December 1969
905-R-69-120
DRAFT
APPENDIX G
WATER SUPPLY AND STREAM QUALITY
COMPREHENSIVE WATER RESOURCES STUDY
OF THE
GRAND RIVER BASIN, MICHIGAN
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TK3 INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes Region
Lake Michigan Basin Office, Chicago, Illinois
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Section Number Pape Number
SUMMARY i
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
Authorization 1-1
Purpose and Scope 1-1
Acknowledgements 1-2
2 DESCRIPTION OF AREA 2-1
Location 2-1
Hydrology 2-1
Topography and Soils 2-2
Climate 2-2
Population 2-2
Econony . 2-2
3 WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
KErTS 3-1
I
L,
Water Quality Standards 3-1
Interstate Standards 3-k
Present and Future Water Uses 3-4
General _ 4-1
Grand River Ilouth Sarr.plir.g 4-1
Grand River Intensive Studies 4-3
WATER QUALITY CONTROL
(Waste Sources and Control Measures) 5-1
General 5-1
Waste Sources 5-1
Municipal 5-1
Industrial 5-2
Combined Sewers 5-2
Stean Power Plants 5-2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Section Number Pa^e Number
Agriculture and Land Runoff 5-3
Ships and Boats 5-3
Dredging 5-4
Sources of Phosphorus 5-5
Municipal Waste Treatment Needs 5-6
Industrial waste Treatment Needs 5-6
Combined Sewer Overflow Control 5-6
Plant Operation 5-7
Monitoring 5-7
State Water Pollution Control
Program . 5-3
Streanflov; Augmentation
Requirements 5-3
BENEFITS AID ALTERNATIVES 6-1
General 6-1
Reservoir Sites "6-1
Water Supply 6-2
Water Quality . 6-2
Sunrrary of Alternatives 6-3
Benefits 6-3
BIBLIOGRAPHY " 7-1
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LIST OF TABLES
Cn or After
Table Nunber Title Page "unber
2-1 Drainage Areas-Grand River Pasin 2-1
2-2 - Grand River Flew Data 2-1
2-3 Present ar.d Projected Populations -
Grand River Basin 2-2
2-4 Value Added by Manufacture and
Manufacturing Snployr.erit for the
Eleven County Area 2-3
3-1 Water 'Quality "Standards 3-3
3-2 Total Water Intake - .'-Municipal V/ater
Systems - Grand River Easin 3-4
3-3 Municipal Water Der.ar.ds 1963 ar.d
Projections to 19SC ar.d 2020 3-4
3-4 Self-Supplied Industrial V.'ater Der.ar.ds
1959 and' Projections to 19~0 and 2C2C 3-5
3-5 V.'ater. Intake - Stear. Power Plants
Grand River Iras in 35
4-1 V,rater Quality - Grand River at "cuth
Ilarch 1963 - --ipril l°6.l " L-2
4-2 Radioactivit;- - Grand Ri'rer at Mouth
1963 Average" 4-3
5-1 Municipal T..'aste Inventory of !!ajcr
Corjr.unitics - Grand River Fasin 5-1
5-2 Major Industrial ".,'aste Discharges
Grand P.i%rer ?asin 5-1
5-3 ' Types of Municipal Sev;er 3yste~s
Major Municipal "..as^e Sources - Grand
River Rasin 5-2
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LIST OF TABLES (COlITLTiJED)
On or After
Table Nunber Title Pare Nunher
5-4 Municipal V/aste Treatment Construction -
Needs (Major Ccnmunities) - Grand
River Basin 5-6
5-5 . V/aste Treatment Needs for Major
Industrial ",,'aste Sources - Grand
River Basin 5-6
5-6 Average Monthly Strearnflcw Accessary
to Maintain Stated llininun Dissolved
Oxygen Levels in the Grand River, 5-9
Michigan
6-1 Possible Reservoir Sites above Jackson 6-1
6-2 Possible Reservoir Sites above Lansing 6-1
6-3 Summary of Alternatives 6-3
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Title After Pa;re Number
1-1 Grand River Basin, Michigan 1-2
4-1 DO and BCD Profiles - Grand River
Belov: Jackson 4-3
4-2 DO and BCD Profiles - Grand River
Below Lansing 4-3
6-1 Possible Reservoir Sites - Lansing
and Jackson, I'ichigan 6-1
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SUMMARY
Background
Appendix G, "Water Use and Stream V'ater Quality'1 has teen
prepared pursuant to a request by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
in a letter dated May 22, 1963. Appendix G is one of several simi-
lar documents to be prepared by a variety of agencies v;ho are
participating in a "Comprehensive Planning Study of the Grand River
Basin, Michigan." The study, under the chairmanship of the U. S.
Arny Corps of Engineers District, Detroit, Michigan deals with the
best use of the water and related land resources of the Grand River
Basin.
Pollution in the Grand River
The waters of the Grand River are degraded in quality par-
ticularly below Jackscn and Lansing, ar.d at its mouth near Grand
Haven. This degradation in quality is evidenced by low dissolved
oxygen levels, and other biological, chemical, microbiological and
physical parameters analyzed by both Federal and state pollution
control agencies.
Pollution of the waters of the Grand River is further evidenced
by the impairment of water uses. >5grgj:e 'and .partial body contact
recreation is potentially hazardous duetto high col if err. bacteria ana ,
fecal streptococcus bacterial densities below Jackscn, Lansin'g -end s.t-ftr "** ^
\\Grand Haven. The fishery of certain sectors of the Grand River is
harmed by low dissolved oxygen levels and high stream temperatures.
Esthetic enjoyment is'impaired by the unsightly aprearar.ce cf the
Grand River at Jackson and certain other areas.
Municipal waste treatment plants of the Grand River Basin serve
a population (1962) of 5^0,000. The combined effluents from these
municipal treatment facilities discharge a total of 1",00'0 pounds of
5-day biochemical oxygen demand (FCI^) daily to the waters of the
Grand River Basin. These wastes are equivalent in cxyger.-ccnsumir.g
power tc the untreated wastes cf over 100,000 persons. Other municipal
waste sources include the overflows frcn combined sewer systems.
Industrial wastes discharging directly to the waters cf the
Grand River Basin put an additional 21,000 pounds of PCDt; into the
streams daily. These wastes are equivalent in oxyger.-cor.suming power
to the untreated wastes cf over 126,000 persons.
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In addition to the organic waste load discharged from in-
dustries and municipalities, thermal discharges also have a significant
bearing on water quality. For example, cooling water discharges from
steam electric generating stations at Lansing produce adverse effects
on desirable water uses.
Future Conditions
Growth projections indicate that the Iy60 Grand River Basin
population" of 949,000 nay increase more than two-fold by 2020.
Industrial activity is expected to double by 1930 and to continue to
expand in the decades that follow. Water demands and waste flows will
increase at a nore moderate pace due to increased water reuse and
other efficiencies. These and other related factors indicate that
the waste load received by all municipal sewerage systems in the Basin
will increase to about 2,500,000 Population Equivalent (PE) by 2020.
By comparison, the present estimated waste load received by all
municipal sewerage systems of the Grand River Basin is approximately
540,000 PE.
Needed Water Qualitv Improvement Measures
A number of pollution control measures are presently needed
in the Grand River Basin. These measures, partially shown in
Tables 5-4 and 5-5, include secondary waste treatment for all_major
municipal waste sources and equivalent treatment for all significant
industrial waste sources.
In addition, the reccmr.er.dat ior.s cf :,he Four-State rederal
Enforcement Conference on the Pollution of Lake Michigan and its
Tributaries require that communities provide at least S0;"1 phosphorus
removal on a statewide basis.
At some locations the foregoing measures alone will not be
sufficient to achieve satisfactory water quality control. The study
has identified two principal locations, the Jackson area and the
Lansing area, where additional measures are required. A study of
alternative measures reduces to the following: advanced waste treat-
ment, (beyond the basic degree specified above); augmentation of low
flows in the stream receiving the treated wastewater effluents; piping
of effluents to a more favorable location for discharge; or combina-
tions of these.
11
-------
Estimates have been made of the streamflows required to
supplement basic wastev:ater treatment in maintaing established water
quality standards, in the reaches of the Grand River at and immediately
downstream fron the cities of Jackson and Lansing. These estimated
flows, for projected conditions of the years 1980 and 2020, are given
in Table 5-6. The plan femulation appendix will present single pur-
pose and multipurpose reservoir plans to provide all or part of this
flow.
At Jackson, which is located near the headwaters of the river
system, the required flews exceed the rr.axiir.un physical supply of
water obtainable from the river. Therefore, some fora of advanced
waste treatment will be required, and the city of Jackson is already
taking steps to provide it. Should one or rr.ore multipurpose reser-
voirs in the Jackson area prove feasible, allocation of storage space
for low-flow augmentation could be a valuable supplement to advanced
waste treatment. Importation of water to the Jackscn area is a
possibility. However, unless water imported for lew-flow augmentation
is part of a total quantity brought in for several purposes, the costs
of transporting water from one of the Great Lakes to Jackson for this
purpose alone would be greater than the cost of providing a degree of
treatment high enough to eliminate any need for supplemental streanflcws.
At Lansing, where the Grand River is much larger than it
is above Jackscn, there is a more favorable opportunity for seeking
least-cost combinations of wastewater treatment and low-flow
augmentation.
A summary of alternatives for water quality control, and
associated costs adjusted to a common time case for comparison, is
given in Table 6-3.
The benefits of achieving and maintaining high quality water
in the Grand River Basin will be widespread and far-reaching, ever.
though not all of these benefits are susceptible of measurement in
monetary values. Moreover, it is presumed that the procedures, includ-
ing public hearings, through which Michigan's water quality standards
were established, justify the premise that the people in the Basin
consider achievement of these quality standards to be justified and
worth what it will cost. On that premise and for purposes of benefit-
cost analysis in any multipurpose reservoir projects being considered
as part of the comprehensive plan for Grand River Basin, benefits
of storage for water quality control are considered to be at least as
much as the cost of the least costly alternative to such storage. 'As
shown in Table 6-3, this is $330,OCC per year at Jackson and $^30,OCC
per year at Lansing.
111
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Needed Water Supnly Measures
It has been estimated that by 2020 Lansing, Michigan will
require 118 ragd for municipal and industrial water supply.
