REPORT FOR THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY, NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE
SENATE COMMERCE COMMITTEE
HEARING ON MERCURY CONTAMINATION
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF SENATOR PHILLIP A. HART
AT
MOUNT CLEMENS, MICHIGAN
MAY 8, 1970
Prepared By
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
Great Lakes Region
33 East Congress Parkway
Chicago, Illinois 60605
May 1, 1970
-------
MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN THE WATERS OF THE
GREAT LAKES AND CONNECTING TRIBUTARIES
CONTENTS
Page >
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 5
PROGRAMS 9
APPENDICES
I Hazards of Mercury in the Environment with
Special Reference to the Aquatic Habitat
II Chronology of Events (March 24, 1970 showing
action taken and coordination effected among
various agencies)
III FWQA Investigations
1. Preliminary Report on Mercury Survey
in St. Clair River to Lake Erie System
2. Miscellaneous Mercury Analyses in Lake Erie
Basin
3. Preliminary Report on Mercury Investigations
at Detrex Chemicals Corporation, Ashtabula,
Ohio
4. Lake Ontario Basin Office Mercury Analyses-
Water
IV Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
1. Economic Impact of the Current Mercury Pollution
Problems in Lakes St. Clair and Erie
2. Mercury in Fish
V Inventory of Industries Using Mercury
VI Federal-State Water Quality Standards and USPHS
Drinking Water Standards for Mercury and Heavy Metals
-------
CONTENTS (Continued)
APPENDICES (continued)
>
VII Water Quality Standards, Federal Enforcement
Procedures and the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act
VIII The Respective Roles of theStates and Federal
Government in the Enforcement of Water Quality
Standards
ii
-------
Ul
5
<
D
Z
I
ui
U
ses
R aejd
ฐsi
II
ง
si
-------
-2-
containing mercury into Minamata Bay. Unsuspecting
fishermen took their daily catch from the Bay home to
their families. It was reported that between 1953 and
I960, 110 people, mostly from families of fishermen,
were killed or severely disabled after eating fish caught
in mercury-polluted waters. In the first eleven months
of 1956, at the peak of the crisis, 42 people died after
eating fish from Minamata Bay. At the end of 1956, fishing
in the Bay area was banned. In 1958, fish were examined
for mercury content to determine what levels of mercury
were causing the poisoning. It was found that fish from
Minamata Bay contained as much as 102 parts per million
of mercury with an average of 50. Other subsequent
incidents were reported from Japan.
In 1965, Swedish observers reported unusual concentrations
in fish caught in the vicinity of pulp mills. Swedish pulp
factories, which were using a mercury compound called
phenyl mercury acetate (PMA) to prevent the growth of slime
which clogs machines, discharged PMA with their wastewater.
Early in 1966, Sweden banned the licensing of PMA. Some
factories, however, had licenses expiring in 1968. It was
reported in 1969 that mercury released from these factories
-------
-3-
could still be found in the bottom sediments of lakes,
rivers, and coastal waters.
Critical mercury pollution in the Great Lakes became
apparent on March 24, 1970, when the Canadian Government
suspended commercial fishing in Lake St. Clair and
impounded shipments~~"6f pickerel to the United States.
Mercury concentrations as high as 5 parts per million (ppm)
were reported in some of the fish analyzed. Two chlor-
alkali plants in Sarnia, located on the Canadian side of
the St. Clair River were first identified as sources of
mercury contamination.
On April 2, 1970, the American Embassy at Ottawa, Canada,
transmitted to the Secretary of State a telegram which
contained the text of a note drawing attention to serious
mercury contamination in certain boundary waters, principally
Lake St. Clair. An appropriate response was prepared by
representatives of the Departments of State, Interior and
Health, Education and Welfare.
As a result of the announcement by Canadian Federal Department
of Fish and Forestry, coordination was initiated by the
-Federal Water Quality Administration among the States of
Michigan and Ohio, Ontario Water Resources Commission, Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife and the Food and Drug Administration to obtain a
-------
-4-
X
better understanding of the mercury problem. On the
United States side, a State and Federal water and sediment
and fish sampling program was immediately initiated in the
St. Clair River, St. Clair Lake, Detroit River and Western
t
Lake Erie. Preparations were made to sample Lake Ontario,
Superior and Michigan. Continuing documentation of the
presence of mercury in fish and bottom sediments in these
bodies of water confirms the existence of an international
and interstate environmental problem of major scope. This
report deals with the findings of the United States investi-
gation, primarily the investigations conducted by the
Federal Water Quality Administration arid Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries.
-------
-5-
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Investigations of mercury pollution sources and water
]
sediment and fish sampling continue. Information collected
thus far by Canadian and-United States agencies supports
action taken to ban commercial fishing in the St. Clair
River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River and Lake Erie.
Fish
Mercury has been detected by Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
(BCF) in fish collected in Lake St. Clair and the western
basin of Lake Erie since March 28, 1970. Any mercury is
considered unacceptable for human consumption. Data
acquired by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries covering
mercury concentrations for fish caught as late as April 1,
1970, are shown in Appendix IV. In Lake St. Clair, walleye
caught on March 28, 1970, contained as much as 2.0 ppm
mercury. Reports 1 through 3, Appendix IV, show that for
the period March 28 to April 1, 1970, mercury concentrations
in all fish caught in Lake St. Clair varied from 0.80 to
2.0 ppm. In Lake Erie, white bass caught on March 30, 1970
contained as much as 1.0 ppm mercury. For the period of
March 28 to April 1, 1970 mercury concentrations in fish
caught in Lake Erie varied from 0.08 to 1.0 ppm. Data
-------
-6-
on walleye taken during the same period and from the same
area are not complete; however, preliminary investigation
indicates mercury concentrations will be of the same
\
magnitude or greater as for white bass.
Additional samples are currently being collected by BCF
from the central basin of Lake Erie, from southern Lake
Huron and Saginaw Bay, and from the southeast section of
Green Bay.
An informal survey of the fish industry by BCF reflects that
total fish sales from all sources in the midwest have been
reduced about 15 percent since the mercury ban was announced,
and it is anticipated that midwest sales of lake perch
could be reduced by 50 percent over the course of the 1970
season.
Water
Mercury concentrations of waters sampled by FWQA in the
St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario
were all below detectable levels of the test. One of the
samples collected by FWQA just below the Wyandotte Chemical
Company outfall in the Detroit River contained 0.03 ppm
-------
-7-
mercury.
Sediments
\
In the Great Lakes, mercury concentrations as high as 86 ppm
in bottom sediments have been recently found in areas
sampled by FWQA. The 86 ppm mercury was found in a narrow
strip along the United States shoreline in the Trenton
Channel of the Detroit River within a mile below the
Wyandotte Chemical plant outfall. Concentrations as high
as 170 ppm have been found in the discharge ditch of the
Detrex Chemical plant in Ashtabula, Ohio which discharge
to Lake Erie. The Michigan Water Resources Commission has
reported finding 430 ppm mercury in sediments below the
outfall of the General Electric Company plant at Edmore,
Michigan which discharges to the Tittabwassee River. Mercury
concentrations in sediments contribute to the contamination
of fish and other aquatic life.
Sources of Contamination
Certain chlor-alkali plants using mercury have been identified
as sources of mercury contamination (See Table I, Appendix V).
On the United States side of the Great Lakes, losses to water
have ranged up to 66 pounds per day. While the chlor-alkali
-------
-8-
plants appear to be a major source of mercury contamination,
other sources such as vinyl chloride manufacturers, paper
mills using mercury slimicides, felt manufacturers and
mercury producers are potential sources of mercury contamina-
tion. Also implicated in mercury contamination are runoff
of agricultural mercury-based pesticides, antifouling
paint formulations and mercury-containing products for
home use.
-------
9
PROGRAMS
The Secretary of the Interior- indicated on April 21, 1970
that the Department of the Interior is initiating a
massive compaign to clean up Lake Erie, following reports
of lethal discharges of mercury into the Lake and into the
Detroit River which empties into Lake Erie.
The following actions will be taken:
An enforcement conference on Lake Erie will be
reconvened in Detroit, followed by enforcement
workshops in Toledo, Cleveland, Lorain, Sandusky, and
Ashtabula, Ohio, Erie, Pennsylvania, and Lackawanna,
New York.
The Secretary's special investigative task force has
been assigned to obtain firsthand up-to-date data on
the entire water pollution problem in the Lake Erie
watershed.
Increased monitoring and research will be initiated at
the Fish and Wildlife Service's Great Lakes Fishery
Laboratory at Ann Arbor, Michigan, on the toxicity of
mercury and other metal compounds and their effect on
-------
-10-
fish and other aquatic life.
The Federal Water Quality Administration has
been directed to identify and prepare a list
of 'all toxic substances now being discharged in
waters throughout the United States.
-------
-------
APPENDIX I
HAZARDS OF MERCURY Ifl THE ENVIRONMENT
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE AQUATIC HABITAT
During the last two decades international attention has been focused on
hazards from mercury contamination of the environment in Japan and
Sweden. During 1953-1960, 111 persons were killed or severely disabled
in Hinamata, Japan. A second poisoning accident occurred in Hiigata, Janan
during 1965. Mercury poisoning caused a drastic decrease of many bird
copulations in Sweden. Subsequently, it was found that freshwater fish in
Sweden contained large amounts of mercury. In these instances, methyl-
mercury was the form of mercury most commonly involved.
Although much of the data on the toxicity of methyl mercury are incomplete,
ample evidence exists demonstrating that methyl mercury is extremely toxic
and hazardous to living systems, including man. Lofroth pointed out in
1969: "Up to now every new result presented seems to point out that methyl
mercury is more hazardous than considered earlier." It is obvious from the
published data that mercury in many different forms can be toxic. Tfie
"Report of an International Committee" (1969) on the maximum allowable
concentration of mercury compounds, hov.'ever, noints out that the methyl
and ethyl mercury salts are by far the most toxic.
I
-------
Toxic vty
FFfTCTS ON MAN
The symptoms in man of poisoning from alky! mercury compounds are described
in the "Report of an International Committee" (1969) on maximum allowable
concentrations of mercury compounds are as follows:
"Symptoms of methyl and ethyl mercury poisoning may occur weeks
to months after an acute exposure to toxic concentrations. The
symptomatology of acute and chronic poisoning from both compounds
in similar, including numbness and tingling of the lips of hands
and feet, ataxia, disturbances of speech, concentric constriction
of the visual fields, impairment of hearing, and emotional disturbances,
With severe intoxication the symptoms are irreversible. The first
epidemic of intoxication by ingestion of contaminated fish occurred
in the Minamata district in Japan and, therefore, this type of
intoxication is often called "iinaniata disease.
In infants born to mothers with exposure to large amounts of methyl
mercury, the symptoms are somewhat different, as would be expected.
Most children had mental retardation and also cerebral palsy with
convulsions."
-------
I
One characteristic of methyl mercury is its tendency to accumulate
i
in the human brain. According to the International Committee's Report:
"experiments in man with very sinall doses have shown that about 15
percent of the total body burden of methyl mercury is accumulated in the
brain." Suzuki (1969) found that neurological symptoms manifest themselves
in man when the brain contains a concentration of about 20 .ug/g of mercury
of wet tissue.
Lofroth (1969) also noted that: "one of the observable effects of methyl
mercury poisoning in man is the impairment of the coordination of muscle
movement, etc., resulting from damage to certain brain cells. Thus Lofroth
raises the question: "whether these effects are brought about only at
and above some threshold value of methyl mercury intake." He further
states: "As to the gross clinical symptoms one can state that a threshold
mechanism is operating. This threshold mechanism is, however, not due to
a methyl mercury threshold, but to a threshold in the number of damaged
brain cells. After damage of one or a few cells, other cells may take over
the net result showing up as no effect in the clinical investigation.
i
When too many cells have been damaged during a short time, the clinical
results do show up early. This type of mechanism can erronelously be
classified as a methyl mercury threshold mechanism." He also states:
"however, even a low frequency of brain cell damage, above the natural
inactivation rate of these colls, during a long time }ias an effect on
the organism as the number of available cells for each brain function is
limited. Such a damage may then, have serious effects in later stages
of life."
-------
The present appearance of health in a person exposed to methyl mercury
may not rule out the fact that his residual growing capacity could be
lowered.
The reduction in residual brain capacity can occur in the pre-natal
stages. According to Lofroth (1969), the human fetus acquires higher
mercury concentrations than the mother-to-be, so that infants with
congenital brain damage from methyl mercury are born to mothers v;ho show
no symptoms of methyl mercury poisoning. The "Report of an International
Committee" (1969) states: "studies in animals and man indicate that methyl
mercury easily penetrates to the fetus via the placenta. The concentration
of mercury in the fetal blood is about 20 percent higher than in the
mother and the same statement should apply to the brain of the fetus as
well." Thus, the human fetus may be affected by methyl mercury poisoning,
when the mother-to-be is exposed to levels of the compound several times
less than the intake affecting a non-pregnant woman. The International
Committee's report further states: "In Hinamata area, Kumanoto prefecture,
Japan, there were 22 infants with evidence of damage born during the years
1955 to 1959, out of a total of approximately 400 births. High values of
mercury in the hair were registered in some of these mothers and children.
Most of the mothers experienced numbness during pregnancy and all of them
were heavy fish consumers, although most of them had no symptoms typical
of Minamata disease."
I
-------
Effects on Fish and Wildlife
McKee arid Wolf (1963) summarized tho effects of mercuric chloride, (
mercuric cyanide, mercuric nitrate, marcuro-organic compounds and
mercury on aquatic life. Their summary is quoted below:
"MERCURIC CHLORIDE
Fish and Other Aquatic Life. From a study of the relation between
concentration of the salt and period of survival, it appears that
mercuric chloride is infinitely toxic to fishs i.e. that infinitesimal
traces of the compound will be toxic if exposure continues long enough(3547).
The follovring concentrations of mercuric ion from chloride have been
shown to injure or kill fish in the time indicated:
icentration of
'cury, in rng/1
0.008
0.01
0.01
0.011*
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.027
0.05
0.1
0.2
3.2
4.0 to 30
7.4
7.4
9.2 to 37
10.0
12.6
30
370
1000
5000
Time of
Exposure
__
80-92 days
--
__
19-47 days
7 days
50 hours
1 day
8 hours
4 days
..
15 minutes
106 minutes
24 hours
42 minutes
15 minutes
31 minutes
54 munutes
20.5 minutes
12 minutes
Species of
Fish
sticklebacks
sticklebacks
minnows
sticklebacks
guppies
minnov/s
sticklebacks
young eels
minnov/s
minnows
sticklebacks
minnov/s
fish
sticklebacks
sticklebacks
trout
minnows
minnows
fish
trout
minnows
minnows
Reference
1460,2941
2962,2920
1459
598
2921
1459
1460
1459
1459
1459
1459
362
468
1459
1264
359
313
362
467
313
991
991
* Threshold value for detrimental effect
I
-------
In varying concentrations, sodium chloride exhibits first a synergistic
effect, then an antagonistic effect tov/ard the toxicity of mercuric
chloride. The presence of 1,000 mg/1 of NaCl decreased the survival
time of fish in a solution of 10mg/l of mercuric chloride from 105
minutes to 54 minutes, but concentrations of 15,000 mg/1 of NaCl
prolonged the survival time to as much as 190 minutes (1264, 1265).
According to Jones (467), fish show no special ability to detect or
avoid toxic concentrations of mercuric chloride.
Anderson (598) reports that the threshold concentration for immobilization
ฐ'fr Paphjia maqna in Lake Erie .water at 25ฐC was found to be less than
0.005 mg/1 in 64 hours. For ฃolyjceJLiLJliฃrl?Lป a flat worm, the threshold
of toxicity in 48 hours was 0.2 mg/1 of mercury, or 0.027 mg/1 of mercuric
chloride, according to Jones (608). The effect of mercuric chloride
on !lH,lnฃ9^aI!H?J[JiL^I,iฃiisป an amphipod, was measured by Hunter (1266)
who found that 0.1 mg/1 of mercury killed in 510 minutes and 1.0 mg/1
in 390 minutes. Low concentrations of copper increase appreciably the
toxicity to mercury solutions.
Toward the larvae of bivalves, Woelke (2989) reported mercuric
chloride to be lethal at a concentration of 0.027 mg/1 (0.02 mg/1 as
Hg'). Bringmann and Kuhn (2158,3343), using River Havel water, determined
the concentrations of mercury added as mercuric chloride that produced
threshold effects upon four organisms as follows:
I
-------
Threshold Concentration
Organism of Hg in mg/1
MjcroregjTja ----ปปซ-ปซ.ซ-ป.,ซ 0.15
-ซ"ป- 0.2
-"-"' 0.03
"""--ซ"-""- 0,03
In a concentration of 3.0 rug/1, mercuric chloride killed 100 percent
of water snails (^^liLPJlti^^J.?]?!!!!:^)ป wfl^e at a dosage of 1.0 mg/1
only 30 percent v/sre killed (exposure time not specified) (3548). Other
inorganic mercury salts were approximately equal in effectiveness.
Mercuric chloride at a concentration of 0.61 mg/1 causes a 50 percent
decrease in the 5-day utilization cf oxygon by synthetic sewage (2923)
and at a concentration of 2.0 mg/1 there is complete bacteriostasis (3549),
Clendenning and North (2106S 2107) found that 0.05 mg/1 of mercury,
added as mercuric chloride, caused a 50-percent inactivation of photo-
synthesis of the giant kelp (i^crpjcj^^i^pj,T^fera) during a four-day
exposure, while 0.1 mg/1 caused a 15-percent decrease in photosynthesis
in one day and complete inactivation in four days. Mercury was more
toxic than copper, hexavalent chromium, zinc, nickel, and lead.
MERCURIC CYANIDF Hg(CN)2
V.
Highiy soluble in water, mercuric cyanide has been used as a diuretic,
as a topical antiseptic, and as a disinfectant for surgical instruments
(364). Bringmann and Kuhn (2158,3343) tested its effectiveness in water
from the River Havel toward four organisms. Concentrations of mercury
I
-------
I
I
I
8
added as Hg (CN)2 required to cause a median threshold effect were
reported as follows:
Threshold Concentration
Organism of Hg in mg/1
_ --.......ป">.. 0.02
SceTedesniir .... _.ป.ซ...ป..... 0.15
0.20
""" 0.16
MERCURIC NITRATE Hg(N03)2 H20
This soluble salt is used in the manufacture of explosive caps, felt,
and the treatment of skin diseases. In very soft water, it killed
sticklebacks in one week at a concentration of 0.02 mg/1 as Hg (2977).
Toward guppies the ID value was also reported as 0.02 mg/1 as Hg
(2921). A concentration of 3.0 mg/1 gave a 90 percent mortality among
water snails, while 1.0 mg/1 showed a 30 percent reduction (3548). Klock
and Pearson (2314) reported the 48-hour TLm toward the stickleback
as ^'7 n"'9/l The concentrations producing
the first apparent significant response for three organisms were as follows:
Test Species Concentration of
Hq( N03)2 in mg/1
Isopod (fl^^J^cj^a^j^eqojienjsi^) -ซ 0.015
Fish ^ง^^Pง^?J:LLJ?ldl^^l."^' 0.015
Pol ychaete TKercTereTl_a_ enTgmat _i ca ) .. 1.00
MERCURO-OR6ANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic mercury compounds are used in herbicides, fungicides, and
medical treatment of animals and humans. They have been used extensively
to control slimes in paper mills and consequently they may be present
-------
I
in discharged white waters. Phenylrr.ercuric acetate is used extensively
as a herbicide for the control of crsbgrass.
