905R82108
St. Joseph and Benton Harbor
Sediment Quality
Prepared by
Chris P. Potos
For
Great Lakes National .'Program Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
536 South Clark Street
Chicago, Illinois
February 1982
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Table of Contents
List of Exhibits 1
Introduction ------------------------- l
Background -------------------------- 1
Methodology -___--___------__--_-___- 2
Results - 9
Discussion ----------------- 16
Recommendations ------------------------ 18
References ---- __._ ________ 19
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List of Tables
(1) Contaminants Searched for 1n Pesticide and Organic Scans
(2) Berrien County Point Source Discharges to St. Joseph River Basin
(3) Guidelines for the Pollutional Classification of Great Lakes'
Harbor Sediments
(4) St. Joseph - Benton Harbor Sediments - COE, May 1980
(5) St. Joseph - Benton Harbor Sediments - USEPA, April 1981
(6) St. Joseph - Benton Harbor Sediments - USEPA, April 1981
(7) St. Joseph - Benton Harbor Sediments - USEPA, April 1981
(8) St. Joseph - Benton Harbor Benthos - COE, May 1981
List of Figures
(1) Location Map of Sampling Sites - St. Joseph - Benton Harbor
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Introduction
This report 1s one 1n a series of studies designed to define the environ-
mental state of the harbors on the Great Lakes. This report deals with sediment
quality and primarily focuses on the extent of toxicant contamination in the
subject area. It does not consider St. Joseph-Benton Harbor (SJ-BH) water qual-
ity since the water solubility of the toxicants, both organic and metallic, is so
small that water toxicant concentrations would not prove meaningful and, taken
out of context, could be misleading. Nor are the SJ-BH pollutional effects upon
southeastern Lake Michigan considered because of the paucity of areawide lake
sediment data.
Background
The St. Joseph River Basin is located primarily in the southwestern corner of
the State of Michigan. The River and tributaries form a drainage network of approx-
imately 4680 square miles (Mi2). This includes 3020 Mi2 of southwest Michigan and
1660 Mi^ of northeast Indiana (1). The rivermouth 1s located in the City of
St. Joseph and the headwaters are located approximately 210 rivermiles upstream in
Hillsdale, Michigan. The St. Joseph River Basin includes seven counties within
Michigan and six counties in Indiana. The river crosses the Michigan-Indiana
border in Porter Township of Cass County and Bertrand Township of Berrien County.
The Paw Paw River is a major tributary of the St. Joseph River. It's headwaters
are in eastern Van Buren County and it flows southwesterly through Berrien County
to the St. Joseph River. The confluence of the two rivers is just upstream of
the mouth of the St. Joseph. The Paw Paw River is a slow moving stream with a
broad flood plain, most of which is undeveloped. The drainage area of the Paw Paw
River is approximately 450 Mi2. A smaller, but important tributary is the
Dowagiac River.
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The topography of the Basin varies from flat to hilly. Among the more note-
able features, produced by direct deposition of the Wisconsin Glacier, are a
series of end moraines that trend northeast-southwest (1). These topographic
divisions consist of a series of moderately rough and rolling belts of outwash,
ground moraines, and lake plains. The dominant soil type throughout the region is
loam, a mixture of silt, sand, and clay.
The major concentrations of population in the basin in Michigan are located in
and around the Cities of St. Joseph, Benton Harbor, and Miles. All three cities
are in Berrlen County which at present has a population approximating 170,000
people.
Agriculture represents the primary land use in the basin in Michigan with
forestry a distant second. In Berrien County for example, agriculture represents
71 percent of the land use while forestry accounts for 21 percent.
Being an Interstate stream, the St. Joseph River drains areas of three states,
Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio, with discharges from other populous areas including
Niles, South Bend, Elkhart, and Mishiwaka. The flow of the St. Joseph River, as
measured at the USGS gaging station at,|Niles, Michigan averages 3200 CFS (2).
The maximum and minimum flows are 20,000 CFS, and 400 CFS respectively.
Methodology
Sediment samples were collected in the manner described in Methods Manual for
Bottom Sediment Sample Collection, USEPA, January 1977 (3). Grab samples were
retrieved using a Ponar (clam shell) dredge for both the chemistry and benthos
analysis. For the benthos analysis, the sediment samples were strained through a
30 mesh sieve (U.S. Standard) and any Invertebrates were picked off the seive with
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a tweezer, transferred to a sample jar and preserved with 70 percent ethanol.