La'nsing, Michigan ground water supply will be insufficient by
about 23 ngd. This insufficiency can be nade up by reservoir
storage. An alternative to this storage would be to obtain water
for this purpose from one of the Great Lakes.
IV
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Authorization
The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare was informed
by the Secretary of the Amy in a letter dated December 4, 1962 of
the comprehensive water and related land resource investigations to
be conducted in the Grand River Basin, Michigan. In response the
Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare
appointed a representative and an alternate to the Coordinating
Committee of the Grand River Basin Comprehensive Study by a letter
dated December 20, 1962. The District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer
District, Detroit, Michigan in a letter dated May 22, 1963 specifi-
cally requested the assistance of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. The Department was requested to study and to prepare a
report concerning the water supply and wastewater disposal aspects
in the Grand River Basin, Michigan.
The water supply portion of this study was made in accordance
with the Memorandum of Agreement, dated November 4, 1958, between
the Department of the Army and the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare relative to the Water Supply Act of 1953, as amended
(43 U.S.C. 390b). The water quality control aspects are considered
under authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et.seq.). Responsibility for these activities
was transferred from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
to the Department of the Interior by Reorganization Plan Me. 2 of
1966, effective May 10, 1966.
Purpose and Scope
This report presents an action program of water pollution
control geared to provide high quality waters in the Grand River
Basin, Michigan through abatement of existing pollution, and to
provide continuing control of pollution through actions scheduled
in anticipation of future problems. This report"and resulting pro-
gram have been developed from information en present water quality,
water uses and trends in water usage, present and anticipated future
waste leads, the existing and projected population and eccncmic
gro-./th, and other relevant facts.
1-1
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The area (See Figure 1-1) within the scope of this appendix
includes the Grand River and the entire watershed tributary to the
Grand River. Water quality conditions in the adjacent water of
Lake Michigan at the nouth of the Grand River are also considered,
as well as the effects of Grand River discharge on Lake Michigan as
a whole. Water quality problems of inland lakes are not covered.
Acknowledgments
The study was facilitated by the cooperation and assistance
of the following Federal, state and local agencies. Their help is
greatfully acknowledged.
1. U. S. Army Engineer District, Detroit, Michigan
2. U. S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Geological Survey
3. U. S. Department of Commerce
Weather Bureau
Office of Business Economics
4. U. S. Department of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service
5. State of Michigan
Water Resources Commission, P- ; . , /*»'" ^ "f A^-'o^f A
Department of Public Health
60 Grand River Watershed Council
1-2
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85°
84°
10
t^j^T'i"
*° Mile I
SccU
Lake Michigan Basin Office
GRAND RIVER B'ASIN-MICHIGAN
U.S. CSPAP.T'.'ENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER F3LLUTICM CCN7SCL AD'.'ll.'iST?. ATlCfl
GS EAT LAKES REGION CHiCAGO.ILLIJJCIS
1-3
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SECTION 2
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Location
The Grand River Basin is located in the south-central part
of the lower peninsula of Michigan. The Basin contains a drainage
area of 5572 square miles. It is approximately 135 miles long and
70 miles at its maximum upstream width.
The Grand River originates in the northeast corner of
Hillsdale County some 15 miles south of Jackson, Michigan. Six
major tributaries are the principal contributors to runoff in the
Basin. The Flat, Rogue and Maple Rivers enter the main stream from
the north, the Thornapple River from the south, and the Lcokingglass
and Cedar Rivers from the east. These srx streams together with the
Portage River near Jackson comprise a total of some 3,200 square
miles of drainage area. The remaining drainage area is accounted
for by about 30 minor tributary creeks, ranging in size from 65
square miles down to 2 square miles.
Table 2-1
Drainage Areas - Grand River Basin
Drainage Area
River (Square Miles)
Portage 186
Cedar 463
Lookingglass 312
Maple ' 775
Flat . 562
Thornapple " 845
Rogue .255
Other Tributaries 2,174
Grand River Total '5,572 -
Streamflcv.-s at specific gage locations are given in
Table 2-2.
2-1
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Topography and Soils
The surface of the Basin is covered with glacial deposits
with bedrock outcropping at only two or three locations. The
glacial debris consists primarily of sands and gravels on the
terminal moraines, the outwash plains and the till plains. Clay,
fine sand, silt and finely ground line are found in the old
glacial lake beds. The loamy sands, clays and muck soils are
prominent throughout the valley and, because of their fertility
and favorable texture, produce high yields of crops.
Climate
The average annual temperature in the watershed is about
49°F. Mean monthly temperatures range from a low of approximately
25°F in January to 72°F in July. Mean monthly precipitation ranges
from a low o£f3Zr*f-inches in-f December to a high ofy*Jr inches in rfctss^ M*-'.-,
with an average annual precipitation of 32.9 inches ^-f7~
i i '' - .---
' * i ' " i t i « i
Population
The Grand River Basin had a I960 population of about 950,000.
This estimate is based on an analysis of basin population by minor
civil subdivisions. The population of the Basin'has grown at a
faster rate than the Nation since 1940, increasing by more than
300,000 in that period. In I960, 6? percent of the Basin's popula-
tion was municipal. The major cities in the Basin include: Grand
Rapids (173,300), Lansing (107,SCO), Jackson.(50,7C3), and Wycmir.g
(45,800). Table 2-3 shows the I960 total and municipal population
of the Basin and the projected peculations for the years 19S.C and
2020.
Table 2-3
Present and Projected Populations
Grand River Basin
I960 19SO 2020
Total Municipal Total Municipal Total Municiral
950,000 640,000 1,300,000 940,000 2,3CO,OCO 2,COO,OC:
Economy
The' Grand River includes all or major parts of eleven Michigan
Counties.(Barry, Clinton, Eaten, Gratiot, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson,
Kent, Montcalm, Ottawa and Shiawassee). Manufacturing is the pre-
dominant economic activity in this eleven county area which approximates
2-2
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the Basin. In 1963, value added by manufacture totalled $1.7
billion. Major industries in the area include transportation
equipment, fabricated metals and furniture and fixtures. Table
2-4 shows trends in value added and manufacturing employment. Manu-
facturing employment has increased to over 150,CCO in 1966.
Table 2-4
Value Added by Manufacture
(In 1957-1959 Constant Dollars) and Manufacturing
Employment for the Eleven County Area
1947 195^ 1958 1963
VAM($10COs) 840,000 1,250,000 1,140,000 1,680,000
Mfg. Employment 121,622 127,865 113,954 130,056
Projections of population, manufacturing employment and pro-
ductivity increases indicate that industrial activity in the Basin
may be expected to increase six to seven-fold by the year 2C2C.
Agriculture is diversified in the Basin with dairying, live-
stock raising and cash grain farming, all relatively important.
Latest estimates indicate there are accut 3CO,CCG cattle and calves
in the basin.
2-°,
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SECTION 3
WATER USES AMD WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
Water Quality Standards
Water quality standards relevant to this study are: l) the
State-Federal standards for Lake Michigan, which is an interstate
body of water, established pursuant tc the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act; and 2) standards established by the State of Michigan
for the intrastate Grand River and its tributaries (5). While
formal approval of the latter by the Federal government is not man-
datory, they are accepted by rautual agreement as defining the
objectives of a water quality control program fcr purposes of this
study. Applicable intrastate standards as promulgated by the
Michigan Water Resources Commission are set forth below.
Water Supply
(l) All esisting public water supply intakes in normal daily use
will be protected for Domestic Water Supply at the point of intake.
The following waters will be protected for Domestic Water Supply:
Grand River at Grand Rapids'
Rogue River at Rockford
(2) All public waters will be protected for Industrial Water
Supply.
Recreation
(1) All natural lakes will be protected fcr Tctal Bed" Co-tact.
The following impoundments will be protected for Total Peg;-
Contact:
Name
Ada Lake
Cascade Lake
Fallasberg Dam
Grand River
stream to l6Cth Ave.
Grand River Grand River Kent Plair.field Read bridge
downs trea.r. to Icvrer
limits of Ccmstcck
Riverside Park,,
3-1
or Used for Total
Body Contact
Thornapple River
Thornapple River
Flat River
Grand River
County
Kent
Kent
Kent
Ottawa
Area to
be protected
From head of Ada Dam.
Upstream tc headwaters
of Cascade Lake (1,3th
Street).
-
Eastmanville down- ,
-------
Name
Water Impounded
or Used for Total
Body Contact
County
Area to
be Protected
Ionia Recreation
Area
~-
Lake Geneva
Lake LeAnn
Lake Victoria
Kanitoon Lake
Moore's Park
Impoundment
Sessions Creek
Lookingglass P.iver
(not impounded)
Grand River
Alder Creek
Unnamed Creek
Grand River
Ionia
Clinton
Hillsdale
Clinton
T6N, R3W, KU 1/4 '
Sec. 3 downstream
to dam.
-
Shiawassee -
Ingham
Waverly Rd. c
lovmsl
Sleepy Hollow
Reservoir
Maple River
Springbrook Ck.
Clinton
to dan.
Jason Rd. downstream
to dam.
Springbrook
Lake
Thornapple Lake Thornapple River
Webber Dam
Impoundment Grand River
Shiawassee
Barry
Goodwin Rd. downstream to dan.
There are certain waters which, due to physical hazards,
have not been designated for total body contact. If these waters in
the future become suitable for this use through rerr.cval of these
hazards the waters will be reconsidered for total body contact use.
(2) All public waters will be protected for Partial Bcdv Contact,.
Fish, Vi'ildlife and Other Aquatic Life
All waters designated under the authority of P. A. 26 of 19^7
by the Director of the Michigan Department of Conservation will be
protected for Ir.tcl_erant_j|i_5hJ_ cold wat_er _sp3cie_s. (trout)
The Grand River will be protected for anadrcrr.ous fish
migration from its mouth upstream to the 6th Avenue darn at Grand Rapids.
All public waters will be protected for
Intolerant
warm water species except the following which will be protected
for Tolerant Fish;
Deer Creek - Grand Trunk and Western Railroad bridge in
Coopersville downstream to confluence with
the Grand River.
3-2
-------
Grand River - Jackson wastewater treatment plant down-
stream to U.S. 12? expressway bridge.
Grand River - Moore's Park dam downstream to upper dam
in Grand Ledge.
