EPA-600/4-76-013
March 1976
METHODOLOGY FOR INVENTORYING
HYDROCARBONS
By
Philip DiGasbarro and Mark Bornstein
GCA Corporation
GCA/Technology Division
Bedford, Mass 01730
Contract No. 68-02-1006
Task Order No. 7
Project Officer
Charles C. Masser
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
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CONTENTS
List of Figures iv
List of Tables v
Chapters
I INTRODUCTION 1
II REVIEW OF HYDROCARBON PROGRAMS 3
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 3
STATUS OF NEDS FOR INVENTORYING HYDROCARBONS 4
REGULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF HYDROCARBON 11
CONCLUSION 13
III DESCRIPTION OF REGION 14
IV HYDROCARBON STATIONARY SOURCE IDENTIFICATION 18
PROCESS AND EVAPORATIVE SOURCES 18
DEVELOPMENT OF MAILING LIST 23
COMPUTER LABELS AND WORK SHEET 26
MAILING OF QUESTIONNAIRE 27
LOGGING OF RETURNS AND FOLLOW UP 31
RECONTACTING 32
V DATA COMPILATION 33
MANUAL APPROACH 34
COMPUTER DATA HANDLING SYSTEM 63
ii
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Chapter Page
VI APPLICATION OF THE HYDROCARBON METHODOLOGY
TO THE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY 66
REFERENCES 73
Appendix
A QUESTIONNAIRES 75
B LABEL AND WORK SHEET COMPUTER PROGRAM 88
iii
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TABLES
No.
1 COMPOSITE REACTIVITY INDEX VALUES FOR SELECTED
HYDROCARBONS 5
2 NATIONWIDE ESTIMATES OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS, 1970 9
3 "BEST ESTIMATE" REACTIVITY RANKING OF MAJOR EMISSION
SOURCES 10
4 MANUFACTURING EMPLOYEES IN REGION BY SIC CATEGORY, 1973 15
5 GUIDELINES TO DETERMINE WHAT COMPANIES WILL BE SURVEYED 25
6 SUMMARY OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS 35
7 HYDROCARBON SOURCES GREATER THAN 5 TONS/YEAR, 1973 37
8 SURVEY COVERAGE AND RESULTING EMISSIONS 38
9 POINT SOURCE WORK SHEET 40
10 AREA SOURCE WORK SHEET 41
11 SAMPLE SHEET FOR THE ANALYSES OF TYPE OF HYDROCARBON
EMISSIONS FOR STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CODES (SIC) 43
12 TYPE OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS VERSUS SIC FOR DECREASING 44
13 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FOR
DECREASING 45
14 PERCENTAGE BREAKDOWN OF TRADE PAINT SALES FOR
U.S. REGIONS 52
15 PERCENTAGE BREAKDOWN OF INDUSTRIAL PAINT SALES FOR
U.S. REGIONS 53
16 PERCENTAGE OF SOLVENT CONTENT FOR TWO DRYING METHODS
VERSUS FIVE PRINTING PROCESSES 54
17 NATIONAL SOLVENT USAGE (TONS/YEAR) 55
18 PROCESSES EMITTING HYDROCARBON FROM MANUFACTURING 57
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TABLES (Continued)
No. Page
19 HYDROCARBON EVAPORATIVE LOSSES AT BULK STORAGE SITES 59
20 EMISSIONS: LOSSES-PER 1000 GALLONS TRANSFERRED 61
A-l QUESTIONNAIRE TO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND
DRY CLEANERS 76
A-2 STUDY AREA BULK STORAGE INFORMATION 86
VI
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This document describes the methods for obtaining stationary source
hydrocarbon emission inventory information, cataloguing the information
consistent with the National Emission Data System (NEDS), and presenting
the information for the evaluation of control strategies. The acquisi-
tion of statistical data and the procedure for surveying hydrocarbon
stationary sources are described step-by-step. Both the manual approach
and the use of computer data handling system are discussed for the
analysis of data. Methodology development and application to the EPA
Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) is also presented.
The definition of hydrocarbon emissions concerned in this report should
be clarified. Hydrocarbons are normally thought of as compounds whose
molecules consist of atoms of hydrogen and carbon only. Organic com-
pounds include all compounds of carbon except the oxides of carbon, the
carbides and the carbonates. Therefore, hydrocarbons are organic com-
pounds. However, all organic compounds, including those which contain
additional elements such as nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine, are also
defined here as hydrocarbons. Throughout the report, the term hydro-
carbon emissions will be synonymous with gaseous and the volatile portion
of particulate organic compounds entering the atmosphere.
This report contains five additional chapters. Chapter II reviews the
programs concerning the reduction of hydrocarbon emissions. Chapter III
describes the methods for collecting information of the study area.
I
Chapter IV delineates the procedure for selecting and surveying the
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hydrocarbon stationary sources. Chapter V discusses both the manual
and computer assisted methods for compiling and presenting the data.
And Chapter VI specifically addresses the utilization of this methodology
to the Regional Air Pollution Study Program.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF HYDROCARBON PROGRAMS
Since the signing of the Clean Air Act and its amendments of 1970, many
programs have been and are being conducted in the area of pollution
related to hydrocarbon emissions. A review of the programs dealing
with air quality standards, existing and evolving regulations, and the
present emissions inventory systems, will lead to an adequate definition
of the type of inventory information needed and the methods for col-
lecting this information.
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
EPA has promulgated two air quality control standards directly or in-
directly concerned with hydrocarbons. The photochemical oxidant (or
ozone) standard states that the hourly average concentration shall not
exceed 0.08 ppm and the non-methane hydrocarbon standard states that the
6 to 9 a.m. average should not exceed 0.24 ppm (measured as "carbon").
The non-methane hydrocarbon standard was designed solely to meet the
oxidant standard. The document on Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons
2
(AP-64) clearly concludes that "our present state of knowledge does not
demonstrate any direct health effects of the gaseous hydrocarbon in the
ambient air on populations, although many of the effects attributed to
photochemical smog are indirectly related to ambient levels of these
hydrocarbons."
Research programs have developed methods for assessing the reactivity
of various organic compounds present in auto exhaust and recently in
-------
the solvent and surface coating industries. The reactivities of the
compounds vary and classifications have been made according to classes
3
of compounds or for specific compounds as in Table 1. However, "with-
out additional information on the composition of the total hydrocarbon
mixture and variability, it is difficult to appraise the relationships
in the atmosphere between total hydrocarbon or non-methane hydrocarbon
2
concentrations and photochemical effects." Methane, a photochemically
inactive hydrocarbon usually comprises more than half of total atmos-
pheric hydrocarbon. An attempt to correlate photochemical products
with non-methane hydrocarbons/total hydrocarbons has been made for sev-
4
eral cities. This has resulted in the development of the Appendix J
curve, Figure 1, of the Federal Register (August,1971), which is used
in the implementation plans to determine the percent reduction required
in total hydrocarbon emissions in order to achieve the photochemical
oxidant standard. One should note this curve was formed using the upper
limit oxidant-nonmethane hydrocarbon points of various mixtures in cer-
tain cities over a certain period. It does not reflect the actual rela-
tionship of atmospheric hydrocarbons to photochemical air pollution levels
over any study area. The application is supposed to assure that more than
an adequate reduction is achieved.
STATUS OF NEDS FOR INVENTORYING HYDROCARBONS
Total hydrocarbons is one of the five criteria pollutants catalogued
according to point and area source categories. Point and area sources
definitions, along with the procedure for coding the computer input
forms, are found in the "Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emissions
Inventory" - APTD 1135. It should be added that a source could be in-
cluded as a point source if it can be controlled individually by a
specific regulation. For example, the hydrocarbon regulation in Los
Angeles, Rule 66, specifies "a person shall not discharge into the at-
mosphere more than 40 pounds of organic materials in any one day
(»v 5 tons per year) from any article, machine, equipment ..." It
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Table 1. COMPOSITE REACTIVITY INDEX VALUES
FOR SELECTED HYDROCARBONS3
Compound
2-Butene, 2, 3-dimet'hyl
2-Pentene, 2, 3-dimethyl
2-Butene, trans-
2-Butene, cls-
1-Butene, 2 -methyl -
1-Butene, 3-methyl-
2-Butene, 2 -methyl -
2-»exene, cis-
2-Hexene, trans -
3-Hexene, cis-
3-Hexene, trans -
2-Pentene
2-Pentene, cis-
2-Pentene, trans -
2-Pentene, 4-methyl-
1-Butene
1-Hexene
Formaldehyde
Isobutylene
1-Pentene
1-Pentene, 2-methyl-
1-Pentene, 4-methyl-
Propylene
Propylene Oxide
Styrene
Vinyl acetate, monomer
Vinyl chloride, monomer
0-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Benzene, 1, 2, 4-trimethyl-
Benzene, 1, 3, 5-trimethyl-
1,3 -Butadiene
Butane, 2-oethyl-
Cumene
Cyclopentane
Isobutyl methyl ketone
Propadiene
Toluene
Toluene, diisocyanate
Toluene, m-ethyl-
Composite Reactivity Inc.
(0 to 10 scale)
10
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
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Table 1 (continued).
COMPOSITE REACTIVITY INDEX VALUES
FOR SELECTED HYDROCARBONS3
Compound
Composite Reactivity Inc.
(0 to 10 scale)
Toluene, p-ethyl-
Trichloroethylene
Ethylene
Ethyl benzene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanone
Cyclopentane
Cyclomethyl
Ethyl methyl ketone
Hexanol, 2-ethyl
Isopropyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
n-Butyl alcohol
Acetone
Butyl acetates, mixed
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Benzene
Butane, 2, 2-dimethyl
Butane, 2, 3-dimethyl
Hexane
Hexane, 2-tnethyl-
Hexane, 3-methyl-
Pentane, 2, 3-dimethyl-
Pentane, 2,4-dimethyl-
Pentane, 2,-methyl-
Pentane, 3,-methyl-
Pentane, 2, 2, 4-trimethyl-
Acetylene
Butane
Cellulose acetate
Diethylene glycol
Ethane
Ethylene dichloride
Isobutane
Isopentane
Methane
Methane, trichlorofluoro
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Peptane
Propane
Perchloroethylene
6
6
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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MM* MEASURED 1- to* PHOTOCHE«Al OXIOMT MWEIWMWXJI*
$i» 0.15 0.»
NOTE: NOHYOROCAroOUORPHOTOCHaKCM.
OXIOANT MCKCROWrt) AUUHCO
IN «t JOO IN 400 490 900 JM
VNOHMIMSURU t-te nWTOCHBIRM. OXIOMT COKOITIWHOI.|**I
Figure 1. Required hydrocarbon emission control as a function of
photochemical oxidant concentration. (Reference: Air
Quality Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides, AP-84,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
January 1971)
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may be reasonable to choose 5 tons/year as a cut-off between point and
area sources. The decision is an arbitrary one which also depends on
the ease and cost of control and the extent of the photochemical problem.
Table 2 contains a summary' of the 1970 nationwide hydrocarbon emissions,
by source category. Transportation was the largest hydrocarbon source,
emitting 13.2 million tons (48.4 percent of the total) in 1970. The
other major sources are, evaporative losses of gasoline and solvents, and
industrial process losses. Combined, these sources contributed 9.6 mil-
lion tons (35.5 percent of the total), in 1970.
3
Another estimate of total hydrocarbon emissions is shown in Table 3.
This summary presents emissions from stationary source categories which
are generally higher than comparable estimates in Table 2 due to varia-
tions in methodology and data sources. The table also provides estimates
of "high reactivity" emissions. "High reactivity" emissions are defined
on the basis of photochemical reactivity or smog contribution as deter-
mined by simulative laboratory studies and represents that portion of
emissions from the various source categories with a composite reactivity
index of six or greater (see Table 1). High reactivity does not neces-
sarily correlate with biological response.
Unlike the carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, which are specific com-
pounds, the total hydrocarbon emissions consist of natttero'us types of
organic compounds of varying toxicity and photochemical reactivity.
These organic compounds may be emitted as a single compound or in com-
binations with certain others. The types and combinations of these
compounds clearly depend on the process and item/product being manu-
factured or serviced. For some process categories, such as dry clean-
ing and degreasing, where operations are similar and standardized, the
type of pollutant (as a compound) in many cases can be presently spec-
ified in the NEDS system via the Standard Classification Code (SCC).
For some other categories such as chemical manufacturing and surface
coating, the pollutant type information is not specified because the
8
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Table 2. NATIONWIDE ESTIMATES OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS, 1970'
P - Point sources
Source category
A - Area sources
Transportation (A)
Motor vehicles
Gasoline
Diesel
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Nonhighway use of motor fuels (A)
Fuel combustion in stationary
sources (P, A)
Coal
Fuel oil
Natural gas
Wood, LPG and kerosene
Industrial process losses (P, A)
Solid waste disposal (P, A)
Agricultural burning (A)
Miscellaneous (P, A)
Forest firesa
Structural fires
Coal refuse burning
Gasoline and solvent
evaporation
Total
Emissions,
10" tons/year
13.2
12.0
11.9
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.6
2.0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
5.5
1.5
0.3
4.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
4.1
27.3
Percent of
total
48.4
44.0
43.6
0.4
1.5
0.7
2.2
7.3
1.1
0.7
0.4
20.1
5.5
1.1
16.5
0.7
0.4
0.4
15.0
Includes prescribed burning.
