CLEA
         FOR THE NATION'S  ESTUARIES
              PROCEEDINGS
             PUBLIC MEETING
                 ON
         WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
             FOR ESTUARIES
          SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
           FEBRUARY 18-19, 1969
             VOLUME 2 OF 2
     -DILUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
      PACIFIC SOUTHWEST REGION  SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
IT

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            PROCEEDINGS
                PUBLIC MEETING



                      ON




    WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR ESTUARIES
                 VOLUME 2 OF 2
              STATE OF CALIFORNIA



FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
             February 18-19,  1969



             State Office  Building

           San Francisco,  California
              LIBRARY
              ;
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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction  .............................     ii




Statements 3rd Reports for the Record




   California State Department of Fish arid Game ............      1




   California State Lands Division  ..................     96




   De.pl..  of the Army, Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District.  ...     98




   League of Women Voters of California,  Inc ..............    102




   Fedcaation of Western Outdoor Clubs  ................    106




   Leeds, Hill and Jewett, Inc., Consulting Engineers .........    107




   Wesnbay Community Associates ....................    275

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                                                                        11
                       INTRODUCTION












Volume 2, Proceedings, Public Meeting on Water Quality Management




for Estuaries, February 18-19, 1969,  San Francisco,  California,




continues the compilation of Statements and Reports  for the Record




of this public meeting.  The Foreword of Volume 1 describes the  con-




cept and intent of the National Estuarine Pollution  Study.

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STATEMENTS AND REPORTS




    FOR THE RECORD

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                                                                                        -1-


STATE OF CALIFORNIA - RESOURCES AGENCY                                                  RONALD REAGAN, Governor

DEPARTMENT OF  FISH AND GAME
1416 NINTH STREET
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95814

G. Ray Arnett  - Director
                  March ik,  1969
                  Mr.  Irving  M,  Terzich
                  Pacific  Southwest Region
                  Federal  Water  Pollution Control Administration
                  760  Market  Street
                  San  Francisco, California 9^102

                  Dear Mr. Terzich:

                  At the public  meeting on water quality management for
                  estuaries held February 18,  1969, we indicated that
                  we would supplement our oral statement with a written
                  report.   The report is enclosed.

                  We would appreciate the inclusion of our report into
                  the  transcript of the California meetings.

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                                                                                  -2-
        WRITTEN STATEMENT BY THE DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FOR THE
        PROCEEDINGS OF FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                             HEARINGS IN CALIFORNIA
This statement is additional information on California's estuarine resource
referred to in the oral presentation made at the hearing in San Francisco on
February 18, 1969.  Some of the information is also provided in a report
submitted to the FWPCA through the State Water Resources Control Board,
Division of Water Quality.  The latter report basically provided technical
and other factual data as input for a report entitled, "A Profile of State
Programs and Activities Related to the Estuaries of California."

This statement will be addressed to answering those questions provided by
FWPCA as guidelines for presenting information at the hearings:

1.  What are the values (aesthetic, personal, recreational, dollar, exc.)
    of California's estuarine resource?

    The primary concern of the Department of Fish and Game with the estuarine
    environment pertains to the ability of an area to support fish and wild-
    life.  Value assessments of the estuarine environment will therefore be
    limited to those attributable to the fish and wildlife resource.

    The Department of Fish and Game has an active bay and estuary study and
    planning program.  At this writing fish and wildlife plans are being
    prepared for eleven estuarine areas in California, 10 of which vill be
    completed in 1969.  These plans will contain documentation of fish and
    wildlife values of the estuarine environment.  Already completed is a
    fish and wildlife plan for San Francisco Bay and Delta prompted by
    legislative action in 1965.  Summarized below are the fish and wildlife
    values of San Francisco Bay and Delta:

    The fish and wildlife resource depending upon the San Francisco Bay-Delta
    environment now supports 3-5 to 5 million man-days of recreation and an
    ocean commercial fishery that lands 5.7 million pounds of salmon.  The
    resource is compatible with increased use of the Bay-Delta and providing
    that we solve the problems of water quality and some other changes in the
    environment, its value is expected to about triple in the next 30 years.

    A large and varied fish and wildlife resource depends upon the maintenance
    of satisfactory environmental conditions throughout the San Francisco Bay
    and Delta.  Many are migratory species whose populations migrate in or
    through the estuary according to long established patterns of seasonal
    changes in the environment.  Most important is a large and well-used striped
    bass (Roccus saxatilis) population that supports a fishery of between 1.5
    and 3 million angler-days per year.  Most individuals of this population
    spend most of their lives in the San Francisco Bay and Delta, although some
    adults spend time at sea and many ascend the Sacramento and San Joaquin
    rivers above the Delta to spawn.

    The largest king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) stock in the world moves
    through the Bay and Delta on its way to spawning grounds in the Sacramento
    and San Joaquin River systems.  The young produced by this spawning migrate
    downstream through the estuary on their way to the sea and ultimately produce
    approximately 5-7 million pounds of salmon in a commercial ocean fishery and
    187)000 man-days of recreation in the ocean and in the rivers above the Delta.

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                                                                              -3-

                                  -2-

 There is also a large American shad (Alosa sapidissima) run through the Bay-
 Delta and a growing shad fishery uprtream, a sturreon population and growing
 fishery in the bay, a resident catfish and centrarchid fishery in the Delta,
 a very important pier and shore fishery in the bay,  and an excellent steelhead
 (Salmo gairdneri) run and fishery in the Sacramento  and American rivers.

 Open waters and marshes of San Francisco Bay provide winter environment for
 hundreds of thousands of waterfowl and shorebirds.   The former provide hunters
 with an estimated 135,000 man-days of their sport and both provide some
 370,000 man-days of recreation to a growing number of bird watchers.   Very
 rough estimates of the adult  populations of these fish and wildlife have been
 made (Table l).  They serve principally to document  the fact that the fish  and
 wildlife resources depending  on this environment  consist of very large numbers
 of a vide variety cf species.

 We have expressed the value of this resource as man-days of recreation
 supported or quantities of a  commercial product produced annually (Table 2).
 Total recreation days provided by the  resource are now  between 3.5  million
 and 5 million annually.   To this  must  be added the 5.7 million pounds of salmon
 landed annually by the commercial fishery.   Table 2  is  as  sound an estimate  of
 the value of the fish and wildlife resource  dependent upon  the San  Francisco
 Bay-Delta as  can be made  with  existing information.   We have found  no sound
 rationale for further defining their true worth.  While monetary values have
 been placed on fish and wildlife  resources,  agreement about how to  do  this  is
 rare.   All attempts fall  far short of  a realistic description  of the  value  of
 these resources to  either the  individual or  to society.

 We estimate that in the year 2000,  the  recreational use of  fish  and wildlife
 depending upon the  Bay-Delta environment will have tripled  to become from 9
 million to 15 million recreation  days annually.  These  predictions are also
 listed in Table 2.   The striped bass population will  remain as the most valuable
 portion of this  resource.  With research, proper environmental control, and
 increased rate of exploitation, it will continue to provide more than half of
 the  total recreation days.  Shore  and pier fishing is expected to become the
 second most important use of the  resource as the human population density and
 public access  to the  bay  increase.   It will support from 15 to 30 percent of
 the  total recreation  days.

 The  increase  in waterfowl hunting may not be great but the number of people
vho  obtain value from merely seeing waterfowl and shorebirds in marsh and
 shoreline  areas and the time they  spend there is expected to at least double.
More people will be  seeking recreation by fishing for salmon in the ocean,  for
 salmon  and  steelhead  in the rivers above the Delta,  for catfish and centrarchids
 in the  sloughs of the eastern Delta, and for sturegon in the bay.  Providing
 the  contamination problem can be  solved, 210,000 man-days per year will be
 spent  digging  clams and a commercial oyster industry may produce 1.7 million
 gallons of oysters.

Our  prediction of the future use of these resources  is based upon forecasts
of increased human population, and two important assumptions:

     Assumption 1:  Poor vater quality will not be the environmental
                    control limiting fish and wildlife populations
                    or their use.

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                            -3-
                         Table 1
      Ksticiatec of the adult populations  o±  certain
     species of fish and vildliTe dependent  upon the
         San Frrneisco Bay and Delta  environment
Striped bass        2,500,000 to 8,000,000

King salmon                      1,000,000

Steelhead              1*0,000 to     60,000

Aircrican shad       2,000,000 to )|,000,000

Sturgeon                9,000 to     16,000 (Han I'aulo T/iy)

Soft-chell clanc                16,000,000 (interticb.l zone)

Littlencck clans                 h,800,000 (interticial ?onc)

\,Tatcrro-,:].             200,000 to 1,000,000

Shore birds           100,000 to   lf-00,000

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                                                                               —5—
   Estimated  vac] predicted ^:;e.:/of filch and vJ lu Li:''e recourcer;
  of Can Fraijvirjco Bay-Delta expressed .an  iho-.ir.ia1 id:;  of !:>an~days
                           of recreation.-/
P> tripod b-or,

Bay  pier an-'1
  shore fir-bine
  shore Ivirc'lr

Calfir*

Salmoii

Arrericnu oln

Steelhe; o

Sturgeon

Ceritrarch-ids
1,500 - 3,ooo
6'tf
505
MO
187
100
73
6
T'^o o ^ ~L "I T >r> "i" *"'
llogli=iM';

2,500
875 - .1,01.0
695
350
177
150
50
32 - 125
200
   oa_u.   . ;.L~c.  rr.jr,ooi'o a  Ir.i'^e cor. i^rcxc.J. fa.:./' -ry.  '.?. ".>iin[js
   atLr 'bv;,- '1 to "ohor-e nail on ::,a",,nid in the  [ir^civ1 >nLO"

   rn-in^cnc^cc  cf proper  c^viroiL/cnial co..d:' t:; one. :' . -^he-
   Son ?ra/:c.isco Bay-Delta  nov average 5«7 K-il3 io/. povnc's
     i1 year.  Prediction  har; b;;cn  ::acic that they i.ill jnci'cc.oe

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                                                                                 -b-
                                     -5-

    This appears to be a reasonable assumption.  The very existence of the State
    Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Program is good evidence of society's
    intention to protect water quality of this estuary from future deterioration
    and to examine all possible ways of correcting present problems.

         Assumption 2:  Major environmental problems posed by water
                        development and reclamation will be avoided
                        or solved.

    This also appears to be a reasonable assumption.  The problems created by
    water development and reclamation are largely water quality problems, and it
    seems unlikely that the first assumption will be met without also meeting the
    second.  Significant progress has been made in recent years by development
    and selection of the Peripheral Canal water development plan and by the
    establishment of the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission
    to guide reclamation of the bay.  Some major problems have not been solved,
    but it is apparent that our society intends to solve them.

    Provided the above assumptions are met, the use of fish and wildlife depending
    on the San Francisco Bay and the Delta will about triple in the next 30 years.

    Included in this statement and appended hereto is a report entitled, "Status
    Report on the Coastal Wetlands of Southern California."  The report briefly
    describes the present knowledge of the wildlife values of these estuarine
    areas.  In this case, "estuarine" is used in its broadest sense to include
    wetlands which may only open to tidal action intermittently.

    Also appended is the "Report on Natural Resources of Morro Bay and Proposal
    for Comprehensive Area Plan."  This report presents the fish and wildlife
    values of this relatively unspoiled estuary, however, as with all estuarine
    areas in California, documentation of these values is continuing.

    Much of this information on value assessments provided above on San Francisco
    Bay and in the two appended reports generally applies to the entire estuarine
    resource of California.  Documentation of estuarine resource values of other
    areas now being carried out by the Department will be made available to the
    public and interested agencies as it is completed.

    A value not to be overlooked is attributable to the scarcity of estuarine
    habitat.  Since much of this type of habitat has been altered in such a
    way as to destroy its value for fish and wildlife, the small amount remaining
    has assumed greatly increased value.  An estimate given before the House
    Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation during hearings on
    H.R. 25 in 1967 showed that nearly TO percent of estuarine habitat in
    California has already been destroyed.

    Further destruction will most certainly affect the ability of many fish and
    wildlife species dependent thereon to survive.  Once this type of habitat
    has been altered by filling, dredging, etc.. the loss is usually final, in
    that man's alterations of this environment are most often irreversible.

2.  How have they (estuaries) been damaged by pollution and how much?

    If used in its broadest sense, pollution could be interpreted to mean any
    act which lessens the value of the estuarine resource to a particular user;
    in this case the fish and wildlife resource dependent thereon.

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                                                                             -7-

                                   -6-

The appended report "Status Report on the Coastal Wetlands of Southern
California" gives estimates of the present effectiveness of certain wetland
areas to support wildlife.  In most instances these figures show that man's
alterations of the environment has decreased the wildlife carrying capacities
of these areas.  Not included in this report are estuarine areas already
completely developed into harbors, marinas, residential areas, etc.  Examples
of complete destruction of the natural environment include those habitats
now occupied by Los Angeles Harbor, Harbor Park, San Pedro Harbor and Ballona
Creek in Los Angeles County; Lower Newport Bay and Huntington Harbor in
Orange County; and Mission Bay in San Diego County.  These areas once
supported many thousands of acres of marshland valuable to fish and wildlife.
As previsouly pointed out, it has been estimated that nearly TO percent of
California's estuarine habitat has been destroyed.

The loss of habitat to pollution contamination in the San Francisco Bay and
Delta is another prime example of environmental destruction and is summarized
as follows:

     a.  Contamination:

         (l)  The existing shellfish resource available for recreational use
              (harvest) within the intertidal zone has been fairly well
              identified as to locations, species, and densities (abundance).
              Approximately 21 million adult softshell and Japanese littleneck
              clams have been located in accessible (wading) sites.  High
              coliform counts make all of these unsafe for human consumption.
              If public health standards were met, these resources could
              support from 210,000 to 420,000 user-days annually — perhaps
              even double both of those figures, if a limit of 50 clams was
              not required by each clam digger to make a successful day and
              the legal limit were reduced to 25.

         (2)  Large numbers of clams that could be harvested commercially
              also exist in the deeper waters of the Bay.   This resource has
              been estimated at about 50 million clams or 1,400,000 pounds.
              The potential annual commercial harvest is calculated to  be
              between 800,000 and 1,000,000 pounds.  Present prices indicate
              such annual production would sell at the retail price of
              $600,000.  Contamination currently prevents  any commercial use.
              There is a demand for these clams as evidenced by the
              importation of the same species from Washington and Oregon.
              Annual shipments to California now total about 1,000,000  pounds,
              selling retail at from $.50 to JO cents per  pound.

         (3)  A commercial oyster fishery could materialize  as a result of
              actions  taken to permit public consumption of  the existing
              clam resources.   We have estimated that l.J  million gallons
              of shucked oysters could be produced annually  from the  Bay.
              This would be a 20 percent increase in the total U.  S.
              production of oysters.   At present wholesale prices of +$3
              per gallon the 1.7 million would be worth $5.2 million.   This
              is a reasonable biological potential.  Actual  production
              would be influenced by social and economic factors.

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                                                                                 -8-

                                     -7-

                  It is interesting to note that before 1900 some 10 to 15
                  million pounds of oysters were harvested annually from S. F.
                  Bay.   Today,  of course,  there is no oyster fishery.

         b.   Other Problems

             (l)  Commercial shrimp landings in the Bay were ac high as 6.5
                  million pounds, but in 1965, landings totaled only 10,000
                  pounds.

             (2)  At one time the sea otter was abundant in S. F. Bay.   Also,
                  large kelp beds existed.   Today there are no kelp beds and
                  no sea otters.

             (3)  Each year in the spring  there is usually a fish kill involving
                  striped bass  and other fishes in the Carquinez Strait.
                  Pollution of some sort is the probable cause.

             (4)  Many fish (striped bass)  frequently have "tainted" flesh and
                  hence not fit for eating.  While petroleum wastes are suspect,
                  a study is underway to determine the exact cause.

    In addition to actual loss  of habitat by dredging, filling and pollution,
    secondary value losses of the estuarine environment are attributable to man's
    physical presence.   The fact that a freeway, boat harbor or high-rise apart-
    ment occupies less than the whole of a  particular estuary does not mean that
    the remainder can be entirely used by  fish and wildlife,  Man's activities
    certainly can decrease if not entirely  eliminate, in many cases, the value of
    an estuarine area to wildlife.

3 and k.  What do you think the future of  our coastal zone should be?  What are the
    best uses of our estuaries?

    The above two questions are closely related and therefore are treated together.
    There are many interests in exploiting  or using in some manner, the eetuarine
    resources of California.  More often than not, the various types of exploitation
    and uses are in conflict with one another, especially as such uses  affect  the
    ecological balance of the estuarine environment.

    The Department of Fish and Game presented, in a statement to the California
    Assembly Subcommittee on Conservation and Beaches in 1968? three precepts
    to guide use and development of California's shoreline.  These precepts can
    also be  specifically applied to guide  the use and development of estuarine
    resources and are as follows:

         a.   Uses of California's estuarine resource  should be restricted to
             those activities which require the estuaries' resources or
             environmental attributes and which cannot be carried on elsewhere.

         b.   The existing environmental qualities and amenities  of each estuary
             area should be preserved and,  whenever possible,  those environ-
             mental qualities already lost  should be  renewed.

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                                                                                 -9-
         c.  Proposed uses that would cause irreversible modification of the
             estuarin^ oi.vlror: ,at caculd be approached with extreme caution.

    The strict application of these or similar precepts by planners in the
    coactal zone would guarantee the continuance of the ecological values
    ol the estuarine resource.  Future use planning of California's estuarine
    reL\,urcc rri.st certainly recognize its ecological values if fish and wildlife
    species deper lent thereon are to survive.

5.  What system of management—social^ state and federal will best provide for
    development and protection of our estuarine resources?

    The basis for any system of estuarine preservation must include planning
    which considers all interests of the people in the estuarine environment.
    A eomprehercive area plan which encompasses not only the estuarine resource
    area, itself but -ilso the area within the influence of the resource, should
    r-o the basis £~JT proper use and development of California's estuarine
    resource.

    Such planning can be carried out at any level of government, the selection of
    which would depend upon the nature of governments having jurisdiction in the
    resource area.

    The planning agency could be a county or city planning department having
    complete juricdiction over tne use and development of the estuarine resources
    in its area, or the planning agency could represent quite a complex cross
    rnction  of governments, all having a planning interest in the resource area.
    Ar. sample of njch an agency is the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Develop-
    ment Commission, which was established by the California Legislature to prepare
    and submit a plan for San Francisco Bay.  The report to the Legislature
    recommends that a governmental agency be created to carry out the "Bay Plan."
    This plan does  include the interests of all the people in the Bay area and in
    California.  However, in this case any meaningful action to properly plan for
    the area had to be initiated by the State Legislature because of the many
    levels of governments involved.

    Even though the governmental makeup at Morro Bay area was considerably less
            than that, of San Francisco Bay, the people requested legislation to
            State government to identify the resource values for Morro Bay and to
    recommend measures for its protection.  The Morro Bay report  recommended to
    tne Legislature that a comprehensive area plan be developed for the Morro Bay
    arei.  Cuch a plan is now in process of being prepared by the County of San
    •Ar- Obison with input from the California Department of Fish and Game among
    otiiors.

    On a statewide  level, California has taken a big step forward in estuarine
    rFsouro<-> -rr terror by virtue of legislation in 1967 establishing the California
    Advisory Concussion on Marine and Coastal Resources and requiring the preparation
    of a "California Comprehensive Ocean Area Plan."  The Resources Agency, among
    many otuer state and local agencies, will be a major contributor to this plan.

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                                                                              -1C-

                                 -9-

The State Legislature has also ordered the State Resources Agency to
formulate a plan to provide for the conservation of waterways of the
State possessed of extraordinary scenic, fishery, wildlife or outdoor
recreation values.  Waterways, as defined in the Act, are bays, estuaries,
marshes, wetlands, lagoons, streams, channels, lakes and reservoirs.

The above planning actions, whether state or locally sponsored, reflect
public concern over the estuarine resource of our State.  We are optimistic
that both San Francisco Bay and Delta and Morro Bay will have benefited
greatly from legislative action requiring long-range planning.

There are other ecologically important estuarine areas in the state in need
of long-range planning.  State legislation requiring such planning for the
estuar ine resource applied uniformily throughout the state would be of great
assistance in assuring that the best uses are made of these areas.

This Department, which has been involved in the formulation of comprenensive
planning for San Francisco Bay and Morro Bay and will be a major contributor
to the State's Comprehensive Ocean Area Plan and is now preparing fish and
wildlife species plans together with the necessary documentation of fish and
wildlife values for each estuarine area.  These species plans will form a
basis for recognizing the resource values by area planning agencies.

Once fish and wildlife plans have been prepared for an area, implementing
such plans or incorporating them into area plans will be the responsibility
of the local planning agency, be it a BCDC or a local governmental planning
department.  In addition to considering fish and wildlife values of the estuarine
resource, each planning gjency should be guided by the three precepts as
previously outlined.

In addition to the area planning initiated at all levels of government, the
following actions should also receive consideration as a means of estuarine
resource management:

     a.  Establishment of a nationwide "Estuarine System" that protects
         important estuaries.  States should be encouraged to develop
         their own Estuarine Protection Plans.

     b.  "Open Space" legislation for estuarine areas which would provide
         a tax break for private lands in high value areas.  Guarantees
         should be required that land would remain undeveloped for a
         specified period.

     c.  Legislation at the State level which would stimulate local
         planning agencies to formulate comprehensive area plans for
         their estuarine areas.  Such plans to provide adequate considera-
         tion for the natural resource values and subject to state review.

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                                                                              -i :-

                                 -10-

     d.  Legislation which would provide for Resources Agency  review of
         any -.reposed dredging or filling operation  affecting  the
         pr.tuai'i'ip resource with power of regulating ouch dredging
         and filling.  Similar legislation has been  effected by several
         eastern states with success.

     c.  Legislative provisions to acquire tliose  lands in private  ownership
         which have high ecological value or compensate  the owner  for
         imposing USP limitations on his property.

Most Irrnortant, however, are efforts which will make available to  the public
and planning ^t"?:.c~;pr: factual information from which decisions can be made
that consider the total value of an estuarine area.

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                                                           -12-
         State of California
          Resources Agency
     Department of Fish and Game
STATUS REPORT ON THE COASTAL WETLANDS
       OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
                AS OF
          FEBRUARY 1, 19^9

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                                                                               -M-
                             TABLE 01'' COHl'EkTS
Introduction ..............................  i
Location Map ..............................  1

SAIITA BARBARA COUNTY
Goleta Slouch  .............................  2
Carpintcria Marsh (El Estero)  .....................  h

VENTURA COUNTY
Kugu Lagoon  ..............................  5

ORANGE COUNTY
Anaheim Bay, Bolsa Bay, Huntington Harbor  ...............  6
Upper Newport Bay  ...........................  8
Irvine Ifcrsh .............................. 10
SAN DIEGO COUNTY
San Matco Creek  ............ . ...............  11
Santa Margarita River  .........................  12
Buena Vista Lagoon ...........................  1^
Batiquitos Lagoon  ...........................  15
San Elijo Lagoon ............................  16
Los Penasquitos  ............................  18
San Diego Bay  .............................  20
Tia Juana River  ............................  22

OTHER COASTAL WETLANL3
Santa Barbara County ..........................  2k
   Santa Maria River
   Santa Ynez River
   Devercaux Ranch Le.goon
   Goleta Pt. Marsh

Ventura County ..........................  ...  25
   Mouth of Ventura River

Los Angeles County ...............  ....  ........  26
   Malibu Pt.

San Diego County ............................  27
   San Dieguito (Del Mar)
   Aqua nedionda Lagoon
   San Luis Rey River
   Loma Alta
   Mission Bay
   Canyon de las Encinas

OTHER COAST4.L WETLANDS
Minimum Information Available  .....................  29
   Santa Clara River          Ballona Creek
   Colorado Lagoon            Bixby Slough
   Sweetvater                 Dorainguez Channel
   Los Flores                 Santa Ar.a River
   McGrath Lake               San Juan Creek

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                                                                              -u-
                   STATU3 RKPORT ON THE COASTAL WETIAIJDS
                          OF COUliiFJRN CALIFORNIA
                                   AS OF
                             FEBRUARY 1, 1969


This report summarizes the Department's present knowledge of the ecological
values, land ownership, and proposed plans for coastal wetland areas in
southern California.  The Dspartment's current bay and estuary study and
shorebird study as completed, will update the information presented here.
The Department's present bay and estuary study program in southern California
includes Goleta Slough, Pt. Mugu, Anaheim Bay, Upper Newport Bay and Los
Penasquitos Lagoon.  As studies on these areas are completed, other areas of
high priority will be included in the program.  However, the fact that an
area is not now included in the study program does not preclude the Departnent
from taking appropriate action to preserve the area's ecological integrity
from an immediate threat.  Reviews are made of proposed projects that may
affect an estuarine area.  Measures to protect and enhance the fish and wild-
life resources within the project area are recommended.

In addition  to the Doparti-ont of Fish and Game, there are a number of other
state and federal agencies concerned with the use and develop.-out of coastal
wetlands and are carrying out various studies and investigations.  In brief,
they include;

     1.  Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U. S. Department of the
           Interior

         This Bureau has been assigned the responsibility of implementing
         the provisions of H. R. 25, the Estuarine Bill, which was enacted
         in 1968.  The new law requires the Bureau to inventory and study
         the estuarine resource of the nation and recommend measures for its
         preservation.  Congress has requested a report by January 1970.  The
         Department of Fish and Game will be a major contributor of data con-
         cerning California to the Bureau's study.

     2.  Federal Water Pollution Control Administration

         A study of estuarine pollution is now being conducted by this agency.
         A report to Congress of FWPCA findings on estuarine pollution prob-
         lems along with recommendations is to be submitted by November 19^9-
         The Departnent of Fish and Game has provided much information for the
         FWPCA study.

     3-  California Department of Parks and Recreation

         Their long range plans call for acquisition of ecological areas to
         represent various natural environments throughout the State.  This
         would include coastal wetlands.  The Department is now in the pro-
         cess of classifying the entire coastaline into various types of
         beach.  In addition a detailed land ownership of the coast is being
         prepared.  The emphasis of this particular study is on recreation
         use areas of the beach.  However, ecological data for all estuarine
         areas supplied by the Department of Fish and Game will be included
         in the coastline study report.
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                                                                                -15-

     H.  Sl-vte Lands  Divir.lon

         The Division in responsible  for administering the state-owned tide
         and subperced lan-lr, along  California's  coastline.  Much of this type
         of land, valuable to fish  and  wildlife,  has already been grc.nted to
         local agencies for development.   However,  for those lands still in
         rtate ov.y-rrhip, the Division  has recently requested various state
         agencies to  list the types of  uses that  would be most dancing to
         the resource they are  concerned with which are found on such lands.
         The Department of Fish and Game will request that all coastal wet-
         land important to fish and wildlife be  preserved in a natural condi-
         tion.

     5.  Wildlife Conservation  Board

         Th" WiHlife Cor.".'>rvr.tion  Board has made previous purveys of coastal
         acc:-ir;s (R. G. SUirges, 1957) and southern  California lagoons
         (L. H. Carpelan, 1960).

         The Board is actively  interested as a capital out')  / source in pre-
         serving key  coastal wetlands for ecological reserves and public
         access a,.J recreation  by acquisition end limited development.   They
         hnv^ r.tr'te and federal funds at their corimand to accomplish this
         goal.  Til/- hoard has state funds in the  form of $7^0,000 annually
         frou. the state's share of  pnri-mutuel revenues derived fro-n wagers
         on horr.ern.r»ing and federal funds from thn  Land and  Water Conservation
         Act.

     (',  F!1" source:; A.:tney

         Is a result of Legislation in  l-96j,  the  Governor was fivcn the task
         r." prer.">rinc a Cornprehc-rsive Ocean Area  Plan which v,-; 11 include the
         cnar.tal wtlands resource.  Development  of the plan vill be coordi-
         nated by TCOR (intera^oncy Council on Ocean Resoiv ~-:-s) and the
         Resource.- Acency will  be a inajor contributor to the plan.   No  dead-
         line has been sei_~£©r~~thc  completion of  the plan.

         In 19^3, the Protected V.'aterways Act assigned the Resources Agency
         the responsibility of  identifying water-ways in California having
         outstanding  scenic, wildlife,  fishery or recreational qualities and
         preparing a plan for the preservation of such waterways.   Bays,
         estuaries, marshes and wetlands  are defined as waterways in the
         Act.  A report identifying such  waterways  and recommending means for
         their preservation is  due  to the legislature by January 8, 1971•

Following are brief summaries of each coastal wetland in Santa Barbara,  Ven-
tura, Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego counties.   Those areas of lesser
iMrnrt.-.nce were treated in less detail  and are grouped at the end under the
heading, 'V/ther Coastal Wetlands."
                                     ii

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                  SOUTifl'MI CALIFORNIA COASTAL WETLAI1D3 LOCATION MAP
                                                                                   -16-
 1  Santa Maria River
 2  Sauta Ynez River
 3  Devercaux Ranch Lagoon
 !«•  Goleia Point Marsh
 5  Goleta Slough
 6  Carpintcria Marsh
 7  Ventura River
 8  Mugu Lagoon
 9  Malibu Point
10  Anaheim Bay, Bolsa Bay and Huntingtcr, F.vrbor
11  Upper Newport
12  Irvine Marsh
13  San Mateo Creek
llf  Santa Margarita River
15  San Luis Rey River
16  Lorr.a Alta
17  Buena Vista Lagoon
18  Aqua Hedionda Lagoon
19  Canyon de las Encinas
20  Batiquitos Lagoon
21  San Elijo Lagoon
22  San Dieguito
23  Los Penanquitos Lagoon
2U  Mission Bay
25  San Diego Bay
26  Tia Juana River

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                                                                               -17-

                           SANTA BARBARA COUNTY


                               Goleta Slouch
The Area

Goleta Slough is located between the Santa Barbara County Airport and the
Pacific Ocean and is almost totally owned by the City of Santa Barbara.  The
march area comprises about 250 acres.  During the wet mouths, almost the
entire area is flooded—the water backing up behind the sand spit at the
mouth of the lagoon.  Flood waters break the barrier each year allowing
tidal retion in the lover part of the lagoon.  The upper half of the marsh
is diked off and tide gates prevent tidal waters from entering this section.
Therefore, this area becomes dry during the summer end remains so until the
first fall rains.  Mosquito abatement is the reason given for controlling
the water.
WildlifeValues

Over 75 specie; of birds have been identified on Goleta Slough.  Ducks and
cootr havr bf:T r^coi. !>T: in the higher/I numbers.  Shorebird use is also
substantial.  It is estimated th"t the area receives about ^50,000 bird
days use annually.  The major loss of marsh habitat can be attributed to
construction (filling) of the airport.  Because of the airport and other
alterations of the nnrsh its effectiveness to support wildlife has been
reduced by 50 percent.
Human Use

Hunting is not allowed on the marsh and there is very little fishing activity.
The area's greatest prt^rfi^l i~ for ncT^rpvorriative unes such as birdwatch-
ing, photography and ecological (nature) study.  Grammar schools,  high schools,
colleges and nature groups all utilize the natural values of the marsh.   The
University of California at Santa Barbara alms has 12 classes in the biology
department which use the ir.n^sh as a nature1.! laboratory.  The members of the
Aurhihnn Society in Santa Eaibara (250) make about 10 trips each year to the
marsh.  A number of high schools and grammar schools utilize the marsh in
their biolorcy studies.
1.  Corps of Engineers original proposal to channelize the lagoon has been
    modified—the channel will end at the upper end of the marsh area.

2.  City of Santa Barb^^a  -  The mcyor has a plan for developing the slough
    into a recreation lake.  The city council has not adopted this plan as
    yet.  The city is also considering developing the area into a golf course.

3-  Division of Highways  -  The Division has plans to extend the Ward Memor-
    ial Freeway to serve the University of California at Santa Barbara.  The
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                                                                              -18-
    right-of-vay will cross the slough.  The Department of Fish and Game has
    been negotiating with the Division of Highways to mitigate the loss of
    habitat.

Goleta Slough is one of the eleven high priority coastal wetlands areas
included in the Department's estuarine study and planning program.