>
Van Horn (974) tested the survival time of fish in organic mercury
compounds and other proprietary substances used for slime control
in paper mills. He found that the critical concentrations, i.e., the
concentrations that will sooner or later be fatal to fish, were as
follows:
.ป ซ
Trade Name MinnowsT" ~ STiTneTs
Santobrite 0.3 to 0.4 0.2
Merfenel 0.02 0.02 to 0.06
Lignasan 1.0 0.8
Nalco 23 1.4 1.4
Nalco 21 0.4
Van Horn and Balch (3550) investigated the toxicity of slime control
agents to minnows. The minimum lethal concentration was 0.15 mg/1
for pyridylmercuric acetate and 0.04 mg/1 for pyridylrnercuric chloride.
Ellis (1267) found that in water at a p!I value of 7.7 to 7.8 containing
0.5 mg/1 of phenyl mercuric lactate, all fish died in 16 hours or less.
The lowest concentration causing death was about 0.10 mg/1. In terms
of the content of mercury, phenylniercuric lactate is more than twice as
toxic as mercuric chloride.
Phenylmercuric acetate (Scutl) in concentrations of 0.02 mg/1 was
fatal to young salmon in less than five days, according to Vail in (357),
I
-------
10
and the maximum safe concentration was found to be 0.01 mg/1, For
mercuric acetate, the safe concentration was 0.02 to 0.05 mg/1. ,
2Sฃ!miL JiylS.1! was found to be more sensitive then fish to phenylrnsrcuric
acetate, the safe concentration lying between 0.005 and 0.01 mg/1.
Pyridylmcrcuric acetate in very small concentrations (about 0.14 mg/1)
was found to be beneficial to the health of fishs probably by suppress-
ing the micro-organisms in the water (355). According to Van Horn and
Katz (1268), 96 percent of Lake Emerald shiners survived a concentration
of 0.15 mg/1 but higher concentrations are toxic to fish,
Pyridylmsrcuric acetate successfully controlled the growth of a
flourescent species of Psc^pJHnsi.* which had infected yearling blue-
back salmon, when the fish were irnriarsed for one hour in a solution
containing 10 mg/1 without harming the fish (1598). This same concen-
tration, however, has been found toxic to other species, being more toxic
to rainbow trout finger!ings than to brown or brook trout. Toxicity was
manifested by losses of appetite, and it increased with temperature (1599).
A concentration of 5 mg/1 for one hour was not toxic to rainbow trout
finger!ings less than three inches in length, but it was toxic to
larger fingerlings of the same species (1467). A concentration of 2 mg/1
applied for one hour to yearling trout resulted in the death of 13
percent of the fish. Two weeks later a repeated treatment caused
death of 10 percent of the fish. No fish died after a third treatment
when the fish wore not fed for 24 hours (1600).
I
-------
11
Clemens and Sneod (2381) investigated the toxicity toward finger! ing
channel catfish of numerous compounds used in fish management and in
agriculture. The results for organic niarcury compounds in tap water
are summarized below:
_____>__TLni i njiiq/1 _____ _
Chemical ฐC 24 hrs. "48~hrs. TTTirs." 96~'hrsT
Phenylmercuric acetate 19 4.1 3.4* 3.3 3.3
Pyridylnisrcuric acetate 24 3.8 -- 0.49
Ceresan M (a) 19 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6
Lignasan (b) 19 2.0** 2.2 1.7 1.3
Tag 10% solution (c) 20 1.5 0.78 0.60 0.58
* At 45 hours
** At 28 hours
(a) Ethyl marcury n-toluene sulfonsnilide, 7.7 percent (total mercury as
metallic, 3,2 percent)
(b) Ethylrnercuric phosphate, 6.25 percent
(c) Phenylmercuric acetate, 10 percent
Bond and Nolan (3548) found that 13 organic compounds of mercury were 90
to 100 percent fatal to snails (Aus_tralorbis J?J^bratus) at concentrations
of 1.0 mg/1 and several were highly toxic at 0.3 mg/1 . Tov;ard phy-
toplankton, the minimum lethal concentration of ethylmcrcuric bromide,
phenylmorcuric chloride, and ethylrnercuric oxalate was found to be about
0.3 mg/1. Zooplarikton were killed by this concentration in 22 minutes
(3552). Lignasan (ethyl mercuric phosphate, 6.25 percent) 1s an effective
algicide at 1.0 mg/1 (3551).
I
-------
12
MERCURY
Fish and Other Aquatic Life. Mercuric ions are considered to be highly
toxic to aquatic life. For freshwater fish, concentrations of 0.004 to
i
0.02 mg/1 of Hg have been reported harmful (2409). For the stickleback
the lethal concentration limit has been found to
be 0.008 mg/1 (353,1460,2941). Mercury salts, such as the unstable compounds
mercuric sulfate and nitrate, have killed niirmov.'s at a concentration of
0.01 mg/1 as mercury, after 80-92 days. At concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1
mg/1 as mercury, fish were killed in 6 to 12 days (1459). For further details,
see the mercuric salts.
In contrast, Schveiger (2151) reported that 0,2 mg/1 of mercury was not
harmful to one- and two-year-old tench, carp, rainbow trout, and char,
nor to fish-food organisms such as Crustacea, verms, and insect larvae.
For phytoplankton, the minimum lethal concentration of mercury salts has
been reported (3552) to range from 0.9 to 60 mg/1 of Hg. The toxic
effects of mercuric salts are accentuated by the presence of trace
amounts of copper (3313).
The Severn and Mersey River Boards in England have adopted working standards
that limit the total concentration of heavy metals, including mercury,
to 1.0 mg/1 (1765,2950).
BIRDS
Fatalities to birdlife from eating seeds treated with methyl mercury are well
known and documented. In addition Johnels and Uestermark (1969) found that
fish-eating birds can be effected by eating mercury contaminated fish.
I
-------
13
5 le
The "Report of an International C&r.mi ttee" (1%9) en maximum allowable
concentrations of mercury compounds states: "Cytolegical investigations
on plant and animal cells have shown that mercury compounds give rise to
chromosome breakage and act as inhibitors of the mitotic spindle
mechanism with the result that polyploidy or abnormal distribution of
single chromosomes occur. As spindle inhibitors, methyl and phanyl
mercury compounds are more potent than any other substance known, including
colchicine. Inorganic mercury is about 200 tiroes le^s potent." The
report further states that it has boon demonstrated in the fruit fly con-
suming food with .25 ppm methyl mercury will give rise to offspring carrying
one extra chromosome. Paine! (19G7) shov.-cd that methyl mercury had con-
siderable potency as a mitosis-disturbing compound on root cells of ATJJkmi.
Cepjj. causing polypi, oidy and chromosome disjunction. He concluded from
his study that the organic mercury compounds constitute the most efficient
c-mototic agent that is known.
According to the International Committee's report, the data from the
Minamato cases in Japan indicate teratoxem'c effects occurring at an
earlier stage of development than would be the case of the central
nervous system damage from methyl mercury intoxication. The report
states: "Because of the experimental evidence of strong effects of
methyl mercury compounds on cell division and chromosome segregation, it
is conceivable that this early effect may have resulted from induced
chromosomal alterations of humans, According to Lofroth (19G9),
Fro! en and Ramol found that methyl mercury treatment on the- 10th day of
I
-------
14
pregnancy resulted in a higher frequency of roubsorpcc! litters end
increased percentage of dead fetuses in mice. Even though the injected
doses were appreciably belovi the lethal level for the? ?.dult animals, the
fetuses were greatly affected,
^SJjXS]^1'^1 ฃf I'x^y^Y i-^'lP,01!1!!5,
Oernelov (1959) reviewed the conversion of mercury compounds and ths
reader is referred to his paper,
Mercury is usually o'ischarg&d to the environment in one of the following
forms:
1. As inorganic divalent mercuryป I'g^-i;
2. As metallic mercurys Hg9;
3. As phenyl mercury, CjMsHg*;
4. As methyl mercury* D^IL"1"; and
5. As alkoxi-alkylni'jrcury, CH30-CH2CH2-Hg+.
Metallic mercury can be oxidized readily to dilvalent mercury ions under
conditions present at the bottoms of lakes and rivers, and this has been
shown to occur experimentally as well. The divalent inorganic mercury
produced has an extremely strong affinity for organic muds and experimentally
it has been shown that it is biologically methylated in the bottom sediments.
Jernelov (1969) states thst in Sweden investigations have been made of
sediments from a large number of lakes and rivers regarding the occurrence
and rate of methylotion of mercury. In all cases, microrganisms capable
of methylating mercury have been present in the sediments.
Divalent inorganic mercury when methylated is readily released from the
sediments into the water. The speed of the methyl sting process under
I
-------
15
anaerobic conditions can sometimes bo very high. (Jernelov; 1969). It
appears that the methyl ation of mercury is enhanced under anaerobic conditions,
>
which m?ans that organic enrichment of voter tray increase the rate vn't'n
which methyl mercury if formc-cl. (Jcrnelov, 1969). Jernelov (1969) also
states that the conversion of phcnyl mercury to methyl mercury has been
studied and shown to occur in nature. He further states that: "observations
in nature repeatedly indicate that the discharges of phenly mercury has a
stonger and faster effect of mercury concentration in the fish than the
discharge of a similar amount of inorganic mercur.y." Jcrnelov (1969)
further asserts that the conversion of alkoxi-alkylmercury to inorganic
divalent mercury is well knov.'n to occur.
V.'estoo (1970) states that in Sweden, regardless of the nature of the mercury
pollutant, only methyl mercury has been found in fish indicating that a
S''
methyl azation of mercury compounds takes place in the fish itself. Jernelov
(1970) found that the muc us on pike is able to convert inorganic bivalent
mercury almost completely into methyl mercury within a short period of time
of 2 to 4 hours.
Thus, it appears that no matter what form of mercury is introduced into
the aquatic environment it eventually can be converted to the most tox;~.
form methyl mercury.
Terrestrial animals usually accumulate- mercury taken in with their food.
Hov.'ever, it has been demonstrated that fish in the aquatic environment can
accumulate mercury directly from the surrounding water, although food rnoy also
play a role, Johnels et al. (1967) demonstrated that the concentration
-------
16
factor from water to pike is in order of 3,000 or more. Johns!s and
VIestoo (1969) pointed out that fish-eating birds accumulate mercury
>
from eating contaminated fish. According to Lundaholm (1967), studies
in Sweden have revealed that the highest values of mercury are obtained
from muscle tissues of fish, and Noren and Mestoo (1970) found that
broiling, boiling or frying fish did not remove the methyl mercury. Some
of the possible ways man can accumulate mercury are from eating contaminated
fish and other contaminated foods, as well as from drinking contaminated
water.
-------
17
Safe_ Limits for Mercury
Drinking water standards of the U.S.. PHS and WHO do not include limits for
>
mercury. However, for over a decade the maximum premissible concentration
of mercury or mercuric ions in the USSR has been .005 ppm. The official
Swedish limit for mercury in fish is one ing/kg (Lofroth 1969). Lofroth (1969)
states that the official one mg/kg limit for mercury has been widely criticized
by scientists as being too high for Sweden. He further points out that:
"An upper maximum acceptability limit for methyl mercury of 1.2 mcj Kg/kg
wet fish tissue has been suggested by a Swedish toxicologist after elaborate
studies and considerations. The official Swedish legal limit c? one nig Hg/kg
is ai^ndcdj -however-, with the recommendation to limit consumption of fish
to one meal a week. The later evaluation has been reached after balancing
different toxicological and economic interests." Lofroth (1969) concluded
that at least in Sweden, from the maximum natural concentration of mercury
in fish never exceeds 200 t,g/g fresh weight.
-------
18
According to Lofroth (1969) mercury contamination of fish at high
\
concentrations does not cease v;hen the discharge of mercury pollutants
stops. In Sweden the pollution may last for 10-100 years unless the
mercury is made inactive either by physical removal or by elimination of
biological availability.
-------
APPENDIX II
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
March 24, 1970
The Canadian Federal Department of Fish and Forestry banned the
sale and export of fish caught commercially within the Canadian bound-
aries of Lake St. Clair because concentrations of mercury in some of
the fish made them unfit for consumption. The decision was made as a
result of a research report which showed pickerel caught in the lake
contained as much as seven parts per million mercury (ppm). Subse-
quent laboratory reports indicated a somewhat lower figure of 1.36 ppm
which, however, is still almost three times as great as 0.5 ppm level
considered acceptable for fish procured for export by federal food and
drug authorities in both Canada and the United States. The Ontario
Water Resources Commission identified two Dow Chemical of Canada
Limited chlor-alkali plants at Sarnia, Ontario as the source of mercury
pollution to the St. Clair River.
FWQA Regional Office learned from Mr. Ralph Purdy, Executive
Secretary, Michigan Water Resources Commission, that he had written
letters to chlor-alkali plants in the state to find out who was using
mercury cells. He reported that the Wyandotte Chemical Company on the
Detroit River uses mercury cells and that he was conducting discussions
with them to learn about the disposition of their mercury bearing wastes.
March 26, 1970
Coordination achieved with Michigan agencies, Ontario Water
Resources Commission, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and Food and
I
-------
L.
Drug Administration. FWQA Lake Huron Basin Office initiates a water
and sediment sampling program for the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clalr,
Detroit River, and V/estern Shore of Lake Erie. Advised that Field
staffs of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Great Lakes Fisheries
Laboratory, Ann Arbor, and the Department of Natural Resources, would
be conducting a fish sampling program and that arrangements were being
made for the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), Madison,
Wisconsin to analyze the fish samples. Learned that the Michigan
Health Department and the Michigan Water Resources Commission were
getting samples from water intakes, treatment plants and industrial
outfalls for analyses of mercury at the Lansing laboratory.
March 27, 1970
FWQA Lake Huron Basin Office begins collecting water and
sediment samples from the Wyandotte Chemical plant. ' '
April 2, 1970
Regional Director, GLR, chaired an. informal meeting at FWQA
Headquarters, Washington, D. C., with Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, Food and Drug Administration,
and Ontario and Canadian Federal representatives. The meeting was
called to obtain a better understanding of the mercury problem and
to exchange information. It was the consensus of the representatives
present that the mercury problem is serious and of international con-
cern. It was also agreed that an inventory of mercury uses to
determine waste concentration was needed and that sampling should
continue in order that the problem may be completely defined.
2 ' '
-------
.April 8. 1970 /
.Governor Mil liken of Michigan advises sportsmen not to eat
fish caught from Lake St.. Glair and the Detroit and St. Glair Rivers.
I April IQJ 1970
I A meeting of Ontario, Michigan, and Ohio representatives was
held in Toronto, Ontario to share information and explain how deci-
sions were reached for Ontario to place a ban on fishing in Lake
St. Glair, St. Glair River, and Detroit River. Federal people from
Canada and the United States were invited as observers. Mr. O'Leary
of the Lake Huron Basin Office, represented the FWQA Great Lakes
Region at the meeting.
Rperesentatives of all agencies agreed that sampling and
testing must continue in order that the problem may be completely
defined.
Mr. Kerr, Federal Energy and Resources Minister, described
the action that has been taken to halt any further mercury discharge
from the presently known source of pollution on the Canadian side of
the boundary in this area, and Governor Mi I liken stated that he had
received an assurance today that the presently known source on the
Michigan side had today instituted procedures to eliminate future
mercury contamination of the water from its facility.
It was agreed that future action will be taken in a coordinated
way so tnat ail involved agencies may take similar action.
The representatives of the States of Ohio and Michigan agree
with those from Ontario that a ban on fishing in Lake Erie is not
-------
_._L._^. -, Jll J
indicated at this time. Their respective agencies agreed to
* ป
exchange Information from their sampling and testing programs.
Governor Mi I liken announced the following actions and
agreements:
I. Michigan will institute proceedings to close Lake St. Clalr
and the St. Clair River to all fishing as a precautionary measure
pending further study;
2. Michigan, Ontario, Ohio FDA and the U. S. Federal Water
Quality Administration agreed to cooperate In developing further
information on the Detroit River and Lake Erie;
3. Participants in the meeting agreed to continue and
accelerate efforts to eliminate mercury contamination from all
sources;
4. AM parties agreed to consult with various other
authorities prior to taking actions affecting waters of the Great
Lakes;
5. AlI parties agreed to participate, with other author-
ities, in investigating additional dangerous substances as to kinds,
amounts and effects;
6. Al I parties- agreed to recommend the convening of a
conference of the Governors and Prime Ministers of the Great Lakes
States and Provinces;
7. Al! parties agreed to urge all respective federal bodies
to initiate actions to investigate sources of mercury contamination
In all states and provinces.
4 .
-------
Ohio Department of Health determines Detrex Chemical Company
of Ashtabula, Ohio a probable source of msrcury contamination.
FWQA Lake Erie Basin Office, Cleveland initiates a water
sampling program In Lake Erie and tributaries and participates
in an inspection of the Detrex Chemical Company plant.
Wyandotte Chemical plant ceased mercury waste discharges to
the Detroit River at .12:30 p-.m. Mercury enriched waters are now
being discharged In holding facilities for chemical treatment.
April 13, 1970
Governor Rhodes of Ohio announced a ban on commercial fish-
ing In Lake Erie.
Ohio Water Pollution Control Board issued a "cease and
desist" order to Detrex Chemicals Company.
FWQA Lake Huron Basin Office personnel met with Michigan
State officials. The MWRC agreed to supply one man to aid In the
field work collecting sediment samples and to share duplicate
samples for verification purposes. MWRC to continue sampling
effluents in the area.
April 14. 1970
FWQA Great Lakes Region Basin Offices provided with a list
of chlor-alkali plants and asked to investigate as sources of
possible mercury pollution.
April 16, 1970
The Wyandotte Chemical Company was issued a court order to
cease discharges of mercury wastes In any form or amount. The plant
ceased operation of the mercury eel I room at 6:20 p.m.
7
-------
JL.J
April 21, 1970
Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel announced his
Department is initiating a massive campaign to clean up Lake Erie,
as a result of reports of lethal discharges of mercury Into the Lake
and Into the Detroit River which empties Into Lake Erie.
In a series of steps, Secretary Hickel announced taking the
following action:
An enforcement conference on Lake Erie will be reconvened
in Detroit, followed by enforcement v;orkshops in Toledo, Cleveland,
Lorain, Sandusky, and Ashtabula, Ohio; Erie, Pennsylvania; and
r
Lackawanna, New York.
~ The Secretary's special Investigative task force has been
assigned to obtain firsthand up-to-date data on the entire water
pollution problem in the Lake Erie watershed.
r **.-.. - =ป*=*O
-------
Jl:
Into positive action.- He also asked that the Task. Force assigned
to obtain firsthand up-to-date data on the entire water pollution
problem in Lake Erie and coordinate with Michigan, New York, Oh-Io
and Pennsylvania.
April 29, 1970
Prime Minister John P. Roberts of Ontario called a conference
for June to discuss pollution problems in Lake Erie. The Prime Minister
Invited the Prims Minister of Quebec and the Governors of Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and
Wisconsin.
April 30, 1970
- Governor Rockefeller of New York announced that the Department
of Agriculture and Markets began placing all fish caught commercially
In Lake Erie under seizure to" .protect consumers from mercury contamlna- .
tlon. The Department of Conservation advised sports fishermen against
eating fish taken from Lake Erie. This action was taken after analysis
of several New York fish samples showed levels of mercury In excess
of 0.5 ppm considered acceptable for sale by the Food and Drug Admin-
istration. The Governor announced that the State Health Department
also had tested drinking water taken from Lake Erie and that It had
been found fully safe for human consumption.