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Table 3. "BEST ESTIMATE" REACTIVITY RANKING
OF MAJOR EMISSION SOURCES3
Source category
Total hydrocarbon
emissions
(106 tons/year)
"High reactivity"
emissions
(10° tons/year)
Solvent Evaporation
Solid Waste Combustion
(urban, domestic,
commercial, and
industrial)
Agricultural Waste
Combustion
Petroleum Products
Storage and
Marketing
Petroleum Production
and Refining
Chemical Process
Industry
Other Industrial
Processes
Fuel Combustion
Coal Refuse Burning
Forest Wildfires
Totals
7.1
4.5
4.2
2.3
1.9
1.4
~ 1.0
0.4
0.2
2.4 - 3.0
25.4 - 26.0
1.9
1.4
1.1
1.0
0.2
negligible
negligible
negligible
not estimated
not estimated
5.6
10
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SCC process codes have «3t bam. developed, or tfe« poll«*an is jm*fc
categorized as solvent, paint solvent, lacquaw solvent, ete. Solvents
in mixtures vary but general classes could be outlined and SCC's defined.
Still, for other categories such as area sources, where no SCC listing
exists, only the material-being stored, consumed or combusted is known.
Emission factors are applied to these area source categories to calcu-
late the total hydrocarbon emissions. If it is ever needed, the types,
amount and variability from each area source category could be deter-
mined. For example, the marketing of gasoline certainly emits most of
the compounds found in gasoline and the more volatile in larger quanti-
ties. Also, combustion of certain fuels usually produce various types
of organic compounds within a limited concentration range.
REGULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF HYDROCARBON
A critical review of the existing and proposed regulations for the con-
trol of hydrocarbon emissions from stationary sources has recently ap-
Q
peared in the Journal of Air Pollution Control. In summary, the
various state and local agencies having a photochemical oxidant prob-
lem, have adopted some variation of the Los Angeles Rule 66.
Recently the National Paint and Coatings Association (NPC) has recom-
mended modifications of Rule 66 for the control of Organic Solvents.
These are proposed for use as new Federal Guidelines. These regulations
or some slight modifications of them might eventually be adopted by the
states or local agencies considering control of stationary hydrocarbon
9
sources.
It is evident that some of these regulations at times apply selective
control to the particular categories or pollutant types. For example,
9
below is a part of the regulation on organic solvent use:
11
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A person shall not discharge into the atmosphere more than
40 pounds of organic materials in any one day, nor more than
8 pounds in any one hour, from any article, machine, equip-
ment or other contrivance used under conditions other than
described in section (a), (drying) for employing, or applying,
any photochemically reactive solvent, as defined in section (k),
or material containing such photochemically reactive solvent,
unless said discharge'has been reduced by at least 85 percent.
For the purposes of this rule, organic solvents include
diluents and thinners and are defined as organic materials
which are liquids of standard conditions and which are used
as dissolvers, viscosity reducers or cleaning agents, except
that such materials which exhibit a boiling point higher than
220°F at 0.5 millimeter mercury absolute pressure or having
an equivalent vapor pressure shall not be considered to be
solvents unless exposed to temperatures exceeding 200°F.
For the purposes of this rule, a photochemically reactive
solvent is any solvent with an aggregate of more than 20
percent of its total volume composed of the chemical com-
pounds classified below or which exceeds any of the fol-
lowing individual percentage composition limitations,
referred to the total volume of solvent:
1. A combination of hydrocarbons, alcohols, al-
dehydes, esters, ethers or ketones having an
olefinic type of unsaturation: 5 percent;
2. A combination of aromatic compounds with eight
or more carbon atoms to the molecule except
ethylbenzene: 8 percent;
3. A combination of ethylbenzene, ketones having
branched hydrocarbon structures, trichlo-
roethylerte or toluene: 20 percent.
As specific and well defined as these regulations may be, the complex
problem of evaluating the number and type of hydrocarbons emissions
from a plant or class of industries still exists.
Under different circumstances, EPA has used different reactivity criteria
in developing control strategies. The control regulations for automotive
emissions require the control of all hydrocarbons. The regulations for
gasoline marketing and distribution control all emissions, except that in
some areas CL to C- paraffins, acetylene and benzene are exempted. For
12
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solvent usage, where control technology is not available, use of less
reactive compounds has been permitted according to regulations similar
to those given above.
CONCLUSION
From these earlier discussions, it is apparent that regulations have
been and are being developed with the concept of photochemical reac-
tivity. Up to now EPA has relied on the Appendix J relationship in
the development of the implementation plans because of the unknown
makeup and reactivity of the many organic components involved in the
complicated photochemical reactions and forming oxidants. Since re-
search is actively providing more information on these relationships,
it appears that an accurate catalogue for inventorying hydrocarbons by
type should be developed. The cataloguing of emissions should be con-
sistent with the existing and eventual control strategies for meeting
the oxidant standard. Toxicity effects should also be considered with
the expectation that some organic compounds, i.e., vinyl chloride, will
fall into the hazardous pollutant category.
13
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CHAPTER III
DESCRIPTION OF REGION
To properly study a hydrocarbon emission problem for an area in question,
it is necessary to have a complete description of the region. After the
study area has been chosen, all necessary maps of the area should be ob-
tained. City and county maps can usually be supplied by the State De-
partment of Commerce and Development. Traffic count maps should be ob-
tained from local and state highway departments and from metropolitan
planning agencies. USGS maps should be used to identify the location
(UTM's) of point sources.
It is very helpful prior to mailing a questionnaire, to have a general
understanding of the types of major industries that exist in the study
area. A list of manufacturing employees and/or number of establish-
ments versus SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) can quickly re-
veal the major type of manufacturing industries in the area. This
information can be obtained from the latest published Bureau of Census
Data or the State Industrial Director. Table 4, constructed for the
Boston AQCR, indicated SIC 38, 36, 31, 30 and 27 to be major industries.
Petroleum bulk storage and distribution and dry cleaning establishments
would also be included in any inventory because they are know emitters
of hydrocarbons.
Statistical information that will be needed for the apportionment of
hydrocarbon emissions to cities, towns, and counties are the following:
population, number of establishments, number of manufacturing employees
per SIC for cities, towns, counties, Standard Metropolitan Statistical
14
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Table 4. MANUFACTURING EMPLOYEES IN REGION BY SIC CATEGORY, 1973
SIC category
20 Food
22 Textile products
23 Apparel
24 Lumber
25 Furniture
26 Paper
27 Printing
28 Chemicals
29 Petroleum
30 Rubber
31 Leather
32 Stone, clay, etc.
33 Primary metals
34 Fabricated metal
roducts
35 Machinery,
non- electrical
36 Electrical
machinery
37 Transportation
equipment
38 Instruments
39 Miscellaneous
manufacturing
Other
Manufacturing
employees3
21,900
5,400
17,300
2,400
3,000
11,600
25,000
9,000
1,000
12,100
13,200
3,000
3,400
17,500
34,000
52,000
16,600
25,600
6,900
5,600
286,000
~% ofb
U.S. Total
1.6
1.1
0.6
(1.7)
2.1
0.9
(0.5)
(2.3)
(3-9)
(0.5)
0.3
1.2
1.7
2.7
0.8
(6.2)
(1.5)
Primarily from September 1973 Massachusetts "Employment
Newsletter"
From ratio of 1973 Regional to 1970 National Bureau of
Census Data, values in ( ) from 1967 Census Data
15
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Areas (SMSA) and state. This information is usually available in
Bureau of Census publications. Information about the labor force, pop-
ulation characteristics and gengpsal information for cities and towns
can possibly be obtained from the local Development Council or the State
Department of Labor. Often it is compiled in monographs for the respec-
tive city or town by state agencies.
Data concerning the amount of fuel consumed, transferred, stored, and
produced for each state can be obtained from the "Mineral Industry Sur-
veys" prepared by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
Information about airport operations that are in the study area can be
obtained from the Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Ad-
ministration.
Other ways of obtaining statistical information, which may not have
been previously mentioned, can be found by referring to the reference
sections in the "Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory"
(APTD 1135).
Metropolitan Boston Intrastate Air Quality Control Region, Figure 2,
was a typical area chosen for a hydrocarbon emission study. For
this region the city replaced the county concept followed in NEDS.
16
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^ Air Quality
v^v Control Region
\ Boundary
Figure 2. Metropolitan Boston Intrastate Air
Quality Control Region
17
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CHAPTER IV
HYDROCARBON STATIONARY SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
A primary purpose of a hydrocarbon inventory is to identify stationary
point sources. This is best undertaken by means of a stationary source
questionnaire. One byproduct of the questionnaire mailing is the
gathering of information about small companies that do not emit hydro-
carbons in sufficient quantity to qualify as point sources. Although
these sources are small, they are numerous and may represent a sub-
stantial portion of the total hydrocarbons being emitted. The emissions
from these area sources should be included in the NEDS area source file.
Hydrocarbon stationary sources can be broken down into the following
categories: fuel combustion, solid waste, process and evaporation
sources. Fuel combustion includes the burning of coal, oil, gas, and
wood for residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial use.
Solid waste stationary sources are on-site incineration, and open burn-
ing. Point and area source information for both fuel combustion and
solid waste can be obtained from the existing NEDS file. It is felt
that there is no real need to re-examine these point and area sources
because of past emphases placed on them as emitters of criteria pollu-
tants. The rest of this chapter discusses process and evaporative sta-
tionary sources.
PROCESS AND EVAPORATIVE SOURCES
Frequently hydrocarbon emissions from process and evaporative sources
have not been carefully cataloged in the past. Therefore, it is
18
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necessary to re-examine the industries in the study area. A question-
naire designed specifically for particular classes of industries is
effective in gathering the necessary process, emission and emission
control information.
The questionnaire should be designed for three types of establishments:
the manufacturing industries, the dry cleaners and the bulk petroleum
products distributors.
Manufacturing Industries - (Questionnaire Design)
The operations that frequently emit hydrocarbons from the manufacturing
industries are listed below.
1. Degreasing
2. Surface coating
a. Fabric or rubberized
b. Protective or decorative
c. Printing
d. Miscellaneous surface coating
3. Other manufacturing operations
a. Process losses
b. Bulk storage
The questionnaire for these manufacturing industries is shown in
Appendix A, Table A-l. On the first page, general information is re-
quested. Plant name and mailing address, plant address, person to con-
tact, number of manufacturing employees, etc., are required for identifi-
cation, scale up and completion of NEDS. To assist the respondent a
guide (Page 1, Item G) is provided indicating the pages that should be
completed for the operations performed at the plant. If the plant does
not emit hydrocarbons, the respondent signs the form and returns it so
he will not be recontacted.
19
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Degreasing - In many industries, the fabricated product must be de-
greased before the application of surface finishes. The major solvents
used in degreasing operations, Stoddard, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, perch-
loroethylene, methylene chloride and trichloroethylene are listed on the
questionnaire. Space, of. course, is also provided for other solvents.
The respondent is also asked to identify the amount of each solvent pur-
chased and returned for reprocessing. In order to assist in the deter-
mination of how much solvent is being sold in the area, the name of the
solvent supplier is requested. The major solvent suppliers, if willing
to disclose what may be considered as proprietary information, could
provide information concerning total solvent usage within the area and
help in the identification of major sources.
Surface Coating - The section concerning surface coating, should be
handled carefully because solvents are added to the purchased coating.
A distinction must be made between quantity of coating purchased and
its solvent content, and the quantity of solvent added to the coating
for dilution. The amount of solvent used for cleaning purposes is
also requested. Since several solvents are often used, the type and
percentage of the major solvents in the coating should be indicated
on the questionnaire.
Manufacturing - The last operation in this major category is manufac-
turing. This part is a catch all, which includes such industries as
asphalt roofing, plywood/particle board products and chemical manu-
facturing. Space is provided to describe the process or operation,
to indicate the material being processed, to indicate the throughput
at the source and to indicate the percentage and types of solvents being
used and lost to the atmosphere.
In order to obtain the information required to fill out a NEDS form
for a point source, one last page of information is needed. This part
of the questionnaire concerns itself with control equipment and stack
20
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information. Every piece of equipment that has been mentioned in any
previous page of the questionnaire should be given a unique source
"identification number. This number is used to match a piece of control
equipment or a stack to the proper piece of operating equipment. In-
formation that is needed includes the following:
Process or operation having a stack and/or
control equipment
Control equipment specification
Efficiency of the control equipment and its
date of installation
Stack information: height, diameter, gas temperature
and velocity
The date of installation can be used to double check the reported ef-
ficiency of that equipment. If a piece of equipment is 50 years old
and it is reported at 99 percent efficiency, a reasonable doubt exists
as to the reported values.
Dry Cleaning - (Questionnaire Design)
Dry cleaning is the second category for which a questionnaire should be
developed. It can be a separate questionnaire or incorporated into the
manufacturing industries questionnaire as shown in Table A-l. Dry
cleaners are requested to complete page 2 instead of pages -3- to -8-
of the manufacturing industries questionnaire. General, stack, control
and bulk storage information remains the same. The dry cleaning opera-
tion uses basically two types of solvents; perchloroethylene and some
form of Stoddard solvent. The users of Stoddard solvent will, in al-
most all cases, use a type of process called a transfer machine. It is
called a transfer process because after the clothes are washed they are
transferred to a separate dryer. The physical process of moving the
wet clothes necessitates that there will be a large evaporative loss.
The second type of process used in dry cleaning is called a dry-to-dry
21
-------
machine and is also used by coin operated cleaning establishments. This
process does not involve a transfer of clothes. The drying cycle is
performed in the same machine as the washing cycle. The question of
what type of process is being used should be included in order to check
the usage figures of solvents. For the same amount, of clothes cleaned
and for the same type of solvent being used, the transfer process should
use more solvent than the dry-to-dry process. As in the manufacturing
questionnaire, the names of the suppliers of solvents are requested to
assist in the determination of solvent usage in the area.
