905R83114
          An Assessment Of
       Potential Groundwater
          Contamination in
              Indiana
            Prepared by

           Chris P. Potos

             Chemist



               For
           Water Division
        Water  Supply Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
      230 So.  Dearborn Street
         Chicago,  Illinois
                1983

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                                     TABLE OF CONTENTS



                                                                               PAGE





       List of Exhibits  	     i,ii



   I   Introduction			      1



  II   Hydrogeologic Conditions  	      3



            Geography  			      3



            Climate  	      3



            Geology  	      4



            Major Drainage Basins 	      4



 III   Groundwater Resource 	      7



            Unconsolidated Aquifers 	     10



            Bedrock Aquifers 	     12



  IV   Groundwater Availability 	     14



            Northern Indiana 	     19



            Central Indiana  	     19



            Southern Indiana 	     20



   V   Groundwater Levels 	     20



  VI   Water Withdrawals 	     22



            Public Water Supply	-	—     22



            Industrial  Water Supply 	     23



            Rural Water Supply	     27



 VII   Groundwater Quality (Natural) —				     27



VIII   Potential  Groundwater Contamination 	     31



            Lake County	-	     38



            Marion County			     49



            Porter County -	--	-			     52

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                              TABLE OF CONTENTS





                                                                        PAGE





     St. Joseph, Elkhart, Kosciusko Counties 	    53



     Spencer County 	    55



     Orange County 	    58



     Vigo County	    60



     Other RCRA and SIA Sites 		    63



     Superfund Sites 	    64



Summary	    69



References 	    74

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                               LIST OF FIGURES
 1)  Maps of Indiana showing the distribution of average annual  precipita-
     tion and the average annual temperature.

 2)  Map of Indiana showing the general  location of parent materials  to
     Indiana soils.

 3)  Map of Indiana and adjacent States  showing the major and minor drainage
     basins.

 4)  Illustration of the distribution of average annual  precipitation in
     Indiana.

 5)  Map of Indiana showing general  distribution of unconsolidated  deposits.

 6)  Map of Indiana showing general  distribution of bedrock deposits.

 7)  Maps of Indiana showing those areas with underlying Pennsylvanian and
     Mississippian bedrock aquifers.

 8)  Maps of Indiana showing those areas with underlying Devonian and Silurian
     bedrock aquifers.

 9)  Map of Indiana showing the potential  yield of groundwater from properly
     constructed large  diameter wells.

10)  Map of Indiana showing the general  location and source of public water
     supply systems in  Indiana.

11)  Map of Indiana showing the general  location and extent of rural  water
     supply systems.

12)  Map of Indiana showing the water quality for a number of municipal
     water supplies, and the sources  of  the supplies.

13)  Maps of Indiana showing the distribution and concentration  of  hardness
     and hydrogen sulfide in groundwater.

14)  Maps of Indiana showing the general  concentrations  of iron  and manganese
     in groundwater.

15)  Maps of Indiana showing the general  concentrations  of sulfate  and fluoride
     in groundwater.

16)  Map of Indiana showing upper one (1)  percent of SIA impoundments with
     greatest potential  to endanger water supplies, and  all  computerized
     RCRA hazardous waste disposal  sites and dumps.

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                               LIST OF TABLES


(1)  Upper One (1)  Percent  of Indiana Impoundments with Highest
    Potential  for  Water Supply Endangerment  (SIA)

(2)  Hazardous Waste Dumpsites  in Indiana (RCRA)

(3)  Superfund Sites in Indiana (Non-RCRA)

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I  INTRODUCTION
Our most essential  resource is being threatened by improperly buried
and stored liquid wastes seeping into underground water supplies in
all fifty (50) States.   In an unpublished report by this Agency
(Surface Impoundment Assessment), it was reported that the Nation has
at least 180,000 surface impoundments of liquid waste and that 90
percent of them endanger groundwater.  Moreover, many hundreds of
improperly cited and improperly operated hazardous waste landfills
are allowing toxic seepage to contaminate groundwater aquifers.

The nation as a whole has not yet grasped the importance of
groundwater or the significance of groundwater contamination.
It is literally a case of "out of sight, out of mind."  Yet
fully half the water America uses comes from underground
supplies.

To date most of our anxiety over water quality has focused on
surface waters where pollutants are anathema to the senses and also
curtail water uses.  Groundwater, away from sight and subject to an
insidious contamination that is often odorless and invisible, is
largely forgotten.   Unlike surface waters, which are subject to
the purifying effects of evaporation, biological degradation, and
aeration, groundwater is effectively isolated from the atmos-
phere, and is comparatively static; thus largely lacking in the
effects of the above purifying mechanisms.  Its self-cleaning
capacity is much lower and once contaminated can remain such,
in some cases, for geologic time.

The contamination of groundwater supplies is not solely the work of
"Midnight Dumpers" who illegally pour tankers of waste into ditches

                                  1

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and fields.  Much of the groundwater contamination is a result
of the entirely legal disposal of liquid wastes.

Burying and lagooning, by far the most common methods of waste
disposal in this country, in the long term, are most likely the
least safe of all hazardous waste disposal methods currently
available.  This applies not only to past practices, but also
to some of the most advanced techniques required under the
enlightened and more stringent laws applicable today.

Billions of dollars a year are being spent by industry and govern-
ment to manage huge quantities of hazardous wastes that are grow-
ing by hundreds of millions of metric tons annually.  But the bulk
of that waste, as much as 90 to 95 percent by some counts, con-
tinues to be placed in thousands of lagoons and landfills scattered
throughout the country.

Current Federal regulations require that land burial be carried out
far more carefully than  in the past.  Requirements include that new
landfills have liners to keep the wastes inside, collection systems
to remove the liquids that inevitably form, monitoring devices to
detect the escape of the contents, and caps to seal  off the site
once it is filled.  The  regulations also discourage burial of
most, but not all, liquids and encourage burial  in solid form.

However, it is becoming  increasingly apparent that even state of the
art landfills with "tailor-made" liners and doubleliners are begin-
ning to leak after distressingly short periods.   Should this type of
hazardous waste disposal be continued in the future - undoubtedly
this will be the case assuming the disposal economics and the

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environmental laws are not changed - the existing threat to the



Nations groundwater will remain and become more serious and ever



larger in geographic and toxic scope.





This report will suggest the areas in Indiana that can be expected to



have the highest potential for groundwater contamination based upon



the findings of the Surface Impoundment Assessment (SIA), the data



and information gathered under the Resource Conservation and Recovery



Act, "Superfund" inventories, and the geology of the State.  While the



data of the SIA were based on "desktop" research that relied upon



examination of aerial  photos rather than actual site visits, and the



use of Standard Industrial Codes (SIC) instead of actual sampling



and laboratory analysis, the evaluations made herein can be expected



to, more likely than not, accurately define conditions in Indiana



with respect to areas  of relatively highest groundwater contamination



potential.





II  GEO-HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS



GEOGRAPHY



Indiana lies within the limits of latitude 37°46'18" and 41°45'33"



north, for an extreme  length of 275 miles in a north-south direction;



and between longitude  84°47'05" and 88°05'50" west with a maximum



width of 142 miles in  an east-west direction.





At its maximum the Indiana topography is about 900 feet, with eleva-



tions ranging from about 300 feet above sea level  at the Wabash River



mouth (Posey County),  to more than 1200 feet in the east-central  area



(Randolph County).

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CLIMATE

Temperatures average 49°F along the Michigan State line and 56°F
along the Ohio River.  The average annual temperature for the entire
State is approximately 53°F (See Figure 1).

The average annual Statewide precipitation in Indiana is 38 inches,
ranging from 36 inches to 44 inches, north to south (See Figure 1).
With respect to snow, the annual average ranges from 70 inches to 16
inches, north to south and accounts for two to seven inches of the
average annual precipitation.   Approximately 59 percent of the total
annual  precipitation occurs between April and October, the normal
growing season.

GEOLOGY

Of equal importance to the climatic character, which controls the
amount of precipitation, are the geology and topography of Indiana
which influence the disposition of the precipitation and its
availability as a water resource.   The location and availability of
the Indiana water resource are intimately related to its geology and
soils.   The proportion of precipitation that runs off the land as
surface water rather than infiltrating the soil  is dependent in part
upon the topography, the geologic  conditions, and the soils.  More-
over these same factors have much  influence upon the amount and
occurrence of groundwater.

The largest single influence upon  the topography of Indiana has been
that of glaciation.  As glaciers advance and retreat under the influ-

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                                                FIGURE  1
    ,36''
    38"
    40"
                                              0"
Map of Indiana indicating the distribution of annual average
                    precipitation.
Map of Indiana showing annual temperature in degrees
                   Fahrenheit

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ence of climatic conditions, the topography is transformed.  An
advancing glacier scours the land surface while a retreating glacier
leaves behind large deposits of materials previously scoured from the
earths surface.  Glacial drift, the rock material transported by
glaciers, covers almost the entire State, the legacy of more than one
glacial episode.  The remaining nonglaciated area (one-twelfth of
State) is located in the south-central portion and even that area
shows some evidence of drainage changes related to glacial activity.
  /
Indiana's bedrock formations are more than two hundred million years
old and are associated with the Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian,
and Silurian periods.  These sedimentary rock formations consist
mainly of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite.
These are for the most part deposits from a series of inland seas
that occupied what is now Indiana- and surrounding States through most
of Paleozoic time.  In addition, terrestrial  sedimentary deposits are
located in parts of Indiana.and include large deposits of coal, the
remnants of great swamp forests.

The sequence of sedimentary rock is about 3000 feet thick near Muncie,
but is 5000 feet thick at the Michigan border and more than 12000
feet thick at the southwest corner of the State.   Erosion has removed
great thicknesses of the sedimentary rocks and also has beveled them,
so that the oldest rocks (Ordovician) lie at  the bedrock surface
near Richmond and Lawrenceburg, and the youngest (Pennsylvanian)
rocks underlie Evansville and Terre Haute.

The basis of soil formation is the gradual weathering and decomposition
of soil parent materials.  The basic parent materials of Indiana soils

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are glacial drift and various bedrock formations (See Figure 2).



During the process of soil formation, vegetation is established.



As the vegetational  communities develop, organic matter accumulates



and soil profiles are developed.  With the introduction of vegeta-



tion, micro-flora and fauna also developed.  Over geologic time the



modern day soils were formed, each with individual  characteristics



and physical  properties.





Soils and the underlying geologic formations create an intimate associ-



ation with the water resource.  Each individual  soil has a distinctive



permeability characteristic, which governs its capacity to absorb pre-



cipitation and to transmit it underlying geologic formations.   The basic



components of soil are sand, clay, and silt.  The higher the content



of sand, the greater the premeability of liquid through it.





MAJOR DRAINAGE BASINS



A drainage basin is  an area that gathers water originating as



precipitation and contributes it ultimately to a stream or other body



of water.  All streams, no matter what size, have associated drainage



basins from which the stream's flow is derived.   The two major drainage



basins in Indiana are the Great Lakes and the Mississippi  River basins



(See Figure 3).  The Great Lakes drainage consists  of the Little and



Grand Calumet Rivers and minor tributaries to Lake  Michigan in Northwest



Indiana; the St. Joseph River basin in Northern Indiana, which also



drains to Lake Michigan; and the Maumee River basin in the northeastern



part of the State, which drains to Lake Erie.  The  Great Lakes drainage



portion of Indiana totals approximately 3,545 square miles, including



241 square miles in  Lake Michigan.