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                                                                              -19-

                       Carpinteria Marsh (El Estero)
The Area
Carpinteria Marsh is located 10 miles south of Santa Barbara, between the
City of Carpinteria and the Pacific Ocean in Santa Barbara County.  The
estuary supports a 200-acres salt marsh.  At low tide mud banks and flats
are exposed, ideal for feeding shorebirds.  The predominate vegetation is
pickleweed with small amounts of alkali bulrush and cattail in the south-
eastern portion of the marsh, influenced by freshwater from Franklin Creek.
The main channel is kept clear of sand and mud to allow tidal action and to
permit flood flows to readily pass through the marsh.

The entire marsh is privately owned.  One hundred and thirty-five acres is
owned by the Title Insurance and Trust Company.  The Company is composed of
10 landowners.  Another 38 acres is owned by the Sandyland Protective Associ-
ation, composed of a number of individuals.  The members of the Company and
the Association have formed their respective groups for the purpose of pre-
serving the marsh in its present state as a buffer from urban encroachment.
Wildlife Values

In excess of 120 species of birds have been seen on the marsh.  From November
to May the marsh has received an estimated 170,000 bird days use.  El Estero
is one of the three remaining marshes of major importance in Santa Barbara
and Ventura counties.  The marsh area has not been appreciably altered by man
to date and still remains virtually 100 percent effective in supporting wild-
life.
Human Use

Very limited because the area is entirely privately owned and patrolled.  The
marsh now serves as a buffer against encroaching developments and provides
privacy to the residential development along the shoreline.
Action to Preserve Area

The Department has been negotiating with some of the landowners who have con-
sidered deeding the land to the Department.  However, before this can be
accomplished all owners in the trust companies must agree to this action.  As
yet unanimous approval to such a proposal has not been obtained.

The county has recently developed an approved master plan which shows the
Carpinteria Marsh area as a marina.  If Department negotiations fail, it is
likely that the area will eventually be developed in accordance with the
county's plan.

This area was not included in the Department's estuarine study because of the
ongoing negotiations to place the area in public ownership.
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                                                                              -20-

                              VENTURA COUNTY


                                Mugu Lagoon
The Area

Mugu Lagoon is located 17 miles south of Ventura and 50 miles north of Los
Angeles and is within the boundary of the Point Mugu Naval Air Station.  This
federally owned area is one of the few true estuaries in California.  Approxi-
mately 2,100 acres of the area can be classed as marsh, being subjected to
varying degrees of tidal action.  Of this acreage about 250 acres is inundated
at all tunes comprising the deeper channels.
Wildlife Value£
It is estimated that in excess of 120 species of birds are utilizing the rnarsh.
More observations will have to be made to identify all the species which utilize
this area and to determine bird days use.  The effectiveness of this lagoon in
supporting fish and wildlife has not been appreciably reduced.   Most of the
developments have been made on high ground.  It is estimated that area retains
about 80 percent of its wildlife supporting capability.
Human Use

The lagoon has been used by the Navy to study porpoises and sea lions.   Also
various universities, colleges and high schools have used the area for  research
and study of the estuaririe environment.

Waterfowl hunting is permitted, but limited to base personnel, both military
and civilian.  Detailed regulations to control hunting on the base are  issued
each year.
Proposed Developments

The Division of Highways is planning to improve or realign Highway 101A.   This
improvement will probably involve lands within the marsh.  Highways plans
should be closely monitored.

Close liaison should also be maintained with the Navy to keep abreast of any
plans they or others may have for the area.
Preservation Measures

The Department has prepared a Wildlife Management Plan for the base which
states that the primary fish and wildlife objective is the preservation of
the, marsh habitat.  If the lagoon is no longer of military use, every effort
will be made to retain the area in public ownership.
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                                                                               -21-

                               ORANGE COUOTY
                 Anaheim Bay, Bolsa Bay, Huntington Harbor


The Area

This coastal wetland complex is located immediately southeast of Long Beach.
Those areas now designated as Anaheim Bay, Bolsa Bay and Huntington Harbor
were once part of a large estuary having its opening to the sea at the present
location of Anaheim Bay.  Huntington Harbor still is connected by channel to
Anaheim Bay.  However, a large part of Bolsa Bay has been cut off from the
main channel by a road fill.

The complex contains about 5>000 acres of marsh and tidelands in various
stages of alteration by man.  Only about 2,800 acres exist in an unaltered
condition.  Marshlands within Huntington Harbor, for all practical purposes,
have been completely destroyed by a marina and residential development.
Marshlands in Bolsa Bay (Bolsa Chica) comprise about 1,200 to 1,500 acres
and are crisscrossed by roads to the oil and gas wells dotting the area.

The main part of the unaltered marsh, Anaheim Bay, is contained within the
Naval Weapons Station.  Even though these lands are in federal ovmership,
their undeveloped status is not safe because of constant public pressure to
displace the Navy.


Wildlife Values

Over 150 species of birds have been seen on the area.   Of this number, about
100 species are seen regularly on the marsh.  It is estimated that the area
receives 720,000 duck days use annually, most of which occurs during the
period mid-September to mid-March.  Several hundred ducks are resident,
utilizing the area year around.  Shorebird use is greater than duck use.  It
is estimated that shorebird use is "three million days use annually.  The
decrease in effectiveness of the area to support fish and wildlife is esti-
mated to be 50 percent.  Only a remnant of undisturbed marsh still exists.
A 6'tO-acre block of this marsh is on Navy property.   However, the adopted
freeway through the marsh and the Orange County marina will further reduce
this to about half its present size.


Human Use

Use of the area is now mainly limited to nonappropriative users.   However,
at one time the area supported one. of the finest end most exclusive waterfowl
hunting clubs in the nation, but which eventually yielded to urban growth.
Duck hunting continues on some of the marsh but is very limited.   The area
is also used by sport fishermen, but on a limited scale as the Navy is highly
selective in granting fishing permits.


Planned Developments.

The Orange County Department of Parks and Recreation has obtained a portion
of Anaheim Bay from the Navy for development of a marina park now under
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                                                                              -22-
con^truction.  In addition there is continued public pressure for complete
removal of the Navy base.  The County Parks and Recreation Department is
seeking another parcel from the Navy for development.

An adopted freevay route through the Anaheim marsh will further reduce its
size and effectiveness for wildlife.  However, the acreage to be filled for
the freeway has not been calculated.

Huntington Harbor is being fully developed with bulkheads eliminating all
marshland.

The southern portion of Bolsa Chica includes oil pumping operations which
have preserved a portion of tte imrsh in a near natural condition.   However,
land developers are continuing in their attempts to obtain these lands.  A
Division of Highways map designates this area as "Proposed Bolsa Chica
Marina."

Orange County has considered construction of an offshore marina in front of
Bolsa Chica State Beach and at some point opening a channel into the Bolsa
Chica marsh.  This is p^rt of a large complex involving Bolsa Island (arti-
ficial) for electrical power and desalting purposes, in addition to a cause-
way, expansion of state park parking facilities, etc.
Preservation Measures

This complex is one of the 11 priority areas selected for study by the
Department.  The fact that a pert of the area is in federal ownership allows
some time for completing a plan of action before ths land status is apt to
change.  A fish and wildlife plan for the Navy base is now being prepared.

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                                                                              -23-

                             Upper Newport Bay
The Area
Newport and Upper Newport Bay are located within the greater Los Angeles
metropolitan area in Orange County.  The Upper portion of the bay is approxi-
mately 1,500 acres in size, the majority of which is open water.  There are
approximately 600 acres in marsh or tidelands.  Several islands in the 3-5
mile-long channel comprise the majority of the marsh.  Ownership of the Bay
is divided between the Irvine Company and State Lands granted to Orange County.
Wildlife Values

Sample bird counts taken in January-February 1968 revealed & high of 37,000
birds on the area, at one time.  From the several counts taken during this
period it is calculated that the area supports about 3-jj- million birds during
the period September to mid-March.  Another one million bird days use is
estimated for the remainder of the year bringing the annual total to l\~ mil-
lion bird days use.  The Department has classified 82 species utilizing the
area during a four-month period, however, it is thought that the species list
would include as ;nany species as listed for Anaheim Bay vhich number 158.
The Upper Bay has remained relatively undeveloped, thereby maintaining most
of its supporting value for fish and wildlife.
Human Use

Human use of the resources is limited to nonappropriative uses such as bird-
watching and photography.  Even though there is no legal access to much of
the Bay shore, access over Irvine Company lands to the Upper Bay has not been
denied.  No quantitative assessment of use has been made by the Department.
Proposed Developments

The immediate threats to the Upper Bay are the planned developments by Orange
County and the Irvine Company which will be made by a proposed exchange of
lands between the County and the Irvine Company who own or control all land
around and within the Bay.

The proposed developments will completely destroy the marsh and tidelands
upon which numerous shorebirds are dependent upon for food and cover.   Loss
of this habitat will displace the shorebirds now living in Upper Newport
Bay.  The open water would still be utilized by waterfowl as a resting area,
however, the total numbers of birds utilizing the Bay would be reduced to a
fraction of the numbers now present.  The clapper rail, now considered an
endangered species would be displaced from another segment of its critical
habitat.
Preservation Measures

Upper Newport Bay, including the Irvine or San Joaquin Marsh to the east of
the Bay, is included in the Department's bay and estuary studies and planning
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                                                                               -24-
progrfiin.  Apparently at this time there is. still a question regarding the
finality of the land exchange.  On this basic the Department is proceeding
with its studies to docu.,out the fish and wildlife values of the Bay.  There
is also considerable local intorest in preserving the Bay from University
people and local conservation groups such as "Friends of Newport Bay."

The County in a hearing before the State Lands Commission has agreed to clear
its plans for Upper Newport Bay with the Resources Agency.

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                                                                               -25-

                               Irvine Marsh
The Area

The marsh is located within the Newport Bay drainage in Orange County,
approximately one-half mile easterly from the Newport back bay.  It is
approximately 150 acres in size and is composed of a series 6f open water
ponds and a marsh.  The marsh Vegetation includes willows, bacchari's, tree
tobacco, cattail and tules.  Annual flooding of the ponds by the duck club
is the source of water.  The land is owned by the Irvine Company.
Wildlife Values

The San Joaquin Marsh is one of the richest wildlife areas in Orange County.
Fall and winter populations of waterfowl have included daily numbers of 5,000
to 10,000 ducks and 200 to 300 geese.  The area supports at least 360,000
duck days use annually.

Many of the same species occurring on Newport Bay can also be observed on the
San Joaquin Marsh.  In addition to the water-associated species,  pheasants,
valley quail, rabbits, raccoons and deer live in the Marsh.  Many bird species
nest in the Marsh.
Human Use

The Marsh is presently operated by the San Joaquin Gun Club as a waterfowl
hunting area, comprising the major use of the wildlife resource.  Birdwatchers
can observe the birdlife of the Marsh from its outer edges.
Development Plans

The Irvine planning staff has designated this area as a wildlife preserve.
Soil tests show that the peat soils would be too costly to prepare prior to
any building on the area.  The company may be willing to sell the property
as a wildlife area.  The University has indicated an interest in administrat-
ing the Marsh as a natural area and is attempting to purchase it.

However, though no plans have been made public,  the area could be easily
dredged for an extension of Upper Newport Bay, an excellent site for a marina.
This may be considered if the Irvine Company-Orange County land exchange in
Newport Bay is consummated.

The area is included within the Upper Newport Bay study area of the Department's
bay and estuary program.
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                                                                              -26-

                             SAN DIEGO COUNTY


                              San Mateo Creek
The Area

The last 2,000 feet of San Mateo Creek before it enters the ocean could bo
classed as a lagoon.  It is located at the northerly boundary of Camp Pendle-
ton and is now federally owned.  The lagoon and marsh total about 125 acres
most of which is densely vegetated with tules and willows.  San Kateo Creek
only flows intermittently during the rainy season.  The sandbar at the mouth
of the creek ic rarely breached.  Surfing conditions in this area are considered
to be some of the best in California.
Wildlife Values

The Department has not made any bird counts in this area or otherwise docu-
mented the wildlife values.  Because of the dense vegetation, the area would
be quite valuable to the secretive shorebird species such as rails and galli-
nules.  The area has been traversed by a railroad and a freeway which has
reduced the original riparian habitat by about 20 percent to 25 percent.
Human Use

The area is within Camp Pendleton and has been used under a lease or permit
by a surfing club.
Planned Developments

The Department of Parks and Recreation has planned a park for the entire
lagoon and marsh area (San Onofre Project).  A drawing dated December 3, 1968
shows the entire area east of the railroad tracks developed for camping and
parking.  The vegetation between the tracks and the ocean is shown as remain-
ing undisturbed.  The San Onofre project is budgeted for 1970-71.  If the
area is developed as shown on the preliminary general development plan, much
of the area's value to wildlife will be destroyed.
Preservation Measures

The Department of Fish and Game has requested that the park plans be  altered
to protect and preserve a portion of the area for wildlife.
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                                                                               -27-

                           Santa Margarita. River
The,' Area
This wetland area is located about two miles north of Ocee.nside on Camp
Pendleton Marine Corps Base.  The lagoon, freshv,rater ponds and marsh total
about 800 acres, all of which is in federal ownership.  The slough area
extends inland from the ocean about one mile.  Across its mouth, the lagoon
is more than a mile wide.  It is blocked from the ocean by a sandybeach
which is breached only infrequently during flood flows in the Santa Margarita
River.  The lower portion of the wetland area has been used by the marines as
a heavy equipment training ground.  These maneuvers have eliminated the
vegetation on about 300 acres of land located between the freeway and the
ocean.  Two sewage treatment plants serving portions of Cajnp Pendleton dis-
charge secondary effluent directly into the lagoon, presently amounting to
about 250,000 gallons per day; but this volume will be substantially reduced
or eliminated in the future.  A plan whereby effluent will be pumped upstream
in the Santa Margarita River for ground water recharge, as part of the overall
waste water reclamation program of Craip Pendleton, is being studied at the
present time.
Wildlife Values

It has been roughly estimated that the coastal wetlands of the entire Marine
Base supports about one million bird days use of all water-associated species.
Most of this use would occur on the Santa Margarita River area.  Bird counts
have been scheduled to be made by the Audubon Society and other interested
groups during the fall, winter and spring of 1968-69.  The loss of vegetation
on about 300 acres of coastal wetland has certainly decreased the ability of
the area to support wildlife, however, the sewage effluent discharged into
the lagoon has probably enhanced the original condition of the area as a
whole by providing a stable source of water.
Human Use

Public use is restricted to surf-fishing by permission.  If the area is
developed for wildlife as proposed, overlooks for viewing the marsh and its
birdlife will be provided for public use.  The lagoon is presently visible
to the public from Interstate Highway 5 and from the railroad.


Proposed Developments

The Department has prepared plans for improvement of the Santa Margarita
wetlands, which have been included in Camp Pendleton1s budget request.   A
major part of the plan calls for the rejuvination of the 300-acre area  now
denuded of vegetation.  There are no known proposed plans to develop the
area for purposes other than wildlife with the exception of possible con-
struction of holding basins, upstream of theiiarsh for disposal of sewage
effluent.  There is, however, increasing local pressure to force the Navy to
abandon its existing port alongside Oceanside Harbor and develop a new  harbor
at the Santa Margarita mouth.  The city would then occupy the existing  Navy
port.
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                                                                               -28-

Preservation Measures

Tbe Department has requested that Military Services preserve all coastal
wetlands located on military lands.   The Department has prepared a fish and
wildlife plan for Camp Pendleton which included proposals for the preserva-
tion and enhancement of coastal wetlands.
                                     13

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                                                                               -29-

                            Bucna Vista Lagoon
The Area
The lagoon is located immediately north of the City of Carlsbad and about 33
miles north of San Diego in San Diego County.  A 7H-acre portion of the
lagoon is ouued by The Nature Conservancy with plans to lease it to the
Department of Fish and Game.  Possible acquic&ion of an additional 65 acres
is being explored that would add to the jh~a.cre portion owned presently by
The Nature Conservancy.  The two parcels mentioned above are mostly open
water.  This is one of the few freshwater lagoons remaining on the Pacific
Flyway.  The water depth varies from a few inches to six feet.  A few low
islands and a minimum shoreline provide vegetation, feeding, nesting and
resting areas for land and shorebirds.  A sandbar forms an ocean beach across
the mouth of the lagoon, breached only infrequently by high tides or flood-
waters.  The present water source consists of annual watershed runoff, and
agricultural waste water.  Additional sources of water may be needed to main-
tain the lagoon in dry years.
Wildlife Values

The wildlife values of the lagoon are nationally known and have been recorded
in documents and literature over a period of years.  Nearly 200 species of
birds use its land and water environs.  In 1950 a study for the Wildlife Con-
servation Board reported "concentrations of 60,000-70,000 ducks use the
lagoon."  Recent developments requiring the filling of the marsh lands in
the upper part of the lagoon have to some extent decreased the wildlife-
carrying capacity of the lagoon.  It is estimated that the lagoon has lost
about 25 percent of its original value for wildlife to commercial development.
Human Use

This is one of the foremost birding areas in southern California.   Easy
access from the freeway, bisecting the area has encouraged high use by pass-
ing tourists.  The area is proposed to be designated as an Ecological Reserve.
Regulations for ecological reserves limit use of such areas to nonappropria-
tive uses except that fishing and scientific collecting by permit  is allowed.
Planned Developments

The land presently in private ownership with the exception of the Palomar
Savings and Loan propoerty, will eventually be developed (filled).  A 35-acre
parcel at the upper end of the lagoon has been offered for sale to conserva-
tion interests for an exorbitant price.  The Department may,  in the future,
improve the wildlife capacity of the lagoon by constructing additional
islands.
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                                                                               -30-

                             Batiquitos Lagoon
The Area
Batiquitos Lagoon is located in San Diego County about 27 miles north of San
Diego and three miles couth of Cnrlnbad.  The lagoon is approximately ^75
acres in size.  The area can be classed as a seasonal marsh since mpst of it
becomes dry in the summer.  In appearance, the lagoon resembles a sterile
salt flat for most of the year.  When inundated, the lagoon resembles a
lake, although its actual depth may be only a few inches.  During the dry
period, several ponds usually remain in the westerly end of the lagoon near
the Pacific Coast Highway, Santa Fe Railway, and Interstate Highway 5, all
of which traverse the section near the coast.  The lagoon extends inland
for about lH,000 feet and has a maximum width of 2,800 feet and an average
width of 1,700 feet.  The bar blocking the lagoon from direct tidal inter-
change is rarely breached; only the action of extreme high tides, storms,
runoff or deliberate removal of sand by man results in outflows or inflow
of water.  The lagoon is privately owned, the major portion of which is
owned by Metcalf Properties and the Rancho La Costa Corporation.
Wildlife Values

Very little data has been gathered to document the wildlife value of this
area.  However, it is reasonable to assume that this area would get consid-
erable use during the winter months from migrating waterfovl and shorebirds.
With few exceptions, the species recorded for Buena Vista Lagoon in San
Diego County would also apply to Batiquitos Lagoon.  The entire lagoon is still
in a natural condition other than being traversed by a railroad and two highways.
Human Use

No use figures have been compiled for this area.  The area, if preserved for
wildlife, would serve public best as an area for birdwatching, photography
and nature study rather than for consumptive uses.
Planned Developments

A multimillion dollar residential development is now under construction
easterly of the lagoon and overlooking it.  The Metcalf Properties at the
seward end of the lagoon have been evaluated by a harbor enginerring con-
sultant firm for possible development as a marina and residential complex.
The engineering report made in 1963 points out that development of the area
into a marina will be quite costly because of the necessity to raise or
remove the old Highway 101 bridge to allow boats access to the sea.

As time elapses the demand for waterfront properties will make the proposed
development feasible.
Preservation Measures

This area is not presently under study and planning by the Department but
will be treated as studies are completed on other bays and estuaries.
2/13/69                              15

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                                                                               -31-

                             San Elijo Lagoon
The Area
San Elijo Lagoon is located three miles north of Del Mar and 22 miles north
of San Diego in San Diego County.  The marsh and lagoon at the lower end of
Escondido Creek is approximately 500 acres in size and extends inland about
2^ miles.  The marsh vegetation is supported by sewage discharge from Cardiff,
Solano Beach and Escondido.  In the near future Cardiff and Solano Beach will
discharge their effluent into the ocean and Escondido plans to reclaim its
effluent.  The marsh cannot be maintained at its present size without the
sewage discharges or other source of water.  The mouth of the lagoon is
normally blocked by a sandbar maintained by wave action.  The bar is broken
to permit drainage of the lagoon and tidal interchange only by extremely
high tides, ocean storms, heavy or sustained runoff from inland sources or
deliberately by man.  Most recent openings have been as the result of planned
breaching of the bar.  The property of the lagoon is entirely in private
ownership.
Wildlife Values

The upper end of the lagoon supports a duck club which is still active.   A
bird species list has been compiled by members of the Audubon Society and
appears in a report "The Eutrophication of San Elijo Lagoon"  published by
the Resources Agency and San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Boa7-d.
Periodic counts made on the area indicate that waterfowl and  shorebirds
utilize this area most heavily during the fall of the year.   For complete
documentation of the wildlife values of this area, more studies are needed.
However, because of the large size of San Elijo Lagoon and the lush vegeta-
tion it supports, this area is one of the finest wildlife areas in San Diego
County.  Since San Elijo lagoon has been virtually unaltered  by man it still
retains about 90 percent of its effectiveness to support wildlife.
Human Use

The lagoon and its wildlife are now enjoyed by nearby residents,  beach visitors
and the millions who traverse it via highway.   Duck hunting is still enjoyed
on a duck club at the upper end of the lagoon.
Planned Developments

The Cardiff Development Company of Newport Beach has planned a marina resi-
dential complex for the lagoon.  The mitigate for wildlife losses,  the Com-
pany has agreed to set aside one hald an acrea as a wildlife preserve. Appar-
ently the existing marsh habitat now intensely used by waterfowl and  shore-
birds has been created artificially by sewage discharges  of several communities
into the lagoon.  With or without the development of the  area by the  Cardiff
Company, it has been determined that the lagoon would eventually lose its
wildlife values when the sewage was no longer dumped into the lagoon.
2/13/69                              16

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                                                                               -32-

Preservotion Measures

Because of the artificial conditions of the lagoon and the pending plans for
its development, this area has not been included in the Department's estuarine
studies and planning program.
                                     17

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                                                                               -33-

                              Los Penascmitos
The Area

Los Pennsquitos Lagoon is located 1.5 miles south of Del Mar and about 1?
miles north of San Diego in San Diego County.  The acreage of the vetted
portion of the lagoon has varied considerably in the last 10 years,.dependent
upon the sewage discharges and presence or absence of a barrier at the mouth.
In 1958 the wetted portion was about 1? acres.  In 1963 it had increased to
about 36 acres, mainly due to increased sewage discharges.  In 1968 the wetted
area was calculated at 202 acres.  This increase can be attributed primarily
to the fact that the mouth of the lagoon is open permitting tidal action and
secondarily to increased sewage discharges into the lagoon.

The major portion of the marsh including the mouth is owned by the State of
California's Department of Parks and Recreation f.nd is included in the
Torrey Pines State Park.  Another sizeable portion of the marsh which adjoins
the State property is owned by the San Diego Gas and Electric Company.


Wildlife Values

Over 70 species of birds have been listed for the marsh.   This list,  as well
as a detailed listing of all flora and fauna of the area is included in a
"Report on the Biological and Ecological Relationships in Los Penasquitos
Lagoon and Salt March Area of the Torrey Pines State Reserve," by John S.
Bradshaw of the University of San Diego.  The report contains so:/;e of the
best data on the fish and wildlife resource obtained for any estuarine area
in California.

Since the mouth of the lagoon has been kept open to tidal action, the fish
and wildlife values have probably increased over what they were 10 years
ago because of the high increase in the wetted area.
Human Use

Since most of the area is within a State park, human use will be limited to
nonappropriative uses, except fishing.  Opportunity to view the wildlife
resource in the lagoon fur exceeds the present demand or actual use.
Planned Developments

There are three planned developments which could adversely affect the ecolo-
gical values of the lagoon.

1.  A new sewage system will dispose of all effluent in this area through the
    San Diego metropolitan sewage system which discharges at Point Loma.   When
    the new system is completed the present system will be discontinued,  end-
    ing the contribution of all effluent to the lagoon, and decreasing the
    wetted portion at the upper end.

2.  Proposed Flood Control Project by Corps of Engineers  -  The  project  could
    bypass the natural runoff around the lagoon.  This project  combined with
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                                                                               -34-
    the sewoge outfrJ.l proposal could cutt off all inflowing fresh water
    causing a change in vegetative makeup of marsh and loss of the upper
    portion depc-n-lent upon fresh water.

3'  Construction of Electric Generating Plant  -  The proposed plant may
    require the filling of a snail portion of the marsh, but more important
    would discharge a sufficient quantity of'wanned water to change the
    ecology of the marsh.  Solutions to this problem are being considered.
Preservation Measures

Los Penasquitos Lagoon is included in the Department's estuarine study and
planning program.  In February 1968 a report on the ecology was prepared
for the Department of Parks and Recreation by John S. Bradshaw of the
University of San Diego.  This report has added materially to man's knowl-
edge of this logoon.  The Department, along with the Torrey Pines Wildlife
Association, will make certain recornnendations to the San Diego Gas and
Electric Co.npany to preserve the present ecology of the lagoon during con-
struction and operation of the proposed electric generating plant.  The
Department will also have the opportunity to review the Corps plan and pro-
pose modifications to pi'otect the lagoon.
                                     19

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                                                                               -35-

                               San Diego Bay
The Area.

Almost the entire tidal portion of the Bay is public ownership; federal, state
and loco,l.  A very small portion is privately owir.d rvnd will be developed
into a residential marina complex kno'.m as Coroneto Cays.  The Navy.and San
Diego Port District own most of the tide and submerged lands in the Bay.  Th3
State owns two small parcels, one of which is leased to a salt company and
the other leased to the Kavy.  Both leases run to the 1980*5.  Most of the
lands within the bay, subject to tidal action, have been developed (filled)
or will be filled in the near future.  The only sizable area having existing
or potential wildlife values, other than water surface, is located in the
southern end of the Bay.  This area is now ponded for salt production.
Wildlife Values

The wildlife values for San Diego Bay have not been documented by the Depart-
ment.  However, it is believed that bird counts have been made by the Audu-
bon Society and an annual waterfowl count made by Fish and Wildlife Service
personnel.  Wildlife values could be considerably ir>.proved by converting
some of the salt pond areas to narsh land.

A study completed recently by Monte N. Kirven of the Museum of natural History,
revealed the importance of South Bay as a nesting area for Elegant Terns.
South Bay ir» one of only two known nesting sites of this species, the other
being P.aza Island in the Gulf of Mexico.  South Bay is also inhabited by the
Least Tern which is now on the rare and endangered species list.
Human Use

It is estimated that approximately 75 percent of the marsh surrounding the
bay has been filled reducing the effectiveness of the bay to support wildlife
by approximately 50 percent.

Appropriative use of the wildlife resource is limited to fishing.  The major
use of the bird species in the bay will be of a nonappropriative type includ-
ing birdwatching and bird photography.
Planned Developments

The San Diego Port District, the major owner of tidelands in the bay,  is
almost finished with their planned filling of tidelands to create land in
the bay.  One of the remaining projects requiring fill is located at Chula
Vista.  However, before the fill can be made, a layer of mud will have to
be removed.  A project of this nature was accomplished in the past by dump-
ing the mud into the Pacific Ocean, however, it proved quite costly.  The
Port District has proposed to transport the mud across the Bay to the  south-
west shore where a mudflat could be constructed.  The Department favors this
concept and is working with the District and the San Diego Museum of Natural
History to design a mudflat for maximum shorebird use.
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                                                                               -36-
Private enterprise is proposing to develop certain areas within the salt poads
in cooperation with the private utility in an effort to grow certain marine
organisms commercially using vc.no. water from the existing power plant as
appropriate.
Preservation Measures

The above mentioned cooperation with the Port District is the first effort
to preserve or enhance the natural values of the Bay.   The status of State
property interest in the Bay should be examined.  If possible,  State pro-
perty should be retained in State ownership and maintained in a natural
condition.
                                    21

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                                                                               -37-

                              Tia Juana River
The Area

The Tia Juana River estuary is located in the southwest corner of San Diego
County, bounded on the south and west by the Mexico-United States border and
the Pacific Ocean.  The wetland area encompasses about 1,000 acres, one of
the largest parcels of true estuarine habitat in southern California.

Ownership of the marsh is both public and private.  The Navy's holdings at
Ream Field and Border Field include some marshlands.  The State also has
title to some tidelands in the marsh, however, the extent of State ownership
has not been determined.  The combined State and federal ownership comprises
only a small portion of the marsh--the majority is in private ownership.

The wetted area is maintained by natural runoff from the Tia Juana River
drainage, sewage effluent and tidal flushing.  This is one of the few marsh
areas in southern California subject to continuous tidal action.
Wildlife Values

During the fall, winter and early spring months of 19^7^ members of the
Audubon Society made bimonthly bird counts at established stations in the
estuary.  During the seven-month period a total of 9*^7 ducks aiid 131,172
other birds were classified and counted.  The area is one of the few tidal
marshes left in California and as such represents an area of major importance
to migrating waterfowl and shorebirds.  The area as it presently exists has
not been appreciably altered by man and still retains most of its wildlife
value s.
Human Use

A firearms closure prohibits hunting.  Appropriative uses of the area are
limited to fishing and bait collecting.  Nonappropriative use opportunity
exceeds present demand.
Planned Developments

A marina residential development is planned for a major portion of the marsh-
lands including the mouth of the estuary which will be dredged out to allow
boat access to the sea.  In addition a land exchange between the Navy and
the developer has been proposed.  The Navy wants to trade beach frontage
lands adjacent to Border Field for lands owned by the developer adjacent to
Ream Field.  The exchange would provide the Navy with a buffer around its
Ream Field operation.
Preservation Measures

The Department has been negotiating with the developer and the City of Imperial
Beach for off-site mitigation of wildlife values lost to the proposed
2/13/69                              22

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                                                                               -38-
devclopmont.  The city rould provide fxxnds for enhancement of marshland on
Navy property.

The State Department of Purks and Recreation has indicated that it is
interested in obtaining the beach frontage along Border Field from the Navy
for use as a State Park.  This is the same area which the Navy proposed to
exchange for lands adjocont to Ream Field.
                                     23

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                                                                               -39-

                          OTHKR COASTAL WETLANDS


                           Santa Barbara County


Santa Mar]'a River

The River is located on the Santa Barbara/San Luis OMspo county line about
26 miles south of San Luis Obispo.  The marsh area at the mouth of the
River covers about 50 acres.  The area is included in the Parks and Recrea-
tion "South Coastal Study."  Plane for preserving the area must be coordi-
nated with the Department of Parks and Recreation.  Their plans for the area
are scheduled for implementation in about five years (1974).


Santa Yno?. River

Located on Vandenberg Air Force Base, the mouth of the River contains about
100 acres of marsh land.  The mouth of the lagoon is opened seasonally during
periods of high water in the river.  The Department has dravm up a wildlife
plan for the area on the base.  The plan needs to be revised giving additional
management plans for the marsh habitat on the base.


Devereaux Ranch Lagoon

This lagoon is located in the City of Santa Barbara and is the property of
the University of California.  Most of the marsh area has already been lost
to urbanization.  A portion of the lagoon is now being filled by the Univer-
sity.  Even though the remaining area has been designated as a nature reserve,
it would be well to bring to the attention of the Board of Regents the
ecological importance of such areas.


