INVENTORY OF RESEARCH
IN
WATER POLLUTION AND OTHER RELATED FIELDS
COLUMBIA BASIN AND PACIFIC COAST STATES
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon
November 1966
-------
OOOR66104
INVENTORY OF RESEARCH
IN
WATER POLLUTION AND RELATED FIELDS
COLUMBIA BASIN AND PACIFIC COAST STATES
Compiled by
Lyman J. Niels on
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon
November
-------
INDEX
Foreword --------. — . --• i
Introduction = -< --• _______ _ ii
TABLE I -
Project Distribution Among Research Categories iv
TABLE II -
Financial Resources Allocated for Research _--. ____ v
TABLE III -
Personnel Resources vi
Research Index --• — vii
j\ i 3 S Kcl »•_»*»•*_•««*»-«_•»_-•»"«»«-»»»"-»-•-»_»--•"""«-»-»_"-»_»»»•»_"_»_«_-'-»_«•--•••»•-'"_•_-•--'•-»"-» ^
British Columbia --. 5
California 11
Hawaii , 55
Idaho - -- 57
Montana . -_ 59
Oregon -. __-- 63
Utah - - — 97
Washington • 101
Wyoming -• . 135
-------
FOREWORD
In 1957, Mr. Edward F. Eldridge, Technical Consultant to the Federal
Government's water pollution control activities headquartered in Portland,
Oregon, introduced the first Inventory of Research in Water Pollution and
Related Fields --^Columbia Basin and Pacific Coast $tates. Since that"
time periodically updated inventories have served as useful tools to
scientists engaged in water pollution control activities. The current
issue derives from the earlier inventories. It has been expanded to
provide information on the distribution of resources and efforts among
the various categories of water pollution research, and the range of
participation by professional discipline. It; is hoped that this document
will stimulate closer working relationships; among the Region's scientists
and will improve coordination of their efforts.
Director of Research
-------
INTRODUCTION
This is the seventh inventory of water pollution research for the
Columbia River Basin and Pacific Coast States. In addition to the
customary abstract of each research project, this issue provides infor-
mation relating to distribution of efforts in various areas of water
pollution research. Each researcher submitting data for the inventory
was asked to indicate the pertinent research area or areas of his
project. The data submitted are given in three tables.
Table 1, Allocation of Financial Resources, provides information
on the relative distribution of research funds. Inasmuch as researchers
reporting did not, in many cases, indicate the major emphasis of research
but simply checked several categories, this table shows a total of 517
project activities, whereas only 215 projects were reported. To determine
the over-all stress of research, whenever more than one area of research
was indicated, the funds for the project were divided equally among all
categories checked.
The total financial resources shown in Table I are extrapolated to
indicate the probable totals for all projects reporting. This was neces-
sary because a number of researchers failed to provide financial data.
Table II is a summary of the source of research funds. Funds shown
under states and universities include not only research financed by
various state agencies, but also research initiated and budgeted by the
universities.
Table III provides data on Personnel Resources. Manpower information
for 182 projects indicates that 671 persons are employed in water pollu-
tion research in the states of Alaska, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, and the Province of British
Columbia. This figure is undoubtedly high because the same personnel may
be used on more than one project. For this reason the 422.3 man years
per year of research effort are considered a better measure of manpower
allocated to this research. It should be noted that 33 projects, or over
15 percent of the research summaries submitted, did not contain data on
personnel resources used. Had all projects reported manpower, approxi-
mately 500 man-years annually would be indicated.
This table reveals a wide diversity of disciplines interested in
water pollution control. Sixteen professional skills were listed, in-
cluding the "doctor" and "lawyer", if not the "Indian Chief", in addition
to special consultants and technicians. This spread of interest among
many disciplines may be indicative of increasing awareness to the prob-
lem of water pollution as it touches virtually every aspect of human
behavior.
11
-------
The research summaries are grouped alphabetically by states. Each
project has been numbered for indexing. In the research index each project
is listed under all pertinent areas. For example, project number one is
related to watershed protection, fish and wildlife, and effects of pollu-
tion> and is therefore indexed under all three headings.
The listing of each research project contains the following basic
information as submitted:
(1) Title of project,
(2) Name of institution doing research,
(3) A summary or abstract of project including objectives,
(4) Date project was started,
(5) Estimated duration of project,
(6) Name of principal investigator,
(7) Number and disciplines of personnel on project,
(8) Unusual or extraordinary equipment, and
(9) Brief bibliography of pertinent publications.
ill
-------
H
CM
^ CO
< w
M U
O OS
— 'vOCsl OOOcor*-
i-
3 C
14-I
as
CO 42
U 4J
CU CU O 4J 00 CU
Cf24J>-l3OM-4
OOlQCUCU'-iC'i-l
S O -H O M-l M-l
CO S-i 03 O O CU
CU
4J
4-> CO
C m
.*
-HCJO
cu
M e
W -i-l CU I-l
o> e 4-i 4->
4J -H O Cfl M-l
O
•H
4-1
O
CU
4J
O
4-1 CU
CO CU *O
O3cjc/)
COcOO
4J4JjHCO>Cfl.-l4JOCJgM-l CO
ocjcq o i-i cu i-i :04-iOi-ij-i
(UO'-icuiHCO
CU
4-1 Cfl
CO
U 00
C
42 "H
O >
CO cfl
CU 42
O 13
4J C
CO
T3
CU 42
4J CJ
CO H
J-l cfl
1 cu
O CO
J-I CU
CU J-i
•
CU 14-1 T3
J-l O CU
CU 4-1
IS (0 CO
CU CJ
4-1 i-l -H
CJ J-I T3
CU 0 C
•<-| 00 i-l
O CU
j-i 4-> en
CU Cfl CU
O i-l
CO J-i
4J O
J-i C 00
O cu CU
14-1 J-I 4-1
CU CO
T3 14-1 O
CU M-l
4J i-l Q)
J-I "O 42
0 4J
CU cu
CU > 14-1
J-I -H O
14-1
CO 42
CU 00 CJ
CJ C co
J-l- *H U)
3 >
0 -I M
CO O O
CU ^ M-l
J-i (2
•H 0
^ O
CO 4-1 O
i-l O *
O CU CM
C ••-> -co-
co O
C M CO
••-1 CU cfl
M-l
CO T3
r-l CU
(0 03 4J
4J 3 CO
O 42 -H
H H -i
i— i
4J
O
C
CO
cfl
&
00
c
•H
-o
C
3
M-I
CU
J-i
cu
42
CO
4J
O
CU
•>— 1
o
J^
cu
J_(
o
M-l
CO
cu
CJ
J-I
3
O
CO
0)
J-I
1— 1
cfl
•H
0
C
CO
C
•H
M-l
cu
T)
3
i— i
CJ
C
•H
0
4J
•U
CU
4J
cfl
i— i
O
CU
CO
j^
4-1
"K
CU
03
•H
r-l
CO •
4J T3
O CU
4J 4J
^
03 O
•H O.
42 01
H M
CM
IV
-------
TABLE II
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
ALLOCATED FOR RESEARCH*
SOURCE OF
FUNDS
Federal
States & Universities
Municipal
Industrial
Not Indicated
TOTAL
CURRENT
YEAR
$3,373,790
1,504,483
12,905
292,043
234,437
$5,417,658
PERCENT OF
TOTAL
62,27
27,77
0,24
5.39
4.33
100.00
*In 26.5 percent of the research summaries submitted, financial resource
information was not given.
-------
TABLE III
PERSONNEL RESOURCES
DISCIPLINE
Engineers
Chemists
Biologists
Microbiologists
Ocean ographers
Geologists
Soil Scientists
Mathematicians
Economists
Hydrologists
Foresters
Biochemists
Meteorologists
Doctors of Medicine
Lawyers
Sanitarians
Technicians
Consultants
TOTAL
NUMBER REPORTED
151
85
173
52
31
14
14
9
4
6
4
1
1
1
1
1
113
10
671
MAN YEARS /YEAR
84.0
48.5
122.5
34.3
27.8
7.5
7.3
5.0
2.5
5.5
3.1
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.5
69.7
1.5
422.3
33 projects not reporting.
vi
-------
RESEARCH INDEX
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT: 7, 19, 21, 39, 40, 46, 47, 54, 62, 65, 68, 69,
74, 95, 97, 173, 188
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: 2, 49, 57, 72, 73, 149, 188, 197, 198, 213
CHARACTERIZATION: 4, 5, 7, 12, 17, 18, 25, 27, 42, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52,
55, 57, 65, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 87, 88, 89, 96, 100, 107,
108, 110, 113, 123, 124, 139, 147, 150, 156, 157, 159, 170, 175, 176, 178,
188, 190, 192, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204, 209, 213
DISPOSAL OF WASTE EFFLUENTS: 14, 15, 16, 23, 27, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 46,
47, 61, 62, 73, 74, 89, 95, 97, 110, 113, 114, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125,
137, 152, 153, 154, 165, 174, 179, 188, 191, 194, 205, 213
ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT: 35, 38, 49, 67, 68, 112, 116, 128, 135, 163
EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT: 2, 71, 72, 73, 75, 88, 96, 102, 103, 108, 109,
111, 120, 124, 125, 126, 147, 166, 168, 192, 200, 213
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 25, 34, 36, 42,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 59, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 88, 90,
98, 100, 105, 110, 111, 113, 118, 120, 123, 125, 126, 127, 131, 136, 138,
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 160, 161, 164,
165, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 192, 199, 208, 211,
213
ESTUARTNE OCEANOGRAPHY: 2, 3, 9, 10, 43, 45, 57, 67, 71, 75, 77, 78,
94, 106, 114, 121, 137, 139, 141, 144, 145, 154, 159, 165, 190, 192
FISH AND WILDLIFE: L, 2, 8, 11, 23, 36, 71, 75, 76, 80, 81, 98, 101,
102, 117, 120, 122, 126, 127, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 156, 157, 162,
164, 167, 168, 180, 181, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 202,
209, 210, 213
IMPROVED TREATMENT: 21, 61, 62, 68, 69, 89, 110, 125, 188, 193
INTERACTION OF WASTES: 24, 70, 125, 149, 179, 213
MISCELLANEOUS: 6, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 41, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 60,
63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 75, 76, 83, 84, 85, 86, 92, 95, 98, 99, 100, 104,
112, 114, 116, 120, 128, 132, 133, 134, 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 149,
162, 191, 192, 196, 212
vii
-------
RESEARCH INDEX (continued)
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS: 2, 4, 7, 18, 40, 45, 47S 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,
55, 56, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,
87, 98, 104, 108, 117, 118, 135, 143, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154,
155, 160, 166, 168, 189, 197, 198, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213
ROLE OF WATER IN GROWTH-, 87
SURFACE INTERACTIONS: 57, 66$ 75, 125, 142, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,
200, 213
TREATMENT OF WATER: 20, 39, 93, 119, 163, 167, 177, 188, 192, 195
USE OF WATER OF IMPAIRED QUALITY: 20, 26, 31, 47, 51, 52, 65, 85, 108,
119, 120, 150, 167, 168, 186, 187, 188, 192
WATER SUPPLY: 2, 25, 32, 39, 44, 47, 49, 50, 76, 91, 100, 101, 115,
130, 148, 150, 166, 169, 172, 176, 178, 209, 214, 215
WATERSHED PROTECTION: 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 33, 36, 40, 98, 101, 103,
108, 124, 126, 127, 129, 135, 148, 166, 169, 200, 210
viii
-------
ALASKA
1 MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON SALMON PRODUCTION: Alaska
Department of Fish & Game, cooperating with U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, U, S« Forest Service, Region 10, Juneau.
Object: To detect changes in the stream environment that may result
from land use and evaluate such changes (to a large extent in a
quantitative manner) so remedial action may be taken or the pattern
of land use management practices may be changed to obtain satisfac-
tory results,
Characteristics Monitored: (1) Composition of streambed spawning
areas. (2) Stream channel configuration and amount and kind of
debris in the stream. (3) Streamflow and water temperature.
(4) Classification of soil types in the watershed. (5) Sources
of sediment. (6) Production of salmon fry and survival. (7) Assess-
ment of adult salmon escapement. Primary effort to date has been in
conjunction with logging and road building. The maximum effort
anticipated is the extension of monitoring activities to ten differ-
ent drainages with varying physical characteristics. The studies
have been a cooperative venture between the U. S. Forest Service
and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game with each agency re-
sponsible for part of the work; recently the Alaska Department of
Fish and Game is receiving support from the Federal Government
under the Commercial Fisheries Research and Development Act.
Project started: Spring 1963 (duration - five or more years).
Personnel: 1 biologist, 1 fisheries technician, 1 temporary employee.
Principal Investigator: Theodore C. Hoffman.
Publications: Hoffman, Theodore C., William L. Sheridan and Frank
J. Ossiander, 1965. Effects of causeway construction at Starrigavan
Creek, Southeastern Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Information Leaflet No. 71, 32 p. (Processed).
Hoffman, Theodore C, and William L. Sheridan. 1965. A technique
for evaluating effects of land use on salmon streams. Alaska
Science Conference Proceedings for 1965. (In process).
-------
2 PESTICIDES INVESTIGATIONS: U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Juneau,
Project consists of two phase.-:
(1) Monitoring of environment of fishes, especially for DDT.
(2) Cooperative program of research (U. S. Forest Service and U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries) to develop a biological control
of blackheaded budworm. The acceptable control organism must
be harmless co fish and shellfish and effective enough to make
chemical pest control unnecessary.
A third phase has been completed: Effect of 1/4 pound per acre
DDT application on stream ecology.
Project started: 1960.
Personnel: 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Howard S. Sears,
Special Equipment: Continuous running supply of freshwater and sea-
water; complete facilities for maintaining fish and shell fish alive.
Spectrophotometer, Fluorometer, Gas Chromatograph.
Publications: Reed, Roger J. Effects of DDT on the ecology of
salmon streams in Southeastern Alaska. (In press).
KINETICS OF VITAMIN LIMITED ACTIVITY: Institute of Water Resources,
University of Alaska, College.
The objective of this project is to relate the concentration of one
class of required nutrients to microorganism growth velocity to
assess the significance of naturally occurring concentrations of
vitamins. Ihiamine and the Thiamine requiring yeast Cryptococcus
albidus are being used for the required kinetic measurements.
Project started: December 1, 1965.
Personnel: 1 microbiologist, 1 biochemist.
Principal Investigator: D. K, Button.
Special Equipment: Continuous culture system.
-------
THE DISTRIBUTION AND SUCCESSION OF AQUATIC PLANT COMMUNITIES IN
RELATION TO PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS LAKES
AND PONDS OF IHE TANANA VALLEY, CENTRAL ALASKA: University of
Alaska, College,
This study is an attempt to rectify the dearth of information
concerning the distribution, community associations and successional
sequences of aquatic vascular plants in lentic habitats of Central
Alaska, so as to allow generalized regional conclusions regarding
the effects of physical-chemical characteristics of water on the
nature of aquatic vegetation, and the latter on water characteris-
tics, Through an analysis of aquatic begetation samples (for
species composition, abundance, frequency, cover and/or species dry
weights) at each of various stations established at different water
depths, bottom types, and exposures to wave action in the limnetic
zone and immediate land margin of various different-sized lakes and
ponds of the Tanaaa Valley, interior Alaska, quantitative descrip-
tions of aquatic tracheophyte communities are being made. An
attempt is being made to assess relative ecologlc positions or
successional trends of aquatic plant associations along lake mar-
gins and to correlate this vegetational information with data to be
obtained from an analysis of water characteristics (including tem-
perature at various depths, pH, dissolved oxygen content, light
penetration, salinity, total hardness) at the same stations sampled
at regular 2-3 week intervals throughout the summer season. The
study should result in a better understanding of the interrelations
of water characteristics and aquatic vascular vegetation including
the possible role of aquatic vascular plant communities as useful
indicators of physical-chemical characteristics of lakes and ponds
in interior Alaska,
Project Started: January 1966 (duration - to May 1967),
Personnel: 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Dr, Vernon L, Harms.
INHERENT AND MAXIMUM MICKOBIAL ACTIVITY IN SMITH LAKE: University
of Alaska, College,,
The growth kinetics, substrate affinities, and organic nitrogen
production of microorganisms isolated from Smith Lake will be
determined under optimal and environmental conditions. These data
will be correlated with enumeration studies in an attempt to estimate
the role of microorganisms in the nutrient cycle of high arctic lakes,
Project Started: November 1965 (duration - one year).
Personnel: 1 microbiolegist.
Principal Investigator: Dr. Sheril D« Burton-.
Special Equipment; Bendtx time of flight mass spectrometer, alpha,
beta and gamma counters, Technicon Auto Analyzer.
-------
DYNAMICS OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE IN LAKES: Institute of Marine
Science, University of Alaska, College.
The project is concerned with measuring and evaluating the impor-
tance of the various transformations in the nitrogen cycle and their
interrelationship with the primary productivity regime of a lake.
Nitrogen-15 is used as a tracer in this work, and emphasis has been
on the role of nitrogen fixation by blooms of algae in supplying
nitrogen to the biological system. Currently the importance of loss
of combined nitrogen by denitrification is being emphasized.
Project Started; August 1, 1964 (duration - to August 31, 1967).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 biologist.
Principal Investigators: R. C. Dugdale, V. A. Dugdale.
Special Equipment: Bendix time of flight mass spectrometer for
Nitrogen-15 tracer work. Radioisotopes laboratory for Carbon-14
primary productivity.
Publications: Dugdale, V. A. and R. C. Dugdale. 1965. Nitrogen
metabolism in Lakes III. Tracer studies of the assimilation of
inorganic nitrogen sources. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10(1):53-57.
Dugdale, Vera Alexander. 1965, Inorganic nitrogen metabolism and
phytoplankton primary productivity in a subarctic lake. Ph.D.
thesis. University of Alaska, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
-------
BRITISH COLUMBIA
7 WATER POLLUTION IN THE OKANAGAN: Research Station, Summerland.
Canada Department of Agriculture.
(1) Survey of BOD of effluents from municipal and trade waste
sources which discharge into Okanaga^i Lake,
(2) Treatment parameters in apple processing plant waste. Deter-
mination of aeration and additives required to reduce BOD of
waste as economically as possible.
Project Started: July 1965 (duration - 3-5 years).
Personnel: 1 microbiologist.
Principal Investigator: D. R. MacGregor,
8 BIOLOGICAL THRESHOLDS FOR POLLUTIONAL EFFECTS IN FISHES: Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo.
Application of response surface methodology tp the investigation of
response domains under the influence of pollutants.
Objectives: Examination of
(1) Sub-lethal physiological responses to pollutants
(2) Determination of physiological optima
(3) Thresholds for maximum tolerance over a field of ancillary
abiotic environmental variables.
Project Started: 1965.
Personnel: 1 biologist, 1 technician.
Principal Investigator: D. F. Alderdice.
Publications: Alderdice, D. F. 1963. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can-
20(2):525-550.
Alderdice, D. F. 1963. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario.
Alderdice, D. F. 1965. Biological problems) in water pollution.
Trans. 3rd Seminar. Cincinnati, Ohio. pp. 320-325.
-------
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF VICTORIA HARBOUR, THE GORGE
AND PORTAGE INLET: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological
Station, Nanaimo,
Portage Inlet is a shallow marine embayment connected to Victoria
Harbour by a narrow gut which is eminently constricted at the Gorge
Narrows. Urban and agricultural drainage have introduced much
nutrient into Portage Inlet, which has dense growth of attached and
floating vegetation. Preliminary investigations show that there is
a unique imbalance in certain nutrients during the summer with very
high phosphate and low nitrate concentrations. Salinities in August
were higher in Portage Inlet than in the deep waters of Victoria
Harbour, indicating higher evaporation than runoff and precipitation
at this time of year.
Project Started: August 1965 (duration - 1 1/2 years).
Personnel: 1 oceanographer, 1 technician.
Principal Investigator: M. Waldichuk
10 SEASONAL CHANGES IN WATER PROPERTIES OF ALBERNI INLET UNDER WASTE
LOADING FROM A KRAFT PULP MILL: Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Biological Station, Nanaimo.
The major deleterious effect of the kraft mill effluent in a poorly
flushed inlet such as Alberni is a drastic reduction in dissolved
oxygen concentration of the waters during late summer. Most of this
effect appears to be due to decomposition of the dissolved constitu-
ents in the wastes, but there is growing evidence that some of the
oxygen uptake may be caused by decay of the wood solids deposited
in the sludge beds of shallow estuarine waters.
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - to October 1966).
Personnel: 1 oceanographer, 1 technician.
Principal Investigator: M. Waldichuk.
11 INCREMENTAL STRESSES IMPOSED ON SALMONIDS BY KRAFT PULP MILL WASTES;
British Columbia Research Council, Vancouver.
Development of techniques for measuring incremental stresses imposed
on salmonids by kraft pulp mill wastes. These techniques are to be
used in assessing mill operation and design, evaluation of treatment
systems and receiving bodies of water.
Project Started: 1964 (duration - 10 years).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 2-3 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Dr. C. C. Walden
Special Equipment: Fish laboratory.
-------
11 (continued)
Publications: 1965, Pollution and toxicity characteristics of
kraft pulp effluents. Tappi 48:136-141.
1965. Water pollution and the kraft pulp mill industry. Western
Fisheries, October 1965.
12 AFFECT OF KRAFT PULP MILL DESIGN AND OPERATION ON EFFLUENT BOD
VALUES: British Columbia Research Council, Vancouver.
Evaluation of the effect of pulp mill design and operation on
effluent BOD values to permit operational and design changes
intended to reduce total pollution loading.
Project Started: 1965 (duration - to 1966).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 biologist.
Principal Investigator: Dr. C. C. Walden.
13 STUDY OF THE BASIC METABOLISM OF THIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS:
British Columbia Research Council, Vancouver.
The long-term goal of this research is to define the basic
phenomena regulating the oxidation of ferrous iron and sulfur by
the chemoautotrophic bacterium, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, as
related to the problem of acidic mine drainage. Extensive data
have been collected on nutrient requirements, respiration rates have
been examined for the utilization of soluble iron, sulfur and various
compounds thereon. Intermediate metabolic pathways for the utiliza-
tion of thiosulfate have been elucidated. Continuing studies in-
volve the biochemical reactions of sulfide to thiosulfate to tetra-
thionate and the various enzyme systems associated therewith. It
is anticipated that the information will prove useful to devising
methods for the control or elimination of the organism in those
areas where its activities in producing acidic drainage produces
a water pollution hazard.
Project Started: June 1, 1964 (duration - to May 30, 1967).
Personnel: 2-3 microbiologists.
Principal Investigator: Dr. C. C. Walden.
Special Equipment: preparative ultracentrifuge, radioactive gas flow
counter, absorption spectrophotometer.
Publications: Iron oxidation by the chemoautotroph, Thiobacillus
ferrooxidans. Can. J. Microbiol. (In press).
Three manuscripts in state of preparation.
-------
14 LEVELS OF LETHAL AND SUB-LETHAL EFFECT OF RAW AND TREATED NEUTRALIZED
KRAFT PULP BLEACH WASTE ON SOCKEYE AND PINK SALMON IN THEIR FRESH-
WATER LIFE PHASES: International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission,
New Westminster.
Experimental work is being done to describe the lethal, but espe-
cially sub-lethal toxic effects of neutralized kraft pulp mill
bleach waste on adults, eggs, alevins, fry and smolts. Hematolog-
ical and histological examinations are being made for sub-lethal
effects. Growth rates of alevins and fry reared in neutralized
bleach waste are being measured. The effect of neutralized bleach
waste and model compounds from the waste on metabolic rate of alevins
is being determined. Results of the foregoing experiments are being
compared"with controls and with results of identical experiments
using biologically treated (i.e., activated sludge) neutralized
bleach waste. It is proposed that ultimately interaction between
toxic effects and stress caused by the environment will be eluci-
dated.
Project Started: September 1963 (duration - several years).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 biologist, 1 technician.
Principal Investigator: James A. Servizi
Publications: Servizi, J. A., E. T. Stone and R. W. Gordon.
Toxicity and treatment of kraft pulp bleach plant waste. Progress
Report, International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. (In
press),
15 MONITORING WATER QUALITY OF THE FRASER RIVER WATERSHED: International
Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, New Westminster.
The monitoring program consists of measuring nineteen pertinent
chemical and physical characteristics of the water along with the
bottom fauna of the stream bed. These measurements are made twice
a year at all stations and monthly on two stations in the Lower
Fraser. Stations are located at Vancouver, Mission, Hope, Quesnel,
Prince George, Walhachin, Savona, and Kamloops on the Fraser River
and Thompson River. The stations are set up to measure the effect
of pollution from industrial and domestic growth on the water quality
and biota of the Fraser Watershed. The object of the program is to
preserve and protect the fishing industry from pollution from other
industries. At present the program is designed to determine the
effect of the rapidly expanding pulp industry on the biota and water
quality of the Fraser River and Thompson River.
Project Started: Spring 1963 (duration - continuous).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 technician.
Principal Investigator: Richard Burkhalter
Special Equipment: One square foot, artificial substrate, bottom
fauna sampling trays. Submerged for 30 day samples.
-------
16 ACUTE TOXICITY BIO-ASSAYS, USING SOCKEYE SALMON FINGERLINGS, OF
BIO-DEGRADABLE DETERGENTS AND RELATED COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY PRODUCTS:
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, New Westminster.
The 96-^hour median tolerance limit, using sockeye finger lings, was
determined for the following materials used in commercial laundries;
996 Universal Detergent, Blusour, Urytex, Perlite and Borochlor.
Project Started: December 1965 (duration - one month).
Personnel: 1 biologist.
Principal Investigator: James A.
-------
-------
CALIFORNIA
17 MEASUREMENT OF GAMMA ISOTOPES IN WASTEWATER: California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena.
The pattern of gamma isotope concentrations in Los Angeles sewage
was studies by scintillation spectrometry. A seasonal pattern was
noted among the nuclides of fallout origin (Zr-95, Ru-103, Ce-141,
Cs-137); concentrations rose from low levels to peak values during
the month of December, and gradually fell off during the spring and
summer to reach their original low levels in September, Cobalt-60
and cesium-137 also occurred occasionally as heavy slugs presumably
discharged by some industry. The theory of converting gamma spectro-
grams into concentration estimates was developed, particularly with
regard to the statistics involved when the estimates are based on
photopeak dimensions,
Principal Investigator; Andrew L. Gram,
Publications: Gram, A, L,, T. R. Folsom, G. J. Mohanrao, 1965,
Studies of gamma radioactivity in sewage and seawater. Technical
Memorandum EH-65-2, W. M. Keck Laboratory of Environmental Health
Engineering.
18 STATISTICS OF ESTIMATING MICRO"ORGANISM CONCENTRATIONS BY THE
DILUTION METHOD: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
The project objective is to improve upon the present standard pro-
cedure of interpreting dilution method data to get estimates of
microorganism concentrations. The present procedure (maximum
likelihood or "mosc probable number11) does not lead to an efficient
estimate and hence can lay no claim for optimality. Tables to
replace the MPN values normally used will be computed, and these
estimates will have the property of least mean square error for a
given limited bias.
Principal Investigator: Andrew L. Gram.
19 BIOCHEMICAL STABILIZATION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
BY UNSATURATED FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA: California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena,
In space voyages of longer than two weeks it will be necessary to
recover, purify, and reutilize urine and washwaters. Inasmuch as
the total dissolved solids in urine exceed 40,000 mg/1, some type
of demineralization system is indicated, More than half of the
solids will be organic and consequently difficult to separate by
11
-------
19 (continued)
evaporative processes, membrane dialysis, etc. It would be advan-
tageous if the organic solids could be oxidized to inorganic con-
stituents prior to demineralization. This project proposes to
study and evaluate many of the parameters associated with the
intermittent aerobic filtration of aqueous solutions or organic
compounds, especially urine and its various constituents, in flow
through unsaturated porous media. Specifically, it is the aim of
the project to determine the pathways and rates of biochemical
degradation for each major organic constituent of urine under
these conditions of treatment0
Project Started: May 1965.
Principal Investigators: Jack E. McKee, Albert B. Pincince.
Publications: McKee, J. E. 1964. Liquid wastes and water pot-
ability in space vehiclesa Conferences on Nutrition in Space and
Related Waste Problems, NASA SP-70.
2Q WASTEWATER RECLAMATION BY PERCOLATION AND GROUND WATER MOVEMENT:
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
The reclamation of wastewater from municipal and industrial effluents
represents one of the least costly methods of augmenting the limited
water supplies of arid regions, such as southern California, provided
the water can be rendered potable from esthetic and public-health
viewpoints^ A field study has been carried out for 27 months in the
Whittier Narrows area where spreading basins with sub-surface sam-
pling pans have been constructed to study percolation into the ground
of a treated secondary effluent from the 12-mgd Whittier Narrows
Water Reclamation Plant. Waters percolating to depths of 2, 4, 6,
and 8 feet have been collected and analyzed on a weekly basis in
regards to chemical and biological quality,, Particular emphasis
has been on the reduction of the synthetic detergent, alkyl-
benzenesulfonate (ABS), in the waters percolating through the zone
of aeration in the soil. ABS is typical of the exotic synthetic
chemical compounds that are refractory to biochemical degradation
by ordinary waste treatment processes, A special study was also
performed by adding a very high concentration of an attenuated
Sabin polio vaccine to the influent of one of the test basins in
order to measure quantitatively the removal of viruses by the
percolation process. The addition of the vaccine was necessary
because normal wastewater treatment removes viruses to a large
extent and the remaining viruses are so small in number that
quantitative analyses are very difficult. In addition to the
field studies, multiple sand columns have been constructed in the
laboratory. These columns are of a special design which permits
the hydraulic load to be applied intermittently. For more than
12
-------
20 (continued)
350 days, a comparative study was performed on the biological removal
from a synthetic wastewater of the conventional ABS vs. the new
synthetic detergent, linear alkane sulfonate (LAS). Changes in
chemical and biological parameters were measured at four depths with-
in the 26-inch columns.