Plastic Creek - 28th St. bridge in Grand Rapids downstream
to confluence with the Grand River.
Red Cedar River - Harrison Rd. bridge downstream'to con-
fluence with the Grand River.
Agricultural
All public waters will be protected for Aj>ricultural.
The above designated uses are not intended to be applicable
to drainage ditches. However, Act 2k5 of the Public Acts of 1929,
as amended, prohibits unlawful pollution of any waters of the State
of Michigan.
It has been and continues- to be the policy of the Water
Resources Commission to abate existing pollution and prevent the
occurrence of future pollution of all waters of the state including
drainage ditches.
There are stretches of streams within the Grand River drainage
area where natural water quality may at times be lower than certain
parameters of water quality standards specified for a designated use.
However, it is intended that the water quality for a designated use
be maintained except in those instances where becau.se of natural con-
ditions the quality is lowered.
The water quality standards for the designated use areas
shall net apply during periods of authorized dredging for navigation
purposes and during such periods of tine when the after-effects cf
dredging degrade water quality in areas affected by dredging, (Water
quality standards for the designated use shall apply in areas utilized
for the disposal of spoil from dredging operation.)
Where the waters of the Grand River Basin are classified
under more than one designated water use, it is intended that the
most restrictive individual standards cf the designated water uses
shall be adhered to.
The use designations adopted by the Commission are in all cases
minimal and are not to be interpreted as a license to cause injuries
declared to be unlawful by Act 21,5, P.A. 1929, as amended, or to do
any other unlawful, act. "The Tolerant Fish, warm-water species use
designation will apply only until January, 197k, by which time the
waste disposal situations involved are to have been placed before the
Water Rescurces Commission fo^ critical reconsideration, with a view
toward the application of higher quality use designations.1'
3-3
-------
WATERS IN '.XCH TUE EXISTING O'.-UTY IS BETTER THAN T«E ES'fSUS'-ED STS',:==DS CN TI-E "TE WES S'.'CH S';',D-=;s
!"£ rcECT!,E ,:u '«T BE L%E=ED is ouAU sr ;:TiC'i OF T1-; .';TR RES:'::;s coMnsr'i JMESS ss; us-:1. IT HAS
I AFFP'j TIY^U Ot'CNSTOTLI TO T^; T.r.IiVi '«A1E= >i~>~;j~-* O"ISS:Ti ASL TK :E = i = 7u"'iT (- ^^' !:rrV-3 T_AT
CfA'.Gt iv rj_;i_!T< W:LL NOT BECC-'E INJURIOUS TO - E C'.=,LI: -E^iTH, $»£-», := WE'.-A"., :* s-cc-'E :-...-::.s -o
STIC, cp''"E=::sL, INDUSTRIAL. AC^ICULTUBAL, ^Ecayncs-L o3 OTHER USES .-::< A=E BE.-.:- ".;DE o- s,;-, V,A:£=S, c»
'ME I'iJWIO',1; '", THE VALUE OR UTILITY OF RIPA^IA'i LANDS. 0= 3ECO"E ItiJ,= :'-'S TO LI/ES*::', WILD I'.r^.S, E;I>:S,
I, AfJ-UIC LFE OS "IAHTS, C3 THE GROWTH OR PPO'AHTION THE=E"? BE P.RE.'ETE: CR IVJ'.^.SLY A"EC~E:, C- .-E-EBY
VALUE OF FISU = ","i GAVE MAY BE DESTROYED OR Iu=A;p,E3, A',0 T'-AT S'JCH LC>"IS3 IN 3'JAi_rr JILL SOT SE US> = ASC',AE.LE
AGAISST PUEL:: INTEREST IN VIEW o- THE EXISTING CCSDITIONS is A:IV INTERSTATE WATERS o- -ICHIGJN.
WATER WHICH ODES NOT lEET THL STANDARDS WILL BE I"=30'.E3 T) "EET THE STAS:A=CS.
TABLE 3-1
WATER
%«
T?XET
R NED
usVs
SE>\
tfATEFj ! ^SUPPLY j
(1) DOMESTIC
Such at drinking,
culinary and [
food proc«sting.
Such at
cooling and
manufacturing -.
proc«tt
RECREATION [
(1) TOTAL BODY '
CONTACT
Such at twlmminc.,
watcr-tkiing and
tkin-divin£. '
(2) PARTIAL BODY
CONTACT ,
Such at fishing,
hunting, trapping,*
and booting . (
FISH, WILDLIFE ,
AND OTHER -
AQUATIC LIFE
Such at growth
and propagation. '
)
AGRICULTURAL
Such a< livsstoch
wat«rir.g, irrlga !
tion and
spraying .
E COMMERCIAL
AND OTHER
Such as r.ovigation, '
hydroelectric and :
steam generated !
ulsctnc powsr and .
us.! not incl.'dsd
1
COLIFORM
GROUP
( Orgoniims /IOO ml.
or MPN )
~he -onthly georetric averass
,hali rot exceed 5COO r.or s-all
2"% of tre sa-^Ies exa-inei
The gec-etric average cf any
nor shall 20% of t^s sa-ples
exa-ired exceed !C,OnO Tke
fecal colifor-n gec~etric
avera-e for the sa~e 10 ccn-
exceea 1000.
series of 10 ccnse^t ive
sa~?ias shall ror exceed 1C-3
exa-ir.ed exceed 5"CO. The
fecal ccliforn ^e--etric
ccnsec-itive samples 5^2!! "ct
exceed 100.
j T-e ?*c--etric a-'era^e cf any
serj.es of 10 corsecjtlve
3a~cles snail rot exceed 5CCO
ijr's-all 20% of the samples
exa-iirei exceed 10.0CC. The
fecal col If on §eo~etric
a eiase for the sa~e 10 cci-
sec-tlvs sa^sles s^all "ot
exceed 1000.
Tre ?»^-etrlc average of a-y
series of 10 consecjri-'e
sa-c-les shall not axceec 50?0
rc-r siali 20% of f~e sa-cles
exa-i-e^ exceed 1C,CDO Tvc
recal colifcrn ?ec-etr.c
corsec^t^ve samples shall no:
exceed 1000.
The gec-etrlc a-era^e c-f a-'y
ser.es of 10 cc-.s^c-t i /e
s3~-^*s s^ail ict exceed SCCD
rcr 5-all ^0% of tve SH-t-=s
f--=1X colifar-1 £ec*etric
sec_"_--e samples s~all ret
ex:=e; 10CC.
:-- ^er-^tiJ-c a^e-as;a :'" a-,/
stT--Js ^f 10 ^2-,r.ec .t.'.e
sa-c-^b ;MU r^t exceed 5C30
e --',-£! exceel i:,':: : he
f^al -z.if^r- ^sc-tftr.--
-x.-^i 1:05
2
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
(mg/l)
s-'ficie*ir ----titles to
cre/eit r^!=a--e.
^resent at all ti-es IP
sufficient s-a-tities tc
s-fficient D^antities tc
3-event -i_isa-ce.
^rese-.t at all rl-e-s ir-
At the averse .r- r.:- .-
;ccir orce --. 1C vears tue
fcllowns T? .alues ssall -e
-ai"t3ine-J i~ r..ers caracl^
c ST -olj--at=r sc^cies
Liar. B at a" . t .-e ,
T-talera-t f -s1" , -ar---ater
srecies (r= = s, ri-a , ca~- .
fish) - Average ^a.ly :;
aiy sir^le val ,e be less
trai «; T::era-r fish
(caro, bull-sadsj - 4/er=£2
daily CO -;t less tha-, -,
rcr shall a-.- si-;;ie .3!- =
a-air;-=.S fls- --"at-:-3
less than : C-r_-^
J _ greater ,lc-3 r*-e ZZ
* values.
Mot less t>-=-^ 3 at a-, t.-e.
2.
3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL a
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
*iO cb~ect-"~i^-'5
^"r.at^ral t-rbid.lt/,
qua-.t-tie-, s,ffi=lert
to irterfere .f.tT twe
deslK^ated -se
Mo ct^ct.-^r^e
j-,".at.r3l "arbidity ,
qua~titi.ea s-ffi~-5't
to inter-ere -It* twe
desifratei -se . ,
rolcr'/^ !^"«:tsV*r
» ^^\-'-, t.es 3-.'*--i.e-*
:-- ^--.^r^-a c't- :-e
,. ^--g----.-^-^
a-_a-":-t: = 3 s--fic.5-t
to interfere -^t" t"-e
-esls-atei ,se.
To Qc-ect.r-a::e
-i-^at ,r = l "_rr _" It ,
colrr , rr lecci-tE 1-
q-a-'.t.ej 5- ff Inert tc
\'c ;;-ec7 -T-2~le
i-""^t^ra_ . .-; i_ i - , ,
cclcr , or d=c-rsit5 .-
*^i:i:.^
4
RESIDUES
( Debris and
material of
unnatural origin
and oils )
^GfaBzaBe&'^^irapwjsrY ^
cr s-c-, -ater.al except
side f 'n~ z~~ ^'1,
Icit.'t s;_ids 'one
Tf s .;- -aterlal -?'cect
/.s-cle f -.-- 3 f cil.
of rrease.
:r . -a er-a. ev.e.t
s.-la - - ;- :.l,
-ittsr.ils. ': 2l:;--'?s
cr ease.
~l:at.-- 3c_.:3 xo-e
»SIi"«:ra;/I;B:]:.e
r- s,-" -ater.al expert
;as;l--- ;r rila-e'
-ater.als. '.c elr- .l-?3
"_rat_^5 = ; 1 1 - :- ' ; - a
:r .--at _ra_ ;- _z _-. .
r en .- -=: ' ; e . _cj-^e
cf i-:- -iTer.il ?xc=r~
-.-.i---i 3=1.-., -.:-e
rr 5-C' -ater ,= ; c^^r
-at^rlals. '>: ;!T -^s
"-5-1--- ' J = - - ~ -^
r?\Tr25rl
5
TOXIC a
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
^^TSr^^i^T~ir:riroii^'T^7 :T^
-xc-:t
-:^*r l.-It ?f : : -r 1.