Goleta Pt. Marsh

This area is also the property of the Uniersity of California.  It is more
of a small lagoon or lake than a marsh.  Its vegetation is influenced by
drainage water from the University more than from the sea.  The area has
been designated as a nature reserve by the University.
2/13/69

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                                                                               -40-

                              Ventura County
Mouth of Ventura River
The area, located adjacent to the Ventura County fairgrounds in Ventura,
contains a small marsh and algoon totalling 10 acres.  The mouth of the
river including the lagoon and some marsh is now owned by the county.   Also
17.5 acres of river bottom between the freeway and the county park are owned
by the Division of Highways.  The Department of Parks and Recreation has
included the Highways land along with several parcels of oceanfront property
in the 1968-69 budget for acquisition as a State park.  The county property
will remain in county ownership.  The Corps of Engineers is planning a flood
control project for the river.  Close contact should be maintained with
Parks and Recreation and the Corps to preserve the wildlife values of this
area.
2/13/69                              25

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                                                                              -u-

                            Los Angeles County
Malibu Pt.
The point at the end of Malibu Creek contains a couple of snail lakes  and
some marsh about 15 acres in size.  A portion of the point is owned by
Parks and Recreation and another portion is pending acquisition.   The  two
parcels in Parks o^mership would include most of the important habitat at
the mouth of the creek.  Parks and Recreation has proposed to maintain its
present wildlife values.  However, a current Corps of Engineers study  ir.ay
recommend the lagoon as an ideal site for a small craft harbor.  Close
contact should be maintained with Parks and Recreation regarding their
reaction to Corps proposals for the area.
                                    26
2/13/69

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                                                                               -42-

                             San Diego County
San Dirguito (l)ol Mar)
The In.goon is located adjacent to the Del Mar Race Track.  The marsh, most
of which has already been filled, now totals about 150 acres.  The area is
privately owned.  Sewage effluent plus seasonal runoff supports the marsh.
The opportunity to protecL the remaining wildlife values of this area is
very limited because of the ownership status and planned developments.
Aqua Hcdionda Lagoon

The lagoon is located bct"een Buena Vista and Batiquitos Lagoons within the
City of Carlcbarl. . The piJ.va.tely owned lagoon contains about 3'*-0 acres, 90
of which is marshland.  All of the submerged portion of the lagoon is owned
by the San Dieco Gas and Electric Company.  Waterskiing is the primary use
of the middle and upper parts of the lagoon.  Recreational use of the outer
basin is restricted to fishing from the shore.  The area doos not possess
significant wildlife values primarily because it is a deep water lagoon with
a relatively small emount of marsh.
San Luis Rey River

The River borders the City of Oceanside and still possesses about 30 acres
of marsh near the mouth extending inland about one-half mile.  Upstream,
the river bottom contains good riparian habitat, the preservation of which
has been included in a recent Corps of Engineers flood control project.  A
portion of the riparian vegetation will always be maintained by prescribed
checkerboard clearing of vegetation.

A sandbar at the mouth of the river prevents interchange of tidals except
when the bar is breached during high storm tides, flood flows or by man.
Loma Alta

Located immediately south of Oceanside, the UO-acre marsh area is situated
in the creek bottom.  The narrow mouth of the creek is permanently blocked
by a sandbar, breached only during periods of substantial runoff.  Periodi-
cally the City of Oceanside drains the slough into the ocean.  Wildlife
use has varied, increasing during wet years.  The Corps of Engineers is
studying this drainage for flood control needs.
Mission Bay

This area is fully developed as a residential and commercial marina complex.
Most, if not all, wildlife values have been destroyed.  Just how much was lost
has not been determined but this will be important from historical standpoint.
The bay was once a major black brant wintering area..

A flood control channel bordering the south edge of Mission Bay, formerly
known as Cudahy Slough,is still providing excellent waterfowl and shorebird
2/13/69

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                                                                               -43-
habitat in its present state.  Black brant still congregate and feed where
the channel meets the ocean.  There is talk of clearing the vegetation from
this channel to develop it for waterskiing.  Any such change should be pre-
vented.
Canyon de las Encinas

This small lagoon is located about four miles south of Carlsbad and 29 miles
north of San Diego.  The open water covers about 10 acres.   The Corps of
Engineers is studying its flood control needs.  This area needs further
investigation.
                                     28

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                                                                               -u-
                          OTHER  COASTAL VffiTLANDS

                      (Minimum Information Available)


Area                                   Acreage             County

Santa Clara River                         60               Ventura .
Colorado Lagoon                           15               Los Angeles
Sweetvater                               100               San Diego
Los Flores                                60               San Diego
MaGrath Lake                                               Ventura
Ballona Creek                            5°0               Los Angeles
Bixby Slough                             200               Los Angeles
Dominguez Channel                        100               Los Angeles
Santa Ana River                           60               Orange
San Juan Creek                                             Orange
                                     29

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                                                                                 -45-
                        REPORT OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES
                                 OF KORRO BAY

                                      AMD

                     PROPOSAL FOR COMPREHENSIVE AREA PLAN
        Requested by Senate Resolution No. 1?6 in the 1966 First
                           Extraordinary Session
                                F/ec ember 1966
EDMUND G. BROWN
GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA
HUGO FISHER
ADMINISTRATOR
THE RESOURCES AGENCY
        STATE OF CALIFORNIA
       THE RESOURCES AGENCY
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
WALTER T. SHANNON, DIRECTOR
                                         Preparation of Report:

                                         James D. Stokes, Planning Officer
                                         Robert W. Lassen, Game  Mgmt.  Supervisor
                                         Harold Bissell, Marine  Biologist IV
                                         Trevenen A. Wright, Game Mgmt.  Supervisor
                                         Ray Chapman, Conservation Education
                                         Cliffa Corson, Delineator

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                                                                              -46-
                            ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following individuals and organizations have contributed much or the
useful information included in this report:

     Leonard Penhale, State Park Naturalist, Division of Beaches and Parks
     Dr. Aryan I. Roest, Professor, California State Polytechnic College
     County of San Luis Obispo
     City of Morro Bay
     South Bay Civic Association
     Morro Coast Audubon Society
     Santa Barbara Chapter of the Sierra Club
     Arroyo Grande Sport sine ns Club
     San Luis Obispo Sportsmens Club
     Santa Lucia Sportsmens Club
     California Department of Parks and Recreation
     California Department of Conservation
     California Department of Harbors and Watercraft
     California Department of Water Resources
     State Lands Division of the Department of General Services
     U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
     U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Department of Fish and Game employees who gathered much of the basic
material are:

     Gene L. Gerdes, Wildlife Manager III, Region 3
     Russell Goodrich, Warden, Region 3
     Harold G. Orcutt, Marine Biologist IV, Marine Resources Operations
     Walter A. Dahlstrom, Marine Biologist III,  Marine Resources Operations
     Daniel J. Miller, Marine Biologist III, Marine Resources Operations
     Tom Jow, Marine Biologist III, Marine Resources Operations

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                                                                               -AS-
                             TABLE OF COIITEliTS
List of Figures
Index to Appendices
Letters of Transmittal
Senate Resolution
Introduction
Summary
Recommendations
Page
 v
 v
 vi
 viii
 1
 3
PART I  - Resources
        A.  Description of Area
        B.  Ecology
        C.  Habitat
        D.  Fisheries
        E.  Wildlife
        F.  Land Status
        G.  Harbor
 6
 7
 8
 9
 9
10
12
PART II - Uses
        A.  State Park
        B.  Sport Fishery
        C.  Hunting
        D.  Scientific and Educational
        E.  Boating
        F.  Urban
13
1U
15
15
16
17

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                                                                              -49-
        G.  Industry                                                  17




        H.  Esthetic and Scenic                                       20




        I.  Other                                                     21








PART III - Conflicts in Use                                           23








PART IV - Development and Implementation of a Comprehensive  Plan




        A.  Planning Method                                           26




        B.  Organization for Comprehensive Area Planning              31




        C.  Implementation                                            3^




        D.  Plan Maintenance                                          36
                                     IV

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                                                                    -50-
                  LIST OF FIGURES




                                                       Page




1.  Planning Task Force - Morro Bay Area                33






2.  Work Flow Chart                                     35
                INDEX TO APPENDICES






1.  Land Statue






2.  Wildlife Habitat






3-  Clam Locations






U.  Oyster Allotments

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State of California

Memorandum
              The Resources Agency
To   :   Honorable  Huge  Fisher
        Administrator of Resources
        Resources  Build"'nc
        Ikl6  Ninth Street
        Sacramento, California  9581^
Date:    December 23, 1966
From  :  Department of Fish and Game   _  Deputy Director


Subject:   Report  of Natural  Resources  of Morro  Bay and  Proposal  fru  Comprehensive
        Area  Plan
               Attached is  the  "Report  of Natural  Resources  of Morro Bay  and
               Proposal for Comprehensive Area Plan."

               This  report  is ior  your  consideration and further  submission
               to  the  Secretary of the  Senate  in compliance  with  Senate
               Resolution No. 1?6  relating to  the  preservation of natural
               resources in Morro  Bay and the  surrounding area.
               Deput
               Attach.


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 HMOO FISHFR
ADMINISTRATOR
,r •(., "'rent of Conservation
Deportment of fish and Game
Department of Parks and Recreation
Departmnnt of Water R^sourc^s
State Reclamation Board
Statp Water Quality Control Board
Stnte Watpr R.qhts Boo-d
Regional Water Pollution
 Control Boards
                EDMUND G, BROWN
                   GOVERNOR OF
                    CALIFORNIA
                                                                                                 -52-
OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR
    RESOURCES BUILDING
    1416 NINTH STREET
THE RESOURCES  AGENCY OF  CALIFORNIA
            SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
             Honorable J.  A.  E ^-;.
             Secretary cf  th" Cer
             Statf ^ap^ -1 ?-:ll:!ir..~
             Sacramento, C^Ii.'crr.ia
             Dear Mr. Eeek:
             In  accordance  "it.-i G^r.ate Resclution  ITo. 1?5  we respectfully
             submit the  attached  "Peport  of the natural Resources  of Morro
             Bay and Proposal for Comprehensive Area Plan."
             Under separate cover we are  seniir.c He copies for distribution
             to  the Senators.
                                                 Sincerely,
                                                 Administrator of Resources
             Attach.
                                               vi;

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                                                                          -53-
                  SENATE RESOLUTION I,T0. 1?6
Relative to the preservation of natural resources in Morro Bay
                   and the surrounding area

              (introduced by Senator Fred S. Farr)
   WHEREAS, Kor.ro Bay and adjacent marsh areas are of utmost
importance to the people of California because of the fish and
wildlife which inhabit this region throughout the year; and

   WHEREAS, The waters of Morro Bay and nearby areas ar" within
the Pacific Flyway and are of the highest importance to preserva-
tion of migratory waterfowl populations; and

   WHEREAS, Morro Bay is one of the few remaining locations in
California which still provides habitat for black brant; and

   WHEREAS, Nonmigratory waterfowl and shorebirds which inhabit
the Morro Bay area are largely dependent on the nearby marshlands
for survival; and

   WHEREAS, The shallow water zones or Morro Bay provide areas
for shellfish culture; and

   WHEREAS, Mcrro Bay and nearby areas provide unique scenic
attractions of great esthetic importance to visitors and
residents of the area; and

   WHEREAS, The preservation of these fish, wildlife, recreational
and esthetic resources is of great importance to the people of
California, now, therefore, be it

   RESOLVED by the Senate of the State of California, That the
Resources Agency is hereby requested to conduct a study of Morro
Bay and the surrounding area and prepare a plan for the preserva-
tion of the natural resources therein, in cooperation with other
agencies, organizations, and individuals, and to report to the
Senate its findings and the plan on or before the fifth legislative
day of the 196? Regular Session of the Legislature;  and be it
further

   RESOLVED, Thab the Secretary of the Senate is directed to
transmit a copy of this resolution to the Resources  Agency
Administrator.
                              VI11

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                                                                              -54-
                              INTRODUCTION









     The objectives of this report include:




     1.  Fulfillment of Senate Resolution Wo.




     2.  Identification of the natural resource values to be considered




         in the development of Morro Bay.




     3.  Direct attention to the importance of initiating a comprehensive




         area plan involving all interests.




     U.  Suggest actions to develop and implement a comprehensive area plan.









     Several planning studies and reports have been completed for Korro Bay.




There are additional planning efforts underway at the present time.  Each of




these plans is directed toward one or several interests but none include all




interests.




     The Department of Harbors and Watercraft provided planning grant funds




to San Luis Obispo County to study the feasibility of a harbor development




in Morro Bay.  One study, by Moffat and Nichols,  Engineers, was completed in




I960 and a follow-up report was completed in 1962 by the same organization.




The first report was preliminary in nature and demonstrated the harbor




potential of Morro Bay.  The follow-up study updated the first plan and




evaluated the financing possibilities.




     In addition, two studies have been completed by the San Luis Obispo




County Planning Department: (l) Morro Bay Harbor  General Plan,  and (2) Bay-




wood-Los Osos Area Master Plan.




     The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers is in the  second year of a three-year




study to determine the feasibility of modifying the existing Federal project






                                   -1-

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                                                                               -55-
to prov-'dc £cr improv.-d recreational boating  and  ccinriercip,l fishing facilities.




     Ihe City of Morro iSay has  initiated  a  planning study for haibor develop-




ment in the north cart of the Bay.  Federal aid has-been granted for planning




to oe used ^.n part for the harbor plan.   Planning consultants have been




retained to accomplish this.




     In each of these plans minor attention has been given to the natural




beauty, scenic quality and natural resource values,  although these are the




basic values of the whole area.  If they  are  not  preserved for future genera-



*•>!*"••,  .11 o4hr;' ^In^njr.g is futile.

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                                                                               -56-
                                SUMMA.RY









     Morro Bay and its surrounding area contains natural resource values that




are highly important, not only to the people of Korro Bay but to California




and the nation.  The Bay is truly unique and rare because nature has endowed




it with a great variety of fish and wildlife.  It is one of the few remaining




unspoiled areas along the California coast that has not lost its natural




endowment.  Values closely associated with these natural resources include




scenic beauty, diversified outdoor recreation, scientific and educational




opportunity and other sxicniti?s of the ocean area.




     Development plans that have been, or are being, prepared by various




agencies do not give adequate attention to retention of these values.  Con-




flicts of use have arisen that are causing concern among all interests.  Any




one use that is overdeveloped at the expense of the other uses may cause




irreparable damage to tlie Bay environment.




     This has all pointed up the need for a thorough and comprehensive area




plan that will evaluate and consider all interests.  The plan needs to be




developed by a representative planning task force headed by San Luis Obispo




County.




     A decision-makiag body, such as a "Morro Bay Conservation and Develop-




ment Cotnnission" should be established to resolve conflicts that arise among




proposed users and to assist with solving problems of the Planning Task Force.




The planning group should be encouraged by legislative support and should have




the full cooperation of all agencies and interests concerned.   State assistance




and Federal planning funds should be sought to carry out the planning effort.




The plan should be developed and implemented as soon as possible.
                                   -3-

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                                                                              -57-
                              RECOMMEIIDATIOrrS








Legislative




1.  Authorize the organization of State and local groups to proceed with the




    orderly development of a comprehensive plan for Morro Bay.




2.  Endorse the application of San Luis Obispo County to the State Office of




    Planning for Federal planning funds.




3.  Establish a "Korro Bay Conservation and Development Commission", a



    decision-making body to resolve conflicts and ultimately adopt a




    comprehensive plan and submit it to the Legislature.  Continue this




    group to facilitate maintenance of the plan.




h.  Request that all State-owned tide and submerged lands within the Bay be




    held from disposal and remain in State ownership until a comprehensive




    plan is completed, after which all disposals will be made in conformance




    wj Lh the plan.








County jof San Luis Obispo



1.  Apply through the State Office of Planning for Federal planning funds.



2.  Establish a Planning Task Force,  including State and local representatives.




3.  Seek public endorsement for planning objectives in the Korro Bay area.




k.  Change the Planning Task Force to a Plan Maintenance Committee after




    completion of the basic plan.








Planning Task Force




1.  Review,  analyze and evaluate all  existing single-purpose plans.



2.  Delineate the planning area.

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                                                                               -58-
3.  Develop a comprehensive plan for the uses of the Bay and its resources.




    This plan would provide for multiple use with maximum benefits and




    minimum costs.




k.  Submit unresolved conflicts in uses and planning to the Morro Bay




    Conservation and Development Commission for decisions.




5.  Submit the proposed comprehensive plan to interested parties for review




    and cerement.




6.  Submit tue comprehensive fla/i for adoption to the Morro Bay Conservation




    and Development Commission.








Morro Bay Conservation and Development Commission




1.  Make necessary decisions in plan development.




2.  Submit the Morro Bay Comprehensive Area Plan to the Legislature for




    information and approval




3-  Rely on existing State, county and city organizations and the private




    sector for plan implementation.



^.  Make plan maintenance decisions aftei the plan has been approved,








Plan Maintenance Committee




1.  Provide staff assistance to the Morro Bay Conservation and Development



    Commission in evaluating plan modifications.








General Recommendations




1.  All appropriate State and local authorities regulate debris and refuse




    disposal to protect water quality.




2.  Acquire all private tidelands in the southern area of the Bay in public



    ownership to insure public access and resource protection.

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                                                                                -59-
                                    PART I






                               RESOURCES









                          A.  DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA




                               (See Appendix l)








     Morro Bay, a small scenic coastal bay in central San Luis Obispo  County,




is the only naturally landlocked harbor between San Francisco and San  Diego.



It is formed by the estuaries of Chorro Creek and Los Osoe Creek, and  is



separated from Estero Bay by an elongated sand spit.  Morro Rock, a volcanic




plug, marks the entrance to the Bay.




     Within this relatively small geographic area, almost every type of ocean




shoreline is represented, and there are unique scenic natural features, out•




standing wildlife attractions, and a variety of terrain.




Shoreline



     The influencing ocean shoreline extends from Point Buchon north to Morro




Rock and is extremely varied, from Point Buchon to Hazard Canyon it is prima-



rily rocky, backed by steep bluffs.   Unique features are the small pocket



beaches and rock formations.  From Hazard Canyon north to the tip of the sand



spit, the shoreline is comprised of extensive sandy beach.   The four miles of




spit average ^ mile in width and have extensive sand dunes  with little vege




tation.   Morro Rock, the prominent landmark,  is probably the largest offshore




rock on the California coast.




Bay and Marshland



     Morro Bay is entered through a  narrow opening between  Morro Rock and the



sand spit.  Breakwaters, a dredged channel,  and harbor facilities which




                                      -6-

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                                                                               -60-
surround the entrance, have at this point altered the natural characteristics.




The remaining bay shoreline is relatively untouched except for a small boat




basin in Morro Bay State Park.




     The tidal marshlands support a vide variety of grassy vegetation and bird




life, all dependent upon the interaction of ocean water ard fresh water flow




ing into the Bay through Chorro Creek and Los Osos Creek.  At high tide, little




land is visible: at low tide extensive mud flats are exposed.




Associated Upland




     The upland surrounding the Bay, except for the sand spit, is gently



sloping.  Ancient marine terraces are evident, being more prominent south of




Hazard Canyon.




Drainage



     Chorro Creek and Los Osos Creek are the principal drainages of the water-




sheds emptying into Morro Bay.  Though most of the watershed areas are not




within the environmental limits, the impact of human u?e and development of




those areas has been detrimental to the Bay ecology.








                                  B.	ECOLOGY








     Morro Bay is a bay-estuary important to the fish and wildlife that are



found in the area.  The physical characteristics of associated channels,




shallow waters, tidelands, and adjoining marshes and uplands make it unique




and biologically productive.




     The diversity of available water and surrounding land habitats attract




large numbers and a variety of species of migratory wildlife and support many



species of plants and fish.
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                                                                               -61-
      Tidal areas gnd  shallow water? perform an important function  in assimi




 lating wastes  from both hun-an and aquatic organisms.  The Bay appears to have




 the  capacity to assimilate the present loads- however, there are indication?




 in recent studies that further commercial and recreational developments would




 heavily tax the capacity of the Bay.




      Future development in and around the Bay must be given careful srrutinty,




 if the present quality and beneficial uses of the Bay are to be maintained.









                                  C.  HABITAT




                               (See Appendix 2)








      There are about 2,000 surface acres of water in the Bay at high tide.   At




mean  lower low water, about 1,^00 acres of t~'dal flat are exposed.   Eel gra,.r,




an important habitat for waterfowl, which also provides spawning and nursery




areac for a number of fish, grows on the lower portions of this tidal area




extending into deeper water.   There are about 335 acres rf eel grass in the




BPy.




      Salt marsh, of which there are about 575 acres, is also important to wild




life.  Marshlands support a wide variety of vegetation,  most of it  grasses.




      Shallow waters are generally regarded as the most important part of any




bay or estuary.  This is where reproduction and growth of many marine plant




and animal species take place.




     Surrounding hills of chaparral and tree cover support upland game  and




many  species of nongame wildlife.   A few native Monterey cypress and Monterey




pine dot the area in addition to those planted for major windbreaks.   These




trees, along with several kinds of eucalyptus,  support a variety of resident




and migratory bird life.

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                                                                                 -62-
     The -.rotor::  ji  4he  1'ay are utilized for spawning and nursery  purposes by




   . f-rr.'a halibut,  surf perch,  and jack smelt, chiefly in areas  associated




with eel grass.




     California  halibut,  starry flounder, sand sole, jack smelt,  four species




of rer'-n, leopard and horned sharks,  sting rays, and skates are the  chief




contribute rs tc  M.r  tport fishery withli. the Pay.




     'leal'M;1" population::  of clams are located within the Bay.  Gaper,  geoduok.




  • 111 --r.e 'k nrd ""n; l.:r"tT,  'lame  qre the principal species.  Their distribution




      •-. '?  ~~r<' ':-.  "    n!  -  • <-1rri ror^r olamr are f^urd along the ocear.  side




of the Bay.




     The Bay svpr~rtr an  oyster  industry which depends upon the importation of




oyster seed f^oni Japan,  and r.ubGequprt. planting and growing ir, the productive




Rhal]'"'.' vntr-rc: ^1' t'lp r^v.   Thir activity has been curt ailed ie<"ently due to 3




limited supply of cyrter  rood.








                                  E.  WILDLIFE








     The primary species  of wildlife  using the Bay are the migrant water-




associated ! Irdr.   Greatest uso  ir during the winter months.  Eighty-nine




species rf birds have been recorded in and near the Bay during observations




frctn 19^0 to 1957-   Fron  there accounts,  it is possible to get an idea of




relrit'•'" ub'T.J.Tr •"-•  ir. :  \ ~rr-.nant  scecier using the  Bay.




     I lack brant, ?  val.-  'I"" r"^e riri, has been the subject of much more




intensive surveillance.   From 1931 t° 19^2,  ground counts were made.  Froi.;




1950 to the present, aerial counts have been taken.

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                                                                               -63-
     Aerial counts are made during the hunting searon   Hunting pressures




cause wide variations in the numbers counted.  The average number of birds




counted is about 6,000.  The largest number of brant counted since 1931 vas



11,800 and the smallest number 1,190.




     The eucalyptus trees at Fairbanks Point are the nesting sites for great



blue herons and b]ack-crovned night herons.  There trees have been used by




the herons for the last 16 years.  About 60 pairs of great blue herons and




about 25 pairs of black-crowned night herons use this grove for nesting



     Another nesting site is located in eucalyptus trees fringing the Bay




north of the boat harbor at Cuesta-By-The-Sea.   Approximately 50 nests are



in use here.  Black-crowned night herons are the dominant inhabitants.   Great



blue herons also use this grove.








                                F.  LAND STATUS




                                (See Appendix l)








     Upland areas are mostly privately owned: however,  there is substantial




acreage in two parcels of land owned by the State of California Department of



Parks and Recreation,   These areas include  a large section of bay frontage



and provide ample beach access for public use.



     Submerged and tidal areas are included in  various  grants-in-trust of



lands made by the Legislature to  local entities ior specified purposes.   There




are three classifications of these lands existing in the Bay.



     The State lands Division indicates that neither the boundaries  delineated



for the tideland grants nor their location  are  well defined.   They also point




out that certain legal problems need to be  resolved and surveys made  before




ownerships can be legally established.
                                      -10-

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                                                                                -64-
     Appendix 1 delineates the classification of bay lands.  The northern-




most portion includes the State's grant-in-trust to the County of San Luis




Obispo.  This is a grant which has subsequently been taken over by the City




of Morro Bay.




     Of the several plans and studies that have been prepared in recent years,




the one for the northern grant embraces the most intensive developments.  These




proposals include:  (l) improvements of the harbor entrance and bay channel,




(2) provision for commercial and recreation-oriented facilities,  such as a



convention center,  to be built on the northern-most point of the sand spit, and




(3) encouragement of tourism as a primary source of income and development of




the Embarcardero lease site area to attract the maximum number of visitors.




     Proceeding southward from the line of the city grant is an area which the




State claims to be ungranted tide and submerged lands, out of which two partis




were patented into private ownership in the viciirity of the C-';ate p?rk.  7,'iese



two parcels are roughly outlined on the map and idantified ac T.'.de Land Purvey




No. 2, which contains some 252 acres, and Tide Land Survey !To. 13, containing




approximately 38 acres.  Both of these parcels v?re sold in lC72.



     South of the ungranted tide and submerged area is the third classification



comprising two parcels at the south end of the Bay which were so]d in the early




1900's.  They are noted on Appendix 1 as TMe aac1 Location No. 131 and Tide and



Location No.  220, comprising 538 acres and 28 acres, respectively.  Even though




it has been sold into private ownership, those areas "below low tide are still




subject to State claim since they constitute Fubp-.erged lands which,  by the




Constitution, may not be alienated.




     These submerged and tidal lands are part of the rich productive shaj.H'>rf



water environment,  and most of them should be retained for their ecological




values.  Citizens of Baywood Park and surrounding areas feel the need for a






                                      -11-

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                                                                                -65-
boat  launching  ramp which  could be  located  in this general area.   Some  long-
range plans project the demand for  a  substantial number  of boat berthing
facilities.

                                  G.  IIARBOR

      Governmental development and maintenance costs for  Morro Bay  during the
last  fev years  exceed $7 million.   There are, howe/er, additional  improvements
needed if the projected boating demands for additional protection, berth?ng
and open water  are to be met.
      The prcFerit entrance  is essentially unprotected from wave action at the
entrance and in the entrance channel.  Improvements would provide  greater
protection to boaters or. entering and leaving the harbor.
     Enlargement of the navigation  channel in the city-owned portion of the
Bay ic also planned to relieve toat traffic congestion.  Thir change will
reduce tidal currents but will also increase tidal range in the south bay.
     Some additional channel realignment is also planned.  In the  northern
city-owned portion the channel will be shifted away from the waterfront toward
the sand spit.   This will provide additional areas for berthing and sea walls
wj11 be placed on the sand spit side to stabilize the channel.
     S^me channel changes are also being considered through the State-owned
portion cf the Bay to improve navigation access to the south end of the Bay.
Additional channeling is also being planned through this  portion to provide
more boating and sailing areas.
     Several exposed sand spit areas are subject to continuous  wind erosion.
These areas may require barriers  to control  the amount of shoaling in natural
and dredged channels.   Eve^y effort should be made to provide natural barriers,
such as plants,  instead of fence-type structures.
                                      -12-

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                                                                               -66-
                                    PART II






                                    USES









                                A.   STATE PARK




                               (See Appendix l)








Morro Bay State Park




     Morro Bay State Park, acquired in 193^, contains 1,V77 acres of which




more than half is located on the sand spit.  Morro Rock is also part of the




State Park.  This park provides 125 family campsites, a boat harbor, 25




family picnic units, two organizational camp areas, an l8-hole golf course,




wildlife refuge and a Museum of Natural History.   Attendance for 1965 was




estimated to be over 900,000 persons.  Lack of potable water has delayed




full development of this unit, which could accommodate up to 600 family




campsites.



     The Museum of Natural History on White Point features birds and other



types of natural resource life found in the area.  The museum recorded an




average of 1,200 weekly visitors, including 20 organized nature groups com-




ing from as far away as Los Angeles, from June 15 to immediately after Labor




Day, 1965•  These groups also included visits on or around the Bay observing




the natural resources.




Montana de Pro State Park




     This park, in the process of acquisition, is located south of Morro Bay.




Of the 7,525 acres authorized, ^,4?7 acres have been acquired.   The remain-




ing land to be acquired will place additional shoreline in public ownership
                                      -13-

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                                                                               -67-
and will connect this park with Morro Bay State Park at the south end of



Morro Bay.




     Montana de Oro State Park has only a few temporary facilities, inasmuch




as the first acquisition occurred in 1965-  Total park development is




expected to provide nearly 1,200 family campsites, 500 picnic units, 5 group




or organizational use areas, a marine reserve or study area, extensive rid-




ing or hiking trails and interpretive facilities.  Annual attendance at full




development is expected to exceed 2,000,000 visitors.  These visitors can be




expected to also make considerable recreational use of Morro Bay itself.




     A principal objective in the land use planning for these two date




parks is the preservation of large areas of natural landscape.  This preser-




vation is necessary to protect the scenic environment and wildlife habitat




which are considered the principal attractions to the area.








                               B.   SPORT FISHERY








     A 1958 survey reported 18 party boats and 3,858 anglers taking 371>COO




pounds of fish (3^1,000 pounds of rockfish).   The 1966 estimate is & 50 per-



cent increase.



     Depending upon harbor development,  a further increase is likely.



     Skiff sport fishing in 1959 amounted to  2,38? angler days.  This  rose



to 3,600 in 196U (included in the skiff fishery is a small commercial  fish-




ery for leopard sharks).  Shore fishermen expend approximately 5,OCO angler




days annually.  Pier fishermen ran up a  total of 8,000 angler days during




1958, using about 650 lineal feet of available space.   Angling use annually




is 16,600 man days.



     Clam digging accounts for 1,500 days annually.
                                      -Ik-

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                                                                               -68-
                                  C.   HUNTING








     It has "been estimated that 15 hunters per day used the Bay during the




1957-58 and 1958-59 hunting seasons.   Estimates during the 1965-66 season




indicate little or no change from these figures.  This amounts to 1,875




nunter days in 1957-58 and 1,695 hunter days in 1958-59.  The estimated




total kill of black brant was 1,860 for the 1957-58 season.  No estimate




could be found of duck kill, but in all probability it would at least equal




the brant kill.




     Of significance is the fact that this is the only area, for quite a




distance in any direction, where the public is allowed to hunt waV,rfowl.




The nearest important brant hunting area is in Marin County bays, about 200




airline miles north.  The nearest opportunity for duck hunting is about 90




airline miles east at Kern National Wildlife Refuge.




     Hunting has proven compatible in multiple-use areas.  Designated areas




and time of use, however, may be needed if high concentrations of other



uses develop in places now used for waterfowl shooting.








                        D.  SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL








     There are considerable biologic, botanic, geologic, and wildlife




resources of scientific and scenic interest.




     This area has long been noted for its abundance of bird life.  Lesser




known, but also important, are some of the plant communities.   The geology




of the region is well exposed.  Wildlife habitat, particularly waterfowl




habitat, is of international concern.  An underwater marine reserve also




has been proposed for the area.
                                      -15-

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                                                                               -69-
     The Museum of Natural History, provided by the Division of Beaches and




Parks, is one of five provided within the State and was located here because




of the existing abundant resources.  In addition, the San Luis Obispo campus




of California State Polytechnic College is nearby and has a vital interest




in preservation and interpretation of the natural phenomenon.




     The area is also used by other educational institutions as well as




individuals.








                                  E.   BOATING








     There is little specific data on boating use in Morro Bay.




     The Department of Harbors and Watercraft reports that 2,500 boaos were




registered for San Luis Obispo County in 1965 and 2,300 in 1961+.




     There are two public boat launching facilities in the Bay; one is




located in the Morro Bay State Park and the other is located at the south-




west end of the City of Morro Bay.  The boat ramp in the State Park is




operated by a concessionaire.




     The city facility was constructed by the Wildlife Conservation Board in



1962 and is maintained and operated by the city.   Reports indicate there



were 16,200 man days' use of the city-operated facility in 19^5-



     Further development of recreational boating  facilities is being planned



in the city-owne^. portion of the Bay where limited facilities are already




being used to capacity.



     Projections for small boat berthing needs in Morro Bay are somewhere




between 1,000 and 2,000.



     The projected trailer-boat usage of San Luis Obispo County by 1975  is




12,500.  A considerable portion of this projected use will be on  Morro Bay.
                                      -16-

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                                                                               -70-
     Additioual facilities for launching will be required and are also being




considered for the souiih end of the Bay.




     While some additional boating use is justified, care should be exer-



cised that this use does not displace greater long-range values that may be




more important than additional boat stalls or expanded boat operating




waters.








                                   F.  URBAN




                               (See Appendix 1)








     Three communities front on Morro Bay.  The City of Morro Bay has modi-




fied its bay shoreline almost in its entirety with harbor developments.  The




other bayshore communities, Baywood Park and Cuesta-By-The-Sea, occupy promi-




nent sloping beaches on the south shore and have not encroached to any great



degree in the marshlands.




     The present human population figures indicate there are about 10,000



people residing in the City of Morro Bay that was incorporated in July of



196U.  The two unincorporated communities of Baywood Park and Cuesta-By-The



Sea have an estimated population of U,000.




     It is expected that by 1980 the population around Morro Bay will iiicre?,se



to 53,000.