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The Mississippi River drainage consists of two major areas of the
State.  The first of these includes the basins of the Kankakee and
Iroquois Rivers, which drain westerly into Illinois and then to the
Mississippi River via the Illinois River.  The total area within
this section is approximately 3016 square miles.

The rest of the Mississippi River drainage, which encompasses about
seventy-seven percent of the State, includes the basins of the Wabash
River, the Whitewater River, and a number of minor tributaries to the
Ohio River along the southern part of the State.  These all  drain to
the Ohio River and then to the Mississippi.  The total  area within
this section is approximately 29,730 square miles.

Ill  GROUNDWATER RESOURCE
The gross long-term supply of water to Indiana, in the form of
precipitation, amounts to a Statewide annual  average of 38 inches per
year.  However, not all the precipitation is  directly available to
maintain the water resource, as indicated in  Figure 4.  Much of the
water is lost to evapotranspiration.  It is estimated that approximately
69 percent or 26 inches of the average annual precipitation in Indiana
is returned to the atmosphere.  Therefore, of the original 38 inches
of precipitation, approximately 12 inches represent the.annual net
s.upply to the water resource, both groundwater and surface water.

The distinction between the groundwater component and the surface water
component is implied by their respective names.  Groundwater occurs
in consolidated and unconsolidated underground geologic formations.
Surfacewater occurs in surface streams and lakes.
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 In general, groundwater is supplied by that portion of precipitation
 that infiltrates through the soil profile to underlying geologic
 formations, or aquifers, that have the ability to absorb, store, and
 transmit water.  Although information is limited, it appears that
 approximately nine (9) percent of the average annual precipitation
 recharges, or is contributed to, the groundwater system.

 Groundwater in Indiana occurs in a variety of both unconsolidated and
 bedrock aquifer systems.  The most significant of these aquifers are
 the various unconsolidated outwash sand and gravel deposits associated
 with glacial drift, and the limestone, dolomite, and sandstone bedrock
 formations.

 UNCONSOLIDATED AQUIFERS       . _..   -
 The most productive groundwater aquifers are associated with glacially
 derived outwash - the unconsolidated deposits (See Figure 5).  Sand and
 gravel  deposits occur in the major river valleys.  Drainage courses,
which were cut by glacial  melt waters  and now occupied by a number of
 rivers  and streams, were in many cases filled with these unconsolidated
materials.  These aquifers are capable of yielding 2000 gallons per
minute  (GPM) and more to properly constructed, large diameter wells.

Other productive groundwater aquifers  are the thick, inter-till sand
and gravel deposits found in central  and northern Indiana.  The
withdrawal potential  of groundwater from these unconsolidated aquifer
 systems ranges between 400 and 2000 GPM from properly constructed,
 large diameter wells.
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BEDROCK AQUIFERS
Like the unconsolidated deposits, the bedrock formations (See Figure
6) also have the ability to absorb, store, and transmit water.  The
major bedrock aquifers which occur in Indiana are the so-called
Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, and the Silurian, all of the
Paleozoic era.
Aquifers contained within the Pennsylvanian age bedrock are generally
of low yielding capacity, seldom supplying more than 20 GPM to a
properly constructed well.  However,  their value is most significant
to the homes and farms utilizing these sources in southwestern Indiana,
and to those waterflood oil  operations requiring fresh water for
injection and re-pressurization of oil bearing formations.   Those
portions of Indiana with underlying Pennsylvanian age bedrock aquifers
are shown in Figure 7.  In general well  depths are greater  in the
Pennsylvanian rocks than in other geologic systems of the State, and
depths approaching 300 feet are common.   Well casings are usually six
(6) inches or greater, indicating the low yield capabilities of these
aquifers.  Because of the low permeability of the bedrock,  the
abundance of shale confining zones both above and below aquifer
systems, and the limitations in available drawdown, it is seldom
possible to pump large volumes of water.

The Mississippian age bedrock aquifers can be broken into three (3)
reasonably distinct groups (See Figure 7).  They include the uppermost
alternating limestone-shale-sandstone units, which are not  considered
an important aquifer source and contain only small amounts  of water
(generally yielding less than 10 GPM); the middle Mississippian age
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                                             FIGURE 7
                                            SO Milts
                                           75 Km
Map of Indiana showing those areas with underlying
         Pennsylvania!! bedrock aquifers.
                                                                                                        50 Mite*
                                                                                                       75 Km
                                                            Map of Indiana showing those areas with underlying
                                                                      Mississippian bedrock aquifers.
                                                      16

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limestone sequence that is prominent in south-central Indiana, and
which can, in localized areas yield up to 100 GPM, but normally yields
only small amounts sufficient for home use; and finally the siltstone
and shale formations that yield little groundwater.  In general, the
Mississippian aquifers are not considered major sources of groundwater
in the State, and exclusive of anomalous conditions in Montgomery and
Fountain Counties, average well yields are less than 10 GPM.  Well
depths vary widely, ranging from 50 to 350 feet.

Black shale, limestone, and dolomite formations are the dominant rock
types of the Devonian age bedrock aquifer system in the State.
Devonian bedrock aquifer locations in Indiana are shown in Figure 8.
Significant aquifer sources are confined to the limestone and dolomite
units and marked differences exist between the water bearing
characteristics of these formations.

Well yields from the dolomite-limestone aquifers range from 100 to
600 GPM for the northern half of the State to less than 50 GPM for
the southern sectors where most well yields will be less than 10 GPM.
Well yields from the shale formations are not significant, and dry
holes and wells yielding less than five (5) GPM are common.

The Silurian age bedrock aquifers shown in Figure 8, are composed
primarily of limestones and dolomite with some interbedded shale.
Silurian bedrock aquifers are an important source of water for many
communities in the northern half of the State and are also utilized
by thousands of residents served by individual domestic wells.  In
portions of Lake, Newton, and Jasper Counties they are tapped by
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                                               FIGURE  8
                                           SO Miles
                                          75 Km
                                                                                    •   o
                                                                                                      SO Mites
                                             75 Km
Map of Indiana showing those areas with underlying
           Devonian bedrock aquifers.
Map of Indiana showing those areas with underlying Silurian
                   bedrock aquifers.
                                                      18

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numerous irrigation wells.  Yields from the Silurian aquifer system



vary from 10 GPM to 600 GPM.  Generally, in most of the northern



portion of Indiana, the limestone and dolomite aquifers can be expected



to yield up to 400 GPM from properly constructed wells.  In southeastern



Indiana where the glacial deposits are thinner, well yields range



from 5 to 100 GPM.





IV  GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY



Groundwater capabilities vary widely in the State ranging from as



little as 10 GPM or less to over 2000 GPM to properly constructed,



large diameter wells.  The availability of groundwater on a Statewide



basis is shown on Figure 9.  The various categories of groundwater



yields are only a measure of the relative productivity of the several



aquifer systems.  These yield potentials do not indicate that an



unlimited number of wells, of the specified yield, can be developed



in any given location.





NORTHERN INDIANA



In general, the groundwater resource of northern Indiana can be



classified as being good to excellent, and exclusive of some areas in



northwestern Indiana, well yields of from 200 to 2000 GPM can be



expected in most areas.  Major areas of groundwater availability are



found where the productive Silurian-Devonian bedrock aquifer system



underlies large areas, and where deposits of glacial material  up to



500 feet in thickness contain highly productive inter-till  sand and



gravel  aquifers.  A number of major outwash sand and gravel  deposits



are associated with the St. Joseph, Elkhart, Pigeon, Fawn,  Eel, and
                                  19

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Tippecanoe River Valleys.  These sources are capable of large



groundwater production.





CENTRAL INDIANA



In the central portion of the State, groundwater conditions range



from fair to good.  Well yields from 100 to 400 GPM are typical.



Both outwash sand and gravel, and limestone and dolomite bedrock



aquifers are tapped for large production needs.  Major groundwater



sources occur in the valleys of the West Fork of the White, Whitewater,



Eel, and Wabash Rivers, and in portions of the Valleys of Eagle,



Fall, and Brandywine Creeks, and the Blue River.  Bedrock aquifers in



the Silurian-Devonian limestone sequence are also tapped for fairly



large production.  Locally, thicker inter-till sand and gravel  aquifers



are present that are capable of meeting small municipal and industrial



need.  These sources are normally capable of yielding up to 300 GPM.





SOUTHERN INDIANA



Many areas of the southern portion of the State are particularly



lacking in groundwater, and only limited amounts, generally less  than



10 GPM are available to properly constructed wells.  In these areas,



the major sources of groundwater are present in the sand and gravel



deposits of the stream valley aquifers and are extensively tapped by



a number of municipalities, rural water systems, and irrigation users.



The valleys of the Eel, East and West Forks of the White, Ohio,



Wabash, Whitewater, and main stem of the White are underlaid by



thick deposits of outwash sand and gravel  capable of producing  over



1000 GPM to properly constructed large diameter wells.
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V  GROUNDWATER LEVELS



When water is withdrawn from an aquifer system the water level  in the



aquifer may decrease.  Providing that the rate of withdrawal  of



groundwater does not exceed the annual  average recharge to the  aquifer,



the aquifer system will not be "mined"  or undergo a continual decrease



in groundwater levels.  During the long period of monitoring  water



levels in Indiana, there have been no discernable long term changes,



in the form either of lowered or rising water levels.





In general, groundwater levels naturally follow a rather consistent



seasonal  pattern, reaching annual  high  levels in late  April or  early



May, and then beginning a slow but continuous decline  through the



summer growing season.  In autumn, with the onset of seasonal increases



in precipitation and major reduction in evapotranspiration, the



groundwater levels begin to rise.





Normal annual water level  changes  are typically in the range  of three



(3) to seven (7) feet in most aquifers.  While Statewide water  level



trends have reflected no long term rise or decline in  water levels,



large groundwater withdrawals, however, have caused pronounced  declines



in local  water levels, particularly near municipal well  fields, stone



quarries, and in some areas of irrigation usage.







VI  WATER WITHDRAWALS



In addition to instream uses (fish and  wildlife, outdoor recreation,



hydroelectric power generation and commercial navigation) man has a



variety of needs for water.  These needs include public water supplies,
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irrigation, and the production of energy and energy related processes



(through the extraction of coal, oil, and gas).  Water is withdrawn



from both the surface and groundwater compoments of the water resource



by either surface water intakes or wells.  Of the estimated 13,840



million gallons of water withdrawn daily from the Indiana water



resource, approximately ninety-five (95) percent is returned to a



supply source while five (5) percent (approximately 615 million



gallons) is consumed.  Water consumption includes evaporation,



transpiration, transfer out of the basin of origin, and that



incorporated into products.







PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY



Any public utility which distributes water for sale to customers is



defined as a public water supply.  The source of a public water supply



is dependent upon the location and the availability of the water



resource.  Approximately fifty-one (51) percent of the water distributed



by the Indiana public water supply utilities is derived from a surface



water source:  from streams, reservoirs, and lakes, particularly Lake



Michigan.  The remaining forty-nine percent of the water supplied by



public utilities is withdrawn from groundwater.  The location and



source of Indiana public water supply systems are shown in Figure 10.



