAN WATERWEEDt   Oregon State University,  Corvallis.

     Objectives:

     (1)  To determine means of controlling Brazilian waterweed  and other
          nuisance aquatic plants.
     (2)  To assess impact of control  measures on recreational,  indus-
          trial, and domestic uses of  the bodies of water involved.
     (3)  To determine effect of aquatic herbicides on pond invertebrates.

     Preliminary screening tests have  been carried out to determine the
     effectiveness of a number of chemicals against Brazilian waterweed,
     and secondary tests using some of the more effective have been run
     at several concentrations.  Cultures of aquatic invertebrates are
     being started.

     Project Started:  July 1, 1965 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:  2 biologists, 1 aide.
     Principal Investigator:  C. E. Bond.

     Special Equipment:  covering bottom with polyethylene plastic, using
     chemicals to kill plants.

     Publications:  Progress report on weed control project,  Oregon State
     University, Agricultural Experiment Station, February 1966.
117  RELATIONS OF NUISANCE ALGAE TO FISHES IN KLAMATH LAKE:   Oregon State
     University,  Corvallis.

     The overall  objective is to determine ecological and other effects
     of nuisance  blue-green algae on fishes in Klamath Lake  and other
     bodies of water which might be enriched by Klamath Lake water.
     Specifically,  the aims of the research are:

     (1)  Determine the seasonal and spatial distribution of fish species
          in relation to algae concentrations.  Attention will be given
          to species representing several ecological functions (scaven-
          gers, insectivores, carnivores, etc.).
     (2)  Determine the reasons for any differential distribution of fish
          involving blue-green algae,  with attention to limnological param-
          meters  and observed toxic effects.
     (3)  Determine possible direct toxic effects of algae and algae
          extracts  on fish by bioassays in the field and laboratory.
     (4)  Investigate the extent to which invertebrates important in the
          food chains of fishes are affected directly by algae blooms.

     Project Started:  June 1, 1964 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:  3  biologists, 2 aides.
     Principal Investigator:   Carl E,  Bond.

     Publications:   Progress report to USPHS.

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118  PULP MILL WASTE DEGRADATION IN MARINE WATER:   Oregon State  University,
     Corvallis.

     The project is an interdisciplinary effort by engineers  and biolo-
     gists on the treatment of pulp mill wastes.  Biological  research
     includes development of bioassays involving the embryo of  the bay
     mussel (Mytilus edulis), the Pacific oyster (Carassostres  gigas),
     and exploration of the use of the marine algae (Monochrysis sp.).
     The embryo tests are based upon the survival and growth  of  the
     embryo and the abnormal development of embryo exposed to different
     wastes from the kraft mill process of pulp production.  The bioassay
     techniques developed are used to evaluate efficiency of  treatment
     methods investigated in the engineering research.  Engineering
     investigations are concentrated on treatment of kraft mill  waste
     streams by lagoon storage of whole mill waste, carbon adsorption
     treatment of digester condensates., foam fractionation of whole
     and  strong mill wastes (excluding white water), and activated
     sludge treatment of whole mill waste.  Through this joint  effort
     it is hoped to gain a better understanding of the biological im-
     pact that treated wastes have on marine waters and to determine
     the potential of the above treatment processes.

     Project Started:  April 1, 1964 ("duration - to March 30, 1967),
     Personnel:  3 engineers, 2 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  Fred J. Burgess.

     Publications:  Dimick, R. E.  1964.  Use of the bay mussel  Mytilus
     edilus to evaluate toxicity of kraft mill wastes,  Industrial
     Waste Conference, University of Washington (In press).

     Hansen, S, P.  Application of activated carbon to the treatment of
     kraft mill evaporation condensate wastes.  M,S» Thesis.   (In press -
     to be completed January 1966).

     Blazier, J, Lo  1965,  Foam separation of organic and toxic materials
     from kraft mill wastes,  M.S. Thesis,
119  WATER REUSE - QUANTITY - QUALITY EFFECT ON TREATMENT PROCESS:
     Oregon State University, Corvallis.

     The objective of this demonstration project is to evaluate the
     quantity and quality variations in waste flows upon the effluent
     quality in a tertiary treatment system involving coagulation,  fil-
     tration and carbon adsorption combination of units„  A second  objec-
     tive is to conduct applied research on removal of color from  combined
     domestic and beet cannery waste.  Research demonstrations and  applied
     investigations will be conducted in a Research Demonstration Labora-
     tory being constructed adjacent to the Corvallis, Oregon sewage
     treatment plant.  This facility will accommodate this demonstration
     project and will be a permanent facility for evaluating pilot  plant
     and proprietary device performance.

                                  12

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     119 (continued)

     Project Started:   June 1965 (duration - to April 1968),
     Personnel:   1 engineer.
     Principal Investigator:  Fred J.  Burgess.

     Special Equipment:   laboratory designed to provide continuous
     samples of  raw, settled,  filter effluent and adjacent treatment
     plants to laboratory for  use in pilot plant work.
120  AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:   Department
     of Agricultural Economics, Oregon State University,  Corvallis.

     Objectives:

     (1)  Identify the items of economic value that will  be sacrificed
          if pollution is not controlled in a particular  case study
          situation,
     (2)  Insofar as possible, determine the unit prices  and physical
          quantities of those items of economic value identified in (1).
     (3)  Determine the cost of alternative engineering plans designed
          to provide for varying degrees of pollution control,
     (4)  Relate the above variables in a mathematical model that will
          permit the unknown physical, biological and economic data to
          be isolated,
     (5)  Relate the unknown variables in (4) above to needed research
          in the physical, biological and economic fields.

     Project Started:  September 1, 1962 (duration - 4 years).
     Personnel:   1 economist.
     Principal Investigator:  E. N, Castle.

     Publications:  Castle, E. N.  1965,  The market mechanism, expernal-
     ities, and land economics.  J. Fm. Econ. 47(3):542-556.

     Stevens, Joe B.  1965,  Angling success as a quality determinant
     of sport fishery recreational values:   an empirical analysis.
     Proceedings, Committee on the Economics of Water Resources
     Development of the Western Agricultural Economics Research
     Council, San Francisco, California, December 1965,

     Stoevener,  H, H.  1963.  An economic evaluation of water pollution
     control alternatives:  a progress report.  Conference Proceedings,
     Committee on the Economics of Water Resources Development of the
     Western Agricultural Economics Research Council, Report No, 12,
     Salt Lake City, Utah, December 1963.  pp, 1572-1579.

     Stoevener,  H. H.  1964,  Water use relationships as  affected by
     water quality on the Yaquina Bay.  New Horizons for  Resources
     Research:  Issues and Methodology, Western Resources Conference,
     University of Colorado, Boulder,  pp. 87-99,

                                   73

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     120 (continued)

     Stoevener, H. H. and E, N, Castle.  1965,  Input-output models and
     benefit-cost analysis in water resources research,  J. Fm. Econ.
     47(5):1572.1579,                                    ~
121  ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY:   Department of Oceanography, Oregon State
     University, Corvallis.

     Research into chemical, biological, geological and physical effects
     of pollution on estuarine water quality.  Specific efforts will be
     put forth in the Columbia River estuary, Alsea estuary,  Yaquina Bay,
     Tillamook Bay, etc.

     Project Started:  July 1966 (duration - 1 year).
     Personnel:   4 chemists, 5 biologists,
     Principal Investigator:  Herbert Curl, Jr.

     Special Equipment:   nitrogen and carbon analytical equipment, gas
     chromatograph.
122  TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT:   Oregon State University,
     Corvallis.

     The project is divided into a number of programs which are coopera-
     tive in that the same chemicals are being used in related studies
     in order that an understanding of the behavior of the chemicals can
     be developed, particularly as related to environmental health.  The
     different programs currently underway as part of the total project
     include:

     (1)  Studies of pesticides in simple food chains using laboratory
          streams in which animal communities have been established and
          into which pesticides in solution can be introduced.  A sepa-
          rate but related effort involves determining the ecological
          conditions of a natural stream before and after the use of DDT
          on the watershed for tussock moth control.
     (2)  Studies on the influence of pesticides on blood pressure or
          heart contractile force, and other toxic stresses,
     (3)  Investigation and pathology of long-term feeding of a sublethal
          dose of selected pesticides and herbicides to laboratory animals
          under controlled environmental conditions.
     (4)  Determining the effects of pesticides on isolated enzyme systems.
     (5)  Analytical chemistry of pesticides such as analyzing water and
          determining pesticide levels resulting from long-term orchard
          treatment including the degree to which surface and ground
          water has been contaminated, studying pesticide levels in
          lakes which have been chemically treated to eliminate trash
          fish.

                                   74

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      122  (continued)

      (6)   Studying  the  relationship between pesticide toxtcity and
           nutritional variables.
      (7)   Determining the effects of pesticides on metabolism in
           mamma1s»
      (8)   Studying  the  metabolic breakdown of pesticides in plants.
      (9)   Evaluation of an organic-phosphorus parasiticide especially
           in  regard to  parasite-host metabolism,
     (10)   Investigation of the effect on behavior and longevity of
           organisms receiving chronic exposure to low levels of pesticides,
           with emphasis OB the honey bee.
     (11)   Studying  soil-pesticide interactions such as developing adsorp-
           tion isotherms, determining the extent to which pesticides are
           adsorbed by organic matter in the soil, and stimulating pesti-
           cide movement in the soil,
     (12)   Studying the effect of pesticide ingestion on metabolism
           resulting from subcellular fractions.

     Project  Started:  June 1964 (duration - continuing).
     Principal Investigator:  V. H. Freed,

     Publications:  Frady, C. H. and S. E. Knapp.  1965.  Source of
     acetylcholinesterase in Fasciola hepatica.  J.  Farasit.
     (In press).

     Freed, V, H,   1965,  Chemistry of Herbicides,  Am. Soc» Agron,
     meeting  in Columbus,  Ohio 11/3/65.  (in press).

     Heifer, D, H. and S.  E. Knapp,  1965,  Meriones unguieulatus - a
     new experimental host for Fasciola hepatica.  .J. Parasit.
     (In press).

     Philleo,  William W.  1965.   The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
     acid on the  in vivo metabolism of acetate in rats,  M.S. Thesis.

     Tinsley,  Ian  J.  1965.   DDT ingestion and liver glucose 6-pyosphate
     dehydrogenase activity II.   Biochem. Pharmacol. 14:847.

     Tinsley,  Ian  J,  1965.   Nutritional interactions in dieldrin
     toxicity. Paper presented  at  the American Chemical Society
     meeting in January  1966,
123  BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY  OF  POISONED  FISH;   Depart-
     ment of Agricultural Chemistrys  Oregon  State  University, Corvallis.

     Objectives:

     (1)   To determine the effect  of  selected toxic  substances  on enzymes
          of nerves,  muscles  and digestion.


                                   75

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     123 (continued)

     (2)  To determine the influence of these effects  on performance,
          behavior,  growth and production.

     Continuing work has been underway to determine  the  biological  and
     biochemical effects of various toxicants,  such  as pentachlorophenol,
     on fish.  These are being related to survival and performance  of
     fish and are being used to evaluate toxic  hazards in the  environ-
     ment.  The adaptation of fish biochemical  systems to toxicant
     exposure is also being studied.

     Project Started:   March 1962 (duration - to February 1967),
     Personnel:   5 chemists.
     Principal Investigator:  V. H. Freed.

     Special Equipment:   gas chromatography 2-types  electron capture,
     Dorhamn Thin-Layer, Beckman Spectrophotometer Belfort attachment,
     refrigerated centrifuge.

     Publications:   Lu,  S. D. and V. H. Freed.   Effect of pentachloro-
     phenol on ATP levels and oxidative phosphorylation  in cichlids.

     Chang, J. T.,  V,  H, Freed, and S, D. Lu,  Effect  of pentachloro-
     phenol on selected enzymes in cichlids and goldfish.  Based  on
     thesis of senior author - The effect of potassium pentachlorophenate
     on selected enzymes in fish.
124  CHEMICAL BRUSH CONTROL:   BIOCHEMISTRY AND TOXIC HAZARD:   Department
     of Agricultural Chemistry,  Oregon State University,  Corvallis,

     This study concerns the  use of herbicides on forest  land for brush
     control and the environmental contamination which results.   The
     purpose is to determine  the impact of chemical brush control opera-
     tions as they are practiced today on environmental contamination with
     special emphasis on stream contamination.  The goal  of  this program
     is to provide the land manager with the quantitative data necessary
     to permit the evaluation of specific chemical brush  control programs
     in terms of possible environmental contamination and to provide a
     scientific basis for the formulation of sound forest spray policies.

     Included in this project are intensive stream sampling  programs in
     connection with operational chemical brush control projects on forest
     lands.  Other studies are concerned with determinations of  the rates
     and pathways of herbicide degradation in several portions of the
     forest environment including soil, forest floor litter, water,  and
     vegetation.  Studies of  the biochemistry and physiology of  action
     of brush control chemicals in woody plants are also  being conducted
     as a means of gaining a  better understanding of their behavior in
     the field.  These studies of herbicide action are intended to provide
                                    76

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     124 (continued)

     information which will result in the more efficient use of herbicides
     and reduced levels of contamination from their use through the appli-
     cation of less chemical or the use of less persistent chemicals to
     accomplish the same vegetation manipulation objectives.

     Project Started:  June 1, 1963 (duration - 5 years),
     Personnel:  1 chemist, 2 biologists, 1 technician,
     Principal Investigator:  V. H. Freed.

     Special Equipment:  2 growth chambers, several gas chromatographs,
     assorted radiation detection equipment for studies involving radio-
     active chemicals.

     Publications:   A study of stream contamination resulting from
     chemical brush control projects on forest lands of the lower Alsea
     River basin, 1964.  (Unpublished report available to professional
     personnel on request).

     A study of stream contamination resulting from chemical brush
     control operations on forest lands in Oregon.  1965.  (Unpublished
     report available to professional personnel on request).

     Norris, Logan A.  Degradation of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in forest floor
     litter.  J^ Fgr^ (In  press)..
     Several other publications are in press which are concerned with
     the physiological and biochemical aspects of herbicide action in
     woody plants.

125  ROLE OF MACROFAUNA IN WASTE STABILIZATION LAGOONS:   Oregon State
     University,  Corvallis.

     Project Objectives:

     (1)  To determine the species distribution and abundance of insects
          and other macrofauna in waste stabilization lagoons of various
          designs in Oregon.
     (2)  To measure the  contribution of the macrofauna  in the breakdown
          of organic wastes and to understand the pathways through which
          this is effected.
     (3)  To assess the beneficial and detrimental results caused by the
          macrofauna in lagoons of various designs.

     Though a large number of  species are transient residents of the lagoon
     community,  only a few Diptera occur as breeding populations in large
     numbers.  Under shock loading conditions,  breeding  populations of
     insects were largely eliminated.  Immediately thereafter,  pest mos-
     quitos (primarily Culex  tarsalis) colonized the lagoons.  Absence
     of  mosquite  production prior to shock loading suggests that certain
     management  procedures may eliminate mosquito production.


                                   77

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     125 (continued)

     Project Started:   June 1964 (duration -  to December  1968).
     Personnel:  4 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  R.  L,  Goulding.