The sediments for chemistry analysis were preserved by refrigerations/" H C.
Prior to analysis, the sediment samples were allowed to thaw to 15-25°C.
Each sample was manually mixed on a large, flat, Bakelite container. Any
sample requiring further homogenization (discretion of analyst) was passed
through a 10 mesh polypropylene seive by forcing it through the screen with a
glass beaker.
The presence of a broad range of organic contaminants, (see Table 1) was de-
termined by subjecting the sediments toaGC/MS scans. The organics were first re-
moved from the sediments using a Soxhlet extractor and a solvent consisting of a
1:1 mixture of acetone and hexane. The extract was then passed through a gel
permeation column to remove interfering fatty materials. The organic residues
were then subjected to a Hewlett-Packard 5985 Gas Chromotograph/Mass Spectrometer.
Organic contaminants qualitatively identified on the GC/MS scans were confirmed
and quantified using specific gas chromatographic procedures. All GC/MS scans and
specific GC analyses followed USEPA standard procedures for dealing with priority
pollutants.
Heavy metals were determined by first digesting the sediment samples in a mix-
ture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. The acid extracts were analyzed
for arsenic, mercury, and selenium using standard USEPA flameless atomic absorp-
tion spectrometry. In addition, a scan for over 20 metals was made using Induc-
tively Coupled Argon Plasma (ICAP) techniques.
All metals and organic contaminants were reported as milligrams per kilogram
(PPM) dry weight. Quality assurance procedures set variance limits for reference
samples, sample splits, and spiked samples. Any results obtained outside USEPA
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Table 1
Contaminants searched for In Pesticide and Organic Scans
Pesticides and PCB°s
Al d'rln
Arochlor 1221
Arochlor 1232
Arochlor 1242
Arochlor 1248
Arochlor 1254
Arochlor 1260
Arochlor 1262
BHC (beta and gamma Isomers)
Chlordane (cis, trans, oxy)
Chlorobenzylate
2,4-D isopropylester
DC PA
o.p-DDE
p.p-DOE
o.p-DDD
p.p-QDD
O.p-DDT
p.p-DOT
Dleldrin
Endosulfan (I. If)
Endrin
Heptachlor and Us epoxlde
Hexachlorobenzene
Isodrin
Methoxychlor
Mirex
TetradHon
Trif luralin
Zytron
Other Organic Compounds
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
I3enzo(b)f luoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo)g,h,i)perylene
Benzldine
Bis(2-chloroethyle)ether
Bis(2-chloroethyloxy)methane
Bis(2-ethlhexy1Jphthalate
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Butyl benzyl phthalate A
4-Chloro-3-methyl phenol
2-Chloronaphthalene
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
Chrysene
Diben20(a,h)anthracone
Oi-n-butylphthalate
l,3-D1chlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1.2-Dichlorobenzene
3,3-Oichlorobenzene
Diethylphthalate
Dlmothylphtha'ate
2.4-D1nltrotoluene
Dioctylphthalate
l,2-Diphenylhydraz1ne
Fluoranthane
Fluorene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Isopherone
Ndpthalene
Nitrobenzene
N-Ni trosodimethylamlne
N-Nitrosodi-n-propyl ami
N-Nitrosodiephenyl amine
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
1 ,2,4-Trlchlorobenzene
Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Chlorostyrene
Oichlorostyrene
Trichlorostyrene
Tetrachlorostyrene
Endrin aldehyde
Endosulfan sulfate
Kepone
l-Chlor-3-methyl phenol
2,4-Uichlorophenol
2.4-Dimethylphenol
2.4-Dinitrophenol
2-methyl -4,6-dinitrophen
2-Nitrophenol
4-Ni trophenol
I'entachlorophenol
Phenol
2.4.6-Trichlorophenol
Tetrachlorophenol
Toxaphene
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quality assurance limits were discarded and the samples re-analyzed. More de-
tailed descriptions of the methodology for sediment analysis can be obtained
from the Chemistry^ .Laboratory Manual for Bottom Sediments and Elutriate Testing,
USEPA, March, 1979 (NTIS PB-294596) (4).