3-s__- "_ »3-' - -
l--ited -z ci'ie-trs'-.r-;
less tva-. :-:s= -*!;- sre
cr -3- be:c-e :--,r.c_s --
"'= ces-£-=-te: s^
-.-.t^l to c;-:e-tr_t.-~5
-a, I-ec;-e ^---r,c-= "^ *-»
Ces-^^ate: _=e
^ess --3" TT:^ - ":' ^re
' " ~"
1c- t- --:*-._,- r - - '
l.-.t --a.-*. - _- .: -
^7_!5:.\_;;":.;:__; /_ J j
-s^ .- :;-.f.: -_ .: - -
'
::-;-,.- .. ..-._.. -.
,::':, : : ;
t
-------
DUALITY STANDARDS
TABLE 3-1 (contiimeci)
6
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
(mg/l )
Tatil ;.3;--.«- 3ol.3-
:.iau ->-. -./.---i ;;; a_>
a -ro-.th:., average, r.'t
Cil-ri^s Tr.e rcrtr.l,
exc^r-r^o/shan
exceed 125.
c-tal Dissolved Sol.ds
;.-ial' net exceed S*C as
i monthly average r.cr
sxeeed 753 at any tine.
Chlorides Tne monthly
sverage sr.all r.ot excee
L25.
Limited to concentra-
tions less thar. those
«hjch are or na/ becc^e
irlurio-5 to tr.e
designated, use.
..imite:i tc corcencra-
^ions le=s tnar those
f.ilcn- are or -ray ^ecc-.e
LT,] JT13U3 to the
lesignatec use.
-
Stanari, TO ce entab-
-^II!*-*'!*;^*!,-"
r-S;,;3; ,,
-w tr- LS3.es are ^ax-^
- - - = - - ; - -^-- -j -
" :V:-: : v.e
7
NUTRIENTS
Phosphorus ,
ammonia, ni-
trates , and
sugars
..-. .-.-.-; *.T-i-- '.-.-:
-.-..c.p.l, or --,,-.-
-_-_,-. t-. t-. c/-..--.
,;,.r:-3 ,ffe=t. c-. -,-r
J-islin-3 --'-are or
"r -ejLfe G-" ljj"
:.^rri«nrs cr.rirat.n-
a.-i-ai source- s-all z$
United to t-e extent
trie, stimulat^cr of
growths of algae, we 3 13
a-d slices w.^c., cre cr
ca- becor^ Ir.-^ricjs tc-
t~e designat-.d use.
frrn industrial,
arl-al sources shall ;*
li-ited to t~e extent
i ecessary tc preve"t
-t-.e stimulation of
grcwths of algae, -e^ds
ard slires *-i;h ar= cr
nay becone ir.;"'^rio'_s ta
frc- industrial,
ar j.-.al sources s'-all ~s
11-ited to the ext^-t
necessary to prevent
the stinulatlo:. of
.,,,r,,-,s »-.»:-,,_-,
r.-.c.pai, or c".-".c
f\~ ;3j-j-i0-r-C3 3 ^--^ --
e
t-e 3-~uIat.rr -f
'""" J °* a-.,--, ^ a
- " ..._,. 1-- _ ,'," .
tr? iU31g-atei U3e
.^-r.e-ts orii--it:-g
--.--3- jj'-r^ej 3-:i^_ re j
Z^;r^a^a/C;;s
::;;r^":;;;:s :r:^^
-. .--. ,r - ^,. * ,
;::t-'":r^-1;::-^
;S-:" " ""- ":;-r-4
8
TASTE a ODOP
PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES
:-.'--.--ra-.i-j of ;_. -
-:;ri>:3;;.:"rr;:;
-^, .*c = -*' _'/,ric^ t.
"=:-!, *.^^-S-=.
:.;;? -^/i - -*,---
: 0-,t -/l f-r -i cl'Fl^
-c'cer.rr^t.c-^ or s^-
orig^n s-all ce le-i
cr-g:-. 3 -.all be less
tnan tbose .-ic- ar= cr
^a/ iecc--* Ir.lurious tc
t-e desigrated use.
.oncentrazlors of s^r-
star.ces cf -r.natura_
origin 3~ail se l^ss
t-ar t.-cs^ -rich are cr
the designated use.
stances cf --natural
tnan t-cse --.en are
Ci^slrg or ~a_ ca^^e
ts.rt in t~e rle^1- cr
r-s1- or gi~e
^viirirkir
;^.;Vii:.r":; ^
9
TEMPERATURE
CF)
-o- i, ,-,:-=,, >, -,r, ,-3- ::°r
net be I~cre=C5d LJ -ore t^ar l^°r
3:'F MA.-U-.
if support. -£ -n^ie't _- cr^a^^ -_-_*
-^_oio, _ ,_ :-3 -Q -.^^ J --_:
ccld--it2r
3T3:.eG i tro it
:n^i-a"-"-.-,":;3"to 3i; " ":^a
-a^"--a^er 3=" -o na*. --J =-"
scs-.e:; (;i^ -ax.
:-i-ra-t f--. ;:° -a =-s -^a
-2r---at.r ;:' tc -^7 -- ; "
sp-c.e^ ' c^rc -aA
ot acr..c=z.e
*
10
HYDROGEN
ION
fph)
SBCSMI3S2SS2E?
-a1-*5:.-.e'' j.:--.i -'-"-
'^^^^^
"Z-Zt'--?^,-'-
:f/c , ?:r :.'-"" *
i:-=:-- -,r...
--. --- >r:.r^.3.l
^3- -^ ----- T '
3j__-__ _
-= T i" l*j . " "
^m^
. _
II
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS
- ^ :.-.- -.-::-.:-. ~\
strcrt,1!---:^ ;f --.^
3?soifi= -.:-.- .:li -.,3
= , oo-pl-. *.-*.-.'Hs"i'-."~
..^d e ex;, .a-re^ =3 jv.
;-3,j,_j- -, -a ,-.=-.
£^:=T£-«,r
lls-ei -"er ir_for-atl;n
^eco~ea a. 5-1^---^ ;~
lls-e: , a- _-f;r-iti-~ I
le.eter ^o .5 ef f e;r =
1
J " - - --
1
i
1
i
i
-f,~^---'." ".-'_:":".'
;----;= =»--- - "-_
"-- "^'---"-T". ./I- '
. . .-^
:..;;-;-S:.;--
-------
Interstate Standards
Water quality control planning in the Grand River Basin must
consider both intrabasin requirements and the effects of the Grand
River en Lake Michigan and doAT.str.eani waters. Not only have inter-
state standards teen established for Lake Michigan, but there is
an ongoing Federal-State enforcement action for the Lake'and its
tributary basin. Applicable provisions of the interstate standards
and their associated implementation plans, as well as initial and
subsequent actions of conferees and the Secretary of the Interior
in the enforcement proceedings, are binding upon a water quality
control program for the Grand River Basin (6).
Present and Future Water Uses
Municipal V,rater Supply
In 1963 there were 54 communities in the Grand River Basin
served by community water supply systems. These facilities served
an estimated population of 534,000 and supplied water at the
average rate of 89 million gallons per day (ngd). Of this total,
approximately 45 rngd were supplied for domestic, public and commer-
cial uses and 43 ir-gd were supplied for industrial use. Table 3-2
summarizes municipal water use data for the Grand River Basin.
TABLE 3-2
Total Water Intake - Municipal Water
Systems, Grand River Basin (1963)
Source Population Served Water_Intake(m"cl)
Surface Water 214,000 35
Ground Water 320,000 54
534,000 89
Municipal water demands'-for the major water service areas
and projections to the years 1980 and 2020 are presented in Table
3-3. The projections are based upon considerations of population
growth, anticipated industrial expansion and projected industrial.
water use efficiency.
3-4
-------
TABLE 3-3
Municipal Water Demands 1963 and Projections
to 1980 and 2020 (HGD)
Service Area
Grand Rapids*
Lansing*"*
Jackson
Grand Haven
Greenville
Hastings
Ionia
St. Johns
Grand Ledge
All Others
Source of
Water***
G,S,Lake
Michigan
& Grand R.
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
-
Population
Served (19 63 )
252,000
127,000
55,000
11,000
7,450
7,320
6,?00
5,900
5,770
58,000
1963
Demand
(MOD)
40.7
22.4
10.5
3.3
1.4
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.6
7.3
1980
Derand
(KGD)
68
40
16
5
2
1
2
2
1
28
2020
Demand
'(KGD)
131
112
30
11
4
3
3
3
2
61
Basin Total
534,000
89
165
360
* Includes Wyoming, Grandville, and East Grand Rapids.
** Includes East Lansing and Lansing Torrship.
K-X-X- 3 = surface water source, G = ground water source.
Self-supplied Industrial V,rater
Based on data provided by the U. 3. Bureau of the Census
in a special tabulation for the F..TCA, it has been determined that
the major derrand for self-supplied industrial water in the Basin
in the Grand Hapids, Lansing, and Jackson areas as shown in
Table 3-4. Projections contained in Table 3-4 were developed
following consideration of anticipated increases in industrial cut-
put and water use efficiency.
» . TABLE J-i:
Self-Supplied Industrial Vi'ater Demands
1959 and Projections to 19SC and 202C
Service Area 1959 Denand(r.igd) 193C .De.-.ar.d(:r.pd) 2020 De.-.andQ.srd)
Grand Rapids
Lansing
Jackson
5
2
6
8
3
9
14
6
14
3-5
-------
Recreation
The study area abounds with natural resources for water-
oriented outdoor recreation. There' are many lakes in the study area
which provide excellent recreational potential. The eastern shore
of...Lake Michigan around Grand Haven offers a great opportunity for
water-oriented recreation. However, a number of the streams and
stream sectors within the study area are degraded in water quality
to the point that they are not available for most recreational
pursuits.
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has identified areas of
serious water recreation impairment due to water pollution (7). In
general, the impaired areas are the harbor water at Grand Haven, the
downstream end of the Portage River, and the Grand River belcw
Jackson, Lansing, and Grand Rapids.
The State of Michigan has identified potential parks and
camp grounds and is contemplating the construction of reservoirs
for recreational purposes (7,3). The need to control water pollution
at all such facilities is paramount since such pollution could well
jeopardize the very v/ater uses for which the facilities are being
planned.