     Publications:  Sturgess, B.  T.   1964.  The ecology of  insects
     associated with waste water lagoons.   M.S. Thesis, Oregon State
     University.  58 pp.
126  EFFECTS OF WATERSHED PRACTICES  ON WATER QUALITY, QUANTITY, AND
     BIOTIC RESOURCES IN COASTAL STREAMS:   Oregon State University,
     Corvallis in cooperation with Oregon  State Game Commission,
     U.  S.  Geological Survey,  U. S.  Forest Service, and Pacific North-
     west Water Laboratory of the Federal  Water Pollution Control
     Administration.

     Project Objectives:

     To  determine the effect  of  two  types  of  logging  (clear-cutting and
     staggering settings) on  the physical  and  biotic resources of  small
     coastal watersheds.  Principal  resources  under study are stream flow
     and temperature, suspended  sediment,  chemical water quality,  algae,
     aquatic insects, and fish populations.  The pre-logging calibration
     has been completed and timber access  roads have been constructed.
     Fish traps are installed along  with instruments to measure rainfall,
     streamflow, chemical water  quality, suspended sediment, and stream
     temperature.  An energy  study is  underway to evaluate the temperature
     regime of the streams, including  changes  following logging.   Several
     methods of measuring sediment production  from logging roads will be
     evaluated.  Preliminary  work, including the initial development of
     an  algal respirometer, has  been completed in regard to developing
     an  estimate of the annual production  of algae.  Significant work
     has been conducted on the survival of coho salmon from egg deposition
     to  emergence, and monitoring of juvenile  coho in the streams  is being
     carried out.  Since sculpin appear to be  a significant predator on
     coho,  a study has been initiated  to define the role of the sculpin
     in  the ecology of the streams.

     Project Started:  1958 (duration  - to 1972).
     Personnel:  2 engineers,  5  biologists.
     Principal Investigator:   J. D.  Hall.

     Publications:  Chapman,  Donald  Wallace.   1961.  Factors determining
     production of coho salmon,  Qncorhynchus kisutch, in three Oregon
     streams.  Ph.D.  Thesis.   Oregon State University,  214 pp.

     Chapman,  Donald W.  1962.  Aggressive  behavior in juvenile coho salmon
     as  a cause of emigration.  J. Fish. Res.  Bd. Can. 19(6):1047-1080.
                                   78

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 126 (continued)

 Chapman,  Donald  Wallace.   1962.  Effects of logging upon fish
 resources of  the West Coast.  J. For.  60(8) :533-537.

 Chapman,  Donald  W.   1965.  Net production of juvenile coho salmon
 in  three  Oregon  streams.  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94(1):40-52.

 Chapman,  Donald  W., John F. Corliss, Robert W. Phillips and Robert
 L.  Demory.  1961.  Alsea Watershed study, summary report, Misc.
 paper  110, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University.
 52  pp.

 Chapman,  Donald  W. and Robert Demory.  1963.  Seasonal changes in
 the food  ingested by aquatic insect  larvae and nymphs in two
 Oregon  streams.  Ecology 44(1)-.140-146.

 Demory, Robert LeRoy.  1961.  Foods of juvenile coho salmon and two
 insect  groups in the coho diet in three tributaries of the Alsea
 River,  Oregon.   M.S. Thesis.  Oregon State University.  68 pp.

 Koski,  K. Victor.  1965.  The survival of coho salmon from egg de-
 position  to emergence in three Oregon coastal streams.  M.S. Thesis,
 84  pp.

 Lane, Charles B.  1965.  Metabolism of periphyton communities in
 two  small streams.  M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University.  57 pp.

 Lowry,  G. R.  1964.  Some ways of increasing the utility of a
 packback  fish shocker.  Progve.  Fish Cult.  26:127-130.

 Lowry,  G. R.  1965.  Movement of cutthroat trout in three Oregon
 coastal streams.  Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 94(1);334-338.

 Lowry, G. R.  Net production and food of cutthroat trout in three
 Oregon  coastal streams.  J. Wildl. Mgmt.  (In press).

Phillips, R. W.   A trap for capturing salmonids emerging from
 spawn-gravel.   Progve. Fish Cult,  (in press).

Phillips, R. W.   and E. W.  Claire.  Intragravel movement  of the
 reticulate sculpin and its potential as a predator on salmonid
 eggs.  Trans.  Am. Fish. Soc.  (in press).

Williams, R. C.   1964.  Sedimentation in three small forested
drainage basins  in the Alsea River basin,  Oregon.   U. S. Geological
Survey Circular 490.
                            79

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127  EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE LOGGING ON A TROUT POPULATION:   Oregon State
     University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Corvallis.

     Project Objectives:

     To determine the effects of selective logging in ponderosa pine on
     a stream trout population and its physical and biotic environment.
     Emphasis will be placed on changes in population size and growth
     rate of the trout in evaluation of effects,

     A pre-logging inventory of fish population and the physical and
     biotic characteristics of the two streams being studied is under-
     way.  Stations have been installed for the purpose of measuring
     rainfall, air and water temperature,  streamflow, and chemical water
     quality.  Samples of bottom fauna and the drift of insects have been
     taken several times to provide a measure of food available to the
     trout.  Over 500 trout have been captured and marked to provide
     a measure of population and growth rates, and a creel census taken
     to give an estimate of fishing pressure and catch.

     Project Started:  1965 (duration - 1971).
     Personnel:   2 biologists,
     Principal Investigator:  J. D. Hall.
128  SIMULATION AS A MEANS OF STUDYING RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS:   Oregon
     State University, Department of Agricultural Economics,  Corvallis.

     Project Objectives:

     (1)  To build mathematical models of the environment and decision-
          making processes of various resource allocating1 units (firm,
          industry, agency, both public and private).
     (2)  To operate and  test these models on digital Computers.
     (3)  To design and test alternative decision-making criteria and
          processes»

     A computer simulation model of a relatively small river basin has
     been developed that  is capable of comparing sizes of reservoirs,
     channel capacities,  water use priorities, operating procedures,
     and other management policies that come within the economic
     framework.

     Project Started:  January 1965 (duration - to January 1970).
     Personnel:  2 economists.
     Principal Investigator:  A. N. Halter,

     Publications:   Halter, A, N,  1965,  Simulation models in decision
     making.  Western Range Committee Proceedings, July 1965.
                                   80

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     128 (continued)

     Halter, A, N. and Gerald Dean.  1965,   Simulation as a means  of
     evaluating management policies of a large scale ranch in an environ-
     ment of uncertainty^  J. Fm.  ECon. August 1965,

     Halter, A. N, and Gerald Dean,  1965.   Simulation of a California
     range-feedlot operation.  Giannini Foundation Research, Report No,
     282, University of California, May 1965.

     Halter, A. N. and S. F,  Miller.  1965.   Simulation techniques and
     their application to economic research.   Paper presented to
     Northwest Study Group, Moscow, and the  North Central Farm Manage-
     ment Research Committee, October 1965.

     Halter, A. N. and S. F,  Miller.  River  basin planning:   a simula-
     tion approach.  Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical
     Bulletin.
129  TECHNIQUES OF MEASURING EROSION FROM NEWLY-CONSTRUCTED LOGGING
     ROADS:   Oregon State University,  School  of  Forestry,  Corvallis.

     Project Objectives:

     (1)   To determine if four techniques of  measuring erosion yield
          essentially the same results,  or if the relative precision  of
          these techniques changes  with  variations in site conditions.
     (2)   To determine the advantages  and disadvantages of each technique,
     (3)   To obtain point samples  of erosion  from a newly-constructed
          logging road in the Deer  Creek Experimental Watershed of  the
          Alsea Basin.

     Runoff  plots have been established  on both  cut and fill slopes and
     bi-weekly measurements of erosion are being  made using four indepen~
     dent  methods:   erosion gage, macro-profile,  spike and washer,  and
     catchment-filter.

     Project Started:   April 1965  (duration - to  September 1966).
     Personnel:   1  engineer,  1 forester.
     Principal Investigator:   G, D,  Kelly.

     Special Equipment:   Soil erosion  gage, filter catchment.
                                  81

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130  HYDROLOGY OF WATER YIELD PREDICTION:   Oregon State University,  Corv
     vallis.

     Project Objectives:

     (1)  To develop means of predicting water yield using meteorological
          parameters for watersheds of heterogeneous vegetation.
     (2)  To determine changes in water yield caused by logging.

     A detailed examination has been made of several projects with simi-
     lar components in other parts of the country to assist in equipment
     selection.  Purchasing of equipment is nearly complete and field
     installations are well underway.  Sub-projects have been developed
     as outlined below:

     (1)  Peak discharge investigations on small, coastal watersheds.
     (2)  Development of methodology to predict low flows, using  the
          experimental watersheds on the coast.
     (3)  Developing the energy budget as a predictive tool for evapo-
          transpiration with different forms of vegetation, slopes,  and
          aspects.
     (4)  Applying the water budget to precipitation in contrasting  stands
          of conifers and hardwoods to determine interception losses, soil
          moisture changes, and other factors.
     (5)  Obtaining information on water movement within forest soil
          profiles.
     (6)  Analyzing the presently used methods of predicting low flows
          with a view toward developing methods for regional and  sub-
          regional prediction and for assessing yield for a basin subject
          to changing watershed conditions.

     Project Started:  May 1965 (duration - long term).
     Personnel:  2 engineers, 2 foresters, 1 soil scientist.
     Principal Investigator:   J. T. Krygier,
131  EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON ESTUARINE ORGANISMS:   Department of
     Fisheries and Wildlife,  Oregon State University, Corvallis.

     Project Objectives:

     (1)  To evaluate, through short-term bioassays, the acute toxicity
          to certain estuarine organisms of the insecticide Sevin.
     (2)  To determine the effects of Sevin and other pesticides on a
          community of organisms in artificial mud flats.
     (3)  To follow the residual life and metabolism of Sevin in estuar-
          ine organisms and in their environment.
     (4)  To determine the chronic effects of Sevin and other pesticides
          on an estuarine mollusk, crustacean, and a fish exposed to sub-
          lethal concentrations of the pesticides.
                                   82

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     131 (continued)

     Short-term bioassays have been completed with 10 species of estuar-
     ine animals using the insecticide Sevin and its first breakdown
     product, alpha naphthol.  Studies on the breakdown of Sevin and
     alpha naphthol in sea water and bay mud have been conducted as well
     as the breakdown of these compounds.  Studies have been initiated
     on the effect of Sevin in some enzyme systems in the Dungeness crab,
     and on the growth of cockle clams.

     Project Started:  May 1964 (duration - to April 1967).
     Personnel:  2 chemists, 5 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  R. E» Millemann.
132  STUDY OF BEGGIATOA SPECIES:  Oregon State University, Corvallis.

     Beggiatoa, commonly known as a sewage fungus, has been an obscure
     organism in relation to its metabolism, isolation, cultural condi-
     tions, and its ability to oxidize various sulfur compounds as an
     energy source.  This investigation has definitely demonstrated
     that it does not derive its energy source from the oxidation of
     sulfur and therefore is not an autotrophic organism.  Research
     has determined a method of cultivation and revealed some of its
     basic metabolis systems.

     Project Started:  July 1958 (duration - 8 years).
     Personnel:  2 microbiologists.
     Principal Investigator:  Richard Y, Morita.

     Publications:   The influence of catalase and cultural conditions
     on Beggiatoa.   J_, Bact. 88: 1755~1761»  1964.

     Filamentous appendages of Thiothrix.  Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 5:177-
     179.  1965.

     Utilization of acetate by Beggiatoa.  J. Bact. 91:1192-1200.
     1965.
133  BASIC NATURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE OF MARINE PSYCHROPHILIC
     BACTERIA:   Oregon State University,  Corvallis.

     This investigation seeks to determine the basic reasons why
     psychrophilic bacteria require low temperature for growth as well
     as why they will not grow,  but expire,  at moderate temperatures of
     20 to 30 C.  Thus far studies have indicated that the existence of
     psychrophilic that have optimum temperatures for growth (below 20° C)
     are very common in the marine environment, even though they have
                                  83

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133 (continued)

been neglected by microbiologists.  Temperature above that for
optimum growth for Vibrio marinus MP-1 has shown to be lethal -
mainly because malic dehydrogenase of the organism becomes
inactivated and also because thermal-induced leakage of cellular
materials occurs.  The above studies are essential to determine
why temperature is an environmental parameter.  Furthermore, the
activities of marine psychorphiles can be important if organic
materials in the water are to be decomposed.

Project Started:  July 1, 1965 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 6 microbiologists,
Principal Investigator:  Richard Y, Morita,

Publications:  Moderate temperature effects on oxygen uptake of
Vibrio mar inus.  Bact. Proc^ 1964.  p. 38-39.

Reisolation and emendation of description of Vibrio marinus
(Russell) Ford.  J. Bact. 88:831-837,  1964.

Taxonomy of marine vibrios.  Bact. Proc. 1964.  p. 37

Temperature effects on the growth of an obligate psychrophilic
marine bacterium.  Limnol. Qceanogr. 9:103-106.  1964.

Cell yields of Vibrio marinus, an obligate psychrophile, at low
temperatures.  Can. J. Microbiol. 11:221-227,  1965.

Kinetics of enzyme reactions and synthesis in obligate psychrophilic
bacteria.  Bact. Proc. 1965.  p. 20.

Leakage of cellular materials from Vibrio mar inus induced by
moderate temperature*  Bact« Proc.  1965.  p. 30.

Physiological differences between cells of Vibrio mar inus grown at
4 and 15 C.  Bact. Proc.  1965.  p. 20,

Temperature-hydrostatic pressure effects on deamination of L-serine
by Vibrio marinus.  Bact. Proc.  1965.  p. 20.

The effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus, an obligate
psychrophilic bacterium.  J. Gen. Microbiol. 41:xxvi-xxvii.  1965.

Marine psychrophilic bacteria.  Oceanogr. and Mar. Biol.; an annual
review.  4:105-121.
                               84

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     133 (continued)

     The effect of moderate temperature on the respiration and viability
     of Vibrio marinus.   Z. Allg.  Mikrobiol.  6:181-187.   1966.

     Deep-sea microbiology - effects of hydrostatic pressure  and low
     temperature.  University of Maryland's lecture series.  1966,   12 pp.
134  HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE EFFECTS ON MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES:   Oregon State
     University, Corvallis.

     The objective is to determine the  effect  of  hydrostatic pressure  on
     the metabolis activities of  microorganisms.   The  pressures  employed
     fall between the ranges  of  1 to 1100 atnu, equivalent  to the environ-
     mental hydrostatic pressures that  exist in the  ocean.   Emphasis has
     been placed on the effect of coupling the parameters  of hydrostatic
     pressure and temperatures on enzyme  activities.   Data  have  been
     interpreted in terms of  molecular  volume  increases  and decreases.
     Generally pressure decreases molecular volume and temperature in-
     creases molecular volume. Hence both parameters  must  be studied  in
     order to determine why  organisms can or cannot metabolize under the
     various conditions of temperature  and pressure  that exist in the
     ocean*

     Project Started:   1959  (duration - 9 years).
     Personnel:   4 microbiologists.
     Principal Investigator:   Richard Y.  Morita.

     Special Equipment:   hydrostatic pressure  apparatus.

     Publications:   Dehydrogenase activity under  hydrostatic pressure  by
     isolated mitochrondria  obtained from Allomyces macrogynus.   Limnol.
     Oceanogr. 9:243-248. 1964.

     The influence of  substrate-cofactor  ratios on partially purified
     inorganic pyrophosphatase activity at elevated  temperatures.  J.
     Bact.   88:1661-1666. 1964.