Figure 1 shows the sediment sites sampled by the tJ.S Army Corps of Engineers
(COE) in 1980 (black star) and the USEPA sites sampled in 1981 (white star). The
COE sampling program was designed to determine which sediments in the deep draft
navigation portion of the harbor would require confined as opposed to open Lake
disposal. The COE analyses Include the conventional pollutants (COD, TKN, oil and
grease, etc.), metals, and polychlorinated Bi-phenyls (PCB). A benthic analysis was
also performed for the COE program. The USEPA program extended the geographical
scope of the sediment sampling to include the main stem of the St. Joseph River
approximately 2.5 miles upstream to the Harbor Ann Oil Company (site #1), and the
tributary Paw Paw River and Ox Creek channel approximately one (1) mile upstream
to Benton Harbor Malleable Industries (site #19). The emphasis of the USEPA pro-
gram was placed on the characterization of the sediments with respect to synthetic
,»-e te/i' >w'i s r-~ •
organics, vis-a-vis, the priority pollutants, although the -flwbasts^wf conventional
pollutants were also included. A benthic analysis was not performed for the
USEPA program.
Due to laboratory resource constraints, all sediments sampled were nat analy-
/
zed. Based upon visual exami nation fan- educated—goes s was rmaeRTby the USTFA sam-
pling crew with respect to which samples were to be analyzed. The remaining sam-
ples were logged, preserved, and stored for future analysis should the need arise.
Table 2 lists point sources discharging to the St. Joseph River Basin (7). It
.'' . •'
Includes only those facilities known to discharge directly to the St. Joseph River
or It's tributaries.
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Table 2
Berrien County Discharges to
St. Joseph River Basin
Berrien Springs W.W.T.P
nicipal, Flow is 0.3 MGO, activated
udge system. Dor.i MOD,
to St. JO;.«.M''. K»v...'r.
Municipal, Flow i^; on • • i. .,•_«..•. I .IL O.U?
MGD, stabilization la. icons, Discharge
location is Farmers Crook, 201 underway
Municipal, Flow is 3.59 MGD, activated
sludge system, Design flow 3.0 MGD,
Discharge to St. Joseph River, 201
underway.
Municipal, Flow is 11.3 MGD, activated
sludge system, Design flow 13.0 MGD,
Discharge to St. Joseph River, 201
underway.
Paw Paw Lake W.W.T.P.
Municipal, I'low iu i . :M) SUID, trickling
filter system), Dosi-jn i i u'..- it; J. 'j MGD,
Discharge to Paw Paw lUv.-r, 201 under-
Riverside M.H. Estates
Meadow Stream Estates
Hill Haven M.H.P.
Ravine View Estates
Semi-public, Flow 13.4 KGD, 80 licenced
•sites, Package Plant, extended iicration
Desgin flow 16 XGD, Discharge to Pipe-
stone Creek.
Semi-public, .29 KGD, 73 licenced sites,
stabilization lagoon system, Design
flow 14.G XGD, Discharge to PipRStone
Creek.
Semi-public, flow 7.2 KGD Package Plant,
extend aeration, 56 licenced sites,
Design flow is 11.2 KGD, Discharge to
St. Joseph River.
Semi-public, flow is 4.7, 66 licenced
si,tes Package Plant, extended aeration
Design flow122 KGD, Discharge to Paw
Paw River.
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Table 2 (Cont.)
- Auto Specialties Manufacturing
Bendix Corporation
ClarK Equipment Company
•Eau Claire Pack Company
Flarrun Pickle & Packing Company
French Paoer Company
» « •*
Jenos Inc.
Watervliet Paper Company
•*
Whirlpool Corporation, Plant 7
Foundry, .34 MGD coolir.rj to Paw Paw
Village
Foundry, hydr. auto pai'Li;, .30 MCD GW,
.013 MGD coolin'j to lUr'ory CrvoK
Manufacture axla. housing . McCoy c-'
Fruit fc vegetable canni'i-;, .39 MGD to
G.W., .0004 coolincj to Jo. Dr-nn
Pickle processing & c.u.nin'j, GW dischanj.