     Commercial and sport fishing, tourism and a retired population provide



the main business in the Morro Bay area.








                                 G.   INDUSTRY








Commercial Fishery




     The Eay is a base for many fisheries.  In 1964 the following amount




                                      -17-

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                                                                                -71-
 (anci  value)  of  c°veral  sppc:'es were  landed.

      Species                      Weight  (pounds)       Value  (Dollars)

      Albacore                        3,800,000             $525,000

      Jack mackerel                   3,^00,000               67,000

      Pacific oysters (meat)            2^3,000               ^3,000

      Salmon                             39,000               21,000

      Sardines                          565,000               16,000

      Surf Perch                         25,000                 5,500

     All other ppecies                 314,000               25,000

               Sub Totals            8,386,000             $702,500

In addition, the bottom trawl fishery in 1965 added the following:

     Species                      Weight (pounds)       Value  (dollars)

     Rockfish                          900,000             $ ^9,500

     Petrale sole                      150,000               19,500

     Dover sole                        150,000                9,000

     Animal food                       360,000                7,200
      (Hake, sablefish,
     srrall rockfish, etc.)           	             	

               Sub Totals            1,560,000             $ 85,200
                   Totals            9,9^6,000             $787,700

     Four or five vessels operate in the trawl fishery.  There are two fish

processing plants in Morro Bay, and significant quantities are trucked to a

Santa Barbara processing plant.

     Landings will presumably follow the general increase in human popula-

tion unless increased marketing effort or change in consumer preference

result in increased product demand.

     The abalcne fishery is a distinct industry.  There are seven processing

plants in Morro Bay.  Red abalone is the chief species processed.   The product


                                      -18-

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                                                                               -72-
is sliced, pounded and fr"~pn.




     In 1965 there were "[1 aoalone boats registered; in 1960 there were 66.




In 1966 only about 45 or 50 of this number are operating.  In December, 1966,




37 are operating.




     Abalone landings in 1964 were 1,100,000 pounds valued at $264,000.  In




1965, 1,279,000 pounds were landed at a value of $358,000.  In 1966 landings



are about, the paire.  It is unlikely that there will be any significant




increase in ccnmercial hardest of abalone in this area.  There have been




proposals to change laws new limiting commercial divers to waters deeper




tnan 20 feet.  This could result in an increased commercial harvest but may




conflict with sport use.  Seme proposals have been maie by industry to cul-




tivate abalone artificially.  This could increase production.




     One and one-tenth to one and six-tenths million pounds (in the shell)



of giant Pacific oysters are produced annually.  This represents about 11




percent of the State's output of oysters.  In 1964, 2,400 cases of oyster




seed were planted; in- in 19^5, 1,200 cases were planted.



     The Bay contains 12 r>"ter allotments totalinR 958 acres, as outlined




in Appendix 4.  Essentially all of the land which is satisfactory for con-



ventional oyster production has been allotted.  Newer techniques have been




proposed using culture trays hanging from racks or rafts which would be in



deeper water, at least 2 to 4 f^et at low tide, and conceivably could be




located in about ICO acres of water now unsuitable for clamming or oyster




culture.  Iriis coulJ c^Jlict with esthetic, navigational or recreational




uses.




     An oyster (or on»lifish) allotment is an area of State water bottoms




granted by the Fish and Game Ccmission to an individual wishing exclusive




•crivileg<=s ^f cuj.tivtin^ shellfish upon such lands.
                                      -19-

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                                                                               -73-
     The absolute right to regulate, control, establish, provide for and dis-




pose of oyster beds on the city-county submerged lands is reserved to the




people of the State.




     Allotments are granted 90 days following publication of notice in news-




papers of general circulation in the county concerned.




     The applicant is responsible for obtaining determination from the State




Lands Commission that there is no infringment upon private water bottoms or




water bottoms owned by or under the jurisdiction of any city or county.




     Laws covering the cultivation of shellfish call for a shellfish culti-



vate} 's license, the rent of allotments at the rate of $l/acre/year, and the




payment of a tax of one cent per packed gallon of shucked shellfish.




     There is a small market crab fishery.  Seven vessels in 1964 and 1965




reported 3,500 pounds landed that were worth $1,^90.




Other Industry




     As previously pointed out,  Morro Bay industry is built around the com-




mercial and sport fishery, tourism, and a retired community.




     There is some shipbuilding in the Bay, and there are industries associ-




ated with boat maintenance and repair, supplies and services.








                            H.  ESTHETIC AND SCENIC








     The principal objective in land use planning for these State parks is




the preservation of the large areas of natural landscape (including the Bay).




This preservation is necessary to protect the scenic environment,  wildlife




and wildlife habitat which are the principal attractions of the  area.




     The scenic qualities of the Bay area and the sensitivity  of the ecology




are such that minor  alterations may have major repercussions.   This
                                      -20-

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uniqueness makes the area attractive and wanted for its natural contribution.




It is reasonable to believe that public demands for this kind of use will




become greater and greater as other natural areas are changed by developments.








                                   I,   OTHER








     The water-associated area is used importantly by wildlife for refuge,




resting and feeding.



     Eel grass is the principal food of the black brant.  Thirty-eight brant




gizzards collected in 19*53-5^ contained only eel grass.  In studies on




Humboldt Bay, it was found that the widgeon's main diet also was eel grass.




Since eel grass remains thick and green throughout the winter, it also




offers a year-around cover for fish and small marine animals.




     In areas where eel grass has been depleted, it is difficult to re-



establish.  Every effort must be made to protect this important marine food



and cover plant.




     Animal life is the main food for many birds.  Herons and egrets, for



instance, capture free-moving animals such as fish in shallow water.  Seme



ducks dive for a variety of invertebrates in deep water.  Pelicans and terns



make spectacular dives for their food which they capture in open water.  The



exposed tidal flats are the principal feeding areas for the small wading




birds which probe for their food.




     Food habits studies in Humboldt Bay and in San Francisco Bay have shown




that mollusks make up 60 to <30 percent of the items eaten by diving ducks.




Similarly, shorebird food diets in San Francisco Bay were found to consist




of 30 to 60 percent mollusks with insects contributing 17 to 25 percent.



     The salt marsh provides feeding and resting areas at high tide.  Many
                                     -21-

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                                                                              -75-
of the small waders can be found resting in the extensive stands of pickle-




weed.  Black brant have also been observed grazing here.   These kinds of




uses are heavy at times.




     Another principal use is "birdwatching."   An undetermined number of




people participate in the activity of identifying and counting the various




species of birds.  Field trips to Morro Bay are scheduled frequently by




organized Audubcn Society groups.  These groups come to Morro Bay from




throughout the State for the purpose of bird identification.




     There are a number of incidental uses that should be recorded because




they exemplify the multiple-use values and further document the importance




of the area to all facets of the population.




     Other uses include hiking, building and riding dune  buggies (vehicles




"built for use on sandy beaches and spits), and painting.   There have been




as many as k-2 artists around the Bay at one time.  This interest is further




substantiated by the count of six art galleries in the town of Morro Bay.



     All these uses are depend nt on the biological and geological nature




of the areas.
                                      -22-

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                                                                               -76-
                                   PART III






                               CONFLICTS IN USE









Introduction




     In the preparation o- this report, various areas of conflict have been




identified.  These conflicts have become apparent during the preliminary




search for information and programming.  They represent only a few problem




areas of a broad and general nature.  A more comprehensive and detailed




investigation will further identify conflicts of use and development.




     1.  1'he future of Morro Bay depends to a large extent on the objectives




established to gaide the pattern of use on and around the Bay.  Presently,




there are four or five single-purpose plans prepared or being prepared, a.ll




of which have different soals directing courses of action; none can be con-




sidered comprehensive.  Conflicts of use and destruction of our natural




resources will result without a comprehensive plan and cooperative course




of action.




     2.  The fishery includes interests of clamming, oyster culture, commer-




cial fishing from boats, and sport fishing on and around the Bay.  Here, there




appear  to be several areas or possible conflict, such as commercial develop-




ment on clam beds, oyster culture structures in or near boat channels, and




excessive boat use of shallow waters.




     The commercial fishery may conflict w:th boating, scenic, esthetic,




educational, ecological and biological interests.




     3.  Industrial, commercial and harbor developments, if allowed without




direction of comprehensive planning, may result in loss of some primary values




which will not be replaceable.





                                  -23-

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                                                                               -77-
     ^4.  Hunting is one use that may conflict with nonhunting use.  Where




projected uses are high, additional planning and programming may be needed.




     5.  Urban developments on the upland areas, particularly in the south




Bay area, can be a detriment to the Bay environment if proper waste discharges




are not planned.




     While salt water intrusion is nob generally recognized as a degradation




of the marshland ecosystem, there are some domestic areas of concern.  Salt




water intrusion of the Chorro and Los Osos creeks' ground water basins might




develop some real problems in the areas of domestic water supply.




     Erosion control is also of primary concern.  Conflicts with the biological




and ecological status will occur if soil movement from buildJng sites and sub-




divisions on uplands is allowed to continue.




     Chorro Creek and Los Osos Creek have 25 and 8 miles of steelhead habitat.




This represents about 10 percent of the total steelhead habitat available in




San Luis Obispo County.




     Clean runoff from upland areas to the Bay is needed to maintain the



migratory fish rvns and to control silt deposition in the Bay.




     6.  Boating is an important part of the comprehensive plan.   At low tide,'



Morro Bay has a surface of only 600 acres.   Thus, considering the Bay is



mostly shallow water, there is little room for open water boat  use.



     Direct conflicts of use will occur if any structures are permitted on




the water surface in areas deep enough for boating.   If additional access




boat channels are needed,  care must be exercised not to destroy the  important




shallow water environments that are important to the biological productivity




of the area.



     7.  The  causes of changes, such as tidal,  current, siltation, pollution




and dirt fills, in the Bay ecology stem from increasing human use  and

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                                                                                -78-
u  <, j ;|..LCM, -,i  luCcu. i-erources without  i-ecognitiun  of long-term impact or




oenefit cf coiiciinated long-range planning.




     The uniqueness of the Bay area and the  sensitive ecology are such that




. :•. i  -t!ierat  ons car. nave major repercussions.   Abuse of the resource wi]l




result  in irrevocable loss.

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                                                                               -79-
                                   PAF.T IV






         DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE AREA PLAN









                             A_.	Planning Method









Introduction




     A great many uses are presently being made of Morro Bay and its resource.'




Additional new uses will be proposed as demands are identified or as tech-




nology makes them feasible.  Most current uses are unplanned or have been




planned with narrow objectives and for single interests.




     As the number of uses and their individual size increase, conflicts




arise, impeding some uses or wasting resources.  These problems of conflict




can be solved by the development of a comprehensive area use plan that con-




siders the benefits and costs of each use and then combines them for maximum




net benefits and minimum costs.




     The objective of this chapter is to propose a method for developing a




comprehensive plan for the use of Morro Bay.  Such a plan is essential to




protect the natural resources of the area, including the environmental amen-




ities and to sustain its economy.




Procedure for Developing a Comprehensive Area Use Plan




     The basic steps in developing a comprehensive plan for the use of an




area are:




     1.  Delineate the area boundary.




     2.  Establish the objectives of the people in respect to the area.




     3.  Determine present and proposed uses.
                                  -26-

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                                                                                -80-
         i;ev?,j .^  u  i.j.a.; t..' regulate the uses for maximum net benefits at
         m i i.ii'ium  r
     Thi  L.,f'ij.  .•.:.".-:.  '. j +  :!;• rll be included in the Morro Bay plan has net




b°er. defined.   It  should include not only the Bay itself, but the surround-




1n>' drninaKC  basin,  which must be priperly used to prevent erosion and




::LHu! i'.'-!,  f.b<-e  scenic grea,  which nearly corresponds  to the drainage basin;




and the ocean shoreline.   Roughly speaking, the planning area should extenu




ij TL I,<>r,t  Buohcn,  in the south, to the beaches nurth of Morro Rock and




extend,  inianri a sufficient distance to include the previously defined
Ob j




     The  iollowing objectives are proposed for the Morro Bay plan.  The




broad objective  oi this j..ian ii to provide for the use  of Morro Bay area




and i t r natun!  resoi;rc°p now and in the future  for  the enjoytnent and




economic  benefit of trie people.  More specifically,  the plan will have the
      : -   •''L££;'"Lltrir' %ii_HiS natural resources of  the  Morro Bay area for



       ir.t i j n6.iLc_ pnd  ec ^Ij^ical values .
     Th?- '-b.je:tive,  "to maintnin." is a basic necessity if any natural




resource ," to be  u.sea j.n whe lulure.  The "ecology"'  of Morro Bay is




i i.'! rir i',.e , in^'.-l,-.;;  It '"i^r^^ro-ir  to tamper with any part  of it without fully




•j'ViCM-:. f andi"f: the  evenr,i;a.l  result.  Man has the obligation to pass on to




future generations nature's renewable resources.




     ?.  To maintain, the environmental quality and amenity of bhe ocean area.




     The second  objective,  "environmental quality and amenity," proposes




Vr:a<.-- alcng with the progress toward optinum development of the area, a high

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                                                                              -81-
quality human environment be maintained.  All of the factors that act on the




senses oi men such as scenic beauty, open space, and clean air are a sig-




nificant part of this environment and are to be preserved for the visitor




as well as for area residents.




     3.  To provide for the economic, recreational, and scientific use of




the living resources.




     The third objective, "economic, recreational, and scientific use,"




covers all the uses that will be made of the living resources of the area.




These are the renewable resources that, if wisely used, can continue




indefinitely.  The state of complete development for any segment of this




resource will be reached when the maximum sustainable yield is obtained.  The




total allowable use may be divided among the three types of use.




     U.  To_provide for the economic, recreational, and scientific use of the




area.




     The fourth objective, "use of the Morro Bay area," covers the three



types of use but is not directly related to its natural resources.  Uses




such as boating, commercial and industrial development, etc. ,  may not depend




directly upon consumptive use of the resources of the area.  They do, how-



ever, require space both on the Bay and on the shore.  These  uses may con-




flict with other uses or may affect the Bay environment.



Precepts




     1.  The plan will provide for multiple uses of the Bay area and its



resources.




     It is quite possible for many uses to be made of the  area.   High den-




sity uses should not be allowed to completely crowd out low density  uses.




The uses should be related to the demand for their product, and as many




different demands as possible should be satisfied.   No use should unduly






                                  -28-

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                                                                              -32-
restrict another.




     2.  Renewable resources should be utilized on a sustained yield basis.




     Renewable resources can last indefinitely if the rate of use does not




exceed the rate of regeneration.  There is no purpose in attaining the maxi-




mum allowable yield until there is a demand for that amount of product, but




the maximum sustainable yield should not be exceeded no matter how great




thf> demand.




     3.  Uses that cause irreversible modifications of the environment require




intense scrutiny.




     It is often extremely difficult to forecast the results of a change to




the environment.  Proposals that will make irreversible environmental changes




must therefore be thoroughly investigated and weighed.  Alternate methods of




attaining the objective should be sought.  There must be an assessment of




the betiei'itfa thwt. would accrue compared with the costs of a development and




the segments of  the population that would be affected by the costs.  Mitiga-




tion for the loss of public resources should be the burden of those caxising




the luss.




     ''•  Preservation, conservation and renewal of environmental quality and




amenity should be sought.




     No use of the Bay area or its natural resources should result in a




lowering of environmental nua.1 ity nr>d amenity without replacement in kind or




better.  Physical changes should be made in such a way that the environment;;, ~_




quality and amenity remains equal or is improved both at the point of change




and in areas beyond.




     5.  Uses of the Mcrro Bay area should be restricted primarily to those




types that are dependent on the area's resources and environment.




     Projected demands for activities that can only be carried on in Morro






                                  -20-

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                                                                              -83-
Bay or a similar type of environment will equal or exceed the area's capacity.




It is not reasonable to further restrict Morro Bay's use capacity by initi-




ating or augmenting activities that are not related to its environmental




attributes but could be just as easily carried on elsewhere.




Uses of Morro Bay Area




     All of the uses that are currently being made of the Morro Bay area and




its resources and all proposed uses must be determined.  The current and the




projected demand for each use must also be established.




Comprehensive Plan Development




     The objective of comprehensive area planning is the blending of a number




of single-interest plans into one comprehensive plan that provides for maxi-




mum attainment of the several objectives at minimum costs.




     The process of forming a comprehensive plan starts with a compilation




of the single-interest plans that provide for the current uses of the area.




Each single-interest plan objective and the program or proposal to attain it




must be clear.




     Each of the single-interest plans is analyzed in relation to all the




plans, and the costs and benefits are determined.   The total costs and




benefits of all single-interest plans are also determined.




     The cost benefit ratio of the unrefined group of single-interest plans




is susceptible to improvement.  Different combinations of single-interest




plans and varying magnitudes of individual plan programs will change the




benefits and costs of the comprehensive plan.   Different programs for




attaining single-interest objectives may eliminate conflicts or reduce




resource wastes.




     The ultimate comprehensive plan is developed through testing varying




combinations of single-interest plans until the overall objectives for the
                                 -30-

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area are attained at a minimum cost.




     It must be assumed that there will be new proposals in the future and




that the demands fo  some existing programs will change.  A comprehensive




plan must be flexible, allowing development by logical stages.   New pro-




posals must be evaluated in the existing area combination before they are




initiated.  Integration of new programs should be done in an orderly fashion.




     The evaluation of use programs is a complex economic problem.  The




expression of benefits and costs must be done through a common denominator,




normally the dollar.  Even though present ability to precisely set dollar




valuer, for all useo i3 unsatisfactory, planning should proceed in this manner.




It is the Mrri:- for ib^erfive plan decisions.  A continuous effort to improve




ability in this area should be maintained, and some recognition should be




given to those values which cannot be measured in monetary terms.









               B.  Organization for Comprehensive Area Planning








     Three separate and distinct steps are taken during the process of form-




ing an area plan and putting it in operation.  These steps are:  (l) develop-




ment of a plan proposal, (2) decision process (adoption), and (3} implementa-




tion of the plan.  The steps are taken in order, but step 1, on completion,




changes from plan development to plan maintenance.  No single organization




can appropriately take these three steps as each requires a. distinctly




different discipline and authority.




Development of a Proposed Comprehensive Area Plan




     Plan development encompasses all of the staff work needed to prepare a




proposal for a decision-making body.   The proposed planning area must be




delineated, objectives developed, uses determined, and finally an optimum
                                 -31-

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                                                                              -85-
use program must be prepared.




     A precept concerning the plan development is that those organizations




that will be responsible for the implementation of the plan should be deeply




involved in its development.




     Preparing a comprehensive plan for any area of significant size




involves the interests of many groups, including private as well as public




interests.  This precludes the possibility of forming a planning group




wholly within the State Government, as only a portion of the interests would




be represented.




     As the Morro Bay area lies entirely within one county, a solution is




to augment the San Luis Obispo County Planning Department through State




assistance and Federal planning funds and form a planning task force around




that nucleus.




     The planning task force should be formed to prepare a comprehensive




plan proposal from the single-interest plans of all interests.   Task force




members could come from the State departments of Parks and Recreation,




Fish and Game, Harbors and Watercraft, and Division of State Lands; the




San Luis Obispo County Planning Department, and City of Morro Bay.   The




San Luis Obispo County planning officer would act as leader of the  task




force (see Figure l).




     The various State members would spend whatever time was necessary to




introduce the data and plans of their area of interest, consider problems




of conflict  and propose solutions to them, and continuously review the




comprehensive  plan as  it developed.




     The county would  provide a fulltime planner until the development of




the comprehensive plan is completed to lay out the work schedule and to




develop the comprehensive plan from the single-interest plans.   This county
                                 -32-

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                    PLANNING TASK FORCE, KORRC BAY AREA
                                                                                -86-
  Dept. of
Parks & Rec.
                    San Luis  Obicpo  County Planning Director
 Dept. of
Fish & Game
                                           [ Plam
                            Planning Asst.
 Bept. Harbors
ana
State
Lands
 City of    |
Morro Bay
                                FIGURE  1
                                   -33-

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                                                                             -87-
planner could be financed through a Federal aid grant obtained through the




State Office of Planning.




     All interests, private as well as public, would be considered by the




planning task force.  Provisions would be made for their participation in the




plan development.  In this way involvement of the ultimate users will be



achieved through their single-interest plan development and submission, and




continual association with the planning group would result, in discussing




possible solutions to conflicts between interests.




     During the development of the plan, there will be conflicts of interests




and other problems that cannot be resolved within the planning task force.



A decision-making body is needed to resolve such problems as they arise eo




that the plan can proceed and ultimately to adopt the comprehensive plj.n




proposal.



     A "Morro Bay Conservation and Development Commission" made up of




representatives of the various interests in the area and including a




representative from the State Legislature, the Resources Agency, and the



San Luis Obispo County Board of Supervisors could act as a guiding commis-




sion, conduct public hearings, and make the necessary decisions during the



planning process.  When the planning task force produces a comprehensive




area plan that is acceptable to the Morro Bay Conservation and Development




Commission, the Commission can then submit it to the Legislature (see



Figure 2).








                              C.   Implementat ion








     When a comprehensive area plan has been developed for the Morro Bay



area, it can be implemented by appropriate levels of government and the

-------
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-------
                                                                              -89-
private  sector.  There  is no need for additional organizations.




     The State departments would implement their parts of the plan as funds




were made available by  the Legislature.  Some parts of the plan would not




require  funding.  The county's major role would be the zoning of the area




to regulate the various uses proposed in the plan.  Demands for specific




uses would regulate the implementation process of the private sector.









                             D.  Plan Maintenance




     Maintenance of a plan entails gathering the data needed fo.. setting




program priorities and for evaluating current and proposed programs.  These




evaluations will lead to plan modification proposals to be submitted to a




decision-making body.




     Program priorities must be established annually for budget purposes.




Current programs must be evaluated in order to do this.  Proposed new pro-




grams must be evaluated too.




     The evaluation of active and proposed programs will lead to recommended




modifications of the original plan.




Organization for Plan Maintenance




     The evaluation of plan modifications will entail the use of the same




methods that were used to develop the original plan.   The planning task force




can best do the work involved in maintenance.   It would not  be necessary,




however, to continue with fulltime members,  but the planning group could




become a committee instead of a task force and meet as needed to re-evaluate




the plan.




Decision-Making Process - Plan Maintenance




     The maintenance of the comprehensive plan will require  decisions of




the same type that were made in establishing the  original basic  plan.  In
                                -36-

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                                                                              -90-
plan maintenance, a short time span is very desirable.  The private sector




will be especially appreciative of a system that can quickly give them an




answer concerning a plan modification proposal.




     The Morro Bay Conservation and Development  Commission should continue as




the plan maintenance decision makers. The San Luis Obispo County Planning




Director would act as the executive secretary, and the plan maintenance com-




mittee under his leadership would do the required staff work.
                                  -37-

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-91-

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                                                                   -92-
MORRO  ROCK
                                                               I
                                          -J M 0 R R 0  HA Y   '
                                            BAYWOOD
                                              PARK
                           C U E S T A
                       BY THE  SEA
  APPENDIX  2
WILDLIFE  HABITAT
                                    salt marsh ( shore birds
                                  nesting7feeding, resting area )
                                  eel grass ( black' brant
                                  feeding area )
                                  heron rookery

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                                                         -93-
MORRO ROCK
                                      BAYWOOD

                                        PARK
                       CU E STA
                    BY THE  SEA
 APPENDIX 3

 CLAM LOCATIONS

X -GAPER CLAMS
• -WASHINGTON CLAMS
°— GEODUCK CLAMS
o — LITTLENECK CLAMS
• —PISMO CLAMS
A—RAZOR CLAMS

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                                                                        -9A-
                                                                 N
    MORRO ROCK
ALLOTMENT ACREAGES
                                                  M 0 R R 0  B/A Y
                                                 BAYWOOD
                                                    PARK
                                CU E ST A
                            BY  THE  SEA
                                          APPENDIX 4
                                    OYSTER  ALLOTMENTS
                                     Oyster Allotment Numbers
                                 :.:.V*: Oyster Beds Being Cultured
                             	—  Allotment Boundary
                                                          (No Scale )

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                                                                                        -96-
,TATE OF CALIFORNIA-STATE LANDS COMMISSION
                                                                            RONALD REAGAN, Governor
5TATE LANDS DIVISION
600 L STREET
ACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95814
April 1, 1969
          Mr.  Irving M.  Terzich
          Pacific  Southwes', Division
          Federal  Water  Pollution Control Administration
          V)0  Market Street
          Sar:  Francisco,  California  9^102

          Dear Mr. Trrzich:

               Pursuant  to the public hearings held on February 13-19 in San Francisco,
          regarding "Clean Water for the Nation's Estuaries", the following represents
          ;,he  position of Lhe State Lands Division concerning jurisdiction over  tide
          and  submerged  lands lying between the mean high tide lin" and the continental
          shelf boundary with -.,he United States.  Division 6, Pt. 1, Ch. k, Art.  1,
          Section  6301,  provides that:

                    "35ie commission has exclusive jurisdiction over all ungranted
               tide lands and submerged lands owned by the State, and of the beds
               of  navigable rivers, streams, lakes, bays, estuaries, inlets, and
               straits,  including tide lands and submerged lands or any interest
               therein,  whether within or beyond the boundaries of the State as
               established by law, which have been or may be acquired by the State
               (a) by quitclaim, cession, grant, contract, or otherwise from the
               United States or any agency thereof, or (b) by any other means.   All
               jurisdiction and authority remaining in the State as to tide lands
               and submerged lands as to which grants have been or may be made is
               vested in the commission.

                    "The commission shall exclusively administer and control all
               such lands, and may lease or otherwise dispose of such lands, as
               provided  by law, upon such terms and for such consideration, if any,
               as  are determined by iz."

          There are many other sections of the Public Resources Code, not set forth
          herein,  which  are applicable to the Division's authority to manage, lease and
          otherwise control land under its jurisdiction.

               At  the present time, the only authorized use of State tide and submerged
          lands, including estuaries, bays and inlets, is by permit only.  These  permits
          do not normally require a rental,  if for public benefit, but the permit
          procedure is now an effective management tool in assuring a minimization of
          unauthorized or undesirable uses of these resources.

               Some of these lands have been transferred by virtue of legislative
          enactment Lo the local political subdivisions of the State of California,

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                                                                                  -97-
Mr. Irving M. Terzich               - 2 -                     April 1, 1969
i.e. city, county, harbor district, etc.  In those cases, some jurisdiction
has been transferred to those bodies subject to the public trusts for commerce,
navigation and fishery.  In almost all cases, the State, through the State
Lands Commission, retains a reversionary interest for any major breach of the
trust.

     At the present time, it would be extremely undesirable to fractionalize
the administration and management of portions of the State's holdings by trans-
ferring jurisdiction and control to any agency not vested with complete control
and management of said State tide and submerged lands.

     The State Lands Division is currently involved in many aspects of the proper
planning, use, management and control of the subject State lands, ranging from
the advisability of the establishment of marine reserves and extraction of mineral
resources, to the desirability and location of such uses as pipeline easements,
moorings, piers and other structures.  The integrity of management and control
vested in one body for all sovereign lands would appear to be the most desirable
course to continue to follow.

     If you need any additional information or have any questions about this
matter, please do not hesitate to contact me.

                                       Sincerely,
                                           •• •  *    '   /
                                       F^,/. HORTIG    /
                                      -Executive Officer
cc:  N. B. Livermore, Jr.
     Secretary for Resources

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                                                                          -98-
                    DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
                SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT. CORPS OF ENGINEERS
                          100 MCALLISTER STREET
                     SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA 941O2
SPNED-RS                                                  2 April  1969
Mr. Irving M. Terzich
Pacific Southwest Region
Federal Water Pollution Control
  Administration
760 Market Street
San Francisco, California  94102
Dear Mr. Terzich:

In response to your notice of the public meeting on water quality manage-
ment for estuaries held in San Francisco on 18 and 19 February 1969,  in
which three members of my staff attended, the San Francisco District  wishes
to submit the following statement for inclusion in the testimony.

This office is involved in the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary in the areas
of water quality and waste disposal, navigation, flood control, maintenance
dredging and sometimes Bay fill.  We are also responsible for issuing Depart-
ment of the Army permits related to navigable waters in the Bay system.

Presently, we are preparing a plan of survey for the authorized water quality
and waste disposal investigation of the San Francisco Bay, Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta (Triple "S" Investigation).  This investigation, initiated in
fiscal year 1966, extends through fiscal year 1972.

The objectives of the Triple "S" Investigation, which roughly parallel those
of the State of California's San Francisco Bay-Delta Water Quality Program,
are to:

    a.  Assist in implementation of the studies recommended in the State's
San Francisco Bay-Delta Water Quality Program final report and initiate
supplemental studies which in the opinion of the District should be included;

    b.  Finalize various alternative waste water disposal plans which  will
meet water quality objectives imposed by the State Water Resources Control
Board and/or FWPCA; and,

    c.  Define the Federal interest in regional waste water disposal plans
proposed.
            Keep Freedom in Tour Future With U.S. Savings Bonds

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                                                                        -99-
SPNED-RS                                                  2 April 1969
Mr. Terzich

One of the studies which the District envisions should be made to supple-
ment those of the State's program is an analysis of the benefits to the
public from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary.  This study would involve
quantifying the present value of the ecological systems and evaluating
future uses of the estuary.  Traditional methods of evaluating benefits,
such as assigning values to various types of recreational uses, appear to
be inadequate to estimate the full value of the estuary to the public.

As a part of the Triple "S" Investigation, the San Francisco Bay-Delta
Hydraulic Model has been expanded to include the Sacramento-San Joaquin
Delta.  Since the results of the State's program are based largely on
mathematical model studies, this office is of the opinion that the results
of the State's studies, where feasible, should be verified and/or expanded
on the Hydraulic Model.  Specifically the District's model could be used to:

    a.  Verify operation of the Peripheral Canal including releases for
environmental control;

    b.  Verify required Delta outflow at Antioch to meet the water quality
conditions of the "November 19th, 1965 Agreement;"

    c.  Evaluate dispersion characteristics of the estuary;

    d.  Determine feasibility of flow augmentation in various parts of the
estuary for water quality control;

    e.  Determine the effects of thermal pollution;

    f.  Evaluate the effects of future navigation projects on the estuary;
and,

    g.  Explore new methods and/or operations related to disposal of dredged
materials.

It is expected that the model will be verified and ready for use by early
1970.

A major authorized navigation project in the estuary is the San Francisco
Bay to Stockton Deep Water Ship Channel.  This project, nearing the con-
struction phase, consists of deepening the existing ship channel to accom-
modate super-tankers and other deep-draft vessels.   One phase of this project
is a study being performed by U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
on the effect of dredge spoil disposal.

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                                                                              -100-
SPNED-RS                                                         2 April 1969
Mr. Terzich

Other authorized navigation studies and projects underway within the estuary
are:

    a.  Deepening of Oakland Inner Harbor from 30 to 35 feet.  This project,
currently in the design memorandum stage, will extend 6.2 miles southward from
the harbor entrance;

    b.  A Detailed Project Report is currently underway for deepening of Islais
Creek from 35 to 40 feet, and extending the entrance channel and approach area
to new Army Street Terminal.  Your office is aware of the problem of disposing
the dredge spoil due to its high coliform count;

    c.  A report of survey scope is currently underway to deepen the Redwood City
Harbor from 30 to 35 feet to accommodate deep-draft vessels; and,

    d.  Plans and specifications are underway for the Saucelito Canal Plan of
Improvement, which provides for the deepening of the channel to 8 feet from
Richardson Bay inland for a distance of about 2.3 miles.

The status of small navigation studies (Federal limitation of $500,000 toward
construction of the project) in the estuary are;

    a.  Reconnaissance reports have been initiated for Mountain View Marina,
Palo Alto Yacht Harbor, Coyote Point Marina, Newark Slough and San Francisco
West Harbor Facilities;

    b.  A reconnaissance report has been submitted to higher authority for
Gallinas Creek; and,

    c.  Detailed Project Reports have been submitted or are in progress for Gas
House Cove (San Francisco East Harbor Facilities) and Petaluma River.

Project reports on wave action studies of the San Francisco Marina are scheduled
for completion this fiscal year.

Preconstruction planning is underway for flood control projects on Napa and
Sonoma Creek.

This office represents the Corps of Engineers on the State's San Francisco
Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC).   I am sure your staff  is
aware of the recent plan developed by the Commission.  The Corps actively
participated in the preparation of the plan.