     Effect of hydrostatic pressure.  In:   Ainsworth and Sussman (ed).
     1965.   The  Fungi.   Academic  Press, New York.  Vol.  1,  chapter 22.

     Temperature-hydrostatic  pressure effects  on  deamination of  L-serine
     ky  Vibrio marinus,  an obligate  psychrophile.  Bact. Proc.  1965.  p.  20,

     Deep-sea microbiology -  effects  of hydrostatic pressure and low
     temperature.   University of  Maryland's lecture series.   1966.  12  pp.
                                85!

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135  COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR WATER QUALITY DATA ACQUISITION:   Oregon
     State University, Department of Electrical Engineering,  Corvallis.

     Project Objectives:

     To optimize a communications network for retrieval of  water  resources
     management data by developing a communications  model describing
     location, distribution,  and other factors for seven water quality
     monitoring stations in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon.

     Monitoring station locations and the demand for water  quality data
     have been analyzed for periods of 5, 15, and 30 years  into the
     future,  A system analysis of the communication network  required
     to handle the future data load is being carried out with particular
     emphasis on a comparison of VHF radio links versus ground wire
     communications.

     Project Started:   September 1965 (duration - one year).
     Personnel:  1 engineer.
     Principal Investigator:   D. W, Newbern.


136  EFFECT OF SELECTED PESTICIDES ON BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND:   Oregon
     State University, Corvallis,

     Project Objectives:

     To investigate the effect of several pesticides on the biochemical
     oxygen demand of  a glucose-glutamic acid substrate by  evaluating
     reaction rates, ultimate biochemical oxygen demand, and  any suppres-
     sion of second stage nitrification.

     Project Started:   September 1965 (duration - to August 1966).
     Personnel:  1 engineer,
     Principal Investigator:   F. W, Norris,.Jr.


137  ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY
     AND ADJACENT PACIFIC OCEAN:  Oceanography Department,  Oregon State
     University, Corvallis.

     The objective of  this project is to determine the fate of radio-
     nuclides in the estuarine and marine environment and the manner by
     which ecological  communities modify the distribution of  radioactivity.

     Projects are being carried out in three areas:   radioecology of the
     benthos, radioecology of nekton and macroplankton, and radiochemistry.
     These projects, too numerous and extensive to outline  here, are sum-
     marized in a progress report (Oceanography Ref. 65-14) prepared by
     the project leader and submitted to the granting agency.  Copies
     of this report may be obtained from the principal investigator.

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137  (continued)

Project Started:  November 1965  (duration - to October 1966).
Personnel:  7 oceanographic chemists, 9 oceanographic biologists.
Principal Investigator:  Charles Osterberg.

Special Equipment:  3 multi-channel gamma ray spectrometers,  1
atomic absorption spectrometer,  2 in situ gamma ray detectors, var-
ious closing nets and samplers.

Publications:  Cutshall, N., V.  Johnson and C. Osterberg,   1966.
Chemistry of chromium-51 in sea  water.  Science 152:202-203.

Cutshall, N, and C. Osterberg.   1964.  Radioactive particle in
sediment from the Columbia River.  Science 144(3618):536-537.

Jennings, C. David.  1966.  Radioactivity of sediments in the
Columbia River estuary.  M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University.

Jennings, D., N. Cutshall and C. Osterberg.  1965,  Radioactivity:
detection of gamma-ray emission  in sediments jLn situ.  Science
148(3672):948-950.

Johnson, Vernon.  1966.  Retention of zinc-65 by Columbia River
sediment.  M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University.

McCauley, J. E.  1964,  A deep sea digenetic trematode.  J^
Paras it. 50(1):112-114.

McCormick, J. M,  1965.  Some aspects of the ecology of hydroids
off Oregon.  NW Sci. 39(4);139-147.

Osterberg, C,  1965.  Radioactivity from the Columbia River.
Trans, of the Oc. Sci. Engr. Symposium 2:968-979.

Osterberg, C», A. G, Carey, Jr.  and H. Curl, Jr.  1963,  Accelera-
tion of sinking rates of radionuclides in the ocean.  Nature  200
(4913):1276-1277.

Osterberg, C., N. Cutshall and J. Cronin.  1965.  Chromium-51 as
a radioactive tracer of Columbia River water at sea.  Science 150:
1585-1587.

Osterberg, C., L, D. Kulm and J. V. Byrne.  1963.  Gamma emitters
in marine sediments near the Columbia River.  Science 139:916-917.

Osterberg, C., J, G. Pattullo and W. Pearcy.  1964.  Zinc-65  in
euphausiids as related to Columbia River water off the Oregon
coast.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 9(2);249-257.
                              87

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     137 (continued)

     Osterberg, C,,  W. G, Pearcy and H. Curl,  Jr.   1964,   Radioactivity
     and its relationship to the oceanic food  chains.  J,  Mar.  Res.
     22(1):2-12.

     Osterberg, C,,  W. G, Pearcy and N. F,  Kujala.   1964,   Gamma
     emitters in a fin whale.  Nature 204(4692):1006-1007.

     Osterberg, C.,  L. Small and L. Hubbard.  1963.   Radioactivity in
     large marine plankton as a function of surface  area.   Nature
     197(4870):883-884.

     Pearcy, W. G,  1964.  Some distributional features of mesopelagic
     fishes off Oregon.  J. Mar. Res. 22(1);83-102.

     Pearcy, W, G. and L, Hubbard.   1964,  A modification  of  the Isaacs-
     Kidd midwater trawl for sampling at different  depth  intervals.
     Deep Sea Res. 11:263-264.

     Pearcy, W. G. and C, Osterberg.  1964, Vertical distribution of
     radionuclides as measured in oceanic animals.   Nature 204(4957):
     440-441.

     Renshaw, R. W.  and W. G. Pearcy.  1964.  A new swivel cable clamp
     for towing large plankton nets at different depths.   Deep  Sea Res.
     11:263-264.
138  STUDIES ON AQUATIC MYXOBACTERIA:   Oregon State University,  Corvallis.

     The major objectives of this investigation are to obtain data on the
     occurrence and taxonomy of myxobacteria in the aquatic habitat in
     order to gain an understanding of the roles of these organisms in
     the freshwater environment.  In particular it is of interest to
     determine the importance of these organisms in the decomposition of
     pollutional materials and their possible application in water quality
     surveillance and purification of  water.  It is planned to isolate
     and characterize myxobacteria from both pure and polluted waters
     and to study the interrelationships between these organisms and
     their environment.  These studies will contribute to our knowledge
     concerning the bacterial flora of the aquatic habitat, an area which
     has not been adequately studied.

     Project Started:  January 1966 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:  4 microbiologists.
     Principal Investigator:  Robert E. Pacha,
                                   88

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139  AN INVESTIGATION OF FLUXES OF DISSOLVED GASES AND NUTRIENTS RELATING
     TO BIOCHEMICAL AND AERATION PROCESSES OFF THE OREGON COAST:  Oregon
     State University, Corvallis.

     Project Objectives:

     (L)  To investigate aeration phenomena of different gases in the open
          ocean during various seasons.
     (2)  To study the correlation between the changes in dissolved nutri-
          ents (phosphate and nitrate) and dissolved gases (oxygen and
          carbon dioxide) in order to help us understand the biochemical
          oxygen reduction process in the ocean,
     (3)  To measure influxes of nutrients to the euphotic zone off
          Oregon from the Columbia River and upwelling to gain a better
          understanding of the nutrient budget and fertility of our
          region,

     Project Started:   November 1965 (duration - to October 1967).
     Principal Investigator:   Kilho Park.
140  ALKALINITY OF SEA WATER:   Oregon State University, Corvallis,

     Project Objectives:

     (1)  To develop a conductometrie method for the determination of
          the alkalinity of sea water to a precision of 0,1%.
     (2)  To investigate the invariant properties of alkalinity.
     (3)  To investigate the temperature dependency of the conduc-
          tometric method.

     A continuous cell is being evaluated in the laboratory.  A
     precision of 0»57o in alkalinity measurements is readily obtain-
     able.  We hope to improve on this precision.  Data on seasonal
     changes in alkalinity in both the Columbia River and the sea off
     Oregon show that we can forecast the alkalinity of the Columbia
     River plume, if we know its salinity.

     Project Started:  May 1964 (duration - to April 1966),
     Principal Investigator:   Kilho Park,

     Publications;  Park, K*   1964,  Electrolytic conductance of sea
     water:  effect of calcium carbonate dissolutiono  Science 146
     (3640):56-57.

     Park, Ke and W» V. Burt.   1965»  Electrolytic conductance of sea
     water and the salinometer.  A review.  J. Oceanog. Soc. Japan
     21:69-80;124-132,
                                  89

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     140 (continued)

     Park,  K.  1965.  Total carbon dioxide in sea water.   J.  Oceanogr.
     Soc. Japan 21(2):54-59,

     Park,  K.  1966.  Columbia River plume identification by  specific
     alkalinity.   Limnol. Oceanogr. 11(1):118-120.
141  RELATIONSHIP OF AQUATIC FLORA TO WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION:   Oregon
     State University,  Corvallis.

     Project Objective:

     (1)   To determine  the relation of aquatic flora to the  quality of
          water supplies and water pollution.
     (2)   To determine  by biological studies of aquatic habitats,  the
          relation between the biotic and adaphic factors  that determine
          changes in the quality of water resources.
     (3)   To coordinate and extend the phases  of studies presently con-
          ducted in the general area of aquatic botany.

     Several studies relating variations in temperature and  current
     velocity to community metabolism have been completed  and publica-
     tions describing the studies  will soon be available.  A study of
     metabolic pathways utilized by Sphaerotilus is nearing  completion
     and  field work is  completed on another of primary production  in
     relation to stream enrichment.  New laboratory streams  are being
     prepared for studies of the effect of pesticides on algae metabo*
     Bsm  and a series of studies is underway at the Newport  laboratory,
     in regard to the effect of salinity variations upon marine algae
     metabolism using selected species from Yaquina Bay.  Study of
     mineral metabolism of blue-green algal species from the nuisance
     bloom in Klamath Lake is continuing.

     Project Started:   1958 (duration - continuing).
     Personnel:   3 biologists.
     Principal Investigators:   H.  R. Phinney,  C. D. Mclntire.

     Publications:   Mclntire,  C. David, Robert L. Garrison,  Harry  K.
     Phinney and Charles E. Warren.  1964.  Primary production in  labora-
     tory streams.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 9:92-102.

     Mclntire,  C,  David and Harry  K. Phinney,   1965.  Laboratory studies
     of periphyton production and  community metabolism in  lotic environ-
     ments.   Ecol. Monogr. 35:237-258»

     Phinney,  Harry K.  and C.  David Mclntire.   1965.  Effect of temper-
     ature on metabolism of periphyton communities developed in laboratory
     streams.   Limnol.  Oceanogr. 10:341-344,
                                   90

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     141 (continued)

     Phinney,  Harry K,  and C.  A.  Peek.   1961.   Klamath Lake,  an instance
     of natural enrichment.  In:  Trans.  Seminar on Algae and  Metro-
     politan Wastes,   April 27-29,  1960.  R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineer-
     ing Center,  Tech,  Rep. W61-3:22-27.
^42  FACTORS INFLUENCING STREAM TEMPERATURES:   Engineering Experiment
     Station,  Oregon State University,  Corvallis.

     The goal  of  this research work is  to gain a better understanding
     of the phenomena of stream thermal behavior in a natural environ-
     ment with no thermal pollution from sources other than those
     naturally occurring.  Three factors are  considered in particular:
     evaporation  from stream surfaces;  the absorption and reradiation of
     radiant energy by the water surface of a stream; and the effect of
     turbidity on the rate of heating and evaporation of the stream
     water mass.

     Project Started:   May 1, 1964 (duration  - 4 years).
     Personnel:   2 engineers, 4 students.
     Principal Investigator:   John Seaders.

     Special Equipment:   infrared thermometer, hot wire anemometer,
     X-Y recorder, solarimeter with solarigraph recorder, actinometer,
     hydrogrometer, 6 vane wind registering and recording equipment.
143  INFLUENCES OF WATER QUALITY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON
     FISH AND ASSOCIATED ORGANISMS IN INLAND WATERS:   Oregon State
     University,  Corvallis^

     Project Objectives:

     To provide fundamental  understanding of the influences which
     generally occurring environmental changes have on fish and
     associated organisms in inland waters.  The domestic,  agricul-
     tural,  forestry,  industrial and other activities of man are con-
     tinually changing the character of our inland waters and endangering
     their social and  economic value.  Understanding of the influences
     of these changes, to be of much scientific or social value, must
     be in terms  of the individual organism, its population and its
     community, as associated with the stream ecology.

     This program is subdivided into individual projects according to
     the supporting research grants, as described below:

     (1)  Long-term studies  of the trophic dynamics of simplified
          communities  in laboratory streams are underway along with
                                  91

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143  (continued)

     aquarium experiments to determine respiration rates and
     assimilation efficiencies of selected species,  Supplemen-
     tary observations of cutthroat trout feeding behavior and
     drift feeding experiments have been conducted,
(2)  Ecological studies of an experimental stream have involved
     food energy and production in enriched and natural sections
     of the stream, production and food consumption of cutthroat
     trout in two types of sections of the stream, and the rela-
     tionship between fish size and kinds of food organisms con-
     sumed in both types of scream sections.  Other work includes
     periodic sampling of invertebrates and organic material and
     an analysis has been made of data from physiological and
     ecological studies of algae and Sphaerotilus ,
(3)  As part of a study of the influence of dissolved oxygen upon
     the survival, development, growth, activity and movements of
     freshwater fishes, a series of experiments has been conducted
     to determine the influence of metabolic waste products on the
     growth of steelhead trout and chinook salmon embryos and sac
     fry.  Another experiment series has been conducted to deter-
     mine the influence of disease, parasite load, and time of
     year on the growth and mortality of juvenile coho salmon
     over a wide range of dissolved oxygen concentrations at a
     constant temperature,
(4)  A new, long-range project has been added to this program to
     determine how and to what extent kraft pulp mill wastes that
     are neither acutely toxic nor severely oxygen depleting influ
     ence fish populations >

Project Duration:  Long term,
Personnel:  10 biologists, 15 students,
Principal Investigator:  C. E. Warren,

Publications:  Davis, G, and C. E. Warren,  1965.  Trophic rela-
tions of a sculpin in laboratory stream communities,  J. Wildl.
      29(4):846-871,
Doudoroff, P, and G. E, Warren.  1965.  Dissolved oxygen require-
ments of fishes.  In:  Biological Problems in Water Pollution.
Third Seminars August 1962.  U. S. Public Health Service, pp,  145-155.

Mclntire, D, and H. Phinney.   1965,  Effect of temperature on
metabolism of periphyton communities developed in laboratory
stream communities,  Limno 1 , Oc eanogr _,_ 10:341-344,

Mclntire, D, and H. Phinney.   1965,  Laboratory studies of peri-
phyton production and community metabolism in lotic environments.
Ecol. Monogr. 35; 237-258,
                                   92

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1A4  BIONOMICS OF FISHES AND SHELLFISHES WITH  PARTICULAR REFERENCE  TO THE
     ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY IN OREGON BAYS
     AND ESTUARIES:   Oregon State University,  Corvallis.