In general, the source of water for public utilities depends upon



local  geological and hydrological conditions.  As previously discussed,



the availability of groundwater is generally greater in the northern



and central  portions of Indiana than in the southern part of the



State.  Usually only those utilities with limited access to adequate
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quantities of groundwater rely upon surface water sources.  The four
largest utilities in the State, serving the Indianapolis, Gary-Hobart,
Fort Wayne, and Evansville areas, obtain at least ninety-five percent
of their supply of water from surface sources.

The three (3) types of public supply systems in Indiana are the
municipal, rural water, and subdivision utility systems.  The
municipal utility generally serves an incorporated city or town, but
may serve developments outside city boundaries.

The rural public water supply systems are typically located in rural
areas in southern Indiana where the water resource is limited (See
Figure 11).  These systems are usually formed by local  residents
after a period of time of dealing with undependable wells or cisterns.
Due to small  capacity distribution systems and higher rates, the
commercial, industrial, and agricultural uses of water through the
rural systems are limited.

The subdivision utility is designed to serve only the residences
within a single development.  Subdivision system have been developed
for mobile home parks, isolated subdivisions, or industrial  parks not
having access to another water supply.

The customers of public water utilities may include anyone having
access to the water mains, such as homes, apartments, various public
and private institutions, commercial enterprizes and industry.  In
1975, sixty-eight (68) percent or approximately 3,632,000 of Indiana
residents were supplied through a public water utility.
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INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
Industries require the use of process water, cooling and condensing
water, boiler feed water, and sanitary water.  Industrial  water intake
is composed of water derived from public water supplies or from self-
supplied industrial  water withdrawals.  Total industrial water intake
in 1977 approached 3720 million gallons per day.   Of this  Statewide
industrial water use, approximately ninety-three  (93) percent was
self supplied while  the remaining was purchased from public utilities.

RURAL WATER
Water used for livestock and residential purposes,  and not supplied
by a public water utility, constitutes a rural  water use.   In 1977
rural water use was  estimated at approximately 147  million gallons
per day, with residential use constituting the largest portion at 104
million gallons per  day.

VII  GROUNDWATER QUALITY (NATURAL)
CONVENTIONAL PARAMETERS
The natural chemical quality of groundwater is the  direct  result of
the mineral composition of the formations through which it has passed.
During the slow process of the movement of water from the  surface
downward through the earth and into the aquifer systems, it dissolves
and takes into solution various chemical elements including chlorides,
fluorides, iron, calcium, magnesium, carbonates,  sulfates, and a
number of other dissolved constitutents.

Groundwater quality  throughout Indiana is quite variable depending
upon the aquifer system being sampled, geologic setting, and depth

                                  27

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of formation.  For example, the hardness content of groundwater may
range from less than 100 ppm to over 600 ppm.  In general, the natural
chemical quality of Indiana groundwater is good, meeting most of the
basic requirements for household, municipal, industrial, and irrigation
uses.  However, the waters are normally hard, exceeding 180 ppm, and
some form of iron or manganese removal treatment is required in many
situations.  Several key natural  chemical  constituents are of particular
importance in assessing groundwater for general  household, municipal,
and industrial  uses.  These usually include hardness,  turbidity,
iron, maganese, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, fluoride and hydrogen
sulfide content.  Figure 12 shows selected representative regional
water analyses  for a number of municipal water supplies.  The analyses
are predominantly for municipalities,with  groundwater  sources.
However, analyses for various stream sources, water supply reservoirs,
and lakes scattered throughout the State also are shown.

Hardness levels above 300 ppm are present  in much of the State and
portions of northeastern Indiana  have hardness levels  exceeding 600
ppm as indicated in Figure 13.  Localized  areas  of high hardness also
exist in extreme south-central Indiana in  Harrison and Washington
Counties.  A region of softer water is present in the  southwestern
portion of the  State where natural softening processes have reduced
hardness levels below 100 ppm in  localized areas depending upon the
depth and aquifer sampled.

Figure 14 shows areas of low, moderate, and high iron  content within
the State.  For the most part groundwater  in Indiana contains more
                                  28

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                                                 FIGURE  12
          LEGEND
        Oimiul Coniem
Iron in ppm
M»n*mne in ppm
      in ppm
SulUirt in ppm
Fluondn in ppm
HuJnett n C«COi in ppm —
         WlurSowci

     GW   Ground Wjur
     R    finer
     OSR  Omtrum Rnervoir
     U    Ukx
F« 14
Mn .03
SO* 44
Fl .1
H 300
GW
UIWN |

J*

_ '«
4 •*

\ X
                                                                              270
                                                                                       10
                                                                                                           30MIIM
                                                                                       10  0
                                                                                                           SO Km
                    Map of Indiana showing the water quality lor a number of municipal water supplies, and the
                                                      sources  of the supplies.                •
                                                       29

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                                                     FIGURE  13
                                               75 Km
Map of Indiana showing the general distribution of
         hydrogen sulfide in ground water.
                                                                                                                      SO Miles
                                                                                                                     75 Km
                                                                                                       Contour interval 100 ppm
                                                                                       EXPLANATION
                                                                               Outcrop area of Pennsylvanian rocks. In this
                                                                               area hardness levels may  vary substantially
                                                                               depending upon deptn and aquifer sampled.
                                                                   Map of Indiana showing the distribution of water hardness of
                                                                                ground water in parts-per-million.
                                                           30

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than 0.3 ppm of iron, the minimum concentration needed to stain
plumbing fixtures and laundry.

Manganese, often associated with high iron content is a nuisance in
concentrations over 0.05 ppm.  The areas having the lowest manganese
content in Indiana (See Figure 14) are along the Wabash River, the
Whitewater River in the southeastern part of the State, and in areas
underlaid by Mississippian age limestone aquifers.

Sulfate levels vary according to the geologic deposits present in
an area.  In northeastern Indiana, sulfate levels in excess of 600
ppm are present (See Figure 15).  Elevated sulfate levels are also
found in Harrison, Orange, Vermillion, and Lake Counties.  Fluoride
concentrations greater than 1 ppm, the recommended level  for cavity
prevention, are present in much of central and northeastern Indiana
and in scattered parts of southwestern,  west-central and  northwestern
Indiana (See Figure 15).  Localized high fluoride concentrations in
the western sectors of the State are due to geologic factors which
have substantially changed the chemistry of groundwater in these areas,

Sizeable areas in northwestern Indiana are underlaid by limestone
bedrock containing water with a high level of hydrogen sulfide (See
Figure 13).  A shale bedrock capstone is present above the limestone
in many places, and when the shale occurs at a shallow depth, it
virtually eliminates all other alternative water supply possibilities.

VIII  POTENTIAL GROUNDUATER CONTAMINATION
An important and historical aspect of the groundwater resource is
that it has been relatively free of pollution and therefore requires
                                  31

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                                              FIGURE 14
                                  0              50 Miles
                                 .' I	L—J	'   it
                                   I    i    i    i
                                  0            75 Km
                  CONCENTRATION
                                                50 Mites
                                                                                                             75 Km
  0.5 ppm or less    0.5 to 1.0 ppm    1.0 ppm or greater
                  CONCENTRATION


0.05 ppm or less    0.05 to 0.10 ppm   0.10 ppm or greater
Map of Indiana showing the general concentration of iron in
            ground water in parts-per-million.
   Map of Indiana showing the general concentration of
    manganese in ground water in parts-per-million.
                                                     32

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                                                 FIGURE 15
              Contour interval 100 ppm
                                                                                                       75 Km
Map of Indiana showing the concentration of sulfate in
         ground water in parts-per-million.
Map of Indiana showing tne general distribution of fluoride in
                     ground water.
                                                       33

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very little, if any treatment before use for potable purposes.
Groundwaters are purified by several natural characteristics of the
soils.  The efficiency of the natural ability of the soils to purify,
directly relates to the nature of the soils and the pollutants.  The
soil phenomena affecting purification are physical, biological, and
chemical.  With respect to the physical, the purification mechanism
is a matter of filtration or straining.  Soil microorganisms thrive
at or near the soil surface.  Under both aerobic and anaerobic con-
ditions, microorganisms can change the composition or structure of
pollutants providing the pollutant is not of too toxic a character.
Purifying chemical  processes include oxidation, reduction, sorption,
ion exchange, precipitation and .dissolution.  These processes occur
throughout the ground providing appropriate conditions exist.  The
conditions include the presence or lack of oxygen, moisture, natural
clay, dissolved gases, etc.

 With the development in recent years of highly sophisticated measuring
and analytical  techniques, it was discovered that the nations
groundwaters are not as contamination-free as historically thought.
Highly toxic contaminants, too toxic to be subject to microbiological
degradation and not altered by any other natural purification mechanism,
are finding their way into heretofor potable groundwater aquifers.
The contamination of these groundwater supplies is not solely the work
of "Midnight Dumpers" who illegally pour barrels of wastes into
ditches and fields.  Much of this contamination is a result of the
                                  34

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entirely legal disposal of liquid and solid wastes into improperly



protected and located pits, ponds and lagoons, quarries, natural land



surface depressions, improperly located and constructed underground



waste injection wells and other dumps.





Discharging into dumps, waste-burial grounds, and disposal wells is a



common method of waste disposal.  Serious contamination of the



groundwater reservoir near the dumps can readily occur if the bottom



of the depressions is below the water table, or if the earth material



separating the dump or lagoon from the aquifer is primarily silt,



sand, or other relatively permeable material.  Those parts of Indiana,



or any other State for that matter, directly underlaid by permeable



sand and gravel, creviced dolomite or limestone aquifers are especially



susceptible to pollution from such sources.  In general, impoundments



have historically been sited and constructed without apparent regard



for the protection of groundwater quality.  In fact, until a few



short years ago siting and construction were virtually unregulated,



by both the Federal and State Governments, from the perspective of



groundwater protection.





Studies of leachates from refuse disposal  areas have shown that both



biological  and chemical contaminants are produced.  Contaminants are



leached from refuse and made available for distribution into nearby



aquifers by movement of moisture through the refuse.  During this



movement the chemical constituents are taken into solution, and



biological  constituents are translocated by the seeping waters.



Their flow in sand and gravel  aquifers is  through inter-connected



pores between the rock particles comprising the water-bearing material.
                                  35

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In shallow limestone or dolomite aquifers, the contaminating



constitutents move through interconnected networks of joints, cracks,



and fissures characteristic of these bedrock formations.





In a study (Surface Impoundment Assessment) by this Agency, it was



reported that thousands of pits, ponds, and lagoons around the country



contain chemical wastes that pose serious threats of groundwater



contamination.  It was concluded that of the more than 180,000



contaminated pools, ranging from cattle ponds to industrial waste



lagoons, more than 90 percent of them posed at least a potential



threat of groundwater contamination.  Furthermore the drinking water



supplies for thousands of individual homes, and many entire rural and



suburban communities are drawn by wells from groundwater.  Most of



the pools, according to the Surface impoundment Assessment (SIA) are



in soils that permit the liquid waste contents to drain into the



groundwater, that is,  the impoundments are located over thin or



permeable unsaturated  zones which provide limited protection to



underlying aquifers.  Moreover, seventy (70) percent of the industrial



impoundments were determined to be unlined, as were 78 percent of the



municipal impoundments, and 84 percent of the agricultural.