Principal Investigators: Jack E. McKee, Francis C. McMichael.
Publications: McKee, J. E. and P. C. McMichael. First and second
annual reports on wastewater reclamation at Whittier Narrows. Sep-
tember 1963 and 1964.
McMichael, F. C. A field study of water quality changes resulting
from intermittent spreading of wastewater at Whittier Narrows,
presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the California Water Pollu-
tion Control Association at Fresno. April 24, 1964,
21 ADSORPTION OF VIRUSES: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
The need for removal or inactivation of viruses from water has been
demonstrated beyond question by the presence of enteroviruses in
sewage and proven epidemics from such sources. Techniques employed
in the collection of viruses from sewage are far from satisfactory, '
since a major portion of the virus particles are adsorbed or en-
trapped on solid matter. The purpose of this investigation is to
study the adsorption phenomenon of viruses to various adsorbents,
such as activated carbon, diatomaceous earth, coconut charcoal, and
sand. To execute this study a quantitative method of assaying
enteroviruses present in water was developed. Initial studies were
performed with Escherichia coli bacteriophage T-4 to give some in-
sight to the problems involved. Sabin Type-3 polio virus has also
been used in these investigations. The ability of adsorbed virus
particles to be desorbed and become active infectious agents is
being determined under two conditions. The first condition involves
adsorption and desorption in an environment free of living organisms.
The second is in the presence of living organisms as typically found
in sewage. The anticipation is to develop a quantitative assay for
enteroviruses in sewage and to reveal the mechanisms of adsorption
and the fate of the adsorbed viruses.
Principal Investigators: John T. Cookson, Jr., and Wheeler J. North.
Publications: Cookson, John T., Jr. Virus assay in sewage, presented
at meeting of Hawaii Water Pollution Control Association. June 23,
1965.
13
-------
22 KELP HABITAT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT: California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena.
Methods are being developed for restoring natural marine vegetation
in areas where^damage has apparently resulted from pollution by dis-
charge of wastes from metropolitan areas. One technique with great
promise involves grazer control. Of prime importance is the reduc-
tion of swarms of herbivorous sea urchins. The method of choice has
been poisoning with quicklime which can be controlled so that urchins
are killed without substantial damage to other organisms. This
technique has passed from the experimental to the pilot stage and
will be used on a large scale commercial basis in 1966. A second
technique is under development and involves culturing small kelp on
ropes in the laboratory with subsequent transplantation to the field.
Pilot scale experiments have increased the productivity of the Point
Loma kelp bed about 20-fold during the past year.
Principal Investigator: Wheeler J. North.
Publications: North, W. J., E. K. Anderson, V. D. Vacquier, and
L. G. Jones. 1965. Annual Report, Kelp Habitat Improvement Project,
California Institute of Technology. 70 pp. ;.
23 MARINE WASTE DISPOSAL AND SEA URCHIN ECOLOGY: California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena.
This investigation is studying possible food relationships between
human wastes dispersed in the ocean and large populations of sea
urchins that persist near discharge sites. Sediment collections and
water samples are being collected in the field to determine the
physical and chemical condition of the dispersed wastes. Nutritional
studies are being made of urchins to see how much organic intake is
needed to prevent starvation and to find out how rapidly they can
incorporate fine sediments, suspended particles and dissolved organics.
Principal Investigator: Wheeler J. North.
EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF THE DETERGENT
ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE AND SEVERAL LOWER HOMOLOGS: California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
A study was conducted of the degradation of benzene-, p-toluene-,
and alkylbenzene-sulfonates under the action of ionizing radiation
from a 3400-curie, Cobalt-60 irradiator. Effects of varying solute
concentrations, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentrations were observed
as functions of the energy absorbed by the solutions. The rates of
oxygen depletion and the rates of hydrogen peroxide, enol, and sul-
fate production were followed by irradiating the solutions for
14
-------
24 (continued)
varying periods of time. Results of the irradiations indicate
that, in aerated solutions, the major mode of degradation is by
desulfonation of the molecule,, Degradation was accompanied by
significant losses in oxygen, possibly a result of direct oxidation
of the solute by radiation, rather than by free radical reactions.
Enols were also found to occur, but at very low concentrations. The
product formed as a result of desulfonation of benzenesulfonic acid
appeared to be quinonoid rather than phenolic in nature. In de-
aerated solutions, enol yields were found to decrease, while sulfates
were not observed. A more rapid decrease in the ultraviolet absorpT
tion peaks of these homologs in deaerated solutions was attributed
to the formation of dimers. The study indicates that the use of
radiation, as a water or wastewater treatment process for degrading
organic compounds, would necessarily be limited to aerated solutions
in situations where the large losses of oxygen would not be detri-
mental.
Principal Investigators: Jules B. Cohen, William R. Samples.
25 THE FATE OF SELECTED ORGANIC PESTICIDES IN WATER: California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
The purpose of this investigation has been to ascertain the fate of
certain pesticides once they reach a water supply. Two synthetic
organic herbicides, viz., isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate
(CIPC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), were selected for
this study. A particular pesticide may be removed from a waterway
by a variety of natural processes. The principal avenues and the
ones with which this research has been concerned are adsorption on
particulate matter and biological degradation. In all the experi-
mental work, radioactively labeled pesticides have been employed,
A liquid scintillation counting procedure has provided a sensitive
analytical technique for measuring the amount of pesticide remain-
ing in a solution. The biological degradation study primarily deals
with the herbicide CIPC. Experimental results indicate that the
isopropyl portion of the molecule is degraded within 10 days, while
the ring portion is only partially destroyed over a period of months^
Ultraviolet spectographs of the samples support the hypothesis that
the ring is broken, but a short chain molecule remains and is not
degraded. Studies on 2,4-D indicated no significant degradation
over a period of months. Adsorption of CIPC and 2,4-D on three
types of standard clay minerals and activated carbon was investi-
gated. Negligible adsorption occurred with the clay minerals. The
data obtained from studies of the adsorption of CIPC on activated
carbon enabled the investigators to establish the adsorption rate,
capacity, bonding energy, and kinetics for the system. The final
segment of the study involves the process of degradation of CIPC
15
-------
25 (continued)
previously adsorbed on carbon. The results from these experiments
are not available at this time,
Principal Investigators: Henry G. Schwartz, Jr., and William R.
Samples.
26 SEWAGE RECLAMATION BY PRESSURIZED RECHARGE OF AQUIFERS: California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
Reclaimed used water may in the future be a major water supply
source. Investigations have been conducted on the reclamation
potential of underground flow of reclaimed water after injection
through a pressurized well. The use of treatment procedures in
addition to normal secondary sewage treatment have also been in-
vestigated. These procedures include chlorination, coagulation,
and various types of filtration. Initial conclusions drawn from
this research include: (1) the concentration of oxidizing agents
present limits the degree of removal of organic substances,
(2) nitrate almost totally disappears, (3) bacterial and viral
contaminations are not problems, and (4) water approaching the
requirements of the USPHS Drinking Water Standards can be obtained
by proper treatment and handling of the effluent.
Principal Investigator: William R. Samples.
Publications: Samples, W. R. Deepwell injection and underground
pollution effects. Presented at Gordon Research Conference on
Micro-chemical Contaminants in Water. June 1964.
27 DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED GROUND WATER FLOW: California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
A theoretical and experimental study was made of the stability and
mixing of a density-stratified flow in a saturated porous medium.
The objects of the study were to investigate the influence of
density differences on the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient and
to determine why it was possible to have a denser fluid in appar-
ently stable horizontal motion on top of a lighter fluid. Experi-
ments in which lateral dispersion coefficients were measured dis-
closed that, for sodium chloride solutions of up to at least 1%
concentrations, there was no influence on the dispersion from
density differences. An analysis of the stability of the motion
showed that such a flow was theoretically always unstable but that
instability growth rates could be so low that a quasi-stable flow
was induced. The results will have application in understanding
the assimilation of waste waters into ground water. The study is
16
-------
27 (continued)
continuing with emphasis on developing a better knowledge of the
role of molecular diffusion in the dispersion phenomenon,
Principal Investigators: E, John List, Norman H. Brooks, Robert C.
Y. Koh.
Publications: List, E. J. 1965. The stability and mixing of a
density-stratified horizontal flow in a saturated porous medium,
Ph.D. Thesis.
28 DISPERSION IN TURBULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW: California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena.
As water utilization and production and disposal of waste products
become more intensive in the United States, pollution becomes an
ever greater problem in our rivers and estuaries. Of particular
importance is the disposal in rivers, either by accident or design,
of radioactive products. The mechanism by which flows in open
channels disperse pollutants is imperfectly understood; results of
field experiments have varied widely from test to test and from
river to river. Attempts to verify the existing theory (by Taylor
and others) have failed completely. Large discrepancies have been
noted between results of laboratory and field experiments. The
purposes of this project are: first, to test the existing theory
and determine wherein it fails; second, to identify the dominant
mechanisms responsible for dispersion in both laboratory and natural
situations; and third, to establish a workable method whereby the
dispersion characteristics of a natural system can be more clearly
predicted from a knowledge of the hydraulic characteristics. The
project includes participation in a field study being carried out by
the U. S, Geological Survey in the Duwamish River and Estuary in the
State of Washington. Support for further laboratory study will be
provided by the U. S. Geological Survey (1965-66).
Principal Investigators: Norman H, Brooks, Hugo B. Fischer,
Publications: Fischer, Hugo B. 1964. Discussion of "Time of Travel
of Soluble Contaminants," by Thomas J. Buchanan. J. San. Engng. Jjiy_L
Am, Soc, Civ. Engrs., Dec. 1964, pp. 129-130.
Fischer, Hugo B. 1965. Discussion of "Numerical Solution to a
Dispersion Equation" by N. Yotsukura and M. B. Fiering, J^ Jlydraul,
Div. Am. Soc. Civ, Engrs., March 1965, pp. 402-407.
Fischer, Hugo B. 1965. Discussion of "Estuarine Water Quality
Management and Forecasting" by R. V, Thomann and M. J. Sobel.
J. San. Engng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., June 1965.
17
-------
29 DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS: California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena.
A theoretical and experimental study has been made of flow in a den-
sity-stratified reservoir when the fluid is withdrawn from a line
sink at the end of the reservoir. During the past year, a viscous,
diffusive theory for flow to a point sink has also been obtained
with some experimental verification. An approximate integral theory,
valid for somewhat larger flow rates, has been developed for both the
two-dimensional and axisymmetric cases. This approximate theory
checks with all the experimental results. The results of this research
will be applicable to the management of water supply reservoirs when
they are stratified, because layers of water may be withdrawn selec-
tively at different times to control downstream river temperature and
chemical quality of the water. Complementing the above work on with-
drawal, research is continuing on the problem of discharge into a
stratified fluid environment. When buoyant jets (or plumes) are
generated from point and line sources in a stratified ambient fluid,
the fluid rises only to some equilibrium level, then spreads in a
thin cloud. Variables include angle of discharge and the horizontal
velocity component of the ambient fluid. Results check quite well
with the few experiments performed. This aspect of the work is
applicable to pollution control problems in lakes and oceans. Some
exploratory work has been started on the problem of a two-dimension-
al, impulsively started, non-buoyant horizontal jet into a strati-
fied ambient fluid. A forward wake is clearly visible in the exper-
iments.
Principal Investigators: Robert C. Y. Koh, Norman H. Brooks,
Publications: Koh, R. C. Y. 1965. Viscous stratified flow towards
a sink. Journal of Fluid Mechanics (in press).
Brooks, N. H. and R. C. Y. Koh. Discharge of Sewage effluent from a
line source into a stratified ocean. Submitted for XI Congress,
International Association for Hydraulic Research, Leningrad. Sept-
ember 1965.
30 SEDIMENTATION FROM TURBIDITY CURRENTS: California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena.
This project extended from June 1964 to August 1965 and consisted
of two phases. In the first, an investigation was made of the
motion of the head of a density current, consisting of a salt
solution flowing down a slope beneath fres water. It was found that
the velocity of the head could be related to the velocity and Froude
number of the uniform flow established behind the head. At large
Froude numbers the velocity of the head is smaller than the velocity
of uniform flow, owing to loss of salt solution by mixing at the
head. In the second phase of the investigation, turbidity currents
18
-------
30 (continued)
were produced by using surges composed of suspensions of plastic
beads (density 1.52) released from a lock into a horizontal channel.
Sediment deposited from the decelerating surge was sampled in order
to study the effect on the size distribution of different initial
concentrations and velocities. Slow motion moving pictures permit-
ted detailed qualitative study of the processes of deposition,,
Principal Investigator: Gerard V. Middleton, Division of Geological
Sciences.
31 USE OF HIGH T.D.S. WATERS BY BLENDING: Lps Angeles Valley College,
Los Angeles.
This study is associated with the use of normally high T.D.S.
ground water by blending with water from a salt water conversion
plant and/or sewage treatment plant effluent. This blended water
may be used for either domestic or agricultural purposes.
Project Started: December 1964 (duration - to 1966).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 3 engineering geologists.
Principal Investigator: Dr. J. E. Slosson,
32 GROUND WATER SUPPLY, EMERALD BAY, CATALINA: Los Angeles Valley
College, Los Angeles,
This study is associated with the development of a ground water
supply for residential use on Catalina Island.
Project Started: December 1964 (duration - to 1966).
Personnel: 3 engineering geologists.
Principal Investigator: Dr. J. E. Slosson.
33 EROSION CONTROL OF URBAN LAND AREAS: Los Angeles Valley College,
Los Angeles.
This study is associated with erosion control, causes, and effects
upon urban land development in Southern California.
Project Started: June 1959 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 3 engineering geologists»
Principal Investigator: Dr. J. E. Slosson.
Publications: Parson's Landing Landslide. To be published by the
Association of Engineering Geologist, Spring 1966.
19
-------
34 EVALUATION OF WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF THE CLEAR LAKE AREA OF
LAKE COUNTY: Sacramento State College, Sacramento,
Clear Lake, California, is a natural fresh water recreational lake
created by a volcanic dike across the upper Cache Creek drainage
channel. The presence of hot and cold mineral springs has made it
a favorite vacation and recreational area of many,, Other major
beneficial uses include municipal and domestic water supply, irri-
gation and fish propagation. Waste disposal by public and private
systems has resulted in localized water pollution conditions posing
hazards to the public health and adverse effects on fish, wildlife,
and recreational activities,, The objective of this study is to
provide an inventory of waste discharges in areas contiguous to
Clear Lake and in waters tributary to the lake. This supplements
previous water quality investigations conducted at Clear Lake for
basic use in formulating waste discharge policy for the Clear Lake
Basin area. The project study entails the location, identification
and characterization of existing waste discharges to evaluate
potential surface and subsurface drainage into the lake. The reduced
data will be evaluated to determine the potential impact of antici-
pated quantities and characteristics of waste discharges on the
receiving waters,
Project Started; July 1, 1965 (duration - to June 30, 1966).
Personnel; 3 engineers, 1 stenographer, 1 keypunch operator.
Principal Investigator: Professor Leonard WT Horn,
Special Equipments Aerial photographic equipment utilizing Ektachroroe
and Inf-rared films in the assessment of water quality characteristics,
Publications: California Department of Water Resources, Bulletin
94-13, Land and Water Use in Putah-Cache Creek Basins Hydrographic
Unit, Volumes I and IT (1965),
35 A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY CONTROLS Sacramento State College
Foundation, Sacramento.
The long-term objective of this project is to develop a dynamic model
for water quality control* This model will aid water quality managers
in planning facilities to achieve or maintain water quality objectives
as quantities and qualities of generated wastes change in the future.
Current investigation is studying the influence of three factors on
the costs of waste treatment:
(a) Growth of municipalities and industries,
(b) Entrance and exit of firms,
(c) Changing conditions in the receiving waters, such as variations
in flows, temperatures, reaeration and deoxygenation®
20
-------
35 (continued)
Project Started: January 3, 1966 (duration - 1 year).
Personnel: 1 engineer,,
Principal Investigator: Kenneth D. Kerri.
Publications: Kerri, Kenneth D. 1965. An investigation of
alternative means of achieving water quality objectives. Doctoral
dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Oregon State Univer-
sity, Gorvallis. 177 pages.
Kerri, Kenneth D. An economic approach to water quality control„
Paper presented at Water Pollution Control Conference, Atlantic
City, New Jersey, October 10-14, 1965. 32 pages.
36 PESTICIDE DISTRIBUTION AND DEGRADATION IN WATERWAYS: Stanford
University, Palo Alto.
The aim of this research is to evaluate the significance of sorption
and biodegradation on the distribution and movement of pesticides
through soils and in streams and lakes.
Project Started: September 1, 1964 (duration - to August 31, 1967).
Personnel; 3 engineers, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: Perry L. McCarty.
Special Equipment: 2 electron capture and 1 microcoulimetric gas
chromatographs.
37 ANAEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT KINETICS: Stanford University, Palo Alto.
To evaluate the kinetics of the anaerobic waste treatment process
so that process design might be improved to obtain optimum loadings
and maximum efficiency of treatment.
Project Started: September 1, 1962 (duration - to August 31, 1966).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: Perry L. McCarty.
Publications? Kinetics of waste assimilation in anaerobic treatment,
Society for Industrial Microbiology, August 1965.
38 WATER ECONOMICS IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY: Stanford University,
Civil Engineering Department, Palo Alto.
The project objective is the study of water costs of the industry,,
This includes water and waste processing requirements and costs as
21
-------
38 (continued)
well as the special costs involved. Relationships within the water
and waste cost functions will be considered in an effort to identify
the economically important characteristics of the industry's practice
in water use.
Project Started* July 1, 1962.
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 economist,
Principal Investigator: Dr. Rolf Eliassen*
Special Equipment: Use of the University Computation Center,,
Publications: Progress Reports 2 and 3: June 1963.
39 STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL OF VIRUS BY FILTRATION: Stanford University,
Palo Alto.
Objectives: To determine filter efficiency in the removal of virus
from waste streams. This study will evaluate various filter media
sizes, the effect of different commercial polyelectrolytes, and the
efficiency of diatomaceous earth in virus removal.
Project Started: July 15, 1965 (duration - to September 25, 1966),
Personnel: 2 graduate students.
Principal Investigators: Dr. Rolf Eliassen, Dr. Paul Kruger, and
Olivia Chen,
Special Equipment: High speed centrifuges, Model HR-1; electronic
colony counter, precision linear and logarithmic ratemeter.
40 RECLAMATION OF REUSABLE WATER FROM SEWAGE: Stanford University,
Palo Alto.
The purpose of the project is to demonstrate, on a pilot-plant scale,
the conversion of treatment plant effluent into usable water through
the use of ion-exchange techniques. The demonstration plant includes
an activated sludge unit, a conventional sand filter, a diatomite
filter, an ion exchange column and a storage pond to receive the re-
claimed water. The specific object of the project is to reduce the
amount of refractory materials in the subject water, with particular
emphasis on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Project Started: September 15, 1962 (duration - through September 14,
1967).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 chemist, 2 technicians.
Principal Investigator: Dr. Rolf Eliassen.
22
-------
40 (continued)
Special Equipments Complete package-type rapid bloc activated sludge
unit, conventional sand filter, diatomaceous earth filter, ion ex-
change column, effluent storage pond.
Publications: Eliassen, Rolf, Bruce M, Wycoff, and C0 D, Tonkin.
Ion exchange for reclamation of reusable supplies, J. Am. Wat. Wks.
Assn., September 1965.
Wycoff, Bruce. Water renovation by ion exchange. California Water
Pollution Control Assn. Meeting, April 1964,
Stanford Civil Engineering Technical Report No. 41, August 1964S
Stanford Civil Engineering Technical Report No. 49, January 1965.
Stanford Civil Engineering Technical Report No. 58, October 19653
41 RESEARCH IN THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS TO EVALUATE ATTAIN-
MENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMS: Taft College, Taft,
The objective of this undertaking is to develop mathematical and
statistical methods to evaluate the attainments of the Bureau of
Reclamation's Atmospheric Water Resources Program in the Southern
Sierra area of California, especially in the Kern River drainage
basin and the Kern County area.
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - 2 years).
Personnel: 1 mathematician, 1 student assistant.
Principal Investigator: Lawrence E. Peahl.
42 ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR THE GEORGIA PACIFIC AND
CROWN SIMPSON PULP MILLS, HUMBOLDT COUNTY, CALIFORNIA: Humboldt
State College, Arcata.
A study of the marine environment off Samoa and Fairhaven before and
during mill operation. The project includes study of benthic inver-
tebrates, fish, crabs, and water chemistry.
Project Started: June 1965.
Personnel: 1 chemist, 3 biologists.
Principal Investigators: James Cast, George Allen, John DeMartini,
and Fred Telonicher,
23
-------
43 FAUNAL CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO BAY: University of San
Francisco, San Francisco,
Distribution of faunal elements and the effect of wastes and other
variables, Biomass estimate of different environmental patterns,,
Project Started; 196JU
Personnel; 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Francis P, Filiue*
44 DETERMINATION AND OCCURRENCE OF NITRATE IN WATER: Fresno State
College, Fresno.
The increasing nitrate content of well water in the Fresno area is
a threat to the health of livestock and people, It is also an
important consideration in. fertilization of soil that is irrigated
with this water. Chemical analyses of identiea-1 samples by several
laboratories have yielded conflicting results. A spectrophotometric
method of analysis involving absorption in the ultraviolet range has
been worked out in the Chemistry Department of the college. The
various chemical methods heretofore used have been shown to have
serious shortcomings* Indications are chat the ultraviolet absorp-
tion and phenaldisulfonic acid methods can be made to give consistent
results on both synthetic solutions and ground water. The former
method is much less time consuming than the latters Additional work
will be done on the methods and a variation of the ultraviolet
absorption method of analysis, attention will turn to the effects
of the methods of collecting and storing samples before analysis and
the seasonal, yearly and geographical variations of nitrate contents
Both incoming irrigation water and well water in the Fresno area
will be studied,
Project Started; 1962,
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 soil scientist, 3 students.
Principal Investigators R. W. Bremaer.
Special Equipment: A Beckman DK~2 automatic recording spectrophoto-
meter.
Publications: Two reports on Independent Study 190 in the Chemistry
Department of Fresno State College are on file in the college library;
Authors are: (1) Ronald Ea Majorsj C2') Fred Shore.
45 AN INVESTIGATION OF WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY AND POLLUTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY- university of California,
College of Engineering, Berkeley,
The primary objective of this investigation is to develop information
and data which will permit quantitative resolution of the effects of
-------
45 (continued)
waste discharge upon beneficial uses of San Francisco Bay and
contiguous estuarine waters with particular emphasis on the fishery
resource. This general objective shall include the following
specific objectives:
(1) To collate, review, and evaluate existing reports relating to
water pollution, fishery resources, and corollary biological
and chemical data;
(2) To develop quantitative biological, chemical, physical and
hydrographic descriptions of the Bay with due regard to seasons,
tidal action, and fresh water inflow;
(3) To correlate these biological, chemical, physical, and hydro-
graphic data with waste discharges and to determine, insofar as
possible, the effects of these discharges on the beneficial uses
of the Bay;
(4) To develop, if practicable, simple indices or parameters that
can be used for a continuing monitoring program to evaluate
quantitative future changes in the Bay.
Project Started: September 1960 (duration - to December 1966),
Personnel: 4 engineers, 3 mathematicians, 3 aides.
Principal Investigators: Prof. Erman A, Pearson and Prof. Robert E.
Selleck.
Publications: A Comprehensive Study of San Francisco Bay, 1962-63,
(Third Annual Report), Text and Appendices.
A Comprehensive Study of San Francisco Bay, 1963-64, (Fourth Annual
Report), Text and Appendices.
Final Report, a Comprehensive Study of San Francisco Bay, Volume I,
Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Sampling and Analytical
Methods,
FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS PERTINENT TO MICROBIOLOGICAL WASTE CONVERSION
IN ISOLATED ENVIRONMENTS: University of California, Berkeley,
The objectives are:
(1) Determination of optimum conditions for algal growth, primarily
with respect to geometry of light source;
(2) The design and operation of a specialized waste unit to obtain
maximum waste treatment per unit of volume of weight of culture;
(3) The development and operation of an advanced model of the micro-
terella;
(4) The determination of that combination of environmental factors
which would bring about the most efficient functioning of the
25
-------
46 (continued)
algatron (a growth unit in which a mechanically rotated algal
culture is the essential feature) and the microterella with
respect to gas exchange, waste disposal and treatment, and
water exchange;
(5) The development of the design of a unit in which two 70-kg men
could be made a part of a closed environmental system.
Project Started: 1961,
Personnel: 3 engineers, 1 chemist, 1 biologist, 1 microbiologist.
Principal Investigator: Dr, W, J. Oswald.
Special Equipment: closed ecological system "microterella".
Publications: Golueke, C. G. and W. J. Oswald. 1963. Closing an
ecological system consisting of a mammal, algae and nonphotosynthetic
microorganisms. Am. Biol. Teach., 25(7).
Golueke, C. G. and W. J. Oswald. 1964. Role of plants in closed
systems. A. Rev. PI. Physiol. Vol. 15.
Golueke, C. G. and W. J. Oswald. 1966. The algatron, a novel
microbial culture system. Sun Wk. 11(1).
Oswald, W. J. and C. G. Golueke. 1961. Man in space -
he takes along his waste problem! Wastes Engng^ 32(9).
Oswald, W. J. and C. G. Golueke. 1962. Environmental control
studies with a closed ecological system. Proc. Inst. Envir. Sci.
Oswald, W, J. and C. G. Golueke. 1964, Closed ecological systems.
J. San. Engng. Div. Am. Soc, Civ. Engrs.
47 NUTRITIONAL AND DISEASE TRANSMITTING POTENTIAL OF SEWAGE GROWN ALGAEl
University of California, Berkeley,
Algae are grown in a sewage in a 2/3-acre algal production-waste
treatment pond. The algal crop is harvested in three steps:
(1) Initial concentration by centrifugation or by chemical pre-
cipitation;
(2) Dewatering the slurry from step 1 to a paste by means of a
solid bowl centrifuge;
(3) Drying the paste on a steam-heated drum dryer.
The algal product is sent to University of California at Davis campus
where feed trials with the material are run with lambs, hogs, and
26
-------
47 (continued)
steers as the test animals. The quality of the reclaimed water is
determined at the Sanitary Engineering Laboratory of the University
according to conventional sanitary analyses. The concentration
activity of pesticides by algae when grown in waste waters is also
being investigated.
Project Started: 1962.
Personnel: 3 engineers, 1 chemist, 1 biologist, 1 microbiologist.
Principal Investigator: W. J. Oswald.
Special Equipment: 2/3-acre high rate pond.
Publications: Golueke, G. G., W. J, Oswald, and H. K. Gee. 1964.
Harvesting and processing sewage-grown planktonic algae. Univ. of
Calif. San. Eng. Res. Lab., College of Engineering and School of
Public Health, SERL Report No. 64-8.
Golueke, C. G., W. J. Oswald and H. K. Gee. 1965. Harvesting and
processing sewage-grown planktonic algae. J. Wat. Pollut. Control
Fed.
Golueke, C. G., W. J. Oswald, and H. K. Gee. 1966. Effect of
nitrogen additives on algal yield. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed.
(In press).
Oswald, W. J. and C. G. Golueke. Eutrophication trends in the
United States, a problem? Presented before the Water Pollution
Control Federation, Atlantic City, New Jersey, October 11, 1965.
Oswald, W. J. and C. G. Golueke. Algae production from waste.
Proc. 18th Annual California Animal Industry Conference, Fresno.
October 25, 1965.
Oswald, W. J., C. G. Golueke, R. C. Cooper, J. H. Meyers, H. Hintz,
and H. K, Gee. 1964. Nutritional and disease transmitting poten-
tial of sewage-grown algae. First Progress Report, WP 00026 R1-R2-
R3, SERL Report No. 64-6.
48 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EPIDERMAL TUMORS IN THE ENGLISH SOLE, PAROPHRYS
VETULUS; University of California, Berkeley.
This project is studying the occurrence of tumors on the English
Sole (Parophrys vetulus) found in San Francisco Bay and northern
coastal waters of California. This investigation includes a study
of the environmental aspects of this disease in fish, a determina-
tion of the causative agent and if the agent is associated with the
discharge of domestic and industrial wastes into San Francisco Bay
27
-------
48 (continued)
and other marine locations®
Personnel: 1 biologist, 2 tnicrobiolegist.
Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert C. Cooper,
49 SOILS, PESTICIDES AND THE QUALITY OF WATER: University of California,
Davis.
Project Objectives:
(1) To establish whether movement through the soil constitutes a
significant source of the pesticides found in surface and
ground waters,
(2) To identify the properties of pesticides and of soils that
control the extent of movement of pesticides in and through
soils.
(3) To ascertain the solubility characteristics of pesticides
sorbed on soil particles and hence the effect of suspended
soil on the concentrations of pesticides in water.
(4) To ascertain the effects of management of pesticide and land
on the transport, by all means, of pesticides to water supplies.
Project Started: 1965 (duration - to 1969).
Personnel: 2 water and soil scientists.
Principal Investigator: J. W. Biggar.
50 PROCESSES AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DETERIORATION OR
IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF GROUND WATER: University of California,
Davis.