     Project Objectives:   To provide  methods and  scientific  data  as  a
     guide for establishing water quality criteria  for marine areas  and
     predicting effects on marine organisms, by:

     (1)  Obtaining  bionomic information of  the important fishes  and
          shellfish  species of  Oregon bays in  relation to ecological
          factors (temperatures,  salinities, currents, and tidal  phases,
          pH,  dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, turbidity, edaphic
          conditions,  foods, industrial and  domestic  sewage  wastes,
          etc,).
     (2)  Continuing the development  of aquaculture procedures  for
          oysters, clams,  and other marine species  of importance;
          particularly the rearing of oysters  and clams  from the  free-
          swimming larva stage  to seed stage.
     (3)  Obtaining  reliable biological information as to the resis-
          tance and  susceptibilities  of marine organisms  to  various
          pollutional  conditions  occurring in  marine waters.

     The program is  subdivided  into individual projects  according to
     supporting research grants,  as described  below:

     (1)  Preliminary  examination has been made of  data  developed for
          the  purpose  of  evaluating Pacific  oyster  larvae bioassay  tech-
          niques,  which includes  factors such  as  incubation  temperatures,
          water quality,  salinity of  the dilutant,  and time  of  year.
     (2)  Investigation of  pulp mill  waste degradation in marine  waters
          is being accomplished by evaluating  the biological  impact  that
          raw  and  treated  kraft mill  waste components have upon the  marine
          environment,  and  evaluating the potential treatment methods
          for  such wastes  in respect  to the  biological factors  thus
          determined.
     (3)  Studies  have  been conducted to determine  the influence  of
          temperature,  light, and salinity on  the production of
          marine algae.

     Project Duration:   Long term.
     Principal Investigator:  C,  E, Warren.

     Publications:   Dimick,  R. E.  1965,   Use  of  bay mussel  Mytilus
     edulis as  a bioassay  tool for evaluating  kraft mill  waste.
     Proceedings  1964  Pacific Northwest Industrial  Waste  Conference,
     University of Washington.
                                 93

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145  BENTHIC FAUNAL INDICATORS OF POLLUTION IN COOS BAY, OREGON: Portland
     State College, Portland.

     Project Objectives:

     (1)  To study the relation of biotic distribution to sources of
          pollution in Coos Bay.
     (2)  To train students in marine biology and to motivate them toward
          studies of the effects of pollution on marine organisms.
     (3)  To note the toxic effects of different types of pollutants
          on benthic organisms in the vicinity of outfalls,

     Quantitative samples of bottom at different distances from sources
     of pollution were screened and examined to determine the numbers
     and kinds of bottom animals.  Buckets were placed at different
     distances from outfalls to determine the types of animals that
     settle on the bottom and to get some indication of the growth of
     organisms settling in the vicinity of the outfalls, as well as in
     relatively unpolluted areas.  Water samples were taken at collect-
     ing locations and were analyzed for D.O., pH, temperature, sulfite,
     sulphide, nitrate, silicon, phosphate and lignin.  Trawl hauls and
     plankton collections were made where bottom collections had been
     made.

     Project Started:   June 1, 1960 (duration - to August 31, 1965).
     Personnel:  3 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  James A. Macnab.

     Special Equipment:  26-foot semi-cabin cruiser, anchor dredge, mud
     sampler.

     Publication:  Long, Dale A., D. McKay-Fender and James A. Machab.
     1964.  A preliminary survey'of the sources and kinds of pollution
     in Coos Bay, Oregon.  Portland State College, 27 pp.
146  SURVEY OF OREGON WATER LAW:   School of Law, University of Oregon,
     Eugene.

     This project is the first step in a long-range program to evaluate
     water management institutions such as water law, water use customs,
     water management agencies, and administrative regulations.  Analysis
     is being made of Oregon court decisions, constitutional and statutory
     provisions, and Attorney General opinions regarding the use of sur-
     face and ground water resources of the state.  The study is tracing
     historical development of Oregon water law, synthesizing and evaluat-
     ing existing law, and critically comparing it with water law in
     other western states.
                                       94

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146 (continued)

Objectives:

(1)  To conduct a survey of Oregon water Law.
(2)  To evaluate the adequacy of selected portions of Oregon
     water law such as pollution controls.
(3)  To assess the vitality of common law principles expressed
     in early Oregon decisions,
(4)  To identify for further research legal problems of water
     resources management important to the Northwest.

Project Started:   May 1965 (duration - to July 1966).
Personnel:   3 law students.
Principal Investigator:   C. D. Clark.
                            95

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                                  UTAH
147  LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE COLORADO RIVER IN THE VICINITY OF
     MOAB, UTAH:  Department of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham
     Young University, Prove.

     The principal aims of the preliminary phase of this study were
     fourfold:

     (1)  To discern the physical and chemical nature of the river
          water.
     (2)  To determine the composition of the biotic communities.
     (3)  To attempt to relate the occurrence and activities of the
          organisms to the abiotic environment.
     (4)  To account for the biological productivity of the river,
          utilizing knowledge gained from studies of community
          metabolism and the cycling of matter and energy to and
          from the living and non-living components of the ecosystem.

     Project Started:   November 1961 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:   1 chemist, 2 biologists.
     Principal Investigators:  H. H. Frost, J. R. Murphy, and J. H.
     Wing.

     Publications:  Frost, H. H. and J. R. Murphy.  Observations on
     birds along the Colorado in the vicinity of Moab, Utah.

     Frost, H. H., J.  R. Murphy, J. H. Wing, and S. S. Taba.
     Progress report no. 2, limnological studies of the Colorado
     River in the vicinity of Moab, Utah (submitted to Texas Gulf
     Su1phur C ompany).

     Taba, S. S., J. R. Murphy, and H. H. Frost.  Notes on the fishes
     of the Colorado River near Moab, Utah.
148  BIOASSAYS TO DETERMINE THE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES TO AQUATIC
     INVERTEBRATES:   University of Utah, Salt Lake City.

     Bioassays are being conducted with insecticides to determine
     their toxicity and sublethal effects to aquatic invertebrates.
     The project objectives are as follows:

     (1)  To determine if a particular insecticide or herbicide is
          toxic to those species of invertebrates which are important as
          fish food.
     (2)  To determine the level of toxicity under conditions of short
          and long time exposures and safe levels for certain periods of
          exposure.
                                  97

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     148 (continued)

     (3)  To determine the relative toxicity of pesticides between fish
          and fish food organismsf
     (4)  To determine the physiological response of selected key organ-
          isms to sub lethal concentrations of different pesticides.
     (5)  To ascertain, if possible, any subtle,  indirect and long-range
          effects these toxicants may have on the balance between the
          various components in selected aquatic  communities.
     (6)  To determine how the toxicity of various pesticides varies with
          changes in water quality  characteristics.
     (7)  To determine rates and levels of precipitation, chemical change,
          and absorption of test materials at various time intervals.

     Project Started:  January 1, 1959 (duration  - to December 31, 1967).
     Personnel:   2 chemists, 2 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  Arden R. Gaufin.

     Special Equipment:  Jarre11-Ash gas chromatograph, continuous-flow
     bioassay system.

     Publications:   Gaufin, A. R.,  L. D, Jensen,  A. V, Nebeker,  T. Nelson
     and R.  W, Teel.  1965.  The toxicity of ten  organic insecticides to
     various aquatic invertebrates,  Wat. Sewage  Wks.  July 1965.  4 pp.

     Jensen, L.  De  and As  R. Gaufin,.  1964.  Effects of ten organic insec-
     ticides on two species of stonefly naiads,  Trans. Am. Fish. Soc^
     93(l):27-34.

     Jensen, L.  D.  and A,  R. Gaufin.  1964.  Long-term effects of organic
     insecticides on two species of stonefly naiads,  Trans. Am. Fish.
     Soc. 93(4):357-363.

     Nebeker, Alan V, and  Arden R.  Gaufin.  1964.  Bioassays to deter-
     mine the toxicity of  pesticides to the amphipod crustacean,
     Gammarus lacustris Sars,  Proc. Utah Acad. Sci*, Arts and Letters
     41(1):64-67,

     Warnick, S.  L, and A, R, Gaufin.  1965.  Determination of pesticides
     by electron capture gas chromatography.  J.  Am*. Wat. Wks. Assn.
     57(8):1023-1027,
149  A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL,  CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL NATURE OF WATER
     QUALITY FACTORS UNDER UTAH CONDITIONS:   Utah State University,
     Logan.

     The characteristics and relationships of water quality factors per-
     tinent  to short, snow-fed mountain streams feeding to desert floors
     will be studied.  Consideration will be given to watershed contamination,


                                     98

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     149 (continued)

     irrigation return flow, and domestic and industrial pollution*
     The relationship of the contaminant to volume of flow,  rate of
     degradation and subsequent incorporation into the aquatic biomass
     will be the matter of primary concern.  Contaminant cycling, sedi-
     mentation and physical change will also be studied.  The system
     under study will lend itself to model construction in terms of the
     environmental, physical, chemical and biological effects of contami-
     nants. The information for such a model will be obtained from field
     observations and from experiments conducted on excised portions of
     the environment.

     Project Started:  April 1, 1965 (duration - 10 years).
     Personnel:  2 engineers, 1 chemist, 4 biologists, 1 microbiologist.
     Principal Investigator:  John M. Neuhold.

     Special Equipment:   electronic particle counter, gas analyzers

     Publications:  Progress Report, 1965.
150  EFFECT OF MINERALIZED SPRINGS ON UTAH'S WATER RESOURCES:   Utah
     State University, Logan.

     Project Objectives:

     (1)  To obtain an inventory of mineralized spring waters  with re*-
          spect to location,  hydrologic and geologic setting,  and quantity
          and quality of  water.
     (2)  To appraise current and potential effects of these  springs on
          important usable supplies.
     (3)  Evaluate possible management and control measures aimed at
          extending the usefulness of principal water supplies.

     Project Started:   June 1964 (duration - 2 years).
     Personnel:   2 engineers, 1 geologist,
     Principal Investigator:   Jay Mo Bagley.

     Publications:   Paper presented at Seattle American Geophysical
     Union meetings,  Dec. 1964.
                                 99

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                                WASHINGTON
151  WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS IN THE LAKE WASHINGTON SHIP CANAL:
     Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle.

     Water quality characteristics of the Lake Washington Ship Canal
     are being studied to determine their improvement in this major
     recreational and fish migration watercourse as a result of the
     pollution abatement program of the Municipality of Metropolitan
     Seattle.  Present areas of interest include oxygen balance and
     coliform indices.  Study is also being continued on salt water
     intrusion, previously conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of
     Engineers.  Other possible areas of interest include plankton
     productivity, nutrient balance and bottom sampling.

     Project Started:  June 1964 (duration - indefinite).
     Principal Investigators:  Metro staff.
152  NUTRIENT STUDIES OF LAKE WASHINGTON TRIBUTARIES:   Municipality
     of Metropolitan Seattle,

     This project is designed to compliment the work being performed by
     Dr. W. T. Edmondson on the eutrophication of Lake Washington.
     Nutrient inflow, outflow and reservoir are being determined to
     help assess the effect of removal of a major nutrient source from
     the lake represented by the many sewage treatment plants being
     phased out by the municipality.

     Project Started:  1963 (duration - indefinite).
     Principal Investigators:   Metro staff.
153  EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL INTO PUGET SOUND WATERS ADJACENT TO
     METROPOLITAN SEATTLE AREA:   Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
     in coordination with U. S.  Geological Survey,  Water Resources
     Division.

     This program is designed to determine the effects of discharging
     treated wastes into Puget Sound from one major and three smaller
     marine outfalls.  Data are  being collected on  oxygen balance, coli-
     form indices,  density profiles, plankton production, nutrient budget
     and physical contamination  under pre- and post-discharge conditions.
     This includes  study of the  influence of the present raw sewage out-
     fall.  Also to be studied are the dilution and dispersal of the
     digested sludge to be discharged at West Point as well as its effect
     on the benthic community and organic solids buildup.

     Project Started:  1964 (duration - indefinite).
     Principal Investigators:  Metro and Geological Survey staffs.

                                 101

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     153 (continued)

     Special Equipment:  40 foot survey vessel,  sealer and detector
     system for Carbon-14, carbon analyzer, fluorometer,  ortholux micro-
     scope and 2 inverted microscopes, oceanographic sampling gear.
154  A STUDY OF THE WATER QUALITY,  ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY OF THE GREEN-
     DUWAMISH ESTUARY:   Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle in coopera-
     tion with U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.

     This study is designed to provide basic data on the ecology and
     water quality of the river system following a major pollution abate-
     ment program.  Four automatic  monitors are being used to complement
     manually collected data on plankton production, flushing rates,
     sediment transport, nutrients, BOD, benthic organisms and fish dis-
     tribution and abundance,  The  study will provide information necessary
     to ensure that water quality conditions are not impaired by Metro's
     new Renton Treatment Plant.

     Project Started:  1961 (duration - indefinite).
     Principal Investigators:  Cooperative effort of several investigators.

     Special Equipment:   carbon analyzer, radioactive counting equipment,
     polarograph, four  Engineering  Specialties robot monitors and central
     station, ortholux  microscope and two inverted scopes, turner, Beckman
     model B spectrophotometer.

     Publications:  Special Duwamish River Studies, Water Quality Series
     #1.

155  A L1MNOLOG1CAL INVESTIGATION OF WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS IN LAKE
     SAMMAMISH,  WASHINGTON:   Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle,
     Washington.

     This project was designed to provide needed background information
     on the limnology of this important lake.  Metro's ultimate plans
     call for providing trunk sewers to intercept wastes presently enter-
     ing  the lake from  one treatment plant and from numerous septic tanks.
     Included in the study were oxygen deficit calculations, nutrient
     analyses, oxygen determinations, chlorophyll, seston, phytoplankton
     number and  volume,  and zooplankton enumeration.  Sampling was carried
     out  weekly  for 18  months and a report is being prepared.

     Project Started:  June 1964 (duration - to December 1965).
     Principal Investigators   Gary  Isaac.

     Special Equipment:   microscopes - Ortholux and Leitz inverted, a
     wide variety of limnological equipment.
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156  RESERVOIR LIMNOLOGY:  Washington State Department of Fisheries,
     Brinnon.

     The first phase dealt with problems of fish passage through the
     reservoirs and this phase dealt primarily with physical and chemical
     limnology, determination of flow patterns, seasonal cycles, etc.
     The current work is aimed at possible rehabilitation of reservoirs
     for use as salmon rearing areas.  This phase of the work deals pri-
     marily with biological and chemical limnology.  Measurements are
     made of chemical nutrients, primary productivity, and secondary
     productivity.

     Project Started:  March 1962 (duration - continuing).
     Principal Investigator:  R. E, Westley.
157  ESTUARTNE PESTICIDE MONITORING:  Washington State Department of
     Fisheries, Brinnoru

     Samples of adult Pacific oysters are collected monthly at 18
     locations covering all major salt water areas of Washington
     state,  These samples are prepared and shipped to Gulf Breeze,
     Florida, where they are analyzed for aldrin, BHG, chlordane,
     dieldrin, DOD, DDE, DDT, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor expoxide,
     lindane, and methoxychlor,

     Project Started:  September 1965 (duration - one year).
     Principal Investigator:  C. E, Lindsay,
158  CHEMICAL CONTROL OF OYSTER PREDATORS:   Washington State Depart-
     ment of Fisheries, Brinnon.