Subsurface flow of groundwater is very slow in comparison with that



of overland water flow.  Under normal hydraulic gradients, groundwater



may travel horizontally only a few feet per day through sand and



gravel  or creviced limestone and dolomite, and only a few feet per



year through sandstone and other finer grain deposits such as clay



and shale.  Depending  upon the geology of the aquifer, contamination
                                  36

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of the groundwater with certain synthetic toxicants can poison that



water source for as much as geologic time.  Figure 16 shows pits,



ponds, lagoons and hazardous waste dump sites in Indiana.  The



hazardous waste sites are active sites and were obtained from the



Waste Management Division of this Region.  The pits, ponds, and



lagoons were selected from the SIA.  A primary objective of the SIA



was to rate the contamination potential of groundwater from surface



impoundments.  The employed evaluation system applied a numerical



rating scheme that yielded a first round approximation of the rela-



tive groundwater contamination potential from all  the impoundments



located.  The scheme evaluated the following characteristics:



quality and thickness of the unsaturated zone (area between lagoon



bottom and top of aquifer), the groundwater availability, groundwater



quality, and the waste hazard potential.  A summation of the four



(4) characteristics above produced the overall groundwater contami-



nation potential.  Finally, the distance from the impoundment to a



ground or surfacewater source of drinking water and the determina-



tion of anticipated flow direction of the waste plume were used to



ascertain the potential  endangerment to current water supplies pre-



sented by the surface impoundment.  Because of the desk-top nature



of the assessment, the numerical rating (1 - 29) could not be



used to assess the actual amount of groundwater contamination



at the site.  Rather each score was used for relative compa-



rison with other sites only.  Actual determination of groundwater



contamination would require intensive on-site investigation.





Because of the huge numbers of impoundment sites located in



Indiana (as is the case in the remainder of the country), it was



arbitrarily decided to limit this study to only those impoundments
                                  37

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with numerical ratings of 25 or greater.  This means that of approxi-
mately 3700 impoundments of all types located by the SIA in Indiana,
only the top 37 or one (1) percent of the total  were considered in
this report and placed in Figure 16 and in Table 1.  It is possible
that this arbitrary cut-off excluded some sites  that are contaminating,
or that have the potential to contaminate usable groundwater supplies.
Therefore on-site investigations of the upper one (1) percent (samp-
ling and appropriate analysis of public and private water supplies
in the area) may point to the need to study other sites with lesser
SIA contamination potential.

With respect to the hazardous waste dumps (Table 2), all 49 sites
computer-programmed by the Waste Management Division were retrieved
and considered in this report.

LAKE COUNTY
Examination of Figure 16 reveals that Lake County contains more by
far of the hazardous waste dumps and impoundments considered in this
report than any other Indiana County.  Moreover  all  of the report-
considered Lake County dumps and impoundments are located north of
latitude 41°30', the northern-most 25 percent of the County.

Based upon the computer-retrieved waste and process codes, the
hazardous waste dump sites contain, in all probability, practically
all chemicals used in the Great Lakes basin.  In a broad brush manner
these sites contain at least a dozen toxic metals, refinery wastes,
steel plant wastes, electroplating wastes, halogenated and unhalogenated
paraffin hydrocarbons, acids, aldehydes and ketones, esters, halogenated
and unhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons with both single and fused

                                  38

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                               TABLE I
                   UPPER ONE (1) PERCENT OF INDIANA
               IMPOUNDMENTS WITH HIGHEST POTENTIAL FOR
                       GROUNDWATER ENDANGERMENT
                                (SIA)
        LOCATION
COUNTY/LATITUDE/LONGITUDE

     ORANGE COUNTY
38°32,05"  -  86°32'10"
38 35 40   -  86 23 30
38 33 45
38 38 15
38 38 15
38 39 30
38 35 40
38 33 55
38 34 45
- 86 20 30
- 86 31 30
- 86 24 45
- 86 25 05
86 22 35
- 86 21 20
- 86 22 25
IMPOUNDMENT
    TYPE
Agricultural
     WABASH COUNTY
40°40'35"  -  85°5T40"
40 44 25   -  85 51 20
40 58 15   -  85 50 55
40 52 10   -  85 47 40

    STEUBEN COUNTY

41°35'15"  -  85°02'50"

  WASHINGTON COUNTY

38°38,10"  -  86°13,25"
38 28 45   -  86 13 30

   HARRISON COUNTY

38°03'10"  -  86°03'50"

   KOSCIUSKO COUNTY
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
°2T
07
17
22
02
13
14
13
19
14
19
45"
50
00
20
50
45
00
45
35
05
35
- 85
- 86
- 85
- 85
- 85
- 85
- 85
- 85
- 85
- 85
- 85
°48'
04
40
42
42
57
49
51
50
50
42
00"
15
45
10
10
15
55
20
55
05
30
  HUNTINGTON COUNTY

40°45'30"  -  85°24'50"
40 59 10   -  85 33 45
Agricultural
      M
 Industrial
Oil and Gas
Agricultural
Agricultural
Agricultural
                                                       Agricultural
                                                       Industrial
                                                       Municipal
Agricultural
                                  40

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                              TABLE I (Cont.)
       LOCATION
COUNTY/LATITUDE/LONGITUDE

40°55'15"  -  85°2T30"

    LAGRAN6E COUNTY

41°4T50"  -  85°34'45"

   LAWRENCE COUNTY

38°43'20"  -  86°18'40"
38 56 50
38 52 55
38 52 25
38 52 40
38 54 05
- 86 23 15
- 86 28 55
- 86 25 45
- 86 30 05
- 86 31 50
     ELKHART COUNTY
41°41'50"
41 40 50
41 41 35
   40 55
   37 00
   26 45
   35 45
41
41
41
41
85°59'20"
85 55 00
85 59 15
85 42 00
85 55 15
85 59 10
85 51 10
      LAKE COUNTY
41°37'25"
41 30 50
41 35 45
41 35 25
41 38 55
41 36 50
41 40 15
41 37 35
41 36 25
41 39 55
41 39 15
41 36 40
41 40 45
41 38 00
41 36 25
41 40 20
41 30 05
41 37 20
41 41 35
41 38 10
41 39 00
41 37 05
41 37 05
- 87°25'10"
- 87 24 50
- 87 13 25
- 87 31 15
- 87 29 35
- 87 21 45
- 87 25 50
- 87 22 15
- 87 20 30
- 87 26 00
- 87 28 30
- 87 23 25
- 87 27 45
- 87 25 45
- 87 19 15
- 87 26 40
- 87 28 10
- 87 23 30
- 87 30 45
- 87 24 00
- 87 27 45
- 87 29 35
- 87 28 40
                                                                 IMPOUNDMENT
                                                                     TYPE

                                                                 Agricultural
                                                                 Agricultural
                                                                 Agricultural

                                                                 Agricultural
                                                                  Industrial
                                                                      ii
                                                                    Mining
                                                                  Industrial
Municipal
                                                                 Industrial
                                                                  Municipal
                                     41

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                             TABLE I (Cont.)
      LOCATION
COUNTY/LATITUDE/LONGITUDE

     MARION COUNTY
39°44'05"
39 44'05"
39 48 20
39 55 05
39 45 15
39 48 30
39 48 45
    86°12'25"
    86 13 20
    86 19 55
    86 15 08
    86 17 55
    86 02 20
    86 19 15
   MARSHALL COUNTY
41°26'50"
41 27 05
41 26 55
-  86°09'35"
-  86 09 45
-  86 09 55
     PORTER COUNTY
41036'45"
41  36 35
41  37 55
41  26 55
41  23 30
-  87°08'50"
-  87 07 40
-  87 04 35
-  87 00 40
-  87 01 30
     WARRICK COUNTY

37°55'40"   -  87°20'40"

     HENRY COUNTY

 39°56'00"   -  85°23'15"

      CLARK COUNTY

 38°2T55"   -  85°38'14"

     CARROL COUNTY
 40°OT45"
 39 56 25
 -  86°16'30"
 -  86 15 25
     SHELBY COUNTY

 39°4T05"   -  85°43'50"

      POSEY COUNTY

 37°54'15"   -  87°55'35"
                                                     IMPOUNDMENT
                                                         TYPE
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
 Municipal
                                                     Industrial
                                                     Industrial
                                                     Industrial
Industrial
                                                     Industrial
                                                     Industrial
                                    42

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                            TABLE I (Cont.)
       LOCATION
COUNTY/LATITUDE/LONGITUDE

  TIPPECANOE COUNTY

40°27'10"  -  86°52'50"

   VERMILLION COUNTY

39°54'40"  -  87°24'50"
39 54 45   -  87 31 15

     FLOYD COUNTY

38°17'35"  -  85°47'50"

  HANCOCK COUNTY

39°45'30"  -  85°47'50"

   HOWARD COUNTY

40°28'25"  -  86°09'15"
40 27 20   -  86 06 40

  JOHNSON COUNTY

39°22'55"  -  85°59'30"

     MONROE COUNTY

39°22'55"  -  85°59'30"

VANDERBURGH COUNTY

37°54'30"  -  87°38'40"

    SPENCER COUNTY
37°55'20"
37 55 20
37 54 45
37 55 50
37 55 50
37 55 05
37 58 30
37 55 05
37 58 50
87°04'20"
87 04 20
87 06 05
87 14 25
87 14 40
87 03 10
87 10 45
87 03 10
87 08 15
   GREENE COUNTY

39°06'25"  -  86°59'00"
39 05 45   -  87 00 30
                                                   IMPOUNDMENT
                                                       TYPE
                                                    Industrial
                                                    Industrial
                                                     Mining
                                                   Industrial
                                                   Industrial
                                                   Industrial
                                                   Industrial



                                                   Municipal



                                                   Oil and Gas


                                                   Oil and Gas
                                                    Oil and Gas
                                   44

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                             TABLE 2
               HAZARDOUS WASTE DUMPSITES IN INDIANA
OWNER
                    Inc.
Central Indiana Disposal
General Electric
Indiana Waste Systems Inc.
Logansport Municipal Utilities
Superior Sanitation Inc.
Indiana Statewide Rec. Inc.
Randolph County Landfill
Bergsoe Boliden Inc.
Northern Indiana Public Service Co.
Willcutt Landfill
Wabash Valley Reclamation Center Inc.
Four County Landfill
ITT-United Plastics Division
GMC Delco Remy
National Distillers and Chemical Corp.
Arvin Industries
Indiana and Michigan Electric Co.
Stauffer Chemical Co.
Wells Aluminum Corp.
Steel Warehouse Co.
U.S. Steel Corporation
Federated Metals Inc.
Vulcan Materials Co.             . _,.
Mason Metals Co. Inc.
Dana Corporation
Dana Corporation
Corning Glass Works
Eli Lilly and Co.
Jones Chemical Inc.
Alcoa
Rock Island Refining Corp.
Interroval Corp.
National Steel Corp.
Indiana and Michigan Electric Co.
Conservation Chemical Co.
GK Technologies Inc.
Howmet Turbine Components Corp.
Indiana Farm Bureau Corp.
FMC Corp. (Bearing Div.)
FMC Corp. (Chain Div.)
Cabot Corp.
Northside Sanitary Landfill
Amland Corp.
Gulf and Western MFG. Co.
Nucor Coporation
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp.
General American Transportation Corp.
LOCATION

Ashboro
Shelbyvilie
Wheeler
Logansport
Marion
Sullivan
Farmland
Municie
Hammond
Medora
Wabash
Fulton
Medora
Muncie
Indianapolis
North Vernon
Lawrenceburg
Hammond
North Liberty
South Bend
Gary
Hammond
Gary
Schereville
Auburn
Angola
Bluffton
LaFayetteon
Beach Grove
Newburgh
Portage City
Michigan City
Portage City
Fairbanks
Gary
Muncie
LaPorte
Mt. Vernon
Indianapolis
Indianapolis
Kokomo
Zionsville
South Bend
Greensburg
St. Joe
Burns Harbor
New Castle
Indianapolis
East Chicago
                                45

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                              TABLE 2 (Cont.)