Staff members of the FWQA Great Lakes Region met with members
of the Secretary of the Interior's Task Force to develop plans for
action required to implement the Secretary's announcement of April 21.
Recommendations for appropriate, field investigations and research
projects v/ere developed for Headquarters' consideration.
-------
APPENDIX III
FWQA INVESTIGATIONS
1. Preliminary Report on the Mercury Survey in the
" St, Glair River to Lake Erie System
2. Miscellaneous Mercury Analyses in Lake Erie Basin
,. Preliminary Report on Mercury Investigations at
Detrex Chemicals Corporation, Ashtabu!a, Ohio
4. LakeJDnurio Basin Office Mercury Analyses - Water
-------
APPENDIX III
PRELIMINARY REPORT
ON THE
MERCURY SURVEY
IN THE
-ST. CIAIR RIVER TO LAKE ERIE SYSTEM
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
LAKE HURON BASIN OFFICE
May 1, 1970
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
INVESTIGATION OF WYANDOTTE CHEMICALS CORPORATION ' ' 4
WATER AND SEDIMENT SURVEY RESULTS ' 10
Lower St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair 11
Upper Detroit River 15
Lower Detroit River 19
Western Basin of Lake Erie 24
MERCURY-USING INDUSTRIES IN MICHIGAN ' 29
APPENDIX A 31
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
- -""' *","." "
*flge
Wyandotte Chemicals Waste Beds . 5a
Wyandotte Chemicals Temporary Treatment 8
April 16, 1970
2 Wyandotte Chemicals Temporary Treatment 9
April 20, 1970
3 Lake St. Clair-Lower St. Clair River 12
4 Upper Detroit River 16
5 Lower Detroit River . 20
6 Lake Erie 25
ii
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Number
SAMPLE ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR:
-
1 St. Glair River 13
2 Lake St. Clair 14
3 Upper Detroit River 17
4 Rouge River 18
5 Lower Detroit River .21
6 . Detroit River-Trenton Channel 22
t
7 Lake Erie ' 26
8 Raisin River 27
9 Maumee River 28
iii
-------
' I
EERCURY SURVEY IN THE ST. CIAIR RIVER TO LAKE ERIE SYSTEM
i
..... : .. . . ~T
Introduction
- ฉtis-rซport-hes-been-prepared -topresent the -information ^coi le c ted
and compiled to date by the Federal Water Quality Administration (FWQA),
Eake Huron Basin Office during the mercury investigations. The information
focuses on the main source of mercury in the U.S. water's of the Detroit
River, namely i the Wyandotte Chemicals South Works in Wyandotte, Michigan,
and-the -levels of mercury contamination in -the area between and including
the lower St. Clair River and western Lake Erie.
Summary and Conclusions
1. The FWQA-Lake Huron Basin Office in cooperation with the Michigan Water
Resources Commis'sion (MWRC) and other public agencies has conducted
surveys of mercury contamination in the waters and sediments between
and including the lower St. Clair River and western Lake Erie.
2. The Wyandotte Chemicals Corp. South Works is the major mercury user
in the U. S. portion of the survey area. The plant historically has
consumed about 80 Ibs/day of mercury and about 10-20 Ibs/day has been
discharging to the Detroit River.
\
3. On April 10, 1970, Wyandotte Chemicals placed into operation a treatment
system for their mercury wastes which reduced .the discharge of mercury
to about two Ibs/day. On April 26, 1970,. Wyandotte Chemicals diverted
all treated mercury wastes to a deepwell on Grosse lie from which brine
is obtained for their chlor-alkali process.
4. Sample analysis results indicate the following levels of mercury con-
tamination in the areas specified:
AREA MERCURY. LEVELS IN SEDIMENT
-- Xmg/kg dry weight;
Lower St. Clair River- Lake St. Clair Mercury in all samples less than
the lowest reliable, detectable
level.
Upper Detroit River Mercury levels range from less
(Headwaters to Grassy Island) detectable leyel
-------
4. (cont.)
AREA
Lpwer Detroit River
Trenton Channel
Main River
Northern Grosse lie
MERCURY LEVELS IN SEDIMENT
(mg/kg dry weight)
the head to 0.9-1.4 in backwater
areas along the U.S. shore above
the Rouge River and as high as
4.4 in* backwater areas below
.the Rouge.
In a narrow strip of about 20 to
100 feet' along the U.S. shoreline,
levels range from 86.0 to 5.4
within a mile below the Wyandotte
Chein. outfall and then vary from
27.0 to the detectable limit
downstream to Lake Erie depending
on the settling characteristics
of the specific point.
Levels in all but two samples in
the main lower river were below
the detectable level. Of the
two positive samples, the one near
the eastern shore of South
Fighting Island contains 1.2 mg/kg
and the one near the Canadian
shore at Lake Erie contains 0.6
mg/kg.
Levels in samples along the northern
part of Grosse lie, the area of
Wyandotte Chemicals waste beds
were all below the detectable
level.
-------
4. (cont.)
5.
6.
AREA
Western Lake Erie
Michigan Waters
-Ohio Waters
MERCURY LEVELS IN SEDIMENT
(mo/kg dry weight)
Levels near the Detroit Light
varied from 1.0 to 2.1 along
the Michigan shore all below
the detectable limit except
near LaPlaisance Bay where one
sample contained 0.8 rag/kg.
Four points near West Sisteri
Island have values ranging
from 1.6 to 2.1 rag/kg. Other
areas nearer to shore had values
less than the detectable limit.
Levels of 1.3 to 2.7 were recorded
at three points extending eastward
about 15 miles from the Detroit
Light and about 5 miles from the
Ontario shore. Points extending
to Pelee Island showed no detect-
able mercury.
The mercury in the waters of the study area were all below the lowest
detectable level except for one sample collected just below the
Wyandotte Chem. outfall, W23, and this level was only 0.03 mg/1.
Canadian Waters
Further surveys and analyses will be required to determine the depth of the
mercury contamination in the sediment, to refine and verify the levels of
contamination in and around areas where it has been found, to monitor the
levels over time as the discharges are eliminated, and to determine the
forms of mercury present.
-------
MERCURY SURVEY IN THE DETROIT RIVER AREA
*
Investigation of Wyondotte Chemicals Corp.
Following the discovery of mercury in fishes caught in Canadian
waters, the State of Michigan reviewed the mercury-using industries in the State
and found that the Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation of Wyandotte,
Michigan was a major user of mercury. The Michigan Water Resources
Commission, after consultations with the Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation
gave the following information to the Lake Huron Basin Office of the
Federal Water Quality Administration.
The mercury cell operation at Wyandotte consumes an average of
80 Ibs/day of mercury of which approximately 10-20 Ibs/day is discharged
to the river. Wyandotte Chemicals bases their estimate of 10-20 Ibs/day
on composite samples collected and composited for three 8-hour periods
each day. The pounds per day figures given for FWQA sampling generally
indicate higher values. However, FWQA conducted grab sampling operations
at the point of discharge to the river which are generally not directly
comparable with composite figures when there is variation in concentration
of waste throughout the day. It was also discovered from consultations
with Wyandotte Chemicals that concentration varies throughout the cross
section of the discharge flume. The Lake Huron Basin Office began
sampling the effluent from Wyandotte Chemical on March 27, 1970. The
results are given in the following table:
Effluent Samples By FWQA From Wyandotte Chemicals Corp.
. . (Outfall Code W23)
Mercury Content (mg/1 as Hg) Approx. Loading
Date Day ฃM PM (Ibs/day)
March 27 F .10 11
30 M .32 36
31 T .66 74
April 3 F .33 .23 , 31
6 M .24 .11 18
7 T .14 .40 30
8 W .11 .11 12
9 T .32 36
10 F .12 <.01 (effluent
from mercury cells
diverted to temporary
treatment pond at 1230)
-------
tfq/1 as Hg Approx.
,Day .AM PM Ibs/day
April 15 W .006 .026 1.8
11 16 T ^027 .<-005 (plant shutdown 1.4
by State of Michigan temp-
orary injunction at 1620)
11 .17 F .023 2.6
" 18 S <.005 . 0
11 19 S
-------
Figure la
ECORSE
ONTARIO
ECORSE RIVER
GRASSY
ISLAND
MICHIGAN
WYANDOTTE CHEMICALS
CORP. NORTH PLANT
SCALE IN FEET
CHHHKK
1000 0 IOOO 200O
WYANDOT7E
WYANOOTTE CHEMICAL
CORP. SOUTH PLANT
To Deep Well Disposal
After Apfril 26, 1970
I
Y/YANDOTT2 CHEMICALS
V/ASTE 3 EOS
Discharge to
Rivsr Prior
5a
-------
April 3: Wyandotte Chemicals was called into the Water Resources Commission
'office and proposed a system of treatment which was tentatively
approved by the State agency. Construction, began immediately.
They--blockedoff-the-efflttent-pipes -at -the -mercury -cell -and -in-
stalled temporarily above-ground piping system from that point
to a large concrete-lined containment area which had formerly
been used for storage of limestone. An earth dike was used to
form a reaction pond area at the south end of the pond, the re-
-*ซaiainder -of -the pond -being used as a settling-area. Weak cell
liquor was introduced to the pipeline to keep the pH above normal.
An estimated 600 gallons/minute of mercuric chloride waste from
the mercury cell was then discharged through the pipeline to a
baffled timber mixing box before discharge to the reaction pond.
... .NaHS and spent sulfuric acid were added at the mixing box before
discharge to the reaction pond. After about 6 hours retention in
the.jce^ction j)Qndj_the_effluent discharges through another mixing
box to the settling pond at which point cell liquor is added to
bring the pH to neutral. In the settling pond, mercuric sulfide
.Is precipitated which removes approximately 80-907ป of mercury.
The discharge from this pond was then discharged to a larger sewer
which contained, other wastes from the plant and then discharged
to the Detroit River.
April 10; This system was placed in operation. All waste from the mercury
cell was diverted into the pond system. There was no detectable
discharge to the river as indicated in the following table.
Mg/1 as Hg
Date Day' AM PM Approx. Ibs/day
April 13 M <.005 0
11 14 T <.005 <.005(pond filled, 0
~~treated~effluent dis-
charging to sewer at
1930)
April 15-16: Waste discharged to the river through the temporary treat-
ment system contained approximately 2 Ibs. of mercury/day.
-------
INSPECTION OF EMERGENCY FACILITIES AT WYANDOTTE CHEMICALS PLANT
April 16, 1970
L. B. O'Leary, Director of the Lake Huron Basin Office, Federal Water
Quality Administration and W. E. Denniston, District Engineer, Michigan
Water Resources Commission toured the mercury cell and waste treatment
operations of Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation accompanied by Mr. J. Hunter,
Waste Control Chemist of Wyandotte Chemicals.
The waste treatment operation for the effluent containing mercury is
shown on the accompanying sketches.
All waste from the mercury cell operation including floor drains is
intercepted before it reaches the river and pumped through temporary
above-ground piping systems to the waste pond.
The waste pond is a concrete-lined depression formerly used for
limestone storage. Earth dikes divide the pond into two areas; the smaller
portion in the south end of the pond is used as a reaction area, the re-
mainder is used as a settling pond.
The pond took longer than anticipated to fill indicating leakage.
Seams in the concrete were filled with asphalt compound and an area along
the west wall was covered with a clay blanket. These measures apparently
stopped the leakage problem. The company representative informed us that
under drains from the pond connect to the discharge flume at W23 and the
leaks were in the settling pond area so that even if leakage occurred it
would be treated effluent and would be measured at the same point as the
effluent from the pond.
Composite samples collected and analyzed by Wyandotte Chemicals on
three shifts at a point approximately 20 feet upstream in the waste flume
from the point sampled by FWQA at the point of discharge to the river are
as follows. Comparison with FWQA sampling for the same day is shown.
mg/1 as Hg
Approx.
Ibs/day
April 15 Wyandotte Chem. Composite .027 .014 .012 1.8
AM PM
FWQA Grab Samples .006 .027 1.8
-------
Figure 1
LAKE HURON BASIH OFFICE
SKETCH OF
WYANDOTTE' CHEMICALS
TEMPORARY MERCURY TREATMENT
'APRIL 16, 1970
No Scale
V/yandoffe Chemicals
t Temporary
/ Cone.
(r^ ^
A"\Pump
Mercury ^-Ternporar/^>
Abovo Surface-
Cell Pipeline '.
Building . j
'.
" *
o: i
Composite Sampling Pt.-y
Dam \
Lined Waste Flume 5, \
> II
\
;
k.
y >
_
r
-f
_
_
t
HI
"i
i
i
ง
,
\
V
. - *
t
*
"fjOutlet
.
7
&
1
Settling Pond
,
r
/^crf/h/ OPKe f f f f~\ ff
J j ,\^ x N x x * ^t-^1
' ' -^
Reaction Por.d
0
c
c
o
". o
cr
^
c
o
O
u
"o
u
0
0
H^-Conc. Lino<: ฐ
Limestone Storage ฃ
Pit (Abandoned) =-
FWQA
Sample Pt.
/ W23
? Discharge
"N I3.5MGD
*
0*
^1
ftป
Of
^N
1
^ "^
^ "<
^
3:
^ \
^
ง
>
-------
Figure 2
LAKE HURON BASIN OFFICE
SKETCH OF
WYANOOTTE CHEMICALS
TEMPORARY MERCURY TREATMENT
APRIL 20, 1970
No Scale
I Effuent Approximate
|2lb./day Hg
From Mercury Cell
600 GPM
20lb/day Hg
Weak Cell
Liquor Introduced
To Control pH
Temporary
Pipeline H
Setting Pond
lฃ to 2 days
Mercuric Sulfide
Precipitates,
t
Add NaHS
H2S04(Spont)-
\V\
Reaction Pond
6Hr
o
c>
c
0>
cr
o
e
o
-Add Weak Cell
Liquor to bring
pH to Nuetral
O
ฃ
SI
I
I
-------
Water and Sediment Survey Results
TheTederal Water Quality Administration (FWQA) Lake Huron Basin Office
(LHBO) initiated a water and sediment sampling and analysis program for
___-4nercury^dn-the_St._Clair_ฃiver_to lake-JErie system immediately after the
Canadian Government announced the fishing ban in Lake St. Glair on March 24,
1970. After establishing liaison with concerned Federal and State agencies,
x
the staff selected an analytical method for mercury described in E. B.
Sandell's "Colorimetric Metal Analysis." This method utilizes dithizone in
^chloroform for color line trie determination.
Sample collections were made by LHBO assisted by Michigan Water Resources
Commission (MWRC) personnel aboard the two 21-foot LHBO outboard patrol boats;
and, for deepwater areas of Lake Erie, the LHBO 42-foot laboratory boat -
BLUE WATER. All samples were returned to the LHBO laboratory on the day of
collection. Most samples have been split with the MWRC for duplicate analysis
by State laboratories.
Water samples were collected in % gallon glass bottles using a
surface grab-sampler. Sediment samples are obtained by use of either a
Fetersen dredge or a drag line sampler. These devices penetrate the bottom
of a depth of about % foot. Physical properties such as odor, color, general
composition of the bottom materials were recorded.
10
-------
Lower St. Clair River and Lake St. Glair:
Sampling of the St. Clair River commenced on March 26 with collection
of four sediment and six water samples at ranges near Marine City and
Algonac. Eight additional sediment samples were collected from the mouth
to Marine City on April 30. Three days were devoted to sampling Lake St.
Clair - April 15, 21, and 22. The effort was devoted to the U.S. waters
near shore, Anchor Bay, and the discharge area of the St. Clair River.
The results of the chemical analysis for mercury on these samples are
tabulated on Table l&2and the s.ampling points and indication of the mercury
levels in sediments are shown on Figure 3.
The levels of mercury in the sediments are below the reliable, detectable
t-
limit of 0.5 mg/kg wet weight, although traces of mercury were indicated
in most of the Lake St. Clair samples.
11
-------
Figure 3
ST. CLA/ff-
<0.5 V/5t Weight Mg/Kg
(Varies rVom <0.6 to
-------
Table 1
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample Analysis Results
St. Clair River
Sample
Collection
Date
. 1970
3/26
it
it
it
it
it
4/30
ii
it
ii
ii
ii
it
Location
Ft. from
River Mile U.S. Shore
10.
10.
10.6
17.5
17.
17.
.4
.6
.5
.5
35.4
33.
31.
29.
27.
23.
21.
Mercury Content
Sediment (mg/kg)
Wet Basis Dry Basis
19.5
20
1850
4120
20
1500
2700
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
.< 0.5
Water
(mg/1)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
13
-------
Table 2
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample Analysis Results
Lake St. Clair
Sample
Collection
-Date
1970
4/15
it
it
ii
it
ii
it
4/21
n
ii
ii
ii
4/22
M
ii
n
n
n
n
. . _
Location
. Grid Coordinates
--'
18. 8H
3.8N
13. 5N
16. 5N
16. 6N
18. 7N
20. ON
0.4N
1.8N
-3.2N
5.5N
7.5N
6.8N
11. 2N
11. 6N
13. 9N
. 17. 8N
21. 7N
21. 5N
10. 6E
4.3E
9.9E
10. OE
7.6E
8.6E
11. 9E
0.4W
LIE
1.7E
2.5E
2.3E
7. IE
11. 2E
2.9E
4.8E
6.6E
9.6E
f 13. 4E
Mercury Content
Sediment fag/kg)
Wet Basis Dry Basis
<0.5
,5
,5
,5
,5
.5
.5
.5
.5
,5
,5
.5
.5
,5
,5
.5
,5
Water
(mg/1)
< 0.005
0.5
14
-------
Upper Detroit River: o .
(Lake St. Glair to Grassy Island)
Sampling of the upper Detroit River and lower Rouge River began
*
on March 26 and continued on for five days to April 24. Sixteen sediment
and 6 water samples were obtained as indicated on Tables 3 & 4 and
and on Figure.4. The mercury was detected in sediments along the U.S.-
shoreline in boat ramps and other backwater areas. Values ranged from
below the detectable level near the headwaters to 4.4 mg/kg below the
Rouge. Levels in sediments around Grassy Island and upper Fighting
Island were all below the detectable limit.
15
-------
Figure 4
MICH I G A N
.JJ-E.T R 0 I T
<0.5 Wet Weight Mg/Kg
(Varies from <0.6 to -<:l.5
"Mg/Kg Dry Weight)
ฉ6.0 Dry Weight Mg/Kg
HP20 Mile Points
SCALE IN MILES
LAKE HURON BASIN OFFICE
MERCURY BOTTOM SEDIMENT SURVEY
UPPER DETROIT RIVER
APRIL 1970
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
rEOERAL WATER QUALITY AOMINISTRATION
9REAT LAKES REGION OROSSE ILE HICHIOAN
16
-------
Table 3
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample Analysis Results
Upper Detroit River
(upstream from the Rouge River)
Sample
Collection
Date
1970
3/26
3/30
ii
ii
it
4/14
4/23
ii
it
ii
ii
it
"
ii
Location
River Mile
26.8
30.8
30.8
30.7
30.7
29.3
30.8
29.4
27.4 '
26.2
25.7
23.8
22.3
21.1
Feet from
U.S. Shore
I
700
500
1000
500
980
1600
0
0
3300
2300
0
100
0
0
Mercury Content
Sediment (mg/kg) Water
Wet Basis Dry Basis (mg/1)
< 0.5 < 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
0.6 ' 0.9
< 0.5
0.9 1.2
0.5 0.7
0.6 1.2
0.7 1.4
17
-------
Tafcle 4
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample Analysis Results
"Rouge River . "
Sample ' . Mercury Content
-Collection - . Sediment (mg/kg) Water
Date River Mile Wet Basis Dry Basis (mg/1)
1970
-3/26 1.1 < 1.0 < 0.01
4/23 .3 Old Channel < 0.5
11 1.5 Old Channel < 0.5
4/24 1.8 < 0.5
" 3.1 < 0.5
11 .1 < 0.5
18
-------
Lower Detroit River:
(Grassy Island to mouth) ;
In the portion of the Detroit River from Grassy Island to the mouth
at Lake Erie, 78 sediment and 23 water samples were collected between
March 26 and April 16 as shown in Tables 5 and 6.and Fig.5.The highest
levels of mercury occurred in the bottom muds of the Trenton Channel
below the Wyandotte Chemicals Corp. South Works in a narrow strip of
\
from 20 to 100 feet along the western shore. Levels along the east shore .
of the channel near Grosse lie are less than the detectable limit of
0.5 mg/kg. Mercury in the sediments indicates that the Wyandotte Chemicals
mercury discharge hugs the western shore of the Trenton Channel depositing
mercury in the bottom muds along shore. No mercury deposits were found
around Wyandotte Chemicals waste beds located on the northern tip of
Grosse lie.