     Project Objectives:

     Carry out commercial scale experiments to control ghost and land
     shrimp with the insecticide  Sevin,   Issue permits for treatment of
     specified areas,  quantity of chemicals used,  and methods of appli-
     cation.  Observe effect of application and report on results after
     treatment.  Conduct tests on several types of chemicals reported to
     be effective molluscacides.   Determine necessary dosages and appli-
     cation methods to achieve eradication  of oyster drills,  Advise
     shellfish industry on proven methods for control of pests and
     predators.

     Project Started:   1959 (duration -  continuing).
     Principal Investigator:   Cedric E.  Lindsay.
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159  OYSTER BED PRODUCTIVITY STUDY:   Washington State Department of
     Fisheries, Brinnon*

     This is a study to determine relationships between hydrographic
     characteristics of bays and oyster growth, fatness and mortality.
     Emphasis is on primary productivity and fertility of water.
     Relationships to oyster fatness have been fairly well worked out.
     Current work is on mortality.

     Project Started:   1961 (duration - continuing).
     Principal Investigators:   R, E. Westley, M. A.  Tarr, C. S.  Sayce.
160  BIOASSAY OF MARINE WATERS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:   Washington
     State Department of Fisheries,  Brinnon,

     Bioassays using the 48-hour development of Pacific oyster eggs are
     conducted for all applicable Washington waters.  Samples are taken
     by float plane and flown to the Pt. Whitney laboratory where they
     are bioassayed.  Chemical analysis of the water is made in conjunction
     with the bioassay.  Areas sampled are Northern Puget Sound,  Southern
     Puget Sound, Straits of Juan de Fuca, Grays Harbor, and Willapa Bay.

     Project Started:  1961 (duration - continuing).
     Principal Investigator:  Charles E. Woelke.
161  WASHINGTON  STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH COMMUNITY PESTICIDE STUDY
     PROJECT:   Washington Scate Department of Health, Wenatchee.

     This is one of 13 projects in the United States involved in basic
     health related research on pesticide residues  in the environment
     and in human tissues,  Project objectives include:

     (1)  Analysis of human tissues for pesticides  whose source may be
          related to water pollution and consumption.
     (2)  Epidemiological studies of possible disease incidence related
          to pesticides.
     (3)  A comprehensive survey of pesticide usage including risk of
          water pollution.
     (4)  Monitoring the environment,  including pre-treatment water sup-
          plies and treated water supplies.  Irrigation supplies to and
          discharges from soils of known pesticide  treatment will be
          studied.

     The Wenatchee and Quincy Valleys  will be the primary study area for
     monitoring pesticide content in soil and water.  Initial water
     samples are to be taken from localities previously used by the U. S,
     Department of Agriculture for soil monitoring  studies.   Continued
     sampling of the study area will begin as soon  as grid localities


                                   104

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     161 (continued)

     are established  on topography maps.   Objectives  related to
     collaborative studies with other agencies:   The  Columbia Basin
     Irrigation Project lands will be studied in cooperation with
     the Federal Water Pollution Control  Administration.   The
     British Columbia Public Health Service and  the CPSP  are planning
     quality control  water samples from the Okanogan  River at the
     U, S.  - Canadian border.

     Project Started:  March 1965 (duration - to March 1970).
     Personnel:   1 medical director,  1 research  sanitarian.
     Principal Investigator:   Griffith E. Quinby, M.D.

     Special Equipment:   2 gas chromatographs,  2 thin layer chromato-
     graphs, 1 infrared spectrophotometer.
162  LABORATORY BIOASSAYS WITH TEST FISH CICHLISOMA SP:   Washington
     State Pollution Control Commission, Olympia.

     The objectives are to determine the toxicity  of various chemicals
     to cichlids and compare the results with similar data available
     in the literature pertaining to salmonids;  and to gain more knowledge
     of this test fish so it can be used to evaluate the toxicity of
     industrial wastes.  Bioassays are being conducted using cichlids
     and various acids, alkalies, heavy metals,  chlorinated hydrocarbons
     and industrial wastes.  The project has not advanced sufficiently
     to present data on comparative toxicities.

     Project Started:   June 1965 (duration - continuous),
     Personnel:   2 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  Roland E. Pine.

     Special Equipment:  gas chromatograph.


163  EFFECTS OF INACTIVATION OF ENTERIC VIRUSES  BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
     IN SEA WATER:  U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Environmental
     Engineering and Food Protection, Northwest  Shellfish Sanitation
     Laboratory, Gig Harbor.

     Project Objectives:

     To continue studies on the comparison of susceptibility of entero-
     viruses to ultraviolet irradiation  under various conditions in sea
     water.  Factors such as salinity, temperature, turbidity, organic
     and biological materials will be studied to determine whether each
     facilitates or retards rate of inactivation.
                                105

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     163 (continued)

     Project Started:   September 1965 (duration -  three years).
     Personnel:   2 mierobiologists.
     Principal Investigator:   Dr,  J.  G.  Hoff,

     Special Equipment:   Ultra-high  centrifuge,
164  ECOLOGICAL STUDIES FOR PRESENCE OF TOXIN-PRODUCING GRAM POSITIVE
     SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA:   U.  S.  Public Health Service,  Division of
     Environmental Engineering and Food Protection,  Northwest Shellfish
     Sanitation Laboratory, Gig Harbor,

     Project Objectives:

     To continue investigations on the incidence  of  toxin-producing gram
     positive spore-forming bacteria in polluted  and non-polluted fresh
     and estuarine mud and sewage, as related to  shellfish  growing areas.
     Surveys will be made on West Coast estuarine areas where commercially
     important shellfish are present.  Intensive  studies will be made in
     an unpolluted shellfish growing area and tributary stream complex,
     as well as a polluted area where shellfish may  be found.

     Project Started:   February 1965 (duration  -  3 years).
     Personnel:  2 microbiologists.
     Principal Investigators:   William J. Beck  and T, H. Ericksen.

     Special Equipment:   anaerobic incubation apparatus,
165  INFLUENCE OF WET  STORAGE ON THE COMMERCIAL HANDLING OF SHELLFISH:
     U.  S.  Public Health Service, Division of Environmental Engineering
     and Food Protection,  Northwest Shellfish Sanitation Laboratory,
     Gig Harbor.

     Project Objectives:

     To  determine the effects of tidal action and subsequent flow of  fresh
     and saline waters on shellfish held in storage in an estuary during
     several tide changes.  Parameters to be tested include bacteriology,
     temperature, and salinity on overlying waters, plus bacteriology on
     shellfish held in storage containers.

     Project Started:  November 1965 (duration - 2 years).
     Personnel:  2 microbiologists.
     Principal Investigators:  Walter Jakubowski and George Vasconcelos.

     Special Equipment:   special float for storage of shellfish.
                                    106

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166  NORTHWEST WATERSHED PROJECT:  U. S. Public Health Service,
     Division of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection,
     Interstate Carrier Branch, Gig Harbor.

     Project Objectives:

     To make physical, chemical, bacteriological and virological surveys
     of three watersheds in the Pacific Northwest.  All three watersheds
     are sources of potable water for large cities.  Two of the watersheds
     are closed to the public, while one is open for recreational purposes,

     Project Started:   October 1965 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:   2 engineers, 2 microbiblogists.
     Principal Investigator:  R. W. Coene.

     Special Equipment:  water sampler for virus collection.
167  DETERMINATION OF METHODS FOR RECLAMATION OF WATER FOR REUSE IN FISH
     CULTURE:  U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Longview.

     The objective of this investigation is to develop methods for the
     reconditioning of water for reuse in hatchery operations, thereby
     increasing the production capacity of a given water supply.  Bac-
     terial beds have been developed where nitrifying bacteria converts
     deleterious ammonia to harmless nitrate, thereby permitting the
     reuse of water after aeration.  Work has progressed to the point
     where it has been possible to reuse water as much as 50 times for
     fish culture.  Large scale prototype testing and refinements for
     temperature control and disinfection of the water supply remain
     to be explored.

     Project Started:  June 1963 (duration - to March 1967).
     Personnel:   2 engineers, 1 chemist, 2 biologists.
     Principal Investigators: Roger E. Burrows and Bobby D. Combs.

     Publications:  Quarterly and annual reports, Division of Fishery
     Research, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.


168  PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE UPPER COLUMBIA AND
     MIDDLE SNAKE RIVER BASINS:   U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
     Fish-Passage Research Program, Seattle.

     Limnological, hydrological and meteorological data collected show
     that the temperatures in the Columbia and Snake Rivers will continue
     to rise with further impoundment of these rivers unless preventive
     measures are taken.  This rise in temperature is incompatible with
     salmonid fishes using the river for spawning, rearing, and migration.
     Increased survival of the spawning stocks would occur if temperatures
                                  107

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     168 (continued)

     were lowered 15 degrees F. during the summer period.  Methods of con-
     trolling water temperature are being sought for the new Canadian
     storage projects on the Columbia and Snake Rivers.  It has been
     predicted, on the basis of incomplete data, that the cooler water
     which is expected to be delivered from high dams in the Middle
     Snake River can be carried through the proposed lower river reser-
     voirs and dams to the Columbia River.  Also, if cooler water is
     delivered to Chief Joseph Reservoir, there will be a gradual warming
     but cooler water will be carried through the proposed reservoirs to
     the lower Columbia River.  It has been apparent during the past year
     that waters of the Columbia from Grand Coulee to Bonneville Dams
     and the lower Snake River are supersaturated with nitrogen.  This
     supersaturation is highest during high flows when water is plunging
     over spillways.  Surveys are in progress to determine the extent
     of supersaturation during all times of the year and to determine
     the effect of high nitrogen content on salmon.

     Project Started:  1964 (duration - 7 years).
     Personnel:  3 engineers,  3 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  George R. Snyder.

     Publications:  Burt, Wayne V.  1963.  Preliminary study on the
     predicted water changes of the Lower Snake River due to effects of
     projected dams and reservoirs.  Part 1.  Forecasting water tempera-
     ture changes due to flow through intermediate depth reservoirs.
     Final report to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Water
     Research Associates, Corvallis, Oregon, Nov. 1963.  Processed.

     Novotny, Anthony J.  1964.  Importance of water temperature in the
     main stems of the Columbia and Snake Rivers in relation to the
     survival of salmon.  Processed.

     Raphael, Jerome M.  1964.  The effect of Chief Joseph Dam on
     temperature in the Columbia River.  June 1964.  Consultant Civil
     Engineer, Berkeley, California.  Processed.

     Snyder,  George R.  1964.  Potential source of cool water for fish
     facilities in the Columbia River Basin.  September 1964.  Processed,
169  WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT, EROSION CONTROL, AND SEDIMENT REDUCTION IN
     MIXED-CONIFER FOREST TYPES AND FOREST RANGES OF THE MID-COLUMBIA
     RIVER BASIN:   U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
     Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Wenatehee.

     In the mid-Columbia River system, most of the water available for
     irrigation, hydroelectric power, and domestic or industrial use
     originates in the alpine zone, upper-slope forests, and ponderosa


                                    108

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169 (continued)

pine grasslands occupying approximately 30 percent of the total
area.  The quantity and quality of raw water supplies depend upon
the condition of these headwater areas where timber, forage, and
recreation are also essential products,  Adequacy of future water
supplies depends upon how well technology is developed for manage-
ment of watershed resources, and there is great need for information
on management of forest lands for their maximum contribution to
usable water supplies.  The project objectives are to determine
how moisture disposition and use are influenced by forest and range
environments, climate, vegetative type, and soils; to relate inci-
dence of erosion to characteristics of soils, vegetation, topography,
climate and land use; and to develop sound principles and effective
techniques for improving water yields while maintaining or restor-
ing site stability in the mixed conifer forest and related range
types of the mid-Columbia River Basin in eastern Washington and
Oregon.

Project Started:  1956 (duration - Continuing).
Personnel:  1 chemist, 1 biologist, 1 hydrologist, 1 meteorologist.
Principal Investigator:  H. W. Berndt.

Special Equipment:  neutron depth/moisture probes, Terra Scout
portable seismograph, soil resistivity meter, plant growth control
chamber, nitrogen analyzer, spectrophotometer (Beckman DU), gamma
spectrometer (single channel).

Publications:  Fowler, William B.  1964.  Instrumentation for
radiation sampling in the forest environment.  Presented at 2nd
Weather Bureau-USDA Conference on Research in Meteorology and
Climatology, Washington, B.C., October 20, 1964.

Fowler, William B.  1964.  The energy budget and its use in
estimating evapotranspiration.  Proceedings, Society of American
Foresters, pp. 101-104,

Fowler, William B,  1965.  Spatial sampling requirements and
problems.  Presented at Research Conference on Energy Balance,
Washington, D. C.  November 15-19, 1965,

Lopushinsky, William.  1964.  Calcium transport in tomato roots.
Nature 201(4918):518-519.

Wooldridge, David D.  1964.  Effects of parent material and vege-
tation on properties related to soil erosion in central Washington.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 28(3):430-432.

Wooldridge, David D.  1965.  Soil properties related to erosion of
wildland soils in central Washington.  From Forest-Soil Relation-
ships in North America.  Paper presented at the Second North

                              109

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     169 (continued)

     American Forest Soils Conference, Oregon State University, 1963.
     C. 1965 by the Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

     Wooldridge, David D. and Harold Weaver.  1965,  Some effects of
     thinning a ponderosa pine thicket with a prescribed fire, II.
     J. For. 63(2):92-95.

     Wooldridge, David D.  1965.  Tracing soil particle movement with
     Fe-59.  Proc. Soil Sci. Soc, Am. 29(4):469-472,
170  EFFECTS OF REACTOR EFFLUENT ON COLUMBIA RIVER WATER QUALITY:
     BatteHe-Northwest, Division of Production, U. S. Atomic Energy
     Commission, Richland.

     Project Objectives:

     To develop improved relationships governing thermodynamics and dis-
     persion phenomena in freshwater streams.  By a combination of
     statistical studies, heat budget analyses, and internal energy
     balances determine the principal factors governing dispersion of
     effluent and the resulting water quality impact.

     Detailed Objectives:

     (1)  Determine the net effect of Hanford operation on Columbia River
          temperature.
     (2)  Determine the net effect of Hanford operation on Columbia River
          chemical concentrations.
     (3)  Determine the shapes and extents of effluent plumes, including
          areas of maximum effluent concentrations and potential problem
          areas.

     Project Started:  October 1962 (duration - through 1968)
     Personnel:  2 engineers, 5 technicians.
     Principal Investigator:   J. P. Corley.

     Publications:  Corley, J. P.  1964.  Effects of Hanford operations
     on Columbia River temperatures - interim report HW-80888 CLASSIFIED
     SECRET.
171  SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MODEL OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER:   Battelle-Northwest,
     Division of Production, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.

     Apply the heat budget method for synthesizing the thermal conditions
     characterizing the river regime.  Use the digital computer to apply
     realistic transport treatment based on modeled velocity distribution.
                                   110

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     171 (continued)

     and density current factors.  Minimize mathematical approximations
     such as coefficients, in order to take advantage of the computer
     memory for accounting.  Having characterized the hydraulic regime,
     add additional surface interchange mechanisms such as dissolved
     gases.

     Primary objective is to develop a real time model of the water
     quality factors in the Columbia River between Grand Coulee and
     the estuary.  Secondary objective, pending additional support,
     is to model the entire Columbia and tributaries for parametric
     study and surveillance purposes.