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                                                                         -101-
SPNED-RS                                                     2 April 1969
Mr. Terzich

We appreciate the opportunity to present our views on the San Francisco
Bay-Delta Estuary.  Should you wish further information concerning any
projects or studies within the San Francisco District, please let me know.
                                    Sincerely ydurs,
                                        K C. BOERGER
                                ^U _ (Zolonel, CE
                                    District Engineer

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                                                                                  -102-
         LEAGUE  OF  WOMEN  VOTERS OF CALIFORNIA
                                                                    I NC
126 POST STREET ROOM 512   SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94108  986-1532
                                            MRS. JOHN 0. AHERN, PRESIDENT


                                                            March 13, 1969

              STATEMENT  ON WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR EBTUARINE AREAS IN CALIFORNIA

 The League of Women Voters of the  United  States  supported the passage of H.R. 25
 last year as a tool in  the protecting of  our national estuaries.  In California, as
 a  coastal state, we particularly welcome  this  study  of the effects of pollution on
 our bays and coastal waters.  The  League  of Women Voters of California, with its
 14,000 members, had studied water  problems since 1959.  In 1966 after considering
 the state's responsibility for water  quality control, members agreed to support
 high standards for water quality, with responsibility for enforcement at the regional
 level under the State Water Quality Control Act.  We have urged the state to provide
 more adequate budgets and staff, greater  enforcement powers, end better coordination
 among the agencies responsible for water  quantity and quality.

 California's estuaries  are inestimable in value, ranging from the great economic
 benefits of our ports to the recreational attractions of: our beaches and the quiet
 haven of lagoons and mudflats for  fish and birds.  As the most populous state in the
 union with 20 million people, and  one-half million more pouring in annually, we do
 face great pressure on  land and water resources.  San Francisco and Los Angeles and
 San Diego are located on estuaries which  have  developed into great ports.  Near them
 are located great marufac :uring and industrial complexes.  These estuaries have a
 different value from those not yet developed am" will continue to serve as centers
 of commerce and industry, but improvements in  municipal and industrial waste manage-
 ment should in time bring water pollution under  control.

 During the past two years while California has been  establishing water quality
 standards rnd policies  to meet the requirements  of the Federal Water Pollution
 Control Administration, the League of Women Voters of California has supported the
 program to enhance the  qualities of our water. We think Californians want and will
 pay for clean water in  our rivers, deltas, harbors and along our coasts.   There is
 no doubt the federal interest has  been e  stimulant to raising state standards and
 objectives of water quality.  However, ve see  the need for sufficient manpower and
 money to implement these legislative  goals.  Because of the regional boards heavy
 workload in formulating and adopting  water quality control policies for interstate
 and coastal waters, there was a decline  in staff inspection for waste discharge
 requirement compliance  (from 4353  in  period 1965-67  to 3028 in 1966-67).  Sufficient
 staff and money for enforcement are as important as  standard setting.

 Realizing that there are few remaining undeveloped estuaries in California, we would
 like to preserve those  undistrubed bays and lagoons  for their unique values in
 supporting special biota, migratory and resident birds and fish.  But the sound of
 the bulldozer and boatowner are loud  in the land and often drown out the  voice of the
 conservationist.  The federal government  might help  the state resist some of the
 local pressure groups by establishing protected  estuaries as it has wilderness
 rivers or redwood parks.

 In general, we think California has done  a good  job  in controlling pollution since
 passing the Dickey Water Pollution Act of 1949,  changed to the Water Quality Control
 Act in 1965.  However the increasing  pressures of population, industry and agriculture
 increase the waste discharges.

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                                                                                  -103-
Statement on Water Quality Management for Estuarine Areas in California           2

                                     LOS ANGELES
Los Angeles harbors for instance, leads all other ports in the Western U.S. in total
tonnage handled.  Its beneficial uses have been defined on shipping, yacht anchorage,
industrial cooling and whole fish handling.  Long Beach wishes to upgrade the water
quality standards to permit fish life to thrive.  Waste waters from nearby oil
refineries (500,000 barrels a day of oil field brines to Into the harbor) and oil
spills help deplete the dissolved oxygen.  There is evidence that degraded inner
harbor water continues to degrade higher quality surrounding waters in Long Beach      ^
Harbor, Los Angeles outer harbor, and adjacent coastal waters.  Aerial inspection
shows discolored water flowing outward from the mouth of Los Angeles Harbor.  The
dark waters of Dominguez Channel, with industrial waste from oil companies, as well
as turbid water from Slip 5 and the West Basin, flow into the inner Harbor and from
there into the outer harbor and ocean.  The Report of the Los Angeles-Long Beach
Harbor Pollution Control Committee, published in November of 1968 states:
"All waters in this area (Los Angeles Inner Harbor north of Vincent Thomas Bridge)
have failed to meet present objectives for dissolved oxygen some of the time; waters
at the mouth of and in Consolidated Slip, and in Slip 5 have failed to meet the
present objectives most of the time.  Waters in the West Basin have not met present
objectives in most instances in the past three years."
The report also states, ''In 1963 and 1964, waters  in the Main Channel generally were
meeting present objectives.  For the last three years, however, waters have not met
present objr.cfcl'-«s most of the time."
Regarding water transparency, the Report states, i:Tests illustrate the general
reduction in water clarity with increased distance from open ocean."  On a 1968
tour of the harbor made by several members of the  League of Women Voters, we observed
this condition to be true.

At a recent Hearing of the Water Quality Control Board, divers testified that solid
materials flowing from the Harbor are deposited on the ocean floor as far as four
miles oceanward from the entrance to the Harbor.

The Los Angeles Basin is one of the fastest growing population centers in the United
States.  The disposal of wastes produced both by people and industry is becoming
an increasingly difficult problem and the ocean often  seems an easy and accessible
dumping ground.  What cumulative effects will we see on the ocean plants and life  in
the next fifteen - twenty years  if the present  standards are not raised?  And if
there continues to ba more people, more  applications to discharge, more  industry,
and more dischargers?

It is time now to be concerned with the  future  of  our  beaches, for the future of
facilities for boating, fishing, and other water-related sports.  A clean and
attractive coast line is a community asset and  our growing population will need all
possible recreational facilities,  A blighted water-front effects  the community as
much as a blighted neighborhood.

Since population and industry in California have tended to concentrate in coastal
communities, 657, of  California's sewage  and industrial wastes are discharged to
salt water.  We must be concerned with the effects of  this on our marine environment.
Catalina island, for instance, dumps raw sewage into the ocean.  The treated sewage
from our coastal cities is responsible indirectly  for  the gradual decline of Southern
California's coastal seaweed forests.  The sewage  supports abnormally large populations
of sea urchins that destroy the young kelp plants  before they get a chance to grow.
The Allan Hancock  Foundation of University of Southern California completed a
synopsis of  the  state of coastal biology, geology, chemistry and oceanography in 1965
for the State Water  Quality Control Board but did  not  secure much direct information

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                                                                                   -104-

 Statement on Water Quality Management for Estuarine Areas in California           3

 concerning fhe affects of existing outfalls.  Another such survey was recommended
 at 15 year intervals and certainly we see the need for more research into tlie e££oct»
 on our marine environment.  The federal government could help the states with
 oceanic research either through grants or by direct studies.  The League sees the
 need for coordination and continuity in such research planning.

 The recent disaster from the oil wells in the Santa Barbara Channel shows us that
 we need far more information on what kind of industrial use of our ocean resources
 is appropriate and what safeguards the government should require.  It seems we need
 more exchange of information of this kind between the state and federal government.
 The citizen can reasonably expect more sharing of expertise at the different levels
 of government involved.  Since both the state and nation have interest and responsibil-
 ity for the tideland oil development, there should be some institutional mechanism
 to provide cooperative planning, development and protection of our coastal zones.

 The League also thinks we need further research into the possible effects of thermal
 pollution or radioactive poisoning from the installation of a large nuclear
 desalination plant at Bolsa Island, near the heavily-populated coastline.  Perhaps
 the dangers have been over publicized but if so the federal government should
 initiate a program of public education,

                                   SAN FRANCISCO BAY

 The San Francisco Bay presents one of the most complex estuarine situations in the
 world, a large sea inundated valley combined with the drowned mouth of the giant
 Sacramento-San Joaquin River systems.  Problems of pollution began early--over a
 hundred years ago when the placer cuts of the gold country began bringing vast
 quantities of silt into the delta and the bay--a process still going on today,
 Along with increasing industrial and human wastes, indescriminate dredging and filling
 in the region since that time have placed these waters in a position of Jeopardy,
Uiich some scientific authorities believe is now irreversible.

 Accurate documentation of modern pollution in the estuarine and bay ststem has been
 developed since the establishment of the Regional Water Quality Control Board in
 1950.  Over the years this Board has exhibited a remarkable ability to persuade
 (sottifctimes with the iron fist in the velvet glove) municipal and industrial polluters
 fo attempt to solve these problems.  (A notable exception to this has been San
 Francisco, where the interaction of antiquated storm and sanitary sewers, a
 situation until recently largely ignored by politicians and public alike, has
 resulted today in an intolerable situation).  However, the point is not that small
 or major violations occur, but the fact that these waters cannot continue to absorb
 wastes— both from the metropolitan area and the agricultural lands draining into
 the eastern delta—without potential catastrophic results.  As it stands today,  the
 local Regional Water Quality Control Board seems to be fighting just to stay one step
 ahead of disaster.

 The uses to which we believe the waters of the Bay Area should be dedicated are  water-
 related recreation and industry (including shipping and commercial fishing), as  well
 as the preservation of fish and other forms of vildlife.  Dredging has  been and  will
 continue to be necessary, but it should be planned and executed to achieve the
 minimum amount of disruption to natural resources and maximum attention paid to  the
 placement of spoils--issues heretofore considered, but not within the context and
 depth of the total ecological scene until the advent of the Bay Conservation and
 Development Commission.

 However, to achieve the optimum of beneficial uses of water within this area only the
 implementation of massive projects such as those soon to be proposed by the Bay-
 Delta Study:  namely (1) adequate treatment facilities for the agricultural wastes of
 the forthcoming San Luis Drain; and (2) a comprehensive regional system for liquid

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                                                                                  -105-

Statement on Water Quality Management for EstUarine Areas in California           4

waste disposal.  In addition some means must be made available to prevent the further
intrusion of salt water into inland areas.  (A sophisticated collection and treatment
system combined with (2) above, suggests a possibility in this area).

Management of this massive estuary has in the past and must continue to involve all
levels of government both in planning, finance and development.  Increasing concern
on the local level revolves around fears that our present State water planning may
be geared more to the contract and sale of water rather than to preservation and        (
improvement of existing water quality in the Bay Area; that the Federal government
will construct the San Luis Drain without adequate treatment facilities (let alone
spend a much less impressive sum on methods of control sewage from their large naval
vessels in the Bay itself) ,  Some thoughtful citizens are also concerned about local
recalcitrance to the prospect of developing a regional disposal system, if and when it
is proposed.  Meanwhile, one of these days, we may wake up to salt-laden rivers
leading to a dead sea of red algae inside the Golden Gate.
Today the record in California seems to show that we have controlled pollution by
establishing state authority, decentralized through use of regional boards with the
responsibility to coordinate the efforts of all the state and local agencies involved.
The League believes that where localities and states are doing well in managing their
estaurine areas, they should be left in charge,  However the experiences of San Diego
and San Francisco suggest the need for a regional plan and regional authority to
effect improvement.  If this is not possible, the state should assume the responsibil-
ity for our esniaries and coastal zones.  Since the federal government is also
concerned with these watery,perhaps some kind of federal-state commission or inter-
agency commission could be developed.  Another federal review of the estuary system
in ten years would indicate whether progress or deterioration has taken place under
state management.

The League of Women Voters of California appreciates the opportunity to present
testimony for this national study of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administratic
We hope the results will be widely publicized and presented to the citizen as well
as to Congress for the  sake of public understanding and informed concern with the
future of our estuary systems.

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 FEDE
                                                                     OUTDOOR  CL
                                                                Outdoor Recreation Resources.
                                                                                                              -106-
Pf.lFdent:
KENNETH K BALDWIN
P O Box 548, Bozeman, Mont 59715
FRANK FICKEISEN
5436 153rd Ave, Bellevue, Wash 98004
Secretary
MRS BETTY HUGHES
P O 6o> 2067, Carmel, Calif 9392)
Treasurer
MRS KATHFRINE MARTIN
4)r: V ssion Sr V> Pasadena, Calif 91030

MRS EVFlYN FNGEL               ..
810', Hampshire St , San Francisco, Calif 941]oMr.

BPocrEvACNs°erv"'lon *"""""<"""     Pacific Southwest  Region,  FWPCA
45341j Un.ven.ty W»y, Seattle, Waih 98105  ?QQ
                                                                                 St**» Vie* Presidents
                                                                                      ARTHUR A RICH, ULAS MUGG, Califor
                                                                                      ROBERT WENKAAA, Hawaii
                                                                                      CYRIL  M SLANSKY, Idaho
                                                                                      DR LOREN L KRECK, Montana
                                                                                      LAWRENCE F WILLIAMS, Oregon
                                                                                      JACK E McLELLAN  Utah
                                                                                      EDGAR D BAUCH, HELEN LININGER, W.
                                                                                  February 11,  1969
                                        .
                                        M,
 MEMBER CLUBS

 AIPINE kuAV\ERS
  ^t-nafrhpe, Washington
 ANGOPAS
  As'ona  Oregon
 BERKELEY  HIKING CLUB
  Berkfclev, California
 BOEING EMPLOYEES ALPINE SOCIETY
  Seattle Washington
 CAUFORN'A ALPINE CLUB
  Sfln Francisco California
 CASCADE  WILDERNESS CLUB

 CASCADIANS
  Yakima  Washington
 CHEMEKETANS
  Salem, Oregon
 CONTRA ^.OSTA HILLS CLUB
  Oakland California
 CRAG RAfS
  Hood Rrver Oregon
 DESOMOUNT CLUB
  Los Angeles California
 HOBNAILERS
  Spokane Washington
 IDAHO ALPINE CLUB
  Idaho Falls, Idaho
 INTER MOUNTAIN ALPINE CLUB
  Richland, Washington
 KLAHHANE CLUB
  Port Angeles  Washington
 MA2AMAS

 MONTANA WILDERNESS ASSOCIATION

 MOUNTAINEERS
  Seattle Washington
 MT BAKER CLUB
  BeHmrjham, Washington
 MT ST HELENS CLUB
  long view, Washington
 OBSIDIANS INC
  Eugene,  Oregon
 OLYMPIANS INC
  Hoquiam, Wash ngton
 OSU MOUNTAIN CLUB
  Corvallis Oregon
 PTARMIGANS
                          San Francisco,  Calif.  9ljl02

                          Dear Mr. Terzichs

                                While  we thoroughly  appreciate being invited to  testify at  the
                          rublic  hearings on  estuarine  studies  in San  Francisco February 18-19>
                          we  are  not  in a position  to be of  much help  at this point,  having
                          little  expertise to offer.   We definitely support efforts to identify
                          and preserve the nation's  estuarine areas.

                                Pollution  seems the main problem at  this  time, particularly in
                          areas around San Francisco,  Monterey  Bay,  Los  Angeies and San Diego
                          waterway areas, as  outfall  from commercial plants and sewage of  var-
                          ious degrees enters the waters and tidelands.   Filling indiscrimin-
                          ately without reference to natural values of tidelands and  mudflats
                          is  another  major problem.

                                People need to be  awakened to the damage  being done  by both
                          pollution and filling;  evaluations need to be  done of what  estuarine
                          areas mean  to the total environment so that  control of what  is put
                          into them may be based  on  evidence of what  they contribute.   Too
                          many people regard  these areas as  simply  unsightly mudflats  or sloughs
                          of  doubtful esthetic value;  action to preserve and clean  them up must
                          be  predicated upon  realization of  their place  in  the  total picture of
                          man's environment and their contribution  to  it.
        Wash.
           ngtc
REGIONAL PARKS ASSOCIATION
  Berkeley California
RIMROCK MOUNTAINEERS
  Coulee Dam, Washington
ROAMER HIKING CLUB

ROCKY MOUNTAINEERS
                                                                                                  Secretary
 Mis:

SAN ANTONIO CLUB
 Alhambra, California
SANTiAM ALPINE CLUB, INC

SEATTLE AUDU8ON SOCIETY
 Seattle, Washington
SIERRA CLU8
 San Francisco, California
SKAGIT ALPINE CLUB
 Mount Vernon Washington
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA
MOUNTAINEERING ASSOCIATION
 Ketchikan, Alaska
SPOKANE MOUNTAINEERS, INC
 Spokane, Washington
SUMMIT ALPINE CLU8
 Tacoma, Washington
TAMALPAIS CONSERVATION CLUB
 San Francisco, California
TRAILS CLUB OF OREGON
 Portland, Oregon
WANDERERS
 Olyi
       Washington
WASATCH MOUNTAIN CLUB
 Salt Lake City Utah
WASHINGTON ALPINE CLUB
 Seattle, Waih, ngton
WASHINGTON KAYAK CLUB
 Spdtfle Wasrvnqton
WY'EAST CUMBERS
 Portland, Oregon

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                                                                         -107-
                      LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                           CONSULTING ENGINEERS

                           120 MONTGOMERY STREET
 CABLE                    SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94104                  TELEPHONE
[EFDSHI1L                                                            415-781-6100

                             March 1, 1968
      Honorable  Board of  Directors
      Contra  Costa County  Water District
      2020  Railroad Avenue
      Pittsburg,  California   9^565

      Gentlemen:

               We are pleased to transm-'t  herewith our  Master
      Plan  Report for warer  supply for rhe  Contre Costa  County
      Water District, prepared in accordance  with our agreement
      dated April o, 1956.   A rate study  report, also required
      by the  agreement, is being published  concurrently  with
      but bound  separate]-/ from this Report.

               Our investigations show that  there is an  urgent
      need  for trie proposed  Kellogg Unit  of  the Federal  Central
      Valley  Project, or  an  alternate thereto,  and that  every
      effort  should ;
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                                                                —1 OS-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC                            'LUO
                          - 2 -
         We  recommend that the District  continue  to press
for rapid  completion of the feasibility  report  being pre-
pared by the  United States Bureau of Reclamation  supporting
the proposed  Kellogg Unit, and, assuming  that  the terms and
conditions presented therein as to water  charges  are fair
and reasonable,  that the District urge authorization and
funding of the  Unit by the Congress at the  earliest possible
date.  We  further  recommend that the program  for  improve-
ments to the  Contra Costa Canal system proposed herein be
implemented,  and that the District begin  consultations
immediately  with the Bureau of Reclamation  to  that  end.

         If  it  becomes apparent, after consultation with
the various  concerned Federal agencies including  the
Bureau of  the Budget, that there is no reasonable probabi-
lity that  the Bureau of Reclamation can  construct the
Canal improvements  within the required time schedule, the
District should  then take steps to implement  the  improve-
ment program  itself, either in its entirety or  to the
extent that  it  cannot be accomplished by  the  Bureau within
the time limits.   In this case, Congressional  approval
should be  sought for the District to take over  ownership
of the Canal  system after payout.

         We  would  like to take this opportunity to  express
our appreciation of the superior work contributed to this
investigation by the District's engineering staff,  who
carried out  most of the necessary detailed  studies  under
our direction.   Their competence and cooperation, together
with that  of  the General Manager and his  administrative
staff, were  invaluable.  We also gratefully acknowledge
the cooperation  of  the United States Bureau of  Reclamation,
the State  of  California Department of Water Resources, the
District's Treated  Water Division, and the  many municipal-
ities, industries,  and individuals who provided information
and assistance  necessary to the investigation.
                                 Very /truly
                                 HARVEY 0
                                 Pres ident

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                           -109-
 CONTRA COSTA COUNTY WATER DISTRICT
     MASTER PLAIN!
            FOR
     WATER SUPPLY
           MARCH 1968
LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC., CONSULTING ENGINEERS

       SAN FRANCISCO — LOS ANGELES

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                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                                                                  -110-
                     TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                     Page
                     I .   INTRODUCTION

A.  AUTHORITY	   1

B.  SCOPE	   1



                    II .   STUDY AREA

A.  DESCRIPTION OF  AREA

    1.   CONTRA COSTA  COUNTY

         a.   History	   3
         b.   Geography	   3
         c.   Climate	   3
         d.   Economic  Base	   14
         e.   Water  Supply  Agencies	   4

    2.   CONTRA COSTA  COUNTY WATER  DISTRICT

         a.   Formation  and  Function	   6
         b.   Powers  and Limitations	   6
         c.   Service Area	   7
         d.   Present Customers	   7

    3.   STUDY AREA

         a.   Definition	   8
         b.   Sub-Areas	   8


B.  LAND  USE

    1.   PRESENT	 10

    2.   FUTURE	 10

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                                                                      -111-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                                                        Page



   C.  POPULATION


       1.   HISTORICAL	  13



       2.   FUTURE	  13






                       III .   WATER  SUPPLY



   A.  PRESENT SOURCES



       1.   FEDERAL CENTRAL VALLEY  PROJECT	  21


       2.   SACRAMENTO-SAN  JOAQUIN  DELTA	  23



       3 .   GROUND WATER	  26




   B.  FUTURE SOURCES



       1.   FEDERAL CENTRAL VALLEY  PROJECT



            a .   Contra  Costa Canal  Unit	  27

            b.   Kellogg  Unit	  27



       2.   SACRAMENTO-SAN  JOAQUIN  DELIA	  30



       3.   POSSIBLE  DISTRICT-SPONSORED  DROJECTS	  33


       4.   GROUND WATER	  33



       5 .   WASTE WATER  RECLAMATION	  3U


       6 ,   SALINE 'WATEP  CONVERSION	  35






                        I V.   WATER  REQUIREMENTS



   A.  MUXICI^nL



       1.   RESIDENTIAL	  37



       2.   COMMERCIAL  AND  PUBLIC	  38



       ?.   LOSSES	  38


       4.   TOTAL MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS	  41
11

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                                                                  -112-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                                                    Page

B.   INDUSTRIAL


     1.   METHODOLOGY	 41

     2.   PROJECTED REQUIREMENTS	 43


     3.   DISTRIBUTION OF  REQUIREMENTS	 43



C.   AGRICULTURAL	 46



D.   TOTAL  WATER REQUIREMENTS


     1.   TOTAL  REQUIREMENTS	 46

     2.   REQUIREMENTS ON  SUPPLY SYSTEM	 49



E.   PEAK SUPPLY SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS


     1.   CUSTOMER PEAKING  FACTORS	 53

     2.   PEAK  REQUIREMENTS	 53




                V.   PRESENT  SUPPLY SYSTEM

A.   BUREAU  OF  RECLAMATION  FACILITIES

     1.   CANALS	 59

     2.   PUMPING PLANTS	 59

     3.   RESERVOIRS	 62

     4.   LATERALS	 65



B.   CUSTOMERS' FACILITIES

     1.   CUSTOMERS' LATERALS	 65

     2.   RAW WATER STORAGE	 67


     3.   OFFSHORE SUPPLY  SYSTEMS	 68
                                                         111

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                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                                                    Page

                VI .   SUPPLY  SYSTEM DEFICIENCIES

A.  SERVICE  PROBLEMS

    1.  WATER QUALITY	 69

    2.  CAPACITY OF FACILITIES	 70

    3.  OPERATING CONTROL	 72

    4.  SYSTEM RELIABILITY	 73


B.  OTHER  PROBLEMS

    1.  CANAL SAFETY	 75

    2.  MAINTENANCE DEFICIENCIES	 75

    3.  METERING INADEQUACIES

        a.   Major Customers	 77
        b.   Other Customers	 78

    4.  DRAINAGE INLETS	 81



              VII .  PROPOSED  IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

A.  NEAR TERM IMPROVEMENTS  (TO  1980)

    1.  CLYDE-MARTINEZ  PIPELINE	 83

    2.  DIABLO VALLEY LOOP

        a.   Water Requirements	  86
        b.   Alternatives  Studied	  88
        c.   East Side Improvements	  88
        d.   West Side Improvements	  89

    3.  CANAL ENLARGEMENT

        a.   Sections  5-9	  89
        b.   Sections  3  and  4	  93
        c.   Sections  1  and  2	  93
        d.   In-line Structures	  94
        e.   Cross Structures	  95
        f.   Section 4 Terminal  Structure	  96

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                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                                                    Page


    4.   PUMPING PLANT ENLARGEMENT	  95


    5.   CANAL SAFETY	  97


    6.   SUPERVISORY  CONTROL	  98


    7.   METERING SYSTEM	  99


    8.   PARK AND TRAIL  SYSTEM	  100


    9.   SEASONAL BARRIER  AT  ROCK SLOUGH	  101




B.  LONG  RANGE IMPROVEMENTS  (BEYOND 1980)	  102




C.  IMPROVEMENTS BY  BUREAU OF  RECLAMATION


    1.   IMPROVEMENTS TO CANAL	  102


    2.   IMPROVEMENTS TO PUMPING  PLANTS	  103


    3.   SUPERVISORY  CONTROL	  105


    4.   OPERATING CENTER	  105




D.  SCHEDULE FOR DEVELOPMENT	  106





                  VIII.  COST OF  IMPROVEMENTS


A.  NEAR  TERM	  109


B.  LONG  RANGE	  Ill





                    IX.  SOURCE WATER COSTS


A.  PRESENT	  113


B.  FUTURE	  113

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                        LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                                                        Page

               X.  DISTRICT OPERATION  OF CANAL SYSTEM

   A.   PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS	  115


   B.   HISTORICAL 0  6  M  COSTS

        1.   COSTS TO  BUREAU OF RECLAMATION	  115

        2.   HYPOTHETICAL  DISTRICT COSTS	  116


   C.   FUTURE

        1.   IMPROVED  SUPPLY SYSTEM	  122

        2.   ADDITIONAL  COSTS	  127

        3.   TOTAL FUTURE  COSTS	  127



                      XI.   TREATED WATER  SYSTEMS
   A.   PRESENT SYSTEMS	  131


   B.   FUTURE EXPANSION

        1.   EXISTING  SYSTEMS	  131

        2.   NEW SYSTEMS

            a.  Byron  Sub-Area	  133
            b.  Brentwood  Sub-Area	  133
            c.  Islands Sub-Area	  134



                            XII.   FINANCING

   A.   PROCEDURE	  135

   B.   RESULTS OF ANALYSES	  137


                           XIV.  CONCLUSIONS	  139



                        XV.   RECOMMENDATIONS	  147
VI

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                LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                    LIST OF TABLES
                                                            -116-
Table No.     Page

     1          5
 2
                                    Title
10
11
12
13
              11

              12


              15


              16


              17


              18


              19


              22


              25
15
Climatic  Characteristics of
Contra Costa  County

Growth of  Contra Costa County
Wat er District

Customers  of  Contra Costa
County Water  District

1962 Land  Use  in Study Area

Projected  1985  Land Use in Study
Area

Historical  Population of Study
Area

Projected  Population of Contra
Costa County  and Study Area

Derived 1962  Population of
Study Area

Derived 1985  Population of
Study Area

Projected  Population of Study
Area

Historical  Water Use From
Contra Costa  Canal

Historical  Water Diversions
from Sacramento-San Joaquin
Delta for  Use  Within District

Projected  Availability of High-
Quality Offshore Water

Duty of Water  for Commercial
and Public  Areas

Projected  Municipal Water
Requirements
                                                    VI 1

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                        LFFDS HILL AND JEWFTT INC
                        LIST  OF TABLES  (Cout.
                                                                     -117-
   Table  No.     Pae
        16
                           Title
              Historical  and Projected  High-
              Quality  Industrial Water
              Requirements
        17
        19
              Distribution  of Hi oh-Quality
              Industrial  Water Requirements

              Projected Agricultural  Water
              Requirements

              Projected Total High-Quality
              V,7 a *~ e r Pcquirenents
        20
        21
SO
bl
Projected  High-Quality  Water
Diversions  From Sacramento-
San J o a q u i n Delta for  Use in
S tu dy  Are d

Projected  Demand c r.  Supply
System for  ','.' a t e r in  Present
District  Service Area
                                Projected  Demand on Supply
                                'lye. t err  f j r-  '.;ater in T^tal  Study
                                A re a

                                Anticipated Customer' Peaking
                                Ratios
                  57
              Peak Day Canal  Flows, Contra
              Costa Canal
       25
60
Characteristics of Contra  Costa
Canal
                  61
              Characteristics  of Clayton  and
              V E n a c i o R e1i f t  Canals
       27
63
Characteristics of Pumping
Plants
       28
66
Characteristics of Distribution
Laterals  from Contra Costa  Canal
       29
79
Characteristics of Metering
System,  Contra Costa Canal
VI 1 1

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                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT INC
                    LIST OF TABLES  (Cent . )
                                                                 -118-
Table Ho.     F^age

    30         85
                            Title
    31
    32
    33
    35
    36
    37
    38
    39
               87
               92
              10 4
             107
110
117
119
120
123
    40
             126
Peak  Day  Demands on Clyde-
Martinez  Pipeline

Projected  Demand on Diablo
Valley  Loop

Effect  of  Contra Costa Canal
Modifications

Schedule  of  Improvements Pro-
posed by  United States Bureau
of Reclamat i on

Recommended  Development
Schedule  for  Proposed Improve-
ment  Program,  Contra Costa
Canal System

Anticipated  Costs of Near Term
Improvements,  Contra Costa
Canal Sys tem

Historical Operation and
Maintenance  Costs for Contra
Costa Canal  System

Historical Labor Costs for
Operation  and  Maintenance of
Contra  Costa  Canal System

Hypothetical  District Labor
Costs for  Operation and Main-
tenance of Contra Costa Canal
Sys tem

Hypothetical  Total Costs for
District  Operation and Mainte-
nance of  Contra Costa Canal
System

Estimated  Annual Operation and
Maintenance  Costs for Diablo
Valley  Loop  System
                                                        IX

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                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                                                                 -119-
                 LIST OF TABLES  (Cont.)
Table No.     Page

    41        126
                           Title
    42
128
              132
Additional  Operation and  Main-
tenance  Costs  for Improved
Sys tern

Projected  Operation and Main-
tenance  Costs  for Contra  Costa
Canal System

Characteristics of Treated
Water Systems

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                                                               -120-
                     LIST  OF PLATES
Plate No.                         Title
    1        Water  Supply  Agencies in Contra Costa County

    2        Study  Area  and Sub-Area Boundaries

    3        Anticipated 1985  Land Use

    4        Projected Population, Contra Costa County
             and Study Area

    5        Existing Supply System

    6        Proposed Kellogg  Unit, Federal Central Valley
             Proj ect

    7        Requirements  for  High-Quality Water, Present
             District Service  Area

    8        Requirements  for  High-Quality Water, Total
             Study  Area

    9        Demand on Overland  Supply System Within Present
             District

   10        Historical  Availability of High-Quality
             Water  at Rock  Slough

   11        Anticipated Peak-Day  Canal Flows

   12        Example of  Water  Orders and Deliveries

   13        Proposed Clyde-Martinez Pipeline

   14        Proposed Improvements in Diablo Valley

   15        Proposed Enlargement  of Contra Costa Canal,
             Sections 5  through  9

   16        Proposed Seasonal Barrier at Rock  Slough

   17        Proposed Improvement  Program, Contra Costa
             Canal  System


All Plates are bound at  the  end  of the Report.

                                                         xi

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                                                                 -121-
                     LEF.DS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                           REFERENCES
 1.   Report of  Central Contra Costa  County Committee on
     Study of Water Agency Service Area  Boundaries.
     April, 1962.

 2.   Contra Costa  County Land Use and  Circulation Plan  -
     1985.  Contra Costa County Planning Commission.
     June , 1963.

 3.   Appendix B  to "Future Development of the San Francisco
     Bay  Area,  1960-2020."  U.S. Department of Commerce.
     December,  1959.

 4.   Future Development of the San Francisco Bay Area
     1960-2020.  U.S.  Department of  Commerce.
     December,  1959.

 5.   Report on  Feasibility of Water  Supply Development,
     Kellogg  Unit, Central Valley Project, California.
     United States Department of the  Interior, Bureau of
     Reclamation.   September, 1967.

 6.   Residential Water Use Research  Project; by F. P.
     Linaweaver, Jr.,  J. C. Geyer, and J.  B. Wolff.
     Johns Hopkins University.  June,  1966.