Project Objectives:
(1) To study the effect of irrigation management in salt-affected
soils on the concentration and composition of effluents.
(2) To determine the effect of slightly soluble minerals in soils
on the solute composition and concentration of percolating
waters.
Project Started: 1963 (duration - one year).
Personnel* 1 water scientist.
Principal Investigator: L. D. Doneen.
Publications: Doneen, L, D, Properties of deep substrata in the
West Side of San Joaguin Valley, California. Submitted for publica-
tion to HILGARDIA.
28
-------
50 (continued)
Tanji, K. K., G. R. Dutt, J, L. Paul, and L. D. Doneen. A computer
method for predicting salt concentration at variable soil water
content. Submitted for publication to HILGARDIA,
Tanji, K. Ke, L. D. Doneen, and J« L. Paul. Predictions on the
quality of water percolating through stratified substrata by com-
puter analysis. Submitted for publication to HILGARDIA»
51 WATER QUALITY IN RELATION TO THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF SOILS: University of California, Davis..
Project Objectives:
(1) To determine the effect of various salts and their concentration
in irrigation water on soil structure and infiltration rates.
(2) To determine the degree of accumulation of harmful salines in
the soil from various irrigation waters and the quantity of
leaching water required to maintain a productive soil for agri-
cultural crops,
(3) To relate (a) the precipitation of salts to the potential
salinity of the water and (b) salt concentration and sodium
content to a permeability index for selected soils.
(4) To determine the role magnesium plays, when the water or soil
contains large amounts of this ion, on plant growth, permeability
of the soil, and its reclamation.
Project Started: 1963 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 water scientist.
Principal Investigator: L. D0 Doneen.
Publications? Tanji, K. K. and L. D. Doneen. Quantitative prediction
of CaCOg precipitation in HC'O", salt solutions undergoing progressive
reduction in volume. Accepted for publication in Soil Science Society
of America Proceedings.
52 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC IMPURITIES OF IRRIGATION WATERS AFFECTING SOIL
PROPERTIES AND PLANT GROWTHS University of California, Davis.
Project Objectives: To determine the effects of dissolved and sus-
pended mineral and organic materials contained in irrigation waters
on soils and plants. Investigation will include:
(1) The effects of kinds and concentrations of salts on soil
structure and penetration of irrigation waters into soils
(2) Effects on plants of materials dissolved in irrigation waters,,
(3) The degree of accumulation of harmful salines in the soil as
29
-------
52 (continued)
affected by (a) kinds and concentrations of salts^in the water,
(b) soil conditions, (c) climatic conditions, and (d) practices
of growerso
(4) A study of the suitability of sewage, effluents and drainage
waters as irrigation waters. Sewage, drainage, and natural
waters have many properties in common, but sewage and drainage
waters also contain materials which are not found in natural
waters.
Project Started; 1947 (duration - continuous).
Personnel^ 1 water scientist.
Principal Investigator: L. D. Doneen0
Publications; Doneen, L. D. 1964. Notes on water quality in agri-
culture, Wat. Sci. Engng;. "Paper 4001,
53 VACUUM CUP EMISSION SPECTROGRAPHY AS A ROUTINE METHOD FOR QUANTITA-
TIVE WATER QUALITY DETERMINATIONS: University of California, Los
Angeleso
Project Objectives; To evaluate the vacuum cup electrode technique
as a tool in the study of water quality, with emphasis in reducing
cost and increasing sensitivity and accuracy for routine application
of the method in determination of trace elements such as boron, zinc,
manganese, and copper in water from widely varying sources.
Project Started: July 1, 1965 (duration - to June 30, 1966).
Personnels 2 chemists.
Principal Investigator: A. F. Bush.
Special Equipment: Dual-Grating Bausch and Lomb Emission Spectrograph.
54 DISSOLVED SOLIDS REMOVAL FROM THIRD STAGE EFFLUENT AT HYPERION
TREATMENT PLANT IN LOS ANGELES: University of California, Los Angeles.
A cooperative project with the City of Los Angeles' Bureau of Sani-
tation and UCLA Department of Engineering to study behavior of a
sewage treatment process which would expand the usefulness of waste
water0 A tertiary stage algae pond was constructed and operated for
three years in an effort to duplicate on a large scale the salt
reduction demonstrated in a small pond on the UCLA campus^ The
objective was to allow algae to grow at a prolific rate and remove
them from the water, thus improving water quality.
Project Started; September 1961 (duration - to June 1965).
Personnel; 5 engineers, 4 chemists, 1 microbiologist.
30
-------
54 (continued)
Principal Investigator: A. F, Bush.
Special Equipment: An activated sludge pilot plant for reclamation
of waste waters, approximate flow 15,000 gallons per day; a trick-
ling filter system for treatment of waste water, approximately
15,000 gallons flow per day; chemical analytical facility; two algae
ponds representing different scale operations which are compared in
regard to their effectiveness in removing salts from waste water for
reclamation purposes; electron microscope facility.
55 LEACHING REQUIREMENT AND SALINITY STUDIES WITH BEARING ORANGE TREES:
University of California, Riverside.
Uniform quantities of water salinized to four compositions are being
applied to Valencia orange trees. Soil salinity is being followed
continuously and will be evaluated in terms of irrigation water com-
position and management* Leaf analysis and fruit production data will
be collected and evaluation made.
Objectives:
(1) Evaluation of salinity in terms of fruit production and fruit
quality®
(2) Appropriate irrigation management for waters of varied salinity.
Project Started: Spring 1965 (duration - 1972),
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 technician.
Principal Investigator: Frank T. Bingham.
56 EFFECT OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON REUSE OF WATER: University of California,
Riverside.
An important, but often overlooked, aspect of water pollution deals
with agricultural waters and specifically with their contamination
by salts derived from soils and geological formations or through
human and industrial use. In the latter case recycling through the
soil can greatly modify composition of waters important to plant,
animal, and human health because (a) many are essential in extremely
small amounts, and (b) excesses of some are known or suspected to be
injurious.
Project Objectives:
(1) Establish the concentration of certain trace elements (Al, B,
Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Fb, Sr, Y, Zn, and others as the need
may arise and speetrographic techniques for their analysis can
31
-------
56 EFFECT OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON REUSE OF WATER: University of
California, Riverside.
An important, but often overlooked, aspect of water pollution deals
with agricultural waters and specifically with their contamination
by salts derived from soils and geological formations or through
human and industrial use. In the latter case recycling through the
soil can greatly modify composition of waters important to plant,
animal, and human health because (a) many are essential in extremely
small amounts, and (b) excesses of some are known or suspected to be
injurious.
Project Objectives:
(1) Establish the concentration of certain trace elements (Al, B,
Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Y, Zn, and others as the need
may arise and spectrographic techniques for their analysis can
be developed) in the surface and ground waters of California;
(2) Relate trace element concentrations to the past history of the
water, including geologic and use factors;
(3) Determine how trace element concentrations are modified upon
passage of water through soils;
(4) Establish the effects of water composition and water-soil inter-
actions on crop plants.
Project Started: January 1964 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 2 chemists,
Principal Investigator: Gordon R. Bradford.
Special Equipment: 3.4 M convertible direct reading spectrograph,
atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
57 HYDROBIOLOGY OF AN ARTIFICIALLY FED ENCLOSED LAGOON AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA: University of California, Santa
Barbara.
The UCSB campus lagoon, which covers about 25 acres, has been
closed to the sea for several years. It is maintained at constant
level by effluent from the sea water system of the marine laboratory.
Winter rains lower the salinity to less than 20°/00; but the excess
of evaporation over precipitation during the summer creates a hyper-
saline environment. Northwesterly winds during the spring and
early summer often cause noxious downwelling and anoxic putrifica-
tion at the downwind end, although after a wet winter this influence
is minimal. As would be expected in a small eutrophic lagoon,
phosphates are high and most dissolved nitrogen is in the form
of ammonia. The water grass Ruppia and green alga Enteromorpha
predominate plant life. Enteromorpha spreads during the winter
and spring months of maximum transparency, but declines during
32
-------
57 (continued)
Late, spring. The limnomedusan Gonionemus vertens occurs with the
Enteromorpha bloom. Various insects and worms constitute the food
sources of the two resident fishes, Fundulus pawipinnis and Gjl-
lichyhys mirabiles. Noxious conditions can be controlled inexpen-
sively by dredging dead plants and by local aeration.
Project Started: June 1, 1963 (duration - to September 30, 1965).
Personnel: 3 biologists, 1 hydrobiologist.
Principal Investigator: Alfred W. Ebeling.
Special Equipment: Industrial Instruments Electrodeless Salinom-
eter, Precision Scientific Galvanic Cell Oxygen Analyzer, Klett
2cm Colorimeter.
Publications: Todd, Eric S., A. Kier and A. W. Ebeling.
Gonionemus vertens (Limnomedusae:01indiidae). Bull. Sth.
Calif. Acad. Sci. (in press).
Hydrological report in preparation.
58 STUDIES ON THE ECOLOGY OF BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE: University
of California, Santa Barbara.
Scuba diving techniques are employed to survey, map and describe
communities of larger benthic marine algae off the southern
California coast. Measurement of and descriptive accounts of the
structure and seasonal changes related to the vegetation are
underway. The study is centered off Anacapa Island - an unpolluted
area some distance from the mainland. The study is primarily a
descriptive one at present, although a number of benthic algae
are being grown under different conditions in the marine labora-
tory on campus.
Project Started: September 1963 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: M. Neushul.
Special Equipment: Diving equipment (underwater communications
gear) and underwater photographic gear.
Publications: Neushul, M. 1%5. Scuba, diving .studies,.'of the ; ,
vertical distribution^of benthic marine plants. Proc. Sth Mar.
Biol. Symposium, Goteborg 1965. Reprinted from Botanica Gothe-
burgensa.Ill, pp. 161-176.
North, W. J. and others. 1964. An investigation of the effects
of discharged wastes on kelp. Publication No. 26, State of
California Water Quality Control Board.
33
-------
59 BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA RELATIONSHIP TO OCEAN POLLUTION: University
of Southern California, Los Angeles.
The principal objective of this project is to show the relationship
between the normal distribution patterns of benthonic foraminifera
of the mainland shelf and the modification of these patterns around
ocean outfalls. In order to show this, studies have been made of
the distribution patterns of dead populations using empty tests and
these patterns are then compared with the distribution patterns of
living specimens.
Project Started: January 1, 1965 (duration - to December 31, 1966).
Personnel: 6 microbiologists.
Principal Investigator: Dr. Orville L. Bandy.
Special Equipment: Microscopes, IBM computer, emission spectrograph.
Publications: Bandy, 0. L., J. C. Ingle, Jr. and J. M. Resig. 1964.
Facies trends, San Pedro Bay, California. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.
75:403-424.
Bandy, 0. L., J. C. Ingle, Jr., and J. M. Resig. 1964. Foraminifera,
Los Angeles County outfall area, California. Limnol. Oceanogr.
9:124-137.
Bandy, 0. L., J. C. Ingle, Jr., and J. M. Resig. 1964. Foraminifer-
al trends, Laguna Beach outfall area. Limnol. Oceanogr. 9:112-123.
Bandy, 0. L., J. C. Ingle, Jr., and J. M. Resig. 1965. Foraminiferal
trends, Hyperion outfall, California. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:314-332.
Bandy, 0. L., J. C. Ingle, Jr. and J. M. Resig. 1965. Modification
of foraminiferal distribution by the Orange County outfall, Califor-
nia. Ocean Science and Engineering, Transactions of Joint Conference,
Marine Tech. Soc. and Am. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr., Washington, D.C.,
June 1965, pp. 55-76.
Resig, J. M. 1964. The southernmost occurrence of Elphidiella
hannai (Cushman and Grant), 1927, off the west coast of North
America. J. Paleont. 38(2):393-396.
60 FACTORS CONTROLLING UTILIZATION OF SANITARY LANDFILL SITE: Univer-
sity of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Instrumented landfills existing under controlled field conditions
will be utilized to continue and expand the study of several facets
of landfill use and performance. Included in the studies will be
the effect of aeration, rainfall and controlled irrigation for turf
support on settlement, temperature, humidity, percolation, gas
quality, and refuse decomposition.
34
-------
60 (continued)
Project Started: May 1, 1960 (duration - 8 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 3 graduate students.
Principal Investigator: Robert C. Merz.
Publications: Gas production in a sanitary landfill. Public
Works 95(2):84, February 1964.
Factors controlling utilization of sanitary landfill site.
First Progress Report to USPHS, March 1965.
61 TREATMENT OF BEET SUGAR WASTES BY PONDING: Beet Sugar Development
Foundation, Ft. Collins, Colorado - Research conducted at Tracy,
California.
Project Objectives: To evaluate lagooning as a means of treating
beet sugar plume wastes. Project includes study of anaerobic,
aerobic, and facultative environments.
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - 2 to 3 years).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 programmer, 2 laboratory assistants,
3 consultants.
Principal Investigator: James Fischer.
Special Equipment: Pilot plant lagoons (1) Kacre anaerobic
lagoon, (2) 2-acre facultative lagoon, and (3) 3-acre aerobic
lagoon.
62 FOAM RECYCLE: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
California, in cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service.
Project Objective; To investigate the foam recycle method of
foamate disposal for a foam separation process. The effluent
from the Saugus activated sludge waste water treatment plant is
subjected to foam separation and the foamate recycled to the
aeration basin inflow to determine if foamate reduction can be
obtained.
Project Started: August 1965 (duration - to December 1965).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: Max Augustus.
35
-------
63 REFUSE TO SEWER STUDY: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
California.
The primary objective of the project is to determine the feasibility
of using a sewerage system as a transport vehicle for solid waste
disposal, and the effects of the addition of refuse on the treat-
ment process. The study is divided into two parts.
(1) Determine the settling characteristics of ground refuse in
sewage, and
(2) Determine the digestibility of the resultant sludge-refuse
mixture.
Project Started: February 8, 1965 (duration - 15 months).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: Robert D. Whitley.
Special Equipment: Refuse grinder, pilot plant digesters.
6,4 ODOR CONTROL RESEARCH: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County, California.
Project Objective: To identify and evaluate sources of odors at
the Districts' joint water pollution control poant and provide
methods for controlling odor emission. An odor evaluation panel
of 8 people has been set up to give quantitative values to odor
levels. Initial research involved location of and quantitative
evaluation of odor sources such as sludge digestion gas emission,
sedimentation tank emission, and others. Pilot plant studies were
then conducted to cost evaluate methods of removing odors from
an odorous air stream. Odorous air scrubbing systems being
evaluated include activated sludge, a floating bed scrubber
using various chemicals, activated carbon and fume incineration.
Identity of some of the odorous air compounds has been studied
using gas chromatography. Preliminary research has shown that
odor levels from the Districts' JWPCP are well within recommended
air pollution limits.
Project Started: September 1964 (duration - through 1966).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 2 technicians.
Principal Investigator: Jay G. Kremer.
Special Equipment: Odor evaluation panel for quantitative odor
measurement, instrument for measuring Rp*' mercaPtans an
-------
65 RECREATIONAL REUSE STUDY: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County, California, in cooperation with U. S, Public Health
Service.
Project Objective: Determine the most feasible method for
renovating available sewage oxidation pond water for use in
recreational lakes. The Lancaster-PaImdale area of the
Antelope Valley proposed to create a water-based recreational
site including 19 acres of lake area. Due to a local potable
water shortage the renovation and reuse of oxidation pond water
was proposed. The oxidation pond water contained large quantities
of algae causing wide daily fluctuations in pH and dissolved oxygen
content and preventing the maintenance of fish life. Removal of
enough organic matter, algae and algae nutrients to allow a clear
water regimen to become established was necessary. Extensive
research was undertaken in three phases; collecting basic data
on the character of the water, laboratory jar test evaluations
of numerous chemical coagulants, and pilot plant operation of
the most promising processes. Basic data collection has shown
a definite seasonal variation in algae pond water characteristics
which affected treatment costs and results» Of the numerous
treatment methods tested, use of aluminum sulfate as the primary
coagulant was found most economical to obtain turbidity, algae
and phosphate nutrient reduction. Cationic polyelectrolytes were
also found effective as coagulant aids.
Project Started: October 1963 (duration - through 1966),
Personnel: 2 engineers, 2 chemists, 1 laboratory technician,
2 laborers.
Principal Investigator: Gerald Stern.
Publications: Dryden, F. D. and G. Stern. 1965. Renovation
of oxidation pond waters for recreational reuse, Presented
before the 1965 annual conference of the California Water Pol-
lution Control Association, San Diego. Calif. Wat. Pollut.
Control Assn. Bull., October 1965.
U. S. Public Health Service, First Annual Report on Advanced
Waste Treatment by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County, 1965.
66 FOAM SEPARATION STUDY: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County, California, in cooperation with U. S. Public Health
Service.
The foam separation study was designed to develop a prototype
foam separation tank with optimum operating characteristics.
Of particular interest was the possibility that the foam .
separation process would provide economical first stage
37
-------
66 (continued)
tertiary treatment for the partial removal of suspended solids from
activated sludge secondary effluents. In addition, the process
removes residual ABS and COD. Anticipating the conversion from
resistant to biodegradable surfactants, test runs were conducted
featuring the addition of small concentrations of LAS to provide
the necessary froth to achieve suspended solids removal. Pilot
design variations for 1/2 to 1 mgd capacity foamers included
single chamber horizontal flow and multiple-chamber counter-cur-
rent flow patterns. Variables included detention time, air-liquid
ratio, freeboard and concentrations of effluent constituents.
Project Started: August 1, 1963 (duration - to December 1965).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigators: John Zoltek, Max Augustus, Robert Miele.
Publications: Joint PHS-LACSD Water Renovation Research Project,
Interim Report Part II, Contract No. PH-86-63-214, July 1963 to
July 1964.
67 DOMINGUEZ CHANNEL STUDY: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County, California.
Dominguez Channel has been utilized for the past 50 years for the
disposal of storm runoff and industrial wastes to harbor waters
and thence to the Pacific Ocean. ome 8.5 miles of the lower end
of this water course are being deepened and widened for flood control
purposes, creating a tidal channel 4-17 feet deep. Work on the lower
2/3 of the channel was completed about a year ago. Wide differences
of opinion existed concerning the ability of the improved channel
to assimilate industrial wastes during summer months when there
would be no storm water runoff. Some thought that all industrial
wastes should be diverted into public sewers. The high cost of
sewer and treatment plant capacity (estimated current value
$3,000,000) required adequate justification. A study made under
summer conditions showed that the zone of maximum pollutional
effects had moved from the mouth to the upper end of the channel.
Nuisance levels no longer exist. The question of the improved
channel's capability to continue to assimilate the industrial
wastes presently being discharged to it was resolved in the
affirmative. Sewer disposal is not required.
Project Started: July 1965 (duration - 6 months)8
Personnel: 3 engineers, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: Dr. James Foxworthy.
38
-------
68 DEVELOPMENT OF COST VS. QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS FOR WATER RENOVATION
SYSTEMS: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, California, in
cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service.
Project Objective: Determine the relationships between treatment
costs and effluent quality for several variations of the activated
sludge process. The investigation was carried out in the Sanita-
tion Districts' 12 mgd Whittier Narrows water reclamation plant.
Evaluation was based on the relative BOD, COD, suspended solids,
and turbidity of the effluent at various flow rates. The plant is
unique in that plant flow can be controlled at almost constant rates
while air rates and flow patterns are varied.
Project Started: October 1963 (duration - to December 1965).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: John Zoltek.
Publications: Joint PHS-LACSD Water Renovation Research Project,
Interim Report Part III, Contract No. PH-86-63-214, July 1963 to
July 1964.
69 CARBON ADSORPTION STUDY: Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
California, in cooperation with U. S. Public Health Service.
Project Objective: To investigate the adsorption process using
activated carbon on a pilot plant scale treating final effluent
from the Pomona activated sludge plant. The feed to the beds of
granular activated carbon was initially filtered through a diatcr--
maceous earth filter but is now fed directly to the activated
carbon columns. The feed may be subjected to various pretreat-
ments such as coagulation, filtration, or foam separation. Carbon
is regenerated on site and returned to the adsorption units. The
efficiency of the adsorption process is measured by monitoring the
feed and product for parameters such as COD, TOC, ABS, and others.
Water quality is monitored at several points along the contactor
to determine the optimum water residence times and carbon adsorp-
tion loadings. Loss of carbon through abrasion attrition and
regeneration is measured by periodic carbon inventories. Auxiliary
studies are being conducted to determine optimum activated carbon
contactor design and operation.
Project Started: September 1964 (duration - to September 1968).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 3 chemists, 1 technician.
Principal Investigator: John English.
Special Equipment: total organic carbon analyzer, activated car-
bon regeneration furnace.
39
-------
70 STRIPED BASS MORTALITY INVESTIGATION: California Department of
Fish and Game, Sacramento, in cooperation with U.S. Geological
Survey,
Large numbers of striped bass die annually during the spring months
in the upper portion of San Francisco Bay. Preliminary studies
indicate a toxic material is causing the mortality. The material
may originate with a waste discharge or may result from a combina-
tion of factors including the interaction of wastes from one or
more sources, the interaction of wastes and natural materials,
and the physiology of the fish. The objective of the study is
to determine the cause or causes of mortality to allow remedial
action, if possible, and to allow us to predict the effect of
various proposals for waste discharge or water development in
the area.
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - approximately 12 months).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 4 chemists.
Principal Investigatorsi L. R. Dunham, W. Silvey, D. Lollock.
Special Equipment: spectrograph for analysis of minerals in
water and gas chromatograph or infrared spectrograph for organic
materials.
71 A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN DYNAMICS IN THE SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN
DELTA: California Department of Fish and Game and California
Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, in cooperation with
U. S. Geological Survey.
The objective is to define the relationships that exist between
dissolved oxygen and various physical, chemical, hydrological, and
biological parameters throughout the estuary. This information will
be used to establish operating criteria for future water developments»
so dissolved oxygen problems can be avoided in the estuary. The
objective will be achieved by relating periodic measurements at a
series of stations selected to represent varying conditions in the
Delta. Parameters measured include phytoplankton, zooplankton,
chlorophyll, light penetration,and levels, water retention time
and velocity, community production and respiration, and various
chemical constituents.
Project Started: July 1965 (duration - to January 1968).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist, 4 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Harold K. Chadwick.
Publications: Annual Report No. 4 - Delta Fish and Wildlife Protec-
tion Study, California Department of Fish and Game, Appendix B,
June 30, 1965.
40
-------
72 SANITARY LANDFILL STUDIES: California Department of Water
Resources, Sacramento.
The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of
decomposition products from refuse landfills on ground water and
to develop plans or measures for the protection of ground waters
from pollution.
Project Started: July 1962 (duration - 5 years).
Personnel: 1 engineer.
Principal Investigator: Gary A. Boulier.
Special Equipment: mobile pump unit, submersible pump, packers
on pump for selected strata sampling.
Publications: Bulletin 147-5 - to be published in spring 1967.
73 DISPERSION AND PERSISTENCE OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS IN GROUND WATER,
COLTON NARROWS, SAN BERNARDINO AND RIVERSIDE COUNTIES: California
Department of Water Resources, So. Dist. Planning Branch, Sacramento.
The general objectives of this investigation are:
(1) To assist the Santa Ana River Basin Regional Water Quality
Control Board in the conduct of its regulatory responsibilities.
(2) To determine the fate of synthetic detergents percolating into
the ground waters.
(3) To develop fundamental data that will aid in the evaluation of
mixing and dispersion of waters within a ground water basin.
The specific objectives are to determine the areal extent in the
ground waters of synthetic detergents in the area of investigation
and also the changes occurring during the study period; to determine
the concentrations of synthetic detergents reaching the ground water
from the unsaturated zone by percolation, and dispersion of synthetic
detergents in the ground water body, and the persistence of synthetic
detergents in ground water.
Project Started: January 1962 (duration - June 1967).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 2 chemists, 1 engineering geologist.
Principal Investigator: George P. Gribkoff.
Special Equipment: Packer equipped pump for selective depth sam-
pling, device for collecting samples of percolating waters from
the unsaturated zone at depths in excess of the capabilities of
ordinary vacuum tensiometers, a modified infrared spectrophotometer.
Publications: Dispersion and Persistence of Synthetic Detergents
in Ground Water, San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, September
1964.
41
-------
74 PREPILOT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANT - SAN JOAQUIN MASTER DRAIN:
California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento.
This is an engineering development project for removal of the algae
growth potential from agricultural drainage waters. The major ob-
jective is to develop the construction, operation and maintenance
costs; the design criteria; and the practicability and efficiency
of biological treatment, both aerobic and anaerobic, of drainage
waters. Incidental studies will include the changes in pesticide
and mineral concentration related to the treatment processes.
Also included will be a study of the biological growths that may be
expected to occur in the drainage facilities and receiving waters.
The reclamation of any treatment by-products (such as algae) will
be investigated. Prediction of the initial and future character-
istics of the waters of the Master Drain will also be included.
The prepilot plant will include an algae growth pond, a digestion
pond, a holding pond, separation study facilities, and a chemical
and biological laboratory.
Project Started: July 1963 (duration - to January 1969).
Personnel: 3 engineers, 1 chemist, 2 biologists, 2 technicians,
3 consultants.
Principal Investigator: Louis A. Beck.
75 DISSOLVED OXYGEN DYNAMICS STUDY OF THE SACRAMENTO - SAN JOAQUIN
ESTUARY: California Departments of Water Resources and^Fish and
Game, Sacramento, in cooperation with U. S. Geological Survey.
The project will develop relationships between (1) the fertilization
of the surface waters with: nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal,
industrial, and agricultural wastes, (2) phytoplankton productivity
with respect to time and space distribution, (3) oxygen relationships,
(4) hydraulics, (5) water chemistry, and (6) fish populations in the
estuary. Generally the objective of the study is to develop a
working hypothesis under which the biology and chemistry of the
estuary can be controlled to provide a suitable environment for
optimum development of the fishery resources of the estuary, as
the Peripheral Canal Project is constructed to convey surplus water
of Northern California through the Sacramento - San Joaquin River
Delta for export.
Project Started: July 1965 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist, 5 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Thomas E. Bailey.
Special Equipment: fluorometer, photometer and'pyrheliometer,
spectrograph, inverted microscope.
42
-------
75 (continued)
Publications: Annual Report No, 4 (1964-65), Delta Fish and
Wildlife Protection Study, The Effect of Water Development on
the Delta Environment, The Resources Agency of California,
1965, (In press).
76 DELTA FISH AND WILDLIFE PROTECTION STUDY: California Depart-
ment of Water Resources, Sacramento.
Study began July 1961, to determine the effects of water
transport across the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta on fish and
wildlife as a Delta water facility is constructed as part of the
State Water Project. This is a cooperative study by the Depart-
ment of Water Resources and Department of Fish and Game; the
agencies provide engineering and biological data respectively.
During the past five years the study has (1) documented and
more closely defined the ecology of the estuary, (2) established
the effects of the proposed projects on the Delta, (3) assisted
in the choice of that facility. The Peripheral Canal concept
has now been chosen for the Delta Water Transfer Project.
The emphasis of the study is now shifting from applied biological
research to the area of how to operate the project, The study
is presently involved in investigation of (1) neomysis in the
Delta, (2) striped bass mortality, f3) local wetlands management
(Suisun Marsh), (4) development of a fish ladder to pass striped
bass, (5) development of a pump to lift live fish, and (6) dissolved
oxygen dynamics.
Project Started: July 1961 (duration ~ to June 1968).
Personnel: 4 engineers, 15 biologists.
Principal Investigators: C. C. Coy, D. W. Kelly, H. K. Chadwick.
Special Equipment: analog model of Delta, analog computer, striped
bass ladder test facility, air lift pump (fish ladder), a future
test facility.
Publications: Annual Reports No» 3 (1964 and No, 4 (1965).
Investigation of the Sacramento, San Joaquin Estuary, Vol. 1 and
2 (1965), published by California Department of Fish and Game.
77 DELTA-SUISUN BAY POLLUTION INVESTIGATION: Department of Water
Resources, San Francisco Bay District.
This investigation is part of the water quality portion of the
overall planning of the State of California's water project and
includes estimation of water quality changes resulting from the
43
-------
77 (continued)
San Joaquin Master Drain, The general objective of the investigation
is to characterize present natural and man-made sources of water
quality degradation, to determine their effect on water quality in
the waterways of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta-Suisun Bay area,
and to evaluate these and future sources with respect to operation
of the Delta Water Facility and San Joaquin Valley Drainage Facility^
Project Started: 1961 (duration - to June 1966).
Personnel: 4 engineers,
Principal Investigator: W. M. Gibson.
Special Equipment: equipment for fluorescent dye tracer studies
in an estuary.
Publications: Delta-Suisun Bay Pollution Investigation. Bulletin
No. 123, State of California, 1966.
Bailey, T. E, 1965. Observations on the Limnology of a Polluted
Reach of an Estuary. Presented at the 46th Annual Meeting, Pacific
Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, June
25, 1965.
Office Reports of San Francisco Bay District of the Department of
Water Resources: Water Transport Through the Cross Delta Channels;
Hydraulic Characteristics of Mokelumne River System; Hydraulic
Model Studies of Effects of San Joaquin Valley Drainage Facilities;
Environmental Characteristics of Three Dead-End Sloughs; Delta
Water Quality; Delta-Suisun Bay Waste Discharge Inventory and
Projection.
78 DELTA-BAY WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION: Department of Water
Resources, San Francisco Bay District.