Bulk Storage of Petroleum Products (Questionnaire Design)
The last major category is bulk st.orage of gasoline and other petroleum
and petrochemicals. In order to obtain information about storage tanks
that a company may have on its premises, an abbreviated form of a bulk
storage section is sent to all manufacturing industries (Section VII
of Questionnaire). This shortened form asks for information concerning
solvent type, capacity of the tank, annual throughput, and fill and
control equipment.
The complete form, Table A-2, is sent to all major oil companies,
petroleum and petrochemical distributors, utilities,, and airports
that have large bulk storage tanks. The questionnaire asks for in-
formation such as tank dimensions, paint on tank, average vapor space
height, type of roof, vapor pressures of liquid, type of fill, etc. All
necessary information is asked so that the emissions from the tank can
be calculated based upon methods described in the Compilation of Air
Pollution Factors, AP-42. Emissions from product transfer are cal-
culated by obtaining the type of fill (splash or submerged) and through-
put at the loading racks.
22
-------
DEVELOPMENT OF MAILING LIST
After a questionnaire has been developed for the specific area in
question, a mailing list of potential hydrocarbon emission sources
should be compiled. Thi-s list of companies can be. obtained from many
sources. Some examples are:
State Industrial Directories
State Department of Corporations and Taxation
Dun and Bradstreet, Industrial Directory
Yellow pages of telephone directories
Thomas Register
Trade and professional societies
Existing NEDS and CDS for the state
State Air Pollution Control Agency
Local communities to obtain appraisal of industrial activity
and listing of solvent storage facilities
Manufacturers, suppliers and users of solvents and control
equipment.
The selection of companies to be contacted is based on their SIC clas-
sification, with consideration given to their size and nature of their
actual operations through preliminary contact with the firm, local
municipalities or suppliers. Information from two previous studies
shows significant use of hydrocarbons in the manufacturing industries
(SIC 20 to 39), bulk storage and distribution of petroleum products
(SIC 5171) and dry cleaning services (SIC 7216).
After the selection has been made of the industrial categories (SIC codes)
to be surveyed by questionnaire, it is then necessary to determine if
all the companies in the SIC will receive the questionnaires or whether
only the most probable users of solvent based upon employee size will
receive the questionnaire. Experience from past studies shows that it
is helpful to make preliminary telephone calls to representative com-
panies in an SIC. The information obtained can then be used to determine
23
-------
if all companies in this class would receive a questionnaire or whether
for example, only companies with 50 employees or more should receive
the questionnaire.
Table 5 presents guidelines that may be useful in the selection of
companies based upon a previous Rhode Island study. The emission em-
ployee ratio is the ratio of tons of hydrocarbon emitted per employee
as found from respondents. This figure can be used to determine the
size of companies that should be inventoried. For example, if it is
decided that all companies emitting more than 5 tons of hydrocarbon
will be considered as point sources and the SIC emission employee
ratio is 0.5, then all companies with 10 or more employees should be
surveyed. It should be emphasized that this table is based on a small
sample of all the U.S. industries and should be used with discretion
until more hydrocarbon surveys are conducted.
The last two categories should be completely surveyed. A list of
petroleum bulk stations and terminals can be obtained from the follow-
ing sources:
1. State Air Pollution Control Agency
2. Department of Corporations and Taxation
3. New England Yellow Pages
4. Petroleum Industry Publications
A list of dry cleaning establishments can be obtained from either the
Yellow Pages or from the Regional Dry Cleaning Trade Association.
The development of the mailing list involves classification of the com-
panies that have been chosen to be surveyed into a logical order. But,
before this is done it is necessary to minimize duplicate mailings.
To do this all the mailing information about a company is keypunched on
computer cards. This information is then sorted alphabetically by city
or town. Visual spot checking will easily eliminate most of the dupli-
cate names from the computer printout. However, even though extreme
24
-------
Table 5. GUIDELINES TO DETERMINE WHAT COMPANIES
WILL BE SURVEYED
SIC
Selection criteria
Emis./emp. ratio
(tons/employee)
20 Food
21 Tobacco
22 Textiles
23 Apparel
24 Lumber & wood
25 Furniture &
fixtures
26 Paper
27 Printing
28 Chemicals
29 Petroleum
30 Rubber,
plastic
31 Leather
32 Stone, clay,
etc.
33 Primary metal
34 Fab. metal
35 Machinery
36 Elect. Machinery
37 Transpt. equip.
38 Instruments
39 Misc. Mfg.
5171 Bulk terminals
7216 Dry cleaning
Alcoholic beverages (2085)
Not surveyed
Coatings (2295), Non-wovens
(2297), Dyeing (2231)
Not surveyed
Finished product (2435),
(2492)
SIC: (2511), (2514), (2521)
(2522), (2542)
Bags, box (2643), 2651),
(2653), Coated papers
(2641)
Newspaper publishing (2711)
Coram. printing (2751),
(2754)
Organic chemical mfg.
(2821), (2823), 2861),
Chemical coating (2851),
Specialty chemicals (2842),
Carbon black (2895)
All companies
Footwear (3021), Plastics
(3041), (3069)
Mfg. shoes (3149), Bags
(3161), Personal goods
(3172), Leather refinishIng
(3111)
Glass products (3221)
Treating (3398), Tubing
(3357)
Screws (3451-2), Metal
stampings (3469), Plating
(3471), Tool mfg. (3423),
(3429)
Industrial machines
Devices (3643), Semicond.
(3674)
Boats (3732), Truck bodies
(3711), 13, 14, 15)
Optical frames (3832)
Precision instruments (3825)
Jewelry (3914-15), Toys
(3944), Writing instr.
(3951, 53)
All surveyed
All surveyed
0.89
0.07
0.08
1.0
0.5
0.20
0.32
0.11
0.16
0.03
0.10
0.19
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.04
0.07
25
-------
caution is undertaken in developing the list, duplication of companies
will still exist. This is due to the fact that some companies have
more than one name (e.g., parent company, subsidiary, old name). This
type of duplication generally will not be discovered until it is time
to recontact those companies that did not initially respond.
A logical order in which to list and classify companies is first by
SIC, then by city or county and finally alphabetically within the city
or county. This order will increase the efficiency of all future work
involved in data handling and in recording and analyzing response in-
formation.
COMPUTER LABELS AND WORK SHEET
A computer program can be very helpful in the mailing of the question-
naire, and in the production of a work sheet used for logging the re-
turns. The computer program should produce duplicate mailing labels.
The first label is attached to the general information page. This is
done for identification of returned questionnaires and for name and
mailing address correction. The second label is attached to the out-
side of the envelope. The label is shown below in Figure 3.
xxxx xxxx
TRIAL NAHE,
STREET ZZ,
WOONSOCKET R.T. 02895
Figure 3. Label contents
The SIC classification number is printed on the upper left and an
assigned identification number on the upper right. The ID number is
used to keep records of all correspondence with the company. In the
middle of the label appears the company name, address, and zip code.
26
-------
Figure 4 shows the work sheet listing of the companies in identifica-
tion number order. It is used to record the dates questionnaires were
mailed and returned, the telephone numbers, the telephone contact notes,
and comments. The comment space can contain the type of source, pro-
cess, emissions and number of manufacturing employees required for data
analysis. The computer program listing for doing the above tasks is
found in Appendix B.
MAILING OF QUESTIONNAIRE
There are certain procedures that should be followed to assure a good
questionnaire response. Legal requirements should also be considered;
for example, some state regulations may require that prior to the mail-
ing of a questionnaire ample notice be given in local papers. A cover
letter such as that shown in Figure 5 should accompany all question-
naires, this letter should state the purpose of the study, make refer-
ence to any proposed or applicable regulations, and request cooperation.
General procedures and instructions for the previously designed ques-
tionnaire such as those shown in Figure 6 should also be provided.
These instructions should request completion and return of the ques-
tionnaire by a specific date and specify the year for which the data is
requested. The instructions also should explain that the questionnaire
was designed for a wide variety of operations which involve solven^^ ,-."
and organic chemical usage, and that some questions may not apply^txj..
-.,
a particular facility. A telephone number should be supplied in case
a respondent has questions concerning the form.
The mailing of the questionnaire can be performed in two ways. The
first method is by registered mail. Using this method the agency is
assured that the questionnaire is received by the company. The per-
cent response will probably be higher than if than if the letter was
sent by conventional mail. However, there is still no guarantee that
the company will return the form. It is felt that the slight increase
in response does not justify the added expense of sending every company
a registered letter.
27
-------
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^^ f 600 Washington Street, Boston 02111
Division of
Environmental Health
Room 320
Dear Sirs:
The enclosed questionnaire is being sent under the auspices of the Massa-
chusetts Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health, Bureau
of Air Quality Control, in cooperation with the United States Environmental
Protection Agency. The information being sought concerns the usage of organic
(solvent containing) materials, and will be used to determine the effect of
such materials on the air quality levels in the southern portion of the
Commonwealth.
We would appreciate your assistance and cooperation in' answering those
questions that are applicable to your operations. Even if your facility does not
utilize organic materials it is required that you return the questionnaire so that
you will not be bothered by a follow-up phone call.
Many thanks for your cooperation in this effort.
Very truly yours,
Gilbert T. Joly
Director
Bureau of Air Quality Control
GTJ/TP/mb
Figure 5. Cover letter
29
-------
HYDROCARBON (SOLVENT) EMISSION STUDY
FOR STUDY AREA
The Division of Air Pollution Control, Department of Public Health
requests your cooperation in providing the information asked for on the
attached questionnaire concerning potential hydrocarbon emissions result-
ing from the operation of your facility. Hydrocarbons are gaseous organic
compound s.
BEFORE FILLING OUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS:
Everyone receiving this form should complete Section I
(General Information) and all other sections pertaining
to his firm and return the questionnaire in the stamped,
addressed envelope.
Please return the questionnaire on or before May 17, 1974.
Your cooperation and expeditious completion of the inventory
forms will be appreciated.
Indicate any change in name and/or address in Section I.
The information submitted should pertain to the calendar
year of 1973.
The questionnaire was designed for a wide variety of
operations which involve extensive solvent usage.
Accordingly, many questions may not apply to your facilities.
Please complete only those sections that are applicable to
your operations.
If there is more than one plant location, please request
additional copies or photocopy it for each facility.
If tne space provided is not adequate, feel free to either
copy the form, use a separate sheet or request an addi-
tional copy.
Your cooperation in filling out this form is greatly appreciated.
If you require additional forms or further information, please contact
Mr. X or Mr. Y, Tel. No.: XXX-XXXX
Division of Air Pollution Control
Street Address
City, State, Zip Code
Figure 6. General instructions for completing questionnaire
30
-------
HYDROCARBON (SOLVENT) EMISSION STUDY
FOR STUDY AREA
The Division of Air Pollution Control, Department of Public Health
requests your cooperation in providing the information.asked for on the
attached questionnaire concerning potential hydrocarbon emissions result-
Ing from the operation of your facility. Hydrocarbons are gaseous organic
compounds.
BEFORE FILLING OUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS:
Everyone receiving this form should complete Section I
(General Information) and all other sections pertaining
to his firm and return the questionnaire in the stamped,
addressed envelope.
Please return the questionnaire on or before May 17, 1974.
Your cooperation and expeditious completion of the inventory
forms will be appreciated.
Indicate any change in name and/or address in Section I.
The information submitted should pertain to the calendar
year of 1973.
The questionnaire was designed for a wide variety of
operations which involve extensive solvent usage.
Accordingly, many questions may not apply to your facilities.
Please complete only those sections that are applicable to
your operations.
If there is more than one plant location, please request
additional copies or photocopy it for each facility.
If tne space provided is not adequate, feel free to either
copy the form, use a separate sheet or request an addi-
tional copy.
Your cooperation in filling out this form is greatly appreciated.
If you require additional forms or further information, please contact
Mr. X or Mr. Y, Tel. No.: XXX-XXXX
Division of Air Pollution Control
Street Address
City, State, Zip Code
Figure 6. General instructions for completing questionnaire
30
-------
The second method is by conventional first class mail. This method
previously used in past studies has proved to be effective if, on the
outside envelope, the following expression is clearly printed,
"ATTENTION: PLANT MANAGER." This expression directs the envelope to
the proper supervisory personnel and reduces the chances^ of the en-
velope being discarded. Included with the questionnaire should be a
self-addressed stamped envelope. The public is more likely to return
the questionnaire if the postage has already been prepaid.
One factor that should be considered before the mailing is whether
or not to stagger the mailing over a time period. If a large number of
questionnaires (1,000 or greater) are to be mailed, a staggering of
the mailing should be considered. This allows for a more even flow of
returns and eases the task of recording information contained in the
returned questionnaires. If the mailing is spread out over extended
periods of time the return date of the questionnaire should also be
staggered accordingly. Companies should be given a reasonable amount
of time to respond. For most companies, approximately 3 to 4 weeks is
sufficient.
Generally, responses will start coming in within a few days after mail-
ing. Many of the early returns will be from companies that do not use
hydrocarbons in their facility. Also, some of the envelopes will be
returned from the Post Office because either the establishment is out
of business or because the company is no longer at that address. New
addresses for companies that have moved can be obtained by either look-
ing up their addresses in the telephone book or by contacting the
Department of Corporations and Taxations.
LOGGING OF RETURNS AND FOLLOW UP
Emission calculation can be performed on the questionnaires as soon as
they are returned. One of five classifications should be designated on
the return:
31
-------
P Hydrocarbon point source
A - Hydrocarbon area source
N - No hydrocarbon emission, non-source
OOB - Out of business
R Recontact for reclassification
Emission from many sources within a company should be broken down
into individual point sources. The smallest point source that should
be considered within a company is one having at least 1 ton of emissions.
As the responses come in, changes should be made to correct any mis-
takes made in the company's name, address or SIC classifications. In-
formation required for data compilation is recorded on the work sheets
described in Chapter V.