Paper Mill, 0.677 MGD to St. Joseph
River
Fruit & vegetable cannino, .042 MGD to C
and .305 MGD to Bittnor drain, cooling
?aper mill, .88 MGD to G.W. cooling,
.138 MGD cooling to Pav.1 Pav/ River, pro-
cess to sewer system
Appliance mfg., metal finishing, .825 MGi
and .287 MGD to Bonton Harbor Canal,
coolin:.<'|ih K
cool J.nq
.4? MGD
Formed rubber parts, vulcanizing .079
MGD to Abraham drain, cooling
Modern Plastics Corporation Plastic molding .172 MGD cooling to OX
S. Michigan Cold Storage
Creek
.153 MGD cooling to Pioestone Creek
New Products Corporation
Superior Steel Casting Company
National Standard Company
U.S. Aviex Company
National Standard Company
Die casting, .07 MGD cooling to OX Creek
Steal casting .35 MGD cooling to Ox
Creek
Recirculating flows, nc discharge
Aersol mfg. G.W. discharge of cooling
Steel wire fabricator, .707 cooling
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ST. JOSEPH
ST. JOSEPH
AND
BENTON HARBOR
MICHIGAN
Legend
Corps of Engineers Sediment
Sampling Sites (May 1980)
USEPA Sediment Sampling
Sites (April 1981)
Fig. 1
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Results
Using the USEPA Guidelines for the Pollutiona! Classification of Great
^ . ..-
Lakes Harbor Sediments (see Table 3), the harbor sediments downstream of the con-
fluence of the Paw Paw and the St. Joseph Rivers are classified as heavily pollu-
ted with nitrogen, phosphorus, oil and grease, chemical oxygen demand, arsenic,
copper, and lead (Tables 4, 5, 6). In addition, varying concentrations of certain
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (Anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene) are present
although the ecological significance of the concentrations found has not been
established (Table 7).
The most highly contaminated area is site #1 (Fig 1) (Table 6,7) which is just
upstream of the confluence of Hickory Creek and the St. Joseph River (approximately
seven (7) miles upstream from the Harbor mouth). These sediments are contaminated
with large concentrations of barium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, and the
animal carcinogens and mutagens, benz'(a)anthracene, chrysene, and pyrene. Benz(a)-
anthracene and chrysene were found 1n concentrations over 700 ppm. Other poly-
nuclear aromatice hydrocarbons are also present at site #1 in concentrations sim-
ilar to those found in the area downstream of the Paw Paw River confluence. The
segment of the St. Joseph River downstream from site #1 and stretching to the con-
fluence with the Paw Paw River (approximately 6.5 miles) and including Morrison
Channel, is moderately polluted.
Table 8 lists the benthlc Invertebrates inhabiting the sites sampled in the
COE program. Only four (4) genuses of invertebrates were found and all specimens
had pollution tolerant characteristics. The largest numbers of the most pollution
tolerant species were found at site #26 which is in the most polluted stretch of
the area dredged to accommodate deep draft navigation. While site #26 1s heavily
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Table 3
USEPA - Region V
f OR THE rOLOTlOXAl CLASSIFICATION
0? CrOAT UKES HARBOR SEDIMENTS
olatilc Solids (I)
X>D («£/kg rfry weight)
>il and Crease
(Htxanc Solubles)
(n>£/kg dry weight)
<5
«40,000
<1,000
<1.000
*Lovcr limits not established '
• **
•
• . •
Mercury
• . •
Total *CB'»
I10DERATELY POLLUTED
S-i
40,000-80,000
1,000-2,000
1,000-2,000
^ad (ng /kg dry weight)
line " " «
*
/caonia (og/kg dry weight)
Cyanide " • "
•
Phosphorus ** * ~*
•Iron • " •
Kicked " • •
Haog£nes(L '* *i *
• »
Arsenic • " ."