The objectives of this investigation are to determine the following
within the San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun Bays:
(1) Existing nutrient and pesticide concentrations and related
water quality factors through evaluation of existing data and
limited field studies.
(2) Adequacy of monthly grab sampling in a cross-section, with
particular emphasis on ecological parameters.
(3) Flow characteristics and assimilative capacity of the system
using dye tracer techniques„
(4) The. mode of pesticide transport.
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - to 1969).
Personnel: 4 engineers.
Principal Investigator: W. M. Gibson.
44
-------
79 WATER QUALITY REPORT ON PAUMA, PALA, AND BONSALL GROUNDWATER
BASINS: California Department of Water Resources, San Diego
Regional Water Quality Control Board,
An investigation of basic hydrology, geology, and groundwater
quality in portions of the San Luis Rey River Basin.
Project Started: July 1960 (duration - to December 1965).
80 ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KELP BEDS NEAR POINT LOMA: San Diego
Regional Water Quality Control Board.
An investigation and report on the physical condition,
biological activity, and stage of development of kelp beds
in the Pacific Ocean in vicinity of Point Loma, for the purpose
of providing surveillance information subsequent to the inception
of a community waste discharge in the area through a submarine
outfall.
Project Started: August 1964 (duration - to September 1965).
Principal Investigator: Dr. Wheeler J. North.
81 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OFFSHORE OF POINT LOMA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY;
San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board.
Investigation of the marine ecology along the western shore of
Point Loma from the intertidal zone to the 100-foot depth by
diver-biologists. Acquire data to aid in describing and
evaluating the effect of a large municipal sewage outfall.
Project Started: February 1965 (completed in 1965).
Principal Investigators: Charles H, Turner, E. E. Ebert, and
R. R. Given.
82 GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS IN SAN DIEGO RIVER VALLEY: California
Department of Water Resources, San Diego Regional Water
Quality Control Board.
An investigation of the basic geology, hydrology, and ground and
surface water quality in the middle reach of the San Diego River,
Project Started: July 1959 (duration - to September 1965).
45
-------
83 WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION OF MONTEREY COUNTY, INCLUDING RECOMMENDED
QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS: California
Department of Water Resources, Regional Water Quality Control
Board, San Luis Obispo.
Objectives:
(1) Determine present quality of surface and ground waters.
(2) Determine occurrence, utilization, and movement of both surface
and ground waters, particularly as they may be affected^ by
waste discharges.
(3) Determine quality of existing sewage and industrial waste
discharges and the effect they may have on water quality.
(4) Recommend realistic mineral water quality criteria for
maximum beneficial use of surface and ground waters.
(5) Recommend wells suitable for monitoring: (a) water quality
of basin, and (b) effects of existing waste discharges.
Present general information regarding monitoring ground
waters in the vicinity of future waste discharges.
Project Started: 1965 (duration - one year).
84 WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION OF SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY COASTAL
PLAIN, INCLUDING RECOMMENDED QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR SURFACE AND
GROUND WATERS: California Department of Water Resources, Regional
Water Quality Control Board, San Luis Obispo.
Objectives:
(1) Determine present quality of surface and ground waters.
(2) Determine occurrence, utilization, and movement of both surface
and ground waters, particularly as they may be affected by
waste discharges.
(3) Determine quality of existing sewage and industrial waste disr
charges and the effects they may have on water quality.
(4) Recommend realistic mineral water quality criteria for maximum
beneficial use of surface and ground waters.
(5) Recommend wells suitable for monitoring: (a) water quality of
basin, and (b) effects of existing waste discharges.
Project Started: 1965 (duration - one year).
85 SANTEE RECREATION PROJECT: FWPCA, Region IX, San Francisco, in
cooperation with California agencies.
This seven-agency cooperative study evaluated the fate of viruses
along with bacterial indicators, physical and chemical quality
data through a conventional secondary treatment process, additional
46
-------
85 (continued)
tertiary processes, and recreational lakes deliberately designed
to utilize the community's reclaimed sewage effluent. The study
presented convincing evidence that allowed the state and local
health authority and the Water District to increase the recrea-
tional program until a water contact swimming program was con-
ducted during the 1965 summer season. The program met with
complete public acceptance. This cooperative study also
evaluated the eutrophication problems and ecological relations
that developed from the use of waste water in this manner.
Project Started: February 1962 (duration - to June 1966).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 biologist.
Principal Investigator: John C. Merrell, Jr.
Publications: Santee Recreation Project Summary Report.
USPHS Environmental Health Series Publication, 1965.
86 SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA, CALIFORNIA,
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE DISPOSAL STUDY: Department of the Army,
Corps of Engineers.
Authorizing Legislation of Congress: Section 216 of the Flood
Control Act of 1965 which is quoted below:
(1) The Secretary of the Army is hereby authorized and
directed to cause to be made, under direction of the
Chief of Engineers, an investigation and study of San
Francisco Bay, California, including San Pablo Bay,
Suisun Bay and other adjacent bays and tributaries there-
to, with a view to determining the feasibility of, and
extent of Federal interest in, measures for waste disposal
and water quality control and allied purposes.
Supplemental Authority: House of Representatives Committee on
Public Works resolution, adopted May 8, 1964, which is quoted
below:
(2) Resolved by the Committee on Public Works of the House
of Representatives, United States, that the Board of
Engineers for Rivers and Harbors is hereby requested to
review the reports on Sacramento, San Joaquin and Kern
Rivers, California, published as^House Document 191,
73rd Congress, Second Session, and other reports, with
a view to determining the feasibility of remedial measures
for water quality control and other purposes, included in
comprehensive development of the Sacramento-San Joaquin
Delta, including verification of conclusions by model
analysis as deemed necessary.
47
-------
86 (continued)
Project Started: Fiscal Year 1966 (duration - 5 years).
Special Equipment: Existing tidal hydraulic model of entire Sa"n
Francisco Bay system and portion of ocean outside Golden Gate,
constructed to vertical scale of 1:100 and horizontal scale of
1:1,000.
87 PRECIPITATION OF CaC03 AND ACCUMULATION OF EXCHANGEABLE Na FRQM
IRRIGATION WATERS AS INFLUENCED BY LANGELIER'S pH VALUES AND
LEACHING PERCENTAGE: USDA - ARS - SWC, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,
Riverside.
The objectives of this research are:
(1) To determine the amount of CaC03 which precipitates in soil
irrigated at various leaching percentages with waters having
various theoretical pH values at equilibrium with CaCOo
(pHc);
(2) To study the interactive effects of the SAR and the pHc value
of the irrigation water, and the leaching percentages of the
accumulation of exchangeable Na.
Twenty-four lysimeters have been filled with a nonsodic, calcareoMS
soil, planted with Harding's grass, and are being irrigated with
six different waters (variable total salt concentration and
composition) and at four different leaching percentages. Following
each irrigation, the volume and the Ca, Mg, Na, and HC03 concentra-
tions of the leachates from each lysimeter will be determinedf
Precipitation of CaC03 and exchangeable Na accumulation will be
determined and evaluated with respect to quality of irrigation
water and the leaching percentage used.
Project Started: January 1964 (duration - to June 1967).
Principal Investigators: C. A. Bower and G. Ogata.
Special Equipment: 24 lysimeters.
88 SOUTH LAKE TAHOE-TAHOE KEYS: Engineering-Science, Inc., Oakland,
A residential development is under construction along several
miles of dredged waterways located near the Upper Truckee River
on the south end of Lake Tahoe. In the interest of lake water
pollution prevention and adequate water quality control within the
development's waterways, a research and water quality program is
now underway at this development site. The physical, chemical,
and biological characteristics of the water and benthos of
48
-------
88 (continued)
dredged waters are being established in order to develop an
effective economical water quality control program. An ex-
tensive water circulation system between the lake and
waterways has been planned for the prevention of water stag-
nation problems within the waterways. The investigation will
be continued throughout 1966.
Project Started: Fall 1965 (duration - one year).
;Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist, 1 biologist, 1 microbiologist,
Principal Investigator: Ralf C. Carter.
Special Equipment: limnological equipment, scuba equipment,
in-situ productivity apparatus, sample concentrating device
for 0.005 pm level of nutrients.
89 IMPROVED WASTE TREATMENT DESIGN OF SUBMARINE DISPOSAL:
Engineering-Science, Inc., Oakland.
Marine waste disposal is becoming of increasing importance in
coastal states; however, most coastal treatment plants utilize
conventional operations (developed largely for inland disposal
to fresh water streams or lakes) and hence are not particularly
efficient for marine disposal. Previous studies for Engineering-
Science, Inc. indicated that the removal of floatable material
should be the controlling factor in disposal to the marine
environment. It was the object of the research to develop
simplified and/or improved methods for such removal or control,
together with development of methods for measuring floatable
material in waste effluents and in the marine environment needed
for the evaluation of performance of improved treatment methods.
The research has yielded the following results:
(1) Development of a liquid-liquid extraction method for deter-
mination of hexane extractable material in sewage using
direct extraction in a one-liter sampling bottle.
(2) Development of a quantitative method of determining floatable
material in sewage using a special Teflon-coated floatation
funnel.
(3) Conclusions indicating that promising treatment methods for
marine disposal are pressure floatation of raw sewage,
improved gravity retention focused on improving floatable
solids removal, and gravity retention followed by pressure
floatation of the effluent.
(4) Development of a sampling device for quantitative collection
of floatable material on the ocean surface.
49
-------
89 (continued)
Project Started: June 1963 (duration - to January 1967).
Principal Investigator: Harvey F. Ludwig.
Special Equipment: specially designed liquid-liquid extraction
apparatus for determination of hexane extractable material in
sewage, specially designed and fabricated Teflon-coated funnel
for quantitative determination of floatable material in sewage,
specially designed and fabricated sampling device for quantitative
collection of floatable material on the ocean surface.
Publications: Determination and Removal of Floatable Material from
Waste Water. Summary Report Project Years 1963-65, prepared for
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control USPHS by Engineering?
Science, Inc., November 1965.
9tO IN-SITU INVESTIGATION OF MOVEMENT OF GASES PRODUCED FROM DECOMPOSING
REFUSE: Engineering-Science, Inc., Oakland.
In Southern California, since World War II, serious concern has
developed among various public and private agencies over possible
ground water degradation resulting from the disposal of municipal
refuse by landfilling. One of the potential pollutants is carbon
dioxide gas which is a product of refuse decomposition. This gas,
moving into the soil from the refuse, is of great importance
because of its high solubility in water, tending toward a lowering
of pH with the likelihood that the water will increase in hardness
or other mineralization. This research had as its major aim t;he
determination of the velocity and quantity of movement of refuse
gases in the soil surrounding a landfill. A suitable test site
was chosen in a section of a gravel pit operated by the Azusa
Rock and Sand Co. The test landfill was installed with gas monitor^
ing probes located throughout the refuse and in a pattern of wells
surrounding the fill. It was thereby possible to detect gas produc*
tion within the refuse and in the surrounding soil. Carbon dioxide
was found to be the only decomposition gas moving into the soil
in any significant amounts. Estimates of the velocity and magni-
tude of C02 movement were made. It was concluded that a landfill
can be expected to contribute C02 to the surrounding soil for
many years and that, if a given ground water is deemed to be in
danger from C02 pollution, forms of gas control might be needed^
Current research is directed toward finding means of preventing
or minimizing gas movement into the ground, such as investigation
of barrier materials (plastics, etc.), ventilation and burnoff
, e.g.) and the role of soil cover.
50
-------
90 (continued)
Project Started: December 1961 (duration - to June 1966).
Personnel: 3 engineers.
Principal Investigator: Harvey F. Ludwig.
Special Equipment: Specially designed and fabricated plastic
probes for gas sampling, special temperature and moisture probe
for soils, specially designed and fabricated equipment for
collecting and measuring rate and amount of carbon dioxide
passing upward through fill cover to the atmosphere.
Publications: Bishop, William D., Ralf C. Carter and Harvey
F. Ludwig. 1965. Gas movement from landfilled rubbish.
Publ. Wks. November 1965.
Bishop, William D., Ralf C. Carter and Harvey F. Ludwig, 1966.
Water pollution hazards from refuse-produced carbon dioxide.
Paper submitted and accepted for the third conference of the
International Association on Water Pollution Research, Munich,
Germany.
Two annual reports and six progress reports to the California
State Water Quality Control Board.
9} RELATIONSHIP OF TREATMENT METHODS TO SUSPENDED MATTER IN WATER:
Engineering-Science, Inc., Oakland.
The objectives of this research were to characterize suspended
particulate matter in water, to conduct laboratory investigation
involving a variety of water treatment processes, and to develop
correlations and conclusions in order to improve the removal of
suspended matter. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of suspended
matter in a suspension was measured by a developed method using
methylene blue. Average size of suspended matter could be
approximated by the ratio of suspension CEC and the weight of
suspended matter in unit volume. The jar test with alum indicated
that the alum dosage of coagulation is dependent on suspension CEC.
At a constant pH of coagulation, the alum dosage decreased with the
increase of CEC when suspension CEC is less than about 10 mg/1.
When CEC is greater than about 10 mg/1, the alum dosage increased
with the increase of CEC. It was also observed that the optimum
pH of coagulation was dependent on a suspension alkalinity, and the
type of suspended matter. Mobility measurement along with jar test
was run to explain the interrelationship of CEC, pH, alkalinity, and
the type of suspended matter. The change of particle mobility with
the passing of time after the addition of alum was noted and it was
explained by C02 equilibrium. An attempt was made to measure the
filterability of coagulated and settled water, and a modified method
of "Silting Index11 measurement was found promising.
51
-------
91 (continued)
Project Started: September 1, 1961 (duration - to February 10,
1965),
Principal Investigator: Harvey F. Ludwig.
Special Equipment: microscopic electrophoresis cell, silting
index apparatus.
Publications: Wonsuk, Kim, Harvey F. Ludwig and William D.
Bishop, Cation exchange capacity and pH in the coagulation
process. J. Am. Wat. Wks. Assn. 27(3):327, March 1965.
Two annual reports (1963-1964, 1964-1965) to USPHS
92 PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A WATER SYSTEM RECOVERY OPERATION IN A
POSTATTACK FALLOUT SITUATION: REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES FOR
POSTATTACK SANITATION: Engineering-Science, Inc., Arcadia.
A determination of the response of city water distribution systems
to nuclear weapons attack, blast vulnerability and fallout radiation^
and recovery operating procedures. The development of material for
a prototype manual for planning and conducting a water system
recovery operation in a postattack fallout situation. A determina-
tion of the environmental response to nuclear weapons and post-
attack sanitation requirements. The removal of fallout material
from the recovery environment.
Project Started: September 1964 (duration - three years).
Personnel: 4 engineers.
Principal Investigators: Judson A. Harmon and Harvey F. Ludwig.
Publications: A prototype manual on civil defense aspects of
water works operations.
Postattack Sanitation, Waste Disposal, Pest and Vector Control
Requirements and Procedures.
93 METHODOLOGY FOR COMPARATIVE ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
PROCESSES FOR SALINE WATER CONVERSION: Stanford Research Institute?
Menlo Park.
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California has developed a
procedure for comparative engineering analysis of saline water cpnverT
sion processes. A differential-associated cost method was developed
that permits comparison of processes on a uniform and "objective
scale, utilizing a normalized cost procedure. The method consists
of three basic steps:
52
-------
93 (continued)
(1) Estimation of capital and operating costs of a process for
a selected set of design specifications, operating condi-
tions, and cost factors.
(2) Grouping of the associated operating costs into components.
(3) Calculation of the differential costs or the change in
operating costs resulting from changes in the values of
variables from the selected basis.
The resulting rating allows direct comparison of processes, based
on their present state of development, and permits an evaluation
of the effects of either actual or proposed improvements. By
grouping of various costs associated with different components
of the processes, the relative importance of each can be directly
evaluated, and the limiting steps of a process can be determined
objectively. The limiting or critical steps of a process can be
analyzed to determine if further significant reduction in cost is
attainable, thereby improving the feasibility of the process. If
improvements in the critical steps are unlikely to be realized,
the potential of the process is limited. The method was
utilized to evaluate 13 processes in varying degrees. The results
of the Institute's study are presently graphical in many cases.
Project Started: January 1963 (duration - to February 1966).
Principal Investigator: Robert E. DeLaRue.
94 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUISUN BAY AND SAN PABLO BAY: Water Resources Engineers, Inc.,
under contract to USPHS, Division of Water Supply and Pollution
Control.
The project objective is the development of a mathematical model
for simulation of hydraulic behavior of a portion of the estuary pf
the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system. The model, when developed,
will be capable of reproducing tidal elevation and current behavior
in two-dimensional, vertically mixed estuaries and accepting a
previously-developed water quality model of a comparable system.
Project Started: June 21, 1965 (duration - 9 months).
Personnel: 3 engineers.
Special Equipment: IBM 7094 computer and auxiliary equipment.
53
-------
95 CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL, TREATMENT AND UTILIZATION: Water Resources
Engineers, Inc., under contract to California Water Quality Control
Board.
The project is aimed at developing effective systems for treatment}
disposal, and/or utilization of liquid and solid wastes from the
food canning industry. Studies are being conducted on wastes from
peach and tomato canning at Stockton, California. The project is
to be conducted in three phases:
' (1) Characterization in-plant of waste streams and water use.
(2) Evaluation of waste treatability by physical, chemical, and
biological processes.
(3) Pilot-scale evaluation of selected treatment systems with em-
phasis on economic feasibility as well as industry-wide appli-
cation.
Project Started: June 1964 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 6 engineers, 3 chemists, 1 microbiologist.
Principal Investigator: Gerald T. Orlob.
' Publications: Review of Literature - Cannery Waste Treatment,
Disposal and Utilization. Report by Water Resources Engineers,
Inc. to State Water Quality Control Board, September 1965.
54
-------
HAWAII
96 GROUND WATER POLLUTION STUDY, KALAUAO, OAHU: Board of Water
Supply, C & C of Honolulu.
Determine effect, extent, and rate of ground water, chemical,
bacteriological pollution due to return irrigation water, tidal
action, sea water encroachment and natural infiltration under
a regimen of pumping. Due to changing land uses, the study will
be extended to determine the effects of changing land uses on
the quality of ground water in the area. This phase of the study
will continue on a reduced scale for some years in order to
develop the necessary data on the changes.
Project Started: February 1959 (duration - through 1965).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist, 1 microbiologist.
Principal Investigator: J. Chang.
Special Equipment: gas chromatograph.
55
-------
IDAHO
97 SHELLEY LAGOON, SECONDARY WASTE TREATMENT STUDY: The R, T. French
Company, Shelley.
Phase 1 - 1963-64 season. A preliminary test was conducted to see
if potato waste could be treated in lagoons and in conjunction with
sanitary waste.
Phase 2 - 1964-65 season. The indications of the first phase were
that potato wastes could be treated by lagoons and in conjunction
with sanitary sewage. Phase 2 was to increase the lagoon BOD load-
ing at intervals throughout the year to determine the rate at which
the lagoon could be loaded and to check algae and plankton strains
being produced. Fish were also added to the lagoon to observe their
reactions.
Phase 3 - 1965-66 season. From phase 2 we found that we may be
able to load the lagoon at 150 Ibs. of BOD/acre/day. This loading
is now being maintained throughout the entire year, with the algae
and plankton strains still being observed.
Phase 4 - Hopefully we will add aeration to the lagoon and perhaps
some design changes. Objectives: (1) Determine highest safe BOD
loading in a lagoon, (2) Determine whether potato waste and sani-
tary waste can be treated together more economically than separately,
(3) To find the most efficient lagoon design and use for potato
wastes. (4) Determine if there are any profitable byproducts (fish,
algae, etc.) that could be harvested from lagoons treating potato
wastes.
Project Started: October 1963 (duration - to summer of 1967),
Personnel: 2 chemists, 1 clerk.
Principal Investigators: W, M. Swanson, K. L. Sirrine.
Publications: Two brief reports presented to the Engineering
Committee of the Idaho Potato Processors Association,
57
-------
MONTANA
98 STREAM SEDIMENT INVESTIGATION: Montana Fish and Game Department,
Helena.
Certain agricultural practices are responsible for the addition of
gross quantities of sediment into streams. These practices in-
clude (1) overgrazing the entire watershed; (2) brush and tree
removal on the floodplain and along streambanks; (3) snag removal
and channel realignment; (4) row crop production on steep sloping
land; (5) overgrazing on floodplain land; and (6) surface irrig-
tion return water. The purpose of this study has been to obtain
information which expresses an inverse relationship between sediment
concentrations and trout production. The aim of the project is to
specifically locate the source of gross sediment concentrations
and then to cooperate with the various governmental agencies con-
cerned with irrigation projects so that corrective measures can be
undertaken.
Project Started: 1960 (duration - to 1975).
Personnel: 1 biologist.
Principal Investigator: Don R. Bianchi.
Special Equipment: Mark VI standpipe, Type E water level recorders,,
P-48 depth integration suspended sediment sampler, Ryan and Taylor
thermographs.
Publications: Bianchi, D. R. 1963. Stream sediment investigation^
Job Comp. Rep., F-20-R-8. Montana Fish and Game Department.
Bianchi, D. R. 1964. Stream sediment investigation. Job. Comp. Rep,,
F-20-R-9. Montana Fish and Game Department.
Bianchi, D. R. Effects of sediment on egg survival of rainbow trout
and cutthroat trout. (Unpublished).
Peters, J. C. The effects of stream sedimentation on trout embryo
survival. Biological Problems in Water Pollution, 3rd Seminar,
USDHEW PHS No. 999-WP-25. pp 275-279.
Peters, J. C. 1963. Stream sedimentation and trout populations in
Bluewater Creek, Montana. (Unpublished).
-------
99 DETECTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ENZOOTIC WATER POLLUTION: Uni-
versity of Montana, Missoula.
The purpose of this investigation is to determine che qualita-
tive and quantitative aspects of wild animal and bird pollution
on water, including surface and underground. The health aspects
of the pollution will also be examined.
Project Started: September 1, 1965 (duration - 4 years).
Personnel: 2 biologists, 2 microbiologists,
Principal Investigators: Mitsuru Nakamura and William B. Rowan.
100 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC M1CROPOLLUTANTS AND PROTOZOA: University
of Montana, Missoula,
Water pollution and water quality studies in this country,
with a few notable exceptions, while stressing the larger
invertebrates and vertebrate members of food chains such as
the aquatic insects and fish, have neglected the smaller pro-
tozoa. Yet these animals, besides being often primary con-
sumers, display several features that make them compelling
study material for water research. The primary purpose of
this study is to determine the usefulness of free-living pro-
tozoa as bioassay tools in the study of organic micropollution.
We will attempt to screen as broad a range of protozoa as
possible within the time period available. Special attention
will be given, however, to ciliates such as Tetrahymena
pyriformis and Paramecium £££» that can be maintained in
axenic culture on defined medium. Most of the measurements
to be made will relate to the impact of the pollutant on
the population growth curves of the cultures. Secondarily,
the study should contribute to an understanding of the
ecology of protozoan populations.
Project Started: Juanuary 1, 1966 (duration - \\ years).
Personnel: 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: W. B. Rowan.
101 THE ROLE OF FRESH WATER SNAILS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SAL-
MONELLAE: University of Montana, Missoula.
The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to
which snails of the general Lymnaea, Helisoma, and Physa are
capable of harboring economically important pathogens such as
Salmonella typhi-murium (livestock), S_._ pullorum (poultry)
and related forms. The snails are exposed to the bacteria,
maintained for varying periods of time, surface sterilized,
60
-------
101 (continued)
and their tissues sectioned and cultured. The study is expected to
contribute knowledge to the epizootiology of Salmonella, and is
preliminary to more extensive work in this area.
Project Started: November 1, 1965 (duration - 2 years).
Personnel: 2 biologists.
Principal Investigators: M. J. Nakamura, W. B. Rowan.
61
-------
OREGON
102 THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING ON THE SURVIVAL TO EMERGENCE OF COHO
SALMON AND STEELHEAD: Oregon Game Commission, Research
Division, Portland.
The objectives of this study are to:
(1) Determine the influence of the intragravel environment on
survival (to emergence) of salmonids.
(2) Develop methods of measuring directly that survival.
(3) Measure the impact of logging on the intragravel environ-
ment.
Project Started: 1960 (duration - to 1973).
Personnel: 3 biologist, 1 graduate assistant.
Principal Investigators: R. W. Phillips, H. J. Campbell.
Publications: Koski, K. Victor. 1966. The survival of coho
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from egg deposition to emergence
in three Oregon coastal streams. M.S. thesis, Oregon State
University.
Lowry, Gerald R. 1965. Movement of cutthroat trout, Salmo
clarki clarki (Richardson) in three Oregon coastal streams.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94:334-338.
Phillips, Robert W. 1961. Alsea watershed study. Misc. paper
no. 110, Agri. Exp. Sta., Oregon State University, Corvallis.
pp 33-37.
Phillips, Robert W. 1964. The influence of gravel size on
survival to emergence of coho and steelhead. 15th Northwest
Fish Culture Conference. Corvallis, Oregon.
Phillips, Robert W. and Homer J. Campbell. 1961. The
embryonic survival of coho salmon and steelhead trout as
influenced by some environmental conditions in gravel beds.
14th Annual Report of the Pacific Marine Fish Commission.
Portland, Oregon* pp 60-74.
103 IMPROVEMENT OF LOGGING METHODS AND MANAGEMENT OF CUTOVER AND
BURNED LANDS TO MAINTAIN SOIL STABILITY AND REGULATE RUNOFF IN
DOUGLAS FIR AND MIXED CONIFER WATERSHEDS: Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis.
To determine the characteristics and interrelations of soil,
plants and water, to determine how logging methods, road construc-
tion and timber management practices can be improved to curtail
erosion and sedimentation, to prevent stream channel impairment,
63
-------
103 (continued)
and co regulate quantity and timing of runoff in Douglas fir and
mixed-conifer forest lands of western Washington and Oregon. Work
is in four categories: erosion on logging roads and logged areas,
water quality, quantity and timing of runoff, and water use and
disposition.
Project Started: 1952 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 2 forest hydrologists, 2 soil scientists.
Principal Investigator: Jack Rothacher.
Publications: Fredricksen, R. L. 1965. Christmas storm damage on
the H, J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station Res. Note PNW-29, August 1965, 11 p., illus.
Fredricksen, R. L, 1962. Sedimentation following logging road
construction in a small western Oregon watershed. Proc. Federal
Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi.
104 DISPOSITION OF PESTICIDES IN SOIL AND WATER OF FOREST AND RELATED
RANGE ENVIRONMENTS: U. S, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis.
To determine how chemical, physical, and microbiological properties
of forest soil are affected by, and lead to alteration and degradation
of, chemical pesticide residues; how such residues are moved over and
through the soil; how much and in what forms residues are present
in waters of forested or related rangeland areas, and to provide
information which will serve as a sound basis for devising new or
modifying present practices of pesticide use to reduce or eliminate
pollution of water by chemical residues.
Project Started: October 1964 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 microbiologist, 2 soil scientists.
Principal Investigator: Robert F. Tarrant.
Special Equipment: gas chromatograph with electron capture and
microcoulometric detection features.
105 WASHINGTON STATE ENFORCEMENT PROJECT: Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Portland.
The purpose of this project is to determine the effects of pulp and
paper mill waste discharges on the water quality and marine resources
of Puget Sound, A program composited of engineering, oceanographic,
biological, and economic studies has been completed in areas adja-
cent to Anacortes and Port Angeles, and is near ing its conclusion
at Bellingham and Everett. The engineering studies, concluded in
64
-------
105 (continued)
each area, provide a complete description of the amount and nature
of the pulp and paper mill wastes discharged into various sections
of Puget Sound. The oceanographic studies, also completed, have
(a) determined the dispersion, travel, and persistence of mill
wastes in the receiving waters; (b) described the currents and water
movements which affect waste dispersion; (c) described the water
quality as influenced by mill wastes; and (d) measured the areal
coverage, depths, and composition of sludge deposits. The economic
studies have delineated some of the important economic factors and
established a basis for the judgment of what constitutes reasonable
abatement procedures.
There are eleven biological studies which can be categorized into
physiology, ecology, and fisheries. The physiological work is com-
posed of long and short term bioassays conducted _in situ, in the
laboratory using environmental waters, and in the laboratory using
prepared, known materials. The test organisms are juvenile salmon,
adult oysters, oyster larvae, and English sole eggs. Results indi-
cate that sulfite waste liquor is a severely toxic material, even
when quite dilute.
The ecological work is concerned with the composition, distribution,
abundance, and relationships of the plankton and benthos in the test
areas. Volunteer periphyton communities (on glass slides) and plank-
ton productivity characteristics are also being studied. All data
from these investigations are being computer-processed to elucidate
significant relationships.
The fisheries studies have demonstrated the distribution and migra-
tion patterns of juvenile salmon, the composition and distribution of
demersal fishes, and are now concerned with the distribution and
abundance of flatfish afflicted with tumors. Preliminary evalua-
tions indicate that juvenile salmon try to utilize receiving waters
shown to be toxic and that fish with tumors are found only in shallow
waters close to fresh water sources or in polluted areas.
Project Started: January 1962 (duration - to July 1967),
Principal Investigator: E. N. Kari.
Special Equipment: survey vessel equipped with laboratory, hydro-
graphic winches, live tank, and trawling gear.
106 TEST DEVICE FOR COLLECTING MARINE INVERTEBRATES: Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Pacific Northwest Water Labora-
tory, Newport.