RECONTACTING
Approximately 3 to 4 weeks after the questionnaires were initially
mailed, recontacting should begin. This can be accomplished by either
of two methods, telephone or letter. The advantages to recontacting
by telephone are direct verbal communication, and lower costs when
the calls are local. Direct communication quickly identifies any
problem areas. Process information can also be obtained over the tele-
phone. In an average 8-hour work day it is possible for one person to
recontact approximately 30 to 40 companies. A good approach is to
select the larger companies in SIC categories emitting significant
amount of hydrocarbons. Certainly all the bulk storage establishments
should be recontacted.
32
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CHAPTER V
DATA COMPILATION
There are two approaches for compiling the data Into summary tables that
can be used to analyze hydrocarbon source emissions and study the ef-
fects of regulations. One approach is to process the information man-
ually. The other is to use a computer data handling system. The
selection of one approach over another depends on several factors. The
computer approach is advantageous when the data base is large, a variety
of tabular summaries have to be produced and the tasks are iterative.
The computer approach also forces organization. Since the tasks are
done systematically, this leads to accuracy and efficiency.
It has been noted that the methodology for inventorying hydrocarbons
requires information on numerous organic compounds from a variety of
processes. Because of this complexity and the eventual need for many
studies of this type to be done for different regions (states, AQCR)
in the future, it is recommended that a computer data handling system
be developed similar to that described in the paragraphs entitled
"Computer Data Handling System," in this chapter. The manual approach,
which has been used as the basis for the development of the computer
data handling system, is described thoroughly in the section entitled
"Manual Approach." It may be followed for small data bases or when
more flexibility or variation from the computer system approach is
desired.
33
-------
MANUAL APPROACH
The data in the questionnaires and the information gathered on the re-
turn log sheet are used to do a survey coverage analysis and to prepare
a point and area source listing work sheets by major emission categories.
Ihe extent of survey coverage and hydrocarbon emission information by
by category is then used to estimate total stationary source hydrocarbon
emissions. The information on point source work sheets is coded onto
t
NEDS point source forms. Area sources estimates for each major manu-
facturing and evaporative category are calculated and then summed for
entry by county into the evaporation field of the NEDS area source form.
Other hydrocarbon area source emissions for each county are calculated
either by the NEDS area source computer program or manually as specified
by the "Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emissions Inventory,"
APTD-1135 and'"Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors," AP-42.
Point source hydrocarbon emissions from fuel combustion and solid waste
are also obtained from the NEDS point source printout.
Total hydrocarbon emissions can be summarized by source category for
the region or each county as shown in Table 6. The Pi chart in Fig-
ure 7 is an excellent way to illustrate the percent contribution of
each source category. A table similar to Table 7 is used to list the
point sources. Finally, an analysis of each source category can detail
the types of processes, types of hydrocarbon species emitted, and types
of equipment presently in use or available for control.
Survey Coverage Analysis
The extent of survey coverage and the resulting emissions is demon-
strated in Table 8. The latest census data on the number of companies
and manufacturing employees by SIC presents a good accurate picture of
what can fully be surveyed. The number of companies surveyed was based
34
-------
Table 1. SUMMARY OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FOR 1973 IN RHODE ISLAND
Source category
Dry cleaning
Degreas ing
Surface coating
Fabric/rubber
Protective/decorative
Printing
Miscellaneous
Trade Paints
Manufacturing
Bulk petroleum products
Storage
Fuel combustion
Solid waste incineration
Gasoline marketing
Aircraft
Railroads & vessels
Totals
Point source
Number^3)
29
120
103
9
20
50
5
NA
NA
NA
336
Emissions
370
2,911
9,040
721
7,945
293
36
NA
NA
NA
21,316
Area
source
emissions
907
1,830
5,316
74^
~ 0
958
~ 0
4,118
1,211
137
14,551
i
Total
emissions
1,277
4,741
14,356
(2,225)
(4,108)
(1,828)
(4,395)
(1,800)
795
7,945
1,251
36
4,118
1,211
137
35,867
( ) sub-entries
NA Not Applicable
(a) An establishment may be doing operations in more than one
source category. Actually 280 establishments are sources.
GCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
-------
DECREASING
13.27.
GASOLINE
MARKETING
11.5%
DRY CLEANING 3.6%
MANUFACTURING
2.21
FUEL COMB.
3.57.
TRADE
PAINTS
5.0%
MISC. 12.3%
PRINTING 5.1%
SURFACE COATINGS
BULK PETROLEUM
STORAGE 22.1%
AIRCRAFT, RAILROADS,
VESSELS OF INCINERA-
TION 3.9%
INDUSTRIAL
"PAINTS" 11.4%
FABRIC/RUBBER
6.2%
Figure 1. Distribution of total hydrocarbon emissions
except from automobile travel (35,900 tons/yr)
in Rhode Island
GCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
-------
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38
-------
on the selection procedure in Chapter IV, "Development of Mailing
List." Hie responding information is obtained from the work sheets
completed as questionnaires were returned. Hydrocarbon emissions are
normally calculated by scaling up to 100 percent manufacturing employee
coverage of the selected Industrial categories (two>, three-, or four-
digit SIC).
In certain cases no scale-up should be performed, because the number
of responding companies or the number of reported employees'exceeds the
latest census information. Additional estimates and corrections are
made by a careful analysis of each SIC and major category (dry cleaning,
degreasing, printing, etc.)- Statistical information or that obtained
from major solvent suppliers should also be considered in any reestima-
tion of survey information.
Point and Area Source Work Sheets
Hie point and area source work sheets are shown in Tables 9 and 10.
They are completed as an intermediate step prior to summarizing the
type and amount of hydrocarbon emissions by maj^or category, city/
county, or SIC. They are also useful for developing the NEDS point
source structure and coding information. Control equipment type and
efficiency, process type, and operating rate information may also bfe
variables for other summaries.
An entry is made for each point source belonging to a major category
such as dry cleaning, degreasing, etc. Processing equipment or method,
industrial type and pollutant type are described to facilitate SCC
selection and decoding. An attempt is made to select the appropriate
SCC by hydrocarbon type or mixture, otherwise a catch-all SCC ending
in 99 is chosen.
39
-------
W
8
2
gfl
I)
n
5
V) V)
Kg
40
-------
Table 10. AREA SOURCE WORK SHEET
C«t«gory_
Study ID
NAME
CITY/CO
SIC
MFG.
POLLUTANT
EMISSIONS
(TONS/YR}
41
-------
Summary of Hydrocarbon Emissions by Major Category, SIC and Pollutant
A table similar to Table 11 is constructed to analyze the hydrocarbon
emissions by SIC and major categories. Point and area source emissions
are given by SIC for each type of pollutant. The last f^ew columns give
the reported survey totals and the calculated nonreported survey totals.
The nonreported survey total is estimated using percent survey coverage
information and any additional estimates from national or regional
figures. Any additional amount is apportioned to "SIC's by the extent
of the coverage and the reported hydrocarbon emissions within each SIC.
A discussion on the method for estimating nonreported emissions for
each category follows. Calculation procedures are only detailed in the
paragraph entitled "Degreasing . "
Decreasing - Trichloroethylene, perchloroethyleite, and 1,1,1 trichloro-
ethane are the solvents most commonly used for vapor attd cold degreas-
ing. Other solvents include methylene chloridfe, Stodttard solvent and
lesser quantities of others (ketones, alcohols, afonfatic compotihdfe,
etc.) which could be classified under "other." Companies ela-ssified
within SIC codes 34 to 39 also account for most df the decreasing.
Table 12 summarizes the results of the survey artd the total non-
reported emissions. The distribution of emissions from reporting
sources, Table 13, is also useful for descriptive and planning purposes.
The non-reported emissions based on a 100 percent coverage in each SIC
of the selected companies is calculated as follows:
Non-Reported Emissions = Emissions) _ (R ted Emlsslons)
coverage fraction
EN-R " ER/C
This assumes that emissions are proportional to the total number of
employees within the pertinent SIC codes.
42
-------
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45
-------
For purposes of comparison, emissions should be estimated by other
methods. One method is to obtain trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichlo-
12
roethane degreasing solvent usage from "Chemical Profiles" or from
13
the "Chemical Economics Handbook," and apportion them by any of these
three indicators: manufacturing employees within 34. to 39 Codes, total
manufacturing employees, or population. The above indicators are given
in decreasing order of accuracy. Another method is to obtain total
usage estimates from local supplier? who are well informed on marketing.
Reasonable judgment should be exercised to determine any increase or
decrease in the estimate depending upon coverage and any additional in-
formation known about the region. By choosing the higher estimate, the
non-reported emissions figure would be conservative. The control stra-
tegies would be more stringent, requiring a slightly higher reduction.
If additional emissions are estimated for the region, they ctfa be appor-
tioned to SIC codes by the extent of the coverage and the quantity of
reported emissions.
" " \ *"-*!
i
where E_, = additional emissions for the ith SIC
Ri
E = reported emissions for the ith SIC
Ri
EM * non reported emissions for the ith SIC
i based on a 100 percent coverage
C coverage fraction
n = number of SIC categories
The total non-reported and additional estimated emissions are consid-
ered as area sources (non-identified point sources and area sources)
and are reapportioned to pollutant categories by reported emissions.
The total regional area source emissions will become the degreasing
46
-------
portion of the NEDS area source county entries "Solvent Purchased." This
regional total is apportioned to counties by (1) non-responding 34 to 39
SIC manufacturing employees, (2) manufacturing employees in SIC 34 to
39, or (3) all manufacturing employees. The indicator is chosen in
decreasing order depending on availability of census data.
Dry Cleaning - The emissions from this industry are due to two types of
solvents; petroleum or Stoddard solvent and perchloroethylene. Per-
chloroethylene is used in much larger quantities than Stoddard, and
about 80 percent of the perchloroethylene produced annually is used by
dry cleaners. The remaining 20 percent is used for chemical inter-
mediates and degreasing. All solvent purchased by dry cleaners is
assumed to be evaporated.
Total estimated emissions from the survey are calculated based on 100
percent establishment coverage for the one SIC 7216. Three other
methods are available for comparing perchloroethylene usage. The first
method is based on dollar receipts spent on dry cleaning from the
14
Census of Business. The amount is calculated using conversion factors
from the International Fabricare Institute. In 1970, $1.50 was spent
per 3.5 pounds of clothes cleaned and an average of 6.9 gallons of
perchloroethylene is used to clean 1,000 pounds of clothes. The second
method is based on estimates from major manufacturers and suppliers of
dry cleaning solvents. They usually can provide information on re-
gional usage. The third method is based on EPA consumption factors,
2 pounds of solvent evaporated per person per year, or 2.7 pounds per
person per year for colder climates.
Solvent usage by each county is determined by using the results of the
point sources from the questionnaire and by proportioning the remaining
estimated solvent used in this region. Two apportioning methods are
available. The first method of propertionment is based upon the num-
ber of dry cleaners who did not respond to the questionnaire and an
47
-------
estimate of the population served by those establishments. The popula-
tion served by the nonrespondents is determined by multiplying the
fraction of dry cleaners that did not respond by the total population
of that county. The second method assumes that each nonrespondent uses
an equal amount of solvent, and apportions the remaining estimated sol-
vent by the number of nonrespondents per county.
Surface Coating - This section will discuss the hydrocarbon emissions
resulting from the application of coatings. This category doesn't
include hydrocarbon emission resulting from chemical manufacturing, food
and agricultural products manufacturing, petroleum refining, basic wood
manufacturing, and textiles refinishing. Surface coating deals ex-
clusively with applying a thin layer of coating on the surface. For
purposes of discussion, it has been divided into four categories:
1. Fabric or rubberized coating
2. Protective or decorative coatings such as paints,
lacquers, varnishes, etc.
3. Printing inks
4. Miscellaneous coatings such as adhesives and
coatings for paper, leather, film and glass
Fabric or rubberized coatings - This section discusses and estimates
the hydrocarbon emissions from establishments engaged in manufacturing
coated and impregnated textiles, rubberized fabrics and other miscel-
laneous coated products such as insulating tapes and pipe wrap. The
products are tailored from numerous decorative and/or protective poly-
meric coatings applied to a variety of fibrous, knitted, or nonwoven
16
textile support webs using the following techniques:
Impregnation or saturation process
Surface coating process with
1. "Wet" or solvent-containing coatings
2. "Dry" or hot melt coatings (casting)
3. Lamination of preformed film
48
-------
Although most polymeric compounds can be applied by any one of these
methods, certain factors such as uniformity, esthetics, softness and
protection enter into the selection of the process.
For example, in polyvinyl.fabrics, the base layer is applied either by
laminating the film or by casting the hot melt containing 5 percent
solvent over a previously laid adhesive. An outer decorative layer,
which contains ink, polymer, and about 80 percent solvent, is then
coated "wet" by knife-over-roll. Only the saturation and 'Vet" surface
coating processes use significant quantities of solvent which will then
24
be emitted upon drying or curing the coated material. Some of the
solvents often used are toluene, naphtha, mineral spirits, and MEK. The
classes of coatings often applied are: rubber, cellulose derivatives,
polyvinyl, olefinic, polyester, acrylic, and polyurethanes. Sometimes
epoxy or silicone adhesives are used to bind the coating to the fabric.
The emissions from them are included in this section.
The industries covered by this section are classified by SIC 22 (2231,
2295, 2297) and 30. Total emissions from each SIC category are scaled
to 100 percent coverage according to manufacturing employees within
each SIC. Since numerous types of coatings and application techniques
exist, and any one coating can be used in large quaratei*tne« in any one
area or establishment, a national-to-regional breakdown is impractical.
That portion of the total emissions not included in point sources is
apportioned as area sources to counties by SIC 22 and 30 manufacturing
employees. It is represented in the solvent purchased category.