     Project Started:   April 1963 (duration - 2 to 3 years).
     Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 computation specialist, 1 mathematician.
     Principal Investigator:  R. T, Jaske,

     Publications:   Jaske, R.  T,  1965.  Prediction of'Columbia River
     temperatures downstream from Grand Coulee Dam for wide extremes
     of flow and weather conditions.  Contract report of U, S. Bureau
     of Commercial Fisheries,   Contract 65B-RO«1440,
172  PARAMETRIC FACTORS GOVERNING HEAT TRANSPORT FROM LAKE ROOSEVELT:
     Battelle-Northwest, Division of Production, U» S. Atomic Energy
     Commission, Richland*

     By a combination of statistical studies,  heat budget analyses,  and
     internal energy balances taken around Grand Coulee Dam and Lake
     Roosevelt, determine the principal factors governing the transport
     of heat to and from the lake.  Develop a  systems model to accurately
     predict thermal lags with application to  other upstream construction
     projects.  Develop additional insight into factors governing the
     optimization of water temperature for fish and nuclear production.

     Project Started:   July 1958 (duration - 3 to 5 years).
     Personnel:  2 engineers, 1 mathematician.
     Principal Investigator:   R, T. Jaske.

     Special Equipment:   Univac 1107 computer  and peripheral processing
     equipment.

     Publications:   Jaske, R. T. and G. R. Snyder,  The density current
     regime of Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, (In press),

     Jaske, R» T.   An evaluation of the use of selective discharges
     from Lake Roosevelt for cooling the Columbia River.  BNWL 20.
                                  Ill

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173  LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT:   Battelie-Northwest,
     Division of Reactor Development, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
     Richland.

     The research objective is to develop processes forradionuclide
     removal from water and waste water so that the treated effluent
     can be safely and economically released to the environment.

     Project Duration:  Continuing.
     Principal Investigator:   Dr. G. J, Alkire,

     Publications:  Mercer, B. W,  1962,  The decontamination of  conden-
     sate wastes containing ammonia,,  U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept.
     No. HW-71627, March 1962.

     Mercer, B, W.  1965.  Ion exchange treatment of intermediate level
     wastes.  U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept. No, BNWL-180.   August
     1965.

     Mercer, B, W. and L« L.  Ames.  1963,  The adsorption of cesium,
     strontium, and cerium on zeolites from multication systems.   U.S.
     Atomic Energy Commission Rept. No* HW-78461, August 1963,

     Nelson, J, L., G. J. Alkire and B, W, Mercer,  1964,  Inorganic  ion
     exchange separation of cesium from Purex-type high-level radioactive
     wastes.  Ind. & Engng, Chem. - Process Design & Dev, 3:143,  April  1964.

     Nelson, J. L, and B0 W.  Mercer.  Ion exchange separation of  cesium from
     alkaline waste supernatant solutions,  U.S,  Atomic Energy Commission
     Rept. No. HW 76449.

     Skarpelos, J. M.  1963.   Progress in treatment of a radioactive
     condensate waste,  U.S.  Atomic Energy Commission Rept, No.  HW-79174,
     October 1963.

     Skarpelos, J, M.  1963,   Treatment of radioactive condensate waste,
     Procwedings of the llth Pacific Northwest Industrial Waste  Conference,
     Corvallis, Oregon, May 1963.

     Touhill, C. J.  1965,  Utilization of radioactive waste research for
     industrial waste treatment.  Proceedings of  12th Pacific Northwest
     Industrial Waste Conference, Seattle, Washington, March 1965,
174  FIELD MONITORING OF RAD10NUCL1DES IN SOILS AND GROUND WATER:   Battelle-
     Northwest,  Division of Production,  U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
     Richland.

     Field investigations utilize ground water sampling and analysis,
     tracer techniques and specially developed monitoring equipment to
     define the  travel and zonal distribution of low concentrations of


                                   112

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     174 (continued)

     radionuclides in the subsurface environment. Information so obtained
     is an integral part of the program for regulated disposal of low and
     intermediate level radioactive wastes from Hanford operations.

     Principal Investigator:  W. A, Haney,

     Publications:  Brown, D, J. and J. R. Raymond.  1962,  Radiologic
     monitoring of ground water at the Hanford project.  J. Am. Wat.
     Wks. Assn. 54(10);1201-1212.  October 1962.

     Brown, D. J., et al.  Appraisal of Hanford waste disposal by
     integration of field techniques, pp. 181-188.  Proceedings of the
     International Colloquium on the Retention and Migration of Radio-
     active Ions in Soils, Saclay (Paris),

     Haney, W. A.  1964.  Fission product tritium in fuel reprocessing
     wastes.  Nucl^ Saf. 5(4).  October 1964.

     Nelson, J. L., et al.  Laboratory pilot and field scale studies
     of fission product migration rates in soils, pp. 107-115.  Pro-
     ceedings of the International Colloquium on the Retention and
     Migration of Radioactive Ions in Soils, Saclay (Paris).

     Nelson, R. W. and A. E. Reisenauer.  1963.  Application of radio-
     active tracers in scientific ground water hydrology.  Radioisotopes
     in Hydrology, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, pp. 207-230, August 1963.
175  FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON ZEOLITE ION EXCHANGE:   Battelle-Northwest,
     Division of Biology and Medicine, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
     Richland.
                                                  *
     Chemical equilibria and mineralogical studies are leading to a more
     fundamental understanding of zeolite behavior in multication systems.
     The extension of this basic work to waste water treatment application
     is being studied.

     Project Duration:  Continuing.
     Principal Investigator:   Dr. L.  L. Ames, Jr.

     Publications:   Ames,  L.  L,, Jr.   1962.  Effect of base cation on the
     cesium kinetics of clinoptilolite»  Am, Miner. 47:1301-1316.

     Ames,  L. L.,  Jr.  1962.  Kinetics of cesium reactions with some
     inorganic cation exchange materials.  Am. Miner. 47:1067-1078.
                                   113

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     175 (continued)

     Ames, L. L., Jr.  1963.  Kinetics of a replacement reaction.
     Econ. Geol. 58:1229-1236.

     Ames, L. L., Jr.  1963.  Mass action relationships of  some  zeolites
     in the region of high competing cation concentrations.   Am. Miner.
     48:868-882.

     Ames, L. L., Jr.  1963.  Synthesis of clinoptilolite-like zeplite.
     Am. Miner. 48:1374-1381.

     Ames, L. L., Jr.  1964.  Some zeolite equilibria with  alkali  metal
     cations.  Am. Miner. 49:127-145.

     Ames, L. L., Jr.  1964.  Some zeolite equilibria with  alkaline earth
     metal cations.  Am.  Miner. 49:1099-1110.

     Ames, L. L., Jr.  Zeolite type X equilibria with trivalent  cerium
     and yttrium cations.  J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 27:885-894.
176  DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF LARGE COMPLEX
     GROUND WATER FLOW SYSTEMS:   Battelle Northwest,  Division of  Biology
     and Medicine, U.  S.  Atomic  Energy Commission and Corps of Engineers,
     Richland.

     Digital computer  programs are being developed to analyze large,
     heterogeneous, three-dimensional ground water flow systems,  based,
     on energy  dissipation.   Capacity of about 40,000 node equations  is
     desired.  Input data are potentials and physical boundaries  in func-
     tional forms and  permeability boundary conditions.  Programs are
     completed  for obtaining flow paths and travel times. (Immediate
     application is to radioactive waste transport).

     Project Duration:   continuing.
     Principal  Investigator:  W. Haney.

     Publications:  Brown, D. J.  1963.  Piezometric  head distribution in
     sand-filled wells.  Jnl. Hydrol. 1:195-203.

     Nelson, R. W.  1965.  A sequence for predicting  waste transport  by
     ground water.  U.S.  Atomic  Energy Commission Rept. BNWL-63,  April
     15,  1965.

     Oster, C.  A.  1963.   Genoro - a general data fitting and linear  func-
     tion evaluation computer code for the IBM-7090.   U.S. Atomic Energy
     Commission Rept.  HW-76692,  May 1963.
                                   114

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177  PROCESS WATER TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION:   Battelle-Northwest,  Division
     of Production, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,  Richland,

     Water treatment optimization and filtration research are being
     conducted to make further improvements in process  water  quality.
     The effects of physical factors, chemical factors, and irradiation
     factors on filtration are being examined during the research.

     Project Started:   1965 (duration - continuing).
     Principal Investigator:   Dr. C« J, Touhill*
178  MATHEMATICAL MODEL ANALYSIS OF FLOW THROUGH PARTIALLY SATURATED
     HETEROGENEOUS POROUS MEDIA:   Battelle-Northwest,  Division of
     Biology and Medicine, U.S.  Atomic  Energy Commission,  Richland.

     Computer program was developed to  analyze steady-state flow in
     unsaturated heterogeneous soils.   Program uses  interation techniques
     to solve three-dimensional  cases for 8,000 grid points,  using soil
     parameter input  data for up to 13  soil  types.   Soil parameter
     measurement methods are  under investigation.  Extension to transient
     flow analysis is planned.  (Immediate application is  related  to
     radioactive waste movement  through the  vadose zone.)

     Principal Investigator:   W.  A. Haney.

     Publications:  King,  L.  G,   1965.   Description  of soil character-
     istics  for partially-saturated flow.  Proc.  Soil  Sci.  Soc. Am.

     Nelson,  R.  W.  1962.   Steady darcian transport  of fluids in hetero-
     geneous  partially-saturated  porous media,  Part  I,  Mathematical  and
     numerical formulation.   U.S.  Atomic Energy Commission Rept. HW-72335,
     Ft.  1.

     Reisenauer,  A, E.   1963.  Methods  for solving problems of  multi-
     dimensional partially-saturated steady  flow in  soils.   J.  Geophys.
     Res.  68(20):5725-5733,

     Reisenauer,  A, E.,  et al.   1963„   Steady darcian  transport of
     fluids  in heterogeneous  partially-saturated  porous media,  Part  2,
     The computer program.  U.S,  Atomic Energy Commission  Rept. HW-72335,
     Pt. 2.
                                  115

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 179  SOIL CHEMISTRY:   Battelle-Northwest,  Division  of Biology and Medicine,,
      U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,  Richland.

      A better understanding of  the  relationships  of  ion  exchange and ad-
      sorption behavior for various  soil types  is  provided by this research,
      The research findings are  being applied to waste migration and water
      reclamation studies.

      Project Duration:   continuing,

      Publications:  Nelson,  J.  L.,  W.  A, Haney  and  D. W, Bensen.  1962.
      Laboratory,  pilot  and field  scale studies of fission product
      migration rates  in soil.   U.S.  Atomic Energy Commission Rept.
      No.  HW-SA-2744,  September  1962.

      Hajek,  B.  F.   1965.   Some  adsorption, diffusion and dispersion
      characteristics  of  anions  in soils.  U.S. Atomic Energy Commis-
      sion  Rept. BNWL-36, pp. 4.1-4.5.

      Hajek,  B.  F.   1965.   Clay  mineral composition of two Hanford
      soils.  U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept. No. BNWL 36-TV,
      pp. 4.5-4.6.

      Hajek,  B.  F.   1965.   Adsorption,  migration and  dispersion of
      strontium  and  cesium  in an N-area soil.  U.S. Atomic Energy
      Commission Rept. No.  BNWL-CC-208.
180  MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF RESIDENT FISH:  Battelle-
     Northwest for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.

     Fish collected in the Columbia and Yakima Rivers in the area bounded
     by Benton City, Priest Rapids Dam and Richland are examined for
     Zinc~65 and Phosphorus-32 content for purposes of determining radid-
     nuclide dispersion by migrating fish.

     Project Started:   1964 (duration - to July 1966).
     Personnel:  1 biologist.
     Principal Investigator:   D. E. Watson.

     Publications:   Biology Department Annual Reports.
181  UPTAKE AND RETENTION OF RADIONUCLIDES BY COLUMBIA RIVER BIOTA:
     Battelle-Northwest, for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland,

     The purpose of this work is to investigate the cycling of radio-
     nuclides in the river biota below the Hanford reactors as this
     relates to concentration and dispersion of radionuclides in the
     ecosystem.
                                    116

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     181 (continued)

     Project Started:  1948 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:  4 biologists, 2 technicians.
     Principal Investigators:   C. C, Coutant, C. E. Gushing, D. G.
     Watson, W. L. Templeton,

     Publications:  Annual Reports - Biology Department.

     Gushing, C. E.  Periphyton productivity and radionuclide accumu-
     lation in the Columbia River, Washington, U.S.A. (In press).
182  THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES UPON UPTAKE AND TURNOVER
     RATES BY THE PERIPHYTON:  Battelie-Northwest, for the U. S.
     Atomic Energy Commission, Richland,

     Periphyton communities, cultured in the Columbia River and in
     the laboratory, are treated to a variety of environmental condi-
     tions in a specially designed exposure chamber equipped with an
     _in situ radiation detector to study the effects of these condi-
     tions on the uptake and cycling of selected radionuclides.
     Radionuclides to be used are those found in effluent waters from
     the Hanford reactors.  Productivity of periphyton (using C
     technique) will be related to radionuclide content).

     Project Started:  1964 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:  1 biologist.
     Principal Investigator:  C. E, Gushing.
183  REACTOR EFFLUENT MONITORING WITH FISH:   Battelle-Northwest, for
     U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.

     The purpose is to demonstrate in the laboratory effects of
     various concentrations of reactor effluent constituents on
     young fish, principally salmonids.  Various industrial chemi-
     cals are tested for their toxicity to fish prior to use in
     reactor cooling water.

     Project Started:   1945 (duration - continuing).
     Personnel:   2 biologists, 1 technician.
     Principal Investigators:   R,  E.  Nakatani and P. A. Olson.

     Special Equipment:   fish hatchery.

     Publications:   Biology Department Annual Reports.
                                  117

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184  STUDY OF CHINOOK SALMON SPAWNING WITHIN THE ENVIRONS OF THE HANFORD
     RESERVATION:  Battelie-Northwest, for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commis-
     sion, Richland.

     The purpose of this study is to determine annual fluctuations in
     locally spawning Chinook salmon and the relation of these fluctu-
     ations to the Hanford Works effluents and to nearby dams.

     Project Started:  1947 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:   1 biologist:.
     Principal Investigator:  D. G. Watson,

     Special Equipment:   aircraft.

     Publications:  Biology Department Annual Reports.
185  TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS:   Battelie-Northwest, for
     U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.

     The purpose of this work is to determine the effects of temperature
     on the morphology and physiology of aquatic organisms.  All levels
     of organization from the submicroscopic to the whole animal are
     being investigated.

     Project Started:   1964 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:   2 biologists, 1 technician.
     Principal Investigators:  J. M, Dean and R. E. Nakatani.

     Special Equipment:  electron microscope, respirometer.

     Publications:  Temperature effects on the metabolism of. fish,  Biology
     Department  Annual Research Reports - 1964-1965.  Batte lie-Northwest;.
186  COLUMNARIS DISEASE IN COLUMBIA RIVER FISHES:   Battelle-Northwest,
     for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.

     The purpose of this study is to determine the significance of higher
     river temperatures and radioactive water (produced by the Hanford
     Works) on the endemic disease, columnaris,  in salmonids.  The
     possible aggravation of columnaris by the introduction of reactor
     effluent into the Columbia River is under study for the protection
     of  the fishery resource of the river.

     Project Started:   1959 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:   1 biologist, 1 microbiologist.
     Principal Investigator:  M. P. Fujihara and R. E. Nakatani.