Six rectangular, compartmentalized plexiglass devices for support-
ing various substrates were placed in Yaquina Bay, Oregon in 1965
to secure information on kinds and development characteristics of
65
-------
106 (continued)
invertebrates utilizing the substrates. Findings are to be used
in designing a sampler to collect invertebrates of specific interest
and in testing the field utility of this approach to systems analy-
sis relative to predicting certain waste load capacities and effects
in estuaries. The project entailed the use of four types of repli-
cated substrate places (roughened and smooth glass, marine plywood,
and masonite) and two types of duplicated substrate boxes (rocks and
shells, and sediment) set at two depths during two seasonal periods
over varying periods of time (3, 6, and 9 weeks).
Project Started: June 30, 1965 (duration - to June 30, 1966).
Personnel: 1 biologist.
Principal Investigator: William D, Clothier.
107 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS OF OREGON AND
WASHINGTON: Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Pacific
Northwest Water Laboratory, Newport.
A review of literature for an annotated bibliography of pertinent
research papers on biological, chemical, geological, and physical
characteristics of the marine and tidal waters and adjoining shore
areas in Oregon was initiated in 1965 to facilitate research plan-
ning and program development relative to waste disposal problems in
salt water. Four bibliographies are to be prepared, each to cover
subject matter in the following geographical areas:
(1) Coastal and estuarine waters of Oregon.
(2) Outer coastal and estuarine waters of Washington.
(3) Puget Sound.
(4) Columbia River and its discharge area.
The latter two will be updated supplements to bibliographies pub-
lished by the University of Washington. A first draft of the first
compilation, "A contribution to a bibliography of Oregon coastal and
estuarine waters", has been readied for editorial review. It con-
tains about 400 annotated references.
Project Started: January 1965 (duration - June 1968).
Personnel: 1 oceanographer.
Principal Investigator: George Ditsworth.
66
-------
108 EFFECTS OF WATERSHED ACTIVITIES ON WATER QUALITY IN THE PACIFIC
NORTHWEST: Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis,
Overall objectives:
(1) To determine the impact and effects of current and proposed
watershed uses and practices on water quality in the Pacific
Northwest.
(2) To determine the nature and causes of water quality problems
in Pacific Northwest watersheds,
(3) To develop measures for prevention and correction of water
quality problems that arise from the region's watershed
practices.
Project Started: January 1, 1964 (duration - to 1971),
Personnel: 1 forester, 1 technician.
Principal Investigator: Sichard B, Marston,
Special Equipment: electrolytic conductivity recorders.
109 EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE-PURPOSE IMPOUNDMENTS ON WATER QUALITY: Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Pacific Northwest Water
Laboratory, Corvallis,,
A study of water quality in impoundments, current and stratification
patterns, the biota, and interrelationships of the chemical, biological,
and physical parameters. The objective is to develop sufficient basic
information on the ecological, chemical, and physical effects and
changes occurring in the impoundments to permit forecasting future
water quality and to safeguard the quality of the water passing
through them.
Project Started: November 1964 (duration - long term).
Personnel: 1 engineer, I technician, (current year).
Principal Investigator: Lyman J. Nielson,
110 TREATMENT PROCESSES: Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion, Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis.
Immediate objectives are:
(1) To develop methods for assessing nature and extent of water
quality degradation caused by pulp and paper wastes,
(2) To assimilate information and evaluate remedial processes now
available.
(3) To field test potentially applicable processes in cooperation
with industry and others.
67
-------
110 (continued)
Specific projects presently proposed are as follows:
(1) Develop a more significant and useful test as a substitute for
the Pearl-Benson index to differentiate sulfite waste liquor
from other reactive compounds in waste waters and natural
waters.
(2) Document all known and available methods and means for the
utilization, recycle, recovery and treatment of wastes from
the pulp and paper industries. A publication will ultimately
be developed,
(3) Determine the use of such treatment processes of mills within
the Pacific Northwest. Pilot scale operations will be developed
in cooperation with the pulp and paper industries.
(4) Determination of the effects of log storage on water quality.
(5) Coordinate a national program relating to waste water research
in the pulp and paper industry.
Project Started: July 1965 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 2 chemists.
Principal Investigator: Ralph Scott.
Ill EUTROPH1CATION: Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis.
This project is studying the sources of plant nutrients in water
bodies and their effects on water use. Nutrients stimulate inten-
sive and extensive growths of water plants which, when they die and
decay, cause secondary oxygen-demanding pollution in the receiving
waters, accompanied by disagreeable tastes and odors. The problem
of nutrient accumulation in water bodies is widespread in the nation.
This project is limited to the Upper Klamath Lake in Oregon. Four
objectives are as follows: assemble information available from
past studies on Upper Klamath Lake, determine where algal nutrients
are obtained from within the watershed, learn more about the physio-
logical characteristics of the nuisance blue-green algae in the lake,
and find some feasible method of controlling algal production in
Upper Klamath Lake.
Project Started: September 1964 (duration - to September 1967),
Personnel: 3 chemists, 3 biologists, 1 technician, 1 clerk-stenog-r-
rapher, 1 consultant.
Principal Investigator: Leslie Seyb,
68
-------
112 UNDERGROUND WATER OF THE DESCHUTES RIVER BASIN: Central Oregon
College, Bend,
Project Objectives:
(1) Field study and compilation of water wells in the Deschutes
Basin.
(2) Thin section study of related formations.
(3) Mapping of structure from well logs.
(4) Determination of static water table.
Project Started: 1959 (duration - to 1967).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 2 assistants.
Principal Investigator: William W. Hudson.
113 EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICALLY MODIFIED PULPING EFFLUENTS
ON THE PRODUCTION OF FISH: National Council for Stream Improve-
ment, Corvallis.
Objectives: To determine whether various chemical and biological
modifications of pulp mill effluent are effective in reducing
effluent toxicity to finned fish. The effect of biological modi-
fication of kraft effluents in short term acute toxicity has been
initiated. This work will be continued and expanded to include
detailed characterization of other effluents and assessment of
biological and chemical modification on short term acute toxicity
and productivity of finned fish.
Project Started: 1965 (duration - 4 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 biologist.
Principal Investigators: R. 0, Blosser and E. L. Owens.
114 A STUDY OF TEMPERATURE MICROSTRUCTURE AT THE OCEAN FLOOR AND ITS
IMPLICATIONS WITH REGARD TO HEAT FLOW OBSERVATIONS: Department
of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
The objective of this project is to initiate a study of the
stability of the temperature environment at the deep ocean floor.
A new thermal probe for measuring long time variations in tempera-
ture at the sea bottom interface of the ocean floor is being
constructed. Thermal measurements will be made to a depth of
several meters in the sea bottom and to a height of 1 or 2 meters
above the floor of the ocean. The initial design of the instru-
ment is nearly complete. Recovery techniques are now being
investigated. Theoretical studies concerning temperature fluc-
tuations at bottom of the ocean are being conducted, in relation
to eddy or turbulent diffusivity.
69
-------
114 (continued)
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - to May 1966).
Personnel: 1 oceanographer, 1 geophysicist, 2 students.
Principal Investigator: G. Bodvarsson.
Special Equipment: temperature probes for deep-sea use and ocean-
ographic vessel, YAQUINA.
115 THE PREDICTION OF UNSATURATED FLOW RATES FROM PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE POROUS MEDIUM: Oregon State University in cooperation with
Water Resources Research Institute, Department of the Interior,
Corvallis.
Objectives:
(1) To establish a relationship between water transmission coeffi-
cients of a porous medium and the physical properties of the
medium by a series of systematic measurements.
(2) To develop a method by which water transmission coefficients
for any porous material may be predicted reliably by means of
an analytic procedure.
(3) To establish the possible use of a mercury intrusion porosimeter
as a tool for the routine measurement of pore size distribution.
(4) To compare values of water transmission coefficients calculated
from pore size distributions with experimentally obtained values.
The development of the unsaturated flow theory leads to the deter-
mination of several parameters necessary for the prediction of water
movement in porous media. Little investigation has been done to
determine these parameters as a function of easily measured physical
properties of the medium. The flow parameters have been related to
characteristic functions obtained from experiments. The theory has
been successful in some cases under special conditions. When experi-
mental data do not match with the values predicted using the charac-
teristic functions, only assumptions about the discrepancies between
theory and experience can be presented. The objective of the pro-
posed study is to establish a relationship between water transmission
coefficients and properties of the porous medium by a series of
systematic measurements performed on a range of materials. The
need for fundamental information about unsaturated flow parameters
obtained in a systematic manner is urgent. Unsaturated water move-
ment is a basic aspect of many studies related to water treatment,
movement of chemicals (pesticides) and movement of water as part
of the hydrologic cycle.
Project Started: January 1, 1966 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 4 soil scientists.
Principal Investigator: L. L. Boersma.
70
-------
116 INVESTIGATION OF AQUATIC WEED PROBLEMS AND MEANS OF CONTROL WITH
EMPHASIS ON BRAZILIAN WATERWEEDt Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Objectives:
(1) To determine means of controlling Brazilian waterweed and other
nuisance aquatic plants.
(2) To assess impact of control measures on recreational, indus-
trial, and domestic uses of the bodies of water involved.
(3) To determine effect of aquatic herbicides on pond invertebrates.
Preliminary screening tests have been carried out to determine the
effectiveness of a number of chemicals against Brazilian waterweed,
and secondary tests using some of the more effective have been run
at several concentrations. Cultures of aquatic invertebrates are
being started.
Project Started: July 1, 1965 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 2 biologists, 1 aide.
Principal Investigator: C. E. Bond.
Special Equipment: covering bottom with polyethylene plastic, using
chemicals to kill plants.
Publications: Progress report on weed control project, Oregon State
University, Agricultural Experiment Station, February 1966.
117 RELATIONS OF NUISANCE ALGAE TO FISHES IN KLAMATH LAKE: Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
The overall objective is to determine ecological and other effects
of nuisance blue-green algae on fishes in Klamath Lake and other
bodies of water which might be enriched by Klamath Lake water.
Specifically, the aims of the research are:
(1) Determine the seasonal and spatial distribution of fish species
in relation to algae concentrations. Attention will be given
to species representing several ecological functions (scaven-
gers, insectivores, carnivores, etc.).
(2) Determine the reasons for any differential distribution of fish
involving blue-green algae, with attention to limnological param-
meters and observed toxic effects.
(3) Determine possible direct toxic effects of algae and algae
extracts on fish by bioassays in the field and laboratory.
(4) Investigate the extent to which invertebrates important in the
food chains of fishes are affected directly by algae blooms.
Project Started: June 1, 1964 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 3 biologists, 2 aides.
Principal Investigator: Carl E, Bond.
Publications: Progress report to USPHS.
71
-------
118 PULP MILL WASTE DEGRADATION IN MARINE WATER: Oregon State University,
Corvallis.
The project is an interdisciplinary effort by engineers and biolo-
gists on the treatment of pulp mill wastes. Biological research
includes development of bioassays involving the embryo of the bay
mussel (Mytilus edulis), the Pacific oyster (Carassostres gigas),
and exploration of the use of the marine algae (Monochrysis sp.).
The embryo tests are based upon the survival and growth of the
embryo and the abnormal development of embryo exposed to different
wastes from the kraft mill process of pulp production. The bioassay
techniques developed are used to evaluate efficiency of treatment
methods investigated in the engineering research. Engineering
investigations are concentrated on treatment of kraft mill waste
streams by lagoon storage of whole mill waste, carbon adsorption
treatment of digester condensates., foam fractionation of whole
and strong mill wastes (excluding white water), and activated
sludge treatment of whole mill waste. Through this joint effort
it is hoped to gain a better understanding of the biological im-
pact that treated wastes have on marine waters and to determine
the potential of the above treatment processes.
Project Started: April 1, 1964 ("duration - to March 30, 1967),
Personnel: 3 engineers, 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Fred J. Burgess.
Publications: Dimick, R. E. 1964. Use of the bay mussel Mytilus
edilus to evaluate toxicity of kraft mill wastes, Industrial
Waste Conference, University of Washington (In press).
Hansen, S, P. Application of activated carbon to the treatment of
kraft mill evaporation condensate wastes. M,S» Thesis. (In press -
to be completed January 1966).
Blazier, J, Lo 1965, Foam separation of organic and toxic materials
from kraft mill wastes, M.S. Thesis,
119 WATER REUSE - QUANTITY - QUALITY EFFECT ON TREATMENT PROCESS:
Oregon State University, Corvallis.
The objective of this demonstration project is to evaluate the
quantity and quality variations in waste flows upon the effluent
quality in a tertiary treatment system involving coagulation, fil-
tration and carbon adsorption combination of units„ A second objec-
tive is to conduct applied research on removal of color from combined
domestic and beet cannery waste. Research demonstrations and applied
investigations will be conducted in a Research Demonstration Labora-
tory being constructed adjacent to the Corvallis, Oregon sewage
treatment plant. This facility will accommodate this demonstration
project and will be a permanent facility for evaluating pilot plant
and proprietary device performance.
12
-------
119 (continued)
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - to April 1968),
Personnel: 1 engineer.
Principal Investigator: Fred J. Burgess.
Special Equipment: laboratory designed to provide continuous
samples of raw, settled, filter effluent and adjacent treatment
plants to laboratory for use in pilot plant work.
120 AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: Department
of Agricultural Economics, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Objectives:
(1) Identify the items of economic value that will be sacrificed
if pollution is not controlled in a particular case study
situation,
(2) Insofar as possible, determine the unit prices and physical
quantities of those items of economic value identified in (1).
(3) Determine the cost of alternative engineering plans designed
to provide for varying degrees of pollution control,
(4) Relate the above variables in a mathematical model that will
permit the unknown physical, biological and economic data to
be isolated,
(5) Relate the unknown variables in (4) above to needed research
in the physical, biological and economic fields.
Project Started: September 1, 1962 (duration - 4 years).
Personnel: 1 economist.
Principal Investigator: E. N, Castle.
Publications: Castle, E. N. 1965, The market mechanism, expernal-
ities, and land economics. J. Fm. Econ. 47(3):542-556.
Stevens, Joe B. 1965, Angling success as a quality determinant
of sport fishery recreational values: an empirical analysis.
Proceedings, Committee on the Economics of Water Resources
Development of the Western Agricultural Economics Research
Council, San Francisco, California, December 1965,
Stoevener, H, H. 1963. An economic evaluation of water pollution
control alternatives: a progress report. Conference Proceedings,
Committee on the Economics of Water Resources Development of the
Western Agricultural Economics Research Council, Report No, 12,
Salt Lake City, Utah, December 1963. pp, 1572-1579.
Stoevener, H. H. 1964, Water use relationships as affected by
water quality on the Yaquina Bay. New Horizons for Resources
Research: Issues and Methodology, Western Resources Conference,
University of Colorado, Boulder, pp. 87-99,
73
-------
120 (continued)
Stoevener, H. H. and E, N, Castle. 1965, Input-output models and
benefit-cost analysis in water resources research, J. Fm. Econ.
47(5):1572.1579, ~
121 ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY: Department of Oceanography, Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
Research into chemical, biological, geological and physical effects
of pollution on estuarine water quality. Specific efforts will be
put forth in the Columbia River estuary, Alsea estuary, Yaquina Bay,
Tillamook Bay, etc.
Project Started: July 1966 (duration - 1 year).
Personnel: 4 chemists, 5 biologists,
Principal Investigator: Herbert Curl, Jr.
Special Equipment: nitrogen and carbon analytical equipment, gas
chromatograph.
122 TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Oregon State University,
Corvallis.
The project is divided into a number of programs which are coopera-
tive in that the same chemicals are being used in related studies
in order that an understanding of the behavior of the chemicals can
be developed, particularly as related to environmental health. The
different programs currently underway as part of the total project
include:
(1) Studies of pesticides in simple food chains using laboratory
streams in which animal communities have been established and
into which pesticides in solution can be introduced. A sepa-
rate but related effort involves determining the ecological
conditions of a natural stream before and after the use of DDT
on the watershed for tussock moth control.
(2) Studies on the influence of pesticides on blood pressure or
heart contractile force, and other toxic stresses,
(3) Investigation and pathology of long-term feeding of a sublethal
dose of selected pesticides and herbicides to laboratory animals
under controlled environmental conditions.
(4) Determining the effects of pesticides on isolated enzyme systems.
(5) Analytical chemistry of pesticides such as analyzing water and
determining pesticide levels resulting from long-term orchard
treatment including the degree to which surface and ground
water has been contaminated, studying pesticide levels in
lakes which have been chemically treated to eliminate trash
fish.
74
-------
122 (continued)
(6) Studying the relationship between pesticide toxtcity and
nutritional variables.
(7) Determining the effects of pesticides on metabolism in
mamma1s»
(8) Studying the metabolic breakdown of pesticides in plants.
(9) Evaluation of an organic-phosphorus parasiticide especially
in regard to parasite-host metabolism,
(10) Investigation of the effect on behavior and longevity of
organisms receiving chronic exposure to low levels of pesticides,
with emphasis OB the honey bee.
(11) Studying soil-pesticide interactions such as developing adsorp-
tion isotherms, determining the extent to which pesticides are
adsorbed by organic matter in the soil, and stimulating pesti-
cide movement in the soil,
(12) Studying the effect of pesticide ingestion on metabolism
resulting from subcellular fractions.
Project Started: June 1964 (duration - continuing).
Principal Investigator: V. H. Freed,
Publications: Frady, C. H. and S. E. Knapp. 1965. Source of
acetylcholinesterase in Fasciola hepatica. J. Farasit.
(In press).
Freed, V, H, 1965, Chemistry of Herbicides, Am. Soc» Agron,
meeting in Columbus, Ohio 11/3/65. (in press).
Heifer, D, H. and S. E. Knapp, 1965, Meriones unguieulatus - a
new experimental host for Fasciola hepatica. .J. Parasit.
(In press).
Philleo, William W. 1965. The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid on the in vivo metabolism of acetate in rats, M.S. Thesis.
Tinsley, Ian J. 1965. DDT ingestion and liver glucose 6-pyosphate
dehydrogenase activity II. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14:847.
Tinsley, Ian J, 1965. Nutritional interactions in dieldrin
toxicity. Paper presented at the American Chemical Society
meeting in January 1966,
123 BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF POISONED FISH; Depart-
ment of Agricultural Chemistrys Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Objectives:
(1) To determine the effect of selected toxic substances on enzymes
of nerves, muscles and digestion.
75
-------
123 (continued)
(2) To determine the influence of these effects on performance,
behavior, growth and production.
Continuing work has been underway to determine the biological and
biochemical effects of various toxicants, such as pentachlorophenol,
on fish. These are being related to survival and performance of
fish and are being used to evaluate toxic hazards in the environ-
ment. The adaptation of fish biochemical systems to toxicant
exposure is also being studied.
Project Started: March 1962 (duration - to February 1967),
Personnel: 5 chemists.
Principal Investigator: V. H. Freed.
Special Equipment: gas chromatography 2-types electron capture,
Dorhamn Thin-Layer, Beckman Spectrophotometer Belfort attachment,
refrigerated centrifuge.
Publications: Lu, S. D. and V. H. Freed. Effect of pentachloro-
phenol on ATP levels and oxidative phosphorylation in cichlids.
Chang, J. T., V, H, Freed, and S, D. Lu, Effect of pentachloro-
phenol on selected enzymes in cichlids and goldfish. Based on
thesis of senior author - The effect of potassium pentachlorophenate
on selected enzymes in fish.
124 CHEMICAL BRUSH CONTROL: BIOCHEMISTRY AND TOXIC HAZARD: Department
of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
This study concerns the use of herbicides on forest land for brush
control and the environmental contamination which results. The
purpose is to determine the impact of chemical brush control opera-
tions as they are practiced today on environmental contamination with
special emphasis on stream contamination. The goal of this program
is to provide the land manager with the quantitative data necessary
to permit the evaluation of specific chemical brush control programs
in terms of possible environmental contamination and to provide a
scientific basis for the formulation of sound forest spray policies.
Included in this project are intensive stream sampling programs in
connection with operational chemical brush control projects on forest
lands. Other studies are concerned with determinations of the rates
and pathways of herbicide degradation in several portions of the
forest environment including soil, forest floor litter, water, and
vegetation. Studies of the biochemistry and physiology of action
of brush control chemicals in woody plants are also being conducted
as a means of gaining a better understanding of their behavior in
the field. These studies of herbicide action are intended to provide
76
-------
124 (continued)
information which will result in the more efficient use of herbicides
and reduced levels of contamination from their use through the appli-
cation of less chemical or the use of less persistent chemicals to
accomplish the same vegetation manipulation objectives.
Project Started: June 1, 1963 (duration - 5 years),
Personnel: 1 chemist, 2 biologists, 1 technician,
Principal Investigator: V. H. Freed.
Special Equipment: 2 growth chambers, several gas chromatographs,
assorted radiation detection equipment for studies involving radio-
active chemicals.
Publications: A study of stream contamination resulting from
chemical brush control projects on forest lands of the lower Alsea
River basin, 1964. (Unpublished report available to professional
personnel on request).
A study of stream contamination resulting from chemical brush
control operations on forest lands in Oregon. 1965. (Unpublished
report available to professional personnel on request).
Norris, Logan A. Degradation of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in forest floor
litter. J^ Fgr^ (In press)..
Several other publications are in press which are concerned with
the physiological and biochemical aspects of herbicide action in
woody plants.
125 ROLE OF MACROFAUNA IN WASTE STABILIZATION LAGOONS: Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
Project Objectives:
(1) To determine the species distribution and abundance of insects
and other macrofauna in waste stabilization lagoons of various
designs in Oregon.
(2) To measure the contribution of the macrofauna in the breakdown
of organic wastes and to understand the pathways through which
this is effected.
(3) To assess the beneficial and detrimental results caused by the
macrofauna in lagoons of various designs.
Though a large number of species are transient residents of the lagoon
community, only a few Diptera occur as breeding populations in large
numbers. Under shock loading conditions, breeding populations of
insects were largely eliminated. Immediately thereafter, pest mos-
quitos (primarily Culex tarsalis) colonized the lagoons. Absence
of mosquite production prior to shock loading suggests that certain
management procedures may eliminate mosquito production.
77
-------
125 (continued)
Project Started: June 1964 (duration - to December 1968).
Personnel: 4 biologists.
Principal Investigator: R. L, Goulding.
Publications: Sturgess, B. T. 1964. The ecology of insects
associated with waste water lagoons. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State
University. 58 pp.
126 EFFECTS OF WATERSHED PRACTICES ON WATER QUALITY, QUANTITY, AND
BIOTIC RESOURCES IN COASTAL STREAMS: Oregon State University,
Corvallis in cooperation with Oregon State Game Commission,
U. S. Geological Survey, U. S. Forest Service, and Pacific North-
west Water Laboratory of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration.
Project Objectives:
To determine the effect of two types of logging (clear-cutting and
staggering settings) on the physical and biotic resources of small
coastal watersheds. Principal resources under study are stream flow
and temperature, suspended sediment, chemical water quality, algae,
aquatic insects, and fish populations. The pre-logging calibration
has been completed and timber access roads have been constructed.
Fish traps are installed along with instruments to measure rainfall,
streamflow, chemical water quality, suspended sediment, and stream
temperature. An energy study is underway to evaluate the temperature
regime of the streams, including changes following logging. Several
methods of measuring sediment production from logging roads will be
evaluated. Preliminary work, including the initial development of
an algal respirometer, has been completed in regard to developing
an estimate of the annual production of algae. Significant work
has been conducted on the survival of coho salmon from egg deposition
to emergence, and monitoring of juvenile coho in the streams is being
carried out. Since sculpin appear to be a significant predator on
coho, a study has been initiated to define the role of the sculpin
in the ecology of the streams.
Project Started: 1958 (duration - to 1972).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 5 biologists.
Principal Investigator: J. D. Hall.
Publications: Chapman, Donald Wallace. 1961. Factors determining
production of coho salmon, Qncorhynchus kisutch, in three Oregon
streams. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State University, 214 pp.
Chapman, Donald W. 1962. Aggressive behavior in juvenile coho salmon
as a cause of emigration. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 19(6):1047-1080.
78
-------
126 (continued)
Chapman, Donald Wallace. 1962. Effects of logging upon fish
resources of the West Coast. J. For. 60(8) :533-537.
Chapman, Donald W. 1965. Net production of juvenile coho salmon
in three Oregon streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94(1):40-52.
Chapman, Donald W., John F. Corliss, Robert W. Phillips and Robert
L. Demory. 1961. Alsea Watershed study, summary report, Misc.
paper 110, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University.
52 pp.
Chapman, Donald W. and Robert Demory. 1963. Seasonal changes in
the food ingested by aquatic insect larvae and nymphs in two
Oregon streams. Ecology 44(1)-.140-146.
Demory, Robert LeRoy. 1961. Foods of juvenile coho salmon and two
insect groups in the coho diet in three tributaries of the Alsea
River, Oregon. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University. 68 pp.
Koski, K. Victor. 1965. The survival of coho salmon from egg de-
position to emergence in three Oregon coastal streams. M.S. Thesis,
84 pp.
Lane, Charles B. 1965. Metabolism of periphyton communities in
two small streams. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University. 57 pp.
Lowry, G. R. 1964. Some ways of increasing the utility of a
packback fish shocker. Progve. Fish Cult. 26:127-130.
Lowry, G. R. 1965. Movement of cutthroat trout in three Oregon
coastal streams. Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 94(1);334-338.
Lowry, G. R. Net production and food of cutthroat trout in three
Oregon coastal streams. J. Wildl. Mgmt. (In press).
Phillips, R. W. A trap for capturing salmonids emerging from
spawn-gravel. Progve. Fish Cult, (in press).
Phillips, R. W. and E. W. Claire. Intragravel movement of the
reticulate sculpin and its potential as a predator on salmonid
eggs. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. (in press).
Williams, R. C. 1964. Sedimentation in three small forested
drainage basins in the Alsea River basin, Oregon. U. S. Geological
Survey Circular 490.
79
-------
127 EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE LOGGING ON A TROUT POPULATION: Oregon State
University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Corvallis.
Project Objectives:
To determine the effects of selective logging in ponderosa pine on
a stream trout population and its physical and biotic environment.
Emphasis will be placed on changes in population size and growth
rate of the trout in evaluation of effects,
A pre-logging inventory of fish population and the physical and
biotic characteristics of the two streams being studied is under-
way. Stations have been installed for the purpose of measuring
rainfall, air and water temperature, streamflow, and chemical water
quality. Samples of bottom fauna and the drift of insects have been
taken several times to provide a measure of food available to the
trout. Over 500 trout have been captured and marked to provide
a measure of population and growth rates, and a creel census taken
to give an estimate of fishing pressure and catch.
Project Started: 1965 (duration - 1971).
Personnel: 2 biologists,
Principal Investigator: J. D. Hall.
128 SIMULATION AS A MEANS OF STUDYING RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS: Oregon
State University, Department of Agricultural Economics, Corvallis.
Project Objectives:
(1) To build mathematical models of the environment and decision-
making processes of various resource allocating1 units (firm,
industry, agency, both public and private).
(2) To operate and test these models on digital Computers.
(3) To design and test alternative decision-making criteria and
processes»
A computer simulation model of a relatively small river basin has
been developed that is capable of comparing sizes of reservoirs,
channel capacities, water use priorities, operating procedures,
and other management policies that come within the economic
framework.
Project Started: January 1965 (duration - to January 1970).
Personnel: 2 economists.
Principal Investigator: A. N. Halter,
Publications: Halter, A, N, 1965, Simulation models in decision
making. Western Range Committee Proceedings, July 1965.
80
-------
128 (continued)
Halter, A, N. and Gerald Dean. 1965, Simulation as a means of
evaluating management policies of a large scale ranch in an environ-
ment of uncertainty^ J. Fm. ECon. August 1965,
Halter, A. N, and Gerald Dean, 1965. Simulation of a California
range-feedlot operation. Giannini Foundation Research, Report No,
282, University of California, May 1965.
Halter, A. N. and S. F, Miller. 1965. Simulation techniques and
their application to economic research. Paper presented to
Northwest Study Group, Moscow, and the North Central Farm Manage-
ment Research Committee, October 1965.
Halter, A. N. and S. F, Miller. River basin planning: a simula-
tion approach. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical
Bulletin.
129 TECHNIQUES OF MEASURING EROSION FROM NEWLY-CONSTRUCTED LOGGING
ROADS: Oregon State University, School of Forestry, Corvallis.
Project Objectives:
(1) To determine if four techniques of measuring erosion yield
essentially the same results, or if the relative precision of
these techniques changes with variations in site conditions.
(2) To determine the advantages and disadvantages of each technique,
(3) To obtain point samples of erosion from a newly-constructed
logging road in the Deer Creek Experimental Watershed of the
Alsea Basin.
Runoff plots have been established on both cut and fill slopes and
bi-weekly measurements of erosion are being made using four indepen~
dent methods: erosion gage, macro-profile, spike and washer, and
catchment-filter.
Project Started: April 1965 (duration - to September 1966).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 forester.
Principal Investigator: G, D, Kelly.
Special Equipment: Soil erosion gage, filter catchment.
81
-------
130 HYDROLOGY OF WATER YIELD PREDICTION: Oregon State University, Corv
vallis.
Project Objectives:
(1) To develop means of predicting water yield using meteorological
parameters for watersheds of heterogeneous vegetation.
(2) To determine changes in water yield caused by logging.
A detailed examination has been made of several projects with simi-
lar components in other parts of the country to assist in equipment
selection. Purchasing of equipment is nearly complete and field
installations are well underway. Sub-projects have been developed
as outlined below:
(1) Peak discharge investigations on small, coastal watersheds.
(2) Development of methodology to predict low flows, using the
experimental watersheds on the coast.
(3) Developing the energy budget as a predictive tool for evapo-
transpiration with different forms of vegetation, slopes, and
aspects.