Protective and decorative coatings (paints) - This section includes the
application of paints, lacquers, varnishes, shellacs, primers, and
enamels for protective or decorative purposes. This class of coatiags
is referred to by the industry as "paints" and are classified into two
categories, industrial or trade paints. Industrial paints are products
that are formulated and sold to other manufacturers (frequently in
49
-------
large containers) for factory application. Trade paints are shelf
products that are sold through retail stores to the general public,
professional painters, and builders. These products are largely archi-
tectural coatings for the outside and inside of new and existing struc-
tures. Industrial paints that are applied in large quantities at a
fixed locations usually become classified as point sources. Non-point
sources using industrial paints are accounted for in the "Solvents
Purchased" entry of the NEDS area source file. Trade-sale paints are
by definition exclusively area sources and are included in the last
section. But, because the emissions are estimated by the same method
and are also represented in NEDS by the field "Solvent Purchased," they
are discussed here.
Paints are applied by brushing, spraying, rolling, flow eoatiwg, or
dipping. Industrial paints are us-ed in the Kamifactuating industries,
SIC 24 to 39, and automotive repair shops, SI 75. Automotive repair
shops are almost always area sources, although if the methodology as
described in previous chapters is followed, some large auto body shops
should be contacted. As before, total emissions are estimated from a
national-to-regional breakdown because of several factors, including
the inavailability of records of the quantities of the many types of
paints purchased, and information concerning the percentage of solvent
content in the purchased paint and the actual paint applied.
The methodology for estimating total paint solvents emitted from na-
tional figures to regional figures involves the use of two reference
sources and some assumptions about the density and average solvent con-
13
tent in paints. The "Chemical Economics Handbook" provides nation-
al estimates of industrial paint sale volume, solvent based trade sale
paint volume, and total solvent usage in paint. From this information
it is possible to determine relative solvent emissions from industrial
and trade sale paints, if an average weight per gallon and average sol-
vent content could be determined for regional industrial or trade
50
-------
paints. Unfortunately, definitive information regarding the above is
not always available from local industrial manufacturers and suppliers.
If we can consider the survey results as representative, then industrial
paints average about 9 Ib/gal and 67 percent solvent. Using the CEH
figure of 400 x 10 gallons of industrial paint, then ^,200,000 tons of
solvents were emitted in the United States during 1970 from industrial
paint. Since CEH reports that 1,700,000 tons of solvents were used in
1970, then 500,000 tons must have been used in solvent-based trade paints.
Solvent content of the 937,000 tons of solvent-base trade paints would
average 53 percent which is perhaps somewhat high. Water-based trade
paints contain about 3.5 percent volatile hydrocarbons and for 1970 would
emit 50,000 tons of hydrocarbons. National emissions can be estimated
for a different base year using growth rates also given in the above
reference.
Although regional apportioning factors could be based on manufacturing
employees for industrial paints and population for trade paints, the
18
National Paint and Coating Association (NPC) publishes a percentage
breakdown of industrial and trade paint usage for nine U.S. regions. The
last survey accounted for almost one-half of the national sales. The U.S.
Census of Transportation also publishes similar figures about every five
years. Tables 14 and 15 compare the breakdowns for industrial and trade
paints obtained from NPC, 1967 census, and those calculated from regional
population and manufacturing employees. Although the methods show good
agreement only for some regions, the latest NPC survey or census figures
should be applied. They are the only direct measures of regional paint
sales.
To obtain state, county, or study area figures, regional figures can then
be apportioned by manufacturing employees for industrial paints and by
population for trade paints.
Printing - The printing ink industry is another surface coating category
that uses solvents. There are five basic types of printing operations:
51
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Table 15. PERCENTAGE BREAKDOWN OF INDUSTRIAL PAINT
SALES FOR U.S. REGIONS
J
New England (Me., N.H. , Vt. ,
Mass., R.I., Conn.)
Middle Atlantic (N.Y. , N.J. , Pa.)
East North Central (Ohio, Ind.,
111.)
West North Central (Minn., Iowa,
Mo., Kans., N.D. , S.D., Neb.)
South Atlantic (Del., Md. , D.C., Va.,
W.Va., N.C., S.C., Ga., Fla.)
East SouthCentral (Ky. , Tenn. ,
Ala. , Miss.)
West South Central (Ark., La.,
Okla. , Texas)
Mountain (Mont., Idaho, Wyo.,
Colo., N.M. , Ariz., Utah,
Nevada)
Pacific (Wash., Ore., Calif.,
Alaska, Hawaii
1972
NPC
3.0
10.9
29.4
7.1
19.3
8.9
7.0
1.3
13.1
1967 Census
minus
NPC trade
(adjusted
to 1967)
3.7
11.9
31.9
10.9
12.7
11.0
14.0
1.6
2.2
1967
Manuf.
emp.
8.0
22.8
26.8
6.2
12.8
5.7
5.6
1.6
10.5
53
-------
letter-press, flexographic, gravure, lithographic, a«d screen, Whetfcer or
not hydrocarbon emissions occur depend on the particular type of ink u*ed
for particular methods of application. However, certain types of inks are
often used with certain methods. Table 16 indicates the range of percent
solvent content in inks for two drying methods versus the five printing
processes.1** W>20
Table 16. PERCENTAGE OF SOLVENT CONTENT FOR TWO DRYING METHODS
VERSUS FIVE PRINTING PROCESSES
Drying
method
Evaporation
Heat set
Letter-
press
~10%
Flexographic
Solvent base (40-75%)
Water base (0-30%)
Litho-
graphic
--
~16%
Gravure
40-75%
--
Screen
0-60%
0-60%
The flexographic and gravure process account for approximately one-third
of all inks used. They mainly use solvent-based inks containing 40 to
75 percent solvent, which is then evaporated on drying. Water-base inks
are also coming into use in the flexographic process. Some of these
water-base inks also contain solvent (0 to 30 percent) for faster drying.
The screen process uses oil and lacquer-type inks which contain 0 to 60
percent solvents. However, this class accounts for less than 6 percent
of the national total solvent used for inks. Letterpress and lithographic
inks, which account for about one-third of the total inks used, are oil-
based and emit some solvents when heat-set letterpress or heat-set web
offset is used. Alcohol type solvents are also used in the water fountain
for the lithographic process.
Oil based inks are mostly used in publications of periodicals and books
and in commercial printing, whose SIC is 27 (272 and 275). Flexographic
and gravure printing, which use mainly solvent-based inks, is mostly used
in making miscellaneous converted paper products and paper-board con-
tainers, whose SIC is 26 (264 and 265).
54
-------
Printing hydrocarbon emissions are scaled to a 100% coverage by manufac-
turing employees. They can be compared to national figures apportioned
to the study area. National total solvent used by the printing industry
is found in the "American Inkmaker." Applying a 7 percent annual growth
rate on the 1967 figures the solvent usage breakdown is given in Table 17.
Table 17. NATIONAL SOLVENT USAGE (TONS/YEAR)
Oil inks
F lexograph ic / gravur e
Other
1967
25,000
55,000
5,000
1973
37,000
83,000
8,000
The oil-based ink solvent is apportioned by manufacturing employees in
SIC 27, and the flexographic/gravure and other solvent is apportioned by
manufacturing employees in SIC 26. The results are compared with the
survey figures respectively by SIC. Additional regional information
about printing is also considered. Any "additional" emissions are re-
distributed to SIC's and the area source total is apportioned to counties
by the indicator used in this section.
Miscellaneous Surface Coatings - This category encompasses the infrequent
operations such as the treatment of paper (SIC 26), refinishing of leather
(SIC 31), manufacture of magnetic tapes and fluorescent tubes (SIC 36),
manufacture of photographic films (SIC 38) and adhesives operations in any
other industries not covered above.
Paper is usually "converted" to end products by such treatments as
embossing, impregnating, saturating, and lamination. The two classes of
coatings used are pigment coatings and barrier coatings. Hydrocarbon
emissions occur from the adhesives that bind the pigment, and from the
solvent acting as a vehicle in the barrier coatings.
55
-------
Finishing of Leather involves the application of film-forming materials
to the grain to provide abrasion and stain resistance and the enhancement
of color. Previously leather coatings were restricted to casein, shellac,
albumin, wax, and linseed oil. However, today more sophisticated film-
forming polymeric substances are used and applied by rotary brush, flow
cpaters and rotary sprayers. Organic solvents are used as dilutents for
22
the polymeric coatings and are then emitted during the drying stages.
The industries that use leather and allied products for the manufacture
of shoes and furnishings are also a source of hydrocarbon emissions due
to solvents in the adhesives.
If the firms covered by these industries are numerous and not all were
surveyed emissions should be scaled by respective SIC manufacturing em-
ployees. If, however, it is known that only a few companies are
doing these operations hydrocarbon emissions should not be scaled. Some
of these rare operations are the manufacture of magnetic tapes, fluorescent
tubes and photographic films. The first two involve the application of in-
organic particles (iron oxide, fluorescent compound) dispersed in a solvent
on to a base (plastic, glass) and the evaporation of the solvent by drying.
Photographic films are coated with polymeric dispersions and solutions
which contain solvents. These solvents act as a vehicle to uniformly
apply the matrix of layer on to the plastic base film, and are later
evaporated and emitted to the atmosphere.
Hydrocarbon Emissions From Manufacturing Not Including Surface Coating
and Degreasing - Hydrocarbon emissions from this category occur when the
raw or intermediate material, itself, contains hydrocarbons of which
some or all may be driven off, or when hydrocarbon compounds are reacted
or mixed with the raw or intermediate material. This category can nicely
be broken down by SIC industrial classes for discussion purposes.
Table 18 gives the type of processes which emit hydrocarbons.
56
-------
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57
-------
For manufacturing categories, total hydrocarbon emissions should be
scaled only when numerous companies are doing the operations described
in the above table. National consumption or production of certain pro-
ducts are of little value for regional breakdown, because the companies
are likely to be relatively few and unevenly distributed in the United
States compared to those doing surface coating, degreasing or dry clean-
ing. Except for petroleum refining and certain chemical processing
operations, the hydrocarbon emissions from these manufacturing opera-
tions are relatively small as compared with surface coating.
Bulk Storage of Petroleum and Petrochemical Products - Hydrocarbon emis-
sions from three operations, the filling, storing and emptying of various
types of tanks, by the manufacturing industry, oil companies, distributors,
utilities and airports are considered here. Most of these three operations
are point sources and are coded into NEDS. For example a fixed roof tank
might regularly be filled by a marine vessel and emptied by truck.
Storage emissions would be both from breathing and working losses.
Evaporative area sources are relatively few and are neglected by the
NEDS area source form. Gasoline, the only petroleum product emitting
significant quantities of hydrocarbons at the retail level, is discussed
in a later section on "Exclusively Area Sources Emitting Hydrocarbons."
The data summary tables are different for this category. Table 19 is a
good way to represent the data. For each type of operation (or operating
variable) the emissions from each type of petroleum product are entered.
Emissions are calculated using EPA emission factors.
Emphasis has been placed on obtaining information from all bulk storage
sites because they are relatively few in number. This is also important
because the emissions can only be recorded as point sources. A check on
the questionnaire information can be made by obtaining petroleum transfer
23
at ports published by 'Waterborne Statistics." The Army Corps of
58
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Engineers records (foreign, coast-wise, internal and local) receipts and
shipments of major petroleum products. A flow diagram and material
balances for each product can clearly indicate the storage and transport
patterns of the region. The sum of the transports at each entry or source
place can now be compared. A significant difference would indicate review
of the possible storage sites in number and in the accuracy of the in-
formation provided.
Exclusively Area Sources Emitting Hydrocarbons
These sources are almost always considered area sources because either
they are relatively small emitters and numerous, or they are mobile.
This category consists of evaporation from application of trade paints,
evaporation from gasoline marketing, combustion of fuels in transporta-
tion, non-highway use of motor fuels, and combustion of miscellaneous
sources. Area sources from stationary fuel combustion and solid waste
disposal have already been mentioned in the beginning of this chapter.
The methods for gathering this information is well documented in the
'tuide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emissions Inventory," APTD 1135.
We will therefore only comment on the first three listed above.
Evaporation From the Application of Trade Paints - The methodology for
estimating and apportioning the emissions to counties has already been
discussed in the section on Protective and Decorative Coatings--Paints.
The emissions from trade paints along with all other process and eva-
porative hydrocarbon area source emissions are entered in the "solvent
purchased" entry in NEDS for each county.
Evaporation From Gasoline Marketing - Gasoline is the only one of the
petroleum products, which is emitted in significant ammounts through retail
marketing. A diagram of gasoline flow can be completed using the informa-
tion given in an earlier section on bulk storage and other references
found, in the methods for estimating county on-highway motor vehicle and
off-highway gasoline in "A Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emissions
60
-------
Inventory," APTD-1135. Figure 8 is the flow pattern found in Rhode
Island. The NEDS entry on county gasoline marketed is the sum of on-
highway and off-highway gasoline use. Calculation methods are also
documented in APTD-1135. Evaporative emissions are calculated using an
overall emission factor which is the summation of emission factors from
five gas station operations. Emission factors are adjusted for an
average gasoline vapor pressure. The operations and emission factors
at 4.6 psia vapor pressure are given in Table 20.
Table 20. EMISSIONS: LOSSES PER 1000 GALLONS
TRANSFERRED
Operation
Tank truck unloading
Storage tank fill (splash)
Storage tank unloading
Vehicle fill
Gasoline spillage
Total
Pounds
1.6
9.2
0.8
8.8
0.6
21.0
Transportation - This is the largest hydrocarbon source and the accuracy
of the methodology for estimating the emissions is important. Methods
for estimating the emissions are also given in APTD-1135 for all trans-
portation classes, motor vehicles, aircraft, railroads and vessels.