-/it
Mercury contamination in sediments was found along shore as far as
Lake Erie . In addition to high values near Wyandotte Chemicals, one
sample with 26.0 mg/kg dry weight was found at the northern tip of Horse
Island at mile point 6.7.
Of the four samples collected at the southern end of Fighting Island,
one contained 1.2 mg/1 mercury and the others contained trace amounts, but
all below the detectable limit. Wyandotte Chemicals waste lagoons are
located on Fighting Island. ...
The only mercury detected in four samples in Canadian sediments
was near the shore at mile point 3.9.
As indicated i.n the tables, the levels of mercury in all water
samples but one were below the detectable limit of 0.01 mg/1. One sample
collected 300 feet downstream from Wyandotte Chemicals outfall W-23
contained 0.03 mg/1. The effluent is diluted by Detroit River water so
that mercury is not detectable further downstream from the discharge
point.
19
-------
Figure 5
M IC H I G A N
ซ
WYANOOTTE
. FOR THIS AREA SEE
UARGER SCALE MAP
THIS DWG.
<0.5 Wet Weight Mg/Kg
(Vories from <0.6 to
-------
Table 5
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample analysis Results
Lower Detroit River
"Xbelbw "the" mouth of the Rouge River
excluding the Trenton Channel)
\ Sample
Collection
Date
1970
3/27
it
it
it
it
3/30
it
-^4/6
4/8
it
it
it
it
it
4/14
it
it
it
ii
ii
it
ii
4/16
ii
M
it
it
M
ii
n
Location
River Mile
13.5
13.3
8.4
3.9
3.9
3. ,9
:3,'9
5.9
14.2
13.7
13.3
12.7
15.3
16.0
14.6
16.0
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.7
18.1
19.0
16.3
14.8
13.5
13.6
15.3
17.1
16.0
15.4
Ft. from
U.S. Shore
9400
8850
17,700
15,000
19,000
15,000
19,000
13,500
1400
2100
2400
3200
1500
2300
1300
5500
500
0
2900
1000
0
0
9950
8200
7200
7700
4300
2500
3700
1000
JMercury Content
Sediment (mg/kg)
Wet Basin Dry Basis
< 1.0
< 0.5
< 0.5
<0.5
0.5 0.6
< 1.0
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
< 0.5
1.1 4.4
<0.5
0.7 2.0
0.5 1.7
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
< 0.5
0.7 1.2
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Water
(mg/1)
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
;
21
-------
Table 6
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample Analysis Results
Detroit River-Trenton Channel Area
Sample
Collection
/Date
I 1970
3/26
3/27
... it
it
it
n
it
3/30
it
V
3/31
n
it
4/1
n
n
it
ii
n
n .
n
it
; * n
it
n
n
4/3
M
ii
ii
n
n
*
n
n
M
n
Location
River Mile
8.7
13.1
13.4
13.2
12.4
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
13.2'
13.1
13.3
13.4
13.4
13.2
13.2
13.1
13.1
13.1
12.4
12.4
12.4
12.4
13.9
12.0
13.2
13.1
12.4
13.3
12.8
12.0
11.3
10.5
9.8
8.7
Feet from
U.S. Shore
80
20
20
20
20
2500
6500
2500
6500
20
20
20
20
100
20
100
20
100
200
20
200
800
1000
0
0
20
20
20
20
20
20
50
50
50
80
Sediment
Wet Basis
<1.0
28.0
13.0
10.0
4.0
4.9
< 0.5
. 2.0
< 2.0
5.0
< 2.0
25.0
6.0
< 2.0
4.0
< 2.0
< 2.0
< 2.0
< 2.0
6.0 .
Mercury Content
(mg/kjO
Dry Basis
86.0
21.0
16.0
8JO
11.0
3.0
7.0
82.0
10.0
10.0
14.0
)
Wateri
(mg/r>
<0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
22
-------
Table 6
MERCURY SURVEY '
Sample Analysis Results " . \
Detroit River-Trenton Channel Area (cont.)
Sample Location Mercury Content
Collection Feet from Sediment (mg/kg) Water
/"Date River Mile U.S. Shore Wet Basis Dry Basis (mg/1)
I 1970
4/6
11
n
n
it
n
n
4/7
n
n
4/8
n
n
4/16
4/17
n
n
n
4/24
4/26
ii
n
n
it
n
n
8.7
. 8.7
10.2
7.9
5.4
4.7
5.8
12.0 .
7.6
6.7
6.3
6.3
11.6
12.0
12.5
12.8
13.4
8.6
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.3
8.3
13.0
13.0
12.9
12.8
12.7
12.6
,12.5
13.2
80
1240
0
300
600
6200
7200
20
100
150
1200
3400
1150
1850
1850
1500
850
600
100
1000
2000
3000
150
0
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.9
< 1.0
2.8
1.7
2.2
< 1.0
< 1.0
7.1
1.0
11.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
0.9
0.9
0.6
< 0.5
< 0.5
1.5
< 0.5
< 0.5
4.9
12.0
9.7
2.4
5.6
4.3
5.7
5.0
4.3
2.6
4.6
15.0
1.3
26.0
1.2
3.0
0.8
2.3
16.0
27.0
20.0
5.4
14.0
9.5
8.1
23
-------
Western Basin of Lake Erie - Including the Raisin and Maumee Rivers:
The sampling of Lake Erie began on April 6, 1970 with bottom
sediments collected at two (2) stations .near the mouth of the Huron River
(Figure 5 ) From April 6 to April 27, 44 bottom sediment stations
were sampled. Samples were collected in western Lake Erie west of Felee
Island with the majority .of samples collected near the mouths of Michigan
tributaries. Based on the reliable, detectable limit of 0.5 mg/kg wet
f
weight, mercury was found at 16 of the 44 stations, although traces were
found at most of the other stations. (See Table 7.)
The Raisin River was sampled on 2 different dates at 3 stations.
Traces of mercury were found; however, all results were below the reliable,
detectable limit, Table 8 ,
The Maumee River was sampled on April 17 at 6 stations, and traces
of mercury'found at most stations; however,-all results were below the
reliable, detectable limit, Table 9 .
The .16 stations, where mercury was found, are located in the deepwater
areas of the western basin of Lake Erie from the mouth of the Detroit River
southward and eastward. Since shoreline and minor tributary do not show
appreciable amounts of mercury, the Detroit River appears to be the principal
source with mercury being deposited in the deeper quiescent parts of the
lake.
24
-------
Figure 6
u
o
^
Ik
0
-Z
ซ
<
a
z
0
ce
3
X
III
X
<
_l
JURVEY
V*
H
SEDlMEK
ซ
ซr-
0
i-
t-
o
CD
>
a
o
o
1*
HZ
ฃ1
-a-*
s >
ซ. j-
ซ 3
I
*
<
0
X
o
I
J
u
ซ
CO
o
e
a
*-<
z
111
z
1-
JK
ฃ
u
a
u
3
V
\
3
O
a
tel
t-
<
>
^
dc
u
o
u
Ih
t
s.
o
e
u
0
<*
u
K
<
J
H
U
a
25
'/ :-
-------
Table 7
;
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample Analysis Results
#.
Lake Erie
*
i
Sample Mercury Content
Collection
Date
1970
4/6
ii .
4/7
II
II
II
4/10
n
it
4/14
4/15
n
n
4/25
' n
4/27
n
n
n
Location
Grid Coordinates
2.2N
2. ON
0.7N
O.ON
1.3S
2. OS
2.9S
3.7S
2.8S
4.3S
5. OS
5.4S
9.6S
17. 4S
0.5N
5. IS
8.7S
9.4S
10. 7S
18. 2S
17. 4S
11. 2S
1.3S
4.3S
8.6S
14. 8 S
21. 3S
23. 6S
24. 8 S
6. OS
10. OS
14. OS
14. OS
20. OS
20.0S
24. OS
2.4N
0.3N
4.0S
4. OS
4. OS
14. OS
20. OS
16. OS
2.6W'
2.4W
1.3W
0.6W
4.2W
3.2W
2.2W
4.8W
5.8W
8.3W
6.4W
9.5W
11. 6W
0.4E
3.2E
2.0W
3.8E
5.7W
6.7E
12. OW
5.8W
10. 3W
2.9W
4.9W
8.1W
13. 1W
7.1W
3.5W
1.2E
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.0E
0.0
8.0E
14. OE
0.4E
O.OE
8.0E
14. OE
20. OE
' 20. OE
20. OE
14. OE
Sediment
Wet Basis
< 1.0
< 1.0
1.0
1.0
-------
-------
; -Table 8
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample Analysis Results
River Raisin
Sample Mercury Content
Collection Location . Sediment (mg/kg) Water
Date Grid Coordinates River Mile Wet Basis Dry Basis (mg/1)
1970
4/10 7.6S 9.8W -0.5 < 0.5
3/30 Consolidated Paper(S) W154 1.7 < 0.5 < .01
3/30 Mason.Jlun at Ford Bridge 1.3-0.1 < 0.5 < .01
W171
27
r
-------
\
Table 9
MERCURY SURVEY
Sample Analysis Results
_Maumee River ' '
""'- *- -"^"- - l ^ ซ
Sample Mercury Content
Collection Location Sediment fag/kg) Water
Date Grid Coordinates River Mile Wet Basis Dry Basis (mg/1)
1970
4/17 0.5 < 0.5
11 0.0 < 0.5
" 2.1 < 0.5
11 5.1 < 0.5
6.9 < 0.5
11 19.6S 14.5W < 0.5
28
-------
Mercury-Usin% Industries in Michigan
As a follow-up to the initial mercury survey in the St. Clair-Lake
Erie system, the following information was obtained from the Michigan Water
Resources C6nmissidn~oir industries""uTirig mercury in Michigan.
~C"& M Pharmical, Inc.
.1519 E. 8 Mile Rd.,
Hazel Park, Mich. 48203
Carrier-Stephens Co.
""221 Depot St.
Lansing, MI 48903
-J)eterich Standard Corp.
_Ellison Instrument Div.
Box 96, New Buffalo, MI 47119
G. A. Ingram Co.
4444 Woodward Ave.,
Detroit, MI 48201
General Electric Co.
Metallurgical Products Dept.
Edmore, MI 48829
General Motors Corp.
AC Sparkplug Div.
1300 N. Dart Highway
Flint, MI 48506
H. 0. Trerice
1749 -Lafayette Blvd.
Detroit, MI 48216
Harry W. Dietert Co.
9330 Roselawn Ave.
Detroit, MI 4ป204
~Madison Dental Supply Co.
15888 Wyoming
Detroit, MI 4823.8
Detroit Edison Co.
"2000 Second Ave.
Detroit, Mi. 48202
Firm states they have not purchased mercury
in nine years.
Buys 100 Ibs/year. Repackage operations -
sold to hospitals and used for gages.
Uses 50 Ibs/year. Used to make permeability
testing equipment.
80 Ibs/year. Manufactures barometers for
doctors and sells glass vials and 1-ounce
capsules to doctors.
Discharge stopped by order of MWRC on 4/16/70.
No mercury in manufacturing - only used in
laboratory equipment; Central Foundry -
only in lab. equipment.
Manufactures pressure gages and equipment -
uses about 1,000 Ibs/year.
Uses about 50 Ibs/year testing equipment and
gages.
About 100 Ibs/year - repackage and sell
to dentists.
Gages, etc.
29
-------
Dow Chemical Co. No consumption of mercury in Michigan
Midland, MI 48640 plants. Used for gages, seals, etc.
(Small mercury cell was in operation at
Midland during 1950's -no longer operating.
1HBO)
W. R. Grace & Co. Repackages and sells to dentists.
Veratex Div.
18610 Fitzpatrick
Detroit," MI 48228
Wyandotte Chemical Co. 30,000 Ibs/year (see report).
Wyandotte, MI 48193
Upjohn Co. Use in laboratory gages
Kalamazoo, MI 49003
Fish Division of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources does
not use mercury compounds for treating fish disease.
Every paper mill in Michigan was checked; two mills use mercury in
surfacing compound about 2 Ibs/year loss.
Repackaging, gage building, etc., are not thought to involve anything
but very minor losses.
Spot checks by the FWQA of other waste discharges from Chrysler Corp.,
Monsanto, Pennwalt Chemicals, Wyandotte Chemicals (other than outfall W-23)
Consolidated Paper revealed nodetectable mercury levels.
30
-------
APPENDIX A
Lake Huron Basin Office
Analytical Method for Mercury
in .
Sediments and Water
31
-------
MERCURY METHOD
Bottom Sediment Samples
Reference: "Colorimetric Metal Analysis" by E. B. Sandell, pages 621-639,
Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1959, 3rd Edition.
Equipment; All glassware should be Hg cleaned with concentrated HNO,.
Distilled water used throughout the procedure should be
double distilled.
1. Erlenmeyer flask (24/40) - 300 ml or equivalent.
2. 300 to 500 mm west condenser to fit above flasks (24/40).
3. Medium porosity sintered glass crucibles (Buchner Type).
4. Volumetric pipettes, flasks, etc. as required.
5. Additional equipment as in procedure for water samples.
Reagents;
1. Concentrated H-SO,.
2. 50% H20 (use 307, H QZ if 50% not available).
3. 3% KMnO, solution (3 g. KMnO,diluted to 100 ml).
4. 20% hydroxylamine hydrochloride - 20 g. NH-OH-HCl diluted to 100 ml
(extract with dithizone solution (.001%) Before using).
t
. 5. IM NaCl solution (58.44 g. NaCl diluted to 1 1.).
6. Additional reagents as in procedure for water samples.
Procedure;
1. Weigh 5 g. of the bottom sediment sample into a 300 ml erlenmeyer flask.
2. Add 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. Attach West condenser
and turn on cooling water.
3. Add 30% hydrogen peroxide dropwise through the condenser with
swirling. Continue adding peroxide until the solution becomes
colorless or pale yellow, or until two drops at once cause no
further reaction.
32
-------
-^Procedure: (cont'd) . . - '
4. Heat the flask gently for 20 minutes, continuing to add peroxide; boil
foiLJLjninutes.^after -the. J.ast .addition.
5. Cool the flask (finally in a water bath) and add 15 ml of water. Mix
and cool again.
6. Add the 3% potassium permanganate solution to a red coloration.
7.. Rinse the condenser into the flask with water.
8. Remove the excess permanganate with 6 ml. of the 20% hydroxylamine
hydrochloride solution.
9. After 15 minute-s,filter the sample through a medium porosity sintered
glas's crucible and dilute the filtrate to 200 nil into a volumetric
flask with 1M NaCl solution.
10. "Take a suitable aTiquot of the solution (usually 200 ml) and dilute
to 500 ml with water.
11. Proceed from this point as in the procedure for water samples, Step 2.
12. Percent solids should be found on all samples so that dry basis
concentration can be calculated.
Calculation;
pg/kg Hg = O.D. x 1000 x ug/O.D. (factor from Standards) x dilution factor
wet basis g. sample
pg/kg Hg = ^ig/kg Hg wet basis x 100
% solids
Reporting of Values;
1. From 3/26 to 4/11/70, thd lowest reported values were 2, 1, and 0.5
mg/kg; values were dependent on optical density, aliquot of sample and
other factors.
-2.After 4/11/70,-the lowest reported-value was 0.5 mg/kg because of
standardized conditions such as amount of sample (5 g.) and aliquot
of sample (200 ml), and increased sensitivity.
33
-------
MERCURY METHOD
Water Samples (Dithizone Method)
Reference: "Colorimetric Metal Analysis," by E. B. Sandell. Pages 621-639.
" Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1959, 3rd Edition.
Equipment (all glassware rinsed in cone. HNO_)
/
U Liter separatory funnels.
I
2. Volumetric pipettes (2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, and. 100 mis).
. 3. Volumetric flasks (50, 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 mis).
4. Graduate cylinders (50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 mis).
, 5. 30 ml test tubes.
6. Spectrophotometer with 10 mm cells.
Reagents
1. Dithizone working solution, 0.001% (w/v) in analytical-reagent chloroform.*
Make up fresh daily.
a. Make up a stock Dithizone (.1%) solution (.50 g. of Dithizone diluted
to 500 ml with chloroform) - keep refrigerated. (Stable for one month.)
b. 0.001% solution - take 5 ml from stock and dilute to 500 ml with
chloroform.
2. Standard mercury solution (keep refrigerated).
a. Weigh 1.354 g. mercuric chloride.
b.' Dissolve and dilute to 1000 ml with IN H-SO, (Sol. A); 1.00 ml =
1000 ^g Hg. * *
3. Working mercury solution (make up fresh daily); 1.00 ml = 1 pg Hg.
a. Dilute 5 ml of standard solution (Sol. A) to 500 ml with IN H SO,
(Sol. B) ; 1 ml = 10 jig Hg L *
b. Dilute 50 ml from Sol. B to 500 ml with IN H SO (Sol. C);
1 ml = 1 /ag Hg
*Chloroform should be of highest purity and should be purchased in
glass containers.
34
-------
.J
Reagents (cont.)
A. 6N Acetic Acid (341 ml glacial acetic acid diluted to 1L with distilled
water).
5. IN H2SO, (28 ml cone. H SO, diluted to 1L with distilled water).
6.| Cone.-H SO,.
7.' Chloroform
Procedure
1. Dilute to 500 ml, blank and standards(2, 5, and 10 fig Hg in 500 ml H_0),
and pour into 1 "liter separatory funnel.
2. Measure an appropriate sized sample, dilute to 500 ml and pour into liter
separatory funnel (any residual chlorine must be removed from sample by
.adding sodium sulfite on a neutralized sample - described in BOD procedure
- Standard Methods).
3. Add to each separatory funnel:
a. 14 ml cone. H SO (for bottom sediments, 4 ml if 200 nl aliquot is
used).
b. 40 ml 6N acetic acid.
4. Let cool, then add 5 ml chloroform.
5. Shake the funnels for one minute.
6. Allow to stand until layers separate and carefully withdraw the
chloroform layer and discard.
7. Add exact.ly 10 ml 0.001% dithizone and shake vigorously for one minute. |
8. Insert a small amount of cotton into the funnel stem and carefully
withdraw the dithizone into clean, dry test tubes. fc
9. Read, as soon as possible, at 500 mu on a spectrophotometer with
a 10mm light path. j
Calculation t
jug/1 Hg = O.D. x 1000 x jag/O.D. (factor from Standards) x dilution factor.
ml sample
Reporting of Values:
From 3/26 to 4/11/70, the lowest reported value was .01 mg/1
From 4/13/70, with increased sensitivity the lowest reported value was .005 mg/1.