Irrigation
In the Upper Grand River Basin, above Ionia, specialized
crops such as mint account for the greatest acreage receiving- irri-
gation. These are followed by potatoes, field crops, cucumbers,
pickles, and melons. Non-agricultural irrigation (golf courses,
cemeteries, parks, etc.) accounted for ^O of the t"CC acres irri-
gated in this part of the Basin. The overall results of Michigan
V/ater Resources Commission irrigation surveys indicate that there
were 2$% more irrigation systems and 23% more acres irrigated in
the Upper Grand River Basin during 19cO-6l than there we're in
1957-53 (3).
In the Lower Grand River Basin truck crops accounted for
about 35:° of the agricultural irrigated acres with raspberries,
. blueberries, flowers and nurseries also having significant acreage
in irrigation. Of the estimated total of 65CO acres receiving
irrigation, cemeteries, parks and golf courses accounted for about
800 acres (9).
The 1959 water usage for irrigation in the Grand River Basin
was estimated to average 3.5 ~gd during the growing season(10'. It is
anticipated that this usage will increase threefold by 1980.
However, even with such an increase the demand on existing water
resources will be miner compared to the total water usage in the
Fasin.
"-6
-------
Fish and Aquatic Life
There are about 260 miles of main stream, channels in the
Upper Grand River Basin above Ionia. This includes the Grand,
Maple, Lookingglass, Cedar, and Portage Rivers. This system offers
many opportunities for fishing and duck hunting. A number of
reservoirs at po\'/er dams furnish expanded fishing and hunting
opportunities (8).
In the Grand River Basin there are 12 State Game Project
Areas where public hunting and fishing opportunities are provided.
Fishing opportunities exist at the Grand Haven State Park. Public
fishing sites are available at h8 lakes and streams in the Easin
with an area of about 2,100 acreas and frontage of about 21,600 ft.
Over 250,000 fish, including trout, bass, pike and bluegills were
planted during 1962 in 10 counties within the Basin (11).
Wildlife and Stock Watering
The 1959 agricultural water use for stock watering in the
Grand. River Pasin was about 3.5 ngd (10). Projections of this usage
indicate that the demand will increase if times by 1980. The use
of water for wildlife and stock watering does not play a significant
role in the water supply problems of the Easin.
Hydropower
As of 1965 there were 12 hydroelectric power plants in
the Basin, with a total installed capacity of 13,500 kilowatts (KW)
and a total average annual generation of U6,LCO megawatt hours
(MWH). Five of the plants are located on Thcrnapple River, two are
located on the Flat River, one is located on Spring Brook and four
are located on the main stem, of the Grand River. Five potential
hydroelectric sites on the Grand River have besn identified by the
Federal Power Commission. The sites are located at Grand Rapids,
Saranac, Portland, McC-ee ana Danby and would have a total potential
capacity of 18,?CO KW and a total average annual generation of
65,Aoo :-://H (12).
The use of water for hydroelectric power generation is not
considered to be a major use in the Basin. However, water quality
problems may develop from the operation of such plants, particularly
below car.3 during off-peak power demands when water releases may be
drasticallv reduced. This can be seat: in reviewing Table 2-2.
3-7
-------
Commercial Shipping
Grand Haven is one of Lake Michigan's major coir.T.ercial harbors
currently handling in excess of 2i nillicn tons of commerce annually.
Harbor vessel traffic has averaged 2.9 million tons for the period
1955-64, while during 1964 the traffic was 2.6 million tons. The
harbor is located at the mouth of the Grand River. A shallow-draft
barge channel extends about 15 miles up the Grand River serving con-
nercial sand and gravel deposits, located near the channel's upoer
end (13).
Cooling V,rater
As of 1965 the Federal Power Commission reported that there
are 14 thermal electric power plants in the Basin. Table 3-5 sum-
marizes data relating to capacity and ccoling water intake, when
operating at capacity, at each of the 10 steam plants. There are
also 4 internal combustion plants in the Basin with an installed
capacity of 28,800 KW.
Location
Grand Haven
Grand Rapids
Grand Rapids
Grand Rapids
Lansing
Lansing
East Lansing
East Lansing
Eaton Rapids
TABLE 3-5
Water Intake-Steam Power Plants
Grand River Basin
Installed
Capacity (K'.'f)
20,000
20,CCO
4,050
1,250
81,500
262,000
6,000 .
6, COO
1,250
Est. Cooling
Water Inta>8(m~d)
27
2?
6
2
110
353
8
8
2
The use of water for cooling purposes in steam power plants
is considered to be significant in the study area with a high
level of such use at Lansing, Most ccoling waters are returned to
streams 12-13°F warmer than at intake. Stream temperatures as high
as 90°" have been recorded below the ucwer stations at Lansing (14),
3-3
-------
Waste Assimilation
Use of streams in the Grand River Basin for waste assimila-
tion is one of the predominant present day uses, and in several
locations it is the cause of extreme water quality problems as
discussed in Sections 4 and 60
Esthetics
The use of water for esthetic enjoyment is an intangible
benefit which is directly related to the availability of clean water.
It is a very important factor in determining the recreational poten-
tial of the Grand River Basin. Camping, picnicking, and sightseeing
are more enjoyable when accompanied by pleasing lakes and streams of
high quality water. Pollution robs the water of its esthetic value
for such water related activities. Since this Basin will be called
upon to provide recreation for many people living both within and out-
side the Basin, it is very important that the waters of the area be
kept esthetically pleasing.
Beyond its importance to recreation the maintenance of an
esthetically pleasing habitat for the present and future millions of
residents of the Basin is essential to the economic ana social well
being of the area.
3-9
-------
PRESENT WATER QIULITY AMD PROBLEMS
General
The information and interpretations presented in this dis-
cussion are based on data collected by the GLIRB Project during its
water quality studies of the Lake Kichigan Basin (1962-1964). The
GLIRB Project studies have been supplemented by data obtained from
other Federal agencies, the State of Michigan and local agencies.
Two programs of study were carried out by the GLIRB Project with
respect to water quality in the Grand River Basin. The first con-
sisted of weekly sampling of the river mouth to determine average
annual loadings discharged to the Lake and water quality variability.
The second consisted of intensive studies of two stream stretches
of the Grand River to determine the effect of organic wastes en
stream oxygen resources.
Grand Rive r lout h_
Physical and Chemical Findings
During the period from r!arch 19^3 through April 196i, the
GLTRB Project collected samples at the mouth of the Grand River to
determine loadings of various substances being carried into Lake
Michigan. The analytical results of this sampling are shown below
in Table t-1. Of all the chemical parameters- reported, the two
nutrients, fto_ta^ phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen, are most illus-
trative of "-She" waste inputs discharged to La!:e "ichiran by the
Grand Hiv er ,\ ,j
i
Considering all Lake ''dohigan tributaries, the Grand P,iver is
one of the greatest contributors of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen
with inputs of 1920 and 6970 p'ounds per day, respectively. In
general, the chemical parameters for given streams in the la'/e
Michigan Basin follow definite patterns. In the Grand River phos-
phorus and ammonia nitrogen concentrations are high and a pattern
of high values is also seen for the other chemical parameters as
shown in Table- L.-1. The Grand River is also one of the major con-
tributors of dissolved substances to the Lake.
A-l
-------
Table 4-1
Water Quality - Grand River at Mouth
March 1963 - April 1964
No. of Coneentration_Crng/l_) Loadinr
Parameter Samples Average 7 Range (ibs/year
* . . ' ' ' " " ' " ' ' > V --..-- J-" ---.I* - J- ._ M-L-
> .
Phosphorus (P) 52 Q»17/ 0.04-0.36 ^667000
Ammonia Nitrogen(KH3-?I) 52 0.68 0.05-1.5 2,544,000
Nitrate Nitrogen(N03-JI) 51 0.72 0.04-2.4
Organic NitrogenCOrg-?:) 52 0.77
Total Dissolved
Solids 51 350 275-570
Total Suspended
Solids 44 24 6-94
Sulfates (SO/,) 52 74 56-100
Chlorides (Cl) 52 42 19-67
Silicon Dioxide (5102) - 52 5.3 ' 2.5-17
Calciur. (Ca) 52 72 51-25
Magnesium (Mg) 52 26 16-30
Sodiun (Ha) . 52 28 7.1-43
Potassirjn (K) 52 - 2.8 2.1-3.9
Alkyl Benzene Sulfcnate
(ABS) 52 0.28 0.11-0.73
Copper (Cu) 52 0.14
Cadmira (Cd) 52 *
Nickel (:ii) 52 0.04
Zinc (Zn) 52 *
ChromitL-n (Cr) 52 0.04
Lead (Pb) 52 C.ll
* Not Detected at Test Sensitivit
4-2
-------
The maximum phenol concentration on the eastern side of
Lake Michigan was 7.2 micrograms per liter (ug/l) close to the
mouth of the Grand Paver. EOD^ values as high as 8.6 mg/1 were re-
corded near the mouth. An average total chromium concentration of
O.C4 nig/1 was found at the mouth of the Grand River. This concen-
tration is only slightly less than the Public Health Service Drinking
Water Standards(22) mandatory limit of 0.05 mg/1 for hexavalent
chromium (15).
Radiochemical Findings
The analytical results from 19^3 sampling in the Grand Paver
at the mouth are shown below in Table 4-2.
Table 4-?.
Radioactivity
Grand River at Mouth
1963 Average
Portion Gross Alpha - Gross Beta
Concentration (pc/l) Concentration (pc/l)
Suspended Solids <1 . 4
Dissolved Solids <1 12
Total Solids <1 16
In relation to. the Public Health Service Drinking *,'."ater
Standards, the concentrations reported above meet the Standards.
However, a specific determination of the Strontium -9C concentration
vpuld be necessary in order to verify that the concentration was equal
to or less than 10 picccuries per liter (pc/l). Past experience with
similar waters shews that a very small portion of the gross beta
activity is from Strontium -90.
Grand Rive_r Intensive Studies
Physical and Chemical Findings
The effects of organic loadings on the oxygen resources of the
Grand River below Jackson and Lansing are indicated in the profiles of
the dissolved oxygen (DC) and biochemical oxygen demand (BCD) shown
in Figures 4-1 and 4-2.