 7.   Contra Costa  County Water District, Treated Water
     Division,  Report  On Water System.   James M. Montgomery,
     Inc., Consulting  Engineers.  October, 1962.

 8.   2ommittee  Print  No. 8.  "Future Water Requirements of
     Principal  Water-Using Industies."   United States
     Senate   Select Committee on National Water Resources.
     April, 1960.

 9.   Water Requirements in the Vicinity  of Mountain View
     Reservoir;  by J.  0. Nelson, District Engineer.
     Contra Costa  County Water District.  January, 1966.

10.   Modification  of  the Contra Costa  Canal, Central Valley
     Project, Between  Clyde and Martinez,  California; by
     A. J. Hanson  and  J. E. Cook.  United States Department
     of the Interior,  Bureau of Reclamation.  March, 1967.

11.   Contra Costa  Canal Water Requirements in Diablo Valley;
     by J. 0. Nelson,  District Engineer.  Contra Costa
     County Water  District.  January,  1967.

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                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                    I.  INTRODUCTION
A .  AUTHORITY

          This  Report has been prepared pursuant to an
agreement  dated April 6, 1966, between the Board of
Directors  of the  Contra Costa County  Water District and
Leeds, Hill and Jewett, Inc., Consulting Engineers.
That agreement  authorized the Engineers  to "direct and
be responsible  for the formulation  of a  Master Plan and
Rate Study" for the District, in order to  ensure that
the foreseeable water requirements  within  the District
will be provided  for in an economic,  engineeringly
sound, and financially feasible manner.
B.   SCOPE

         This  Report presents the results  of studies
leading to:

         (l)  Determination of future  requirements for
              high  quality water within  the  present and
              potential service area of  the  Contra Costa
              County  Water District;

         (2)  Determination of potential  sources  of sup-
              ply  for the District's water  needs;

         (3)  Selection of a plan for  modification and
              expansion of the existing  Contra Costa
              Canal  system to meet future requirements
              for  servi ce;

         (4-)  Recommendations for a financial plan to
              enable  the District to effect  the  proposed
              improvements;

         (5)  Determination of the costs  which the District
              would bear if it were to take  over  operation
              and maintenance of the existing Contra Costa
              Canal sys tern.

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                    LEEDS. HILL AND JEWETT, INC
The Report  is  primarily concerned with  the problems of
raw water supply  and the conveyance  of  raw water.  The
problems of  treatment and distribution  of finished
water within  the  District's Treated  Water Division were
examined in  a  Master Plan report prepared for TWO by
another firm  in  1964.

         Analysis  of the District's  present rate struc-
ture, general  recommendations regarding rate structure
policy, and  determination of an interim water rate
schedule are  presented in a separate report which can be
considered  as  an  addendum to this Report.   The Rate
Structure report  has been bound separately from the
Master Plan  Report, since the District's rate structure
will require  review and revision more  frequently than
will its long-range master plan for  development.

         The  Master Plan studies and the financial plan
presented in  this  Report presume that  the proposed
Kellogg Unit  of  the Federal Central  Valley Project will
be constructed and in operation within  the next seven or
eight years.   However, investigations  are now underway
of alternative projects which could  be  constructed by the
District if  it develops that this timetable cannot be
realized.   If  a  District-sponsored alternative to the
Kellogg Unit  is  undertaken, the financial plan presented
in this Report will require revision.   The proposed plan
for modification  of the distribution system beyond Contra
Loma Reservoir would probably not be affected by a
revision in  concept of the source water supply project,
although the  plan  should then be reviewed.

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                                                                 -124-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                     II.  STUDY AREA
A.  DESCRIPTION  OF AREA

          1.   CONTRA COSTA COUNTY

          a.   His tory .   In 184-8, Contra  Costa County was
established  as  one of  the original  counties forming
California when  the State was admitted  to  the Union.
Subsequently,  in  1853, the County was partitioned by the
creation  of  Alameda County from its  southern and eastern
lands.

          Contra  Costa  County was for many  years
principally  devoted to grazing and  agricultural activities
but since the  turn of  the century it has become increas-
ingly important  as a major industrial and  urban center,
and now encompasses one of the largest  heavy industrial
complexes in  the  State.

          b.   Geography.  Contra Costa County lies at the
northern  extremity of  the Diablo Range,  and is  bounded
by San Francisco  and San Pablo Bays  to  the west, Suisun
and Honker Bays  and the San Joaquin  River  to the north,
and Old River  to  the east.  These waters are subject to
tidal influences  from  the Pacific Ocean.

          The  eastern portion of the  County lands which
lend themselves  to development lie  in the  flat  plains of
the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the central portion in
the narrow valleys of  San Ramon, Walnut, and Mount Diablo
Creeks, and  the  western portion on  the  narrow coastal
plains and tidelands fronting on San Francisco  Bay.
Separating the  central and western  portions of  the County
are the Berkeley  Hills, while Mount  Diablo and  its foot-
hills lie between the  central and eastern  portions.  A
relatively narrow strip of partially developed  land
fronts the northern edge of the County  along the
Sacramento-San  Joaquin Delta and Suisun  Bay.

          c.   Climate.   The climate  of the  County is
characterized  by  warm, dry summers  and  cool, moist winters,
Variations in  temperature from one  section of the County
to another are  the result either of  the  cooling effects

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                                                                -125-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
of the Pacific  Ocean  and neighboring bays,  or of topo-
graphic influences.   Precipitation occurs  almost exclu-
sively during the  winter months, and rainfall is
negligible  throughout the County during  the  growing sea-
son from May through  September.  Irrigation  is essential
to the success  of  commercial agriculture.

         The climatic characteristics  of Contra Costa
County are  summarized in Table 1.  In  general, tempera-
ture increases  and precipitation decreases  from west to
east across the  County.

         d.  Economic Base.  Contra Costa  County is the
center of heavy  industrial development in  Northern
California.  In  1965, total investment in  industrial
plant and equipment  exceeded $2 billion.   Seventeen
different industries  each had more than  500  employees,
while an additional  12 industrial plants  employed more
than 250 persons  each.  Major industries  represented in
the County  include oil refining, steel manufacturing,
paper and paper  products, chemicals, and food products
processing  and  packing.   The electronics  and aerospace
industries  are  growing rapidly.  While agriculture is
no longer a primary  industry, farm income  in the eastern
portions of the  County still averages  about  $25 million
annually .

         Contra  Costa County is a significant West Coast
shipping center.   Its wharves presently  handle approxi-
mately 62%  of all  the water-borne shipping  of San Francisco
Bay, and 34% of  the  shipping of all California ocean
ports.  The United States Navy maintains  a  large
installation at  Port  Chicago, through  which  substantial
quantities  of military materiel pass.

         Other  transportation facilities  include ample
highway access,  rail  service by three  major  railroads,
and a public airport  adequate for use  by  light planes.
In addition, the  Bay  Area Rapid Transit  system now under
construction will  provide modern, high-speed commuter
service to  the  hub cities of San Francisco  and Oakland
from Richmond,  Lafayette, Walnut Creek,  and  Concord.
Plans call  for  future extension of the system to
Pittsburg,  Antioch,  and  Brentwood.

         e.  Water Supply Agencies.  Agencies providing
raw water supplies to areas of Contra  Costa  County for
municipal,  industrial, and agricultural  purposes are:
Contra Costa County  Water District, East  Bay Municipal

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                                                                                 -126-
                                                                        TABLE  1
                CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTRA COSTA COUNTY
       Station
Richmond

     Period of Record
                                   Temperature,  F
Average
 High
Average
  Low
 66.3         50.0

     1951-1960
	   Average Annual
 Average    Precipitation,
 Annual         inches
              58.1

            1951-1960
                22.05

              1951-1960
Walnut Creek (2ESE)

     Period of Record
 71.9         44.9

     1949-1960
              58.1

            1948-1966
                19.69

              1901-1966
Port Chicago
 (Naval Depot)
     Period of Record
 71.6
 43.3
     1947-1960
  57.5
            1947-1960
  14.49

1946-1966
Antioch                    74.1         47.4         61.5          12.70
 (Fibreboard Mills)
     Period of Record    1918-1960    1919-1960    1882-1966     1879-1966
Source:  U. S. Weather Bureau records.

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                                                                -127-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
Utility District,  East Contra Costa  Irrigation District,
and Byron-Bethany  Irrigation District.   The latter two
agencies  supply  only agricultural  water in their service
areas which  are  located in the eastern  portion of the
County.

          These  four agencies are delineated on Plate 1,
which shows  only  that portion of the  County lying to
the east  of  the  East Bay Municipal Utility District ser-
vice area; only  the eastern boundary  of that District is
shown.
          2.   CONTRA COSTA COUNTY  WATEP  DISTRICT
          a.   Formation and Function.   The  Contra Costa
County Water  District was organized  May  5,  1936, as the
legal entity  to  contract with the  United States for the
purchase  and  distribution of water from  the Contra Costa
Canal Unit  of the Federal Central  Valley Project.  The
District  sells  raw water to individual domestic,
industrial,  and  agricultural water users,  to municipali-
ties, and  to  other public agencies,  some of which treat
the water  and retail it to individual  customers.  It is
the objective of the District to ensure  the availability
of a water  supply to its lands and inhabitants, adequate
in quantity  and  quality to meet all  foreseeable needs,
from either  the  Federal Central Valley Project or from
some alternative source or both.

          Since  1961, when it purchased the  facilities of
the California  Water Service Company,  the  District has
also been  a  purveyor of treated municipal  and industrial
water supplies.   This function has been  carried out
through the  Treated Water Division of  the  District.

          b.   Powers and Limitations.   The  Contra Costa
County Water  District was formed and operates under the
County Water  District Law (Water Code, Division 12).
This law  gives  broad powers to the District which enable
it to "perform  any act necessary to  furnish sufficient
water to  the  District for any present  or future beneficial
use..." (Water  Code, Section 31020).   The  District may
undertake  the storage, conservation, treatment, and
distribution  of  water; drainage and  reclamation of land;
development  and  distribution or replenishment of ground
water; provision of service for collection  and disposal
of garbage,  waste and trash; and acquisition and opera-

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                                                                -128-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
tion of  facilities appropriate to  the  recreational use
of water.   The  District may plan,  construct, and operate
any necessary  facilities; may set  rates  for water
sufficient  to  yield monies to pay  for  a  portion of or all
costs; may  levy taxes to pay a portion of or all costs;
may incur bonded indebtedness of the District as a whole
or of specially defined improvement  zones; and may res-
trict or prohibit the wastage of or  the  use of District
water during periods of emergency  caused by drought or
other threatened or existing water shortage for any
purposes other  than household uses or  such other uses
that may be determined to be necessary.   In order to
incur general  obligation bonded indebtedness, the
District must  obtain the approval  of two-thirds of those
voting at a bond election.  A majority vote is sufficient
for approval of revenue bonds.

         c.  Service Area.  Originally,  the District
contained about 48,000 acres lying along the northern
shore of Contra Costa County and extending into Clayton
and Ygnacio Valleys.  Over the years,  annexations have
enlarged the District until it now encompasses about
109,000 acres.   The present boundary of  the District is
shown on Plate  1;  the District's historic growth is sum-
marized in  Table 2.

         d.  Present Customers.   The Contra Costa County
Water District  at  present sells raw water to a total of
1,259 different customers, including its own Treated Water
Division.   However, by far the greatest  portion of total
water sales is  delivered to a relatively few major customers
consisting  of municipalities and industries which purchase
500 acre feet or more annually each.   In the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1967, 91% of the District's total sales
were made to the following 15 customers:

             City  of Antioch
             City  of Pittsburg
             City  of Martinez
             City  of Pleasant Hill
             CCCWD, Treated Water Division
             Bay Water Service
             Oakley County Water District
             Crown Zellerbach Corporation
             Dow Chemical Company
             Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation
             Monsanto Chemical Company
             Phillips Petroleum Company
             United States Steel Corporation
             Shell Chemical Company
             Shell Oil Company

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                                                                 -129-
                    LEFDS, HILL AND JEWETT INC
          The  remaining customers are primarily agricul-
tural water  user-; smaller  commercial ctnd  industrial
organization^; municipal  customers including  cemeteries,
golf courses,  and schools;  and individuals  and groups which
divert water  directly from  the Contra Costa Canal
principally  for domestic  irrigation purposes.   Individuals
of this  type  are termed "Flat  Raters" by the  District. Of
these remaining customers,  agriculture]  users  purchased
5 % of the  total water delivered by the  District in fiscal
year 1967,  so  tha^ all the  other customers  combined
accounted  for  only M-'-o of  the  District's  sales,  A summary
of the number  of customers  in  each use  category is shown
in Table  3.

          The  District has sold a snail  amount  of water-
in the past  under special cor. tract to t h *=•  Cir-r &f Benicia,
in Solano  County.  Tlie^-e  supplies are ac 1 i v-.- r<,; d through
a 10-inch  diameter pireline  Carried on  t r _•  i«t-:icia- Martinez
Bridge.   The  pipeline was ori^in^lly constructed by the
United States  Department  of  Defense to  provide service to
the Benicia  Arsenal, which  has since been  abandoned.
          3.   STUDY A P F A
          a.   Definition.   The  total area  considered for
analysis  in  this .\aster  Plan  study Is shown  on Plate 2.
The area  is  defined as  that  portion of ^ h o  County lying
to the  east  of the re corn ended ul: i~ate boundary of the
East Bay  Municipal Utility  Distrir' , as described in
reference 1,  and a line  extending from the  southeastern
extremity of  that recomirended  boundary alonp;  the- natural
watershed line to the Contra  f'cs t a - A 1 amed a  County line.
It is considered probable  that all of this  area may
eventually  depend on the District for raw water supplies
for municipal and industrial  uses and for some agricul-
tural uses.   A substantial  portion of the study area
lies within  the present  District boundaries.

          b.   SUP-Areas.  For  purposes of  analyzing
population  patterns and  watc-r  requirements,  the study
area was  divided into 11 sub-area1' 03 shown  on Plate 2.

          When planning  a water supply system  serving a
single  relatively norr.c aeneous  area, it is usually
satisfactory  to estimate municipal water  requirements by
multiplying  anticipated  future population by  a 'factor
representing  ever-all per-capita use.  However, for

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                                                                               -130-
                                                                       TABLE 2
                                 GROWTH OF
                    CONTRA COSTA COUNTY WATER DISTRICT
         Area Within District,
Year     	Acres	

1936             48,000
1950             79,000
1951             79,000
1952             81,470
1953             81,470
1954             82,118
1955             82,223
1956             82,223
1957             82,897
         Area Within District,
Year     	Acres	

1958             82,832
1959             95,216
1960            107,488
1961            107,488
1962            107,832
1963            107,966
1964            106,613
1965            108,913
1966            108,914
                                                                       TABLE  3
                               CUSTOMERS OF
                    CONTRA COSTA COUNTY WATER DISTRICT
                  Type of Customer

                  Municipal

                  Industrial

                  Agricultural

                  Groups

                  Flat Raters-''
Number of
Customers—
                  a/  As of December 1967.
                  b/  Individuals.

-------
                                                                 -131-
                     1 FFDS HILL AND JEWETT, INC
  analysis of the  Contra  Costa Canal, a 4-8-mile  long  facil-
  ity serving a multiplicity of varying uses  along  its
  length, this approach  is  not satisfactory.   It  was
  necessary to establish  study sub-areas which would  reflect
  to a reasonable  extent  the distinctly different character-
  istics of the various  areas served by the Canal.

           The boundaries selected for the  study  sub-areas
  were generally  determined as the planning boundaries of
  municipal water  systems,  as ultimate city boundaries shown
  in land use planning  reports, or as natural  geographic
  boundaries where  the  other two criteria did  not apply or
  were n&t appropriate.
      LAND
           1 .  PRESENT

               Present  land use patterns within  the  study
  area are highly  variable, ranging from predominantly
  agricultural use  in  the  eastern portion of  the  area to
  the intensely  developed  residential and commercial areas
  of Martinez, Pleasant Hill,  and Concord in  the  west.  A
  strip of heavy  industrial development fronts  the
  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin Rivers, extending  westerly from
  Oakley and  including  areas surrounding Antioch,  Pittsburg,
  Nichols, and Martinez.   Another significant  feature  is
  the United  Stater Naval  Reservation at Concord.   A
  summary of  the  1962  land use patterns in the  study area
  is shown in Table 4,  as  taken from land use  survey maps
  prepared in that  year by the Contra Costa County  Planning
  Commi s s i on.
           2.   FUTURE

                In  estimating the future land  use  patterns
  for the study  area,  a  number of land use plans  were
  reviewed.  The plan  which appears to be the  most  consistent
  with current  trends,  and also is the most likely  to  be
  effectuated through  action by the County Board  of Super-
  visors, is the County  Planning Commission's  "Land Use and
  Circulation Plan -  1985," reference 2.  This  land use plan
  has been accepted  as  an adequate basis for  predicting
  future population  and  municipal water requirements  in the
10

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-------
                                                                -134-
                    LFTDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
Master  Plan  study area.  To a great  extent,  the  District's
Master  Plan  for water supply is designed  to  support the
County's  land  use and circulation plan.

          The pattern of land use in  the study  area in
year  1985, as  projected in the County plan,  is  depicted on
Plate 3 and  summarized in Table 5.   The County  Planning
Commission's values  for industrial land use  acreages for
both  the  1962  and the 1985 levels of development  require
some  clarification.   At the 1962 level, these  represent more
closely the  total land holdings of industries  in  the area
than  the  actually developed acreages.  Similarly,  at the
1985  level the  figures represent area which  would  be set
aside for long-term  future development as  industrial sites,
and do  not necessarily indicate the  level  of industrial
development  at  that  time.
C.  POPULATION

         1.   HISTORICAL

              As  a  guide in projecting the future  popula-
tion of the  study  area and sub-areas, the historical
populations  of these  areas were first developed by  analysis
of United  States Bureau of Census data from 1930  through
1960.  These  historical population data are summarized  in
Table 6.
         2.  FUTURE

             As  a  first  step in predicting future  popu-
lations, a projection  for all of Contra Costa  County  was
adopted and was  split  between population within  and outside
of the study area.   After review of a number of  projections
for the County made  by  various Federal, State, and local
agencies,  the United States  Bureau of Census Series 2-IV
projection was accepted,  reference 3.  This projection
most closely approximates actual trends which  have develop-
ed since it was  made in  1959, and appears to recognize
the area's growth  potential.   The projected County-wide
population was then  distributed within and outside the
study area by consideration  of the historical  distribution
patterns and by  extrapolation of current trends  using
data presented in  the  so-called "2020 Report," reference  4.
                                                         13

-------
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT. INC
                                                                -135-
The projections  of the total population of Contra Costa
                portion within the  study area are listed
                are shown graphically  on Plate 4.
County and  th
in Table  7  and
          In  distributing the study  area population pro-
jection to the  11  sub-areas, the  County Planning Commission's
land use  pattern and density criteria  were utilized.   As
a first step,  density factors were  developed which fell
within the County  Planning Commission's permissible  range
and which, when applied to the  1952  land use data, gave  a
total study  area population matching the population  for
1962 extrapolated  from the historical  trend 1930-1960.
This computation is shown in Table  8.   Next, these density
factors were  applied to the 1985  land  use plan to estimate
the 1985  population in each sub-area and in the total
study ar^a,  as  shown in Table 9.  Only minor adjustments
were necessary  to  obtain excellent  agreement between  this
computation  of  the 1985 population  and the corresponding
value estimated as described in the  preceding paragraph  and
listed in Table 7.
         With  the  aid of this  19;
                                     'bench  mark" and
the historical  1930-1960 population  data, growth curves
of population were constructed  for  each  sub-area to the
year 2020,  with  minor internal  adjustments being made
so that  the  total of the curve  values  matched the
previously  estimated study area  total.   In making these
adjustments,  consideration was  given to  the net area
developable  for  residential use  in  each  of the sub-areas.
The anticipated  future populations  projected by this
method for  each  sub-area are listed  in  Table 10.

-------
                                                                           -136-
                HISTORICAL POPULATION OF STUDY AREA
a/  Approximate.




Source:  U. S. Bureau of Census data.
                                                                   TABLE  6
Area
Total Study Area
Sub-areas
Martinez
Central County
Nichols
Pittsburg
Antioch
Oakley
Islands
Brentwood
Byron
Nortonville-Somersville
Mt. Diablo-Los Meganos
1930
37,000

9,680
6,060
1,610
9,160
5,500
710
700
2,500
1,080
-
-
1940
45,940

10,870
9,210
2,190
9,520
6,890
730
710
4,570
1,250
-
-
1950
87,560

12,000
31,600
5,680
15,320
13,000
1,280
1,290
5,960
1,230
50£/
150i/
1960
161,130

15,620
85,220
8,570
21,190
19,210
1,630
1,390
6,790
1,310
50!
150!
                                                                  15

-------
                                                                                   -137-
TABLE v
                              PROJECTED POPULATION OF
                         CONTRA COSTA COUNTY AND STUDY AREA

                              Population In Thousands
Year
1970
1980
1985
1990
2000
2010
2020
Contra Costa
County^/
652
992
1,198
1,428
1,888
2,3142
2,800
Study Area
267
427
527
632
870
1,116
1,356
                  a/  Source:  U. S. Bureau of Census Series 2-IV,
                               extrapolated to 2020.
      16

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-------
                     PROJECTED POPULATION OF STUDY AREA
                           Population In Thousands
                                                                                -uo-
                                                                        TABLE  10
         Area
Total Study Area

     Sub-areas
Martinez

Central County

Nichols

Pittsburg

Antioch

Oakley

Islands

Brentwood

Byron

Nortonville-Somersville3/

Mt. Diablo-Los Meganos3/
267
23
151
12
33
27
3
5
11
2
427
38
219
18
48
48
10
20
20
6
527
49
253
22
57
63
14
31
27
11
632
62
286
26
63
78
18
42
38
19
870
92
354
32
75
106
26
62
75
48
870    1,116   1,356
         118

         420

          36

          84

         128

          32

          76

         128

          94
136

470

 39

 90

148

 36

 86

191

160
a/  Negligible.
                                                                       19

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                                                                 -Ul-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                   III.   WATER SUPPLY
A.  PRESENT  SOURCES

         1.   FEDERAL CENTRAL VALLEY  PROJECT

              The  principal source  of high-quality water
supplies for  municipal, industrial,  and  agricultural
uses within  the  District is the Contra  Costa Canal
system.  This  facility, the first  operational unit of the
Federal Central  Valley Project, was  constructed and is
presently operated by the United States  Bureau of
Reclamation.   Construction of the  Canal  system began in
1937, but all  features were not completed until 194-8.
Water was first  delivered from the Canal in 1940.

         The  Intak'  to the Contra  Costa  Canal is through
an unlinec section roar miles in length  leading from
Rock Slough,  a natural channel of  the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta.   Water supplies are lifted by a series of
four pumping  plants  from the intake  channel through a
total of some  120 feet to the beginning  of the lined
gravity-flow  section, from which point  the Canal follows
the base of  a  range  of low hills in  a generally westerly
direction to  Port Chicago.  At Port  Chicago, the Canal
turns southward  and  loops around the Diablo Valley,
passing through  the  cities of Concord,  Walnut Creek, and
Pleasant Hill, and terminating in  Martinez Reservoir.

         Other canals in the system  are  the Clayton and
Ygnacio Relift Canals.  Water is pumped  into these canals
from the main  Contra Costa Canal to  serve higher lands
in the Clayton and Ygnacio Valleys.   The locations of the
various features  of  the Contra Costa Canal system are
shown on Plate 5 .

         The  historical use of water from the Contra
Costa Canal  system from 1956 through 1967 is summarized
in Table 11.   A  graphic representation  of sales from the
Canal in calendar year 1964, a typical year, is shown on
Plate 5.
                                                          21

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                                                                                -142-
TABLE 11
               HISTORICAL WATER USE FROM CONTRA COSTA CANAL
Acre Feet
Year
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967

Municipal
16,681
20,395
17,410
25,686
24,200
25,736
21,855
20,351
31,274
24,390
32,916
25,751
Deliveries
Industrial
19,716
24,020
25,609
32,628
39,832
41,023
32,974
32,944
43,050
34,662
42,831
36,209

Agricul-
tural
5,057
5,751
3,744
5,968
5,309
7,291
6,687
4,651
6,737
4,864
5,867
4,715
Unaccounted-
for
Water
3,728
3,670
3,700
6,996
7,712
5,173
4,560
5,229
5,513
6,168
6,703
2,941
Total
Diversions
45,182
53,836
50,463
71,278
77,053
79,223
66,076
63,175
86,574
70,084
88,317
69,616
Source:  Contra Costa County Water District data.
  22

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                                                                -U3-
                    LEFDb HJll AND JfWKTT INC
         The  present  water supply contract  between the
District and  the  United States Bureau  of  P e. clam at i on ,
Contract I  75r-3H01,  dated 18 September  1951, provides
that th'. District  may purchase up to 86,000 acre feet
annually,  excluding system losses,  through  the Contra
Costa Canal system.  As can be seen from  Table 11, the
total District  demands on the Canal have  almost reached
this amount in  some recent years.   There  is no guarantee
that the Bureau  will  sell the District more than the
contracted  amount  in  any year, and  in  fact, it is un-
likely that the  present Federal Central  Valley Project
would have  any  excess supplies available  during a
period of  very  low water supply such as  was experienced
from 1959  through  1961.
          2.   SACRAMENTO-SAN J0AQUIN_DELTA

              Although the Rock Slough  intake  to the Con-
tra Costa  Canal  system is a feature  of  the  Sacramento-
San Joaquin  Delta,  that source of supply to the District
has been  treated separately throughout  this Report.  The
remainder  of  the Delta supply is described  below.

          The  Sacramento and San Joaquin  Rivers, draining
the Central  Valley  of California, join  along  the north-
ern boundary  of  the District near Pittsburg.   From this
point the  waters flow through Honker Bay,  Suisun Bay,
and the Carquinez Straits into San Pablo and  San Francisco
Bay, and  finally through the Golden  Gate into the  Pacific
Ocean.  During  certain times of the  year,  these offshore
waters create a  source of supply to  several of the
District's major customers.

          The  reach  of this waterway  adjacent  to the
District  from Antioch to Nichols is  an  area of seasonally
varying water quality, as measured by  the  chloride ion
concentration.   During the winter and  spring  months,
flood flows  from the Rivers predominate  and the offshore
waters in  this  reach have been generally low  in chlorides,
being suitable  for  municipal and industrial purposes.
During the summer and autumn months, River  flows are low
and saline   waters  from the ocean are  able  to intrude
far into  the  Delta.   During this season, the  quality of
the offshore  waters  from Antioch to  Nichols has in most
recent years  been suitable only for  cooling supplies in
industrial plants which are especially  equipped to use
                                                          23

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                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
high -chloride waters for  that  purpose.  In addition  to
this  seasonal variation,  there are daily variations  in
offshore  water quality due  to  tidal effects.

          The  number of days  in any year in which  the
quality  of  the offshore waters is  suitable for municipal
and industrial purposes is  generally termed the  "period
of availability."  This period varies from year  to year,
being primarily dependent on the  amount of rainfall  and
snowmelt  occurring in the Central  Valley during  the  win-
ter months.   In years of  "wet" hydrologic conditions  in
the Central Valley, the spring runoff extends into May
or June,  and  the period of  availability is correspond-
ingly long.   Conversely,  under "dry" hydrologic  conditions
the flood runoffs cease early  and  the period of  availa-
bility  is short.  Under "median"  conditions of water
supply  in the Central Valley,  the  period of availability
of water  having a chloride  ion content of 100 ppm or
less  has  historically amounted to  182 days annually  at
Antioch .

          Besides the general variation in the period  of
availability  offshore caused by  the water supply  condi-
tions in  the  Central Valley, there is a geographic
variation from west to east due  to the extent of  intru-
sion  of  ocean waters.  Areas in  the eastern part  of the
Antioch-to-Nichols reach have  had  a longer period of
availability  in any given year than areas In the  western
part.   For  example, the period at  Mallard Slough  has
historically  been only 142  days  per year under "median"
water supply  conditions, in comparison to the 182 days
for Anti och.

          At the present time,  a  number of industries
located  along the shore within the District obtain a
portion  or  all of their high-quality process water sup-
ply from  the  Sacramento and San  Joaquin Rivers whenever
the quality is suitable.  In addition, two municipal
water supply  distributors, the  City of Antioch and the
Treated Water Division of the  District, divert water
from  offshore when it is available in suitable quality.

          The  estimated production  of offshore water
supplies  for  use within the District from 1956 through
1966  is summarized in Table 12.  Although a maximum
chloride  ion  concentration of  100  ppm has been used in
the examples  given above, suitable quality water  for  any
particular  user may under certain  circumstances  contain
up to 250 ppm chlorides, depending on the customer's

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                                                                       -U5-
             HISTOPICAL WATER DIVERSIONS FROM
SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA FOR USE WITHIN DISTRICT-'

Year
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
Acre
Municipal and
Industrial
Process Water—
26,331
27,573
36,662
26,930
20,110
25,802
33,136
32,979
30,160
50,346
3 3,000^
Feet
Industrial
Cooling Water-'
1,018,000
1,184,000
1,052,000
1,143,000
1,393,000
1,569,000
1,484,000
1,423,000
1,500, OOOfi/
1,500, GOol/
1,500, DOo!/

Total
(Rounded)
1,044,000
1,212,000
1,089,000
1,170,000
1,413,000
1,595,000
1,517,000
1,456,000
1,530,000
1,550,000
1,533,000
a/  Exclusive of deliveries from Contra Costa Canal.




b_/  High-quality water.




c/  No quality limitations.




d/  Estimated.




Source:  Contra Costa County Water District data.
                                                               TABLE  12
                                                               25

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                                                                   -14.6-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
   individual  process requirements,  the  availability of
   better-quality water for mixing,  and  similar factors.
   Water  of  not  more than 100 to  150  ppm chlorides, however,
   make up the  bulk of the high-quality  diversions shown  in
   Table  12.

             Water supplies from the  Sacramento-San Joaquin
   Delta  are  also used for irrigation  purposes in the East
   Contra Costa  Irrigation District  (ECCID)  and the Byron-
   Bethany Irrigation District (BBID), generally in the
   Brentwood  and Byron sub-areas.  Supplies  are pumped to
   inland areas, or are siphoned  to  lands  located immediately
   adjacent  to  Delta channels.  The  ECCID  pumping station
   is located  on Indian Slough, and  delivers  about 35,000
   acre feet  annually.  The BBID  diverts about 40,000 acre
   feet annually through its pump  intake on  Italian Slough.

             Diversions of Delta water  for  irrigation uses
   in the Islands sub-area are made  by siphoning directly
   from the  adjacent Delta channels.

             3.   GROUND WATER

                 Ground water is not  a  significant source
   of water  supply within the District,  although it is
   substantially the only source  for  some  uses in those
   portions  of  the study area lying  outside  the District
   boundaries.

             The  District's Treated Water Division until
   recently  operated 23 wells in  four  well fields, using
   them principally during periods of  peak demand.  Use of
   these wells  has been discontinued,  since  the quality of
   the ground water was generally  very poor  for municipal
   uses.  There  are a number of other  wells  in private
   ownership within the TWO service  area;  their total an-
   nual production is not definitely known but is very
   small.  A few industries in the study area  produce a
   small portion of their total water  supply  from their own
   we 11s .

            The  average quality of ground  water supplies in
   the Diablo Valley basin ranges  from 450 to  2,000 ppm
   total dissolved solids.  Although the safe  annual yield
   of the basin  has been estimated by  the  Bureau of Reclama-
   tion at about 5,000 acre feet,  only a fraction of this
   yield is withdrawn, primarily because of  the poor quality
   of the supply.
26

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                                                                -147-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
         Within  the  Byron, Brentwood,  and Islands sub-
areas, ground  water  is the main source  of domestic water
supply, and  is  also  developed to  some  extent for irri-
gation purposes .   The towns of Byron and  Brentwood
operate municipal  distribution systems  supplied from
ground water.   No  treatment is provided.   Available
chemical analyses  of samples from  the  Brentwood wells
indicate that  the  ground water in  this  area is very poor
for municipal  uses,  having a total  hardness of about
400 ppm and  total  dissolved solids  of  about 800 ppm.
    FUTURE  SOURCE:
         1.   FEDERAL CENTRAL VALLEY  PROJECT

         a.   Contra Costa Canal Unit.   As  is  discussed
in detail  in  Section VI-A.l, the existing   Contra Costa
Canal system,  even under present conditions,  is not able
at all times  to  provide water supplies  having the
requisite  quality  for the municipal  and industrial uses
to which it  is put.  If the joint  Federal-State Peripheral
Canal, serving the Federal Central Valley  Project and the
State Water  Project, is constructed  as  now  planned, it is
probable that  in many future years only sufficient fresh
water from the Sacramento River will  be released into the
channels of  the  Delta to maintain  water qualities
adequate for  agricultural uses during the  growing season.
Under these  circumstances, the Rock  Slough  intake to the
Contra Costa  Canal system will not be able  to provide a
firm supply  of even minimum quality  water  for municipali-
ties and industries In the study area.