Since motor vehicle emissions are by far the largest, the methodology
24
given in "An Interim Report on Motor Vehicle Emission Estimation"
should be followed. Although this requires more information gathering
and processing, it estimates the emissions more accurately.
Miscellaneous Hydrocarbon Area Sources - Hydrocarbon emissions from these
sources are relatively small to the total for most cases. APTD-1135
describes the methodology for estimating the following:
61
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GCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
-------
Non-highway use of motor fuels
Acres and quantity of wood burned by forest fires
Acres and quantity of material burned by slash and
agriculture fires
Structural fires
Number and size of active coal refuse piles.
EPA emission factors are applied for calculating hydrocarbon emissions.
COMPUTER DATA HANDLING SYSTEM
The development of a computer data handling system involves coding the
information onto standard forms and programming the storage/retrieval,
processing and report generating functions. The present National Emis-
sion Data System (NEDS) has been extensively developed to include and
accommodate these functions. It remains to modify and add any defi-
ciencies in coding hydrocarbon point and area source information, and
to write the program(s) necessary to generate the tabular summaries
found in the "Manual Approach." In this report, only the methodology
for generating the summaries is described. The computer programs are
not provided.
Survey Coverage and Emission Summary Table
The establishment identification card described earlier for labels, and
a response card can be coded for entry into the computer.
The identification card contains the following information:
plant identification number
county, AQCR, city codes
SIC
name and address
63
-------
The additional information required to complete the summary table would
be on the response card:
type of source (P, A, N, 0, tf)
P = Point source; A = Area source; N = Not a source;
0 = Out of business; % = blank, non-respondent
number of manufacturing employees
emissions (tons/year) by major category
Q, 1; Questionnaire, Telephone information.
The response card can be completed as the questionnaires or telephone
information is received. In addition, the identification information
should be verified.
Then a single computer program could read, process and summarize the
data in various formats:
SIC versus coverage by number of establishments, manu-
facturing employees, source type, and emissions
Emissions by SIC for each major category
Listing of non-respondents for enforcement
Listing of telephone respondents for further verification
Listing of point sources by city, county, AQCR, SIC, size, etc.
The above summaries can then be used to estimate total hydrocarbon emis-
sions and to compare them with estimated study area figures broken down
from national figures by some indicator. Any additional emission esti-
mates would be coded into the area source form. All other area sources
emitting hydrocarbons would also be reviewed.
Coding of NEDS Point Source Form
Point source information is coded on NEDS and made available to the many
federal and private agencies either in computer readable form or in
64
-------
printout listings and summaries. Coding instructions are found in the
"Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory" - APTD 1135 ^
and will not be repeated here.
The information concerning hydrocarbon species is not adequately
being handled by NEDS to generate the summaries described in the "Manual
Approach," or needed for the proper evaluation of the regulations. Four
major categories, dry cleaning (SCC: 401001), degreasing (SCC: 401002),
petroleum product storage (SCC: 403) and petroleum marketing-transportation
(SCC: 406) have an adequate number of SCC's to calculate the type and
quantity of hydrocarbon emitted. Other categories, such as the sub-
categories in surface coating (SCC: 402) (fabric coating, protective or
decorative coatings - paints, printing (SCC: 405), miscellaneous coatings
for glass, paper, leather, etc.). food/agricultural industries, chemical
manufacturing industries (SCC: 301), wood products (SCC: 307), petroleum
industry (SCC: 306), leather products (SCC: 320) and textile manufactur-
ing (SCC: 330) do not have adequate SCC's to describe the process and
type of material used.
Generation of Emission Tabular Summaries
Once the point source information is loaded into the NEDS data files,
the hydrocarbon emission tabular summaries described in the "Manual Ap-
roach" of Section V can be produced with a computer program. This could
be performed by NEDB or outside by the agency performing the study. As
indicated earlier, the SCC codes along with other information in the
files would be retrieved for classification. It is expected that the
classification will assist in the evaluation of control strategies to
meet the oxidant air quality standard.
65
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CHAPTER VI
APPLICATION OF THE HYDROCARBON METHODOLOGY
TO THE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY
The methodology for inventorying hydrocarbons is a detailed plan to
acquire a very extensive data bank. The data will be in much greater
detail as to the character of emissions than has been achieved before
25
on a regional scale. In the St. Louis Regional Air Pollution Study
(RAPS), the data is needed for the development and validation of mathe-
matical simulation models of air pollution processes. The models are
formulations of all of the atmospheric processes such as convective
transport, diffusion, physical and chemical transformation, and re-
moval of pollutants. Two models that deal with hydrocarbons are pre-
26
sented in "Urban Air Shed Photochemical Simulation Model Study" and
27
in "User's Guide to Diffusion/Kinetics (DIFKIN) Code." The number
of pollutants considered by the models are relatively few, but can be
increased as more information is known. For example, more rate con-
stants and stoichiometric coefficients are being estimated for hydro-
carbon reactions. Time is an important variable allowing consideration
for specific short time intervals.
Several emission inventories have been conducted in the St. Louis area.
The NEDS inventory is the last and most recent inventory. The data
was originally transferred from the other inventories in the summer of
1973, and will be updated quarterly by the state agencies. It is evi-
dent that NEDS is increasing the degree of sophistication and useful-
ness for planning purposes. A recent analysis of the hydrocarbon
28
emissions inventory for the St. Louis AQCR is shown in Figure 9.
66
-------
100
u.
O
H
ai
O
tr
UJ
CL
> 1 TON/YEAR
30
20
10
TOTAL AQCR
ALL POINT SOURCES
P.S. > 100 TONS/YR
P,S. > 1000 TONS/YR
P.S. > 10,000 TONS/YR
ALL AREA SOURCES
NUMBER
SOURCES
470
99
23
1
TONS/YEAR
294,908
78,295
71,051
45.960
14,100
216,613
PERCENT OF
POINT SOURCES
100.0
90.7
58.7
18.0
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
100.0
26.5
24.1
15.6
4.8
73.4
> 10,000 TONS/YEAR
100
200 300 400 500
NUMBER OF POINT SOURCES
600
700
Figure 9. Hydrocarbon emissions for the Saint Louis
Air Quality Control Region.28
67
-------
Point sources account for 78,295 tons/year of the total 294,908 tons/
year for the AQCR. In addition, only approximately 100 point sources
account for 90 percent of the total point source emissions. A total
of 470 point sources were coded. Previous studies of hydrocarbon
emissions in other areas do not indicate an extensive cataloging of
the amount and type of hydrocarbon species. Also, as the effort is
increased to obtain more accurate data and more point sources, there
is an increase in the percent of the emissions that can be attributed
to point sources and monitored for control. Referring to Figure 9,
the curve would shift down and to the right, and the points on the
curve (e.g., > 100 tons/year) would also shift down.
In summary, the application of this methodology to the St. Louis RAPS
program would not only catalog the hydrocarbon emissions by amount and
type, but would increase the accuracy of the inventory, describe the
emissions by source category and give the emission rates over specific
short time periods. To achieve these goals, there are three areas of
the methodology discussed in previous Chapters that need more develop-
ment for the RAPS program than required by most regions. These are:
Inclusion of smaller point sources
Delineation of hydrocarbon species
for point and area sources
Determination of hourly emission
estimates.
The methodology allows for the inclusion of point sources to any degree
of refinement necessary by the RAPS program. The smallest point source
that can be coded in NEDS is 1 ton/year. There are several criteria
for selecting the emission size that distinguish between point and area
sources. Since it takes more time to maintain information on point
sources than area sources, the availability of funds is a factor. An-
other factor would be the percent of emissions required to be monitored
by the program. Once again, the economics and the degree of accuracy
68
-------
are important. It ordinarily follows that the higher the percent of
emissions monitored the more accurate the inventory becomes. The preci-
sion of the inventory is important for the validation of the simulation
models. Another factor to be considered for classifying a point source
is whether it can be controlled by the existing or proposed regulations.
Previous chapters have already mentioned that the development of new
Standard Classification Codes (SCC) for NEDS will be the partial solu-
tion for defining the process and the type of hydrocarbon species being
emitted. The SCC file has been designed to include new codes as they
are being developed. As they are developed, the general codes which
end in 99 can be shifted to these newly defined ones. The photo-
chemical reactivity of these hydrocarbon species can then be considered
in the simulation models and the models can then estimate the formation
of photochemical oxidants based on the quantity of reactants, reaction
rates and amount of energy from sunlight. It should be noted that the
methodology discussed in Chapter V already provides for point and area
source classification by pollutant, an example of which has been pre-
sented in Table 11. Similar tables can be provided for all major
categories of hydrocarbon sources and utilized in RAPS programs.
The third area is the development of techniques by which the inventory
can be used to estimate emissions over specific short time periods.
These techniques should be used when processing or summarizing the
information in the data bank. Estimating emissions down to the hourly
level, or defining the daily and weekly emission cycle will support
the short time simulation modeling efforts. This is very important
because the formation of photochemical oxidants occurs during sunlight
hours, and is dependent upon the concentration of hydrocarbons during
this time. The basis for the NEDS inventory is one year, however, the
point source quarterly percent thruput and the number of normal
operating hours are recorded for further breakdown of emissions. It
is apparent that some of the hydrocarbon emissions are dependent on
69
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the working hours at the establishment. For example, a typical com-
mercial dry cleaner starts work around 7:00 to 8:00 a.m. and operates
for 8 to 10 hours. On the surface, the program which estimates hourly
emission rates should have hydrocarbons emitted only for the operating
hours beginning on the seventh to eighth hour of the day. On the other
hand, hydrocarbon emissions from a fixed roof tank occur throughout the
day and are dependent on several factors such as temperature, absorption
of sunlight, and displacement of the liquid level through transfer
operations.
In any event, it is apparent that the NEDS form and the methodology
discussed previously here (see page 1 of the questionnaire in Table A-l)
do not directly address the question of the daily period of operation
and/or emissions. It can be inferred in most instances that sources
specifying an 8-hour operation do so over a normal 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
period. However, to cite the previous examples, a dry cleaning opera-
tion may report an 8 to 10 hour operation yet perform much of its clean-
ing after the closing of its doors to commercial operation. Similarly,
in the case of gasoline storage and distribution operations, much of
the emissions due to transfer activity may take place throughout the
evening.
Most other categories, however, will emit hydrocarbons which will be
proportional to the number of operating hours as reported. Most larger
emitters will operate and emit on a continuous basis, This will be true
for most surface coating operations, power generating plants, large-
scale degreasing, printing plants, etc. However, other manufacturing
operations may be categorized as cyclic or batch type. These could in-
clude many small manufacturing operations and certain process operations,
such as batch type coating formulation, plastic and adhesive manufacture,
Kraft pulp digestion, blowdown operations at refineries, etc. Their
cycles may occur at regular intervals or possibly exhibit hourly, daily,
or long term variations due to product demands.
70
-------
Obviously, when cyclic operations are random or irregular in occur-
rence, the situation is complex. The importance of such variations,
however, may not be serious in that they may be small compared to the
overall contributions of temporally definable sources. Nevertheless,
the question should be addressed. From the standpoint of the method-
ology, some modification of the questionnaire should be considered.
This would involve the supplementation of existing NEDS information
concerning season and normal operating schedules with hourly informa-
tion. The respondent could be requested to estimate the fraction of
sources emitted hourly or at specified intervals of the day: 12 to
6 a.m.; 6 a.m. to 12 p.m.; etc. This estimation could follow a nota-
tion as to whether emissions are continuous, cyclic, or irregular,
as below:
Emission Cycle;
Continuous Batch
Irregular
Approximate Percentage of Emissions
Occurring During the Day
12 a.m. -6 a.m.
6 a.m. -12 p.m.
12 p.m. -6 p.m.
6 p.m. -12 a.m.
This information should be included preferably throughout the ques-
tionnaire to satisfactorily cover plants engaged in multiple opera-
tions. Although this methodology is cumbersome and may prove to be
an over-refinement of the methodology depicted in Chapter V, it
appears to be the only way of determining hourly emission variations.
The problem of diurnal variations of emissions from storage opera-
tions can be treated mathematically based on temperature vapor
71
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pressure considerations in much the same manner as seasonal variations.
To determine distribution losses due to transfer operations, however,
again some assessment of hourly activity must be made. This informa-
tion could be requested on the questionnaire supplied to the principal
gasoline distributors.
72
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REFERENCES
1. National Air Quality Standards. Federal Register 36. No. 84.
April 30, 1971.
2. Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons. AP-64.' U.S.Dept. of Health,
Education and Welfare. 1970.
3. Hydrocarbon Pollutant System Study. Vol. 1. MSA Research Corp.
October 1972.
4. Requirements for the Preparation, Adoption and Submittal of Im-
plementation Flans. Federal Register. August 1971.
5. Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emissions Inventory. APTD-1135.
U.S. EPA. Revised March 1973.
6. Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District. Rule 66.
7. Air Quality and Emissions Trends Annual Report, Volume 1. EPA-450/
1-73-001-a U.S. EPA. August 1973.
8. Feldstein, Milton. Regulations for the Control of Hydrocarbon
Emissions From Stationary Sources. JAPC. Vol. 24 No. 5. May 1974.
9. Recommendations for Modification of Rule 66. Air .Quality Task
Force. NPC Association, Washington, D.C.
10. Hydrocarbon Emission Sources in the Metropolitan Boston Intrastate
AQCR. Vol. 1. GCA/Tech Div. Prepared for EPA Contract No.
68-02-1006.
11. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Second Edition,
AP-42. U.S. EPA. April 1973.
12. Chemical Profiles. Trichloroethylene, November 1972 and 1,1,1-
Trichloroethane. April 1971.