35 .
-------
APPENDIX III
MISCELLANEOUS MERCURY ANALYSES IN
LAKE ERIE BASIN
As a part of Its mercury Investigations In the Lake Erie Basin,
the FWQA Lake Erie Basin Office has been analyzing bottom sediments
from the lower portions of south shore tributaries and from the lake
bottom. The purpose Is to assist the Basin Office In setting prior-
ities for further testing In areas where contamination may exist.
The following tabulations include all sediment tests to date (4/29/70)
and tests on water except those made in the area of the Detrex Chem-
ical Corp. plant. Detrex analyses have been listed In a special
report on that plant.
At the Lake Erie Basin Office the lower limit of sensitivity on
sediment mercury analyses is considered to be 10 mg/kg and on water
analyses 10 yg/l. The sensitivity is not considered sufficient for
mercury analyses and further refinement of methods is being attempted.
The Ohio Department of Health reports that analyses of 17 intakes
In Lake Erie have revealed less than I ppb of mercury In each and
every case.
-------
LAKE ERIE BASIN OFFICE
MERCURY ANALYSES - SEDIMENT
Station No. Location Date Mercury*
mg/kg
I 1
s
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
0.53 ml. Portago RIvor (Rt. 2 bridge) *
-
0.0 ml. Sandusky River
Tributaries emanating from NASA-PIumbrook
PB-I (Plum Brook)
PB-2 (No Name Creek)
PB-3 (East Branch, Pipe Creek)
0.61 ml'. Black River (Rt. 2 bridge)
8.13 ml. Rocky River
10.0 mi. Rocky River (NASA - Brookpark)
4.27 mi. Cuyahoga River (Norfolk i Western
RR bridge)
C33-8 (100 ft. North of Easterly STP outfall)
D24-I (50 ft. North of E. 222nd St - Babbitt
t
4/14 . <|0
t
t
4/14 j
-------
LAKE ERIE BASIN OFFICE (cont'd)
MERCURY ANALYSES - SEDIMENT
Station No.
c-
-jj
19 :
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Location
G33-I2 (20 ft. north of Detrex-LInde
lakefront outfall)
G33-I3 (80 ft. north of Detrex-LInde
lakefront outfal 1)
123-2 (6 ml. north of Ashtabula)
H34-2 (6,600 ft., 38ฐT from Detrex-
LInde outfall)
H34-I (7,000 ft., 35ฐT from Detrex-
LInde outfall)
H33-7 (5,600 ft., 20ฐT from Detrex- '
LInde outfall)
5,000 ft. north of Detrex-LInde outfall
(H33-8) *
3 ml., 56ฐT from Detrex-LInde outfall
(H34-5)
4-3/4 ml., 6IฐT from Detrex-LInde
outfall (H34-6)
2 miles ENE of Conneaut (H36-20)
Mouth of Ashtabula River (A-4)
0.96 miles Ashtabula River (A-3)
600 ft. north of mouth of Grand River
. (G-5)
0.50 miles Grand River (G-4)
Mouth of Black River (B-4)
1.0 miles Black River (B-3)
Date
4/20
4/23
4/20
4/23
4/22
4/22
4/22
A/22
' 4/23
4/23
4/23
4/24
4/28
4/28
4/28
4/28
4/28
.4/28
Mercury*
mg/kg
-------
LAKE ERIE BASIN OFFICE (coneI'd)
MERCURY ANALYSES - SEDIMENT
Station No. Location Date Mercury*
mg/kg
i
34 37-1/4 ml., 7ฐT from Cleveland (123-1)
Core length
0-4 Inches " 8/20/69 .M '! 1*111 I in ill ... ii mi -.. ! .11. i p.ป; ....,
10 mg/kg is the lowest sensitivity of test
-------
LAKE ERIE BASI'N OFFICE
MERCURY ANALYSES - WATER
Station No. Location Date Mercury*
I . ' mg/l
~
12. Diamond Shamrock, Palnesvllle
Influent 4/10 <.OI
Hydro discharge to Grand River 4/10 .01
North sewer to Lake Erie 4/10 <.OI
14 1.59 ml. Ashtabula River (Norfolk & 4/17 <.OI
Western RR bridge)
15 1.95'ml. Fields Brook (Columbus Rd. 4/17 <.OI
bridge)
* .01 mg/l is the lowest sensitivity of test
7
-------
-------
APPENDIX III
liaLMBRCURX. INVESTIGATIONS .AT
EETBEX CHEMICAL CORPORATION, ASHTABULA, OHIO
_ -J^1-2?' 197ฐ -4
I
' .JETREX PROCESS OPERATIONS |
Detrex employs the mercury cell in the production of caustic soda
-^-(KaOH)-and-ch]jorine. - In this, process "brine is decomposed in an elec-
trolysis cell which utilizes mercury as the cathode and graphite as the
!
anode. Chlorine collects at the anode and is led vith slight vacuum to
the outlet end (upper portion) of the cell. Sodium immediately forms
--an amalgam with the mercury, the mercury "being placed in a thin -layer
at the "bottom of the cell.
The "basic reactions involved are:
2 Had ป 2 Na+ + 2 Cl"
2 Cl" * Cl2 + 2e (at graphite anode)
2 Na+ + 2e * 2 Na (at mercury cathode)
Through an opening at the "bottom of the electrolysis cell, the sod-
ium amalgam is directed to a scrub"ber-like tower (decomposer) where de-
composition of the sodium amalgam takes place. The amalgam is intro-
duced from a"bove, through a series of graphite packings. . Water is intro-
duced from "below and rises counter-current to the amalgam. The amalgam
decomposition is affected "by the formation of a large number of short
circuited cells in which the amalgam and graphite are electrodes and the
__ generated .caustic ,solution__is Jthe electrolyte. The. reaction which takes
place is:
2 Na (amalgam) + 2 HgO -ป 2 NaOH + K
-------
The mercury which is released from the amalgam collects at the "bottom of.
the decomposer vhere it is withdrawn "by a mercury pump and returned to
' *i
the electrolysis cell. Hydrogen gas, along with traces of mercury vapor,
t
is drawn off through a vent at the top of the decomposer and the caustic
* *
solution flows through an exit on the side near the top, as shown in the
diagram. Some trace mercury contaminated hydrogen is sold to linde
Welding. The remainder is vented to the atmosphere through steam. Steam
minimizes the possibility of fire and explosion.
DECOMPOSER
H9 PUMP .. ..-...: i
'
," SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM O?A WIERCURYCELU"''.'
from Blaw-Knox Company -
"The Olin Mathieson Mercury Cell Process"
1963 Form No. 2723 3M
2
-------
. .__MERCUE3f JLOSSES
According to Detrex at the time of the present investigation (l)
there ~liaa"T)een ricTchahge ~ in~fece"nt~weeks~ in the amount of mercury .
_JLlost in the ,Chlor-A3kali process, _(2) the present loss rate is repre-
1-sentative of mercury losses since 19&3, snd (3) mercury analyses of
the discharge effluent have, in the past, "been made approximately
~*~once"per month.
Detrex mercury purchases for electrolysis cell make-up, according
- . to the plant manager, amount to 8-10 flasks per month. One flask of
mercury is equivalent to f6 Ibs. of mercury (mercury is 13.5 times as
heavy as vater). Detrex claims that all the ^60 Ibs. of monthly make-up
mercury does not find its way to receiving waters - they claim some of
it-is pilfered "because of its high market value (Ketail $23 per Ib. -
.Detrex $7 per Ib.).
Since March 4, 1970 Detrex has been making frequent analyses for
mercury in its waste discharge, sampling at the mouth of a multiple
industry used waste water drainage ditch (station No. b, attached map).
Beginning April 17, the Lake Erie Basin Office has sampled daily several
sites in the Detrex vicinity including station No. kt a station (No. 2)
in the ditch just below Detrex containing only that company's discharges,
and a station (No. l) at the Detrex sump effluent. The sump effluent
is probably the source of most if not all present mercury discharge.
Table 1 lists all the jaercury analyses to date of samples from the
above three stations.
-------
TABLE 1
MERCURY ANALYSES OF DETREX EFFLUENT AMD RECEIVING WATERS
Date
3-4-70
3-13-70
3-18-70
3-25-70
4-3-70
4-6-70
4-7-70
4-8-70
4-9-70
4-10-70
4-17-70
4-18-70
4-19-70
4-20-70
4-21-70
4-22-70
4-23-70
Sta. No. 4
Ditch mouth
mg/1 Ibs/day**
0.02
0.02
0.34
<0.02
0.07
0.11
0.04
0.01*
0.29*
0.01*
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
3.9
3.9
66.2
<3.9
13.5
21.4
7.8
1.9
56.4
1.9
<1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
<1.9
Sta. No. 2 Sta. No. 1
Ditch "below Detrex Sump effluent
mg/1 Ibs/day*** mg/1 lbs/dฃ
*
0.13 3.5
0.34 9.1 0.07 1.0
0.04 1.1 0.02 0.3
0.14 3.7 o.ll 1.6
0.06 1.7 0.09 1.3
0.06 1.7 0.05 0.7
0.04 l.i 0.05 0.7
o.o4 1.1 0.07 i.o
Underlined or.33.y23s "by Eatrex; all othsrs "by LEBO
* Data-obtained from Detrex on 4-I7-70J daฅa r@peFtง^ งงp|l@p
by Detrex did not Includo 4-9-70 analyses and showed <0,OI mg/1
for-4-8^nd 4-10-70.
** Loadings "based upon 23.3 rcgd ditch flow which includes flow from
Detrex, Linde Welding, and Linde Air.
*** Loadings "based upon 3.34 mgd from Detrex only.
*#** Loadings-"based upon 1.67 ffigd from Cetrex sunp effluent only
ฃ of Detrex total flow)
-------
Data collected by the Lake Erie Basin Office on April 10 and later
TTable I)'Indicate" that discharges to the" lake "have", 'In ~f act, been sig-
nificantly reduced. Loadings which had previously ranged up to 66 Ibs/
day have been reduced to less than 2 Ibs. per day. However, simultaneous
data from the ditch at station No. 2 and at the sump effluent (station
.No. I) Indicate that mercury still continues to be discharged by Detrex.
The .data from.station No. _2,jyhich one would expect to show Intermediate
values between those of the sump effluent and the ditch mouth, were In
-most cases the highest. The anomaly Is tentatively explained as being
the result of the sampling technique which most likely Included some of
Jtie "f_luffy" ^sediment from the very shallow ditch waters. The compara-
tively low concentrations and loadings In the ditch mouth waters Indicate
that much of the mercury has been settling out in the ditch between
Detrex and the lake. Sediment analyses at station No. 2 (see Table 2)
^how that the ditch sediments do contain significant amounts of mercury.
AM mercury in water discharged from the ditch, according to the
Ohio Department of Health, Is attributable to Detrex since LInde Air
and Linde Welding do not use or store mercury on the premises. Analyses
of Linde Air and Linde Welding effluents, as listed in Table 2, support
-that assumption.
Three plants discharge to the waste drainage ditch. The names of
those plants and their average flows, according to the Ohio Department
of Health, are as follows:
"Detrex -"3734 mgd
Linde Air 15.84 "
Linde Welding 4.14 "
Total 23.32 "
-------
On a yearly average, according to the Detfex plant manager, the
plant uses 2,750 gallons of water per minute or 3*96 mgd, somewhat
higher than the above listed figure. As a result of in-process
changes to April 21, 1970, also according to the plant manager, approx-
imately hk^> of the total Detrex flow or 1,200 gpm (l.73 mgd) has been
removed from the sump, since it is mercury free.
Beginning April 8, 1970, Detrex made a change in discharge practices
which it claims is responsible for the low effluent mercury concentra-
tions "beginning April 8, 1970. Prior to this time, all Detrex waste
waters, including cooling waters, were discharged to the sump preceding
the ditch that flows to the lake. The discharge change, claimed "by
Detrex to have been motivated by economic considerations, involved the
removal of some cooling waters from the sump by bypassing the cooling
waters through over-sump pipes directly to the ditch. With removal of
the cooling waters from the sump, the detention time of the remaining
waste discharged to the sump is increased. As a result larger quantities
of suspended mercury compounds become settleable and should be removed
in the sump.
STATE AND FEDERAL ACTIONS
On April 10, 1970, after the Ohio Health Department had determined
that Detrex Chemical Corp. was a probable source of mercury discharge,
a visit was made to the plant by Robert Swain, Ohio Department of Health,
and Chris Potos, FWQA lake Erie Basin Office. They met with Robert
Baker, (plant manager), Robert Jones, John Kehm, and Dennis Ahistrom
of Detrex Corporation. The purposes of this meeting were to learn
-------
specifics of the Detrex operation and to determine mercury-loss-rates,
recent changes in the loss rates, and amounts discharged to vaters of
the state. At that time Detrex had already "begun changing its opera-
Jtions to divert "clean".water from its mercury-containing-waste flow.
i On April 13, 1.970 the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board issued
a "cease and desist" order to the Detrex Corporation. It contained no
time limit for compliance. A copy of this order and the reply to it
are attached. The Detrex reply, dated April IT, claimed no mercury
-discharge to the waters of the state.
On April 17, 1970 Chris Potos and A. R. Winklhofer, FWQA Lake Erie
Basin Office, met at Detrex with Messrs. Robert Emmet, Detrex Vice Pres-
ident and Ro"bert Baker, plant manager, and with Mr. Robert Swain of the
Ohio Department of Health to determine steps taken "by Detrex to elimin-
ate mercury discharges to waters of the State as demanded in the State's
Cease and Desist order of April 13, 1970.
According to the plant manager steps taken by Detrex as of April 17
were as follows:
1. Floor washing stopped and all mercury picked up with vacuum
cleaner since April l6, 1970.
2. Cell cleaning discontinued April l6, 1970 and no cells have
teen opened or cleaned since that time.
Reference to 1. and 2. above--
Detrex is installing a collecting tank and pump to collect
floor water, cell sp=?nt "brine, c^ll vqsh veter^ gnct return it
-to the brine system, at which time cell cleaning will be resumed.
3. Mercury treating has been stopped completely and indefinitely.
-------
The folloving indirect cooling water streams are bypassing the
sump:
fl) Hydrogen gas cooler - approximately 65 gpm
12) Nash pump seal water cooler - approximately 100 gpm
(3) Brine heat exchanger - 600 gpm
5. Detrex is filtering 50$ caustic soda for the scrubber system
. (hypochlorite)
Detrex is actively engaged in engineering the following changes to:
1. Reroute the brine dechlorination condenser water to bypass the
sump - approximately 500 gpm.
2. Provide a sump or catch basin for hydrogen seal pot water, nash
pump seal water, etc., which can then be returned to the de-
composer feed water.
3. Provide tank, pump piping, etc. to use filtered caustic for
neutralizing waste sulfuric acid and chlorine water.
k. Construct a weir in the effluent ditch to measure quantity of
flow; can be used also as a sample point.
5. Install caustic filter backwash tank.
Detrex was urgently advised by Mr. Potos on April 17:
1. to cease and desist mercury discharges to Lake Erie immediately
2. that the ditch and the multiple industry-used-settling pond
were not to serve as treatment devices for mercury removal.
Detrex discharges were to be made free of mercury prior to
leaving Detrex property
3. to hire a consulting engineer to build a waste treatment system
to permanently free Detrex discharge waters of mercury .
k. to keep FrfQA and ODH intimately informed through progress reports
On April 21> 1970, Mr. Potos again Visited Detrex along with NFIC (FWQA)
representatives, Messrs. John Hyland and Laurence Muir, and the Ohio
Health Department's Earl Richards, James Shay, and Robert Swain, to further
discuss the mercury problem and additional actions to hasten its abatement.
8
-------
On a yearly average, according to the plant manager, Detrex uses
J2,7j>0jjalions of vater per minute, with maximum water use occurring in
summer. Based on in-process changes to April 21, 1970, approximately
44 percent of Detrex waste water (1,200 gal/min) has teen determined
"by Detrex to "be mercury free, and as a result removed from the sump.
It is a Detrex objective as of- April 21 to recycle waste streams that
contain mercury tack to the process in an enclosed system if at all poss-
ible. Optimum process operations with least possible mercury discharge
are expected by Detrex in two to three weeks. If the mercury-laden
streams are impossible to recycle, according to Detrex, the sump effluent
will be treated as soon as a practical and economically feasible means
becomes available. According \ ^trex, the best brains in the chlor-alkali
industry are working on the problem in a crash-program effort. If this
effort does not meet with success, Detrex has agreed to our demand to
hire consulting chemists and engineers to solve the problem. Presently
this route is not favored by chlor-alkali people since they feel they
know more about mercury (production, use, treatment) than any practicing
consulting chemist or engineer. The State of Ohio is in complete agree-
ment with Detrex thinking in this respect. Mr. Potos mentioned to them
that ion exchange and reverse osmosis are now on a practical state of
the art basis.
In sn attempt to minimize the effect of expscted seasonal increases
in precipitation and consequent runoff on ditch sediment resuspension
and scouring, Potos suggested that Detrex dredge the ditch from the sump
to the settling pond. Detrex exceeded this request by volunteering to
excavate a new ditch and complete fill in the old (see map).
-------
During the veekend (April 18 and 19) the settling pond was "being
given its spring dredging "by Linde Welding and the Union Carbide Corp.
which owns the entire area.and leases segments to various industries.
JPhe pond dredging does not seem to have affected mercury concentrations .
,at the ditch mouth approximately one mile distant, at least not through
April 20, 1970. Dredgings from the pond are purportedly trucked to
State-approved land fill areas according to the Ohio Department of
Health.
The lake Erie Basin Office has sampled stations 1, 2, 3, ^, 5, 7, 8,
9, and 11 daily from-April 17 through April 2h. Station 11 is influent
to the plant. Sampling will continue less frequently after April 2^, 1970.
Table 2 lists other miscellaneous mercury sampling analyses in the
vicinity of Detrex. At sampling station No. 9, east branch of the ditch,
mercury presence is likely the result of "back up water from Detrex as
there are no known discharges of any kind to this branch.
The samples, both sediment and water, taken by the Lake Erie Basin
Office are analyzed colorimetrically by that office using Dithizone with
chloroform extraction.
Along with the attached map is a table of Lake Erie Basin Office
analyses to date in the Detrex area, (Table 2).
10
-------
TABIE 2
WATER (mg/l) AND SEDIMENT (mg/kg dry)
ater Sample
'
ฃ..' Station .___U&0 VlT - fr/lB .A/19* A/20* _ It/21 U/22 U/23
. Linde Welding - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01
'.. -Linde Air - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 xO.Ol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
'. Caustic Evaporator-Detrex - - 0.03 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
*
... _Heat exch-.CpncTenser-Dstrex - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
>. East branch ditch - - <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.06 <0.0l" 0.01
U Detrex Influent - - <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Sediment Sample
>. Ditch - 50 170
3. Idnde Welding - <10
?. East branch ditch - 10
2. 20 feet Ilorth of ditch mouth <10
3. 80 feet North of ditch mouth <10
1*/19 precipitation 0.^8 inches at Cleveland Weather Bureau
V20 precipitation 0.2^ inches at Cleveland Weather Bureau
11
-------
:f.
i
i
I
t .
! V/ool^
;;-:^-e/-;>.'-' ;c.-: A-
<
-------
Ss A. RHODES. Governor
.:ETT v:. ARNOLD. M.D.
Director of Health
i50 ฃ;ist Towr. Street
-?.orsGx~:;3
wO^urr.ous. Ohio 43216
.