         As  will be shown subsequently  in  Section VI-A,
the design capacity of the Contra  Costa Canal is rapidly
being approached,  and the Canal will  require  substantial
modification  if  it is to continue  to  function as a part of
the supply system  serving the District.  Furthermore, the
86,000 acre  feet per annum contracted for  by  the District
under the  original Contra Costa Canal Unit  service contract
is now all required to meet the District's  needs, and an
additional supply  must be provided from the Federal Central
Valley Project or  some alternate source at  an early date.

         b.   Kellogg Unit.  In recognition  of the present
unsatisfactory nature of the Rock  Slough source for the
Contra Costa  Canal system, and of  the fact  that the intake
                                                          27

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                                                                   -US-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
   will shortly  be  rendered almost  totally  worthless by  up-
   stream developments causing deterioration of water
   quality  in  the Western Delta channels,  the United States
   Bureau of Reclamation has proposed  the  so-called Kellogg
   Unit of  the  Federal Central Valley  Project to provide  a
   firm, high-quality water supply  to  the  District.  The
   proposed Kellogg Unit is described  in  detail in refer-
   ence 5,  and  a  plan of the Unit is shown  herein on Plate 6.

            Water supply for the Kellogg  Unit would be
   drawn from  the existing Tracy Pumping  Plant intake chan-
   nel, and would be  pumped through a  new  Tracy II Pumping
   Plant having  800 cfs  capacity.   From the  discharge of
   this plant,  water  would be able  to  flow  either into the
   existing Delta-Mendota Canal or  through  the proposed
   Tuway Canal  into Herdlyn Reservoir.  The  Tuway Canal
   would have  a  capacity  of 800 cfs,  and would be designed
   so that  this  flow  could be conveyed in  either direction.
   The proposed  Herdlyn  Reservoir would have a storage
   capacity of  1,870  acre feet, and would serve as a pump-
   ing forebay  from which water supplies would be delivered
   into Kellogg  Reservoir.

            The  proposed 800 cfs Kellogg Pumping-Generating
   Plant would  lift water from Herdlyn Reservoir into
   Kellogg  Reservoir,  and would also be capable of generat-
   ing power from flows  released back  from  Kellogg Reservoir,
   through  Herdlyn  Reservoir and the Tuway  Canal, and into
   the existing  DeIt a-Men dota Canal.

            The  proposed Kellogg Reservoir  would have a
   total storage capacity of 135,000 acre feet, including
   an 8,000 acre foot  seasonal flood control reservation.
   A normal minimum operational pool of 50,000 acre feet
   would be maintained for system reliability, water quality
   control, and  fish,  wildlife, and recreation purposes.
   The reservoir would be impounded by a main earthfill dam
   170 feet in  height, and ten supplemental  saddle dikes.

            From Kellogg Reservoir, water would flow by
   gravity through  the proposed Contra Loma  Canal to the
   recently-completed  Contra Loma Reservoir.   From a point
   on this Canal about four miles upstream  from Contra
   Loma Reservoir,  the proposed Laurel Canal would take off
   and connect to the  existing Contra Costa  Canal at Pump-
   ing Plant No. 4.   This branch would be able to deliver
   water into the Contra Costa Canal both upstream and
   downstream of the  pumping plant.  Contra  Loma Canal
28

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                                                                 -U9-
                    IFEDS HILL AND JEWF.TT, INC
would have  a  capacity ranging  from 1,000 to 600  cfs ,
while the  capacity of the Laurel  Canal would be  300  cfs
at the beginning and 225 cfs at  the end.  These  capaci-
ties may be  increased during final design studies.

         According to the Bureau's plan of operation,
the quality  of water supplies  delivered to the  District
from the Federal Central Valley  Project would be  con-
trolled by  pumping from the Tracy intake channel  when
the water  at  that point is of  requisite quality  for  muni-
cipal and  i;, Juj t r .i al purposes,  and storing this  water
in Kellogg  Reservoir.  This good  quality water  would
subsequently  be  released through  the Contra Loma  Canal
into the District's service area  for use when the  quality
of water in  the  Delta at Rock  Slough is unsatisfactory.
At times when the water quality  at Rock Slough  is  satis-
factory, the  Bureau plans to divert supplies from  that
source through the four main pumping plants.

         According to the Bureau's operation studies,
the proposed  Kellogg Unit could  be operated to  provide
the District  with up to 4-40,000  acre feet annually of
water having  100 ppm or less chlorides.  However,  a
total of only 195,000 acre feet  is presently allocated
to the District's service area  from the existing  Federal
Central Valley Project, including the 86,000 acre  feet
now committed under Contract I  75r-3401.  Development
of the incremental 245,000 acre  feet would require en-
largement  of  the Central Valley  Project through  provision
of additional storage, and acquisition of the water
rights necessary to such enlargement by the United States.

         The  proposed Kellogg  Unit would provide  substan-
tial benefits to the Central Valley Project as  a  whole.
The yield  of  the Project would  be augmented by  increas-
ing the ability  to capture surplus flows in the  Delta.
The ability  to feed back by gravity from Kellogg  Reservoir
into the DeIt a-Mendota Canal and  to feed direct  from the
Tracy II Pumping Plant into the  Canal would greatly  in-
crease the  reliability of the  Bureau's system,  and would
obviate '-he  need to provide standby pumping capacity at
the existing  Tracy Pumping Plant.  Finally, the  provision
of pumping-generating units at  the proposed Kellogg
Pumping-Generating Plant would  permit water to  be  pumped
into Kellogg  Reservoir during  off-peak hours and  released
back through  the plant during  peak hours when the  value
of the power  thus generated would be very high.   Signifi-
cant power  benefits could be developed for the  Central
Valley Project by such operation.
                                                           29

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                       I H PS HILL AND JPWFTT. INC
                                                                    -150-
             In  addition to providing  a firm suoply of high-
   quaiity  water,  the proposed  Kellogg Unit would bring
   a high degree  oi  reliability  to  the system serving the
   District  j'ie to the ability  to provide a gravity supply
   throughout  the  service area  in case of a power outage
   or a breakdown  of one of the  pumping units.  Other
   general  benefits  created by  the  Unit would include flood
   control,  fish  and wildlife enhancement,  and the provi-
   sion of  outstanding water-associated recreational
   opportunities.
             2
              SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN  DELTA
                 It  is anticipated  that  the  number of days
   of availability  of high-quality water  supply in the
   Sacramento-San  Joaquin Delta between Antioch and Nichols
   will be  fewer in the future for any  given hydrologic
   condition  in  the Central Valley than has  been the case
   in the past.   Some water will continue  to be available,
   however, for  all but very dry conditions.
   wat er  in
          The  projected availability  of  high-quality
          the  Sacramento-San Joaquin  Delta at Mallard
                                                 bas ed on
                                                 Department
                                                 obtained
                                                 es t imat e
                                                 State Water
Slough and  at  Antioch is shown in  Table  13,
data obtained  from the State of California,
of Water Resources.   These projections were
from studies  conducted by the Department  to
the effect  of  the  combined operation  of  the
Project and  the  Federal Central Valley Project on the
water resources  of the State.  In  these  studies, the
historical  hydrologic conditions of the  33-year period
1922 through  195U  were assumed to  be  repeated in the
future.  In  Table  13, the terms "wet"  and "dry" refer to
conditions  of  hydrology that occurred  in  the wettest and
driest years  during  this 33-year period,  1938 and 1931
respectively.   "Median" refers to  the  median hydrologic
condition in  the period, which occurred  in 1936.

         The  reduction in availability of the offshore
water supply  indicated in Table 13 will  be caused by
increasing  upstream  uses of the waters of the Sacramento
and San Joaquin  Rivers.  One of the largest such users
will be the  State  of California through  the State Water
Project, which  will  ultimately divert  beyond the Delta
some four million  acre feet annually  which otherwise
would have  flowed  past Pittsburg.  With  the completion
30

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                                                                           -151-
                                                                  TABLE  13
      PROJECTED AVAILABILITY OF HIGH-QUALITY OFFSHORE WATER-''

                          Days per
     Location
        and
Hydraulic Condition      1980     1990     2000     2010     2020
Mallard Slough
Wet
Median
Dry

190
70
0

170
60
0

168
55
0

166
53
0

165
52
0
   Antioch
        Wet              205

        Median

        Dry
198
107
0
195
102
0
19U
98
0
193
95
0
a/  Anticipated number of days per year in which water having
    a chloride ion concentration equal to or less than 100 ppm
    averaged over the tidal cycle will be available at the
    location shown.

Source:  State of California, Department of Water Resources.
                                                                  31

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                                                                  -152-
                      LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
  of  the  San  Luis Unit of the  Federal Central Valley
  Project  in  1967, the United  States  Bureau of Reclamation
  will  now divert more water from  the Delta than  it has
  historically.   These diversions  will increase still  fur-
  ther  on  completion of the proposed  East Side Division  of
  the Proj ect.

            The  Department of Water Resources has  agreed  to
  provide  monetary compensation  to the District for its
  contribution  to the reduction  in the offshore availabil-
  ity at  Mallard Slough, and is  presently negotiating
  similar  agreements with other  offshore users.   However,
  the agreement  between the District  and the Department
  assumes  that  the District will be able to purchase sub-
  stitute  water  from the Federal Central Valley Project,
  with  delivery  through the Contra Costa Canal system
  supplemented  by the proposed Kellogg Unit.  This cannot
  be  accomplished for more than  possibly a few more years
  under the  District's present water  supply contract and
  with  the capacity limitations  of the existing Canal  sys-
  tem,  discussed subsequently  in Section Vl-A.

            Under future conditions, with the Federal
  Central  Valley Project and the State Water Project in
  full  operation, high-quality water  supplies will be
  available  at  all times only  in the  southeastern part of
  the study  area, at the Clifton Court Forebay and at  the
  intake  to  the  Tracy Pumping  Plant.   Water of quality
  desirable  for  municipal purposes must be provided at
  Clifton  Court  in order for the State to maintain its con-
  tractual commitments to State  Water Project water
  service  contractors.  In order to meet these commitments
  and to  minimize the detrimental  effects of their export
  projects on the Delta, the State and the United States
  Bureau  of  Reclamation plan to  construct the Peripheral
  Canal.   This  facility would  divert  fresh water  flows of
  the Sacramento River around  the  eastern edge of the  Delta
  for delivery  at Clifton Court.   The Peripheral  Canal would
  be hydraulically separated from  the Delta, but  releases
  of fresh water could be made to  the Delta channels at
  certain  points .
32

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                                                                  -153-
                    I F.FDS HILL AND JEWETT INC
          3.   POSSIBLE DISTRICT-SPONSORED PROJECTS

              There are several  alternative to the  pro-
posed Kellogg Unit which are now  being studied for
possible  District  sponsorship.  One  of these in oarticular
appears to  hold  promise of providing for the District's
needs at  a  unit  water cost comparable  to, and possibly
lower than,  the  anticipated cost  of  water to the  District
fron Kellogg.   A preliminary report  on this project,  the
Los Vaqueros  Project, will be prepared in the near  future.

          Sources of water supply  for the Los Vaqueros
Project would be limited to either the Federal Central
Valley Project  or  the State Water Project, or both.   The
District  could  continue to take the  86,000 acre feet
which it  now  has available to it  from  the CVP by  con-
tract through December 31, 1991.  In addition, it is
probable  that the  District could  obtain from the  CVP  the
full 195,000  acre  feet allocated  for use in Its service
area, and possibly additional supplies beyond that  amount
if the yield  of  the CVP is augmented in the future  by  the
addition  of  new  storage units.  These  supplies would  be
taken from  the  Delta in the vicinity of Clifton Court
Forebay and  the  Tracy Pumping Plant.  It would be desir-
able, from  the  standpoint of economy,  if the supplies
could be  pumped  through the State's  Delta Pumping Plant
and into  the  California Aqueduct, from which point  they
would be  diverted  into the District's  canal serving the
Los Vaqueros  Project.  However, the  supplies could  if
necessary be   pumped directly through  a new pumping plant
constructed  by  the District.

          As  an  alternative, the water  supply for  the  Los
Vaqueros  Project could be obtained from the State Water
Project,  being  diverted from the  California Aqueduct  just
downstream  of trie  outlet works  of the  Delta Pumping Plant.
By law, the  District has a right  to  purchase all  the
water from  the  State Water Project which it reasonably
needs for its full economic development.
          4 .   GROUND WATER

              Ground water is not  expected to be a signi-
ficant  source of water supply  to  the  study area in the
future.   The  principal use of  ground  water at the present
time is  for  domestic purposes  in  certain areas outside
                                                            33

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                                                                 -154-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
the District  which now have  no  alternative source  of
supply.   As  alternative sources  are made available  in
the future,  it  ir, probaDle  that  the use of ground  water
will be  discontinued.
          5 .   WASTE WATER RECLAMATION

              Municipal and industrial waste waters
occurring within the study area  are  treated and discharged
to the  Sacramento-San Joaquin  Delta  and Suisun Bay  in
accordance  with  requirements promulgated by the Central
Valley  and  San  Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality
Control  Boards.   The possiblities  for re-use of some of
these waste  waters for certain industrial purposes  pre-
sents the potential for increasing the firm water supply
available to  the District at reasonable cost, for reducing
the cost  of  water to the industries  and the cost of treat-
ment to  the  waste dischargers, and for increasing the
availability  of  fresh water supplies in the Delta for
economic  benefit to other areas  of the State.

          The  traditional procedure for evaluation of
waste waters  as  a source of water  supply has been to
determine the  cost of treating the wastes to the degree
necessary to  meet the quality  and  public safety criteria
required  by  the  potential uses,  and  then to compare this
cost with that  of procuring an alternative fresh water
supply.   Where  treatment costs for ordinary disposal are
low, the  increased costs to upgrade  the wastes to usable
quality  can  be  very high in comparison to the cost  of new
water from  the  alternative source.   In the study area,
however,  it  is  probable that the requirements for collec-
tion and  treatment of wastes prior to disposal in the San
Francisco Bay-Delta system will  be substantially increas-
ed in the near  future, with an attendant increase in the
costs of  treatment.  Under these circumstances, a waste
water reclamation system could result in over-all
savings  to  both  the waste dischargers and the industries
utilizing the  reclaimed water.   Some contribution might
also be  sought  from the State, since such re-use of waste
waters  would  make the alternative  fresh water supply
available to  benefit others.   Low-interest financing for
waste water  reclamation projects is  now available from
the State to  qualifying agencies.  Some Federal assistance
may also  be  possible.

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                                                                -155-
                    LEFDS HILL AND JEWFTT, INC
         A particularly good opportunity  for waste water
reclamation  appears  to exist in the  Central  County and
Martinez cub-areas.   The effluent of  the  Central Contra
Costa Sanitary  District sewage treatment  plant is
anticipated  to  be  sufficient in quantity  to  meet most
of the future  water  requirements of  petroleum refining
industries in  those  sub-areas, and has  a  mineral quality
comparable to  that  of the District's  present raw water
supplies developed  at Rock Slough.   This  is  because the
source water supply  for a significant portion of the
area tributary  to  the Sanitary District's  plant is the
East Bay Municipal  Utility District  system.   The treat-
ment plant is  located near the industries  so that the
cost of transmission would be small.  A study of the
feasibility  of  reclamation and use of the  effluent from
this treatment  plant should be undertaken  in the near
f u t u r e .
          6.   SALINE WATER CONVERSION

              Desalting of the brackish  offshore waters
of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and  Suisun Bay
presents  the  potential for an unlimited  source of water
for municipal and industrial use in the  study area,
although  it  is  not  now economically competitive with
imported  fresh  water supplies.  Present  estimates of the
cost of desalting brackish water with a  plant having
100 mgd capacity  are in the order of  $70  to  $90 per acre
foot at the  plant,  the actual cost being  dependent on
the salinity  of the source water, the cost  of power, and
a number  of  other factors.  By comparison,  as is stated
in Section IX-B,  the estimated cost of  fresh water from
the proposed  Kellogg Unit is about $20  per  acre foot at
Contra Loma  Reservoir. However, the cost  of  desalted
water is  certain  to decrease in the future  as the tech-
nology of  this  new  field advances, while  the cost of
imported  water  is equally certain to  increase as sources
further and  further from the demand area  are developed.
In the long  view, brackish offshore waters  could well be
the next  source of  supply to be developed after the full
yield of  the  Kellogg Unit is utilized,  and  after the
potential  for waste water reclamation has been fully ex-
ploited .
                                                         35

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                                                                 -156-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                 IV.  WATER  REQUIREMENTS
A.   MUNICIPAL

          1.   RESIDENTIAL

              Future residential  water requirements  in
the  study  area were estimated  following the method
developed  recently at The Johns  Hopkins University, with
only minor modifications.  This  method, described in a
publication  entitled "Residential  Water Use Research
Project,"  reference 6, differentiates between in-house
domestic  use and lawn sprinkling use  and thus permits a
recognition  of the wide variation  in  unit "per-capita"
use  values between areas having  low  and high densities
of dwelling  units.  In general,  in-house domestic use
is fairly  uniform, with low density  (or relatively  high-
er value)  units  using perhaps  25 per  cent more water
than high  density units.  On the other hand, homes  in
low  density  areas typically use  from  three to four  or
more times as  much water for lawn  sprinkling purposes as
do homes  in  high density areas.

          In  applying the Johns Hopkins procedure, a
check was  first  made against known use in study sub-areas
where records  are good.  These checks generally showed
a remarkably close correspondence.   For example, the
Johns Hopkins  procedure applied to the known 1962 resi-
dential density  patterns in the Central County sub-area
(practically the same as the present  TWD service area)
resulted  in  a  computed over-all unit  use of 95 gallons
per  capita per day(gpcd), whereas  the measured residential
use  within TWD in 1962, including  canal sales to groups
and  associations, amounted to  about  92 gpcd.

          Over-all unit per-capita  use factors were then
determined for each sub-area for 1962 based on the known
residential  density patterns,  and  for 1985 based on the
County Planning  Commission's land  use and circulation
plan.  Between 1962 and 1985,  in-house domestic use was
assumed to increase at the rate of 2  per cent annually,
while lawn sprinkling was assumed  to  remain constant.
Per-capital  use  factors were interpolated between the
1962 and  1985  values for the intervening years.   For use
                                                          37

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                                                                  -157-
                      LEEDS. HILL AND JEWETT, INC
  beyond 1985, the  factors  were extrapolated  considering
  a 1 per cent annual  increase in in-house  use  to  the year
  2000 and constant  thereafter, and constant  values  for
  lawn sprinkling use.  Per-capita use factors  computed in
  this manner were  applied  to anticipated future population
  to obtain estimated  future  residential water  requirements
  in each sub-area.
           2 .  COMMERCIAL  AN_D PUBLIC

               Commercial  and public water requirements
  were estimated  for  each  sub-area for the years  1962 and
  1985, based on  areas  devoted to such uses  and  applying
  unit water demands  per  acre.  Unit demand  values  adopted
  for this purpose  are  summarized in Table 14.   Those for
  1962 were  derived from  actual use records  for  that  year,
  while the  1985  values shown represent future "ultimate"
  values commonly used  for planning purposes.  The  1962
  values shown in Table 14 are considered to  be  somewhat
  low for many of the  categories, since they  were  derived
  by dividing recorded  use by total area without  consider-
  ation of the fact that  in some cases portions  of  the
  areas received  no water  at all.

           Total  commercial and public requirements
  derived as above  for  1962 and 1985 were divided  by  popu-
  lation to  obtain  per-capita values for the  two  years  for
  each sub-area.  Requirements for the intervening  years
  were estimated  by applying interpolated per-capita
  values to  population  estimates.  Requirements  beyond
  1985 were  obtained  by multiplying projected  future  popu-
  lation by  the 1985  value of per-capita demand,  since
  the 1985 duties were  considered to be maximum  values.
               LOSSES
               Water  losses  in municipal systems  were
  taken as 13 per  cent  of the total of residential  plus
  commercial and public requirements for all  sub-areas
  except Central County,  for which the loss factors  were
  those used in the Montgomery report, reference  7.
38

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                                                                     -158-
                  DUTY OF WATER FOR
             COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC AREAS

             Acre Feet per Acre per Year
                                     1962-/     1985-7

Commercial                            1.2        3.0
Public:
     Airports and Fairgrounds         0.2        0.4

     Colleges                         0.5        1.0

     Public Green Areas—              1.2        3.0

     Schools and Churches             0.5        1.0

     Playgrounds and Local Parks      0.6        2.0
a/  Source:  Contra Costa County Water District data.

b/  Estimated (ultimate values).

c/  Golf courses, cemeteries, regional parks, etc.
                                                            TABLE 14
                                                            39

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                                                                                -159-
TABLE 15
                  PROJECTED MUNICIPAL WATER REQUIREMENTS-7
                                                        a/

Area
Martinez
Central County
Nichols
Pittsburg
Antioch
Oakley
Acre Feet per Year
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
3,800 7,200 12,800 20,100 25,800 29,700
26,800 43,400 60,800 78,400 91,400 100,500
1,600 2,800 4,300 5,700 6,400 6,900
4,500 7,500 10,700 13,500 15,100 16,200
4,100 11,300 18,100 25,100 29,800 34,000
500 1,700 3,300 5,100 6,300 7,000
Sub-total
CCCWD Service Area
41,300   73,900   110,000   147,900   174,800   194,300
Islands

Brentwood

Byron
   700    3,000     6,900    11,000    13,400    15,200

 1,900    3,800     7,800    16,000    27,300    40,800

   300    1,100     4,100    11,000    21,600    36,800
Total Study Area
44,200   81,800   128,800   185,900   237,100   287,100
a/  Does not include requirements of the Nortonville-Somersville
    or Mt. Diablo-Los Meganos sub-areas, which are negligible.
   40

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                                                                 -160-
                    I.EEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
          4.   TOTAL MUNICIPAL  REQUIREMENTS

              Total municipal  water requirements  estimated
by  the  foregoing methods  are  summarized by  decades  in
Table  15.
     INDUSTRIAL
          1.   METHODOLOGY

              As a first step  in  predicting future  high-
quality  industrial water requirements in the study  area,
a comprehensive survey was  conducted of industries  with-
in the  District which now use  or could require raw
water supplies.  "High-quality"  water is that having  a
chloride  ion  content sufficiently  low as to be suitable
for the  process requirements  of  the  various industries.
This survey  obtained current  information on land usage,
employment,  storage facilities,  degree of recirculation,
and peaking  requirements as well as  historical water  usage
from 1964  through 1966, and each industry's estimate  of
its water needs in 1970 and 1980.   Reported historical
water usage  encompassed supplies having a chloride  ion
content  up to  a maximum of  250 ppm,  although most  of  the
"high-quality"  water contained not more than 100 to 150 ppm
chlorides.   These data, and data obtained from a similar
survey  in 1963, provided the  basis for projecting  future
requirements.

          In  the survey, it  was found that the recorded
intake  of high-quality water  by  the  District's major
industrial customers represents  only about 17 per  cent of
the total gross water requirement  of those industries.
This rate of  recirculation  is well above the national
average.  Were  it not for this high  degree of water con-
servation, water requirements within the District would
be much  higher  than they are  at  present.  For instance,
with no  recirculation, industrial  requirements for
high-quality  water would have amounted to more than
250,000  acre  feet in 1966.
                                                          41

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                                                                -161-
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
         For convenience  in analyzing the results  of
this survey and  in  making projections, the  industries
were grouped according  to the United States  Bureau of
the Budget Standard Industrial Classification  (SIC)
system.  It was  found that 98.8 per cent of  the  total
high-quality industrial water requirement within  the
study area at present is  used by industries  falling  into
the following five  major  SIC categories:

             Group  20 - Food and Kindred Products
             Group  26 - Paper and Allied Products
             Group  28 - Chemicals and Allied Products
             Group  29 - Petroleum Refining  and  Related
                            Industries
             Group  33 - Primary Metal Industries

         An extensive review of the literature  and
reports on industrial growth and water use  was  carried
out.  The most  important  single source of this  type  of
information is  Committee  Print No. 3, "Future  Water
Requirements of  Principal Water-Using Industries," pre-
pared by the United States Senate Select Committee on
National Water  Resources  in 1960, reference  8.   The
Select Committee  investigation, now being updated  in
certain aspects,  is the most thorough study  of  its type
ever undertaken,  projecting national and regional  water
requirements on  a co-ordinated economic basis.   Antici-
pated growth trends are presented for the major  SIC
categories, nationally, regionally, and for  certain
metropolitan areas, to  the year 2000.

         A number of interviews were conducted  with  the
management of the larger  industrial water users  in the
District, which  produced  important information  for use as
a guide in the  selection  and adjustment of  trends  of water
requirements.

         The basic  procedure followed in developing  water
requirement projections for the five major  SIC  groups  was
first to plot the historical use and establish  a  trend
line.  In carrying  the  historical trend forward  to the
year 1980, substantial  weight was given to  the  projections
made by the individual  industries for their  own  water
requirements.   Projections beyond 1980 were  based  on his-
toric trends and  changes  in trend patterns  predicted  in
re ference 8.

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                                                                -162-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
         It  is  recognized that the technology  of indus-
trial water  supply  and the economics of water  use are
changing rapidly,  and that the factors affecting the
choice of  location  for industrial growth  are also vary-
ing, so that  projections of industrial water requirements
50 years into  the  future can be regarded  as no more
than indicators.   Nevertheless, such projections must be
made and must  be  as  rational as possible  in view of the
long-range nature  of the major water resource  development
projects which  will  be undertaken to satisfy those
requirements.
         2.   PROJECTED REQUIREMENTS

              The  historical and projected  industrial
water requirements  for the major industrial  groups,  as
estimated by  the  foregoing procedures, are  summarized in
Table 16.

         In order to  obtain an estimate of  the  total in-
dustrial high-quality raw water requirement  in  the  study
area, an increment  was added to account for  uses  not
falling within  the  five major SIC groups previously
listed.  This increment represents water supply  to  smal-
ler satellite industries which supplement  the basic
industries.   In  a fully-developed industrial community,
the total of  these  smaller uses normally amounts  to  about
10 per cent of  the  total of all uses.  At  the present
time in the District, the amount is only about  1.1  per cent
It was assumed  that  this percentage would  increase  stead-
ily with time,  reaching 10 per cent by the  year  2010, as
shown in Table  16.
              DISTRIBUTION OF REQUIREMENTS
             The  distribution of anticipated  industrial
high-quality water  requirements to the various  sub-areas
was made considering  the  existing locations of  industries
and the location  of lands  available for industrial
development.  This  distribution is summarized in  Table  17

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                                                                                     -163-
TABLE 16
                           HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED HIGH-QUALITY
INDUSTRIAL WATER
REQUIREMENTS
Thousands of Acre Feet per Year
Other Industrial
Requirements
Year
1960
1964
1965
1966
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
5 Major
SIC Groups
58.7
67.1
68.5
72.8
93.6
122.2
149.0
176.5
204.5
231.2
% of Major
SIC Groups
.85
1.19
1.17
1.10
2.5
3.0
5.5
8.0
10.0
10.0
Total
.5
.8
.8
.8
2.4
3.5
8.0
13.7
20.9
23.6
Total
Requirements
59.2
67.9
69.3
73.6
96.0
125.7
157.0
190.2
225.4
254.8
            Note:   Historical information shown above developed from
                   Contra Costa County Water District records.

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                                                                                -164-
                               DISTRIBUTION OF
                 HIGH-QUALITY INDUSTRIAL WATER REQUIREMENTS

                       Thousands of Acre Feet per Year
                                                                       TABLE  17
Area
Martinez
Central County
Nichols
Pittsburg
Antioch
Oakley
1970
14.8
19.2
3.5
16.2
40. 0
2.3
1980
22.9
24.3
7.3
18.9
47.7
4.6
1990
26.5
28.8
9.6
21.7
64.3
6.0
2000
30.4
34.0
12.5
24.4
81.7
7.1
2010
33.8
39.2
16.3
27.3
100.1
8.5
2020
37.2
43.2
19.5
29.6
115.7
9.4
Sub-total
CCCWD Service Area
96.0
125.7
156.9
190.1
225.2
254.6
Islands
Brentwood
Byron
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0.1
0
0
0.2
0
0
0.2
0
Total Study Area
96.0
125.7
157.0
190.2
225.4
254.8

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                                                                -165-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
C.  AGRICULTURAL

              Estimates  of future agricultural water
requirements  within  the study area prepared by the United
States Bureau of  Reclamation were accepted  for use in
this study, and were distributed between  sub-areas based
on current use data.  These requirements  are summarized
in Table  18.   The projection of future  agricultural
requirements  did  not include the portions  of the Brentwood
and Byron sub-areas  now served by the East  Contra Costa
Irrigation District  and the Byron-Bethany  Irrigation
District, respectively, since it was assumed that these
agencies  would continue to meet demands  for agricultural
water within  their service areas.  Also,  the projection
of future requirements  excluded areas which can readily be
served by individual pumping directly from  the Delta
channeIs.

          The  principal  agricultural demand  which is
anticipated within the  District would be  that of the Lone
Tree-Deer Valley  service area of the proposed Kellogg Unit,
The additional area  which the Bureau of  Reclamation
proposes  to irrigate from the Kellogg Unit  is shown on
Plate 6.  Although there is some question  as to the like-
lihood of this area  actually being devoted  to agricultural
purposes  in the future, the Bureau's estimate of water
needs in  the  area were  accepted for study  purposes, since
the needs would be practically the same  even if the area
is eventually developed for residential  purposes.  The
total demand  in the  Lone Tree-Deer Valley  area was
distributed between  the Antioch and Brentwood sub-areas
in proportion to  its area lying within  each.
D.  TOTAL WATER  REQUIREMENTS

         1.   TOTAL  REQUIREMENTS
              A  summary of the projected  total  high-
quality water requirements to the year  2020  is  shown in
Table 19, for the  study area and within  the  present
District boundaries.   These requirements  are shown graph-
ically on Plates  7 and 8.

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                                                                                -166-
                                                                         TABLE  18
                                                            a/
                  PROJECTED AGRICULTURAL  WATER REQUIREMENTS-

Area^
Central County
Antioch
Oakley
Acre Feet per Year
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
1,500 00000
800 3,300 4,800 4,600 4,600 4,600
2,000 900 400 000
Sub-total              4,300     4,200
CCCWD Service Area£/
                    5,200     4,600     4,600     4,600
Brentwood
1,800    12,500    18,800    18,400    18,400    18,400
Total Study Area
6,100    16,600    24,000    23,000    23,000    23,000
a/  Does not include the agricultural water requirements of:

    1.  The portion of the Brentwood sub-area served by the East Contra
        Costa Irrigation District.

    2.  The Byron sub-area, which is served by the Byron-Bethany Irrigation
        District in the western portion and irrigated by individual
        pumping from the Delta in the eastern portion.

    3.  The Islands sub-area, which is irrigated by individual pumping from
        the Delta.

b/  There is no anticipated agricultural use in the Martinez, Nichols,
~"   Pittsburg, Nortonville-Somersville, Mt. Diablo-Los Meganos sub-areas.