4-3
-------
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In Figure 4-1 the apparent effects cf effluent aeration at
the Jackson sewage treatment plant are shown with a rise in the
stream DO from about 0.4 mg/1 to 3 ng/1 in a distance of about 0.5
mile below the plant discharge. The stream DC concentration then
dec-reases rapidly to a low of about 0.2 mg/1 at a point about 7
miles below the plant discharge. The highest DO concentration in
the study reach, 3.5 rag/1, was found at a point about 19 miles below
the Jackson plant discharge. Desirable fish and aquatic life cannot
survive under such degraded oxygen conditions.
In Figure 4-2 the high BCD levels, reaching a maximum of
29 mg/1 about 3 miles below the Lansing Sewage Treatment Plant dis-
charge, result in DO levels below 3 ng/1 for a 19 rrdle stretch below
the Lansing plant. The minimum DO, about 0.6 mg/1, occurs about 10.5
miles below the Lansing plant. As was the case below Jackson, de-
sirable fish and aquatic life cannot survive below Lansing due to
the degraded oxygen conditions. The stream is also unsuitable for
other beneficial uses.
Further demand en the oxygen resources cf the Grand River
below Lansing results from the thermal discharges of the steam elec-
tric generating stations at Lansing. Increases in stream temperatures
below the stations result in a higher rate of biological activity and
a more rapid uptake cf dissolved oxygen. The increased temperatures
also limit the total amount cf dissolved oxygen available for waste
assimilation due to a lowering of oxygen saturation values.
The Grand River in the stream reaches below Jackson and
Lansing was also found to be esthetically unpleasing and objectionable
for recreational uses such as coating, water skiing, and similar
aquatic sports. The organic loadings causir.r these rollut:
originate from Vr.e discharges of municipal seware treatment r'ants.
The major municical wasi.e discharges are listed in
Limited microbiological studies were conducted in conjunction
with the intensive DO - BCD studies below Jackson and Lansing.
Analyses for both total cclifcrm and fecal streptococcus organisms
were made.
Below Jackson, 11 samples were collected at eight stations
and analyzed for coliform and fecal streptococci. Total coliforin
organisms reached a maximum density cf 230,CCO per ICO ml. At a
point about 1.5 miles below the Jackson sewage treatment plant dis-
charge and 0.5 mile below the Prison plant discharge. The maximum
4-4
-------
fecal streptococcus density was 6400 organisms per 100 ml. About
0.5 mile below the Jackson plant discharge, the maximum densities
were found in samples collected October 14, 1964.
Below Lansing 1? samples v;ere collected at eight stations.
Total coliforra organisms reached a maximum density of 930,000 per
100 ml during the Kay 13, 1964 sampling, at a point approximately
1 mile below the Lansing sewage treatment plant discharge. The max-
imum fecal streptococcus density was found at a point about 5.5
miles below the Grand Ledge sewage treatment plant discharge, reach-
ing 12,000 organisms per 100 ml during the October 14, 1966 sampling.
The bacterial densities reported above indicate a high degree
of pollution most likely resulting from the discharge of wastes from
the municipal sewage treatment plants at Jackson, the State Prison,
Lansing and Grand Ledge. Since January 196? the state has required
continuous disinfection. The effectiveness of chlorination in
reducing the high ccliform counts has not been determined.
4-5
-------
SECTION 5
WATER DUALITY CONTROL
(WASTE SOURCES A1!D CONTROL MEASURES)
General
The problems of water quality control in the Grand River
Basin are complex. Solutions to these problems will of necessity
involve a comprehensive program which includes construction of
new sewerage facilities; and continuous and intensive monitoring
of operating procedures, treatment plant efficiency, and water
quality conditions to determine necessary additional construction
and operation needs as they arise. In addition, sorr.e combination
of advanced waste treatment and flow regulation may be required
to attain the desired water quality below Jackson and Lansing The
following paragraphs present information on waste sources, pro-
jected waste leads and water quality improvement-measures which
should be employed.
Wajste Sources
The Grand River and the streams tributary to it receive an
estimated organic waste load of 32,CCO pounds of 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand (ECDj) per day. Approximately 15,000 pounds are from
industries with separate discharges. The most significant waste
loads in terms of water use impairment are discharged at Jackson
and Lansing.
The following paragraphs summarize the major waste sources
in the Basin. Consequences of these discharges were discussed in
Section U.
Municipal
Approximately 540,000 people were served by 47 municipal
sewerage systems in the Grand River .Basin in 1962 (16).
Of the 47 municipal sewerage systems 18 provide minor or no
treatment. Of the remaining 29 systems, 9 provide only primary
treatment, (sedimentation and sludge disposal) and 20 provide
secondary treatment (primary treatment plus filtration or activated
sludge). Xajcr municipal sewerage facilities having connected popu-
lations of 5,000 or more are listed in Table 5-1, and their loca-
tions are shown on Figure 1-1.
5-1
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Industrial
Industries with separate outfalls discharge approximately
21,000 pounds of BODj daily to the streams of the Grand River Basin(17).
Major industrial waste sources in the Grand River Basin are listed
in Table 5-2.
Combined Sewers
It has been estimated that a quantity, equivalent to 3 to 5
percent of all untreated waste-water flow in combined sewer systems,
is annually discharged to streams by overflows (19). A far greater per-
centage of the solids are discharged to streams from overflows due
to the fact that the sludge deposited in the sewers is flushed out
by the storm flow.
Of the 47 communities with public sewer systems in the Area
only about 8 have completely separate sewer systems. The types of
sewer systems of the major municipal waste source are listed in
Table 5-3.
TABLE 5-3
Types of Municipal Sewer Systems
Major Municipal Waste Sources
Grand River Basin (20)
Municipality TVpe_c_f Sewer System
Jackson - Combined
East Lansing Separate and Combined
Lansing Separate and Combined
Grand Ledge Separate and Combined
Saint Johns Separate and Ccr.bir.ed
Hastings Combined
Greenville Combined
Ionia Separate and Combined
Grand Rapids Separate and Combined
Grand Kaven . Combined
Steam_Power Plants
Thermal discharges from two steam generating stations at
Lansing, Michigan are particularly significant from a water quality
standpoint. The temperature? of 90°F reported by the Michigan ",<'ater
Resources Commission were measured prior to the installation of
additional generating capacity at Lansing (L!,). 'Jr.le-is control measures
are instituted, the temperature standards for fish and aquatic life
will not be maintained.
5-2
-------
Agriculture and Land Runoff
Fertilizer
Estimates of fertilizer use in the Grand River Basin are
that approximately 8,000 tons of nitrogen and 5,000 tons of phos-
phorus are being used annually. The applications of these are
projected to increase four and two-fold, respectively, by 2020.
During 1963 - 1964 the FWPCA conducted a rural land runoff
sampling study to assess the relative amounts of phosphorus and
other substances transported to streams by rural runoff in the Lake
Michigan Watershed. Based upon the results of this study, it is
estimated that there is an annual total soluble phosphorus runoff
from rural land of about -BiS^GQQ pounds per year in the Grand River
Basin (21). 0&Is~ is- abe-artha3rS "jt-he estimated total amount of phos-
phorus discharge to Lake Michigan from the Grand River Basin ,«-»-», <'i a. 04-1 T-
7QO>00> pounds per year. / ? f. ,.,,
S -i '.-'. ' '
'^\ "' '
Pesticides
o~
Pesticide contamination of streams is a matte'r of growing
concern. Agricultural activity is considered to bej,<|££- major
source of the pesticides which have been found in water (22).
Insecticides used in the Grand River Basin include DDT, Diazinon,
Guthion, Malathion, Parathion, Sevin, Thiodan, and Tcxaphene.
Unfortunately, there is little or no information available as to
the amounts that are used in the Basin. The Four State-Federal
Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference's Pesticide Committee reccm- ,
mended a monitoring program for the entire Basin. This pro gran .' ' '' '' ""'
igLLPSe implemented by the states and the F.vPCA. The data thus
obtained will provide .a basis for control measures to insure pro-
tection of the Basin's wildlife.
Ships and Boats
Commercial Shipping
The large number of vessels plying Grand Haven Harbor
represents a considerable potential for pollution of the Harbor
waters. Among the possible sources cf pollution are cargo spill-
age, dunnage, bilge waste, ballast water, fuel spills, garbage and
sanitary wastes. Uncontrolled discharges of these wastes can
. result in serious pollution problems to beaches, shore property,
recreational waters, fish and aquatic life, and municipal and in-
dustrial water supplies.
Commercial shipping has increased significantly since the open-
ing of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959. While all new vessels built
since 1952 specifically for use on the Great Lakes have been equipped
with waste treatment facilities, ocean-going ships generally have no
provisions for waste treatment. The majority of these ocean-going
vessels are designed to discharge sanitary wastes from multiple outlets.
5-3
-------
The U. S. Public Health Service has established regulations
governing vessel waste discharges in the Great lakes based upon
their legal responsibility for the interstate control of communicable
diseases. Restricted areas have been established in which the dis-
charge of sewage, or ballast or bilge water, from vessels is pro-
hibited. Restricted areas include the water within a three mile
radius of domestic water intakes(23). Additional controls were recom-
mended by the conferees to the Four State-Federal Lake Michigan
Enforcement Conference.
Recreational Boats
In addition to commercial traffic, Grand Haven Harbor is
also an important recreational boating center. About 4000 recrea-
tional craft annually are passed through the Spring Bridge which
joins Ferrysburg and Spring Lake. There are numerous marinas and
boat clubs along the lower part .of the Grand River. Many of the
larger recreational craft are equipped with galley and toilet
facilities which may discharge untreated or inadequately treated
wastes to the Harbor or Lake waters. Oil and gasoline wastes, as
well as garbage and sewage from onboard cooking and toilet facilities,
are the major potential sources of pollution. The State of Michigan
has recently adopted rules and regulations to control pollution from
this source. These rules become effective on January 1, 1970.
Dredging
Maintenance dredging is dene by the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers to maintain authorized navigation depths in Grand Haven
Harbor. Dredged materials are disposed of in the deep waters of
Lake Michigan.
Water quality surveys made in 1967 by the r'.iTCA shewed
significant evidence of pollution material in the bottom deposits
of Grand Haven Harbcr. Transfer of this pollutional material to
Lake Michigan via the dredging process creates an additional zone
of pollution in the Lake.