-O /*>." i- ) *&:
wC Oi W~~
PUBLIC HEALTH COUNCIL
Richard V. Brunnor. D.D.S.
Chairman
J. Howard Holmes. M.D.
Vice. Chairman
Ralph K. Ramsayer. M.D.
J. F. Mear. Ph.G.
Phillip T. Knies. M.D.
Lloyd E. Larrick. M.D.
J. Bruce Wenger, D.V.M.
April'13,- 1970
Detrex Cher.icals Industries, Inc.
Chlorine-AHcali Plant
P.O. Box 6?0
Ash^abula, Ohio Ir^OOU
Attention: B. L. Baker, Plant Mgr.
Gentlemen:
You are hereby ordered to cease and desist the discharge of liquid
industrial waste containing any aecurial compounds to waters of the
s oa
Any concentrations of mercury in the raw water used in your plant
will be taken into consideration in the compliance with the order.
Please advise this office as to your compliance with the above
order.
Yours very truly,
--. '
f a
2. W. Arnold, M.D.
Director of I-Iealth
CERTIFIED MAIL
APR tS 1970
71
-------
. DETREX CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, INC.
Chlorine Alkali Plant
P. 0. BOX 670
ASHTABULA. OHIO
April 17, 1970
State of Ohio
Department of Health
450 East Town Street
P.O. Box 118
Columbus, Ohio 43216
Attention: Dr. E.' W. Arnold, Director of Health
Dear Sir;
We received, April 15, 1970, your order "to cease and desist the discharge
of liquid industrial waste containing any mercurial compounds to waters of
the stateJ1
We had previously taken effluent water samples at our discharge into
Lake Erie on April 9th and April 10, 1970. Further samples were taken' on
April 14th and again on April 16th. In addition, lake bottom 'samples
east, north and west of the discharge were taken on April 15th.
Using analysis methods approved by the State of Ohio, we have obtained
negative mercury results on each of the above samples.
In accordance with the above analytical results, we state that the
Detrex Chemical Industries, Inc. Chlorine-Alkali Plant at Ashtabula, Ohio is
not discharging mercurial compounds to waters of the state.
Very truly yours,
DETREX CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, INC.
Robert L. Baker
Plant Manager
3.13/nkv
-------
APPENDIX III
LAKE ONTARIO BASIN OFFICE
MERCURY ANALYSIS - WATER
Stream Stations
Niagara River at mouth
-r-Genesee - River at mouth
Oswego River at mouth
St. Lawrence River, Ogdensburg
" ~ "-water Intake
St. Lawrence River. Thousand Island Brid
Date
Apr. 9
Mar. 27
Apr. 14
Apr. 20
se At>r. 20
Mercury
mg/1
*
i
.*
\
*
*
"*
*
take -Ontario
Braddock Bay West of Rochester, NY ** , Apr. 29 (Two Samples) *
Monroe County Water Authority,
8,000 feet from shore West of
Rochester, N.Y.
Apr. 29
(Two Samples)
Sewage Treatment Plants
Buffalo Sewer Authority
Buffalo, N.Y.
Discharges to Niagara River-
City of Tonawanda, N.Y.
Discharges to Niagara River.
City of North Tonawanda, N.Y.
Discharges to Niagara River
City of Niagara Falls, N.Y.
Discharges to Niagara River
Influent Effluent
0.022 mg/1-*** -
*<005 mg/1 fejthe lowest sensitivity of test.
** Sediment sample collected, but not yet analyzed.
2k Er. Composite
Apr. 27-28
2k Er. Composite
Apr. 27-28
2k Hr. Composite
Apr. 27-28
Grab Sample
Apr. 15
Avg. Flow 75 MOD
24 Hr. Composite
Apr. 27-28
*** Based on an average flow of 75 1-&D and concentration of 0.022 mg/1.
Sevage treatment plant was receiving approximately 13-7 pounds
of mercury per day.
-------
Hi..
AP.PENDIX IV
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
1. Economic Impact of the Current Mercury Pollution Problems in
Lakes St. Clair and Erie
2. Mercury in Fish
-------
.* t
! ,. - APPENDIX IV
Economic Impact of the Current Mercury Pollution Problem
in Lakes St. Clair and Erie *
ftny-assessment~T>f ~thc economic ^eost of -nthe' current mercury pollution
situation in the Great Lakes must be both tentative and non-quantitative
in nature. The actual level of physical risk is not yet determined and
j?oJJl$lciLX^regulajtfir^_reacJtioaJia9_been_.variRble_from state to state and
subject to continuing revision* The permanence of the impact of this
general publicity on the consuming public is also difficult to determine
at this point-in-time. .
The problem developed Just prior to the opening of the commercial
fishing season and caught the processing industry with reduced inventories
of lake perch and *a^l^yoซ_ A vejry quick and informal survey of the in-
^ustryrefTects~that""totai~fish "sales from ail sources in the Midwest
have been reduced about 15 percent since the mercury ban was announced.
Although Great Lakes species are not yet back in commercial channels, it
is anticipated that Midwest sales of lake perch could be reduced by 50
percent over the course of the 1970 season.
The cost to society is very difficult to define and calculate. The
following kinds of cost are, in fact, being,incurred and their longer
"term extent can only be guessed:
_(1) Cost of added.enforcement, regulation, inspection and control.
(2) Promotional expense by processors, wholesalers, and retailers
disassociating ocean species from Great Lakes species.
(3) Cost of holding inventories pending decision. - . '
(4) Cost of subsidies (currently under consideration by the
Governor of Michigan for example) to compensate business-
men hurt from either the commercial or sport fish bans.
(5) Loss of revenues to commercial fishermen. Although these
businessmen are relatively few in number, the loss to them
as individuals is absolute and catastrophic.
(6) Loss to processors and distributors of both Great Lakes and
marine fish due to reduced volume. This is particularly
significant to processors and distributors in the Midwest
since the ban coinsides with the high-volume season.
(-7) Loss to-producers of ocean fฑsh products to the extent that
the total demand for all fish products is reduced by adverse
publicity to any single product.
(8) Loss to the consuming public in that their range of choice
is effectively reduced by fear of a whole class of food
products.
*by Leo E. Von Wald, Acting Regional Director, .Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries. Ann Arbor. Michigan. Auril 30. 1Q7O
-------
r
In all of these.cases, the loss to each'level and sector of the
economy has "multiplier" Impact on many other sectors. It is far too
early to anticipate what the net, longer-term economic and social con
sequence of the mercury pollution problem will be.
-------
I
. APPENDIX IV
-Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Technological Laboratory
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107
prtl -28^1970
-- -MERCURY 1N-FISH
i
Various United States and Great Lakes States agencies are currently inves-
i
tigating the consequences of contamination of the Great Lakes environment by long
U.S. heavy
industry operations adjacent to the Great Lakes ecosystem.
I
One of the actions taken by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (BCF), USDI,
following the release of information suggesting the relative seriousness of this contam-
ination problem, was to initiate immediate and preliminary monitoring of fish taken
from the Great Lakes system for their mercury content. This initial action was based
largely on an evaluation of Canadian information concerning concentrations of mer-
cury in fish caught in international waters, as well as on information gained from
the literature and public health related agencies. This initial monitoring had as its
objectives an assessment of possible direct harm to commercial and sport fishes of
the affected areas, as well as the indirect adverse impact that would undoubtedly
result to the commercial fisheries from this contamination problem and responses avail-
able to the commercial industry. The details of this work and resulting data are being
made available on an immediate basis to other agencies of the public sector, recog-
nizing the criteria of evaluation will perhaps differ.
To date, the Ann Arbor, Michigan, Technological Laboratory has been coor-
dinating the BCF collection of appropriate fish samples from the Great Lakes for
mercury determinations. Samples have been collec'ed from Lake St. Clair and the
7/
-------
western basin of Lake Erie. Additional samples are currently being taken from the
central basin of Lake Erie, from southern Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay, and from
the southeast sector and Green Bay areas of Lake Michigan. Sampling is being per-
formed generally by field staff of the BCF Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory, Ann Arbor,
and by field staff of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, Mich.
To the extent possible, approximately'15 individual fish are taken randomly
(by trained biologists) by on-site sampling from commercial fishing gear in the imme-
diate area of fishing. Data collected include species, date, location, depth, method
of harvest, length and weight (of individual fish), and a scale sample (for subsequent
age data). All fish of one lot are separated into "marketable product" (headed, dressed,
scaled, tail-off) and "offal" (processing waste). Edible and offal composites (after
pooling) are weighed for yield data, ground and sub-sampled for analysis.
Thus far, samples are being analyzed for total mercury content using one or
more of several analytical sources. Most of the data has been obtained on samples
shipped to Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), Madison, Wisconsin.
WARF employs a dithizone extraction of a digested sample coupled with atomic ab-
sorption (AA) using a boat technique (Analyst 86, 608 (1961). Some samples are
also being examined on a cross-check basis by the Phoenix Memorial Laboratory,
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, employing a neutron activation (NA) method.
This NA data is not available yet, however, or is additional AA data representing
samples currently in the hands of WARF. Data acquired to date has been summarized
in three consecutively numbered reports (copies attached) dated as follows: (1) 4/15/70;
(2) 4/22/70; and (3) 4/24/70.
Attachments (3) ' 2 '
-------
o c
II
-j 6
o ^
II rf
o >
c < __
o
Z
o
8-
5
u
8.
a
0
o
^ %
:3 ฃ "5
ซ -2 ฃ
< (J o
O
Oj f ^^^
fll ^^ f^
^Sto QJ ^"i^
O
v>t/>vt- a *- a -t. 0-4- o-*- o^- o-*. o -*-
if) 00 O O *O 00 O ^"
CMซ '-COCOCNOO^--*O
OOOOOOOO*-CM-
rx co K t tos
CMCM^J.ซoปr_ป^ซ
i i i i i ฐ^ T^TCO? ^c0?
OOvQ *CM *X 'O ฐ>O
. -3- QCO ฐ^ ซ~vo c^oo.
^O O lO O !
oo "O lo
co Ko
^o * ซ. * r^ -ป. ^5
Ifj *j ฃX| ^. NQ Q> !- rjj ^^ f^
1 ' ' ' ' -*cJL o*7 ^.A >* ซi
CM . > o CO . ซ . .
CM jOO CM *O
. ..' , ' CM C>. ..'*
oooo Q ^ ^ c ซ: ^
g S ง g t .2 2 2 "ฐ- :-
tfto. ฐ5ง5ง
O 00 00 ON ON rx ^sป ^ซs, ^vป ^^
t CM CM *O "O ^x, O O O 00
2"
.-
(D ง>- Ic 1- 7 III?
ป S ฃ IE งJ ฃ ง i U.SUJS
(I) X U ฃ? OnO^OCO JjiP ^ฐ _3^ _SS ฐ>qj>-uuuu^>.^/^
-
I
0>
o
o
TJ
O
.
-------
o
Sซ
O Ct
43 ta
rt *H
s cn
u o
rH
rt
o
r<
13 r<
0 O OJ
r-l ^3 M
O h
fi < r-l
ปfl *H
O C r4
oca
H < <:
04
s
t:
o
a
S
p
o
o
CJ
I
o
o
o
N
n
o
o
'JS
M
3 O O
0 P &
r< G -
rป O **
Is 0 0.
S
o
tfl
C rt .
'ti h n
rl \ .Q
O ซ r-l
5: O "'
^
O
.C G ซ
p rt o
he i-ซ fi
c \ o
O G
1-4 O 'rl
r* "^
<ฃ
G
"** 0
W -H
H 05
m^oป- i .1 >i >i *i >i i .1
ON Or- t-H^" Or-4 rHO> !-ซซ r-ICO rH in OOO O
cooioiacotor-toco
NOr-lOOOOOO
CO CO OT O d CO 00 0>
O ซCO*ซ*
in 03 pH co r * co co 01 cji ^^ "^ to ^o 01 ^o c^
ift Ol C71 rH . r-4 * CO * 04 * rH . i 4 . rH . rH t
ซl ซl t-l r-lrH ปOI Tl COl 'Vl U>l >
r-lO O01 rHC- f-41 rHCO rHCO i-tOO rHt* HtOO
OJ CO ซrH
C- .if . CO rH rH , rH Irt
rHOrHCftr-lr-li-lr-lrH
lAto-^incoirttocococo
rH i-l rH i-H i-l i-l rH rH
O 0
x......^
co" " " " " " X " ' "
X .*
CO ^
2 5 i
O^^ CB
_!. *H
rl * 7? 4*
fa S*S ^ r4
P$ ^ 5 2 j * j 5 c4s~*"
U) * pCJ
,4 ^ w .ป
G O
co ^5
OJ i-l r-l r-| rH r-l r-l r-l rH r-l
O O . O O O O O O O-O
oooooooooo
WWWWWWwPsr"5?s
x .'
o ....
tH
rO
S $ r
rfl -0 iS ^3
OG d f4 O
ฃ 5 a -g x P. rซ
ซ a g a w o
Pl rH (9 O C Pl
^<4ttr-lj3j3'p (<
> CO OMU)r4fWO>
_ O* Q> G -H 0i rt O ,Q O
P- -ซ O *ป G ซM O N A4' -P r-l
H i-l J3 T< rt-PO N O M r-l
rt C9 O ft* /i ^3 (S J3 -H 3 O 'O
O J* O S *+ 0 0 CO O 10 X ><
01
o
1
1-1
CM
0
01
o
OJ
r-4
1
cn
r-l
09
.
Oj
**
rt
O
a
-------
o ^
-C . CO
5 ง s
w _o .9
o o -c
c _J o
s -:? p
X _C _: ~
."
S ง
"<'$
o r-Q
> o
-^ >
0
o
-C D>'^'
4- C O
.. ^r
tt- a.
. s
^3
-C
a.
v>
c
- o
ป ...
4
e-
0
"o
o
*ฃ
ฃ
"o
co
CO
0
cs
10 *
o 7
rr\
c*> ฐ^
0 CO
o
o
0,00
2 <>
"O
'~
CO
ฃ'
>
- 1. 1)
t-
0 0
u|
-7;
4-* O
rฃ
'5.
Z .
c
^0
a-
o
l^
"5
o
.'s
0
"o
o
CO
0
t
:=?
I
-S
o
So
^- x
T
^0
tN
ซO
.
1
^
-ง|
' <$,
O
3:
Z
X
*
*o
&
o
o
X
0)
5
ฃ
c
0
*. . -0
4-
8- -
s
-3 I
6
's .
5
o
o
^
*~"
5
*.f
^c3
* ป
"o
^.8
24
^
ซ
i
ป
1.
s
!.
O ?
. _ ^/
^ ง
*! ~
00 ^c
4) U
-M O
O (U
_J 0.
CM
O
X
Z
X
*
ฃ
0
' (0
X
o
"15
ฃ
c
o
2
o.
o
o
Z
o
g
u
o
5
0
_c
I-
jป
Q.
S
o
o
O
TJ
O
I
j>ป
8
2?
ซ. \tf ti ซ
" "-* n w
O _Q ป o
* * , .
-o" Sซ
'<ป J2
ro ฐ> ^ i-
tj c o S
c- '5 w S
u> _ "*
.a
-o
o
-o
ง
cess
J<5
8 ซ, o
0.00.
"*
1 I Q
JO ^.
/> ซH i
is o *
-------
u. o
3l8
2&3
o q -c
c _I O
ฃ ^ O
slJ^
P "o c 'C
5 o 5 >
CQ j <; <
it
CO
o
z
o
0.
<3
ง
o
.S
-o
0)
ฃ
o
JC
I/I
tiu
." V
-TO
O
_c
"S
^ s
*:
Nซ- *
r* TS *
=; c
V? C .
-2 o ฃ
^ U Q
^n.
o
o
5 n
ป fj ^^
.5>Nt^
o >z2
< o '
^ >
o
o
-c i?^
* c 0)
ฐ> a _c
s
o
.So
- *
i s
^ Q.
*&
-C
3i
o
a:
_j- .
X
*
o
ฃ
o
a>
.^
'5.
Z .
c
o
. v
e-
o
. \'J
o
o
"^
"o
o
CO
0
H
_^
-.7
r- 0
o
o
fo
*
- ^
iS
CN
0
r
O
s
CO
>
I. d)
u
o o
t~5 ฃ
v^ -*
4-
*!"o
(/> CQ
^i
3i
ซ
0
X
Z
X
*
~5
tfc
0
^'cS
!
"ฐi
o o
^
24
^3
i
*
"
i
I.
CM
>
V.-
J2?
( } C
W o
+!H
j-
o o
SI
i
Z
X
*
o
U:
o
o
X
J2
1
o
u>
I
o
o
z
o
-o
o
u
o
fc
o
J>
o
_Q
TJ.
iS- O
I
*
-------
" . APPENDIX V
INVENTORY OF INDUSTRIES USING MERCURY -
Sources of mercury contamination are chlorine-alkali
(chlor-alkali) plants using mercury electrolysis, some vinyl
chloride manufacturers, paper mills using mercury slimicides
and felt manufacturers. Other operations implicated in mercury
contamination are runoff of agricultural mercury-based fungicides,
antifouling paint formulations and mercury-contain ing products for
home use.
Chlor-alkali and vinyl chloride plants are most suspect as
probable sources of contamination. The possible route of contami-
nation in the chlor-alkali operations is the discharge of brine,
that has passed through the cell, into the water. The Japanese
incident reported in 1953 involved a vinyl chloride plant using
an acelytene process with a mercuric chloride catalyst. The plant
was dumping the used, catalyst into the nearby bay.
The Food and Drug Administration has developed a list of
chlor-alkali plants, vinyl chloride plants and other potential
sources to determine levels of mercury residue in sport and com-
rr.ercial fish collected from water into which these sources discharge.
Pi'.'QA is ccc^oratlncj ;. it!~. ti'.e FDA in the^a investigations. .Taoie I
includes chlor-alkali olants in the Oreqt Lakes R^Ton identified 'n
the FDA listings. No vinyl chloride plants for the Great Lakes
Region are identified in the FDA listings. Table II shows other
I
-------
operations which are potential sources of mercury contamination.
The"operations identified in Table II were developed from a listing
which indicate they purchased more (+) or less (-) than 15 pounds
I mercury annually. Basin Offices were directed to contact these
I industries after investigating the chlor-alkali pNants. For the
most part, operations listed in Table II show only the name of the
industry. Investigation of chlor-alkali plants and other producers,
consumers and users of mercury and mercury compounds by the Basin
Offices for the Great Lakes Region is continuing.
-------
g
ro
"S
OJ
'p
'ง
o
1 Pi
S
0
-p
0)
^
o)
ri
CO
8x~x
d
rl 0)
Sj p. (jj
"^H Wfl
0. M rl
*. rt 3
ฃS6
of Industry
ocation
UJ
B
Jb* S -P o S-i
3 G S B tt)
d H J
H ฃ< CO -P -P
-P cj if at -P
BH at 6 rl rl O
OJ bO-H fl> -p ^Q
H O -d -P C
P H C > H ^ -P
s G
>
G
0)
p a
a) 43
^ S
0) rl
W ฃ4
"
o >
ft P Oi
co >d
CO S3 Q|
^i
S
1
^
a
I
ซ
p
rl
O
1^
flj
ปS
iS^
f - -
i
&&
3
tte Chemical '
nd'otte, Mich.
II
>
S
H
P
2
c
to
p
rl
r*
H
r?
CJ
f^
S
a>
to
^3
O
fl
p
8
ซ '
S
1
ง*
rl
P
H
0)
G M
rt fl>
m &
ฃ -H
0 ซ
G -P
0 -H
P O
G rl
0) -P
^5
' 1
*
t Corporation
ndotte, Mich.