      OWNER                                                LOCATION

Gary Development Corp.                                     Gary
Adams Sanitary Landfill                                    Fort Wayne
Ingram-Richardson Co.                                      Frankfort
Northern Indiana Public Service Co.                        Wheatfield
Indiana and Michigan Electric Co.                          Rockport
Ingersoll Johnson Steel                                    New Castle
PT Components Inc. (Link Belt Bearing Div.)                Indianapolis
PT Components Inc. (Chain Div.)                            Indianapolis
Colgate-Palmolive Co.                                      Jeffersonville
Montgomery-Crawfordsville Landfill                         Crawfordsville
Continental Steel Corp.                                    Kokomo
GMC (Delco-Remy)                                           Anderson
Gulf Oil Corp.                                             Milton
Fisher-Calo Chemical  and Solvents                          Indianapolis
Waland Disposal  Co.                                        Shoals
ILWD Inc.                                                  Roachdale
Newport Army Ammuition Plant                               Newport
U.S. Army Soldier Support Center                           Fort Benjamin Harrison
U.S. Navy Weapons Support Center                           Crane
U.S. Army Ammunition Plant                                 Charlestown
                                     46

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nuclei, spent pickle liquors, herbicides, insecticides,  and solvents
of all kinds.  In general, the hazardous waste dump sites in Northern
Lake County contain most everything used in the Great Lakes Basin
that is toxic, ignitable, and corrosive.

With respect to the industrial waste lagoons or impoundments,  the  SIA
concludes that, on a national average,  nearly 50 percent of the
impoundments are located over thin or permeable unsaturated zones
which provide very limited protection to underlying aquifers.   Moreover
70 to 80 percent of both the industrial  and municipal  impoundments
are unlined allowing for facile seepage  of leachate to and through
these thin and permeable unsaturated zones.  Furthermore the SIA
concludes that 35 percent of the industrial impoundments contain
wastes which most likely are hazardous  based upon the characteristics
of the industry involved (Standard Industrial  Codes).

As previously discussed, the unconsolidated deposits located in Lake
County were formed by glacial action, wind, and shoreline processes.
The thickness of these materials varies  from less than 50 to over  300
feet; and the types of deposits present  include lake clays, glacial
till, dune sand, and outwash sand and gravel.   Sand and  gravel  deposits
serve as important aquifers in much of  the area, particularly  south
of the Valparaiso Moraine (41°40').  Fine sand and lake  clays,  which
predominate in areas near Lake Michigan, do not constitute a major
ground water source.  The underlying bedrock in Lake County is  composed
of Silurian and Devonian limestone and  dolomite and represents  an
important source of groundwater especially in  the southern and  western
                                  47

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portions of the county, away from Lake Michigan.

The availability of groundwater is associated with the nature and
type of aquifer materials present in a given area.  In Lake County
there is pronounced variability in groundwater occurrence from north
to south (See Figure 9).  In areas near Lake Michigan, well yields
are generally less than 100 6PM, and may be even lower in some
localities.  Shallow fine sand is the primary aquifer source in these
areas and does not yield water readily.  Beneath the sand are found
either fine grained lake clays or glacial  till  deposits which do not
yield water.  It is in these low yield areas (near Lake Michigan)
that all of the report-considered hazardous waste dumps and SIA
impoundments in Lake County are located.  This is a mixed blessing.
The low yield groundwater aquifers,  coupled with the easy accessibility
of excellent quality surface waters, precludes this area from being
none other than one primarily serviced by public water supplies using
surface water sources.  In other words, approximately 90 - 95 percent
or more of the population is served  from surface supplies and is not
subject to groundwater sources that  have an especially high potential
for contamination from the many dumps and impoundments in the area.
However, the low groundwater availability in the area would most
likely make any potential contamination more severe because of the
lesser dilution available in the pertinent aquifers.  As a result,
the remaining five (5) to 10 percent of the population in the area
served by private wells would be subject to a greater hazard from any
potential  contamination adulterating the aquifer.  It is imperative
that a random number of private wells in Northern Lake County be
                                  48

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sampled and comprehensively characterized.  A sampling and analysis of
all the private wells in the area should follow, if warranted.

Not to be lost in the discussion is the extreme likelihood that leachate
from the hazardous waste dumps and SIA impoundments migrating northward,
under natural drainage conditions, is contributing to the pollution
of both the Little and Grand Calumet River systems and to the southern
Lake Michigan nearshore.

MARION COUNTY
Examination of Figure 16 reveals that Marion County is second with
respect to the number of hazardous waste dumps and SIA impoundments
considered in this report.  All  dumps and impoundments are clustered
in the center of the county with the exception of a few industrial
waste lagoons that are located to the north and northeast.  Metropolitan
Indianapolis occupies most of Marion County .

Based upon the computer-retrieved waste and process codes, the hazardous
waste dump sites contain cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, cyanide,
volatile organic solvents such as toluene and tri and perchlorethane,
herbicides, paint residues, and  refinery wastes.  Generally speaking,
the dumpsites contain wastes that are toxic, ignitable, and corrosive,
although not to the comprehensive extent characterizing those in  Lake
County.

With respect to the industrial waste impoundments, the conditions
generalized by the SIA,  and described previously under Lake County,
also apply in Marion County.
                                  49

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All of Marion County was covered by the Wisconsinan continental
glaciers that advanced through Indiana some 20,000 years ago.  The
deposits left by the glaciers consist predominantly of glacial  till,
ice contact sand and gravel, silt, lake clays, outwash sand and  gravel
and alluvial materials.  Of particular importance are the permeable
sand and gravel  deposits found in the valleys of the West Fork  of the
White River, Fall Creek and Eagle Creek.  Also contained within  the
glacial drift are numerous thin, intertill sand and gravel  zones.

Beneath the glacial  and alluvial materials to the west are  sedimentary
rock formations  of siltstone, shale, and lenses of limestone.  A
black carbonaceous shale underlies western Indianapolis.  Further
east, the Region is  underlaid by limestone, dolomite, and thin,
interbedded shale and limestone,

The availability of  groundwater can be determined from Figure 9.
Major groundwater sources occur in the West Fork of the White River
Valley sand and  gravel  aquifer system and the underlying limestone
and dolomite bedrock aquifers.  Well yields from 250 to 1500 GPM are
obtained from these  aquifer systems.  A 1975 study by the US Geological
Survey estimated that,  depending on hydraulic characteristics, the
sand and gravel  aquifers in Marion County are capable of producing 59
to 103 MGD from  a system of wells.  The Marion County aquifers  are
easily recharged because of the porosity or permeability of the
unsaturated zones and because of the adequate precipitation in the
area.  The permeability of the unsaturated zone allows for  the quick
migration through that  zone of any contaminants leached from poorly
                                  50

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placed and/or unlined hazardous waste dumps or impoundments.
Fortunately most of Marion County is serviced by the Indianapolis
Water Company which supplies water to approximately 85 to 90
percent of the population.  While a preponderance of the water
distributed by the Indianapolis Water Company is obtained from
surface supplies (reservoirs), approximately four (4) percent of
the total  daily pumpage is obtained from groundwater supplies
located in the northeastern part of the county.   In addition  the
remaining 10 to 15 percent of the Marion County  population not
serviced by the Indianapolis Water Company, obtains water from
approximately 15000 private wells or the public  wells of the
Speedway and Lawrence Water Companies.   Because  of the large  number
of hazardous waste dumps and industrial waste impoundments in Marion
County, the extreme permeability of the unsaturated zone in the
area, and the likely mismanagement of both dumps and impoundments
(uncontrolled) relative to the needs of groundwater protection,  it
would be appropriate that a random number of private wells located in
the periphery of Marion County, in addition to the groundwater sources
augmenting the Indianapolis Water Company surface water supply,  and
those of Speedway and Lawrence Water Companies,  be sampled and analyzed
for contamination representative of the pertinent, suspected  leachate
materials.  A sampling of all private wells in Marion County  should
follow if warranted.

In addition to the potential for groundwater contamination, the
hazardous waste dumps and industrial impoundments located in  Marion
County, are likely contributing to  pollution of the West Fork of the
White River and to its tributaries Eagle Creek and Fall  Creek.
                                  51

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placed and/or unlined hazardous waste dumps or impoundments.
Fortunately most of Marion County is serviced by the Indianapolis
Water Company which supplies water to approximately 85 to 90
percent of the population.  While a preponderance of the water
distributed by the Indianapolis Water Company is obtained from
surface supplies (reservoirs), approximately four (4) percent of
the total daily pumpage is obtained from groundwater supplies
located in the northeastern part of the county.   In addition  the
remaining 10 to 15 percent of the Marion County  population not
serviced by the Indianapolis Water Company, obtains water from
approximately 15000 private wells or the public  wells of the
Speedway and Lawrence Water Companies.  Because  of the large  number
of hazardous waste dumps and industrial waste impoundments in Marion
County, the extreme permeability of the unsaturated zone in the
area, and the likely mismanagement of both dumps and impoundments
(uncontrolled) relative to the needs of groundwater protection,  it
would be appropriate that a random number of private wells located  in
the perifery of Marion County, in addition to the groundwater sources
augmenting the Indianapolis Water Company surface water supply,  and
those of Speedway and Lawrence Water Companies,  be sampled and analyzed
for contamination representative of the pertinent, suspected  leachate
materials.  A sampling of all private wells in Marion County  should
follow if warranted.

In addition to the potential  for groundwater contamination, the
hazardous waste dumps and industrial  impoundments located in  Marion
County, are likely contributing to  pollution of the West Fork of the
White River and to its tributaries Eagle Creek and Fall  Creek.
                                  51

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PORTER COUNTY
Examination of Figure 16 reveals that eighty (80) percent of the
considered Porter County hazardous waste dumps and SIA impoundments
are located in the northernmost twenty-five (25) percent of the
county.  All of the dump sites contain materials that are either
ignitable, corrosive, or reactive.  Organic compounds include coking
operations wastes (coal  tar residues), highly volatile low molecular
weight chlorinated and unchlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene
derivatives such as phenol  and pyridene, and petroleum refinery
wastes.  In addition the dumps contain pickle liquors, electroplating
wastes including cyanides,  chromium, and silver, and materials such
as arsenic, barium, lead, mercury, and selenium.  The impoundments
are owned by steel, carbide, and glass industries, and according to
SIC process information, most likely contain materials similar to
the dump sites.