Through a joint statement announced March 1, 196?, the
Department of the Army and the Department of the' Interior agreed or.
a program and plan for attacking the problem of the disposition of
polluted material dredged from harbors in the Great Lakes. It was
agreed that, in order to maintain navigation, the Corps of Engineers
would proceed with dredging in calendar year 1967 en 64 channel and
harbor projects in the Great Lakes. The Corps also initiated a two-
year pilot program early in 19o7 to develop alternative disposal
methods which wculd lead to a cerminent rlar. of acticn.
-------
Sources of Phosphorus
Transport to Streams and Lakes from
Rural Lands
The amount of soluble phosphorus reaching streams from land
runoff, in the Grand River Basin, as estimated from samples taken
on jsight pilot watersheds, as previously discussed, is about
SSdjOOO^ounds annually oCE^^proximately 0.impounds per acre~o2>
^StTershea. Although there are many factors which affect phosphorus
contributions from rural areas, including methods of applying fer-
tilizers, quantities applied, type of soil, topography, rainfall,
land use practices and soil cover, it is believed that the results
obtained are reasonably representative of the Grand River Basin.
Municipal Sources
Domestic sewage is relatively rich in phosphorus compounds.
Most of this phosphorus comes from human excreta and synthetic
detergents. The amount of phosphorus released by human metabolic
processes is a function of protein intake and for the average person
in the United States, this release is considered to be about 1.5
grams per day (24). Synthetic detergent formulations contain large
amounts of phosphorus. It is estimated that 2.5 grams of phosphorus
per capita-day are discharged to sewer systems as a result- of the
use of synthetic detergents.
When the above per capita figures for phosphorus from human
excreta and detergents are expanded to cover the entire sewered
population of the Grand River Paisin the quantity becomes quite
large. Data from waste inventories show that 540,000 people are
served by sewer systems in the Basin. It is estimated that a total
of approximately 1,100,000 pounds of soluble phosphorus from huma-.s
and detergents are discharged to the waters of the 3asir. each year.
Tributary tlouth Sampling
In addition to the land runoff sampling from the eight
small subbasins discussed above, sampling stations were established
at the mouth of the Grand River. These stations were sampled in-
termittently for one year during the same period in which the land
runoff stations were sampled.
Sampling at the mouth made it possible to estimate the
total phosphorus load reaching Lake !Tichigan from the Grand River.
It was determined that a total of approximately £p'0,C?!S pounds of
phosphorus is discharged to the Lake annually. This is 14?= of the'
total phosphorus input to the lake and is therefore a significant
source of this critical rollutant.
5-5
-------
Municipal Waste Treatment Needs ^r , _" ' '
The immediate goal in the treatment of municipal wastes is
the provision of biological (secondary) treatmentiat each waste
treatment plant. Such treatment is the minimum considered adequate
in"terns of present technology. This need is especially important
in those areas where consideration is being given to low-flow
augmentation to assist in maintaining ;-;ater quality standards. Aug-
mentation cannot be considered as a substitute for secondary treat-
ment. There is also a present need to increase total phosphorus
removal to at least 80^ as recommended by the Four State-Federal
Enforcement Conference on the Pollution of Lake Michigan and its
Tributary Basin. All municipal waste treatment facilities in
Michigan.are required to provide waste disinfection on a year around
basis.
There are 55 municipal sewerage facilities in the Grand River
Basin. Of these, 21 provide secondary biological waste treatment.
Municipal waste treatment construction needs for the communities of
the Grand River Basin are shown on Table 5-A.
Industrial v,'a.5te_ Treatment reeds
Minimum treatment needs for major industries with separate
outfalls are listed in Table 5-5. In developing this list it vas
considered that the equivalent of secondary waste treatment as
described in the preceding section would be the minimum degree of
treatment required.
Combined Sewsr Overflow Ccrvt_rol.
The need for solutions to the problems caused by overflows
from combined sewer systems is pressing and is receiving much
current attention (25). The ','ater Quality Act of 19c5 established a
four-year program, of grants and contract authority to demonstrate
new or improved methods to eradicate the problems cf combined sewer
overflows.
economically feasible r.ethcds for solving the problems
are being developed, existing coabir.ed sewer svster.s should be
CJ y c «<
patrolled and overflew regulating structures should be adjusted to
ccnvey the maximum practicable amount cf combined flews to and
through waste treatment facilities. Ccr.binei sewers should be pro-
hibited in all newly developed urban areas and should be separated
in coordination with urban renewal projects.
5-6
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Plant Operation
Proper plant operation r.ust folio/ proper plant design in
order to efficiently reach the goals of water pollution control.
The importance and value of proper plant operation must be em-
phasized at all levels of public authority. Effective operation
can be encouraged by means of a routine inspection program.
Inspections should be conducted by the appropriate State agencies
on at least an annual basis for the sra.ll and medium-sized plants,
and at least twice a year for the larger plants.
The Michigan Department of Health administers a mandatory
sewage treatment plant operators' certification program. A similar
program for the operators of all commercial and industrial waste treat-
ment facilities, administered by the Water Resources Commission, will
go into effect January 1, 1971. State sponsored operator training pro-
grams are also a useful tool for elevating the level of overall plant
performance. Today, with increasing activity in the field of water
pollution control at the Federal, state and local levels, operator
training courses should be conducted at least annually. The Michigan
program, consisting cf annual training on a regional basis, compares
favorably with the training programs sponsored by other states.
Monitoring
The maintenance of desirable water quality on a continuing
basis calls for a routine monitoring program covering the signifi-
cant water quality parameters at strategic points.
The overall monitoring program should be geared to provide
an adequate picture of all wastes being discharged to the waters cf
the Easin and adjacent waters of Lake Michigan and serve tc indicate
trends in water quality or the need for additional water quality
improvement measures.
As part of an overall monitoring program efforts are needed
to assess the potential problems associated with agricultural
practices in the Grand River Easin. There is a lack of
information concerning land use practices and the quantities of
pesticides and fertilisers applied within the Basin. Reliable
data concerning application rates on a yearly and ssr.sor.al ba^is
in each county would be very helrful in identifying poter.tir.l v,rc.ter
quality problem are's.s.
At present, water quality nonitcrir.g in the Grand River Basin
is conducted by three agencies: Michigan Water Resources Commission,
Grand River Watershed Council, and Michigan State University. All of
these utilize F..TCA(s national water quality data handling system -
3TORET - for the storage, retrieval and statistical analysis of their
data. Approximately 30 stations are presently being sampled within
the Grand River Basin.
5-7
-------
State Water Pollution Control Program
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act recognizes the pri-
mary responsibility of the States in the control and prevention of
water pollution. The effectiveness of a State program, however, is
dependent upon adequate funds and personnel with which to accomplish
this mission.
The State of Michigan has achieved commendable success in
the control of water pollution with the staff and funds available.
However, even though much has been accomplished by the State in
controlling conditions, much remains yet to be done. In I9&L, the
Public Ad-ministration Service prepared a survey report for the
Public Health Service concerning the budgeting and staffing of
State programs (26). This report contains suggested guidelines for
use in evaluating the adequacy of State water pollution control
programs. This report suggests a minimum total staff level of 110
persons and a desirable total staff level of 171.
In view of the water pollution control problems still exist-
ing in the Basin consideration should be given to an accelerated
program to match the needs for clean water for all legitimate uses.
An accelerated State water pollution control program utilizing
fully the resources and programs of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration will ensure the earliest possible accomplish-
ment of our common goal - more effective use of our water resources.
Streanflow Augmentation Requirements
After studying the location of principal municipal and
industrial waste discharges to the Grand River and tributaries ar.d
the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the receiving
waters, two reaches of the main stem of the Grand P.iver below
Jackson and Lansing indicated potential benefits from flow augmen-
tation ana were selected for waste assimilation studies.
Waste assimilation studies were -conducted to determine the
total streamflow required to meet a range of water quality goals
in the Grar.d River below Jackson and "Lansing. During 19»4 intensive
stream investigations were conducted on these reaches during May,
July and October.
A computer program was utilized to develop a mathematical
model which reproduced the stream conditions observed during these
intensive sampling periods. 'Jsing projected flow and quality data
for the waste inputs within the study reaches of the stream, the
model was used to compute the total streamflows required for flow
regulation for water quality control. It has been assumed that a
9Cfj EODc; removal will be provided for both municipal and industrial
waste discharges.
5-3
-------
The State of Michigan has set a minimum standard of 4.0 ng/1
of dissolved oxygen below both Lansing and Jackson. The maintenance
of this standard for dissolved oxygen in conjunction with the other
water quality standards listed in Section 3 will assure the absence
of nuisance cdor conditions; permit recreational use involving
partial body contact; support pollution tolerant fish such as carp
and.pther aquatic life; and in general, provide for the esthetic
enjoyment of clean surface waters. ^Streamflow requirements to main- '^
tain the required DO level are shown by rr.onth in Table 5-£7~\ ,-
The Michigan Mater Resources Commission has designated the
reaches of the Grand River directly below both Lansing and Jackson as
Tolerant Fish, warm-water species use areas. This designation re-
quires an average daily dissolved oxygen level of not less than
4.0 mg/1. The Commission, however, has adopted the TpJ.er^.irt_Fis]l>
yam-water species use designations in all intrastate waters only for
a five year period, ending January, 1974. It is the Commission's
policy that before that date, the waste disposal situations involved
are to be reconsidered with a view toward the application of higher
quality use designations.
The maintenance of a 4.0 mg/1 dissolved oxygen level below
Lansing and.Jackson should, therefore, only be regarded as an interim
objective. To fully implement the Commission's policy, the staff
of the Commission believe that due consideration will have to be given
to the feasibility of maintaining a higher minir.ur.i dissolved oxygen
level.
The estimated ranges of total.streamflow required to maintain
a DO concentration of 4.0 mg/1 below Jackson are 53 to 510 cfs in
1980 and 103 to 860 cfs-in 2020. Below Lansing the stream-flows re-
quired to maintain a DO of 4 mg/1 are 55 to 480 cfs in 1930 and 160
* to 1760 cfs in 2020. Ranges in streamflow requirements are prlmarily
due to the wide variation in stream temperatures over the year.