11
8
ง
rl
P
g
O
ft
CO
-p
H
fl
H
ฃ
^
CJ
rl
i
0)
oa ซ
4*
O
8 .
S
*
_cj
^
s
I
cJ
s
bO
rl
.G
U
P!
S
a
.^
Chemical Co.
tague; Mich.
rl (3
|ฃ
o
S
8
rl
-P
g
CJ
R<
o
CO
-P
H
G
H
r?.
CJ
rl
i
OJ
co
p
O
c
o
p
8
A
^
1
a
P!
II
rl CO
li
at at
at a)
bO bO
at at
rl -rl
at
1
o
nj
ซง*
23
S3.
O (z, .
rH
W jJ
P bO
G at
O -rl
Pi S
1
to *
tJ OS
G -P
3 d
o -d
^r?
OJ -P -
CO ^ ^5
M *O ^^
C^ C) ^^\
>t ni ^^
0)
o at H
P
^L rH
CO & -rl
CO S rl
O FC< ft
H <<
S 0 -d
rl >
VO rl
-P
m a
ฃS CO
rl *d ^~
> 8 -d
rl 0)
fZ-dH
JJ
0)
o .
1
ฃ4
ฃ
r<
PS
rf
i
0?
^
^^
ง
>v^ .
O
S
ft
H
Chemical
gara Falls, N
&s
>1S
o
S
CO :
'
Q^
O
I
H }
W> :
a
i
-
i
i
,
;
*
I
*
. '
i
j,'
-------
>
"H
s
Sf
1
(1)
hO
U.
CQ
e of dustry
Location '
In
am
mpled
split
fir
sch
dif
Sa
8
H
-P
O
P
8
O
Vi
E
.
Q)
(0
3
-P
_
ซ
I
1
8
p,
flJ
i-l
P
CU
A
0)
0} O
-d bD
H
ซ
(!)
0) .
to
01
ซ
P
s
to at
h
*
s ?
^
SP8P
d
!
Allied Chemical Corp,
Industrial Chemicals
S
ch
yra
mical
and,
01 to
^1 *. o'^
ilg3 Sa o
C O O > H ป OJ
H -H T< (Q dtO Q)
S fc CO H O r4
, ^ฐx! d -d d
d < * rd d 3
ซ I Q ^ S ***
5 M g$ 6 oj ^
SP C
368
05
ฃ
I
-------
ซ
H
3
f
^
I
i
H
CQ
P
W W
||
|a
f*4 J
c^ ^5
sง
^j , *i
&? FR
H ฐ
-
CO
K
'P
Ijj
!S
ป
o
*^
(D
1
A
O
CQ
a-
0^5
i-l QJ
-P 10
C3 3 O
" S ง
^5-fi
r?
-P
u>
"S
ฐ ป3
o
"S "
Ql Cj
,_(
ซM 13
1-* 0>
W -P
o
t* ' M
-p (ij
9 :
1
pซ
to '. ' >
-------
>
ti
ง
H
H
g
5
B
5
1
a
5
10
13
CO
3
K
:o
a
i
R
s
O
;.
1
H
5
>
s
ILLINOIS
.CO
*
I
1
!+*
9
H
0
P (0
;.S ft d
U. CO rl
j< s 3
1! cS-6-
Name of Industry
Location
:
Q) 3
,0 5
u} C
r-i -(
> o o
r~i ^4
a
H r? fl>
P 3 -P
QI e, 3
9J o
a> a o
p o
W J-4 Gj
O O S-;
ฃ*ฃ ^
Bajf-
o
P 6 irv
H H
0) O
S -P *
o X
bO t3 O
OS Q) rl
c ^ ft
S S ^
ca
CD
u
rl
Q)
FT
Cd
CM
O
^
d o
g "fj
P
J3 ca
i)ซ
rl
gg
d co
^
^
VO
0
bott Laboratories
th & Sheridan St.
rth Chicago, 111. 6O
p-d- O
<5H!2;
-
^
rl
O
gonne National Lab
00 So. Cass Ave.
gonne, Hi. 6oMj-0
^w
bO
&
u
CJ
ft
.0
ft
a.
*C5
0)
1
JH
CO
H
d
.
10 CO
H JH
0)
>> C
Vl -rl
O -p
h a
m Q
s: o
a
o
+>
5
H
i>
CQ
Jj
T I
cu
fl)
^
B12. ,
(U O O
S CQ bO
cd
P H ซ
CO O -H
a) co ja
PQ ITv O
Q)
J*
O
1
ft
5
^
(y
i ^
B .
"rซ
P
CO
rl
CO CO
H rl
0)
O 4^
||
a
to
h
0
2 . '
rl
4^
CO
X'^S Vj
vi ซ ."'+
in
OJ
t** O
H O
^ glc^
* CO rlVO
a .ssซ
ง9
H
rH
a o ซ H -a H
H ซ H 0 <
"rl
MH 3 > -P 0
CO H ฃ fl co bO
ado o cu at
rl -CJ I > 0
O 3 -P O CM 2
o w co o t o
tt)
j
u
ft
u
ft
5
__
'tf
o
a3
1
rl
p
ca
H
d
CQ CO
H rl
. 0)
b5 -
3d
0 -p
CO
h
O
-P
B
TJ
P
CO
o
J{
d
"1
vo
P CM
O <1) VO
fl H
^ *ri rj
rl 2 H
0)
bO-P ^
bO CO O
H d> bO
<*r7o
bO
O
ft
o
ft
a
*Q
o
p
1
"Jj
s
'O
to co
v4 )>4
o
^3
O 4^
t-i d
2ง-
ca
ฃ4
|
B
rl
.43
a
S '
*
'
ffl QJ
'pp fij,
co5^
CD O
H H
<5
O
ft . VO
0 43 O
cavo
a
bO S rj
n o
o : o*
H 0 bfl
o co cd . .
c5r1ง
UN .
.
o -
H
0) ".
bn
Sr
TO 1
I
1
t
1
"
(
t
f
1
^
.
f
, s
.. :---.!
: " '- i
.
^ ,
(
f?
-------
g
a
:
ILLINOIS
co
A!
1
Di
4^
rf '
'M
H
1
H-l
iO
i
*.
o
CU
bO
CO
IH
*Jj
CO
O
8^
H or
+5 U>
_.S ft aJ
O. CO fj
||&
Name of Industry
. Location
* .
3
t.
1
fll
d
^
o)
ft
O
(3
Q
ft
fc
*
^^t
i
GCA Corp., Precision
Scientific Co.
3737 West Cortland St.
Chicago, in. 6o6Vf
d
rt
o >ป
*iH H
P 3
d o
U
o S "
8 H
H 'o
H 3
Tl
n
A3 CD
S M
* So
tQ H
13
^ -a
0) a)
" A3 CO
P ^
.p
to M
b 1 S3
0 -H
W >>|-f
M J-t H
CU 3 -rl
O O -p
O h CO
> e .
ฐ
s -.
>ป AS
^^**
* x~fe x*^ ฃ$
io i ง '
O PS
VO CU
<* S
* 1
D.F. Goldsmith Chemical
Metal Corp.
909 Pitner Ave.
. Evanston, in. 60202
Goldsmith Bros., Natioi
Lead Co. Div.
900 West 18th St.
Chicago, in. 60608
0)
bO
cfl
*b
Q)
H
A . 8
tJ CO
0) Vi
+* (U
r^ tฃ
ฃ> (!)
H S
M a
+* s
cfl 0
rl -CO g
n3 h
>> S -9
^ rf nd
. 0 45 Q)
^ a at
0) O J3
So n
ซ . $3 H
A3 CU P
00 +>
<^f +> OJ O
O *r4 (U 0)
CQ CQ Q -2
O p fl
Vl rH f"f C(J
3 oJ &* S
P 0
0 T\ tJ CQ rj
C5 fl C -P CJ
ft o$ 05 O O
3 A3 3 vj
5 o 80 8
O
P
CO
0 . -.-.
4} p^
(3
0 O
H +> . .
P CU
to o
Q) Jj
i -H
P) P4
- - -
U
" _ 1
x~^ CU <*~^ M *v**
>i<^ ^x S- v^
^^ ^*
S^ft*
ITN
CVJ CV1
P
Harper- Wyman Co.
525 Elm Place
Princeton, in. 61356
Int.. Neon_.& Fluorescen
Products
lOte West Madison St.
Chicago, in. 60607
Liquid Carbonic Corp.
T5S So. LaSalle St.
. UV .
In
O
CM
hrt
31 ,
ฐ* i
i
f
t
.
'
i
_ - -' . - - f
i *
." \
;cO -^ i
VO OJ '
VO O
0 . .
!d do
jj T* n
HO
S 8 8"
(0
-------
8
CO
CO
s
M
fe
/
ILLINOIS
'
1
Q
r^-
w
-p.-'
>Q
IrH
p^
j
iฐ
'O
QJ
1 ^>
p1
o
p
0)
00
o
to
H
P.
S^
H -) O iH ,Q O to
S -* 8 s cu w
ca a)
OJ 4ป
0 CO
0 -P
J-i (0
"c3 3
O pi
rl
ง -H
*0 CO
0)
w^
a c
10 -H
ซd
+> j P^
g .
0) fl*
S -H
ftj CO
O d>
,0
to jj
0)
fj eo .0
0 -H ง
(3 (0 fn
R i 4^
Is s
IsS ^
.
ง1
.
0
^
o
0
s.
s
^J
^ป s ^^^.
+ 0 "*" s
^ "H
i w
t- ...... r
0
w
O '
O -*
vo o
a ฎ ^
Q CVJ H
CO CO
o
d -ri
1 d 8ox
3 H f-iVO
P (M H
8-x 0 r-J
(3 CD X H
S S' a Sf ซ8 ?ป
> HOW
flj -P fl
SfiS S Pk O
I
o
1
ft
ft
^
1>
1
43
to
rl
ซd
CQ tQ
H ^
^ fl>
S fl
0 *
Q) S
S o
CO
-p
o
1
ft
ง
^ s
^'5L
t
Accessories Co.
No. Lawndale St.
ago, 111. 60651
ฃ3 ITV O
5 fO-rl
(3
ซ f*t '
a . ' :
to
bO
,
-fl :
H
*ป i
8 - - ' !
13
,
^4 '
- o
rl CO :
to a> ri
o) H o
ฐ2 II '
CO *H 0$ O
M f^ ^ * Q
p ^1 a ง
15 |g
.... - .
ง3
o - S
Ij0 " *
rt
m
M
1 ...
' >- - . ป
^ ฃ >t^ * t
^ 9
O O
t- CVJ
.
o - ./ ."- ;
o . . - . f
^
to O S3
' 03 -p O\ H l/\ L
0 OJ H W ... J
p- > ป X O -C* > 0 . f
Hgog ^<:^
fl H ปVO N fl
H H O -P 0)
ao *H e8
fl W O\ >
fia)ir\ซซ fcOO
S^ซg SSSป
4349430 O O O
Vi to pJ ^i co H -H
Oojop oJ-4-ij
S M ซ < ซ u\O ^7
I1)
T
-------
ILLINOIS
jง
*- -
cd
9
flป
n<
P '
i fi
'5
Pn
(U
o
p
OJ
&
" 3
^fj
u
CD
25!
H 0>
P w
3 II
o.w M
S Uv-i
Name of Industry
Location
o
p
d
5ซ
p
p
H
d
to to
H fn
fl)
3 "rt
O p
0) O
S o
.
ฃ4
!
5
to
rl
P
* '
....
a
A)
3 3$
0
CVI
V*l
O *^I VO * (^ ^5
o o o > vo
+> CO CO
fl O r^ ? CO f*^
(y CEJ f^ O O p^
i* -P 2 s
Co CO ^ CO " ^
CO d) O CO O
. co ^5 co
W co o H? o
t-fl oj 3
1
u
p<
J\
Pi
G
H
T>
(U
1
H
^J.
CO
Tl
d
co co
>> fl
k -H
3 OJ
0 -P
h fl
7>
.O (0
CJ -rl
cu ปd *
t-t
o +> d
4ป u to
la . G
O U2
Vi i~i ฃ*4
P CO CD
+> -P
M 0) C3
-a e j)
Tl Vl
o co O
CtJ 2
O ซH
+> -H O
O O
4) (!) P
Refinery
. o -
M
of
o
Tl
g
To
ป
^Q
.
O
o
CO
d
q
d
CO .
4)
P
I
ง
i
o
^"
rr^
Tj
U).
0
H
j3
If
Laboratory
il
SL
3^
S
i
CM
^
.
u .
Atlantic Richfield Re
400 East Sibley Blvd
Harvey, 111. 60426
bO
0
0)
Vi
Pi
q
d
1
^
4-
ซl
H
*O
*
to 10
-H b
O
P 0
* r<
S o
co
^
(J
Distribut
_
if
3 ^.
^
c^
pTj
ฐ*ff
U P
Standard Scientific
1743 West Rose Hill
Chicago, HI. 60626
U\
-------
O
ง
B^
M CO
S3
-
- -
ILLINOIS
" * "
to
0
K
P-
is
IS
.
JG_I
!ฐ
P,
&
i
o
p
S)
u
CO
H (1)
-p 0)
3 3 o
O* 0} f-l
^ fl (ฃ
-
of Industry
cation*
0
f
a
a]
ft
(U
ft
H
d
:
d 1-i
o o
-p
2 ITk j
H Q) '
ซ ฃ i
rl . i
^ . --.- t
ca CQ CQ * -
$4 fl JH
0) . ttป . - .
Cl r^ W ป *
*rH M *rH
c*} p3 o3 *
P 0 -P .
fl fn g . - |
o go
1
'
CQ . ' *
fc
O .
3 . .,.:- ., ..'.. ป
p
H
P . .
(Q -
ซ
* t
ซ . * ป ' *
* a *
- *? :?-: -<--:-- --'->-:--'--...." --,- --:^-i: : .-=- j
cientific Co
co
H
. . .'-.'- ' . J,
0) o O ' ' ' ' -..-.."-. - -. . ' *
?vo o in
"^ ^~ eg ^ '
MO ^VO . . . {
3 ^ S)*f H .
5 4) "v
o-ซ(3-po >
SO) 10 M
i-l O q ...
^^ fiq pj fV. O ' ' " - ' -
81 rfป8- -' ' -- - ^
-------
S
CO
D
CO
H
T
3
,
Pซ
.
o
p
0)
to
H (I)-
pt| cd
3 o
.w
CO
d fl
a
ป^S
o -d
H Xi O
V h U>
02 -H
d
0)
s
d
S
o
a
d
0)
to
o
!
3
1
CO
60 0
fl -P
nJ
VO
ir\
H-3- a
& Q. 2
1 CO
ITv CM
(OCVI
O
a)
a
ซ
fl>
u\ c) a
& ^1
^ sฐ
I ^ h
i >d w +>
vl $%
VO
UN
P UN
VO
-------
.ซ>
r<
s
0)
03
0)
03
8
ฃ
ง
0) O
ii
ฃS
53
o\
H
a
3
-P
03
03
3
o
o
O 03
-------
> /
*w? '
f^
p
1
"*
!
/
K
8
pฃ
p4
s
i
CO
ฃ>
CO
)-_!
H ^
H g
9ง
fQ r"<
&5 h
ฎ
JM
S
O
I
3
n
MICHIGAN
'
CO
0) cfl O
bO ij -rl
aj o p
Jrj
P
ft rป
|
$
rl
CO
rl
-d
H
8
g
g
.
-
T "?
-
rd ro
งo
cu
o ซ cb .
ป5 W 0
.dja co
C & M Pharmical
. 1519 E. 8th & M
Hazel Park, Mic
Carrier-Stephen
8
1
vo
CO
R
3
*4
Old
ซ*
ft bO
S-r!
co
sl|
CM r5
a
a>
in
^>
p
u
rl
o
a
-
o
CO
rl
CU
cd cu
^H ^
Jrt
o
"
J
"T" S
N^X fl)
t"
CM
ฐV
P*^ C.
.OP J-
-p
d (3 A
rl CU O
Deter ich Standa
Ellison Instrum
P. 0. Box 96
New Buffalo, Mi
CO
9)
bO
d
c
O
CO
1
P
S
CO
d
V
u
^
^^
ฃ4
3
rl
S
.
PLJ
rH fl
rl -P
rl 0
P 0
o >d
cu o
^^
ft
ฃ
.rl
K
P
2
p
r^ .
*?
.
O
o
Detroit Edison
2000 Second Ave
Detroit, Mich.
o\
4) H
Cj VO rl
^3 H O
O ปCl
W H rl
rl ^H O
OJ 0 !*
O.
CD fQ
CO O CU
Oj K ซrl
9 ง H
O >> O
-P ft 0
"5 ฃ? &
f*
0 S 0
u
~ (U - -
1
T? 9^ 9
^ e< i3 g
^5
'+'& *+w
"1 ^"
ITk
I
CO
& . -P
O O
O CU O ;3 O\
0 ป00 0 -5 CU
Q) *t O CD
-P > 0 fcCO
Harry W. Dieter
9330 Roselawn A
Detroit, Mich.
General Electri
Metallurgical P
Edmore, Mich, k
Oj ,
O ;
rl CJ|
"< ri
rt
O *rl
rH fl c^
t % j^ &
T^ T^ w - _J
" EH |ป -f
d %
^4 S
00^
Ql jrt (^ *
CO
1 :
d ' -
i
Ul
.
H CO
ft bQ
M .TJ
^ ^
Jr 8
t
f
2 *; *
*
i^
0
OJ f^
tj > ji
Co ^9 jeS *^
JH Oi 4^
cu w o d
|o|g ^
T
-------
>
8
ง
0}
งv
o
o
o
q
r
C
OJ
3
co
I
13 CQ
(Q ?<
Q) O
flซ
O
3*
co
O -rl
Oj -P
ft fl
0) Q)
CM
CVJ
V)
I
Pk
A
(U
JO
p
CO
s
I
O fc-a
O co
CQ *H (U
4-1 CO
o o
rt
co H
ง
CO
aj
1
U
H
aJ
53 S
co ft
CO Tl
9 2.
M n*
CL, fl)
a
s
o
p
0)
bO
. a
to
H,
CQ
3
5
O
CQ
3
o
o
a
o-
fn
S
Ix
cvj
co
CVJ
to
5 S
IS
^15
H3
cS
o
H
e8 -P
ซd
ft
+> Q P
co
-76 '
-------
>
H
ง
S
ง
CQ
W
I
S
<
> 3 h
"a
o o o
ฃH S ^
(!) fl)
s.o a
to to
A>
ft O O CU
cu 1-1 o a
JH P O 3
rf CM C
P P P
c a to
d) d) * O
S S T) -H
bfl S bO d
Cd P JH -H
d co 0}
S -H O O
CJ
d bD
>> d
13 -H
0 +>
JH CO
CU V
a
-P
CQ
O
H
-P
s
^
v_x
%
1
irv
u\
la
Fluidyne Corp.
5900 Olson Hig
' Minneapolis, -M
5 CO CQ
H -H CQ
a
H >> G)
r^ . w ff
.p u fi
CO $-4 G)
. *H <1> CO
O*
'CJ O -p
JH ^5 *
CO (0 ,M
^ . ง ง
O CU P<
H u> <: a
a co jz H
T) P
CO 0 d)
H 10 CQ
O
JH 0 CU- JH
3 bQ 05
0 oJ JH ง
^Sl ft
co
3
a>
a
CO
g
H
0 bO
CU C
JH -H
ft d
3 2
ฃ^
i
^^
4.