The geologic conditions  described under Lake County are also applicable
to Porter County.  The thickness of the unconsolidated deposits varies
from less than 50 to 300 feet and includes types such as lake clays,
glacial till, dune sand, and outwash sand and gravel.  The fine sand
and lake clays, which predominate in areas near Lake Michigan, do not
constitute a major groundwater source.  The underlying bedrock of
Silurian and Devonian limestone and dolomite represents an important
source of groundwater, especially in the southern part of the county.

There is a pronounced variability in groundwater occurrence and
availability from north  to  south (See Figure 9), with well yields
                                  52

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ranging from less than 100 GPM near Lake Michigan to 600 GPM and more
further to the south and east, and especially in the Valparaiso area
and in the valley of the Cobb tributary to the Kankakee River.

As in Lake County, shallow, fine sand is the primary aquifer source
in the areas close to Lake Michigan.  As previously mentioned, this
type of aquifer does not yield groundwater readily.  As a result, the
towns of Portage, Ogden Dunes, and Burns Harbor, all lakeshore
communities, are supplied Lake Michigan Water by the Gary-Hobart
Water Company which is located in Lake County.  However, the rest of
the Porter County lake shore areas, and the second and third "row" of
towns south of the lake shore, are served by public or private wells
drilled through highly permeable unsaturated zones to high producing
aquifers composed of outwash sand and gravel deposits.  It appears
that the groundwater sources serving the latter communities may be
subject to a high potential for contamination from dumps and impoundments
in the area.

The likely high contamination potential areas include Beverly Shores,
Porter, and Chesterton.  Furthermore, the dumps and impoundments in
the area may be contaminating the Little Calumet River and the southern
Lake Michigan nearshore.

ST. JOSEPH, ELKHART, KOSCIUSKO COUNTIES
Of particular importance in these three counties are the glacially
derived, unconsolidated deposits which contain major sources of
groundwater.  These deposits consist of glacial till, inter-till sand
and gravel, lake clays, dune sand, and ice-contact stratified drift.
                                  53

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These materials range in thickness from about 100 feet to 500 feet.
Significant outwash-plain and valley-train sand and gravel  deposits
are located adjacent to the Valparaiso Moraine and along the Kankakee,
Elkhart, St. Joseph, and Tippecanoe Rivers.  Complex inter-till  sand
and gravel aquifer systems are present in the moraines that are
located in Kosciusko and Elkhart Counties.  The underlying  Mississippian,
Devonian, and Silurian bedrock formations which are generally composed
of siltstone, shale, black shale, dolomite, and limestone,  and
dolomite and limestone respectively, are not considered important
groundwater sources.  Figure 9 indicates the maximum potential yield
of the aquifers in these three counties.  These yields range from
400 to 2000 GPM to properly constructed, large diameter wells.  In the
Kankakee aquifer in western St.  Joseph County, and further  east,  in
the extensive outwash sand and gravel  aquifers in St.  Joseph, Elkhart,
and Kosciusko Counties, recharge rates of 500,000 GPM  per square  mile
are applicable and describe the  large available storage and the  highly
permeable nature of the aquifers.

The largest single utility operating in the three (3)  county area is
the South Bend Public Utility which withdraws approximately 28 MGD.
Other large utilities are located in Mishiwaka and Elkhart, all  of
which pump more than five (5) MGD, and in Goshen and Warsaw which
pump more than two (2) MGD.  Forty percent of the Warsaw pumpage  is
derived from surface supplies.  The three county area  is serviced by
another 25 smaller utilities, all deriving their supplies from ground-
water and approximately another  35,000 private wells.
                                  54

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It is in this setting (high yield, high permeability aquifers) that
over two dozen impoundments (all with an extremely high SIA potential
for groundwater endangerment) and RCRA hazardous waste dumps are
located (See Figure 16).  The hazardous waste dumps are in the South
Bend area and contain acids, organic solvents, detergents, copper,
chromium, cadmium, nickel, aluminum, cyanide, paint residues,
acetylaminofluorene, dichloromethane, and toluene.  According to SIC
information, the Elkhart impoundments most likely contain pharmaceutical
wastes, chemicals and chemical  preparations wastes, coating and
engraving wastes, meat products, and plating wastes.  In Kosciusko
County, the impoundments contain paving and roofing materials, organic
and inorganic acids, aluminum,  cadmium, zinc, cyanide, chromium, and oils
and greases.  Comparable wastes are found in the St. Joseph County
impoundments.  Since it is highly unlikely that the impoundments and
dumpsites have been properly operated and constructed, it appears
likely that the potential for groundwater contamination is high in
the three (3) county area especially in the areas pinpointed in
figure 16.  These areas include northern St. Joseph, northwestern
Elkhart, and central Kosciusko  Counties.

SPENCER COUNTY
Examination of Figure 16 reveals a cluster of oil and gas waste
impoundments in southcentral Spencer County.  Indiana has been
producing oil, especially in the southwestern part of the State,
since 1889.  Although not a large producer compared to other oil
producing States, Indiana has produced as much as 13 million barrels
in one year (1953).  Total State oil production in 1981  was approxi-
mately 4.8 million barrels.  Spencer County in 1981 produced 150,000 barrels,

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It is estimated that for every barrel of oil produced, as many
as 40 barrels of salt brine must be disposed of.  Under New Depart-
ment of Natural Resource (Oil and Gas Division) rules and regulations,
salt brine must be "deep welled" except under certain circumstances,
and then only and for short periods of time.  During these short-term
periods, impoundments could be used.  However, in earlier unregulated
days evaporation pits were the vogue, since they were cheap to built
and cost nothing to operate.  However, they were almost completely
inefficient because of the southern Indiana climate (relatively high
rainfall and moderately wet soil).

Literally hundreds of these salt brine impoundments, of every size
and volume, dot the southern Indiana landscape.  These impoundments
were built with absolutely no thought to groundwater protection.
Moreover, the effluents from those impoundments with overflow
mechanisms have destroyed many acres of vegetation in the oil and gas
mining areas.

Groundwater availability in Spencer County is considered poor except
for the sand and gravel deposits along the Ohio River (the southern
border of Spencer County),  and in the sand and gravel  deposits
contained in the old Ohio River channel  in southwestern Spencer County
(See Figure 9).  These deposits can yield up to 1000 GPM to properly
constructed wells in the former areas, and up to 600 GPM in the latter.

Spencer County bedrock is usually shallow in depth with layers of
thin, weathered and broken  rock overlying it.  The bedrock consists of
shales, sandstones and limestone which yield limited amounts of water.
Wells in these bedrock deposits normally yield less than ten (10) GPM.

Spencer County is serviced  by nine (9) public water supplies withdrawing
approximately one (1) million gallons per day from both surface and
                                  56

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underground sources.  About 55 percent of the supply comes from
underground sources.  In addition, approximately 2000 private wells
are the source of drinking water for another 8000 or more people in
the county.

The cluster of oil  and gas impoundments identified in Figure 16,
unfortunately lies  above aquifers of large groundwater availability.
These impoundments  are located in areas of highly permeable sand and
gravel deposits.  While more recent impoundments may have been
constructed with impervious clay liners, it is more than likely that
the earlier evaporation pits were merely large excavations in the
ground with no attempt at bottom or side sealing.  Based upon the
fact that area mining companies replaced many a private drinking
water well, it is fairly obvious that the brine waste waters
found and are finding their way to freshwater aquifers.

Based upon the above discussion, it is recommended that a random
number of private wells and all the public wells in the villages of
Grandview, Rockport, and Chrisney and environs be sampled and analyzed
for sodium and chloride ions and compared to natural  background
conditions.  While  a brine adulterated aquifer may become unpalatable
in a short period of time, the adulteration may also be slow and
insidious depending upon soil  permeability, and not affect  the water
palatability for longer periods of time.  Water consumed during these
latter periods  would be deterimental  to a significant portion of the
population, including persons  suffering from hypertension, edema
associated with congestive heart failure, and women with toxemias of
                                  57

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pregnancy.  The sodium intake from sources other than water recommmended
for very restricted diets is 500 mg per day.  Diets for these
individuals permit 20 mg per liter sodium in drinking water and water
used in cooking.  If the public or private water supply has a sodium
content exceeding this limit, persons on a very restricted sodium
diet must find another source of supply.

A sodium and chloride ions definition of the groundwater aquifers in
the Grandview, Chrisney, and Rockport areas would not only serve the
public health interests of those on restricted sodium diets,  but also
give some indication to other consumers and purveyors of any  imminent
water unpalatability condition.

ORANGE COUNTY
Examination of Figure 16 reveals a cluster of agricultural  ponds
located in northeastern Orange County.   These impoundments are long-
term oxidation ponds for poultry and livestock (hogs, cattle) wastes
with a fairly low waste hazard potential.  However, their locations  -
short distances up-gradient from known  drinking water wells and high
permeability low contamination attenuation potential  aquifers - have
earned for these impoundments a high SIA rating for potential
endangerment to water supplies.  The main concern is contamination of
the groundwater with nitrite and nitrate, although depending  upon the
geology, phosphorus, bacteria, and virus contamination is also
possible.  The nitrogen concern is associated with methemoglobinemia
in infants and ruminants.  In addition, there is evidence that high
nitrate waters cause chemical diarrhea  in humans, and a number of
                                  58

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maladies in livestock, including thyroid problems, rickets, enteritis,



arthritis, and general poor health.  Moreover, it is theorized - and



presently being researched - that nitrate and particularly nitrite



might react in the human stomach with secondary amines (from cooked



food) to form nitrosamines, some of which are highly carcinogenic.





Bacteria and viruses vary greatly in size and shape.  This variance



obviously affects their mobility in the sense of their physical



filterability.  In highly fractured limestone geology, it is conceivable



that many microorganisms could travel great distances provided they



were in an environment conducive to their survival.





Groundwater availability in Orange County is considered fair, although



the largest resource is located in the northeastern  part of the



County.  Well  yields of up to 100 GPM are possible from the limestone,



shale, and sandstone bedrock underlying this area.  Orange County has



never been glaciated and the clay soils developed from weathered



limestone remain thin from erosion, being only five  (5) to ten (10)



feet thick.





Orange County is located in a region of typical  sinkhole topography.



As a result there are relatively few perennial drainage courses in



this area.  Run-off is rapid during periods of rainfall and escapes



through sinkholes or percolates through the clay soil  into the



groundwater which is generally found immediately below the soils in



limestone joints and solution features.





While the Confined Feeding Control  Law of Indiana (1971) requires
                                  59

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spray irrigation of impoundment contents onto farmlands with certain
restrictions, the lack of adequate State regulatory resources precludes
appropriate enforcement of this requirement.  It is most likely
confined feed lot operators do not adequately irrigate, allowing
overflow of impoundments especially during periods of precipitation.
As mentioned above, the run-off finds its way to neighboring sinkholes
thus contaminating ground water in a karst area especially sensitive
to groundwater contamination.