13. Chemical Economics Handbook. SRI.
14. Census of Business 1967. Selected Services Area Statistics.
73
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15. International Fabricare Institute, Silver Springs, Maryland.
Technical Bulletin T-468, 1971.
16. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons.
Vol. 6. New York. 1965.
17. Conversation with Mr.' Charles Roe of Plymouth Rubber, Canton, Mass.
December 1973.
18. Sales Survey, 1972. NPC Association, Bethesda, Maryland. March
1973.
19. Conversation with Mr. Von Forcken of Sinclair & Valentine Co.,
Boston, Mass. November 1973.
20. Salomon, Gerald, et al. A Compilation of Solvents for Flexo-
graphic and Gravure Inks. American Inkmaker. February 1969.
pp. 28-38.
21. Revson, James E. Chemical Consumption Patterns in the Printing
Ink Industry, American Inkmaker. May 1968. pp. 58-61.
22. Leather Facts. New England Tanners Club. Peabody, Mass. 1972.
23. Waterborne Commerce of the U.S. U.S. Dept. of Army, Corps of
Engineers. 1971.
24. Kircher, D.S. and D.P. Armstrong. An Interim Report on Motor
Vehicle Emission Estimation. EPA. October 1973.
25. Allen, Philip W. Regional Air Pollution Study - An Overview. EPA.
Presentation at the 66th Annual Meeting of the APCA, Chicago,
Illinois. June 1973.
26. Urban Air Shed Photochemical Simulation Model Study. Systems
Applications Inc. Prepared for EPA, Contract No. 68-02-0339.
July 1973.
27. User's Guide to Diffusion/Kinetics (DIFKIN) Code. General Research
Corp. Prepared for EPA, Contract No. 68-02-0336. December 1973.
28. Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS). Preliminary Emission Inven-
tory. SRI. Prepared for EPA, Contract No. 68-02-1026. January
1974.
74
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APPENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE
75
OCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
-------
Table A-l. QUESTIONNAIRE TO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND DRY CLEANERS
official use
Rcc. by Date:
SIC
X,Y
I. GENERAL INFOIMATION
A. Company Name_
Plant Adores*
_Ctty_
Zip Cod*.
Ne«r««t Street Intersection,
Mailing Address
_Clty_
Zip Code
B. Person to contact about form_
Telephone
Title
C. Approximate number of employees,
D. Nature of Business
=J
E. Normal Operating schedule
Hr*./day
_days/wk.
F. Approximate Percent Seasonal Operation:
_wks/yr.
Dec. -Feb.
Mar -May
Jun-Aug
Sept. -Nov.
G. Are volatile organic or solvent-containIng materials such as cleaning fluids,
coatings, adhesives, Inks, etc. used in your operation? ___ Yes No
If NO. sign form and return
If YES, sign form and complete only the sections pertaining to your
operation:
V.
II. Dry Cleaning
III. Degreaslng
IV. Surface Coating Applications
A. Fabric and Rubberized
Protective or Decorative other than IV-A
Printing
Miscellaneous Surface Coatings
B.
C.
D.
(Adhesives, Paper, Leather, films,
Manufacturing Industries
Glass etc)
Signature
Date
Page
2, 9 & 10
3, 9 6, 10
9 & 10
', fc 10
9 & 10
7. ° & 10
8, 9 & 10
76
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II. DRY CLEANING
A. Amount of clothes cleaned per year tons.
B. Type of dry cleaning unit a hot or dry-to-dry
a cold or transfer
C. Type and amount of solvent cleaner purchased in 1973.
Perchloroethylene Gal. /Yr.
Stoddard solvent Gal./Yr.
Other (specify) Cal./Yr.
Other (specify) Gal./Yr.
D. Supplier of solvent - Name and address
Perchlorethylene
Stoddard Solvent
Other (specify)
Other (specify)
E. Please complete Section VI, page 9.
If you have any questions about this section please contact:
Mr. Roger Schilling
Field Representative for
International Fabricare Institute
5 Shawsheen Ave.
Bedford, Mass.
(617) 275-7583
77
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III. DMUASIMG OPERATIONS
A. Type of degrading: 0 cold solvent cleaning
Qvapor degrees Ing
B. Type and amount of solvent purehatad for degreaslng operation!.
1) Stoddard Cal./yr.
2) 1,1,1-Trlchloroathane
(Chlorothene VG) .Gal./yr.
3) Perchlotoethylena r__Gal./yr.
4) Methylene chloride __Gal./yr.
5) trichloroethylene ___ _Cal./yr.
6) Other (apeclfy) . __Gal./yr.
7) Other (apectfy) _Gal./yr.
C. Suppliers of Solvents
D. Haate aolvent dlapoaal method
E. Aawunt of each solvent returned for reprocessing to vendor or collector
1) Stoddard Cal./yr.
2) Trlchloroathane G«l./vr.
3) Perchloroethylene Cal./vr.
4) Methylene chloride Cal./vr.
5) Trlchloroethylene Gal./vr.
6) Other (specify) Cal./yr.
7) Other (specify) Gal./yr.
F. Please complete Section VI. page 9.
78
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IV-A. FABRIC OR RUBBERIZED COATING APPLICATION
(1) Material(s) being coated
(2) Type of coating process:
Source
No.*
State Coating Process:
Impregnation,
'Vet" Coating,
Hot Melt Coating,
Lamination
TXP« o«
Coating *
Amount
of Coating
(Gal /YD
Type* and
7. of Vehicle
Solvent
Type and
Amount of
Solvent AddoJ
to Coating :
(Cal/Yr) !
1
I
i
i
1
i
|
(3) Type of cleaning solvent
_, Amount
_, Amount
(4) Is any solvent returned to supplier or collector?
No Yes Type _f Amount
(5) Please complete Section VI, p. 9; use same Source No.
*A source is an Individual or similar pieces of equipment such as cqfltere, dryers,
etc. It should correspond to the Source No. on page 9. If applicable, it should
also correspond to previously reported sources in "Air Pollution Emissions Report"
(Form 158-R75)
**Polyvinyl chloride, polyurethanes, etc.
toluene, naphtha, mineral spirits, MEK, xylene, chlorinated hydrocarbon, other
(specify).
(Cal/Yr)
(Cal/Yr)
(Gal/yr)
79
-------
IV-B. PROTECTIVE OR DECORATIVE COATINGS OTHER THAN FABRIC COATING
1. Indicate material being coated _
2. Type and amount of coating used:
Source*
Number
State Application Method:
Spraying, Dipping, Roller,
Flow, etc.
Typ« 2!
Paint**
Amount
Gals./yr.
%
aolldi
,
Type and 7. of major
solvents
i
3. Type' and amount of thinner used for dilution and cleaning not Included
8bOVe , Amount Cal. /yr.
Amount
_Gal./yr.
4. Please complete Section VI. p»ae 9.
A source la an individual or similar pieces of equipment such as spray booths, tanks,
dryers, etc. It should correspond to the Source No. on page 9. If applicable,
it should also correspond to previously reported sources In "Air Pollution Emis-
sions report" (Form 158-R75)
(1) paint, (3) varnish/shellac, (4) lacquer, (5) enamel, (6) primer
If known, - acetone, isopropyl alcohol, MEK, butyl acetate, cellusolve, coluen,-, etc.
80
-------
IV-C. PRINTIHG
(1) Material being coated
(2) Type of printing process:
Source
Ho.*
State Printing Process:
Letterpress, Flexo-
graphlc. Lithographic,
Gravure , Screen
Typ* of
Ink
Amount
(Ib/yr)
Type* and. % of major solvent*
In Ink
1
(3) Typa and amount of solvent used for dilution and cleaning not
Included above: amount Cal./vr.
Amount
_Gal./yr.
(4) Please complete Section VI p.9 : ; use same Source Ho.
A source Is an Individual or similar printing machine*, dryera, etc. It should cor-
respond to the Source Mo. on page 9. If applicable, it should also correspond to
previously reported sources in "Air Pollution Emissions Report" (Form 158-R75).
Solvent based, oil based, lacquer-type, etc.
*Isopropyl alcohol, Ethanol, Propanol, Naphtha/Mineral Spirits, Toluene.
MEK, other (specify)
81
-------
IV-D. MISCELLANEOUS SURFACE COATING APPLICATION
(Adheaives, Paper, Leather, Films, Glass, etc)
(1) Material(s) being coated_
(2) Type of coating process:
r
Source
NO.*
!
State Coating Process:
Spray, Flow, Dip,
Roller, Brush, etc.
Type of
Coating
Amount of
Coating
(Gal/Yr)
Type* and 7.
of Major
Solvents in
Coating
- 4
1
I
1
|
|
1
(3) Type and additional amount of solvent used for dilution and
cleaning not included above
.Amount
.Amount
(4) Please complete Section VI. page 9 ; use the same Source No.
A source number is an individual or similar pieces of equipment using surface
coatings. It should correspond to the Source No. on page 9. If applicable
it should also correspond to previously reported sources in "Air Pollution -vi-
sions Report" (Form 158-R75).
Adhesive type, pigment coating, barrier coating, polymeric coating, inorg.ii.ic
coating, etc. (specify).
Branched alcohol, linear alcohol, ethyl acetate, toluene, xylenp, crticrs.
MEK, naphtha, other (specify).
82
-------
a
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IN
Its hydrocarbons or to a number
i No. below should corresoond
STACK INFORMATIC
uipment that emi
ack. The Source
a- u
Q oj tn
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a- 08
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B
-------
VII. BULK SOLVENT STORAGE
A. Please complete the following information for each storage tank greater than
250 gallons capacity.
Annual Type of Fill and
Tank No. Solvent Type Capacity Thruput Control Equipment *
VIII. EFFECTS OF ENERGY CRISIS
Please state the changes in type and estimated annual consumption of sol-
vent as a result of the energy crisis.
Submerged fill, splash fill, return vent line, adsorber
85
-------
Table A-2. STUDY AREA BULK STORAGE INFORMATION
1. Company name:
2. Tank location: ( name a few nearby cross streets to aid us in locating
your facilities on our maps )
3. Person completing form: Title:
4. Phone number:
5. Type of products stored:
6, Specify number of fixed-roof tanks at this facility:
7. Specify number of floating-roof tanks at this facility:
8. Please use the following space to include any information that-would aid us
in obtaining accurate emission estimates:
86
-------
Table A-2 (continued). STUDY AREA BULK STORAGE INFORMATION
1. Tank location ( if available a diagram of area should be supplied.)
2. Tank Identification (number or name)
3. Tank capacity, gals. _______________
4. Tank dimensions,ft.
a) Diameter b) Height __ c) Length d) Width
5. Tank shape. Cyclindrical Spherical Other describe
6. Tank nteterial of construction. Steel Fiberglass Other describe
7. Paint on tank roof.
a) White b) Aluminum c) Light Grey d) Medium Grey
e) Other describe
8. Paint on shell
a) White b) Aluminum c) Light Grey d) Medium Grey
e) Other describe
9. Tank condition. Good Fair _____ Poor
10. Average vapor space height, ft.
11. Type of tank (check all applicable).
a)' Fixed Roof ______ b) Floating Roof _ c) Variable Vapor Space (indicate
expansion capacity) ________ d) Pressure ____ e) Underground _____
f) Abovegro'-ind _____
12. If tank is floating roof.
Type of roof: Double Deck _____ Pontoon _____ Other describe _
Type of seal: Single Double ____^ Other describe _____________________
Type of construction: Riveted _____ Welded _____ Other describe
13. Chemical name of liquid being stored. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
14. True vapor pressure of liquid __________ psia at °F.
15. Density of liquid at storage temperature (Ibs per gal) ________
16. Average molecular weight of liquid (Ibs per mole) _
17. Throughput for the year 1973 (gals per year)
18. On a seperate sheet please describe any future anticipated storage tanks.
19. Type of loading: vessel , barge , truck (check)
20. Type of filling: submerged , splash
Name; Date:_
Title: ^ _^ Phone;
87
-------
APPENDIX B
LABEL AND WORK SHEET COMPUTER PROGRAM
88
-------
LEVEL 21 MAIN DATE = 74109 14/47/04
DIMENSION A(45),C(4,26),ZIP(5),SIC(4),PLT(4),NCT(52)
REAL NAME(54,15)
DATA CC,BB/« ,', /
C READS CITIES
DO 211 J=l,54
211 READ(5,101) NCT(J), (NAME(J,I),1=1,15)
101 FORMAT(I4,2X,15A1)
WRITE(6,650)
299 JCOUNT=1
300 DO 210 J = l,4
DO 210 K=l,26
210 C(J,K)= BB
C READS SOURCE CARD
READf5,100,END=330)PLT,ICT,SIC,A, ZIP
C SIC + PLT ID TO MATRIX
DO 212 K=l,4
CUfKl = SIC(K)
212 C(1,22+K) = PLT(K)
J=2
K=l
C NAME + STREET TO MATRIX
DO 200 1=1,45
IF{A( D.EO.CC) GO TO 39
IF(K.LT.21) C(J,K) = All)
K=K + 1
GO TO 200
39 C(J,K) = CC
J=J-H
IF(J.E0.4) GO TO 215
K=l
200 CONTINUE
C CITY + ZIP TO MATRIX
C CHECKS LIST FOR CITY
215 DO 216 1=1,54
IF(ICT.EQ.NCTd)) GOTO 220
216 CONTINUE
220 DO 221 K=l,15
IF(K.GT.IO) C(4,K+11) = ZIP(K-IO)
221 C(4,K)=NAME(I,K)
WRITE(6,550) «C(L,M), M=l,26), L=l ,3 ) , (C (4,M) ,M = 1,15) , (C (4,M),
* M=22,26)
550 FORMAT(/// 1X,36(1H-),5(+»,10{1H-J),»+,25(lH-)/3X,26Al,8X,6(+»,
*10X) /3X,26A1,8X,6(»+»,10X) /3X,26A1,8X,6(*,10X) /3X,15A1,6H R.I
*. ,5A1,8X,6( », 10X) )
WRITE(1,250) ((( C(L,M),M=1,26),L=1,3),(C(4,M),M=1,15),(C(4,M),M=
*22,26),MI=1,2)
250 FORMAT ( //3X,26A1/3X,26A1/3X,26A1/3X,15A1,6H R.I. ,5A1)
JCOUNT= JCOUNT + 1
IF (JCOUNT.LE.7) GO TO 300
WRITE(6,650)
650 FORMAT! »1»,36X,« TEL NO SSX,* DATE Q IN SSdX,' TEL CONT M,3X,
*'COMMENTSf )
GO TO 299
330 STOP
100 FORMAT(5X,4A1,IX,14,IX,4A1,45A1,5A1)
STOP
END
89
-------
Table A-l. QUESTIONNAIRE TO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND DRY CLEANERS
official use
Rec. by Date:
SIC
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
A. Company Name
Plant Addrcai
_Clty_
_Zlp Code_
Nearest Street Interaactlon_
Mailing Address
_Clty_
_Zlp Code.