     Publications:   Results are reported yearly in the Biology Department's
     Annual Research Report.
                                   118

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187  DEGRADATION AND DEPLETION OF HERBICIDES IN DRAINAGE WATERS AND
     THEIR EFFECTS ON IRRIGATED CROPS:   Battelle-Northwest,  Richland.

     The purpose is to identify and determine quantities of  degrada-
     tion products of commercial herbicides in irrigation waters and
     crop plants and to identify the means by which herbicidal chemicals
     are broken down in the environment.

     Project Started:  Spring 1966 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:   1 chemist, 1 biologist, 2 technicians.
     Principal Investigators:  J. L. Nelson and C. C, Coutant,

     Special Equipment:   mass spectrometer, gas chromatograph.
188  COLUMBIA RIVER SURVEY:   Crown Zellerbach Corporation,  Central
     Research Division, Camas.

     Regular water quality surveys are made in the mill area to deter-
     mine the amount and distribution of mill effluents.  Effects of
     various systems and effluent discharge are measured between Camas
     and Skamokawa.  Mill wastes are characterized and amounts dis-
     charged are determined.  Field and in-plant bioassays  are run
     on a continuous basis.   New waste treatment processes  are inves-
     tigated, especially in  the area of automated techniques.

     Other activities in the water pollution area include chemical
     treatment and development of useful by-products from waste
     products.  This is being investigated extensively by the Chemical
     Products Division of Crown Zellerbach.  Design of water and waste
     treatment facilities is carried out by the appropriate mill divi-
     sion and the central engineering office.

     Project Started:  1956  (duration - continuing).
     Personnel:   2 chemists, 1 microbiologist, 4 hourly workers.
     Principal Investigator:  Dr. H. R. Amberg.

     Special Equipment:  fluorometers, spectrophotometers,  fermenta-
     tion pilot plant,  microbiological laboratory, boats for sampling.

     Publications:   Columbia River Study, A Progress Report 1958-1963,
     Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Camas Mill Division, November 1963.


189  EXPERIMENTAL STREAM PRODUCTIVITY STUDIES:  Weyerhaeuser Company,
     Longview.

     The principal objective of this project is to acquire  greater
     knowledge of the basic  principles governing biological produc-
     tivity in streams, in order to evaluate with more accurate
                                  119

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     189 (continued)

     understanding the significance of aquatic community structural
     changes, particularly as such changes refer to fishes.  For the
     purpose of these investigations, three artificial streams have
     been constructed on one of the company's tree farms.  Water for
     the streams is supplied by a large spring having a fairly uniform
     flow of about 16 cfs.

     The investigations will proceed in the following phases:

     (1-a)  Determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the
            water passing through the streams on a monthly, seasonal,
            and annual basis*
     (l~b)  Determine the aquatic community colonization rates in the
            test streams, and community structural changes (both quali-
            tative and quantitative) on a monthly, seasonal,  and annual
            basis.
     (1-c)  Ascertain any possible correlations between "a" and "b",
     (2-a)  Determine sources of energy to streams.
     (2-b)  Determine pathways and efficiencies of energy transfer
            through the major biotic levels,
     (3)    Introduce physical, chemical and biological variables so
            as to produce desired community structural changes as well
            as overall productivity.

     Project Started:  June 1965 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:   1 engineer, 2 chemists, 2 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  Rudolph Thut,
190  A STUDY OF THE PACIFIC OYSTER AND THE ESTUARINE EiWIRONMENT IN NORTH
     BAY OF GRAYS HARBOR:   Weyerhaeuser Company,  Longview.

     The primary objective of the project is to attempt to determine the
     physical, chemical, and biological factors responsible for oyster
     productivity; e,g»s growth,  fatness, and survival.  Two oyster
     growing areas have been selected in the North Bay of Grays Harbor,
     one of which produces better oysters than the other.  The problem
     is to determine what  factors or combination of factors account for
     the differences in oyster productivity*  The plan is:

     (1)  To define the water masses over each area by determining the
          respective physical, chemical, and biological characteristics;
     (2)  To characterize  the estuarine benthic substrate in the test areas;
     (3)  To determine the effects of such meteorological factors as, for
          example, rain, wind, solar radiation, atmospheric temperature.

     The oyster undergoes  a yearly physiological periodism and hence
     the studies are set up on a  yearly basis.  Special test oysters are
                                   120

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     190 (continued)

     maintained in each of the two test areas where they are checked
     for growth and mortality at monthly intervals,  In addition,
     oysters are taken from the adjacent commercial beds in each area
     twice a month and analyzed for protein, glycogen, moisture, and
     ash,,  Water samples are taken from both areas once every week
     over a 6-8 hour period commencing at low tide.  Correlation of
     the data is tested statistically with an IBM computer,

     Project Started:  January 1963 (duration - continuing).
     Personnel:   1 chemist, 2 biologists, 3 laboratory technicians.
     Principal investigator:   Robert B, Herrmann,

     Hermann, R, B,  1963„  A study of the Pacific oyster and estuar-
     ine environment in North Bay of Grays Harbor, February to June,
     1963,  Interim Report, Problem Plan 678,

     Hermann, R, B.  1964,  A study of the Pacific oyster and estuarine
     environment in North Bay of Grays Harbor, February to December,
     1963.  Interim Report, Problem Plan 678.

     Herrmann, R-  B.  1965.  A study of the Pacific oyster and estuarine
     environment in North Way of Grays Harbor, January to December,
     1964.  Interim Report, Problem Plan 678,
191  THE ECOLOGY OF CHRQMATI.UM IN SEWAGE PONDS:  College of Engineering
     Research Division, Washington State University, Pullman.

     Anaerobic stabilization ponds followed by aerobic ponds have come
     into increasing use as a simple and cheap method of sewage treat-
     ment.  Anaerobic ponds may produce unpleasant odors, but often do
     not.  One reason for the absence of odors may be that the photosyn-
     thetic sulfur bacteria present in such ponds utilize the ^S pro-
     duced.  Summer blooms of Chromatium_sj3, have been found in two
     series of waste treatment ponds in the Pullman, Washington area.
     Innumerable factors doubtless play a part in the growth of Chro~
     matj-um and other _Th i. o rhoda c e a e.  Nevertheless, from the habitats
     in which large numbers were  found, four ecological factors seem
     promising as ones which influence growth:  sulfide content,  light
     (abundance and quality), temperature,  arid dissolved oxygen content.
     The study aims to isolate species of Chromaj^rum from waste treat-
     ment ponds and study the growth response of the organisms under
     influence of the above factors.  Continuing observations will be
     conducted on anaerobic lagoons in an attempt to relate the ecolog-
     ical conditions which contribute to "blooms" of the purple sulfur
     bacteria.
                                 121

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     191 (continued)

     Project Started:  October 1, 1964 (duration - 2 years).
     Personnel:  1 biologist, 1 microbiologist,  2 technicians.
     Principal Investigator:   Donald S. May.

     Special Equipment:   bench-type ferraentor (Microferm,  manuf.  by New
     Brunswick Instruments).

     Publications:   Alton, David W.  1965.  Sulfide uptake by the purple
     sulfur bacterium Chromatium.  (Special problem report for M.S. degree),

     Stahl, John B. and Donald S. May.  1965.  Microstratification in
     waste treatment ponds.  Presented at the Pacific Northwest Pol-
     lution Control Association Meeting.  (To be submitted to the Water
     Pollution Control Federation Journal).

     Thompson, Ronald J.  1966.  Growth of Thiopedia and Chromatium
     organisms on various substrates.   (Special problem report for
     M.S. degree.)
192   ESTUARINE ECOLOGY:   University of Washington,  Seattle.

     Description of the water quality characteristics of lower Puget
     Sound,  Elliott Bay,  Everett Bay and the Duwamish Estuary.  Biolog-
     ical data will be collected by the Fisheries Research Institute
     and the Department of Oceanography, University  of Washington.
     Various physical and chemical parameters will be measured by
     METRO (Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle) and the U.  S.
     Geological Survey.

     Project Objectives include:

     (1)  Determining population density and the dynamics of  pelagic and
          demersal fishes in estuarine environments  and how they may be
          affected by various waste discharge.
     (2)  Develop a mathematical model to simulate flushing and diffusion
          rates of pollutants and the movements of salmon in an estuary.
     (3)  To define relationships between the food supply, utilization,
          and growth of pelagic and demersal fishes  in areas  influenced
          by different industrial developments.

     Project Started:  June 1, 1965 (duration - to May 31, 1970).
     Personnel:  2 biologists, 3 graduate students,  9 part-time field
     help, 7 fishery professors.
     Principal Investigator:  Dr. Donald E. Bevan.
                                    122

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193  EFFECT OF METAL VALENCE ON TOXICITY TO ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONj
     University of Washington, Seattle.

     A laboratory study of the effects of valence change on the
     city of copper in anaerobic digesters.

     Project Started:   March 1965 (duration - 1 year).
     Personnel:   2 engineers.
     Principal Investigator:  Dale A. Carlson.

     Publications:  Chmelauskas, A. J.  1965.  The effect of sodium
     chloride and sea water on laboratory anaerobic digesters.
     MrS. Thesis, University of Washington.
194  PULP MILLS WASTES IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT:   University of
     Washington, Seattle.

     Evaluation of the changes in chemical characteristics of pulp
     mill wastes as a result of contact with the marine environment.
     Bacteria capable of degrading the lignin fraction of pulp mill
     wastes, will be isolated, identified,  and their growth character-
     istics defined.  Whole and synthetic  pulp wastes will be fractioned
     into two categories: a) lignin derivatives, and b) sugars and
     acidic sugar derivatives.

     Project Started:  January 1965 (duration - 2 years).
     Personnel:   1 chemist.
     Principal Investigator:  Dale A. Carlson.

     Special Equipment:   total carbon analyzer.
195  UTILIZATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY ACTIVATED SLUDGEt   University of
     Washington, Seattle.

     A study of the mechanisms involved in the utilization of the major
     nitrogen fraction of sewage,  the proteins and protein fractions.
     Effects of molecular size were evaluated for various protein com-
     ponents ranging from the simplest amino acids to the complex,
     difficultly degraded Keratine such as hair.

     Project Started:   September 1962 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:   2 engineers.
     Principal Investigator:   Dale A. Carlson.

     Publications:   Utilization of free and combined amino acids by
     activated sludge.  Final Report for WP 00247.
                                  123

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     195 (continued)

     The biological degradation of a Keratin.  Symposium on Water
     Pollution Control, Nagpur, India,  1965.

     The biological degradation of resistant proteins,  Purdue
     Industrial Waste Conference,  1966,
196  WASTE WATER ODOR REDUCTION - MECHANISMS IN SOIL FILTERS:   Univer-
     sity of Washington, Seattle.

     Disagreeable odors associated with the transportation and storage
     of wastes are offensive to residents in the vicinity of transpor-
     tation and storage systems,  The soil filter has provided an
     economical means of removing sewage odors.  This research is con-
     cerned with establishing the responsible organisms,  identifying
     the intermediate and storage products formed, and investigating
     the optimal environmental conditions for maximal degradation of
     malodorous compounds in soil filters.  Other phases  of the study
     will be concerned with changes in soil characteristics during
     gas application, with depositions that might occur such as
     deposition of sulfur compounds during H/>S application, with gas
     pressures required for various gas flow conditions and with pure
     culture studies of responsible bacteriat.

     Project Started:  September 1965 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:  2 .engineers, 1 chemist, 1 microbiologist.
     Principal Investigator:   Dale A. Carlson,

     Equipment:  GC-2 gas chromatograph.

     Publications:  Methyl mercaptan removal by soil filtration
     (Pacific Northwest International Section, APCH, November 1965).

     Odor control with soil filters, the trend in engineering at the
     University of Washington, 1965.
197  FLUORESCENCE OF LIGNIN WASTE PRODUCTS:   University of Washington,
     Seattle.

     A systematic study of the fluorometric  properties of lignin
     derivatives in kraft and sulfite pulping wastes.  A primary objec-
     tive is the development of a rapid and  sensitive analytical method
     for the determination of the concentration and perhaps the type of
     pulp waste in water,
                                  124

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     197 (continued)

     Project Started:  March 28, 1966 (duration - one year).
     Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 chemist.
     Principal Investigator:  R. F. Christman.

     Special Equipment:  Model SF-1 fluorescence spectrophotometer,
     filtration columns, dissolved carbon analyzer, non-dispersive
     IR readout.
198  THE NATURE OF ORGANIC COLOR IN WATER:  University of Washington,
     Seattle.

     This research is primarily a qualitative organic study of the
     chemical structure of those naturally occurring molecules respon-
     sible for color in water.  The color producing materials isolated
     by ion-exchange and solvent extraction are subjected to mild
     oxidation.  Examination of the degradation products by thin
     layer chromatography and UV spectroscopy has resulted in the
     identification of seven structural elements of the color macro-
     molecule.

     Project Started:  October 1, 1963 (duration - to March 31, 1966).
     Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 chemist.
     Principal Investigator:  R. F. Christman.

     Special Equipment:   Brice~Phoenix light scattering photometer,
     dissolved carbon analyzer - non-dispersive IR readout.

     Publications:  Christman, R. F.  1964.  The chemistry of color
     in water.  The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington
     16(4):10.

     Christman, R. F. and M. Ghassemi.  The nature of organic color in
     water.   Final Report to the Public Health Service.  Research grant
     WP-00558, January 1966.

     Christman, R. F. and M. Ghassemi.  The chemical nature of organic
     color in water.  JV Am.'Wat. Wks. Assn. (la press),


199  LAKE WASHINGTON STUDY:   University of Washington, Seattle.

     Lake Washington responded to an increase over the years in the
     input of effluent from secondary sewage treatment plants.  The
     productivity increased greatly as manifested by a number of changes
     including the increased abundance of planktonic blue-green algae.
     A project is underway to divert all the effluent from the lake
     by the  middle of 1966.   About half had been diverted by the middle
                                 125

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     199 (continued)

     of 1966.  About half had been diverted by the middle of 1965, and
     the lake appears to be responding already.  Detailed studies of
     the chemical and biological features of the lake will be continued
     as the lake continues to change.  The main objective of this work
     is to contribute to the understanding of the role of the nutrient
     supply in controlling productivity and abundance of organisms in
     lakes.

     Project Started:  1955 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:   1 chemist, 3 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:   W. T, Edmondson.

     Publications:  Edmondson, W. T.  1965,  Reproductive rate of
     planktonic rotifers as related to food and temperature in nature.
     Ecol.  Monogr. 35:61-111.

     Edmondson,  W. T.  Lake eutrophication and water quality management.
     (In press).

     Edmondson,  W. T.  Changes in the oxygen deficit in Lake Washington.
     (In press).

     Oglesby, R. T. and W. T. Edmondson,,  Control of eutrophication.
     Rehabilitation.  (In press).

     Also progress reports to NSF,
200  INFLUENCE OP FOREST ECOSYSTEMS ON WATER QUALITY:  College of
     Forestry, University of Washington, Seattle, in cooperation with
     City of Seattle.