There are four (4) public water supply systems in Orange County
serving approximately 8000 people.  The 1980 population of the County
numbered approximately 18,000, indicating that about 10,000 people
are serviced by private wells.  Of the four public water supply
systems, two (2) of them use groundwater as a source of supply and
one (1) of the latter, servicing the city of Orleans and environs, is
located in the northeastern part of the County.  Because of the
extreme sensitivity of this area to groundwater contamination, it  is
appropriate that a random number of private wells in the northeastern
part of Orange County, and the public wells of the city of Orleans be
sampled and analyzed for nitrates, nitrites, and bacteria.1

VIGO COUNTY
Examination of Figure 16 reveals a variety of impoundment types,
including those for industrial, municipal, mining, and oil  and gas
operations.  While many SIA high potential groundwater endangerment
lagoons are present in the county, the high density clusters of
similar type of lagoons found in other suspect counties are not present in
                                  60

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Vigo County.  Suprisingly not a single RCRA hazardous waste dumpsite
is located in Vigo County, at least such a dumpsite is not logged in
the Federal-State computer.

Two of the considered industrial  impoundments are used to stabilize
previously biologically treated pharmaceutical  wastes, primarily to
decrease the ammonia concentration through oxidation to nitrogen
oxides.  While the impoundments have discharge permits (NPDES) since
they discharge to surface waters, and are regulated with respect to
chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, and suspended solids, the
impoundment bottoms are either unlined or defective.  According to
the SIA, the asphaltic liner of one of the above lagoons was severly
cracked most likely due to improper installation and/or maintenance.

While the exact composition of the pharmaceutical wastes entering the
biological  treatment plant is unknown except to company personnel,
most likely these wastes include  some of the following categories of
both organic and inorganic compounds and their biological  degradation
products:  anesthetics, narcotics, hypnotics, analgesics,  antiseptics,
protozoacides, vitamins, and hormones and other miscellaneous drugs.
Moreover since many of the raw materials used in drug manufacture are
derived from the by-products of coal distillation, the aromatic
derivatives obtained therefrom can also be expected to be  part of the
pharmaceutical waste composition.  Other considered Vigo County
impoundments contain wastes from  nitrogen fertilizer production, aluminum
smelting, oil  and gas production, mining operations, and municipal
sewage treatment plant operations.
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Incorporated within the unconsolidated deposits in Vigo County are
glacial till, outwash sand and gravel, dune sand, and large clays.
The thickness of the glacial drift ranges from 100 to 200 feet.  The
most important water bearing formations are the outwash sand and
gravel aquifers associated with the Wabash River Valley and its
tributaries.  Properly constructed wells in the Wabash Valley sand
and gravel aquifers are capable of yields exceeding 2000 GPM (See
Figure 9).  In most of the County, to the northwest and southeast,
groundwater availability is quite limited.  Most wells in these low
availability areas are located in Pennsylvanian bedrock and yield
less than 50 GPM, with 10 GPM being the highest expected yield in
many areas.

Vigo County is serviced by seven (7} public water supply systems.
All systems withdraw their supplies from groundwater sources.  In
addition, the largest, Terre Haute, augments its seven (7) MGD
groundwater supply with two (2) MGD from the Wabash River.  The (1980)
population of Vigo County was approximately 113,000.  The service
population of the seven (7) public water supply systems is approximately
72,000, indicating that about 40,000 people in the County get their
water from private wells.  Most of the private wells are located in
the southern part of the County.

Half of the considered impoundments are located above aquifers of
large groundwater availability.  These impoundments are sited in
areas of highly permeable sand and gravel deposits.  Since most of
the lagoons are unlined, and.since there may be construction/operational
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problems with those that are lined,  and because of the location of
the lagoons in highly permeable and  productive areas, the water
supplies serving Terre Haute and the northern half of the County
should be sampled and analyzed primarily for nitrates, nitrites, and
total  organic carbon (TOC).  If the  TOC is unreasonably high,  more
definitive organic characterizations should be made.   A random number
of private wells in the southern part of the County should be  analyzed
for chlorides and metals.

OTHER  SITES
The preceding discussion dwelled on  Counties in Indiana that would
have the most likely potential for groundwater endangerment based
upon the number of closely proximate SIA impoundments and RCRA dumpsites
present, the likely hazard of "the expected wastes  involved using
Standard Industry Code information,  and the geology of the underlying
areas.

Examination of Figure 16 shows little proximity and lesser numbers
of the report considered RCRA dumpsites and SIA impoundments in the
remaining Indiana Counties.  It is possible that groundwater
contamination and/or endangerment could occur, or  is  present,  at any
of the latter sites, especially those generally located in the northern
half of the State or in the valleys  of the major rivers and their
tributaries (See Figure 9).  The geology in these  areas (greater
unsaturated zone permeability) allows for more facile seepage  of any
contaminated liquid to underlying aquifers.  Since the impoundment
and dumpsite density is relatively low, expenditure of investigative
                                  63

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resources in the above areas could better await study resolution in



the previously comprehensively described areas.





SUPERFUND SITES
In addition, thirteen (13) inactive (non-RCRA) "Superfund" sites (See



Table 3) not shown in Figure 16, and located in Seymour, Columbia



City, Lebanon, Kingsbury, Gary (3) Bloomington (2), Indianapolis,



Fort Wayne (New Haven), Zionsville, and Elkhart have the potential



for groundwater contamination.  In fact, the monitoring wells of



several of the Superfund sites have been tested positive for both



organic and inorganic contaminants.  Moreover five (5)  of fifteen



(15) wells located in the Main Street well  field, which produces



approximately 70 percent of Elkharts1  potable water supply, have been



found positive for trichlorethene.





The Superfund dumpsites in Gary, Elkhart, and Indianapolis are located



in areas geologically described earlier and are proximate to other



SIA impoundments and RCRA dumpsites.  As such, the presence of the



Superfund dumpsites enhances the significance of the observations



made for these areas.





The Zionsville Superfund site is located over the Eagle Creek Valley



aquifer, in an area of thick, unconsolidated glacial deposits, with a



very permeable unsaturated zone and excellent groundwater availability.



The Zionsville public water supply has its  source in this aquifer.





On-site monitoring wells have tested positive for the volatile organic



chemicals 1,1-Dichloroethane, Trichloroethene, and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane.
                                  64

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                                  TABLE 3

                              SUPERFUND SITES*
 1   Lebanon (Boone County)
 2  Zionsville (Boone County)
 3  Columbia City (Whitley County) -
 4  Seymour (Jackson County)
 5  New Haven (Allen County)
 6  Bloomington (Monroe County)
 7  Bloomington (Monroe County)
 8  Kingsbury (LaPorte County)
 9  Gary (Lake County)
10  Gary (Lake County)
11   Gary (Lake County)
12  Indianapolis (Marion County)
13  Elkhart (Elkhart County)
Wedzeb Enterprises Inc.
Envirochem Corp.
Wayne Waste Oil
Seymour Recycling Corp.
Parrot Road Dump
Lemon Lane Landfill
Neals Landfill
Fisher-Calo Inc.
Ninth Ave. Dump
Midco 1
M&M Landfill  (Lake Sandy Jo)
Bragg Dump
Main Street Well Field
* List order has no significance
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It is likely that this site is contaminating nearby Finley Creek



which is a tributary to Eagle Creek.  Eagle Creek leads to the Eagle



Creek reservoir which is a major source of drinking water for Marion



County (Indianapolis).





The Kingsbury Superfund site is located over the Kankakee River Valley



aquifer with a geology very similar to the Zionsville site.  The



Kingsbury public water supply is located in a tributary aquifer of



the Kankakee River Valley.





On-site monitoring wells have tested positive for 1,1-Dichloroethene,



trichloroehene, and tetrachloroethene.  Like other Superfund sites,



this site is inactive (not presently being used for waste disposal).



However, monitoring well analysiSL-has. shown increases of up to 30



percent in the volatile organic chemicals mentioned above in a period



of about one-half year.





The (2) Bloomington Superfund sites are located in Monroe County



which is nearly devoid of glacial  deposits.  The lack of glacial



deposits has made this area one of poor groundwater resources.  As a



result the city of Bloomington must resort to Monroe Lake - a State



owned reservoir developed by darning Salt Creek - as a source for its



public water supply.  Fortunately most of Monroe County is serviced



by the Bloomington Water Utility or other utilities which purchase



water from Bloomington.





Both Bloomington sites were used to dump electric capacitors and



arresters that are filled with polychlorinated bi-phenyls (PCB).
                                  66

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Available data show high concentrations of PCB in both dump site
soils.  In addition, PCBs were found in water samples from springs
near the sites.  Since this area is a karst (sinkhole) area (see page
34), the possibility of PCB contamination is fairly high.

The Fort Wayne (New Haven) Superfund site is located in an area of
rich groundwater resources and availability.  It is a highly glaciated
area; Fort Wayne being located at the confluence of the St. Joseph,
St. Mary, and the Maumee Rivers.  Inspite of the excellent groundwater
availability the city of Fort Wayne Public Water Supply is obtained
from the St. Joseph River and the Cedarville reservoir, sources which
need no treatment for hardness, manganese and iron content.  Although
this dumpsite is located in an area serviced by the New Haven Water
utility, this utility purchases...its water from Fort Wayne.

Leachate from the New Haven dumpsite was determined to contain
tetrachloroethylene, benzene, fluorene, and hexachlorobenzene.  A
well 50 feet east of the site is contaminated.  The aquifer which is
approximately 20 feet below the site, is the source of water for
approximately 1100 people not serviced by the New Haven Water Utility,
and who live within three (3) miles of the site.

The Seymour Superfund site is located in the valley of the East Fork
of the White River.  Although the White River Valley is a rich
groundwater source, the city of Seymour gets its water from the East
Fork of the White River for reasons described above.  However, the
Freeman Field Utility which serves an industrial  park immediately
south of Seymour, and approximately 1000 persons  in adjacent areas,
uses the White River aquifer and withdraws approximately 630,000

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GPD.  The Seymour dumpsite is located in this industrial park.



Initially this site was an industrial waste reclamation operation.



The area contains thousands of drums of solvents, phenols, cyanides,



acids, and many smaller containers of hazardous materials from chemical



laboratory operations.  Investigative studies performed off-site



indicate contamination of the soil and groundwater.





The Columbia City site is located over the Blue River Valley (tributary



of the Eel River) aquifer which is overlaid by thick, permeable, un-



consolidated glacial materials.  The groundwater resource and avail-



ability are excellent.  The Columbia City public water supply



is obtained from the Blue River Valley aquifer.  In addition,



there are many private wells in the surrounding area tapped into



the same aquifer.





Over one (1) million gallons of waste have been disposed of on this



superfund site by open dumping on surface soils, into unlined pits,



and into an unlined trench.  Leaking drums on-site abound.  Data



indicate high levels of cyanides, lead, chromium, and cadmium.  The



site is bordered by residences on the north and west sides, and a



bend of the Blue River on the east and south sides.  Three (3)



municipal  wells are located within one (1) mile northeast of the



site.  While the municipal wells appear to be up-gradient from the



dump site, this has not been substantiated.  The likelihood of



municipal  and private well contamination appears strong.  In addition,



it is likely that leachate materials from this site may be contaminating



the Blue River.