(4) Applying the water budget to precipitation in contrasting stands
of conifers and hardwoods to determine interception losses, soil
moisture changes, and other factors.
(5) Obtaining information on water movement within forest soil
profiles.
(6) Analyzing the presently used methods of predicting low flows
with a view toward developing methods for regional and sub-
regional prediction and for assessing yield for a basin subject
to changing watershed conditions.
Project Started: May 1965 (duration - long term).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 2 foresters, 1 soil scientist.
Principal Investigator: J. T. Krygier,
131 EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON ESTUARINE ORGANISMS: Department of
Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Project Objectives:
(1) To evaluate, through short-term bioassays, the acute toxicity
to certain estuarine organisms of the insecticide Sevin.
(2) To determine the effects of Sevin and other pesticides on a
community of organisms in artificial mud flats.
(3) To follow the residual life and metabolism of Sevin in estuar-
ine organisms and in their environment.
(4) To determine the chronic effects of Sevin and other pesticides
on an estuarine mollusk, crustacean, and a fish exposed to sub-
lethal concentrations of the pesticides.
82
-------
131 (continued)
Short-term bioassays have been completed with 10 species of estuar-
ine animals using the insecticide Sevin and its first breakdown
product, alpha naphthol. Studies on the breakdown of Sevin and
alpha naphthol in sea water and bay mud have been conducted as well
as the breakdown of these compounds. Studies have been initiated
on the effect of Sevin in some enzyme systems in the Dungeness crab,
and on the growth of cockle clams.
Project Started: May 1964 (duration - to April 1967).
Personnel: 2 chemists, 5 biologists.
Principal Investigator: R. E» Millemann.
132 STUDY OF BEGGIATOA SPECIES: Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Beggiatoa, commonly known as a sewage fungus, has been an obscure
organism in relation to its metabolism, isolation, cultural condi-
tions, and its ability to oxidize various sulfur compounds as an
energy source. This investigation has definitely demonstrated
that it does not derive its energy source from the oxidation of
sulfur and therefore is not an autotrophic organism. Research
has determined a method of cultivation and revealed some of its
basic metabolis systems.
Project Started: July 1958 (duration - 8 years).
Personnel: 2 microbiologists.
Principal Investigator: Richard Y, Morita.
Publications: The influence of catalase and cultural conditions
on Beggiatoa. J_, Bact. 88: 1755~1761» 1964.
Filamentous appendages of Thiothrix. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 5:177-
179. 1965.
Utilization of acetate by Beggiatoa. J. Bact. 91:1192-1200.
1965.
133 BASIC NATURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE OF MARINE PSYCHROPHILIC
BACTERIA: Oregon State University, Corvallis.
This investigation seeks to determine the basic reasons why
psychrophilic bacteria require low temperature for growth as well
as why they will not grow, but expire, at moderate temperatures of
20 to 30 C. Thus far studies have indicated that the existence of
psychrophilic that have optimum temperatures for growth (below 20° C)
are very common in the marine environment, even though they have
83
-------
133 (continued)
been neglected by microbiologists. Temperature above that for
optimum growth for Vibrio marinus MP-1 has shown to be lethal -
mainly because malic dehydrogenase of the organism becomes
inactivated and also because thermal-induced leakage of cellular
materials occurs. The above studies are essential to determine
why temperature is an environmental parameter. Furthermore, the
activities of marine psychorphiles can be important if organic
materials in the water are to be decomposed.
Project Started: July 1, 1965 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 6 microbiologists,
Principal Investigator: Richard Y, Morita,
Publications: Moderate temperature effects on oxygen uptake of
Vibrio mar inus. Bact. Proc^ 1964. p. 38-39.
Reisolation and emendation of description of Vibrio marinus
(Russell) Ford. J. Bact. 88:831-837, 1964.
Taxonomy of marine vibrios. Bact. Proc. 1964. p. 37
Temperature effects on the growth of an obligate psychrophilic
marine bacterium. Limnol. Qceanogr. 9:103-106. 1964.
Cell yields of Vibrio marinus, an obligate psychrophile, at low
temperatures. Can. J. Microbiol. 11:221-227, 1965.
Kinetics of enzyme reactions and synthesis in obligate psychrophilic
bacteria. Bact. Proc. 1965. p. 20.
Leakage of cellular materials from Vibrio mar inus induced by
moderate temperature* Bact« Proc. 1965. p. 30.
Physiological differences between cells of Vibrio mar inus grown at
4 and 15 C. Bact. Proc. 1965. p. 20,
Temperature-hydrostatic pressure effects on deamination of L-serine
by Vibrio marinus. Bact. Proc. 1965. p. 20.
The effect of moderate temperature on Vibrio marinus, an obligate
psychrophilic bacterium. J. Gen. Microbiol. 41:xxvi-xxvii. 1965.
Marine psychrophilic bacteria. Oceanogr. and Mar. Biol.; an annual
review. 4:105-121.
84
-------
133 (continued)
The effect of moderate temperature on the respiration and viability
of Vibrio marinus. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 6:181-187. 1966.
Deep-sea microbiology - effects of hydrostatic pressure and low
temperature. University of Maryland's lecture series. 1966, 12 pp.
134 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE EFFECTS ON MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES: Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
The objective is to determine the effect of hydrostatic pressure on
the metabolis activities of microorganisms. The pressures employed
fall between the ranges of 1 to 1100 atnu, equivalent to the environ-
mental hydrostatic pressures that exist in the ocean. Emphasis has
been placed on the effect of coupling the parameters of hydrostatic
pressure and temperatures on enzyme activities. Data have been
interpreted in terms of molecular volume increases and decreases.
Generally pressure decreases molecular volume and temperature in-
creases molecular volume. Hence both parameters must be studied in
order to determine why organisms can or cannot metabolize under the
various conditions of temperature and pressure that exist in the
ocean*
Project Started: 1959 (duration - 9 years).
Personnel: 4 microbiologists.
Principal Investigator: Richard Y. Morita.
Special Equipment: hydrostatic pressure apparatus.
Publications: Dehydrogenase activity under hydrostatic pressure by
isolated mitochrondria obtained from Allomyces macrogynus. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 9:243-248. 1964.
The influence of substrate-cofactor ratios on partially purified
inorganic pyrophosphatase activity at elevated temperatures. J.
Bact. 88:1661-1666. 1964.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure. In: Ainsworth and Sussman (ed).
1965. The Fungi. Academic Press, New York. Vol. 1, chapter 22.
Temperature-hydrostatic pressure effects on deamination of L-serine
ky Vibrio marinus, an obligate psychrophile. Bact. Proc. 1965. p. 20,
Deep-sea microbiology - effects of hydrostatic pressure and low
temperature. University of Maryland's lecture series. 1966. 12 pp.
85!
-------
135 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR WATER QUALITY DATA ACQUISITION: Oregon
State University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Corvallis.
Project Objectives:
To optimize a communications network for retrieval of water resources
management data by developing a communications model describing
location, distribution, and other factors for seven water quality
monitoring stations in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon.
Monitoring station locations and the demand for water quality data
have been analyzed for periods of 5, 15, and 30 years into the
future, A system analysis of the communication network required
to handle the future data load is being carried out with particular
emphasis on a comparison of VHF radio links versus ground wire
communications.
Project Started: September 1965 (duration - one year).
Personnel: 1 engineer.
Principal Investigator: D. W, Newbern.
136 EFFECT OF SELECTED PESTICIDES ON BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND: Oregon
State University, Corvallis,
Project Objectives:
To investigate the effect of several pesticides on the biochemical
oxygen demand of a glucose-glutamic acid substrate by evaluating
reaction rates, ultimate biochemical oxygen demand, and any suppres-
sion of second stage nitrification.
Project Started: September 1965 (duration - to August 1966).
Personnel: 1 engineer,
Principal Investigator: F. W, Norris,.Jr.
137 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY
AND ADJACENT PACIFIC OCEAN: Oceanography Department, Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
The objective of this project is to determine the fate of radio-
nuclides in the estuarine and marine environment and the manner by
which ecological communities modify the distribution of radioactivity.
Projects are being carried out in three areas: radioecology of the
benthos, radioecology of nekton and macroplankton, and radiochemistry.
These projects, too numerous and extensive to outline here, are sum-
marized in a progress report (Oceanography Ref. 65-14) prepared by
the project leader and submitted to the granting agency. Copies
of this report may be obtained from the principal investigator.
-------
137 (continued)
Project Started: November 1965 (duration - to October 1966).
Personnel: 7 oceanographic chemists, 9 oceanographic biologists.
Principal Investigator: Charles Osterberg.
Special Equipment: 3 multi-channel gamma ray spectrometers, 1
atomic absorption spectrometer, 2 in situ gamma ray detectors, var-
ious closing nets and samplers.
Publications: Cutshall, N., V. Johnson and C. Osterberg, 1966.
Chemistry of chromium-51 in sea water. Science 152:202-203.
Cutshall, N, and C. Osterberg. 1964. Radioactive particle in
sediment from the Columbia River. Science 144(3618):536-537.
Jennings, C. David. 1966. Radioactivity of sediments in the
Columbia River estuary. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University.
Jennings, D., N. Cutshall and C. Osterberg. 1965, Radioactivity:
detection of gamma-ray emission in sediments jLn situ. Science
148(3672):948-950.
Johnson, Vernon. 1966. Retention of zinc-65 by Columbia River
sediment. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University.
McCauley, J. E. 1964, A deep sea digenetic trematode. J^
Paras it. 50(1):112-114.
McCormick, J. M, 1965. Some aspects of the ecology of hydroids
off Oregon. NW Sci. 39(4);139-147.
Osterberg, C, 1965. Radioactivity from the Columbia River.
Trans, of the Oc. Sci. Engr. Symposium 2:968-979.
Osterberg, C», A. G, Carey, Jr. and H. Curl, Jr. 1963, Accelera-
tion of sinking rates of radionuclides in the ocean. Nature 200
(4913):1276-1277.
Osterberg, C., N. Cutshall and J. Cronin. 1965. Chromium-51 as
a radioactive tracer of Columbia River water at sea. Science 150:
1585-1587.
Osterberg, C., L, D. Kulm and J. V. Byrne. 1963. Gamma emitters
in marine sediments near the Columbia River. Science 139:916-917.
Osterberg, C., J, G. Pattullo and W. Pearcy. 1964. Zinc-65 in
euphausiids as related to Columbia River water off the Oregon
coast. Limnol. Oceanogr. 9(2);249-257.
87
-------
137 (continued)
Osterberg, C,, W. G, Pearcy and H. Curl, Jr. 1964, Radioactivity
and its relationship to the oceanic food chains. J, Mar. Res.
22(1):2-12.
Osterberg, C,, W. G, Pearcy and N. F, Kujala. 1964, Gamma
emitters in a fin whale. Nature 204(4692):1006-1007.
Osterberg, C., L. Small and L. Hubbard. 1963. Radioactivity in
large marine plankton as a function of surface area. Nature
197(4870):883-884.
Pearcy, W. G, 1964. Some distributional features of mesopelagic
fishes off Oregon. J. Mar. Res. 22(1);83-102.
Pearcy, W, G. and L, Hubbard. 1964, A modification of the Isaacs-
Kidd midwater trawl for sampling at different depth intervals.
Deep Sea Res. 11:263-264.
Pearcy, W. G. and C, Osterberg. 1964, Vertical distribution of
radionuclides as measured in oceanic animals. Nature 204(4957):
440-441.
Renshaw, R. W. and W. G. Pearcy. 1964. A new swivel cable clamp
for towing large plankton nets at different depths. Deep Sea Res.
11:263-264.
138 STUDIES ON AQUATIC MYXOBACTERIA: Oregon State University, Corvallis.
The major objectives of this investigation are to obtain data on the
occurrence and taxonomy of myxobacteria in the aquatic habitat in
order to gain an understanding of the roles of these organisms in
the freshwater environment. In particular it is of interest to
determine the importance of these organisms in the decomposition of
pollutional materials and their possible application in water quality
surveillance and purification of water. It is planned to isolate
and characterize myxobacteria from both pure and polluted waters
and to study the interrelationships between these organisms and
their environment. These studies will contribute to our knowledge
concerning the bacterial flora of the aquatic habitat, an area which
has not been adequately studied.
Project Started: January 1966 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 4 microbiologists.
Principal Investigator: Robert E. Pacha,
88
-------
139 AN INVESTIGATION OF FLUXES OF DISSOLVED GASES AND NUTRIENTS RELATING
TO BIOCHEMICAL AND AERATION PROCESSES OFF THE OREGON COAST: Oregon
State University, Corvallis.
Project Objectives:
(L) To investigate aeration phenomena of different gases in the open
ocean during various seasons.
(2) To study the correlation between the changes in dissolved nutri-
ents (phosphate and nitrate) and dissolved gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) in order to help us understand the biochemical
oxygen reduction process in the ocean,
(3) To measure influxes of nutrients to the euphotic zone off
Oregon from the Columbia River and upwelling to gain a better
understanding of the nutrient budget and fertility of our
region,
Project Started: November 1965 (duration - to October 1967).
Principal Investigator: Kilho Park.
140 ALKALINITY OF SEA WATER: Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Project Objectives:
(1) To develop a conductometrie method for the determination of
the alkalinity of sea water to a precision of 0,1%.
(2) To investigate the invariant properties of alkalinity.
(3) To investigate the temperature dependency of the conduc-
tometric method.
A continuous cell is being evaluated in the laboratory. A
precision of 0»57o in alkalinity measurements is readily obtain-
able. We hope to improve on this precision. Data on seasonal
changes in alkalinity in both the Columbia River and the sea off
Oregon show that we can forecast the alkalinity of the Columbia
River plume, if we know its salinity.
Project Started: May 1964 (duration - to April 1966),
Principal Investigator: Kilho Park,
Publications; Park, K* 1964, Electrolytic conductance of sea
water: effect of calcium carbonate dissolutiono Science 146
(3640):56-57.
Park, Ke and W» V. Burt. 1965» Electrolytic conductance of sea
water and the salinometer. A review. J. Oceanog. Soc. Japan
21:69-80;124-132,
89
-------
140 (continued)
Park, K. 1965. Total carbon dioxide in sea water. J. Oceanogr.
Soc. Japan 21(2):54-59,
Park, K. 1966. Columbia River plume identification by specific
alkalinity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 11(1):118-120.
141 RELATIONSHIP OF AQUATIC FLORA TO WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION: Oregon
State University, Corvallis.
Project Objective:
(1) To determine the relation of aquatic flora to the quality of
water supplies and water pollution.
(2) To determine by biological studies of aquatic habitats, the
relation between the biotic and adaphic factors that determine
changes in the quality of water resources.
(3) To coordinate and extend the phases of studies presently con-
ducted in the general area of aquatic botany.
Several studies relating variations in temperature and current
velocity to community metabolism have been completed and publica-
tions describing the studies will soon be available. A study of
metabolic pathways utilized by Sphaerotilus is nearing completion
and field work is completed on another of primary production in
relation to stream enrichment. New laboratory streams are being
prepared for studies of the effect of pesticides on algae metabo*
Bsm and a series of studies is underway at the Newport laboratory,
in regard to the effect of salinity variations upon marine algae
metabolism using selected species from Yaquina Bay. Study of
mineral metabolism of blue-green algal species from the nuisance
bloom in Klamath Lake is continuing.
Project Started: 1958 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 3 biologists.
Principal Investigators: H. R. Phinney, C. D. Mclntire.
Publications: Mclntire, C. David, Robert L. Garrison, Harry K.
Phinney and Charles E. Warren. 1964. Primary production in labora-
tory streams. Limnol. Oceanogr. 9:92-102.
Mclntire, C, David and Harry K. Phinney, 1965. Laboratory studies
of periphyton production and community metabolism in lotic environ-
ments. Ecol. Monogr. 35:237-258»
Phinney, Harry K. and C. David Mclntire. 1965. Effect of temper-
ature on metabolism of periphyton communities developed in laboratory
streams. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:341-344,
90
-------
141 (continued)
Phinney, Harry K, and C. A. Peek. 1961. Klamath Lake, an instance
of natural enrichment. In: Trans. Seminar on Algae and Metro-
politan Wastes, April 27-29, 1960. R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineer-
ing Center, Tech, Rep. W61-3:22-27.
^42 FACTORS INFLUENCING STREAM TEMPERATURES: Engineering Experiment
Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
The goal of this research work is to gain a better understanding
of the phenomena of stream thermal behavior in a natural environ-
ment with no thermal pollution from sources other than those
naturally occurring. Three factors are considered in particular:
evaporation from stream surfaces; the absorption and reradiation of
radiant energy by the water surface of a stream; and the effect of
turbidity on the rate of heating and evaporation of the stream
water mass.
Project Started: May 1, 1964 (duration - 4 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 4 students.
Principal Investigator: John Seaders.
Special Equipment: infrared thermometer, hot wire anemometer,
X-Y recorder, solarimeter with solarigraph recorder, actinometer,
hydrogrometer, 6 vane wind registering and recording equipment.
143 INFLUENCES OF WATER QUALITY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON
FISH AND ASSOCIATED ORGANISMS IN INLAND WATERS: Oregon State
University, Corvallis^
Project Objectives:
To provide fundamental understanding of the influences which
generally occurring environmental changes have on fish and
associated organisms in inland waters. The domestic, agricul-
tural, forestry, industrial and other activities of man are con-
tinually changing the character of our inland waters and endangering
their social and economic value. Understanding of the influences
of these changes, to be of much scientific or social value, must
be in terms of the individual organism, its population and its
community, as associated with the stream ecology.
This program is subdivided into individual projects according to
the supporting research grants, as described below:
(1) Long-term studies of the trophic dynamics of simplified
communities in laboratory streams are underway along with
91
-------
143 (continued)
aquarium experiments to determine respiration rates and
assimilation efficiencies of selected species, Supplemen-
tary observations of cutthroat trout feeding behavior and
drift feeding experiments have been conducted,
(2) Ecological studies of an experimental stream have involved
food energy and production in enriched and natural sections
of the stream, production and food consumption of cutthroat
trout in two types of sections of the stream, and the rela-
tionship between fish size and kinds of food organisms con-
sumed in both types of scream sections. Other work includes
periodic sampling of invertebrates and organic material and
an analysis has been made of data from physiological and
ecological studies of algae and Sphaerotilus ,
(3) As part of a study of the influence of dissolved oxygen upon
the survival, development, growth, activity and movements of
freshwater fishes, a series of experiments has been conducted
to determine the influence of metabolic waste products on the
growth of steelhead trout and chinook salmon embryos and sac
fry. Another experiment series has been conducted to deter-
mine the influence of disease, parasite load, and time of
year on the growth and mortality of juvenile coho salmon
over a wide range of dissolved oxygen concentrations at a
constant temperature,
(4) A new, long-range project has been added to this program to
determine how and to what extent kraft pulp mill wastes that
are neither acutely toxic nor severely oxygen depleting influ
ence fish populations >
Project Duration: Long term,
Personnel: 10 biologists, 15 students,
Principal Investigator: C. E. Warren,
Publications: Davis, G, and C. E. Warren, 1965. Trophic rela-
tions of a sculpin in laboratory stream communities, J. Wildl.
29(4):846-871,
Doudoroff, P, and G. E, Warren. 1965. Dissolved oxygen require-
ments of fishes. In: Biological Problems in Water Pollution.
Third Seminars August 1962. U. S. Public Health Service, pp, 145-155.
Mclntire, D, and H. Phinney. 1965, Effect of temperature on
metabolism of periphyton communities developed in laboratory
stream communities, Limno 1 , Oc eanogr _,_ 10:341-344,
Mclntire, D, and H. Phinney. 1965, Laboratory studies of peri-
phyton production and community metabolism in lotic environments.
Ecol. Monogr. 35; 237-258,
92
-------
1A4 BIONOMICS OF FISHES AND SHELLFISHES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY IN OREGON BAYS
AND ESTUARIES: Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Project Objectives: To provide methods and scientific data as a
guide for establishing water quality criteria for marine areas and
predicting effects on marine organisms, by:
(1) Obtaining bionomic information of the important fishes and
shellfish species of Oregon bays in relation to ecological
factors (temperatures, salinities, currents, and tidal phases,
pH, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, turbidity, edaphic
conditions, foods, industrial and domestic sewage wastes,
etc,).
(2) Continuing the development of aquaculture procedures for
oysters, clams, and other marine species of importance;
particularly the rearing of oysters and clams from the free-
swimming larva stage to seed stage.
(3) Obtaining reliable biological information as to the resis-
tance and susceptibilities of marine organisms to various
pollutional conditions occurring in marine waters.
The program is subdivided into individual projects according to
supporting research grants, as described below:
(1) Preliminary examination has been made of data developed for
the purpose of evaluating Pacific oyster larvae bioassay tech-
niques, which includes factors such as incubation temperatures,
water quality, salinity of the dilutant, and time of year.
(2) Investigation of pulp mill waste degradation in marine waters
is being accomplished by evaluating the biological impact that
raw and treated kraft mill waste components have upon the marine
environment, and evaluating the potential treatment methods
for such wastes in respect to the biological factors thus
determined.
(3) Studies have been conducted to determine the influence of
temperature, light, and salinity on the production of
marine algae.
Project Duration: Long term.
Principal Investigator: C, E, Warren.
Publications: Dimick, R. E. 1965, Use of bay mussel Mytilus
edulis as a bioassay tool for evaluating kraft mill waste.
Proceedings 1964 Pacific Northwest Industrial Waste Conference,
University of Washington.
93
-------
145 BENTHIC FAUNAL INDICATORS OF POLLUTION IN COOS BAY, OREGON: Portland
State College, Portland.
Project Objectives:
(1) To study the relation of biotic distribution to sources of
pollution in Coos Bay.
(2) To train students in marine biology and to motivate them toward
studies of the effects of pollution on marine organisms.
(3) To note the toxic effects of different types of pollutants
on benthic organisms in the vicinity of outfalls,
Quantitative samples of bottom at different distances from sources
of pollution were screened and examined to determine the numbers
and kinds of bottom animals. Buckets were placed at different
distances from outfalls to determine the types of animals that
settle on the bottom and to get some indication of the growth of
organisms settling in the vicinity of the outfalls, as well as in
relatively unpolluted areas. Water samples were taken at collect-
ing locations and were analyzed for D.O., pH, temperature, sulfite,
sulphide, nitrate, silicon, phosphate and lignin. Trawl hauls and
plankton collections were made where bottom collections had been
made.
Project Started: June 1, 1960 (duration - to August 31, 1965).
Personnel: 3 biologists.
Principal Investigator: James A. Macnab.
Special Equipment: 26-foot semi-cabin cruiser, anchor dredge, mud
sampler.
Publication: Long, Dale A., D. McKay-Fender and James A. Machab.
1964. A preliminary survey'of the sources and kinds of pollution
in Coos Bay, Oregon. Portland State College, 27 pp.
146 SURVEY OF OREGON WATER LAW: School of Law, University of Oregon,
Eugene.
This project is the first step in a long-range program to evaluate
water management institutions such as water law, water use customs,
water management agencies, and administrative regulations. Analysis
is being made of Oregon court decisions, constitutional and statutory
provisions, and Attorney General opinions regarding the use of sur-
face and ground water resources of the state. The study is tracing
historical development of Oregon water law, synthesizing and evaluat-
ing existing law, and critically comparing it with water law in
other western states.
94
-------
146 (continued)
Objectives:
(1) To conduct a survey of Oregon water Law.
(2) To evaluate the adequacy of selected portions of Oregon
water law such as pollution controls.
(3) To assess the vitality of common law principles expressed
in early Oregon decisions,
(4) To identify for further research legal problems of water
resources management important to the Northwest.
Project Started: May 1965 (duration - to July 1966).
Personnel: 3 law students.
Principal Investigator: C. D. Clark.
95
-------
UTAH
147 LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE COLORADO RIVER IN THE VICINITY OF
MOAB, UTAH: Department of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham
Young University, Prove.
The principal aims of the preliminary phase of this study were
fourfold:
(1) To discern the physical and chemical nature of the river
water.
(2) To determine the composition of the biotic communities.
(3) To attempt to relate the occurrence and activities of the
organisms to the abiotic environment.
(4) To account for the biological productivity of the river,
utilizing knowledge gained from studies of community
metabolism and the cycling of matter and energy to and
from the living and non-living components of the ecosystem.
Project Started: November 1961 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 2 biologists.
Principal Investigators: H. H. Frost, J. R. Murphy, and J. H.
Wing.
Publications: Frost, H. H. and J. R. Murphy. Observations on
birds along the Colorado in the vicinity of Moab, Utah.
Frost, H. H., J. R. Murphy, J. H. Wing, and S. S. Taba.
Progress report no. 2, limnological studies of the Colorado
River in the vicinity of Moab, Utah (submitted to Texas Gulf
Su1phur C ompany).
Taba, S. S., J. R. Murphy, and H. H. Frost. Notes on the fishes
of the Colorado River near Moab, Utah.
148 BIOASSAYS TO DETERMINE THE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES TO AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES: University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
Bioassays are being conducted with insecticides to determine
their toxicity and sublethal effects to aquatic invertebrates.
The project objectives are as follows:
(1) To determine if a particular insecticide or herbicide is
toxic to those species of invertebrates which are important as
fish food.
(2) To determine the level of toxicity under conditions of short
and long time exposures and safe levels for certain periods of
exposure.
97
-------
148 (continued)
(3) To determine the relative toxicity of pesticides between fish
and fish food organismsf
(4) To determine the physiological response of selected key organ-
isms to sub lethal concentrations of different pesticides.
(5) To ascertain, if possible, any subtle, indirect and long-range
effects these toxicants may have on the balance between the
various components in selected aquatic communities.
(6) To determine how the toxicity of various pesticides varies with
changes in water quality characteristics.
(7) To determine rates and levels of precipitation, chemical change,
and absorption of test materials at various time intervals.
Project Started: January 1, 1959 (duration - to December 31, 1967).
Personnel: 2 chemists, 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Arden R. Gaufin.
Special Equipment: Jarre11-Ash gas chromatograph, continuous-flow
bioassay system.
Publications: Gaufin, A. R., L. D, Jensen, A. V, Nebeker, T. Nelson
and R. W, Teel. 1965. The toxicity of ten organic insecticides to
various aquatic invertebrates, Wat. Sewage Wks. July 1965. 4 pp.
Jensen, L. De and As R. Gaufin,. 1964. Effects of ten organic insec-
ticides on two species of stonefly naiads, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc^
93(l):27-34.
Jensen, L. D. and A, R. Gaufin. 1964. Long-term effects of organic
insecticides on two species of stonefly naiads, Trans. Am. Fish.
Soc. 93(4):357-363.
Nebeker, Alan V, and Arden R. Gaufin. 1964. Bioassays to deter-
mine the toxicity of pesticides to the amphipod crustacean,
Gammarus lacustris Sars, Proc. Utah Acad. Sci*, Arts and Letters
41(1):64-67,
Warnick, S. L, and A, R, Gaufin. 1965. Determination of pesticides
by electron capture gas chromatography. J. Am*. Wat. Wks. Assn.
57(8):1023-1027,
149 A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL NATURE OF WATER
QUALITY FACTORS UNDER UTAH CONDITIONS: Utah State University,
Logan.
The characteristics and relationships of water quality factors per-
tinent to short, snow-fed mountain streams feeding to desert floors
will be studied. Consideration will be given to watershed contamination,
98
-------
149 (continued)
irrigation return flow, and domestic and industrial pollution*
The relationship of the contaminant to volume of flow, rate of
degradation and subsequent incorporation into the aquatic biomass
will be the matter of primary concern. Contaminant cycling, sedi-
mentation and physical change will also be studied. The system
under study will lend itself to model construction in terms of the
environmental, physical, chemical and biological effects of contami-
nants. The information for such a model will be obtained from field
observations and from experiments conducted on excised portions of
the environment.
Project Started: April 1, 1965 (duration - 10 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 chemist, 4 biologists, 1 microbiologist.
Principal Investigator: John M. Neuhold.
Special Equipment: electronic particle counter, gas analyzers
Publications: Progress Report, 1965.
150 EFFECT OF MINERALIZED SPRINGS ON UTAH'S WATER RESOURCES: Utah
State University, Logan.
Project Objectives:
(1) To obtain an inventory of mineralized spring waters with re*-
spect to location, hydrologic and geologic setting, and quantity
and quality of water.
(2) To appraise current and potential effects of these springs on
important usable supplies.
(3) Evaluate possible management and control measures aimed at
extending the usefulness of principal water supplies.
Project Started: June 1964 (duration - 2 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 geologist,
Principal Investigator: Jay Mo Bagley.
Publications: Paper presented at Seattle American Geophysical
Union meetings, Dec. 1964.
99
-------
WASHINGTON
151 WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS IN THE LAKE WASHINGTON SHIP CANAL:
Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle.
Water quality characteristics of the Lake Washington Ship Canal
are being studied to determine their improvement in this major
recreational and fish migration watercourse as a result of the
pollution abatement program of the Municipality of Metropolitan
Seattle. Present areas of interest include oxygen balance and
coliform indices. Study is also being continued on salt water
intrusion, previously conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers. Other possible areas of interest include plankton
productivity, nutrient balance and bottom sampling.
Project Started: June 1964 (duration - indefinite).
Principal Investigators: Metro staff.
152 NUTRIENT STUDIES OF LAKE WASHINGTON TRIBUTARIES: Municipality
of Metropolitan Seattle,
This project is designed to compliment the work being performed by
Dr. W. T. Edmondson on the eutrophication of Lake Washington.