Cadmium * " • • •
ChrOBium m m m
"^
tarlua « " "
Cooofcr • • • •
<40
<90
<75
<0.10
«20
•<17.000
<20
<300
<3
•
<25
<20
<25
40-60
* * *
$0-200
75-200
0.10-0.25
420-650
'" 17, 000-2 5", 000
»
ao-50 •
300-500
•5-8
«L
25-75
20-60
25-50
fOLUITED
£ 10
HEAVILY FOUUTEI)
»8
>80.000
»
>2,000
>2,000
>200
>0.25
>>25,000
>50D
dry weight
10
-------
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Table 5
St. Joseph - Benton Harbor Sediments
April 1981
Total Volatile Chemical Total Total
Solids Solids Oxygen Kjeldahl Phosphorus
Site (%) (%) Demand Nitrogen
1 70 2.7 . ''2200. .1 950 500
2 79 0.9 3200 160 130
5 67 3.3 • 26000 640 260
7 65 2.9 21000 600 340
13 68 2.2 20000 666 430
14 69 2.6 19000 670 300
15 53 7.8 66000 2800 480
17 63 3.8 28000 70 80
20 59 5.7 48000 1550 370
13
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Table 6
St. Joseph - Benton Harbor Sediments
(mg/kg)
April 1981
Site 1
2
5
7
13
14
15
17
20
Metals
AG
B
BA
BE
CO
CO
CR
cu
LI
MN
MO
NI
PB
SN
SK
V
Y
ZN
CA
K
MG
NA
AL
FE
0.3
11.
120
0.9
0.2
7.9
420.
1600.
17.
270.
1.0
170.
7.
4.0
730.
25.
6.4
1000.
47000.0
2300.0
8100.0
200.0
11000.0
16000.0
0.3
8.
14
0.2
0.2
3.5
4.7
2.
3.9
180
1.0
5.2
7.
4.0
18.
4.4
1.5
20.
24000.0
200.0
8300.0
100.0
1500.0
5400.0
0.3
8.
40.
0.2
0.4
2.9
12
16.
4.4
360
1.0
8.1
18.
4.0
28.
4.5
1.9
57.
40000.0
400.0
5000.0
100.0
2000.0
6300.0
0.3
8.
36,
• 0.2
0.2
3.1
6.
9.
3.2
200.
1.0
12.
22.
4.0
13.
4.
1.7
61.
13000.0
300.0
3600.0
100.0
1900.0
5000.0
0.3
8.
30.
0.2
0.5
2.4
17.
23.
3.9
310.
1.0
25.
7.
4.0
23.
5.
2.0
86.
29000.0
300.0
5500.
100.0
1900.0
6000.0
0.3
10.
26.
0.3
0.2
3.0
8.4
15.
4.5
240.
1.0
8.7
11.
5.3
20.
8.0
2.0
52.
28000.0
500.0
9300.0
100.0
2200.0
7300.0
0.3
18.
110.
0.7
3.0
5.6
31.
31.
11.
910.
1.0
17.
51.
5.6
47.
16.
5.3
160.
58000.0
1200.0
12000.0
200.0
7200.0
1600.0
0.3
19.
56.
0.5
0.2
2.8
6.
5.
7.9
13.
1.0
7.
14.0
4.0
76.
10.
2.5
7.
2000.0
1500.0
500.0
100.0
5500.0
1900.0
0.3
13.
71.
0.5
0.5
6.3
17.
33.
9.2
370.
1.0
18.
31.
4.0
110.
19.
5.4
78.
43000.0
1100.0
7500.0
100.0
5400.0
12000.0
14
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Table 7
St. Joseph-Benton Harbor Sediments
(mg/kg)
April 1981
Site 1
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Acenaphthene - -
Anthracene 16
Benz(a) 716
anthracene
Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) 7.6
Phthalate
Chrysene 716
Di-m-Butyl 0.4
Phthalate
Diethyl Pathalate - -
Fluoranthane 18.9
Fluorene - -
Naphthalene - -
n-Butylphthalate - -
Phenanthrene 16
Pyrene 73.5
Kepone - -
Chlordane - -
Total DDT - -
PCB
2 5 11 13 15 17
0.5 0.3
0.7 4.3 T - - 16.2 3.4
__ .. __ __ -- - -
0.3 2.8
__ __ -_ __ -_ _ -
T - - 0.2 1.9
1.6 0.5
0.1 - - 0.7 - - 1.6 2.7
- 0.1 0.3
0.1 2.0
1.9
0.7 14.1 T - - 16.2 3.4
32.3 T 0.6 - - 8.3 33.1
'' . .1
- 1.6
0.6
7.9
T T
20
2.6
- -
- -
- -
5.5
0.3
0.2
- -
0.2
6.4
2.6
2.4
- -
- -
- -
_ M
15
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polluted with arsenic and lead, it appears that the arsenic and lead concentra-
tions present are not sufficient to adversely, acutely affect the pollution
tolerant invertebrates residing there. The heavy pollution is adequate, however,
to discourage the sustenance of a highly varied species population indicative of
a clean water benthos.