The Lebanon site is located in Boone County as is the heretofore
                                  68

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discussed Zionsville site.  While the Lebanon Site does not contain



the thick, permeable unconsolidated deposits and groundwater resources



found in the Zionsville area, nevertheless Lebanon has a good



groundwater resource with fairly thick deposits and a fairly permeable



unsaturated zone.  The Lebanon water supply taps an aquifer of a



tributary of Sugar Creek.  The sand and gravel  aquifer is approximately



100 feet beneath the surface in the area of the Superfund site.





The Lebanon Superfund site is the remains of a warehouse destroyed by



fire on May 2, 1981.  The warehouse was used to store approximately



50,000 capacitors, many containing PCB.  The PCB-contaminated warehouse



debris was left on-site and remains on-site to the present time.



Sampled rubble was determined to be as high as 24,500 PPM PCB.  In



addition, low levels of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and



tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) were found to concentrations of 500



parts per trillion (PPT).  Although no aquifer contamination has been



detected as yet, low concentrations of PCBs have been measured in



nearby Prairie Creek.





SUMMARY



 (1)  Groundwater in Indiana occurs in a variety of both



      unconsolidated and bedrock aquifer systems.  The most



      significant of these aquifers are the various uncon-



      solidated outwash sand and gravel deposits associated



      with glacial drift, and the limestone, dolomite, and



      sandstone bedrock formations.



 (2)  Generally the most productive groundwater aquifers are



      in the northern part of Indiana and get progressively





                                  69

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     less productive north to south,  exclusive of major
     river valley aquifers.
(3)  Approximately one-twelfth of the State is non-glaciated
     and is located in the southcentral  portion.   Many areas
     in the southern part of the State are particualrly lack-
     ing in groundwater,  and only limited amounts (less than
     10 GPM) are available to properly constructed wells.
(4)  The contamination of groundwater supplies is not solely
     the work of "midnight dumpers" who  illegally pour barrels
     of wastes into ditches and fields.   Much  of  the  contamina-
     tion is the result of the legal  disposal  of  solid wastes
     into improperly protected and operated ground repositories.
(5)  Because of the huge  numbers" of  impoundment sites located  in
     Indiana, it was arbitrarily decided to limit this study to
     only those impoundments (37) with numerical  SIA  ratings
     between 25 and 29 inclusive (one percent  of  the  Indiana total),
     with the caveat that the arbitrary  cut-off may exclude  some
     sites that are contaminating or  have the  potential  to contami-
     nate, usable groundwater supplies (See Table 1).
(6)  Since the RCRA dumpsites in Indiana were  not nearly as  numerous
     as the impoundments, all  49 RCRA sites computer-programmed by
     the Region were retrieved and considered  in  this report (See
     Table 2).
(7)  Because of the high  degree of public health  hazard potential,
     all thirteen (13) Indiana Superfund candidates (See Table 3),
     were included in this report, along with  a description  of
                                 70

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      dumpsite location geology,  and associated  groundwater



      contamination problems.



 (8)   Lake County contains  more by far of the report-considered



      waste repositories than  any other Indiana  County.   Moreover



      all  the waste repositories  are in the northernmost  twenty-



      five (25) percent of  the County.



 (9)   The  Lake County  geology  contiguous to Lake Michigan does not



      make groundwater readily available.   As a  result most of the



      Lake County population is served  by public water supplies



      using Lake Michigan as a source.   However  five  (5)  to ten  (10)



      percent of the population in this part of  the county are on



      private wells.  It is most  likely that the groundwater



      supplying these  have  a high potential  for  contamination



      by the toxicants listed  on  page 21.



(10)   Because of the large  number of waste repositories located in



      Marion County, and the extreme permeability of  the  unsaturated



      zone in the area, it  appears likely that the aquifers supplying



      the  private wells in  the periphery of Marion County, in addition



      to the groundwater sources  augmenting the  Indianapolis Water



      Company surface  supply,  and those of the Speedway and Lawrence



      Water Companies  have  a high potential  for  contamination by the



      toxicants listed on page 24.



(11)   As with Lake County,  the area contiguous to Lake Michigan in



      Porter County does not yield groundwater readily.   As a result



      most of the larger Porter County  Lake Shore communities are supplied



      Lake Michigan water by the  Gary-Hobart Water Company. However, the



      remaining Lake Shore  areas, and the second and  third "rows" of



      towns south of the immediate Lake Shore are supplied by public and



      private wells drilled through highly permeable  unsaturated zones

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      to high producing aquifers.   Because of the large number
      of waste repositories located in  the area,  and the geology
      as described above,  it appears that  the aquifers  serving
      the Beverly Shores,  Porter,  and Chesterton  areas  have  a
      high potential  for contamination  by  toxicants  listed on
      page 26.
(12)  For the same reasons described above,  the groundwater
      aquifers supplying the private and public wells in northern
      St. Joseph, northwestern  Elkhart, and  central  Kosciusko
      Counties have a high potential  for contamination  by the
      toxicant types  listed on  page 29.
(13)  Because many unlined brine waste  lagoons are located above
      highly permeable unsaturated zones and high yield aquifers,
      it appears likely that the aquifers  which serve the villages
      of Grandview, Rock port, and"  Chrisney and environs are  becom-
      ing more saline daily.
(14)  Because Orange  County is  a karst  (sinkhole) area, and  because
      inadequate State regulatory  resources  result in the illegal
      operation of feedlot oxidation  ponds (inadequate  irrigation of
      effluent leading to  pond  overflow especially during periods
      of precipitation), the aquifers serving rural  water supplies in
      the northeastern part of  the county, and the municipal wells of
      the city of Orleans  have  a high potential for  contamination by
      nitrites and nitrates.
(15)  Since most of the impoundments  in Vigo County  are located over
      highly permeable and productive areas, and  since  most  of the
      impoundments are unlined,  and because  there may be construction/
      operational  problems with  those that are lined, the water supplies
                                     72

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      serving  Terre  Haute  and  the  northern  half  of  the  county
      appear to have a  high  potential  for contamination by
      the materials  listed on  page 37.
(16)   Other Indiana  Counties not discussed  in  this  report could
      have problems  with groundwater  contamination,  especially
      those to the north.  However, since the  waste  repository
      density  in these  counties  is much  less,  groundwater con-
      tamination potential would be much less.   Investigation of
      these sites should await problem definition in the sites
      with greater densities.
(17)   Based upon location  geology, and the  fact  that these  sites
      are considered the most  hazardous  in  Indiana,  the Superfund
      sites at Zionsville, Kingsbury,  New Haven, Seymour, Columbia
      City, and Lebanon most likely have a  high  potential to conta-
      minate groundwater aquifers. Because of unsaturated  zones
      with little permeability and little groundwater availability,
      any potential  groundwater  contamination  at the two (2) Blooming-
      ton Superfund  sites  will affect  relatively few people, since
      most of  the area  population  is  serviced  from  surface  sources.
      The Superfund  sites  at Gary, Elkhart, and  Indianapolis augment
      RCRA and SIA waste repository contamination described earlier.
                                     73

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                                 REFERENCES
 1) Clark, G.D., The Indiana Water Resource,  Indiana Department
    of Natural  Resources, Indianapolis (1980)

 2) Brady, N.C., The Nature and Properties of  Soils, MacMillan
    Publishing  Co., Inc., NY, NY,  (1974)

 3) Freeze, R.A., Cherry, J.A., Groundwater,  Prentice-Hall  Inc.,
    NY, NY, (1979)

 4) Krauskopf,  K.B., Introduction  to Geochemistry,  McGraw-Hill
    Book Co. NY, NY. (1967)

 5) Press F. Siever, R.,  Earth, Freeman and Co.,  San Francisco,
    California  (1973)

 6) Water Resources Research Center et. al., An  Inventory of
    Groundwater Data and  Aquifer Assessment for  Indiana.  US EPA
    (1980)

 7) Cargo, D.N., Mai lory, B.F., Man and His Geologic Environment,
    Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, Mass.  (1974)

 8) Tank, R., Focus on  Environmental  Geology,  Oxford University
    Press NY, NY (1976)

 9) Carpenter,  G.L., et.  al,--fri1  Development and  Production in
    Indiana in  1981, Indiana Department of Natural  Resources,
    Bloomington, Indiana  (1982)

10) Division of Oil and Gas, Rules and Regulations,  IDNR, Indianapolis
    Indiana (1980)

11) SCS Engineers, Surface Impoundment Assessment  in Indiana,  US EPA
    (1980)

12) Read, W.T., Industrial  Chemistry,  John Wiley  and Sons,  NY, NY
    (1946)

13) Claussen, C.A., Mattison, G.,  Principles of  Industrial  Chemistry,
    John Wiley  & Sons,  NY,  NY (197"8]

14) Riegel, E.R., Industrial Chemistry, Van Nostrand Reinhold  Co.,
    NY, NY (1974)

15) McNabb, J.  et., al.,  Nutrient, Bacterial and  Virus  Control as
    Related to  Groundwater, US EPA (1977)

16) OWS-OSWMP,  Waste Disposal Practices and Their  Effects on Groundwater,
    US EPA (19771

17) NAS-NAE, Water Quality Criteria,  US EPA (1972)

18) OAWP - Groundwater  Pollution From Subsurface  Excavations,  US EPA  (1973)
                                     74

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19) K-U Associates Inc., Groundwater Survey-Seymour Hazardous Haste
    Site, US EPA (1980)   ~—

20) Walker, W.H., Where  Have All  The Toxic Chemicals Gone, Illinois
    State Water Survey (T972J

21) Walker, W.H., Groundwater Contamination and Refuse Disposal^
    Illinois State Water" Survey,  (197?)

22) Harrington, W.M., Sanitary Landfill  Design Considerations to
    Protect Water SuppTies, AWW.'T~(T970]      ~~

23) American Petroleum Institute, Primer of Oil and Gas Production,
    Dallas Texas (1979)

24) Personal Communication, Mr. Richard  Bates, Lake County Health
    Department, March 15, 1983

25) Personal Communication, Mr. Tim Bauingartner, Indianapolis Water
    Co., March 16, 1983

26) Personal Communication, Mr. Jeff Meyers, Marion County Health
    Department, March 16, 1983

27) Personal Communication, Ms. Karyl  Schmidt, Indiana State Board of
    Health, March 16, 1983

28) Personal Communication, Mr. Dennis Gillespie, SCS Engineers,
    April 4, 1983

29) Personal Communication, Mr. Homer Brown, Indiana Department of
    Natural Resources, April 4, 1983

30) Personal Communication, Mr. James Traylor, Indiana State Board
    of Health, April 21, 1983

31) Personal Communication, Miss Beverly Kush, US EPA, April 26,  1983

32) Personal Communication, Mr. H. Lipner, Fort Wayne Water Co.,
    April 27, 1983

33) Personal Communication, Mr. Paul Boyd, Spencer County Health
    Department, April 13, 1983
    All figures used in this report (except Figure 16) v/ere taken
    from The Indiana Water Resource published by the Indiana
    Department of Natural Resources and edited by G.A. Clark.

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