The ability of existing streamflcws tc meet the abc.ve demands
can be assessed by comparing the estimated maximur< required flews in
1930 and 2020 with the 7-day once-in-10-year lev/ flows as shewn in
Table 2-2. The comparison indicates that existing lew flows will
not be adequate to assimilate the treated waste discharges at
Jackson and Lansing in 1930 and 2020. Thus, it is concluded that
seme combination streamflow regulation and advanced waste treatment
will be required to achieve the water quality goal of 4 mg/1 DO
below Jackson and below Lansinc. <_
5-9
-------
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SECTION 6
BENEFITS AKD ALTERNATIVES
General
Benefits to be derived from water supply and water quality
control are determined on the basis of the least costly alternative
method or combination of methods which, in the absence of multi-
purpose reservoir projects, would provide an adequate water supply
or result in meeting a given water quality level. Alternatives
considered in the case of water supply include storage reservoirs
in the Grand River Basin itself, transportation of water from out-
side the Basin and expansion of existing well supplies. Water qual-
ity control alternatives include storage reservoirs in the Grand
River Basin itself, transportation of water from outside the Basin
and higher degrees of waste treatment.
Policy changes regarding the provision of storage for water
quality management in Federal water resource projects are presently
under consideration by the Water Resources Council. In a memorandum
to the Council in June 196?, the Secretary of the Interior made a
number of recommendations relative to the evaluation cf benefits
resulting from the maintenance of water quality by means of the
regulation of stream flow. As was indicated in a subsequent re-
statement of Interior's views in October 1963, the objective of
these recommendations is to obtain more effective consideration in
the planning for water quality control as a supplement to high
degrees of waste treatment in the meeting of water quality standards.
Re servoi r Sites
Approximately ?$ possible Grand River Basin reservoir sites
have been identified ty the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. These
sites have been depicted by means cf colored overlays on Michigan
Department of Conservation County maps. A set of these overlay maps
was useti. to obtain pertinent information, such as t_he location,
storage volume and drainage area of each of the proposed sites. This
information permitted tentative selections cf reservoir sites which
could be used for the purpose cf water storage for water quality con-
trol to serve the areas previously outlined. At the writing of this
appendix no final decision had been made as to which reservoir
projects would actually be constructed.
6-1
-------
Possible reservoir sites are shown schematically on
Figure 6-1 and described in Tables 6-1 and 6-2. These possible sites
were selected from the overlay maps on the basis of size and location.
In estimating the storage that could be obtained for the purposes of
water supply or water quality control, the average annual flow was
utilized. A factor of 0.7 cfs per square mile (Lansing Gage) was used
to'estimate the average discharge at the various reservoir sites. If
the estimated average annual volume of flow was less than the storage
available at a site then the lower volume figure was used to determine
the storage available for water supply or water quality control.
Water Supply
Data on municipal and municipally supplied industrial water
use was presented in Section 3. Eased on projected water needs given
in that section and comments obtained from the U. S. Geological
Survey, it appears that ground sources of municipal water supply will
be insufficient to meet the demands of 2020. The water demand at
Lansing will reach 118 mgd. Some 90 mgd of this amount will be sup-
plied frora ground water sources. A single-purpose reservoir may be
considered as a possible water supply source, to augment the well
supply.
Development of the V/illiamston site on the Red Cedar River
as a single-purpose water supply reservoir would 'cost approximately
$10,000,000.*
One alternative to construction of a reservoir as described
above would be to obtain water from one of the Great Lakes. A con-
nection with Lake Erie would require the construction of a 60-inch
diameter pipeline 30 miles in length and 9 pumping stations.. The
construction of such a project would cost about $30,000,000. This
is based on a cost of $60 per lineal foot of pipe and $52,OCC per
pumping station. Right of Way costs would be approximately
$5,200,000.
Water Quality
Jackson
An average annual discharge of 187 cubic feet per second (cfs)
will be required by 19^0 and 336 cfs by 2020 as one alternative method
of meeting the water quality needs in the Grand River below Jackson.
Another alternative method is advanced waste treatment (AWT)
resulting in an effluent which is essentially stable. In light of
the limited storage available above Jackson, AWT is probably also
the most feasible alternative.
6-2
-------
Mud Creek Site
Williamston Site
Okemus Site
Sycamore
Creek Site
Grand Lakes Site
^ . Liberty Site
Vandercook Site
JACKSON
Onondaga
Millet Site
LANSING
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FIGURE -6-1
#2 Site
Brook
CHICAGO PROGRAM OFFICE
POSSIBLE RESERVOIR SITES
LANSING SJACKSON.MICH.
U.S. C£sA.=iTMEN T OF THE INTES103
ALVATE^i POLLUTION CONTROL AOVI'.iS TR ATI.'N
LA'.ESfitGION CMICASO.lLLI'.CIS
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The method of treatment considered here for both Jackson and
Lansing consists of chemical coagulation and sedimentation using
300 mg/1 of hydrated lime and 50 mg/1 of ferrous sulfate plus filtra-
tion through sand at 4 gallons per minute per square foot plus
aeration of the final effluent and pH adjustment before final dis-
charge. This treatment is in addition to conventional secondary
treatment.
This degree of treatment should provide an extremely high
quality effluent and would be utilized during periods of low stream
flow when needed to maintain the required 4 mg/1 of dissolved oxygen
in the stream.
The alternative of importing water from one of the Great Lakes
for augmentation was also considered. In this case a pipeline to
Lake Erie capable of augmenting flows in the Grand River below
Jackson was evaluated.
Lansing
An average annual discharge of 191 cubic feet per second (cfs)
will be required by'1930 and $75 cfs by 2020 is one alternative
method of meeting water quality needs below Lansing.
As in the case of Jackson advanced waste treatment was also
evaluated as an alternative at Lansing. The unit series of treatment
processes considered is the same as at Jackson.
Summary of Alternative Costs
The annual costs of each of the alternative methods of meeting
the water supply and water quality problems of the Jackson and Lansing
areas of the Grand River Basin are presented in Table 6-3.
Benefits
Implementation of the recommendations contained in this report
combined with a j'adicious selection from the alternatives presented
will result in substantial improvement in the quality of the waters
of the Grand River Basin.
By their very nature benefits frcm water quality are diffuse
and accrue to all of the citizens within the Basin and are, therefore,
difficult to quantify. However, the value of these benefits was im-
plicitly considered in the public hearings which preceded the
establishment of intrastate water quality standards by the Michigan
Water Resources Commission.
6-3
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It is possible, hov,-ever, to briefly cite some of the bene-
ficiaries of improved water quality in the Grand River Basin. Ovmers
of property adjacent to or near presently polluted waters will derive
increased esthetic enjoyment and enhanced property values from the
elimination of the unsightly conditions which result from water
pollution. These include nuisance algal blooms stimulated by over-
fertilization of the aquatic environment. All the residents cf the
Basin will benefit from the assurance of a safer, more palatable
water supplied to their homes, industries and public buildings.
Michigan residents and visitors from out-of-state who use
the area's streams and lakes for swimming, water skiing, boating
and other water-oriented recreation will be protected against in-
fectious diseases which can be spread by polluted water. The sport
fisherman will find additional fishing areas and improved fishing
as a benefit of enhanced water quality. As a return on its invest-
ment in clean water, industry will share in the benefits from better
quality water for all of its needs.
In addition to these immediate and direct benefits the con-
tribution of a cleaner Grand River to the preservation and protection
of the quality of the waters of Lake Michigan is an important benefit
and vital to the National welfare.
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Surface Water Records of Michigan, 1964. U. S. Department
of the Interior, Geological Survey District Office, Lansing,
Michigan.
2. Drouth t_Flow of Michigan Streams. University of Michigan,
School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health,
Ann Arbor, Michigan, I960 and 1964. Supplement.
^--
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (CO"'T.)
14 . Oxygen Relationships of Grand River, Lansing to Grand Ledge,
19oO_Survev;. Michigan Water Resources Commission, Lansing, '
Michigan (May 1962).
15. Public Health Service Drinking. Water Standards; 1962. Public
Health Service Publication No. 956. U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C. (1962).
16 . 1962 Inventory of Community Sewerage Facilities. Lake Michigan
Basin. U. 3. Department of the Interior, FWPCA, Great Lakes-
Illinois River Basins Project, Chicago, Illinois (Unpublished).
17. 1963_Inventp_ry of Industrial Waste Sources, Lake Michigan Basin.
U. 3. Department of the Interior, F.vPCA, Great Lakes-Illinois
River Basins Project, Chicago, Illinois (Unpublished),
18. Report^ on Oxygen Relationships , Rorue River 1964. State of
Michigan Water Resources Commission (March 19657.
19 . Pcllutional Effects of_St_o_rrT.water_ and Overflows from _ Ccn.blr.ed
S e we r _Sy_3_t ems . Public Health Service Publication "o. 1246.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington,. D. C. (November 1964),
20. Municipal Waste Facilities 1962 Inventor;.';. Public Health Service
Publication To. 1065, Vol. 5, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. (1963).
21 . Runoff as a 3purce_ of. ..Phosphate in^the W?ters_ _o_f _5t r_esm3_ and
Lakes. Preliminary Report prepared by H. Hall. U. 3. Department
of Health, Education and Welfare, FWPCA, GLIP.B Project, Chicago,
Illinois (February 1966).
OO. p0 -,.<-.,.;' 0 nv-,-: "'-iJ-o-^ PrO ~" IT! -' r--n TT-^O- P PrMi 1 t a " ^r-o =3 0 * o~I a f
^-*c. I g o ^ -±G AA- ° ci id nci^g, r OJ __ ^UL..^.!!! ud ^ro D . OuUJ-USi. ta^^n;-.^Gw a. w
-
the Fall Public Education Meeting of the Interstate Commission
on the Potomac River 2asin held at Martinsburg, West Virginia
(Septemter 24., 1964).
23. pjlgchcirge of Vessel Wastes in ^Frgsh j[ate_r Hivg_r3__and_Laj-:e3, -
The. Great Lakes ana Connecting Waters. Public Health Service
Intestate Quarantine Regulation, Federal Register (Sept. 16, I960).
24. Chemistry for Sardtar.y Engineers. C. N. Sawyer, McGraw-Hill Bock
Company, Inc., ;Jev; York, N.Y. (i960).
25. Storm Water Ccntrcl Locoes like Costliest Pollution Fight Yet.
Engineering l'.e::s Record, 1,'ev; York, ^.Y» (March 31, 1966).
26. Staffing and Budgetary Guidelines f c r State Water Pollution Control
Agencies. Public Administration Service, Chicago, Illinois (196/.).
7-2
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