Nutrient inflow, outflow and reservoir are being determined to
help assess the effect of removal of a major nutrient source from
the lake represented by the many sewage treatment plants being
phased out by the municipality.
Project Started: 1963 (duration - indefinite).
Principal Investigators: Metro staff.
153 EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL INTO PUGET SOUND WATERS ADJACENT TO
METROPOLITAN SEATTLE AREA: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
in coordination with U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources
Division.
This program is designed to determine the effects of discharging
treated wastes into Puget Sound from one major and three smaller
marine outfalls. Data are being collected on oxygen balance, coli-
form indices, density profiles, plankton production, nutrient budget
and physical contamination under pre- and post-discharge conditions.
This includes study of the influence of the present raw sewage out-
fall. Also to be studied are the dilution and dispersal of the
digested sludge to be discharged at West Point as well as its effect
on the benthic community and organic solids buildup.
Project Started: 1964 (duration - indefinite).
Principal Investigators: Metro and Geological Survey staffs.
101
-------
153 (continued)
Special Equipment: 40 foot survey vessel, sealer and detector
system for Carbon-14, carbon analyzer, fluorometer, ortholux micro-
scope and 2 inverted microscopes, oceanographic sampling gear.
154 A STUDY OF THE WATER QUALITY, ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY OF THE GREEN-
DUWAMISH ESTUARY: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle in coopera-
tion with U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.
This study is designed to provide basic data on the ecology and
water quality of the river system following a major pollution abate-
ment program. Four automatic monitors are being used to complement
manually collected data on plankton production, flushing rates,
sediment transport, nutrients, BOD, benthic organisms and fish dis-
tribution and abundance, The study will provide information necessary
to ensure that water quality conditions are not impaired by Metro's
new Renton Treatment Plant.
Project Started: 1961 (duration - indefinite).
Principal Investigators: Cooperative effort of several investigators.
Special Equipment: carbon analyzer, radioactive counting equipment,
polarograph, four Engineering Specialties robot monitors and central
station, ortholux microscope and two inverted scopes, turner, Beckman
model B spectrophotometer.
Publications: Special Duwamish River Studies, Water Quality Series
#1.
155 A L1MNOLOG1CAL INVESTIGATION OF WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS IN LAKE
SAMMAMISH, WASHINGTON: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle,
Washington.
This project was designed to provide needed background information
on the limnology of this important lake. Metro's ultimate plans
call for providing trunk sewers to intercept wastes presently enter-
ing the lake from one treatment plant and from numerous septic tanks.
Included in the study were oxygen deficit calculations, nutrient
analyses, oxygen determinations, chlorophyll, seston, phytoplankton
number and volume, and zooplankton enumeration. Sampling was carried
out weekly for 18 months and a report is being prepared.
Project Started: June 1964 (duration - to December 1965).
Principal Investigators Gary Isaac.
Special Equipment: microscopes - Ortholux and Leitz inverted, a
wide variety of limnological equipment.
102
-------
156 RESERVOIR LIMNOLOGY: Washington State Department of Fisheries,
Brinnon.
The first phase dealt with problems of fish passage through the
reservoirs and this phase dealt primarily with physical and chemical
limnology, determination of flow patterns, seasonal cycles, etc.
The current work is aimed at possible rehabilitation of reservoirs
for use as salmon rearing areas. This phase of the work deals pri-
marily with biological and chemical limnology. Measurements are
made of chemical nutrients, primary productivity, and secondary
productivity.
Project Started: March 1962 (duration - continuing).
Principal Investigator: R. E, Westley.
157 ESTUARTNE PESTICIDE MONITORING: Washington State Department of
Fisheries, Brinnoru
Samples of adult Pacific oysters are collected monthly at 18
locations covering all major salt water areas of Washington
state, These samples are prepared and shipped to Gulf Breeze,
Florida, where they are analyzed for aldrin, BHG, chlordane,
dieldrin, DOD, DDE, DDT, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor expoxide,
lindane, and methoxychlor,
Project Started: September 1965 (duration - one year).
Principal Investigator: C. E, Lindsay,
158 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF OYSTER PREDATORS: Washington State Depart-
ment of Fisheries, Brinnon.
Project Objectives:
Carry out commercial scale experiments to control ghost and land
shrimp with the insecticide Sevin, Issue permits for treatment of
specified areas, quantity of chemicals used, and methods of appli-
cation. Observe effect of application and report on results after
treatment. Conduct tests on several types of chemicals reported to
be effective molluscacides. Determine necessary dosages and appli-
cation methods to achieve eradication of oyster drills, Advise
shellfish industry on proven methods for control of pests and
predators.
Project Started: 1959 (duration - continuing).
Principal Investigator: Cedric E. Lindsay.
103
-------
159 OYSTER BED PRODUCTIVITY STUDY: Washington State Department of
Fisheries, Brinnon*
This is a study to determine relationships between hydrographic
characteristics of bays and oyster growth, fatness and mortality.
Emphasis is on primary productivity and fertility of water.
Relationships to oyster fatness have been fairly well worked out.
Current work is on mortality.
Project Started: 1961 (duration - continuing).
Principal Investigators: R, E. Westley, M. A. Tarr, C. S. Sayce.
160 BIOASSAY OF MARINE WATERS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON: Washington
State Department of Fisheries, Brinnon,
Bioassays using the 48-hour development of Pacific oyster eggs are
conducted for all applicable Washington waters. Samples are taken
by float plane and flown to the Pt. Whitney laboratory where they
are bioassayed. Chemical analysis of the water is made in conjunction
with the bioassay. Areas sampled are Northern Puget Sound, Southern
Puget Sound, Straits of Juan de Fuca, Grays Harbor, and Willapa Bay.
Project Started: 1961 (duration - continuing).
Principal Investigator: Charles E. Woelke.
161 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH COMMUNITY PESTICIDE STUDY
PROJECT: Washington Scate Department of Health, Wenatchee.
This is one of 13 projects in the United States involved in basic
health related research on pesticide residues in the environment
and in human tissues, Project objectives include:
(1) Analysis of human tissues for pesticides whose source may be
related to water pollution and consumption.
(2) Epidemiological studies of possible disease incidence related
to pesticides.
(3) A comprehensive survey of pesticide usage including risk of
water pollution.
(4) Monitoring the environment, including pre-treatment water sup-
plies and treated water supplies. Irrigation supplies to and
discharges from soils of known pesticide treatment will be
studied.
The Wenatchee and Quincy Valleys will be the primary study area for
monitoring pesticide content in soil and water. Initial water
samples are to be taken from localities previously used by the U. S,
Department of Agriculture for soil monitoring studies. Continued
sampling of the study area will begin as soon as grid localities
104
-------
161 (continued)
are established on topography maps. Objectives related to
collaborative studies with other agencies: The Columbia Basin
Irrigation Project lands will be studied in cooperation with
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. The
British Columbia Public Health Service and the CPSP are planning
quality control water samples from the Okanogan River at the
U, S. - Canadian border.
Project Started: March 1965 (duration - to March 1970).
Personnel: 1 medical director, 1 research sanitarian.
Principal Investigator: Griffith E. Quinby, M.D.
Special Equipment: 2 gas chromatographs, 2 thin layer chromato-
graphs, 1 infrared spectrophotometer.
162 LABORATORY BIOASSAYS WITH TEST FISH CICHLISOMA SP: Washington
State Pollution Control Commission, Olympia.
The objectives are to determine the toxicity of various chemicals
to cichlids and compare the results with similar data available
in the literature pertaining to salmonids; and to gain more knowledge
of this test fish so it can be used to evaluate the toxicity of
industrial wastes. Bioassays are being conducted using cichlids
and various acids, alkalies, heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons
and industrial wastes. The project has not advanced sufficiently
to present data on comparative toxicities.
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - continuous),
Personnel: 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Roland E. Pine.
Special Equipment: gas chromatograph.
163 EFFECTS OF INACTIVATION OF ENTERIC VIRUSES BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
IN SEA WATER: U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Environmental
Engineering and Food Protection, Northwest Shellfish Sanitation
Laboratory, Gig Harbor.
Project Objectives:
To continue studies on the comparison of susceptibility of entero-
viruses to ultraviolet irradiation under various conditions in sea
water. Factors such as salinity, temperature, turbidity, organic
and biological materials will be studied to determine whether each
facilitates or retards rate of inactivation.
105
-------
163 (continued)
Project Started: September 1965 (duration - three years).
Personnel: 2 mierobiologists.
Principal Investigator: Dr, J. G. Hoff,
Special Equipment: Ultra-high centrifuge,
164 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES FOR PRESENCE OF TOXIN-PRODUCING GRAM POSITIVE
SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA: U. S. Public Health Service, Division of
Environmental Engineering and Food Protection, Northwest Shellfish
Sanitation Laboratory, Gig Harbor,
Project Objectives:
To continue investigations on the incidence of toxin-producing gram
positive spore-forming bacteria in polluted and non-polluted fresh
and estuarine mud and sewage, as related to shellfish growing areas.
Surveys will be made on West Coast estuarine areas where commercially
important shellfish are present. Intensive studies will be made in
an unpolluted shellfish growing area and tributary stream complex,
as well as a polluted area where shellfish may be found.
Project Started: February 1965 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 2 microbiologists.
Principal Investigators: William J. Beck and T, H. Ericksen.
Special Equipment: anaerobic incubation apparatus,
165 INFLUENCE OF WET STORAGE ON THE COMMERCIAL HANDLING OF SHELLFISH:
U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Environmental Engineering
and Food Protection, Northwest Shellfish Sanitation Laboratory,
Gig Harbor.
Project Objectives:
To determine the effects of tidal action and subsequent flow of fresh
and saline waters on shellfish held in storage in an estuary during
several tide changes. Parameters to be tested include bacteriology,
temperature, and salinity on overlying waters, plus bacteriology on
shellfish held in storage containers.
Project Started: November 1965 (duration - 2 years).
Personnel: 2 microbiologists.
Principal Investigators: Walter Jakubowski and George Vasconcelos.
Special Equipment: special float for storage of shellfish.
106
-------
166 NORTHWEST WATERSHED PROJECT: U. S. Public Health Service,
Division of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection,
Interstate Carrier Branch, Gig Harbor.
Project Objectives:
To make physical, chemical, bacteriological and virological surveys
of three watersheds in the Pacific Northwest. All three watersheds
are sources of potable water for large cities. Two of the watersheds
are closed to the public, while one is open for recreational purposes,
Project Started: October 1965 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 2 microbiblogists.
Principal Investigator: R. W. Coene.
Special Equipment: water sampler for virus collection.
167 DETERMINATION OF METHODS FOR RECLAMATION OF WATER FOR REUSE IN FISH
CULTURE: U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Longview.
The objective of this investigation is to develop methods for the
reconditioning of water for reuse in hatchery operations, thereby
increasing the production capacity of a given water supply. Bac-
terial beds have been developed where nitrifying bacteria converts
deleterious ammonia to harmless nitrate, thereby permitting the
reuse of water after aeration. Work has progressed to the point
where it has been possible to reuse water as much as 50 times for
fish culture. Large scale prototype testing and refinements for
temperature control and disinfection of the water supply remain
to be explored.
Project Started: June 1963 (duration - to March 1967).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 chemist, 2 biologists.
Principal Investigators: Roger E. Burrows and Bobby D. Combs.
Publications: Quarterly and annual reports, Division of Fishery
Research, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
168 PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE UPPER COLUMBIA AND
MIDDLE SNAKE RIVER BASINS: U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Fish-Passage Research Program, Seattle.
Limnological, hydrological and meteorological data collected show
that the temperatures in the Columbia and Snake Rivers will continue
to rise with further impoundment of these rivers unless preventive
measures are taken. This rise in temperature is incompatible with
salmonid fishes using the river for spawning, rearing, and migration.
Increased survival of the spawning stocks would occur if temperatures
107
-------
168 (continued)
were lowered 15 degrees F. during the summer period. Methods of con-
trolling water temperature are being sought for the new Canadian
storage projects on the Columbia and Snake Rivers. It has been
predicted, on the basis of incomplete data, that the cooler water
which is expected to be delivered from high dams in the Middle
Snake River can be carried through the proposed lower river reser-
voirs and dams to the Columbia River. Also, if cooler water is
delivered to Chief Joseph Reservoir, there will be a gradual warming
but cooler water will be carried through the proposed reservoirs to
the lower Columbia River. It has been apparent during the past year
that waters of the Columbia from Grand Coulee to Bonneville Dams
and the lower Snake River are supersaturated with nitrogen. This
supersaturation is highest during high flows when water is plunging
over spillways. Surveys are in progress to determine the extent
of supersaturation during all times of the year and to determine
the effect of high nitrogen content on salmon.
Project Started: 1964 (duration - 7 years).
Personnel: 3 engineers, 3 biologists.
Principal Investigator: George R. Snyder.
Publications: Burt, Wayne V. 1963. Preliminary study on the
predicted water changes of the Lower Snake River due to effects of
projected dams and reservoirs. Part 1. Forecasting water tempera-
ture changes due to flow through intermediate depth reservoirs.
Final report to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Water
Research Associates, Corvallis, Oregon, Nov. 1963. Processed.
Novotny, Anthony J. 1964. Importance of water temperature in the
main stems of the Columbia and Snake Rivers in relation to the
survival of salmon. Processed.
Raphael, Jerome M. 1964. The effect of Chief Joseph Dam on
temperature in the Columbia River. June 1964. Consultant Civil
Engineer, Berkeley, California. Processed.
Snyder, George R. 1964. Potential source of cool water for fish
facilities in the Columbia River Basin. September 1964. Processed,
169 WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT, EROSION CONTROL, AND SEDIMENT REDUCTION IN
MIXED-CONIFER FOREST TYPES AND FOREST RANGES OF THE MID-COLUMBIA
RIVER BASIN: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Wenatehee.
In the mid-Columbia River system, most of the water available for
irrigation, hydroelectric power, and domestic or industrial use
originates in the alpine zone, upper-slope forests, and ponderosa
108
-------
169 (continued)
pine grasslands occupying approximately 30 percent of the total
area. The quantity and quality of raw water supplies depend upon
the condition of these headwater areas where timber, forage, and
recreation are also essential products, Adequacy of future water
supplies depends upon how well technology is developed for manage-
ment of watershed resources, and there is great need for information
on management of forest lands for their maximum contribution to
usable water supplies. The project objectives are to determine
how moisture disposition and use are influenced by forest and range
environments, climate, vegetative type, and soils; to relate inci-
dence of erosion to characteristics of soils, vegetation, topography,
climate and land use; and to develop sound principles and effective
techniques for improving water yields while maintaining or restor-
ing site stability in the mixed conifer forest and related range
types of the mid-Columbia River Basin in eastern Washington and
Oregon.
Project Started: 1956 (duration - Continuing).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 biologist, 1 hydrologist, 1 meteorologist.
Principal Investigator: H. W. Berndt.
Special Equipment: neutron depth/moisture probes, Terra Scout
portable seismograph, soil resistivity meter, plant growth control
chamber, nitrogen analyzer, spectrophotometer (Beckman DU), gamma
spectrometer (single channel).
Publications: Fowler, William B. 1964. Instrumentation for
radiation sampling in the forest environment. Presented at 2nd
Weather Bureau-USDA Conference on Research in Meteorology and
Climatology, Washington, B.C., October 20, 1964.
Fowler, William B. 1964. The energy budget and its use in
estimating evapotranspiration. Proceedings, Society of American
Foresters, pp. 101-104,
Fowler, William B, 1965. Spatial sampling requirements and
problems. Presented at Research Conference on Energy Balance,
Washington, D. C. November 15-19, 1965,
Lopushinsky, William. 1964. Calcium transport in tomato roots.
Nature 201(4918):518-519.
Wooldridge, David D. 1964. Effects of parent material and vege-
tation on properties related to soil erosion in central Washington.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 28(3):430-432.
Wooldridge, David D. 1965. Soil properties related to erosion of
wildland soils in central Washington. From Forest-Soil Relation-
ships in North America. Paper presented at the Second North
109
-------
169 (continued)
American Forest Soils Conference, Oregon State University, 1963.
C. 1965 by the Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
Wooldridge, David D. and Harold Weaver. 1965, Some effects of
thinning a ponderosa pine thicket with a prescribed fire, II.
J. For. 63(2):92-95.
Wooldridge, David D. 1965. Tracing soil particle movement with
Fe-59. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc, Am. 29(4):469-472,
170 EFFECTS OF REACTOR EFFLUENT ON COLUMBIA RIVER WATER QUALITY:
BatteHe-Northwest, Division of Production, U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission, Richland.
Project Objectives:
To develop improved relationships governing thermodynamics and dis-
persion phenomena in freshwater streams. By a combination of
statistical studies, heat budget analyses, and internal energy
balances determine the principal factors governing dispersion of
effluent and the resulting water quality impact.
Detailed Objectives:
(1) Determine the net effect of Hanford operation on Columbia River
temperature.
(2) Determine the net effect of Hanford operation on Columbia River
chemical concentrations.
(3) Determine the shapes and extents of effluent plumes, including
areas of maximum effluent concentrations and potential problem
areas.
Project Started: October 1962 (duration - through 1968)
Personnel: 2 engineers, 5 technicians.
Principal Investigator: J. P. Corley.
Publications: Corley, J. P. 1964. Effects of Hanford operations
on Columbia River temperatures - interim report HW-80888 CLASSIFIED
SECRET.
171 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MODEL OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER: Battelle-Northwest,
Division of Production, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.
Apply the heat budget method for synthesizing the thermal conditions
characterizing the river regime. Use the digital computer to apply
realistic transport treatment based on modeled velocity distribution.
110
-------
171 (continued)
and density current factors. Minimize mathematical approximations
such as coefficients, in order to take advantage of the computer
memory for accounting. Having characterized the hydraulic regime,
add additional surface interchange mechanisms such as dissolved
gases.
Primary objective is to develop a real time model of the water
quality factors in the Columbia River between Grand Coulee and
the estuary. Secondary objective, pending additional support,
is to model the entire Columbia and tributaries for parametric
study and surveillance purposes.
Project Started: April 1963 (duration - 2 to 3 years).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 computation specialist, 1 mathematician.
Principal Investigator: R. T, Jaske,
Publications: Jaske, R. T, 1965. Prediction of'Columbia River
temperatures downstream from Grand Coulee Dam for wide extremes
of flow and weather conditions. Contract report of U, S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, Contract 65B-RO«1440,
172 PARAMETRIC FACTORS GOVERNING HEAT TRANSPORT FROM LAKE ROOSEVELT:
Battelle-Northwest, Division of Production, U» S. Atomic Energy
Commission, Richland*
By a combination of statistical studies, heat budget analyses, and
internal energy balances taken around Grand Coulee Dam and Lake
Roosevelt, determine the principal factors governing the transport
of heat to and from the lake. Develop a systems model to accurately
predict thermal lags with application to other upstream construction
projects. Develop additional insight into factors governing the
optimization of water temperature for fish and nuclear production.
Project Started: July 1958 (duration - 3 to 5 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 mathematician.
Principal Investigator: R, T. Jaske.
Special Equipment: Univac 1107 computer and peripheral processing
equipment.
Publications: Jaske, R. T. and G. R. Snyder, The density current
regime of Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, (In press),
Jaske, R» T. An evaluation of the use of selective discharges
from Lake Roosevelt for cooling the Columbia River. BNWL 20.
Ill
-------
173 LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT: Battelie-Northwest,
Division of Reactor Development, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Richland.
The research objective is to develop processes forradionuclide
removal from water and waste water so that the treated effluent
can be safely and economically released to the environment.
Project Duration: Continuing.
Principal Investigator: Dr. G. J, Alkire,
Publications: Mercer, B. W, 1962, The decontamination of conden-
sate wastes containing ammonia,, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept.
No. HW-71627, March 1962.
Mercer, B, W. 1965. Ion exchange treatment of intermediate level
wastes. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept. No, BNWL-180. August
1965.
Mercer, B, W. and L« L. Ames. 1963, The adsorption of cesium,
strontium, and cerium on zeolites from multication systems. U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission Rept. No* HW-78461, August 1963,
Nelson, J, L., G. J. Alkire and B, W, Mercer, 1964, Inorganic ion
exchange separation of cesium from Purex-type high-level radioactive
wastes. Ind. & Engng, Chem. - Process Design & Dev, 3:143, April 1964.
Nelson, J. L, and B0 W. Mercer. Ion exchange separation of cesium from
alkaline waste supernatant solutions, U.S, Atomic Energy Commission
Rept. No. HW 76449.
Skarpelos, J. M. 1963. Progress in treatment of a radioactive
condensate waste, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept, No. HW-79174,
October 1963.
Skarpelos, J, M. 1963, Treatment of radioactive condensate waste,
Procwedings of the llth Pacific Northwest Industrial Waste Conference,
Corvallis, Oregon, May 1963.
Touhill, C. J. 1965, Utilization of radioactive waste research for
industrial waste treatment. Proceedings of 12th Pacific Northwest
Industrial Waste Conference, Seattle, Washington, March 1965,
174 FIELD MONITORING OF RAD10NUCL1DES IN SOILS AND GROUND WATER: Battelle-
Northwest, Division of Production, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Richland.
Field investigations utilize ground water sampling and analysis,
tracer techniques and specially developed monitoring equipment to
define the travel and zonal distribution of low concentrations of
112
-------
174 (continued)
radionuclides in the subsurface environment. Information so obtained
is an integral part of the program for regulated disposal of low and
intermediate level radioactive wastes from Hanford operations.
Principal Investigator: W. A, Haney,
Publications: Brown, D, J. and J. R. Raymond. 1962, Radiologic
monitoring of ground water at the Hanford project. J. Am. Wat.
Wks. Assn. 54(10);1201-1212. October 1962.
Brown, D. J., et al. Appraisal of Hanford waste disposal by
integration of field techniques, pp. 181-188. Proceedings of the
International Colloquium on the Retention and Migration of Radio-
active Ions in Soils, Saclay (Paris),
Haney, W. A. 1964. Fission product tritium in fuel reprocessing
wastes. Nucl^ Saf. 5(4). October 1964.
Nelson, J. L., et al. Laboratory pilot and field scale studies
of fission product migration rates in soils, pp. 107-115. Pro-
ceedings of the International Colloquium on the Retention and
Migration of Radioactive Ions in Soils, Saclay (Paris).
Nelson, R. W. and A. E. Reisenauer. 1963. Application of radio-
active tracers in scientific ground water hydrology. Radioisotopes
in Hydrology, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, pp. 207-230, August 1963.
175 FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON ZEOLITE ION EXCHANGE: Battelle-Northwest,
Division of Biology and Medicine, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Richland.
*
Chemical equilibria and mineralogical studies are leading to a more
fundamental understanding of zeolite behavior in multication systems.
The extension of this basic work to waste water treatment application
is being studied.
Project Duration: Continuing.
Principal Investigator: Dr. L. L. Ames, Jr.
Publications: Ames, L. L,, Jr. 1962. Effect of base cation on the
cesium kinetics of clinoptilolite» Am, Miner. 47:1301-1316.
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1962. Kinetics of cesium reactions with some
inorganic cation exchange materials. Am. Miner. 47:1067-1078.
113
-------
175 (continued)
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1963. Kinetics of a replacement reaction.
Econ. Geol. 58:1229-1236.
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1963. Mass action relationships of some zeolites
in the region of high competing cation concentrations. Am. Miner.
48:868-882.
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1963. Synthesis of clinoptilolite-like zeplite.
Am. Miner. 48:1374-1381.
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1964. Some zeolite equilibria with alkali metal
cations. Am. Miner. 49:127-145.
Ames, L. L., Jr. 1964. Some zeolite equilibria with alkaline earth
metal cations. Am. Miner. 49:1099-1110.
Ames, L. L., Jr. Zeolite type X equilibria with trivalent cerium
and yttrium cations. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 27:885-894.
176 DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF LARGE COMPLEX
GROUND WATER FLOW SYSTEMS: Battelle Northwest, Division of Biology
and Medicine, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and Corps of Engineers,
Richland.
Digital computer programs are being developed to analyze large,
heterogeneous, three-dimensional ground water flow systems, based,
on energy dissipation. Capacity of about 40,000 node equations is
desired. Input data are potentials and physical boundaries in func-
tional forms and permeability boundary conditions. Programs are
completed for obtaining flow paths and travel times. (Immediate
application is to radioactive waste transport).
Project Duration: continuing.
Principal Investigator: W. Haney.
Publications: Brown, D. J. 1963. Piezometric head distribution in
sand-filled wells. Jnl. Hydrol. 1:195-203.
Nelson, R. W. 1965. A sequence for predicting waste transport by
ground water. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept. BNWL-63, April
15, 1965.
Oster, C. A. 1963. Genoro - a general data fitting and linear func-
tion evaluation computer code for the IBM-7090. U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission Rept. HW-76692, May 1963.
114
-------
177 PROCESS WATER TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION: Battelle-Northwest, Division
of Production, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland,
Water treatment optimization and filtration research are being
conducted to make further improvements in process water quality.
The effects of physical factors, chemical factors, and irradiation
factors on filtration are being examined during the research.
Project Started: 1965 (duration - continuing).
Principal Investigator: Dr. C« J, Touhill*
178 MATHEMATICAL MODEL ANALYSIS OF FLOW THROUGH PARTIALLY SATURATED
HETEROGENEOUS POROUS MEDIA: Battelle-Northwest, Division of
Biology and Medicine, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.
Computer program was developed to analyze steady-state flow in
unsaturated heterogeneous soils. Program uses interation techniques
to solve three-dimensional cases for 8,000 grid points, using soil
parameter input data for up to 13 soil types. Soil parameter
measurement methods are under investigation. Extension to transient
flow analysis is planned. (Immediate application is related to
radioactive waste movement through the vadose zone.)
Principal Investigator: W. A. Haney.
Publications: King, L. G, 1965. Description of soil character-
istics for partially-saturated flow. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
Nelson, R. W. 1962. Steady darcian transport of fluids in hetero-
geneous partially-saturated porous media, Part I, Mathematical and
numerical formulation. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept. HW-72335,
Ft. 1.
Reisenauer, A, E. 1963. Methods for solving problems of multi-
dimensional partially-saturated steady flow in soils. J. Geophys.
Res. 68(20):5725-5733,
Reisenauer, A, E., et al. 1963„ Steady darcian transport of
fluids in heterogeneous partially-saturated porous media, Part 2,
The computer program. U.S, Atomic Energy Commission Rept. HW-72335,
Pt. 2.
115
-------
179 SOIL CHEMISTRY: Battelle-Northwest, Division of Biology and Medicine,,
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.
A better understanding of the relationships of ion exchange and ad-
sorption behavior for various soil types is provided by this research,
The research findings are being applied to waste migration and water
reclamation studies.
Project Duration: continuing,
Publications: Nelson, J. L., W. A, Haney and D. W, Bensen. 1962.
Laboratory, pilot and field scale studies of fission product
migration rates in soil. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept.
No. HW-SA-2744, September 1962.
Hajek, B. F. 1965. Some adsorption, diffusion and dispersion
characteristics of anions in soils. U.S. Atomic Energy Commis-
sion Rept. BNWL-36, pp. 4.1-4.5.
Hajek, B. F. 1965. Clay mineral composition of two Hanford
soils. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rept. No. BNWL 36-TV,
pp. 4.5-4.6.
Hajek, B. F. 1965. Adsorption, migration and dispersion of
strontium and cesium in an N-area soil. U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission Rept. No. BNWL-CC-208.
180 MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF RESIDENT FISH: Battelle-
Northwest for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.
Fish collected in the Columbia and Yakima Rivers in the area bounded
by Benton City, Priest Rapids Dam and Richland are examined for
Zinc~65 and Phosphorus-32 content for purposes of determining radid-
nuclide dispersion by migrating fish.
Project Started: 1964 (duration - to July 1966).
Personnel: 1 biologist.
Principal Investigator: D. E. Watson.
Publications: Biology Department Annual Reports.
181 UPTAKE AND RETENTION OF RADIONUCLIDES BY COLUMBIA RIVER BIOTA:
Battelle-Northwest, for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland,
The purpose of this work is to investigate the cycling of radio-
nuclides in the river biota below the Hanford reactors as this
relates to concentration and dispersion of radionuclides in the
ecosystem.
116
-------
181 (continued)
Project Started: 1948 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 4 biologists, 2 technicians.
Principal Investigators: C. C, Coutant, C. E. Gushing, D. G.
Watson, W. L. Templeton,
Publications: Annual Reports - Biology Department.
Gushing, C. E. Periphyton productivity and radionuclide accumu-
lation in the Columbia River, Washington, U.S.A. (In press).
182 THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES UPON UPTAKE AND TURNOVER
RATES BY THE PERIPHYTON: Battelie-Northwest, for the U. S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Richland,
Periphyton communities, cultured in the Columbia River and in
the laboratory, are treated to a variety of environmental condi-
tions in a specially designed exposure chamber equipped with an
_in situ radiation detector to study the effects of these condi-
tions on the uptake and cycling of selected radionuclides.
Radionuclides to be used are those found in effluent waters from
the Hanford reactors. Productivity of periphyton (using C
technique) will be related to radionuclide content).
Project Started: 1964 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 1 biologist.
Principal Investigator: C. E, Gushing.
183 REACTOR EFFLUENT MONITORING WITH FISH: Battelle-Northwest, for
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.
The purpose is to demonstrate in the laboratory effects of
various concentrations of reactor effluent constituents on
young fish, principally salmonids. Various industrial chemi-
cals are tested for their toxicity to fish prior to use in
reactor cooling water.
Project Started: 1945 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 2 biologists, 1 technician.