     The installation of the field instrumentation necessary to evaluate
     water quality and the rate of water flow in the soil profile is
     largely completed.  During the grant period of 1966 the investigation
     will be concerned with:

     (1)  Chemical analysis of leachates collected from various depths
          in soil profiles under untreated and treated conditions
          within the forest area.  Inorganic and some organic constitu-
          ents in the leachates will be identified.
     (2)  Evaluation of rate of decomposition of forest floor under field
          conditions by measurement of carbon dioxide production - C02
          evaluation will be related to environmental conditions and the
          quality of the soil water.
     (3)  Movement of certain biocides through forest floor and soils.
     (4)  Continued study of the effect of forest removal on rate of
          movement of materials.
                                    126

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     200 (continued)

     The overall objective of this study:  to relate the above features
     of the environment to the role of the forest ecosystem as it
     influences water quality.

     Project Started:  January 1, 1965 (duration - to January 1, 1967).
     Personnel:  1 chemist, 1 biologist.
     Principal Investigators:   Dr. S. P, Gessel, Dr. D. W. Cole.

     Special Equipment:  Tension lysimeters, and various types of field
     recording systems related to these.

     Publications:   Gessel, Stanley P. and D. W. Cole. 1965.  Influence
     of removal of forest cover on movement of water and associated
     elements through soil.  Paper presented on July 1, 1965, at
     Portland, Oregon.
201  UNIQUE DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN SULFONATES IN WATER:   University
     of Washington, Seattle.

     The objective of this study is to develop a method for the deter-
     mination of spent sulfite liquor in receiving waters that is
     unique for SSL.  The approach used is to hydrolyze the lignin
     sulfonates in the SSL to vanillin, and to isolate and determine
     the vanillin.

     Project Started:  January 1, 1964 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:  1 chemist.
     Principal Investigator:  Joseph L. McCarthy.
202  SUBLETHAL AMOUNTS OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES AND FISH:   University
     of Washington,  College of Fisheries, Seattle.

     The purpose of  this study is to evaluate the effects of minute
     concentrations  of insecticides (concentrations below the acutely
     toxic level) upon measurable aspects of the biology of desirable
     fish species.  We propose to study fish subjected to insecticides
     from hatching until sexual maturity; in particular,  to determine
     the effects of  dilute concentrations on early embryonic growth,
     early development, hatching of the fish, growth, ability to swim,
     ability to react to stimuli, and ability to reproduce.  Much of the
     early effort will be devoted to the development of apparatus and
     methodology because the methods of evaluating many of these res-
     ponses have not been known.  Substantial emphasis will be placed
     upon histological and pathological studies.  In particular,
     studies will be made of the hematology of fish subjected to
     sublethal concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.
                                   127

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     202  (continued)

     Emphasis will be placed on changes in cell morphology and changes
     in the numbers of cells.  Biochemical tissue responses as well as
     tissue responses will be evaluated.  It is hoped that the data
     will help to evaluate the effect upon aquatic life of the organic
     insecticides present in our waterways.  This information will help
     regulatory agencies to set upper tolerable limits of insecticide
     concentrations, and to inform and educate insecticide manufacturers
     and users.  It is hoped that it will stimulate them to adopt proper
     manufacturing and use patterns, and will hasten the development
     of specific insecticides that will not be environmental poisons.

     Project Started:  June 1, 1966 (duration - 5 years)
     Personnel:  3 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:   Max Katz.

     Special Equipment:   Mount-Warner diluter, gas chromatograph, fish
     activity apparatus.
203  STUDIES OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT LIGNIN SULFONATES:  University of
     Washington, Seattle.

     The objective of this study is to isolate and purify low molecular
     weight lignin sulfonates and determine their structure and reac-
     tivity.

     Project Started:  September 1, 1964 (duration - 2 years).
     Personnel:  1 chemist.
     Principal Investigator:   Joseph L. McCarthy.
204  THE NATURE OF BLEACH PLANT EFFLUENT STREAMS:  University of
     Washington, Seattle.

     The object of this study is to determine the general nature of the
     substances present in the effluent liquors from pulp mill bleach
     plants and the relative concentrations in which the main types
     are present.

     Project Started:   January 1, 1965 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:  1 chemist,
     Principal Investigator:  Joseph L. McCarthy.
                                    128

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205  SALT WATER ENTRAINMENT FOR DILUTION IN SEWER OUTFALLS:   University
     of Washington, Department of Civil Engineering, Seattle,

     This investigation is an experimental and analytical study of the
     mechanism of entrainment of a fluid of one density into a conduit
     passing through an infinite still volume of this ambient fluid and
     through which flows a fluid of different density.  This particular
     motivation is to obtain basin information which could be applied
     in the sanitary engineering design of sewer outfalls discharging
     into salt water,  Entrainment of salt water into the outfall prior
     to ultimate discharge would decrease the density differential be-
     tween effluent and receiving water, thereby decreasing the amount
     of diffusion necessary to produce acceptable sewage concentrations
     at the water surface,  Entrainment may be accomplished through
     inlet ports in the wall, or by an ejector configuration, placed
     in a reduced-pressure "venturi" section (manifold) in the outfall
     conduit.  The investigation deals with those factors influencing
     entrainment rates, namely:   density and pressure differentials
     between ambient and conduit fluids, velocity of conduit flow
     approaching the point of entrainment, and inlet geometry.  Two
     basic types of configuration are being studied to obtain basic
     information in order to evaluate the economic feasibility and
     design criteria for this method of obtaining a more dilute sewer
     outflow,

     Project Started:  September 1, 1963 (duration - 3 years).
     Personnel:   1 engineer, 1 graduate student, 1 machinist.
     Principal Investigator:  Ronald E, Nece.

     Publications:   Nece, R, E,, P, Goldstern and J. L. Black. 1966.
     Single-port suction manifolds,  J.  Hydr^-ul^
     Civ.   Engfs.,  January 1966,
206  EFFECT OF DAM CONSTRUCTION ON DOWNSTREAM WATER TEMPERATURE:
     University of Washington,  Department of Civil Engineering,
     Seattle.

     Effects of dam construction and reservoir impoundment on one par-
     ticular downstream water property-temperature are to be evaluated.
     Initial phases of the proposed study are aimed at obtaining a
     correlation between basin climatologieal factors and stream
     temperatures in the natural, pre-construction phase so that
     effects of construction and consequent regulation may be evaluated
     from comparable data obtained during and after reservoir filling
     stages,  The field areas selected for this study are the North
     Fork and the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River, on the western
     slope of the Cascade Mountains in the state of Washington.  Dams
     are proposed for each stream,.  The watersheds are relatively
     unpopulated and underdeveloped, with drainage areas of approxi-
     mately 64- and 170 square miles, respectively, and are typical
                                129

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     206 (continued)

     of basins in the Pacific Northwest which may be used for power,
     flood control, and/or recreation dams in the future.  One
     particular application of the results of the project would be
     in considering the consequences of future dam projects on the
     ecology of downstream fish resources.

     Project Started:  July 1, 1965 (duration - through June 30, 1968)
     Personnel:  1 engineer, 1 graduate student.
     Principal Investigator:  Ronald E. Nece.
207  DILUTION EFFECTS ON NUTRIENTS AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY:   University
     of Washington, Seattle.

     Green Lake, Seattle, is a naturally eutrophic body of water with a
     high recreational use.  An attempt is being made to limit primary
     production by continuous, large-scale addition of nutrient-poor
     water from the domestic supply,  The primary objective of the study
     is to determine the rate of nutrient reduction and to demonstrate
     the consequent qualitative and quantitative changes in phytoplank-
     ton,

     Project Started:   June 15, 1965 (duration - to June 14,  1968).
     Personnel:   2 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  Ray T* Oglesby.

     Publications:  Oglesby, R, T- and W. T. Edmondson,  Control of
     eutrophication.  J. Wat.. Pol lu.t.  Contr o .1. Fed. (in press).


208  EFFECTS OF A LARGE, RAW SEWAGE OUTFALL ON THE MARINE BENTHOS:
     University of Washington, Seattle.

     Using Scuba gear, the bottom near the outfall was directly examined.
     A sampling program was evolved, which included a spectrum of bottom
     conditions ranging from clean sand to organic sludge.  Plastic
     tubing was permanently mounted at the mud-water interface and extend-
     ed' buoys at the surface so that water samples could be drawn from
     just off the bottom for each station.  Net bottom currents were
     determined by taking measurements at short intervals of time over
     a 40 hour period.  Chemical studies were made of the following
     parameters:  DO,  ammonia, ^S, Pb, Cu, organic and inorganic
     solids.  Extensive bottom surveys are being made for study of
     the benthic fauna.  Correlations are being sought between care-
     fully-defined marine environments exhibiting various degrees of
     organic pollution and the kinds and numbers of organisms which
     inhabit them.
                                    130

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     208 (continued)

     Project Started:  January 1965 (duration - to August 1966).
     Personnel:  2 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  R. T. Oglesby,
209  STUDY OF SALMON STOCKS OF THE SNOHOMISH RIVER WATERSHED:  Univer-
     sity of Washington, Seattle.

     Study of the physical and some chemical characteristics of the
     Snohomish River watershed in relation to the ecology of Chinook
     and coho salmon.  The study is an auxiliary or addition to the
     study of the water quality of Everett Bay and its role as an area
     of salmon migration and residence.

     Project Started:  September 1965 (duration - to September 1966).
     Personnel:   5 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:  Ernest 0. Salo.
210  EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK SALMON STREAMS IN
     ALASKA:  Fisheries Research Institute, University of Washington,
     Seattle.

     The U. S. Forest Service initiated studies to evaluate the effects
     of logging on the productivity of salmon streams in Southeastern
     Alaska at Hollis in 1949.  In 1956, the Fisheries Research Insti-
     tute commenced a study of the biological aspects of the effects of
     logging.  The physical and biological characteristics of four
     streams in the Hollis area have been monitored since 1956.  The
     study has two major objectives:

     (1)  To determine the effects of logging on the quality of the
          spawning bed and stream environment as it pertains to
          growth,  development, and survival of salmon eggs and
          alevins.
     (2)  To provide criteria for increasing the production of fry,
          the improvement of natural spawning areas, and the construc-
          tion of  artificial spawning areas.

     Project Started:  1956 (duration - indefinite).
     Personnel:   3 biologists.
     Principal Investigator:   Ernest 0.  Salo

     Publications:  McNeil, William J.  1964.  A method of measuring
     mortality of  pink salmon eggs and larvae.  U. S. Fish and Wildlife
     Service, Fishery Bulletin 63(3):575-588.  University of Washington,
     College of  Fisheries, Contribution No. 119.
                                 131

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     210 (continued)

     McNeil, William J.  1964.  Redd super-imposition and egg capacity
     of pink salmon spawning beds.  J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 21(6):1385-
     1386.  University of Washington, College of Fisheries, Contribution
     No. 197.

     McNeil, William J. and Warren H. Ahnell.  1964.  Success of  pink
     salmon spawning relative to size of spawning bed material.  U, S.
     Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries
     No. 469.  University of Washington, College of Fisheries, Con-
     tribution No. 197.

     Shapley, S» Philip and Daniel M, Bishop.  1965.  Sedimentation in
     a salmon stream.  J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 22(4): 919-928.  University
     of Washington, College of Fisheries, Contribution No. 76.

     Sheridan, William L.  1960.  Frequency of digging movements  of
     female pink salmon before and after egg deposition.  An. Behav.
     8(3-4):228-230, July-October.  University of Washington, College
     of Fisheries, Contribution No. 68.

     Sheridan, William L.  1961.  Temperature relationships in a  pink
     salmon stream in Alaska. Ecology 42(1):91-98, January.  University
     of Washington, College of Fisheries, Contribution No. 76.
211  STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF REFUSE DISPOSAL ON THE WATER QUALITY OF
     UNION BAY:   University of Washington, Seattle.

     Since about 1930 the city of Seattle has used the marshland in
     and around Union Bay for the disposal of waste materials (garbage,
     refuse, ashes, etc.).  This arrangement has been mutually beneficial
     to the city of Seattle and the University of Washington, for con-
     siderable land has been reclaimed at a nominal cost to the Uni-
     versity.  Union Bay is a small, shallow body of fresh water which
     forms the outlet of Lake Washington into Lake Union which drains
     eventually into Puget Sound.  The purpose of the study is to
     collect and evaluate water quality data in and around the edge
     of Union Bay to determine the effect, if any, the refuse disposal
     operation has or will have on the water quality of Union Bay.  The
     major emphasis is on the possible eutrophication of the adjacent
     waters.

     Project Started:  July 1, 1961 (duration - to July 1, 1966).
     Personnel:   1 engineer.
     Principal Investigator:  Robert W. Seabloom,
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212  AN INTEGRATED STUDY OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON - WATER
     QUALITY:   University of Washington,  Department of Civil Engineer-
     ing, Seattle.

     Evaluation of present and predicted  future (under various alter-
     native development possibilities) water quality in the state of
     Washington.

     Project Started:   November 1965 (duration - to November 1966),
     Personnel:  2 engineers.
     Principal Investigator:  Robert 0. Sylvester.
213  A STUDY OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTHEAST GEORGIA STRAIT IN
     ASSOCIATION WITH THE INTALCO ALUMINUM PLANT:   University of
     Washington, Civil Engineering Department,  Seattle.

     To determine possible impact of a new aluminum reduction plant
     on the marine environment.

     (1)  Study of water mass movement.
     (2)  Effluent characteristics and their behavior in sea water.
     (3)  Effluent constituents  present in sea  water.
     (4)  Calculation of effluent dispersion from submarine outfall.
     (5)  To determine most desirable location  for outfall.
     (6)  Document existing flora and fauna of  area (intertidal).
     (7)  Determine bottom current velocities.
     (8)  Document benthic flora and fauna.
     (9)  Document existing fishery resources.
    (10)  Existing marine water  quality seasonally.
    (11)  Bioassay studies with  effluent.
    (12)  Evaluation of above data.

     Project Started:   June 16,  1965 (duration  -  to December 31, 1966),
     Personnel:   2 engineers,  1  chemist,  3 biologists.
     Principal  Investigator:   Robert 0. Sylvester.
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                                   WYOMING
214  EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY STUDIES;   University
     of Wyoming, Laramie.

     To measure growing season evapo-transpiration and make  correlations
     with climatic factors.  To determine border,  field and  farm effi-
     ciency of water use.  To estimate probable future farm  irrigation
     water needs.

     Project Started:  August 1961 (duration - 6 years).
     Personnel:  2 engineers, 1 soil technician.
     Principal Investigator:  Robert Burman.

     Special Equipment:  humidity and temperature  gradient sensing and
     recording equipment; neutron moisture probes, net sensors and
     recorders for measuring vertical energy balances (net radiation,
     solar radiation, albedo, soil heat flow); wind speed and direction,
     recording equipment.
215  MICROCLIMATIC FACTORS FOR FOUR PLANT COMMUNITIES ON ELK MOUNTAIN:
     University of Wyoming, Laramie.

     To study the effect of two methods of sagebrush control on the
     following:

     (1)  Moisture retention and depletion in the soil.
     (2)  The total energy balance over the plant canopy.
     (3)  Stands and production of native forage and the weedy species.

     TO describe and map various plant communities at four elevations
     on the Northwest exposure of Elk Mountain and to relate them to
     certain hydrologic parameters within these plant communities.

     Project Started:  July 1965 (duration - 5 years).
     Personnel:   2 engineers.
     Principal Investigator:   Clarence Becker.

     Special Equipment:  humidity and temperature gradient sensing  and
     recording equipment; neutron moisture probes; net sensors and
     recorders for measuring vertical energy balances (net radiation,
     solar radiation, albedo, soil heat flow); wind speed and direction
     recording equipment.
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