0
d
" ง
CtT IA
0) IA
H
d) d
d -p a
H CQ iH
in
O r
HdS
of -H -H
Hawkins Chemici
3100 E. Hennip
Minneapolis, M
a
ง
^
O
*r\
4J-
0}
Q>
3
M ฐ
-p
co
3
9
d
s
SP
^ g'
o o
JH ,0
cu <&
"
17
0
!
&
3
~ * ~ ป
^< x-ป
1 +
's s?
IA O IA
lA CO IA
09 d
5 . ง " s
St. Maary's Hos
2414 So. 7th S
Minneapolis, M
University of ]
Minneapolis, M
M
O
o
6
02
o
H
4^ *
5 H
O
JQ M-l
' O
a
s ซ j
CO bO
P PH ;
g
0)
05
CU
ฃ4
>s " *
ง
H '
o
!
t
0
CO
f
1 .
fll
. - *
. *
^3 *-
ง
A o "".---' i
I '
. ,. , /. . 1
^3 - i
4) r*4 *
< l/Y'
s
LI fl) ,
? * "^ /
-------
to
i
1A
.'a*
H
H
1
S
o
-p
o
(0
H'
rl flj
P
-------
g
ง
B
I
CD
fi
B
CQ
W
oo
1
&
ง
M
1
I
jg
g
K
I'
'|fc
s
H
.
.0
. -. 0)
t>0
,^
(Q
, -1
0'
H 0>
+> Q)
r^ 1*5
ฐ. w b
Name of Industry
Location
.
ro :
"o*
. H
rt
1-1
i
I
4
f
' t
T t
-
ซ
0) 4ป W
Aircraft Turbine Servic
1300 Shames Drive
Westbury, N.Y. 11590
B. 0. Kinney, Incorpora
Gouverneur, N. Y. 136U
'T*
Cornell University'
Scientific Stores
Ithaca,. N. Y. 1^850
' " ป""'
.
^ ' X 2
0) U
4> rt
fl H O
Faicnney Instrument Co.
Water-town, N. Y. 13601
Henry J. Green Instrume
2500 Shames Drive
Westbury, N.Y. 11590
International Milling C
* . t.
'(
i
X f
*
. - '"
O b O
3 f'.H. -.""' ?
3\ * -P H
^4 H CO **
^
-------
0}
S
3
ฃ?
K
1
n
o
o
-P
0)
hfl
1
CO
H, -
O
H 0)
40 e>
1" f"!
o. to h
!sฃ
Name of Industry
Location
.
t
t
0
CVJ
0)
1
ซi '.
t
ป
-..--". - f
2 2 2
.
CVJ H
l/\ O 0> S
a 33 ง
H >ซ 3 6 o\
So iฅ 3
1 B> He 1 3*
.p * O s ซ
O X H -H CQ ,ซ *
ftOO OtO X^ Ufl
fTpq 43 ซ) x o o a
0 a (U-PHPQH (US
oปo HOJW ca ^I-H.
Ofl T-lpq '1-t 1>H
pQ CO ,Q ITvO 4-1 Pi H
ซx ปi^ O CO . J3 O ol
J PL, CQ SWVOP4PQ SH
2 -v ": S-" '2 '-.!
I
fr / '
^ * i
0 Pซ 1 i
'I T* _u ป fl W ' " . - f
R H Q .5 H H -P -H -t 0) H g) fj
ฃ pq S ซ fl S -H to
O C3 Q) M J3 ^5
Ha 0) * > > ฃ3 W
1 H ^ ^ < J^l ป ,
0). 0<HQ> /
tQB-P-p-P-PwaJto- /
O Q}(0 0)CQ(Q pOฃl. /
h EH rlU / '
1 ol-g -S^-S gig /
hOOOOYO&ฃ&/
Pn COPS WCOP5 CQOCQ / ...,
T
-------
1
'
co
f"
ซ
..
1
K
O
0
-P
iซ -i
o
* fj
0) H
O O
O -d O
h O
a > oS irv M
. O >rl ? H C
ft irv fi (3 -PO eStoO t-
ฐ^JS! .21 w^ Q$* . %
co H o fcObH o3 3 cS H W
P O C (30) . T3
O O H >H op<> 0) O i3
r^ *P rH. $-1 p{ ^4 rd ^~t r* ^? l~i
O C S O- CQ EH S fQ 54 ซป CJ
QJ ฃ} *^ h o3 -j^ *^ oj *^ 'o w
co O w 0 w O O - "M SM O JO
C\ 3
-------
a
CO
H g
a
t
o
is,
CVJ
fW
o
-p
o
ca
H 0).
p w
> Pi ซJ
' ง
I I
_n>_
e of Indvist
Location
o
0
S*
(U
^
W<
0\
o H
ra
.,
(UU'-HO v
o>
WO)
CUH
c\J 0
OH
OJ
<3jiQOn3
H
-------
I
CO
H
I
SL
s
o
cu
o -H
o 8
-Pfl
o5
si
-------
H
I
CO
H. -
H ซ
(0
O
P
-------
i
> /
tj
pi
m
m
Pk
ftj
" .
1
/
i
;-
^
i
p^
ง
.
a
CO
CO
.
H ซ
H B
oo
9
&H fe
^,
. B
E
^3
^
Q
WISCONSIN
/
3
fn
rt^
^*
*> '
3
aj
t*^
i
o
|C?
^
o
4ป
d>
^
1
U . .
H ' '
P ' - .
d^
H
43 ca
til
o_ w H
s: o--'
Name of Industry
Location*
Q)
1 '
1
01
d
1
3 .
43
fli
A.
EJ
oil
^
s s
3 ง
3 M
M J^
-P 09
CQ q
bf) ซ*"3
fl
r4 t3
s o
*1ป "
1 J *J
d -^
?
(U H
^ ซ
1
Q
to .P<
d ซ
8J -H
c o
4) - (U
OQ ri
rฃ
d
" ' CJ
"
O
rl
4>
S4
CO
t .
03
3 2't
rl
49
Cutler- Hammer, Inc.
P. 0. Box 463
Milwaukee, Wise. 53201'
Dairyland Power Coopera
LaCrosse, Wise. 54602
fcO
c.
H
! '
4>
d
o
u
ง
jj
oj
U)
rl
4>
^
ป,
(U +>
bO O
0} Cj
O 5-1
^ C3
co 3'
o
P O
0 4ป
fl) 4*
'^ S
w rt
Pj
53
8 .:
(0 t
rl " '
T3 '
S
f .
it
^^S ^^
r? VO^
g CVI
ESB, Inc. (Elec. Storage
Ray-0-Vac.Div.
.212 East Washington Ave
Madison, Wise.
-
.
43
w 1'"
t. ,_j
Q) 2
JH O*
3
p t-t
"o c
ft -H
__ Rj CVI
**O 4^
ง o ซn
PI ฐ
ITv > 0) 4*
rl 0) 0
Sri O
.C
h TJ 4s
is-g
to
Q)
rl
Q*
g . .
3
H
P.
a
a -..;..
;
9
2| ' ' i
^^^ >
^
^
8 '
Geutec Hospital Supply
250 No. Water St.
Milvaukee, Wise. 53202
^ ' .
i"'
-------
a
ง
WISCONSIN
-?
3
1
K
;
P
O
SJ
c4
o
p
0)
W
1
03
ft'
H 0)
-P W
:H i*"13
5.1 2
!<งฃ
Name of Industry
Location
. ,
d
4)
W 10
d 2
ฃ-< ^
0}
JfS
^rf w
(-1 fl
O (Q
> ft
fl ft
H 'H
O
to a
W -H
O
H 'd
0)
M O
P O
M fi
d) O
s o
to
1
P
Jป
CO
pj *
Q) 3 O
U tg
. f-.
o ^ to
^3 O J-i
-P fc 0}
s |^ .
-p a H
W fl -P
III
#8 "
0)
P to ^
a a> a
O r^ *iH
S -H -P
0 0 fl
W) -H O
($ 0 O
C -H UJ
^ *w -d
.
UJ
P
fl
d
g
10
fl
H
fl
<0
to
ฃ>
.
6_i m
tributors QJ
tal suppliei
to fl
H 0)
ft -d
*^
rJ
d
9
Q>
ง
-P .
s
3
5
0 >,
o f?
3 -3
OT gj
H ฃ4
>>^
oJ
o "^
h Q)
^3 f^3
**
.
.T Condition
inufacturing
j"J ^JJ
^J ^ฃ^
ซ
ซ.
foratory
rt
w .
i
CVl
Vl
. . ฐ
CVl
1 l
"*
1
ll
i
f
>
'
. i
~s
%i **
^
'si
H
to
in
.
ca o
-P 03
CO -H
O j> >
rt O CO
fl V.r-1
C5 H
.g i.
^.
r*^
-p
to
| g ;,_
Institute of Paper Ch
P. 0. Box '148
Appleton, Wise. . 54911
Milwaukee County Gene
Hospital
8700 W. Wisconsin Ave
Wauwatosa, Wise. 5322'
^s
>i^c
^
H
O O
0 H
ง .8
J3 CO O
CO to
fl Tl
3**
fl 0
3 cn^j
^^
8
i/\
0
to
O -rl
O >
O ป
rt Q)
3 to
h g
i!
^s,
ij* ' "' '
^ -
a
3 '':-.
University of Wiscons
Stores Dept.
Madison, Wise. 53706
.; "-'''.; f
r
. . \
i
-------
APPENDIX VI
Federal-State Water Quality Standards and USPHS V
Drinking Hater Standards for Mercury and Heavy Metals"
All States have adopted central criteria as a part of their water quality
standards applicable to all waters which require that waters be free of
substances attributable to discharges or wastes which are toxic or which
produce undesirable physiological responses in human, fish, and other
animal life tnd plants, Accordingly, morcury as well as other toxic
substances would be included in the general criteria, v
Specific numerical criteria fcr toxic substances have been included in
water quality standards ?,s follows:
State
Alabama
Colorado
Conii ec 11 cut
Delaware
Florida
Meta
Criteria
Valt.cs in ir.a/1
No Specific Criteria
USPHS Standards
a
Arizona
Arkansas
Cal5,f ornia-
Sacroir.er.to~
San Joaquin
Delta
Colorado
Hivor
No Specific Criteri
All Toxic
Materials
CadmJ.um
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Copper
Iron
- Lead
Manganese
Silver
Zinc
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Copper
Lead
Silver
Zinc
0.1
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.3
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.1
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
2/
USPHS Standards
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
No Specific r.Cri.teria
Use Classification tc
Which Applied
Water Supply
Fish'and. Wildlife
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
I/ Heavy metals considered: Cadniun, Chromium, Copper. Iron. Lฐad Kc-c^-'
Silver, Zinc. " '
2/ The Tim is the concentration of a toxic material which produced death -
one-half of the test organises in a bicassay test within a soecifico r.<
of time (eg. A3 hours or 96 hours).
-------
State
Georgia
Hav/aii
Idaho
Illinois
Metal
Criteria
Values in rag/1
Use Classification to
Which Applied
Indiana
Iowa
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
(Water Quality; jCriterig, published
by the State of
as a guide)
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Chromium
(trivalent)
Copper
Iron (total)
Lead
Silver
Zinc
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Chromium
(trivalent)
Copper
Iron
Lead
Silver
Zinc
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
All Toxic
Materials
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Lead
Lead
Chromium
(trivalent)
Copper
Zinc
California
0.01
0.05
1.00
1.0
0.3
0.05
0.05
5.0
0.05
0.05
1.00
0.04
1.00
0.1
0.05
1.00
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.1 96-hr
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.10
1.00
0.02
1.0
referenced
V7ater Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Aquatic Life
Aquatic Life
Aquatic Life
Aquatic Life
Aquatic Life
Aquatic Life
Aquatic Life
Aquatic Life
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
TLm Fish and Wildlife
Water Supply ฃ> Fish and
Wildlife
Water Supply ฃ. Fish and
Wildlife
Water Supply & Fish and
Wildlife
Fish and Wildlife
Fish and Wildlife
Fish and Wildlife '
Fish and Wildlife
-------
5
Metal
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
"laine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Criteria
Values in mg/1
USPHS
Standards
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
All Toxic
Materials
All Toxic
Materials
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.1 48~hr TLm
0.1 48-hr TLm
Use Classification to
Which Applied
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Fish and Wildlife
Water Supply
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Critex'ia
Chromium
(hexavalent)
0.05
Water Supply
Copper
Iron
Manganese
Zinc
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
Chromium
Copper
Chromium
Copper
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
1.0
0.3
0.05
5
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
trace
trace
1.0
0.2
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.05
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Sxipply
Water Supply
Wa t ei" Supp ly
Class A Fisheries
Class A Fisheries
Class B Fisheries
Class B Fisheries
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
& Recreation
ฃ Recreation
&. Recreation
&> Recreation
Missouri
No Specific Criteria
-------
State
Montana
Metal'
USPHS
All Toxic
Materials
Criteria
Values in mg/1
Standards
0.1 96-hr TLm
Nebraska
Nevada
Jew Hampshire
Jew Jersey
Jew Mexico
Jew York
forth Carolina
forth Dakota .
USPHS Standards
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
Use Classification to
Which Applied
Wat er Supply
All Uses
?
All Uses
3hio
Dklahoraa
Oregon
All Toxic
Materials
0.0
.USPHS . - Standards _ -
Cadmium
Chromium
(total)
Chromium
(hexavalent )
Copper
Lead
Cadmium
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Lead
Silver
Iron(certain
Rivers on Ohio/
Pa. border only)
All Toxic
Materials
All Toxic
Materials
Cadmium ' .
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Zinc
0.01
1.0
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.05
0-05
0.05
1.5 '
0.1 48-h.r TLm
0.1 48 -hr TLm
0.01
0.05
0,005
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.1
Water Supply
Water -Supply
Fish and Wildlife
Fish and Wildlife
Fish and Wildlife
Fish and Wildlife
Fish and Wildlife
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Water Supply
Aquatic Life and Recreation-
Water Supply
All Uses
All Uses
All Uses
All Uses
All Uses
All Uses
All Uses
-------
State
Oregon(cont *d)
Metal
Criteria
Values in mg/1
'ennsylvania
ฃhode Island
Jouth Carolina
Jouth Dakota
'ennessce
'exas
tab
erraont
irginia
ashington
est Virginia-
is cons in
Doming
istrict of
Columbia
aaiu.
jerto Rico
Irgin Islands
Heavy Metals 0.5
(Totals including
copper1, lead, zinc,
and others of non-
specific designation)
Manganese 1.0
Iron(total) 1.5
Iron dissolved 0.3
No Specific Criteria
All Toxic
Materials
0.0
USPHS Standards
Iron 0.2
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
USPHS Standards
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
USPHS Standards
No Specific ' Criteria
No Specific Criteria
USPKS Standards
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
No Specific Criteria
Use Classification to
Which Applied
All Uses
All Uses
All Uses
All Uses
Water Supply
Water Supply
Fish and Wildlife
All Uses
All Uses
Water Supply
-------
USPHS
Drinking
Water
Stariciarcla
Metal
Chromium
Cadmium
Copper
lion
Lead
Manganese
Silver
Zinc
Criteria
Value
in iag/1
0.5
0.01
1.0
.03
.05
.05
.05
5.0
Use Classification to
Which App]ied
Public
Public
Public
Public
Public
Public
Public
Public
Water
Water
V/ater
V/ater
Water
V/ater
V/ater
V/ater
Supply
Supply
Supply
Supply
Supply
Supply
Supply
Supply
-------
APPENDIX VII
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT PROCURES AND
THE 1899 RIVERS AND HARBORS ACT
The Water Quality Act of 1965 provided for the adoption of
water quality standards for all interstate waters of the
United States. Under this law the States adopted water
quality standards which were then reviewed and, if found
satisfactory, approved by the Secretary of the Interior
as Federal standards. Included in the water quality
standards are use designations for the interstate waters,
criteria designed to protect the designated uses, and a
plan of implementation which provides remedial measures
to be followed to achieve water quality criteria for
such measures. The wa'cer quality standards program is
a very comprehensive program and is the backbone of the
Federal effort for attaining clean water. The Standards
facilitate compliance with pollution control requirements
by letting water users know in advance, first, what they can
expect in the way of water quality and, second, what as
users of that water, is expected of them in the way of
waste treatment.
Enforcement action through the Enforcement Conference techniques
may be initiated to abate pollution of interstate or
navigable waters when the pollution of such affects the
-------
health or welfare of persons, or when pollution prevents
the marketing of shell fish under certain circumstances.
There are three distinct stages of such Federal Enforcement
Action: Conference, Public Hearing and Court Action. The
conference stage is conducted informally. The conferees
represent the State Water Pollution Control agencies,
Interstate Water Pollution Control agencies, if any, the
Department of the Interior. The function of the conference
is to inquire into the occurrence of pollution abatable
under the Act, the adequacy of the measures being taken,
and the nature of the delays being encountered. Agreement
of the conferees, if possible, as obtained on a required
remedial program to abate the pollution. The remedial
program is published by the Secretary.
The second stage, the public hearing is a formal procedure
directed toward individual alleged polluters. The Hearing
Board is comprised of five or more members, appointed by
the Secretary. The findings and recommendations made by
the Hearing Board on the basis of theevidence presented
are sent to the polluters with a specified time for
compliance and to the State and Interstate agencies.
-------
-3-
Federal Court action against the polluter by the Attorney
General of the United States can be invoked as a final
step. In addition to the enforcement conference technique,
the Secretary may take d.irect enforcement action against
polluters in the event he determines a violation of
Water Quality Standards. Upon the issuance of a 180 day
notice of violation of water quality standards, the
Secretary may request the Attorney General to commence
action against such polluter to abate violation of the
standards.
Recently there has been an upsurge of activity related to
enforcement of the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act. This Act
prohibits the discharge of any refuse material other than
that flowing from streets and sewers into the navigable
waters of the nation. The Army Corps of Engineers has the
primary responsibility of enforcing this Act by requesting
legal action to be taken by the U.S. Attorney.
However, anyone may request the U.S. Attorney to prosecute
under this Act. Violations of the Act subject the violator
to fines of up to $2,500 and repeated violations may be
enjoined.
-------
APPENDIX VIII
THE RESPECTIVE ROLES OF TEE STATES AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS IN
THE ENFORCEMENT OF WATER QUAL3 TY STANDARDS
Federal enforcement actions are intended to encourage State
action under State laws and to strengthen the hands of State
authorities.
While the Federal role in water pollution control is significant,
that role is premised upon cooperation with State and local
governments. This fact is emphasized by Congress in the Declara-
tion of Policy of the Act: "It is hereby declared to be the policy
of congress to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary
responsibilities and rights of the States in preventing and con-
trolling water pollution, to support and aid technical research
relating to the prevention and control of water pollution and to
provide Federal technical services and financial aid to State and
Interstate agencies and to municipalities in connection with the
prevention and control of water pollution." The Federal Program
is very closely linked with the programs of the States.
Federal enforcement action is not intended to replace State
action. States are encouraged to take the lead role in enforce-
ment. In ex Federal enforcement conference approach, it would
take a minimum of 18 months for the FWQA to bring a polluter into
-------
2
court. Court action could delay the clean-up for several more
years. Total time to abate pollution through Federal action
alone can bo very lengthy. States are not subject to the legal,
time limitations that have, been placed on Federal Government.
A State can insure compliance in a matter of hours in emergency
cases and usually within a year to 18 months in routine cases.
Often court action is not necessary when the Federal and State
governments jointly proceed toward the abatement of pollution.
The Federal program is designed to aid and assist the States in
abating pollution.
Regulations are also being developed by FWQA for the control
of hazardous substances pursuant to section 11 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended by the
i
Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970.
-------
|