Principal Investigators: R, E. Nakatani and P. A. Olson.
Special Equipment: fish hatchery.
Publications: Biology Department Annual Reports.
117
-------
184 STUDY OF CHINOOK SALMON SPAWNING WITHIN THE ENVIRONS OF THE HANFORD
RESERVATION: Battelie-Northwest, for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commis-
sion, Richland.
The purpose of this study is to determine annual fluctuations in
locally spawning Chinook salmon and the relation of these fluctu-
ations to the Hanford Works effluents and to nearby dams.
Project Started: 1947 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 1 biologist:.
Principal Investigator: D. G. Watson,
Special Equipment: aircraft.
Publications: Biology Department Annual Reports.
185 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS: Battelie-Northwest, for
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.
The purpose of this work is to determine the effects of temperature
on the morphology and physiology of aquatic organisms. All levels
of organization from the submicroscopic to the whole animal are
being investigated.
Project Started: 1964 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 2 biologists, 1 technician.
Principal Investigators: J. M, Dean and R. E. Nakatani.
Special Equipment: electron microscope, respirometer.
Publications: Temperature effects on the metabolism of. fish, Biology
Department Annual Research Reports - 1964-1965. Batte lie-Northwest;.
186 COLUMNARIS DISEASE IN COLUMBIA RIVER FISHES: Battelle-Northwest,
for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland.
The purpose of this study is to determine the significance of higher
river temperatures and radioactive water (produced by the Hanford
Works) on the endemic disease, columnaris, in salmonids. The
possible aggravation of columnaris by the introduction of reactor
effluent into the Columbia River is under study for the protection
of the fishery resource of the river.
Project Started: 1959 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 1 biologist, 1 microbiologist.
Principal Investigator: M. P. Fujihara and R. E. Nakatani.
Publications: Results are reported yearly in the Biology Department's
Annual Research Report.
118
-------
187 DEGRADATION AND DEPLETION OF HERBICIDES IN DRAINAGE WATERS AND
THEIR EFFECTS ON IRRIGATED CROPS: Battelle-Northwest, Richland.
The purpose is to identify and determine quantities of degrada-
tion products of commercial herbicides in irrigation waters and
crop plants and to identify the means by which herbicidal chemicals
are broken down in the environment.
Project Started: Spring 1966 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 biologist, 2 technicians.
Principal Investigators: J. L. Nelson and C. C, Coutant,
Special Equipment: mass spectrometer, gas chromatograph.
188 COLUMBIA RIVER SURVEY: Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Central
Research Division, Camas.
Regular water quality surveys are made in the mill area to deter-
mine the amount and distribution of mill effluents. Effects of
various systems and effluent discharge are measured between Camas
and Skamokawa. Mill wastes are characterized and amounts dis-
charged are determined. Field and in-plant bioassays are run
on a continuous basis. New waste treatment processes are inves-
tigated, especially in the area of automated techniques.
Other activities in the water pollution area include chemical
treatment and development of useful by-products from waste
products. This is being investigated extensively by the Chemical
Products Division of Crown Zellerbach. Design of water and waste
treatment facilities is carried out by the appropriate mill divi-
sion and the central engineering office.
Project Started: 1956 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 2 chemists, 1 microbiologist, 4 hourly workers.
Principal Investigator: Dr. H. R. Amberg.
Special Equipment: fluorometers, spectrophotometers, fermenta-
tion pilot plant, microbiological laboratory, boats for sampling.
Publications: Columbia River Study, A Progress Report 1958-1963,
Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Camas Mill Division, November 1963.
189 EXPERIMENTAL STREAM PRODUCTIVITY STUDIES: Weyerhaeuser Company,
Longview.
The principal objective of this project is to acquire greater
knowledge of the basic principles governing biological produc-
tivity in streams, in order to evaluate with more accurate
119
-------
189 (continued)
understanding the significance of aquatic community structural
changes, particularly as such changes refer to fishes. For the
purpose of these investigations, three artificial streams have
been constructed on one of the company's tree farms. Water for
the streams is supplied by a large spring having a fairly uniform
flow of about 16 cfs.
The investigations will proceed in the following phases:
(1-a) Determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the
water passing through the streams on a monthly, seasonal,
and annual basis*
(l~b) Determine the aquatic community colonization rates in the
test streams, and community structural changes (both quali-
tative and quantitative) on a monthly, seasonal, and annual
basis.
(1-c) Ascertain any possible correlations between "a" and "b",
(2-a) Determine sources of energy to streams.
(2-b) Determine pathways and efficiencies of energy transfer
through the major biotic levels,
(3) Introduce physical, chemical and biological variables so
as to produce desired community structural changes as well
as overall productivity.
Project Started: June 1965 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 2 chemists, 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Rudolph Thut,
190 A STUDY OF THE PACIFIC OYSTER AND THE ESTUARINE EiWIRONMENT IN NORTH
BAY OF GRAYS HARBOR: Weyerhaeuser Company, Longview.
The primary objective of the project is to attempt to determine the
physical, chemical, and biological factors responsible for oyster
productivity; e,g»s growth, fatness, and survival. Two oyster
growing areas have been selected in the North Bay of Grays Harbor,
one of which produces better oysters than the other. The problem
is to determine what factors or combination of factors account for
the differences in oyster productivity* The plan is:
(1) To define the water masses over each area by determining the
respective physical, chemical, and biological characteristics;
(2) To characterize the estuarine benthic substrate in the test areas;
(3) To determine the effects of such meteorological factors as, for
example, rain, wind, solar radiation, atmospheric temperature.
The oyster undergoes a yearly physiological periodism and hence
the studies are set up on a yearly basis. Special test oysters are
120
-------
190 (continued)
maintained in each of the two test areas where they are checked
for growth and mortality at monthly intervals, In addition,
oysters are taken from the adjacent commercial beds in each area
twice a month and analyzed for protein, glycogen, moisture, and
ash,, Water samples are taken from both areas once every week
over a 6-8 hour period commencing at low tide. Correlation of
the data is tested statistically with an IBM computer,
Project Started: January 1963 (duration - continuing).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 2 biologists, 3 laboratory technicians.
Principal investigator: Robert B, Herrmann,
Hermann, R, B, 1963„ A study of the Pacific oyster and estuar-
ine environment in North Bay of Grays Harbor, February to June,
1963, Interim Report, Problem Plan 678,
Hermann, R, B. 1964, A study of the Pacific oyster and estuarine
environment in North Bay of Grays Harbor, February to December,
1963. Interim Report, Problem Plan 678.
Herrmann, R- B. 1965. A study of the Pacific oyster and estuarine
environment in North Way of Grays Harbor, January to December,
1964. Interim Report, Problem Plan 678,
191 THE ECOLOGY OF CHRQMATI.UM IN SEWAGE PONDS: College of Engineering
Research Division, Washington State University, Pullman.
Anaerobic stabilization ponds followed by aerobic ponds have come
into increasing use as a simple and cheap method of sewage treat-
ment. Anaerobic ponds may produce unpleasant odors, but often do
not. One reason for the absence of odors may be that the photosyn-
thetic sulfur bacteria present in such ponds utilize the ^S pro-
duced. Summer blooms of Chromatium_sj3, have been found in two
series of waste treatment ponds in the Pullman, Washington area.
Innumerable factors doubtless play a part in the growth of Chro~
matj-um and other _Th i. o rhoda c e a e. Nevertheless, from the habitats
in which large numbers were found, four ecological factors seem
promising as ones which influence growth: sulfide content, light
(abundance and quality), temperature, arid dissolved oxygen content.
The study aims to isolate species of Chromaj^rum from waste treat-
ment ponds and study the growth response of the organisms under
influence of the above factors. Continuing observations will be
conducted on anaerobic lagoons in an attempt to relate the ecolog-
ical conditions which contribute to "blooms" of the purple sulfur
bacteria.
121
-------
191 (continued)
Project Started: October 1, 1964 (duration - 2 years).
Personnel: 1 biologist, 1 microbiologist, 2 technicians.
Principal Investigator: Donald S. May.
Special Equipment: bench-type ferraentor (Microferm, manuf. by New
Brunswick Instruments).
Publications: Alton, David W. 1965. Sulfide uptake by the purple
sulfur bacterium Chromatium. (Special problem report for M.S. degree),
Stahl, John B. and Donald S. May. 1965. Microstratification in
waste treatment ponds. Presented at the Pacific Northwest Pol-
lution Control Association Meeting. (To be submitted to the Water
Pollution Control Federation Journal).
Thompson, Ronald J. 1966. Growth of Thiopedia and Chromatium
organisms on various substrates. (Special problem report for
M.S. degree.)
192 ESTUARINE ECOLOGY: University of Washington, Seattle.
Description of the water quality characteristics of lower Puget
Sound, Elliott Bay, Everett Bay and the Duwamish Estuary. Biolog-
ical data will be collected by the Fisheries Research Institute
and the Department of Oceanography, University of Washington.
Various physical and chemical parameters will be measured by
METRO (Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle) and the U. S.
Geological Survey.
Project Objectives include:
(1) Determining population density and the dynamics of pelagic and
demersal fishes in estuarine environments and how they may be
affected by various waste discharge.
(2) Develop a mathematical model to simulate flushing and diffusion
rates of pollutants and the movements of salmon in an estuary.
(3) To define relationships between the food supply, utilization,
and growth of pelagic and demersal fishes in areas influenced
by different industrial developments.
Project Started: June 1, 1965 (duration - to May 31, 1970).
Personnel: 2 biologists, 3 graduate students, 9 part-time field
help, 7 fishery professors.
Principal Investigator: Dr. Donald E. Bevan.
122
-------
193 EFFECT OF METAL VALENCE ON TOXICITY TO ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONj
University of Washington, Seattle.
A laboratory study of the effects of valence change on the
city of copper in anaerobic digesters.
Project Started: March 1965 (duration - 1 year).
Personnel: 2 engineers.
Principal Investigator: Dale A. Carlson.
Publications: Chmelauskas, A. J. 1965. The effect of sodium
chloride and sea water on laboratory anaerobic digesters.
MrS. Thesis, University of Washington.
194 PULP MILLS WASTES IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: University of
Washington, Seattle.
Evaluation of the changes in chemical characteristics of pulp
mill wastes as a result of contact with the marine environment.
Bacteria capable of degrading the lignin fraction of pulp mill
wastes, will be isolated, identified, and their growth character-
istics defined. Whole and synthetic pulp wastes will be fractioned
into two categories: a) lignin derivatives, and b) sugars and
acidic sugar derivatives.
Project Started: January 1965 (duration - 2 years).
Personnel: 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: Dale A. Carlson.
Special Equipment: total carbon analyzer.
195 UTILIZATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY ACTIVATED SLUDGEt University of
Washington, Seattle.
A study of the mechanisms involved in the utilization of the major
nitrogen fraction of sewage, the proteins and protein fractions.
Effects of molecular size were evaluated for various protein com-
ponents ranging from the simplest amino acids to the complex,
difficultly degraded Keratine such as hair.
Project Started: September 1962 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers.
Principal Investigator: Dale A. Carlson.
Publications: Utilization of free and combined amino acids by
activated sludge. Final Report for WP 00247.
123
-------
195 (continued)
The biological degradation of a Keratin. Symposium on Water
Pollution Control, Nagpur, India, 1965.
The biological degradation of resistant proteins, Purdue
Industrial Waste Conference, 1966,
196 WASTE WATER ODOR REDUCTION - MECHANISMS IN SOIL FILTERS: Univer-
sity of Washington, Seattle.
Disagreeable odors associated with the transportation and storage
of wastes are offensive to residents in the vicinity of transpor-
tation and storage systems, The soil filter has provided an
economical means of removing sewage odors. This research is con-
cerned with establishing the responsible organisms, identifying
the intermediate and storage products formed, and investigating
the optimal environmental conditions for maximal degradation of
malodorous compounds in soil filters. Other phases of the study
will be concerned with changes in soil characteristics during
gas application, with depositions that might occur such as
deposition of sulfur compounds during H/>S application, with gas
pressures required for various gas flow conditions and with pure
culture studies of responsible bacteriat.
Project Started: September 1965 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 2 .engineers, 1 chemist, 1 microbiologist.
Principal Investigator: Dale A. Carlson,
Equipment: GC-2 gas chromatograph.
Publications: Methyl mercaptan removal by soil filtration
(Pacific Northwest International Section, APCH, November 1965).
Odor control with soil filters, the trend in engineering at the
University of Washington, 1965.
197 FLUORESCENCE OF LIGNIN WASTE PRODUCTS: University of Washington,
Seattle.
A systematic study of the fluorometric properties of lignin
derivatives in kraft and sulfite pulping wastes. A primary objec-
tive is the development of a rapid and sensitive analytical method
for the determination of the concentration and perhaps the type of
pulp waste in water,
124
-------
197 (continued)
Project Started: March 28, 1966 (duration - one year).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: R. F. Christman.
Special Equipment: Model SF-1 fluorescence spectrophotometer,
filtration columns, dissolved carbon analyzer, non-dispersive
IR readout.
198 THE NATURE OF ORGANIC COLOR IN WATER: University of Washington,
Seattle.
This research is primarily a qualitative organic study of the
chemical structure of those naturally occurring molecules respon-
sible for color in water. The color producing materials isolated
by ion-exchange and solvent extraction are subjected to mild
oxidation. Examination of the degradation products by thin
layer chromatography and UV spectroscopy has resulted in the
identification of seven structural elements of the color macro-
molecule.
Project Started: October 1, 1963 (duration - to March 31, 1966).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: R. F. Christman.
Special Equipment: Brice~Phoenix light scattering photometer,
dissolved carbon analyzer - non-dispersive IR readout.
Publications: Christman, R. F. 1964. The chemistry of color
in water. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington
16(4):10.
Christman, R. F. and M. Ghassemi. The nature of organic color in
water. Final Report to the Public Health Service. Research grant
WP-00558, January 1966.
Christman, R. F. and M. Ghassemi. The chemical nature of organic
color in water. JV Am.'Wat. Wks. Assn. (la press),
199 LAKE WASHINGTON STUDY: University of Washington, Seattle.
Lake Washington responded to an increase over the years in the
input of effluent from secondary sewage treatment plants. The
productivity increased greatly as manifested by a number of changes
including the increased abundance of planktonic blue-green algae.
A project is underway to divert all the effluent from the lake
by the middle of 1966. About half had been diverted by the middle
125
-------
199 (continued)
of 1966. About half had been diverted by the middle of 1965, and
the lake appears to be responding already. Detailed studies of
the chemical and biological features of the lake will be continued
as the lake continues to change. The main objective of this work
is to contribute to the understanding of the role of the nutrient
supply in controlling productivity and abundance of organisms in
lakes.
Project Started: 1955 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 3 biologists.
Principal Investigator: W. T, Edmondson.
Publications: Edmondson, W. T. 1965, Reproductive rate of
planktonic rotifers as related to food and temperature in nature.
Ecol. Monogr. 35:61-111.
Edmondson, W. T. Lake eutrophication and water quality management.
(In press).
Edmondson, W. T. Changes in the oxygen deficit in Lake Washington.
(In press).
Oglesby, R. T. and W. T. Edmondson,, Control of eutrophication.
Rehabilitation. (In press).
Also progress reports to NSF,
200 INFLUENCE OP FOREST ECOSYSTEMS ON WATER QUALITY: College of
Forestry, University of Washington, Seattle, in cooperation with
City of Seattle.
The installation of the field instrumentation necessary to evaluate
water quality and the rate of water flow in the soil profile is
largely completed. During the grant period of 1966 the investigation
will be concerned with:
(1) Chemical analysis of leachates collected from various depths
in soil profiles under untreated and treated conditions
within the forest area. Inorganic and some organic constitu-
ents in the leachates will be identified.
(2) Evaluation of rate of decomposition of forest floor under field
conditions by measurement of carbon dioxide production - C02
evaluation will be related to environmental conditions and the
quality of the soil water.
(3) Movement of certain biocides through forest floor and soils.
(4) Continued study of the effect of forest removal on rate of
movement of materials.
126
-------
200 (continued)
The overall objective of this study: to relate the above features
of the environment to the role of the forest ecosystem as it
influences water quality.
Project Started: January 1, 1965 (duration - to January 1, 1967).
Personnel: 1 chemist, 1 biologist.
Principal Investigators: Dr. S. P, Gessel, Dr. D. W. Cole.
Special Equipment: Tension lysimeters, and various types of field
recording systems related to these.
Publications: Gessel, Stanley P. and D. W. Cole. 1965. Influence
of removal of forest cover on movement of water and associated
elements through soil. Paper presented on July 1, 1965, at
Portland, Oregon.
201 UNIQUE DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN SULFONATES IN WATER: University
of Washington, Seattle.
The objective of this study is to develop a method for the deter-
mination of spent sulfite liquor in receiving waters that is
unique for SSL. The approach used is to hydrolyze the lignin
sulfonates in the SSL to vanillin, and to isolate and determine
the vanillin.
Project Started: January 1, 1964 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: Joseph L. McCarthy.
202 SUBLETHAL AMOUNTS OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES AND FISH: University
of Washington, College of Fisheries, Seattle.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of minute
concentrations of insecticides (concentrations below the acutely
toxic level) upon measurable aspects of the biology of desirable
fish species. We propose to study fish subjected to insecticides
from hatching until sexual maturity; in particular, to determine
the effects of dilute concentrations on early embryonic growth,
early development, hatching of the fish, growth, ability to swim,
ability to react to stimuli, and ability to reproduce. Much of the
early effort will be devoted to the development of apparatus and
methodology because the methods of evaluating many of these res-
ponses have not been known. Substantial emphasis will be placed
upon histological and pathological studies. In particular,
studies will be made of the hematology of fish subjected to
sublethal concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.
127
-------
202 (continued)
Emphasis will be placed on changes in cell morphology and changes
in the numbers of cells. Biochemical tissue responses as well as
tissue responses will be evaluated. It is hoped that the data
will help to evaluate the effect upon aquatic life of the organic
insecticides present in our waterways. This information will help
regulatory agencies to set upper tolerable limits of insecticide
concentrations, and to inform and educate insecticide manufacturers
and users. It is hoped that it will stimulate them to adopt proper
manufacturing and use patterns, and will hasten the development
of specific insecticides that will not be environmental poisons.
Project Started: June 1, 1966 (duration - 5 years)
Personnel: 3 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Max Katz.
Special Equipment: Mount-Warner diluter, gas chromatograph, fish
activity apparatus.
203 STUDIES OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT LIGNIN SULFONATES: University of
Washington, Seattle.
The objective of this study is to isolate and purify low molecular
weight lignin sulfonates and determine their structure and reac-
tivity.
Project Started: September 1, 1964 (duration - 2 years).
Personnel: 1 chemist.
Principal Investigator: Joseph L. McCarthy.
204 THE NATURE OF BLEACH PLANT EFFLUENT STREAMS: University of
Washington, Seattle.
The object of this study is to determine the general nature of the
substances present in the effluent liquors from pulp mill bleach
plants and the relative concentrations in which the main types
are present.
Project Started: January 1, 1965 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 1 chemist,
Principal Investigator: Joseph L. McCarthy.
128
-------
205 SALT WATER ENTRAINMENT FOR DILUTION IN SEWER OUTFALLS: University
of Washington, Department of Civil Engineering, Seattle,
This investigation is an experimental and analytical study of the
mechanism of entrainment of a fluid of one density into a conduit
passing through an infinite still volume of this ambient fluid and
through which flows a fluid of different density. This particular
motivation is to obtain basin information which could be applied
in the sanitary engineering design of sewer outfalls discharging
into salt water, Entrainment of salt water into the outfall prior
to ultimate discharge would decrease the density differential be-
tween effluent and receiving water, thereby decreasing the amount
of diffusion necessary to produce acceptable sewage concentrations
at the water surface, Entrainment may be accomplished through
inlet ports in the wall, or by an ejector configuration, placed
in a reduced-pressure "venturi" section (manifold) in the outfall
conduit. The investigation deals with those factors influencing
entrainment rates, namely: density and pressure differentials
between ambient and conduit fluids, velocity of conduit flow
approaching the point of entrainment, and inlet geometry. Two
basic types of configuration are being studied to obtain basic
information in order to evaluate the economic feasibility and
design criteria for this method of obtaining a more dilute sewer
outflow,
Project Started: September 1, 1963 (duration - 3 years).
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 graduate student, 1 machinist.
Principal Investigator: Ronald E, Nece.
Publications: Nece, R, E,, P, Goldstern and J. L. Black. 1966.
Single-port suction manifolds, J. Hydr^-ul^
Civ. Engfs., January 1966,
206 EFFECT OF DAM CONSTRUCTION ON DOWNSTREAM WATER TEMPERATURE:
University of Washington, Department of Civil Engineering,
Seattle.
Effects of dam construction and reservoir impoundment on one par-
ticular downstream water property-temperature are to be evaluated.
Initial phases of the proposed study are aimed at obtaining a
correlation between basin climatologieal factors and stream
temperatures in the natural, pre-construction phase so that
effects of construction and consequent regulation may be evaluated
from comparable data obtained during and after reservoir filling
stages, The field areas selected for this study are the North
Fork and the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River, on the western
slope of the Cascade Mountains in the state of Washington. Dams
are proposed for each stream,. The watersheds are relatively
unpopulated and underdeveloped, with drainage areas of approxi-
mately 64- and 170 square miles, respectively, and are typical
129
-------
206 (continued)
of basins in the Pacific Northwest which may be used for power,
flood control, and/or recreation dams in the future. One
particular application of the results of the project would be
in considering the consequences of future dam projects on the
ecology of downstream fish resources.
Project Started: July 1, 1965 (duration - through June 30, 1968)
Personnel: 1 engineer, 1 graduate student.
Principal Investigator: Ronald E. Nece.
207 DILUTION EFFECTS ON NUTRIENTS AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY: University
of Washington, Seattle.
Green Lake, Seattle, is a naturally eutrophic body of water with a
high recreational use. An attempt is being made to limit primary
production by continuous, large-scale addition of nutrient-poor
water from the domestic supply, The primary objective of the study
is to determine the rate of nutrient reduction and to demonstrate
the consequent qualitative and quantitative changes in phytoplank-
ton,
Project Started: June 15, 1965 (duration - to June 14, 1968).
Personnel: 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Ray T* Oglesby.
Publications: Oglesby, R, T- and W. T. Edmondson, Control of
eutrophication. J. Wat.. Pol lu.t. Contr o .1. Fed. (in press).
208 EFFECTS OF A LARGE, RAW SEWAGE OUTFALL ON THE MARINE BENTHOS:
University of Washington, Seattle.
Using Scuba gear, the bottom near the outfall was directly examined.
A sampling program was evolved, which included a spectrum of bottom
conditions ranging from clean sand to organic sludge. Plastic
tubing was permanently mounted at the mud-water interface and extend-
ed' buoys at the surface so that water samples could be drawn from
just off the bottom for each station. Net bottom currents were
determined by taking measurements at short intervals of time over
a 40 hour period. Chemical studies were made of the following
parameters: DO, ammonia, ^S, Pb, Cu, organic and inorganic
solids. Extensive bottom surveys are being made for study of
the benthic fauna. Correlations are being sought between care-
fully-defined marine environments exhibiting various degrees of
organic pollution and the kinds and numbers of organisms which
inhabit them.
130
-------
208 (continued)
Project Started: January 1965 (duration - to August 1966).
Personnel: 2 biologists.
Principal Investigator: R. T. Oglesby,
209 STUDY OF SALMON STOCKS OF THE SNOHOMISH RIVER WATERSHED: Univer-
sity of Washington, Seattle.
Study of the physical and some chemical characteristics of the
Snohomish River watershed in relation to the ecology of Chinook
and coho salmon. The study is an auxiliary or addition to the
study of the water quality of Everett Bay and its role as an area
of salmon migration and residence.
Project Started: September 1965 (duration - to September 1966).
Personnel: 5 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Ernest 0. Salo.
210 EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK SALMON STREAMS IN
ALASKA: Fisheries Research Institute, University of Washington,
Seattle.
The U. S. Forest Service initiated studies to evaluate the effects
of logging on the productivity of salmon streams in Southeastern
Alaska at Hollis in 1949. In 1956, the Fisheries Research Insti-
tute commenced a study of the biological aspects of the effects of
logging. The physical and biological characteristics of four
streams in the Hollis area have been monitored since 1956. The
study has two major objectives:
(1) To determine the effects of logging on the quality of the
spawning bed and stream environment as it pertains to
growth, development, and survival of salmon eggs and
alevins.
(2) To provide criteria for increasing the production of fry,
the improvement of natural spawning areas, and the construc-
tion of artificial spawning areas.
Project Started: 1956 (duration - indefinite).
Personnel: 3 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Ernest 0. Salo
Publications: McNeil, William J. 1964. A method of measuring
mortality of pink salmon eggs and larvae. U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Fishery Bulletin 63(3):575-588. University of Washington,
College of Fisheries, Contribution No. 119.
131
-------
210 (continued)
McNeil, William J. 1964. Redd super-imposition and egg capacity
of pink salmon spawning beds. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 21(6):1385-
1386. University of Washington, College of Fisheries, Contribution
No. 197.
McNeil, William J. and Warren H. Ahnell. 1964. Success of pink
salmon spawning relative to size of spawning bed material. U, S.
Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries
No. 469. University of Washington, College of Fisheries, Con-
tribution No. 197.
Shapley, S» Philip and Daniel M, Bishop. 1965. Sedimentation in
a salmon stream. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 22(4): 919-928. University
of Washington, College of Fisheries, Contribution No. 76.
Sheridan, William L. 1960. Frequency of digging movements of
female pink salmon before and after egg deposition. An. Behav.
8(3-4):228-230, July-October. University of Washington, College
of Fisheries, Contribution No. 68.
Sheridan, William L. 1961. Temperature relationships in a pink
salmon stream in Alaska. Ecology 42(1):91-98, January. University
of Washington, College of Fisheries, Contribution No. 76.
211 STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF REFUSE DISPOSAL ON THE WATER QUALITY OF
UNION BAY: University of Washington, Seattle.
Since about 1930 the city of Seattle has used the marshland in
and around Union Bay for the disposal of waste materials (garbage,
refuse, ashes, etc.). This arrangement has been mutually beneficial
to the city of Seattle and the University of Washington, for con-
siderable land has been reclaimed at a nominal cost to the Uni-
versity. Union Bay is a small, shallow body of fresh water which
forms the outlet of Lake Washington into Lake Union which drains
eventually into Puget Sound. The purpose of the study is to
collect and evaluate water quality data in and around the edge
of Union Bay to determine the effect, if any, the refuse disposal
operation has or will have on the water quality of Union Bay. The
major emphasis is on the possible eutrophication of the adjacent
waters.
Project Started: July 1, 1961 (duration - to July 1, 1966).
Personnel: 1 engineer.
Principal Investigator: Robert W. Seabloom,
132
-------
212 AN INTEGRATED STUDY OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON - WATER
QUALITY: University of Washington, Department of Civil Engineer-
ing, Seattle.
Evaluation of present and predicted future (under various alter-
native development possibilities) water quality in the state of
Washington.
Project Started: November 1965 (duration - to November 1966),
Personnel: 2 engineers.
Principal Investigator: Robert 0. Sylvester.
213 A STUDY OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTHEAST GEORGIA STRAIT IN
ASSOCIATION WITH THE INTALCO ALUMINUM PLANT: University of
Washington, Civil Engineering Department, Seattle.
To determine possible impact of a new aluminum reduction plant
on the marine environment.
(1) Study of water mass movement.
(2) Effluent characteristics and their behavior in sea water.
(3) Effluent constituents present in sea water.
(4) Calculation of effluent dispersion from submarine outfall.
(5) To determine most desirable location for outfall.
(6) Document existing flora and fauna of area (intertidal).
(7) Determine bottom current velocities.
(8) Document benthic flora and fauna.
(9) Document existing fishery resources.
(10) Existing marine water quality seasonally.
(11) Bioassay studies with effluent.
(12) Evaluation of above data.
Project Started: June 16, 1965 (duration - to December 31, 1966),
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 chemist, 3 biologists.
Principal Investigator: Robert 0. Sylvester.
133
-------
WYOMING
214 EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY STUDIES; University
of Wyoming, Laramie.
To measure growing season evapo-transpiration and make correlations
with climatic factors. To determine border, field and farm effi-
ciency of water use. To estimate probable future farm irrigation
water needs.
Project Started: August 1961 (duration - 6 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers, 1 soil technician.
Principal Investigator: Robert Burman.
Special Equipment: humidity and temperature gradient sensing and
recording equipment; neutron moisture probes, net sensors and
recorders for measuring vertical energy balances (net radiation,
solar radiation, albedo, soil heat flow); wind speed and direction,
recording equipment.
215 MICROCLIMATIC FACTORS FOR FOUR PLANT COMMUNITIES ON ELK MOUNTAIN:
University of Wyoming, Laramie.
To study the effect of two methods of sagebrush control on the
following:
(1) Moisture retention and depletion in the soil.
(2) The total energy balance over the plant canopy.
(3) Stands and production of native forage and the weedy species.
TO describe and map various plant communities at four elevations
on the Northwest exposure of Elk Mountain and to relate them to
certain hydrologic parameters within these plant communities.
Project Started: July 1965 (duration - 5 years).
Personnel: 2 engineers.
Principal Investigator: Clarence Becker.
Special Equipment: humidity and temperature gradient sensing and
recording equipment; neutron moisture probes; net sensors and
recorders for measuring vertical energy balances (net radiation,
solar radiation, albedo, soil heat flow); wind speed and direction
recording equipment.
135
------- |