B. Perion to contact about form_
Telephone
Title
C. Approximate number of eaployees_
D. Datura of Buelnesa___
E. Normal Operating achedule
Hri./day
_daya/vk._
F. Approximate Percent Seasonal Operation:
_yks/yr.
Dec. -Feb.
Mar-May
Jun-Aug
Sept. -Nov.
C. Are volatile organic or solvent-containing material! auch aa cleaning fluids,
coatings, adheslves, Inks, etc. used In your operation? Yes No
If NO. sign form and return
If YES, sign form and complete only the sections pertaining to your
operation:
II. Dry Cleaning
III. Degreaslng
IV. Surface Coating Applications
A. Fabric .and Rubberized ......-
B. Protective or Decorative other than IV-A-
C. Printing - -
D. Miscellaneous Surface Coatings
(Adheslves, Paper, Leather, films, Glass etc)
V. Manufacturing Industries
Signature
2, 9 & 10
3, 9 & 10
4, 9 & 10
5, ? te 10
6, 9 & 10
7, ? 4 10
8, 9 & 10
Date
76
-------
II. DRY CLEANING
A. Amount of clothes cleaned per year tons. .)
B. Type of dry cleaning unit a hot or dry-to-dry 't
O cold or transfer j
C. Type and amount of solvent cleaner purchased in 1973. .
Perchloroethylene Cal./Yr. \ J
Stoddard solvent Gal./Yr.
Other (specify) Cal./Yr.
Other (specify) Gal./Yr.
D. Supplier of solvent - Name and address
Perchlorethylene ,
Stoddard Solvent
Other (specify)
Other (specify)
E. Please complete Section VI. page 9.
If you have any questions about this section please contact:
Mr. Roger Schilling
Field Representative for
International Fabricare Institute 'fj
5 Shawsheen Ave. J
Bedford, Mass.
(617) 275-7583 -.
J
77
1
-------
III. CBCIEASDiC OPZXATIONS
A. Type of degreaalng: 0 cold eolvent cleaning
Dvapor degraaalng
B. Type and amount of tolvent purchaaad for degraaalng operatlona.
1) Stoddard Cal./yr.
2) 1,1,1-Trlchloroethane
(Chlorothene VG) __6al./yr.
3) rerchloroethylene Cal./yr.
A) Mathylena chlortda Cal./yr.
5) Trlchloroethylene Cal./yr.
6) Other (apectfy) ___Gal./yr.
7) Other (apeclfy) Cal./yr.
C. Suppllara of Solventa
0. Vaata aolvent dlapoaal Method
B. Aaouot of each aolvent returned for reproceaalng to vendor or collector
1) Stoddard Cal./yr.
2) Trlchloroethane Cal./vr.
3) Perchloroethylene Cal./vr.
4) Mcthylene chloride Gal./yr.
5) Trtchloroethylene Cal./yr.
6) Other (ipecify) _Gal./yr.
7) Other (apeclfy) Gal./yr.
F. Pleaae complete Section VI. page 9.
78
-------
XV-A. FABRIC OR RUBBERIZED COATING APPLICATION
(1) Material(s) being cpated
(2) Type of coating process:
Source
Ho.*
State Coating Process:
Impregnation,
'Vet" Coating,
Hot Melt Coating,
Lamination
Type of
Coating *
Amount
of Coating
(Gal/Yr)
Type* and
7. of Vehicle
Solvent
. -. .
~ .
-
-
Type and
Amount of
Solvent Addod
to Coating
(Cal/Yr)
v
1
1
' ' " :
1
i
(3) Type of cleaning solvent
_, Amount
_, Amount
(4) Is any solvent returned to supplier or collector?
*
Yes
Type'
Amount
(Cal/Yr)
(Cal/Yr)
(Cal/Yr)
(5) Please complete Section VI. p. 9; use laae Source No.
*A source Is an Individual or similar pieces of equipment such as coaters, dryers,
etc. It should correspond to the Source No. on page 9. If applicable, It should
also correspond to previously reported sources in "Air Pollution Emissions .Report"
(Form 158-R75)
*Polyvlnyl chloride, polyurethanes, etc.
* Toluene, naphtha, mineral spirits, MEK, xylenc, chlorinated hydrocarbon, other
(specify).
79
-------
IV-B. PROTECTIVE OR DECORATIVE COATINGS OTHER THAN FABRIC COATING
1. Indicate material being coated _.
2. Type and amount of coating used:
Source*
Number
State Application Method:
Spraying, Dipping, Roller,
Flew, etc.
Type of
Paint**
Amount
Gals./yr.
X
solids
Type* and T. of major
solvents
1
I
1
1
3. Type and amount of thinner used for dilution and cleaning not included
_____________ , Amount Cal. /yr.
Amount Cal./yr.
4. Please complete Section VI. page 9.
A source Is an individual or similar pieces of equipment such as spray booths, tanks,
dryers, etc. It should correspond to the Source No. on page 9. If applicable,
it should also correspond to previously reported sources in "Air Pollution Emis-
sions report" (Form 158-R75)
(1) paint, (3) varnish/shellac, (4) lacquer, (5) enamel, (6) primer
*If known, - acetone, isopropyl alcohol, HOC, butyl acetate, cellusolve, tolueno, etc.
80
-------
IV-C. PRINTING
(1) Material being coated
(2) Type of printing process:
Source
No.*
State Printing Process:
Letterpress, Flexo-
graphlc, Lithographic,
Gravure , Screen
Type of
Ink**
Amount
(lb/yr)
Type* and 7. of major solvents
In Ink
j
(3) Type and amount of solvent used for dilution and cleaning not
Included above: *n-"unt Cal./vr.
____________ Amount " Ca 1. /yr.
(4) Please complete Section VI p.9 ; ; use sane Source Ho.
A source Is an individual or similar printing machines, dryers, etc. It should cor-
respond to the Source No. on page 9. If applicable, it should also correspond to
previously reported sources in "Air Pollution Emissions Report" (Form 158-R75).
Solvent based, oil based, lacquer-type, etc.
*Isopropyl alcohol, Ethanol, Propanol, Naphtha/Mineral Spirits, Toluene,
HEX, other (specify)
81
-------
I
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t
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38. £
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materlala. 1C should correspond to Che
ly reported sources in "Air Pollution
i
V
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83
-------
ou
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0
-------
VII. BULK SOLVENT STORAGE
A. Please complete the following Information for each storage tank greater than
250 gallons capacity.
Annual Type of Fill and
Tank No. Solvent Type Capacity Thruput Control Equipment *
VIII. EFFECTS OF EHEKCY CRISIS
Please state the changes in type and estimated annual consumption of sol-
vent as a result of the energy crisis.
Submerged fill, splash fill, return vent line, adsorber
85
-------
J
Table A-2. STUDY AREA BULK STORAGE INFORMATION
1. Company name:
2. Tank location: ( name a few nearby cross streets to aid us in locating
your facilities on our maps )
3. Person completing form: Title;
4. Phone number:
5. Type of products stored:
6. Specify number of fixed-roof tanks at this facility:
7. Specify number of floating-roof tanks at this facility:
8. Please use the following space to include any information that would aid us
in obtaining accurate emission estimates:
86
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J
Table A-2 (continued). STUDY AREA BULK STORAGE INFORMATION
1. Tank location ( if available a diagram of area should be supplied.)
2. Tank Identification (number or name) _
3. Tank capacity, gala. ...
4. Tank dimensions,ft.
a) Diameter b) Height c) Length d) Width
5. Tank shape. Cyclindrical Spherical .... Other describe __
6. Tank nJaterial of construction. Steel Fiberglass __^ Other describe
7. Paint on tank roof.
a) White __ b) Aluminum c) Light Grey ____ d) Medium Grey ____
e) Other describe ________________________________________________
8. Paint on shell
a) White _ b) Aluminum _____ c) Light Grey _____ d) Medium Grey
e) Other describe ______________________________________________
9. Tank condition. Good Fair _____ Foor
10. Average vapor space height, ft. ..
11. Type of tank (check all applicable).
a)' Fixed Hoof b) Floating Roof c) Variable Vapor Space (indicate
expansion capacity) _______ d) Pressure e) Underground .
f) Abovegro-jnd
12. If tank is floating roof.
Type of roof: Double Deck _____ Pontoon .._ Other describe ___________________
Type of seal: Single _____ Double _____ Other describe _______________________
Type of construction: Riveted _____ Welded . Other describe
13. Chemical name of liquid being stored. _
True vapor pressure of liquid ____________ psi* at °F.
IS. Density of liquid at storage temperature (Ibs per gal)
16. Average molecular weight of liquid (Ibs per mole) _____
17. Throughput for the year 1973 (gala per year)
18. On a seperate sheet please describe any future anticipated storage tanks.
19. Type of loading: vessel , barge , truck (check)
20. Type of filling: submerged , splash
Name: Date:_
Title: ' _..-_. Phone:
87
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APPENDIX B
LABEL AND WORK SHEET COMPUTER PROGRAM
88
-------
LEVEL 21 MAIN DATE « 7*109 14/47/04
DIMENSION A(45),C(4,26),ZIP(5),SIC(4),PLT(4),NCT(52)
REAL NAME (54, 15)
DATA CCtBB/' ,',» /
C READS CITIES
DO 211 J=l,54
211 READ(5,101) NCT(J), (NAME ( J ,1 ) , 1=1,15)
101 FORMAT(I4,2X,15A1 )
WRITE(6,650)
299 JCOUNT=1
300 DO 210 J = l,4
DO 210 K=l,26
210 C(J,K)= BB
C READS SOURCE CARD
READ(5,100tEND=330)PLT,ICT,SIC,At ZIP
C SIC * PLT ID TO MATRIX
00 212 K = l,4
C(ltK) = SIC(K)
212 C(1,22+K) = PLT(K)
J=2
K=l
C NAME + STREET TO MATRIX
DO 200 1=1,45
IFU(I).EO.CC) GO TO 39
IF(K.LT.2D C(J,K) = All)
GO TO 200
39 C(J,K) = CC
IF(J.E0.4) GO TO 215
K=l
200 CONTINUE
C CITY + ZIP TO MATRIX
C CHECKS LIST FOR CITY
215 DO 216 1=1,54
IF(ICT.EQ.NCTd)) GOTO 220
216 CONTINUE
220 DO 221 K = l,15
IF(K.GT.IO) C(4,K*11) = ZIP(K-IO)
221 C(4,K)=NAME( I,K)
WRITE(6,550) ((C(L,M), M=l,26), L=l , 3 ) , (C (4,M) ,M=1 , 15 ) , (C <4,M ) ,
* M=22,26l
550 FORMAT (/// 1 X,36( 1H-) ,5 ( + ', 10 < 1H-) ), + ,25 { 1H-) /3X ,26A 1 ,8X,6 (»',
*10X) /3X,26A1,8X,6( '*»,10X) /3X,26A1 ,8X,6 ( * , 10X) /3X,15A1,6H R.I
*. ,5A1,8X,6( ***,10X))
WRITE (1,250) ((( C(L,M),M*1,26),L=1,3), (C(4,M ) ,M*1 , 15) , (C (4,M) ,M=
*22,26),MI-1,2)
250 FORMAT ( //3X,26A1/3X,26A1/3X,26A1/3X, 15A1.6H R.I. ,5A1)
JCOUNT= JCOUNT + 1
IF (JCOUNT. LE. 7) GO TO 300
WRITE(6,650)
650 FORMAT(»1»,36X, TEL NO §,3X,' DATE Q IN »,3(lX,f TEL CONT
*'COMMENTS« )
GO TO 299
330 STOP
100 FORMAT(5X,4A1,1X,I4,1X,4A1,45A1,5A1)
STOP
END
89
-------
APPENDIX B
LABEL AND WORK SHEET COMPUTER PROGRAM
88
-------
LEVEL 21 MAIN DATE = 74109 14/47/04
DIMENSION A(45),C(4,26),ZIP<5),SIC(4),PLT(4),NCT<52)
REAL NAME (54, 15)
DATA CC,B8/» ,«, /
C READS CITIES
DO 211 J=l,54
211 READ(5,101) NCT(J>. (NAME (J ,1) ,1=1, 15)
101 FORMAT(I4,2X,15A1 )
WRITE(6,650)
299 JCOUNT=1
300 DO 210 J = l,4
DO 210 K=l,26
210 C(J,K)= BB
C READS SOURCE CARD
READ(5,100,END=330)PLT,ICT,SIC,A, ZIP
C SIC + PLT ID TO MATRIX
DO 212 K = l,4
C(1,K) = SIC(K)
212 C(1,22+K) = PLT
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