Discussion
The sediment load from the St. Joseph River Basin is such that annual harbor
dredging is required to accommodate deep draft traffic. The most recent dredging
was completed in June 1981 (5). To date the dredge spoils have been used for Lake
Michigan beaches augmentation. Since the sediment sampling for both the COE and
the USEPA programs was performed using clam shell equipment (surface grab samples),
the analytical results shown in all tables reflect fairly recently deposited sedi-
ments and pollutants. This indicates that at least some point source discharges
to the St. Joseph River may still not be receiving adequate treatment.
Of particular concern are the sediments in the site #1 area. Aside from a
large marina in the immediate vicinity, it appears that no point sources of any
consequence (with respect to size) discharge to the immediate area or within a
reasonable distance upstream. The cities of Berrien Springs, Buchanan, and Miles
are approximately 32, 40, and 52 miles respectively further upstream (6).
.'' • ••
No data characterizing sediments further upstream from site #1 exist, there-
fore, it is impossible to determine whether the site #1 pollutants were dis-
charged in the immediate vicinity or else where.
16
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Table 8
St. Joseph-Benton Harbor Benthos
COE - May 1981
Taxa 22
Nematoda
Oligochaeta
Tubificidae
Limnodrilus cervix
L. hoffmeisteri
L. spiralis
L. clapardianus
L. udekemianus
Immature w/o capilliform
chaetae
Arthropoda
Chironomidae
Chironpnius sp.
JToCJudiUH 8|J.
Xenochlronomua sp.
Tanypus sp.
Phaenospectra sp.
Cryptochironomus sp.
Chironominae3 A. 78
Orthocladinae8 A. 78
u Sampling Site
23 '24 •' 25
25. A8 70.
6.37 38.
19.
6.37 210.
6.
6.
12.74
6.37 12.
07
22
11
21
37
37
7A
112.75
326.97
33.82
67.65
586.29
57.33
6.37
A
309
309
182
60A
28
19
A
1A
26
.78
.17
.17
.69
.28
.68
. 12
.78
.3A
111
201
180
20
180
25
G
27
.09
.36
.53
.83
.53
.A8
.37
28
6.
12.
38.
12.
89.
19.
AA.
6.
37
7A
22
7A
18
11
59
37
Ceratopogonidae 6.37
TOTAL TAXA 2587978
Density (No./m2) 9.56 57.33 369.A6 1191.18 1A77.01 726.19 229.32
Number of grabs taken A 3 3 3 A 3 3
iJnidentifiable because of damage to specimen or too immature.
17
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Recommendations
(1) Unless a suitable, contained dredge disposal site is available, a ban on
St. Joseph-Benton Harbor navigational channel dredging should be instituted.
(2) Sediment sampling upstream of site #1 should be performed to determine
if the source of contamination at site #1 is immediate or further upstream.
(3) Since all point source dischargers re-applying for NPDES permits are being
required to analyze respective effluents for priority pollutants and to treat
same, if present, to appropriate levels, it remains that the effects of closely
proximate wastewater pits, ponds, and lagoons on St. Joseph-Benton Harbor
sediment quality should be determined.
(4) Evaluations of the study area dumps and landfills should also be undertaken
to determine if a potential exists for these disposal areas to be contributing to
St. Joseph-Benton Harbor pollution.
'' • '•
(5) Determine environmental significance of priority pollutants with relatively
high levels of concentration, e.g. chrysene, benz(a)anthracene and pyrene, the
PAH's found at site #1.
18
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References
(1) Southwestern Michigan 208 Areawide Waste Treatment Management Plan
(2) The Water Encyclopedia, Water Information Center, Port Washington, N.Y. 1970
(3) Methods Manual for Bottom Sediment Sample Collection, USEPA 1977
(4) Chemistry Laboratory Manual for Bottom Sediments and Elutriate Testing
USEPA 1979
(5) Personal communication, Mr. S. Bolla, COE, Detroit, Michigan; February 1982
(6) Personal communication, Mr. 0. Scott, COE, Chicago, Illinois; February 1982
(7) Personal communication, Mr. A. Anthony, Berrien County Planning Department
February 1982
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