£/  Excluding the portion of the Lone Tree-Deer Valley lying within the
~~   Brentwood sub-area.
                                                                        47

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TABLE  19
               PROJECTED TOTAL HIGH-QUALITY WATER REQUIREMENTS

                      Thousands of Acre Feet per Year
                                                                              -167-
                       1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Present
CCCWD Service Area:
     Municipal

     Industrial

     Agricultural3./

          Total
41.3
96.0
4.3
141.6
73.9
125.7
4.2
203.8
110.0
156.9
5.2
272.1
147.9
190.1
4.6
342.6
174.8
225.2
4.6
404.6
194.3
254.6
4.6
453.5
Total Study Area:
Municipal
Industrial
Agricultural
Total
44.2
96.0
6.1
146.3
81.8
125.7
16.6
224.1
128.8
157.0
24.0
309.8
185.9
190.2
23.0
399.1
237.1
225.4
23.0
485.5
287.1
254.8
23.0
564.9
a_/   Excludes Lone Tree-Deer  Valley agricultural demands  in
     Brentwood  sub-area.
   48

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                                                              -168-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
          2.   REQUIREMENTS ON SUPPLY SYSTEM

              As  was  discussed previously  in  Section III-B.2,
it is anticipated that the availability of high-quality
water supplies  in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta between
Antioch  and  Nichols  will be less in the future  than it
has been in  the  past.  As a result, it is possible that
some of  the  present  users of the offshore supply,  includ-
ing the  City  of  Antioch,  may cease to use their offshore
diversion  facilities in the future, taking their full
supplies,  including  replacement water for their offshore
entitlement,  from the Contra Costa Canal.  New  industries
locating  in  the  District will probably not construct  off-
shore production  facilities for high-quality water.   The
District's Treated Water Division is expected to continue
to pump  with  its  Mallard Slough facilities when high-
quality  water is  available offshore, because of the  fairly
large storage capacity of Mallard Reservoir  and because of
the low  cost  of  pumping into this low-elevation facility.

          The  effect  of this reduction in the availability
and use  of offshore  water supplies will be to place  an
increasing proportion of the total annual water requirement
on the overland  supply system, which will include  the
Contra Costa  Canal system and the Kellogg Unit.   The
projected  future  diversions of high-quality  water  from
the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta for use within the  study
area are  listed  in Table 20.  These diversions  were  esti-
mated considering the factors discussed in the  preceding
paragraph  and the anticipated future availability  of  high-
quality  water at  various points between Nichols  and  Oakly.
These latter  data were based on estimates made  by  the
Department of Water  Resources and summarized in Table 13.

          The  balance of the total District and  study  area
water requirements,  except for certain agricultural  needs
to be provided for by other agencies, is shown  in
Tables 21  and 22.  These requirements must be provided
through  the  overland supply system.  An additive of
5 per cent of the net requirements listed in Tables  21 and 22
was included  to  allow for unavoidable losses  in  the  system.
After construction of the Peripheral Canal,  the  entire
annual study  area requirement except for the  agricultural
uses mentioned above, must be provided through  the over-
land supply  system during dry hydrologic conditions  in
the Central  Valley.   The projected demand within the  pre-
sent District service area for high-quality  water  from
the overland  supply  system, including losses, is shown on
Plate 9  for  wet,  median and dry conditions in the  Valley.

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TABLE 20
                       PROJECTED HIGH-QUALITY WATER DIVERSIONS
                          FROM SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA
                               FOR USE IN STUDY AREA a/
                           Thousands of Acre Feet per Year
                                                                                   -169-
                       Hydrologic
                       Condition

                         Wet
                         Median
                         Dry
             Municipal

               21.0
               11.5
                1.4
            Industrial

               37.7
               29.2
               17.8
            Total

             58.7
             40.7
             19.-2
              1980
Wet
Median
Dry
28.3
12.8
   0
24.2
13.3
   0
 52.5
 26.1
    0
              1990
Wet
Median
Dry
30.7
12.9
   0
29.2
17.3
   0
 59.9
 30.2
    0
              2000
Wet
Median
Dry
38.0
14.4
   0
38.4
19.0
   0
 76.4
 33.4
    0
              2010
Wet
Median
Dry
44.5
16.9
   0
45.9
23.0
   0
 90.4
 39.9
    0
              2020
Wet
Median
Dry
50.6
18.7
   0
52.9
25.6
   0
103.5
 44.3
    0
              a/  Excludes diversions from Rock Slough and diversions
                  for irrigation in areas  served by East  Contra Costa
                  and Byron-Bethany Irrigation Districts  and  by
                  individual pumping from  Delta channels.
      50

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                      PROJECTED DEMAND ON SUPPLY  SYSTEM
                                                           a/
                  FOR WATER IN PRESENT DISTRICT  SERVICE  AREA±>
                       Thousands of Acre  Feet  per  Year
                                                                              -170-
                                                                       TABLE 21
         Hydro-
         logic
Year   Condition

1970    Wet
        Median
        Dry
                                  Agricul-
           Municipal  Industrial   tural
              20.3
              29.8
              39.9
            58.3
            66.8
            78.2
            4.3
            4.3
            4.3
           82.9
          100.9
          122.4
                                          Losses     Total
           4.2
           5.1
           6.1
          87.1
         106.0
         128.5
1980
Wet
Median
Dry
 45.6
 61.1
 73.9
101.5
112.4
125.7
4.2
4.2
4.2
151.3
177.7
203.8
 7.6
 8.9
10.2
158.9
186.6
214.0
1990
Wet
Median
Dry
 79.3
 97.1
110.0
127.7
139.6
156.9
5.2
5.2
5.2
212.2
241.9
272.1
10.6
12.1
13.6
222.8
254.0
285.7
2000
Wet
Median
Dry
109.9
133.5
147.9
151.7
171.1
190.1
4.6
4.6
4.6
266.2
309.2
342.6
13.3
15.5
17.1
279.5
324.7
359.7
2010
Wet
Median
Dry
130.3
157.9
174.8
179.3
202.2
225.2
4.6
4.6
4.6
314.2
364.7
404.6
15.7
18.3
20.2
329.9
383.0
424.8
2020
Wet
Median
Dry
143.7
175.6
194.3
201.7
229.0
254.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
350.0
409.2
453.5
17.5
20.5
22.7
367.5
429.7
476.2
a/   Excludes Lone Tree-Deer Valley agricultural  demands in  Brentwood
     sub-area.
                                                                       51

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TABLE  22
                      PROJECTED DEMAND ON SUPPLY SYSTEM
                       FOR WATER IN TOTAL STUDY AREA a/

                       Thousands of Acre Feet per Year
                                                                               -171-
1970
         Hydro-
         logic
Wet
Median
Dry
 23.2
 32.7
 42.8
 58.3
 66.8
 78.2
                                  Agricul-
Year   Condition   Municipal  Industrial   tural
                                                a/
 6.1
 6.1
 6.1
 Sub-
Total

 87.6
105.6
127.1
Losses

  .4.4
  5.3
  6.4
Total

 92.0
110.9
133.5
1980
Wet
Median
Dry
 53.5
 69.0
 81.8
101.5
112.4
125.7
16.6
16.6
16.6
171.6
198.0
224.1
  8.6
  9.9
 11.2
180.2
207.9
235.3
1990
Wet
Median
Dry
 98.1
115.9
128.8
127.8
139.7
157.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
249.9
279.6
309.8
 12.5
 14.0
 15.5
262.4
293.6
325.3
2000
Wet
Median
Dry
147.9
171.5
185.9
151.8
171.2
190.2
23.0
23.0
23.0
322.7
365.7
399.1
                                                                16.2
                                                                18.3
                                                                20.0
          338.9
          384.0
          419.1
2010
Wet
Median
Dry
192.5
220.2
237.1
179.5
202.4
225.4
23.0
23.0
23.0
395.0
445.6
485.5
 19.8
 22.3
 24.3
414.8
467.9
509.8
2020
Wet
Median
Dry
236.5
268.4
287.1
201.9
229.2
254.8
23.0
23.0
23.0
461.4
520.5
564.9
 23.1
 26.0
 28.3
484.5
546.5
593.2
a/  Exclusive of agricultural water demands in areas served by
    East Contra Costa and Byron-Bethany Irrigation Districts and
    by individual pumping from Delta channels.
  52

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                                                                -172-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
          Although there are  expected to be substantial
diversions  from offshore in  the  future under wet and
median water  supply conditions,  the  period of availability
of high-quality water offshore will  extend into the
summer months  only in very wet years.   The capacity of
the overland  supply system must  be  sufficient to meet
the demands placed upon it during peak periods.  Since
the District's  peak demands  occur during the summer
months of July, August, and  September, it is evident that
only in years  of "wet" hydrologic conditions in the Central
Valley will the potential peak demands on the supply
system be alleviated by the  availability of high-quality
water offshore.
E.  PEAK  SUPPLY  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

          1.   CUSTOMER PEAKING  FACTORS

              In  order to analyze  the  capabilities of
the present  Contra Costa Canal, and  of possible improve-
ments to  the  Canal or of additional  facilities, to meet
the water  requirements of the  study  area,  it was
necessary  to  estimate peak flow requirements.  In doing
this, an  analysis  was made of  the  historical peak demands
of each of the  major customers, based  either on data in
the District  records or on the reports of  the individual
customers' consulting engineers.   Consideration was
given to  the  present availability  of  customer raw water
storage,  and  whether or not such  storage  is likely to be
provided  in  the  near future.   Based  on this analysis,
factors were  adopted for the probable  future ratio between
peak day  demand  on the conveyance  facility and the aver-
age annual daily demand for each  municipal customer, the
SIC categories  of  industrial customer, and for agricul-
tural uses.   These factors are listed  in  Table 23.
         2.   PEAK REQUIREMENTS

              To  derive peak flows  used  in analysis of
the supply system,  the customer peaking factors described
above were applied  to the projected  annual water require-
ments for each  customer by decade, and  the results were
summarized by  section of the present  Contra Costa Canal.
This procedure  is approximate only;  in  assuming that all
                                                           53

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                                                                                   -1
TABLE 23
                       ANTICIPATED CUSTOMER PEAKING RATIOS-/
                                                            Peaking
                              Customer                       Ratio
                Municipal:
                     Martinez                                 2.0

                     Pleasant Hill                            2.5

                     District, Treated Water Division         1.6

                     Bay Water Service                        2.5

                     Pittsburg                                2.5

                     Antioch                                  1.6

                     Oakley                                   2.5


                Industrial                                 1.2 to 3.8


                Agricultural                                  4.0
                a/  Defined as ratio between peak day demand and
                    average annual daily demand.

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                                                               -m-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
peaks would  accumulate on the same day,  no  credit is
taken for possible  diversification of  demand  pattern be-
tween the various  users and classes of  use.   However,
flow requirements  for Canal losses and  the  effects of
operating errors  have been ignored.  It  is  assumed that
these simplifications are compensating  so  that  the peak
flow values  derived are comparable to  those  that will
actually be  realized in the future if  total  annual demands
develop  as  projected in this study.

         Peak  day  flow requirements in  the  Contra Costa
Canal estimated  according to the foregoing  procedure are
summarized by  decade for each section  of the  Canal in
Table 24,  These  requirements can be expected to occur
in years of  median  and dry hydrologic  conditions in the
Central Valley;  only in wet years, when  high-quality
water  may be  available offshore during  the  summer months,
might the peak demands on the overland  supply system be
less than those  listed in the table.

         The peak  flows shown in Table  24 are for the
present District  service area only, and  do  not  include
demands in the Byron, Brentwood, and Islands  sub-areas.
A supply system  serving the entire study area would need
to have capacity  to meet requirements  in those  sub-areas
as well as demands  shown in Table 24.
                                                          55

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                                                                -176-
                    LEFDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
              V.   PRESENT SUPPLY SYSTEM
A.  BUREAU  OF  RECLAMATION FACILITIES
          1.   CANALS
              The  canals in the Contra  Costa Canal system
constructed  and  operated by the United States  Bureau of
Reclamation  are  the  main Contra Costa  Canal and the
Clayton and  Ygnacio  Relift Canals.   These  features, shown
on Plate 5,  are  the  main components  of the  supply system
serving the  present  District service area.

         The  Contra  Costa Canal is 47.67 miles  long
over-all.  The  first 3.95 miles consists of unlined earth
section forming  the  intake channel diverting from Rock
Slough, with  the  balance being concrete lined.   As shown
on Plate 5,  the  Canal is divided into  25 separate flow
sections, the  characteristics of which are  summarized in
Table 25.  The  side  slopes are at 1^:1 in  the  lined sec-
tions and 3:1  in  the earth sections.   Bottom slopes in
the lined sections  range from 0.125  foot per thousand in
Section 3, to  0.4  foot  per thousand  at  the  terminus.  The
Canal is eequipped  with  43 check structures,  of  which 26
are used for  operations, and eight wasteways.   Total
Canal storage  amounts to about 280 acre feet at normal
operating level.

         The  Clayton and Ygnacio Relift Canals  are 4.85
and 5.17 miles  in  length, respectively.  The characteris-
tics of these  canals are summarized  in Table 26.   The
Clayton Canal  draws  from the main Contra Costa  Canal at
mile 28.39 in  Section 10, and the Ygnacio  Canal takes out
of the main  Canal  at mile 35.27 in Section  12.
         2 .  PUMPING  PLANTS

             There  are four pumping plants  at  the  upstream
end of the main  Contra Costa Canal, and a plant  serving
each of the Clayton and Ygnacio relift canals.   The
characteristics  of  these pumping plants are  listed in
Table 27.  At  each  of the plants on the main  Contra  Costa
Canal, space is  available for installation  of  a  sixth pump
to bring the total  pumping capacity up to the  full design
carrying capacity  of  the Canal.
                                                         59

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TABLE 25
                                                                                   -177-
                        CHARACTERISTICS  OF  CONTRA  COSTA  CANAL
         Section^/


            2b/
            3
            4
            5

            6
            7
            8
            9
           10

           11
           12
           13
           14
           15

           16
           17
           18
           19
           20

           21
           22
           23
           24
           25
Location
From
Mile
0.04
2.73
3.98
7.08
11.45
12.50
16.51
20.31
23.26
26.56
29.12
32.34
35.31
37.88
39.44
40.72
41.57
43.37
44.08
44.45
45.28
46.23
46.69
47.01
47.55
To
Mile
2.73
3.95
7.04
11.45
12.50
16.49
20.31
23.25
26.56
29.12
32.34
35.31
37.85
39.44
40.72
41.57
43.37
43.97
44.45
45.08
46.00
46.48
46.88
47.20
47.67
Design
Capacity,
cfs
328
328
350
320
291
269
256
225
204
190
172
155
140
125
114
102
93
87
67
59
46
37
30
25
22
Bottom
Width,
ft.
24.0
24.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.C
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
Height of
Lining,
ft.
6.5S/
6.5£/
9.37
7.81
7.50
7.25
7.10
6.81
6.17
5.98
5.56
5.24
4.88
4.6H
4.36
4.25
4.08
3.96
3.5U
3.21
2.87
2.67
2.44
2.29
3.00
        a_/  Side slopes are  3:1  in Sections  1  and  2  and
            1*5:1 in Sections  3 through  25.
        b_/  Earth sections.
        £/  Design flow depth.

        Source:  U. S. Bureau of Reclamation data.
      60

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAYTON AND
Location

Section
Clayton
Canal £/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ygnacio
Canal V
1
2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9
From
Mile


0.28
1.27
2.61
3.42
3.71
4.31
4.55
4.76


0.01
0.16

1.38

1.73

2.72

3.45

3.78

4.64
4.91
To
Mile


1.18
2.61
3.42
3.71
4.30
4.54
4.75
4.85


0.05
1.38

1.73

2.71

3.45

3.78

4.38

4.83
5.17
Type of
Lining


Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete


Concrete
Asphaltic-
Concrete
Asphaltic-
Concrete
Asphaltic-
Concrete
Asphaltic-
Concrete
Asphaltic-
Concrete
Asphaltic-
Concrete
Earth
Earth
YGNACIO RELIFT CANALS
Design
Capacity,
cfs


38
36
32
26
21
15
11
11


30
30

26

22

18

14

9

9
9
Bottom
Width,
ft.


4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00


5.00
2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

3.00
3.00
-178.
TABLE 26
Height of
Lining,
ft.


2.62
2.58
2.42
2.42
2.21
1.75
1.54
3.00

r> /
1.87-'
2.58

2.42

2.25

2.00

1.75

1.33

1.12S/
1.24^X
a/  Side slopes are 1^:1 in Sections 1 through 7 and are vertical in
    Section 8.  Begins at Contra Costa Canal Section 10 (Mile 28.39) and
    ends at Galindo Creek.
b_/  Side slopes are 1%:1 in all sections.  Begins at Contra Costa Canal
    Section 12 (Mile 35.27) and ends at Contra Costa Canal Section 13
    (Mile 37.66).
c/  Design flow depth.

Source:  U. S. Bureau of Reclamation data.
                                                                       61

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                                                                  -179-
                       LEEDS HILL AND JEWETT, INC
             Electric power for pumping  is  provided by
   facilities  of the Federal Central  Valley Project.  A
   power  line  extends from the Bureau of Reclamation's
   primary  switching yard at Tracy  to Contra Costa Canal
   Pumping  Plant Number 3, and from this point power is
   distributed to the other plants, including the Clayton
   and Ygnacio Pumping Plants, through  a 69 KV system.
   The United  States Naval Reservation  at  Concord is also
   served by this system.
             3.   RESERVOIRS

                 Reservoir storage  on  the  Contra Costa Canal
   system  is provided in Martinez  and Contra Loma Reservoirs.
   Other raw water storage in the  service  area is owned by
   the  District  or its customers.

             Martinez Reservoir  is  the terminal facility of
   the  Contra  Costa Canal, and  was  included in the original
   construction  program.  The reservoir provides about 268
   acre feet of  storage at maximum  water  surface elevation 66.
   The  normal  operating range of the  reservoir is from
   elevation 45  to 66, with an  active storage of 232 acre
   feet.   Under  the original concept  of the Canal system,
   Martinez  Reservoir was designed  to capture terminal flows
   caused  by operating errors.  The reservoir is now also
   being used  to meet the peak  demands of  the customers
   which are served directly from  it.

             Contra Loma Reservoir,  completed in November 1967,
   was  originally intended as a feature of the proposed
   Kellogg Unit, and ultimately will  have  the principal
   purpose of  re-regulating the flows  of  the proposed Contra
   Loma Canal.   It is located at mile 11.6 on the Contra Costa
   Canal,  and  can be filled from the  Canal through a 21 cfs
   capacity  pump intake.  The outlet  works releasing into the
   Canal have  a  capacity of 900 cfs.   The  reservoir has a
   total capacity of 2,4-57 acre feet  at maximum water surface
   elevation 211, including 535 acre  feet  of flood control
   storage.  The operating pool, between  elevation 205 and
   169, provides 1,671 acre feet of active storage.
62

-------
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-------
                                                               -181-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
         4.  LATERALS
             The  Bureau of Reclamation constructed  seven
laterals extending  service from the Contra Costa  Canal  to
lands devoted to  irrigated agriculture, and two laterals
for industrial  water  service.  The laterals total  some
14.8 miles  in length,  and consist of asbestos-cement  or
reinforced  concrete pipe of varying diameter.  Each  later-
al contains a number  of turnouts providing service  to
individual  customers  or groups of customers.  The charac-
teristics of the  laterals are  summarized in Table 28,  and
their locations are indicated  on Plate 5.  Although  the
Bureau constructed  the  laterals as part of the Contra
Costa Canal system, the District is responsible for  repay-
ment as well as operation and  maintenance.
    CUSTOMERS'  FACILITIES
         1.  CUSTOMERS'  LATERALS

             All  customers,  except for those served  from
the nine Bureau-owned  laterals described above, have  their
own facilities  for  taking  delivery of water from the
Contra Costa Canal.  Customers'  laterals vary in size  from
36 inches to 3/4  inch  in diameter, depending on individual
needs .

         There  are  17  privately-owned laterals serving
major municipal and industrial customers.  These vary  in
size from 10 to 36  inches  in diameter and extend up  to
two miles from  the  Canal.   Appurtenances at the headworks
of the laterals usually  include  a screening box or trash-
rack, and booster pumping  is not uncommon.

         A number of the smaller municipal customers,  con-
sisting mainly  of golf courses,  schools, nurseries,  and
cemeteries, divert  water through small gravity systems or
hydropneumatic  systems composed  of a pump, pressure  tank,
and pressure pipeline.  Laterals range in diameter from
2 to 8 inches.  Most customers of this type are located
relatively near the  Canal.

         Agricultural  customers' facilities consist  for
the most part of  portable  sprinkler irrigation systems,
usually supplemented by  a  small  booster pump.  The typical
system is capable of delivering  240 gpm.
                                                          65

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                                                                               -182-
TABLE 28
                   CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRIBUTION LATERALS
                            FROM CONTRA COSTA CANAL
                                                   Inside
                              Design Flow        Pipe Diam.      Total   No. of
                                 (cfs)            (inches)      No.  of   Turn-
   a/     Primary  Length    First    Last     First    Last     Turn-  outs in
 Lateral    Use    (feet)     Sec.     Sec.      Sec.     Sec.     outs   Service

   5.3      £/      5,607     5.1      2.0      21       15        65


   6.2.b/    £/      7,920     7.9      2.0      21       12       11      11
            ~~       1,425              2.1               12        4       4


   7.lk/    £/     13,451     9.0      2.0      27       12       16      15
                    1,889              3.6               12        2       2


   7.3      £/     11,022    10.4      2.3      27       12       15      13


   9.1      £/      8,445    12.2      4.3      21       15        88


  14.0      d/      8,285     4.5      4.5      15       15        21


  25.6      £/      9,116    19.0     11.2      27       24        22


  36.6      £/      6,495     6.8      3.6      24       15       10       7


 Y-2.6      c/      4,791     4.6      2.0      21       12        86
 a/  Number refers to Canal mile post as measured from beginning of Contra
 ~   Costa Canal, except for Lateral Y-2.6 which extends from the Ygnacio
     Relift Canal 2.6 miles downstream from the Ygnacio Pumping Plant.
 b/  This lateral bifurcates into two pipelines.
 c/  Irrigation.
 d/  Industrial.

   65

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                                                               -183-
                    IFI.DS HILl ANDJEWI.IT INC
          Customers in the Groups  and  Associations cate-
gory take  water  from the Canal  through  47 separate
systems,  with  the membership  in  each  Group largely dic-
tating the  size  of the diversion  lateral.  Memberships
vary from  3  to  460 persons, and  diversion laterals vary
in diameter  from 2 to 12 inches.   Hydropneumatic systems
are usually  employed.

          Individuals diverting  directly from the Canal
for domestic  irrigation generally  take  water through
small hydropneumatic systems  having pipe  sizes running
from 3/a  to  2  inches in diameter.   Individuals of this
type are  known  as "Flat Raters."   Property belonging
to these  individuals is in almost  all  cases located ad-
jacent to  the  Canal.
          2 .   RAW  WATER STORAGE

              The  main raw water storage  in the study
area, aside  from  the Bureau's Martinez  and Contra Loma
Reservoirs,  is  provided by the City  of  Antioch, and by
the District's  Treated Water Division  at  Mallard Reser-
voir.  These  facilities are shown  on Plate 5.   Some
industries have small amounts of raw water storage.

          The  City of Antioch reservoir  has a total capa-
city of  735  acre  feet at full water  surface elevation 163,
and is used  by  the City primarily  to store water produced
from the  San  Joaquin River.  An intake  from the Contra
Costa Canal  is  located at mile 10.5  A  200 horsepower
pumping  unit  at the  intake can deliver  up  to 14.5 mgd
either into  the reservoir or directly  to  the City's water
treatment  plant.   As part of a water system modernization
program  now  being undertaken by the  City,  a new intake
is under  construction at Canal mile  10.8.   This intake
will include  a  pumping station having  an  initial capacity
of 25 mgd, with provision for' future expansion to 40 mgd.

          Mallard  Reservoir has a capacity  of 2,980 acre
feet at  full  water surface elevation 33.   The  reservoir
was originally  designed so that this capacity  could be
approximately  doubled by increasing  the  height of the
embankments  1C  feet.  Further increase  in  capacity could
be achieved  by  excavating from within  the  existing reser-
voir area.   Water from the Contra  Costa  Canal  is delivered
to Mallard Reservoir by gravity through  a  30-inch turnout
located  at mile 26.3.  The reservoir is  also used to store
water produced  from  Mallard Slough.

                                                        67

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                       LITDS HI I 1 AND JEWETT, INC
            The  District's Treated Water  Division also has
   12.3 acre  feet  of storage located  at the  Ygnacio Treat-
   ment Plant,  Canal mile 37.7.  Other  raw  water storage in
   the District's  service area totals about  130 acre feet,
   most of which  belongs to one industrial  customer.
             3.   OFFSHORE SUPPLY SYSTEMS
                 The  City of Antioch and  the  District's
   Treated Water Division divert a portion  of  their raw
   water supplies  from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta when
   it is available  in suitable quality.   The  locations of
   their offshore  supply systems are shown  on  Plate 5.

             The  City of Antioch diverts  its  offshore supplies
   through a  400 horsepower pumping unit  and  an 18-inch
   diameter  pipeline 16,500 feet in length  leading to the
   City's raw  water  reservoir.  The system  is  capable of
   producing  from  6.0 to 6.5 mgd.  The TWO  system consists
   of a pumping  station at Mallard Slough having a total
   installed  capacity of 750 horsepower  in  three units, and
   a 33-inch  diameter pipeline leading to Mallard Reservoir.
   This pipeline consists of 2 H , 0 0 0 feet  of  reinforced con-
   crete pipe,  and  15,500 feet of mortar-lined welded steel
   pipe .

             In  addition to the municipal  systems described
   above, several  of the major water-using  industries in the
   District  whose  plants are situated on  the  waterfront
   develop some  of  their high-quality raw water needs from
   offshore.   During extended periods of  availability, these
   plants may  produce virtually all of their  needs from the
   offshore  supply.   A number of plants  use  large quantities
   of offshore  water for cooling purposes,  but the chloride
   ion content  of  the supply is not of importance in these
   cases because the cooling systems are  constructed of
   materials  able  to withstand high concentrations of chlor-
   ides.  Some  industries also use the offshore supply for
   washdown,  waste  dilution  and fire protection.  Chloride
   levels are  of little importance for these  uses.
68

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                                                               -185-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
                VI.   SUPPLY SYSTEM  DEFICIENCIES
A.  S_ERVICE  PROBLEMS

          1.   WATER QUALITY

              The  present Contra Costa  Canal  system, a
Federally  owned  facility, is not able  to  provide water
supplies  having  mineral quality at all  times  suitable to
the purposes  for  which the water is  used.   Usually there
are two periods  during the year when the  quality of
water available  at Rock Slough falls below  acceptable
levels for municipal and industrial  uses.   The  first of
these occurs  in  the winter, when runoff in  the  San Joaquin
River flushes  drainage water accumulated  from the previous
irrigation season into the Delta channels.   Historically,
the chloride  ion  content of Rock Slough water pumped into
the Contra Costa  Canal system has exceeded  100  ppm for an
average of about  80 days during the  winter  season.  The
second period  of  poor quality water  occurs  during the
summer months, when the low inflow in  the Sacramento and
San Joaquin  Rivers to the Delta permits saline  water from
San Francisco  Bay to intrude into the  Delta  channels.

          The  upper limits of chloride  ion concentration
and total  dissolved solids content recommended  by the
United States  Public Health Service  for municipal water
supplies  are  250  pprn and 500 ppm, respectively.   How-
ever, the  Contra  Costa County Water  District  would pre-
fer to deliver water containing not  more  than 100 ppm
chlorides  as  a reasonable upper limit,  in order to
protect industrial customers from substantial economic
penalties  caused  by the use of high-chloride  process
water, and to  prevent detriments to  domestic  consumers
due to hard  water.  The historic availability of water
in the Contra  Costa Canal, expressed as a function of
chloride  ion  concentration, is shown on Plate 10.   As
can be seen  from  this Plate, water containing 100 ppm
or less chlorides has been available at Rock  Slough
only 65 per  cent  of the time.  Furthermore,  several
instances  have occurred in the past when  the  chloride
ion concentration has risen even above  the  Public
Health Service recommended limit of  250 ppm.   Chlorides
at Rock Slough exceeded this value for  23 days  in 1961
and 28 days  in 1959, when the maximum  historical value of
374 ppm was  experienced.  Situations such as  this are
likely to  occur with increasing frequency in  the future
                                                         69

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                                                                  -186-
                           Hill AND Jl WITT INC
   during periods  of  low  runoff in the Central  Valley, as
   Federal and  State  export projects divert  more  and more
   water away from the  Delta, and particularly  after the
   Peripheral Canal  is  in full operation.    Increasing irri-
   gation development in  the San Joaquin  Valley  will also
   aggravate these quality problems.

            Contract  I  7r,.r-3401 between the  District and
   the Bureau of  Reclamation for delivery  of water through
   the Contra ^osta  Cana.l  does not provide  quality object-
   ives or guaiantees,  except that the District  is not
   required to  accept and pay for any water  having a chlor-
   ide ion concentration  in excess of 250  ppm.   When this
   contract was written it was contemplated  that  most of
   the Canal water would  be used for agricultural purposes,
   which could  tolerate reasonable shortages and  poorer
   quality water.   However, due to the radically  different
   pattern of development in the District  from  that
   anticipated  in  the 193O's, the provision  of  Contract
   I 75r-3U01 regarding water quality is  of  little or no
   value, since it does not recognize the  need  for a
   municipal water supply agency to make  water  of suitable
   quality available  to its customers 100  per cent of the
   time .

            At  present, the only measurements of  the quality
   of Canal water  made  on a daily basis are  tests for
   temperature, chlorides, and total dissolved  solids on
   samples taken  at  Pumping Plant No. 1.   Complete chemical
   analysis of  Canal  water Is made only on  a monthly basis.
   No bacteriological analyses are made at  all.   For proper
   control, chemical  and  perhaps bacteriological  analyses
   should b^ made  on  samples taken frequently at  the intake
   to the Canal,  at  Contra Lona and Martinez Reservoirs, and
   possibly at  a  point  in the Canal about  mid-way along its
   length.  The results of these tests should be  made avail-
   able to all  of  the District's customers  who  desire them.
   The precise  3xtent of  a desirable water  quality testing
   program should  be  the  subject of a detailed  study.
                CAPACITY  OF  FACILITI!
                When  the  Contra Costa Canal was  originally
   designed, the  selected design capacity for  each  of  the
   various reaches  was  predicated on large agricultural
   requirements,  which  at that time were projected  to  be
   the principal  demands  on  the facility.  However,  these
   agricultural needs have  failed to materialize.   Instead,
70

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                     I TFDS HILL AND JFWTTT INC
                                                                     -187-
                     es  are delivered  to a relatively
                     rge  industrial and  municipal  customers
                      widely spaced
                      1 :>  not operat
                      sections being required  to deliver
                      water tnan  designed for,  and  others
                                     intervals.   Conse-
                                     ng  as  originally
                                                     on  Plate
                                                     Lhis
                                                      in
re
                                           i n d i c a t e d
                                          shows  tli at
                                              :i ounce a  in  the
                                              10 21 , most  of
                                       o a t  .. t  M a j t i n e z
                                       i n d  4.   bit 11e  or  no
                                •  - - , •  -..'her sections.

                                •  a T. tic! r a t •' d  pear, day  flows
                                 ".'it-'  r re:, FT. t des ign capacity
                                ; r. u-•;.-•  •-n  ''ai-ie  l';»  and un
                                i a • ,  ,; i t n o u '. improvements,
     d'~C-\: .   .-  . .   '      .'  ' •  - f ' - -      ;::d '» wcul 1  probably
    exceeded  .-•/  l'.-,''/j, ',;-t:.  tbojo  o.,   beef ions  ^ through 9
    ng  exceeded  in  1  • /..  ana c  t >-> r .    A._.,o jhown on Plate 11
     t :i e I-'1''-' en:  li.stai_eu  cate  main pumping
    n t: as  • : .- ; e d  in  I --.;  '_ e  C 7 .   I e , iL   i 1 o w  r 3 q i: i r e n e n t s in
    ^lons  ~  -^nd  *  ..ro_. Id  •::-, c  -d  '  - - •:  car ac: ties as early
    1971 ,  ,-• 1 t b o u t  i:.  ', al i m L 'ji,  •_ :  : • t  ';  u n 1 1 s .
                      s ; t u a r ^ o n
                     r d  (- i'  t a   T; n a
                     a .  i ;  i1-; cue e d
                      far ,-, norf cf
present peak  d e ma n a s in  the Martinez
some  reduction in  required peak  del
reaches is  being achieved  cy draw in
Martinez Reservoir.  Some  Increase
capacity of  this portion  of tne  Can
August, 1966,  when  temporary '' :j i d c b
structed cy  the Bureau of  Re clamat!
to Sta: 2487+00.   This sidetcarding
containing  soil-cement mix, stacked
other to a  height  of about one  i c o t
the  existing  lining.  The  sideboard
have  increased the  carrying capacit
Canal to about 37  cfs; however,  a 1
conducted r y  the Bureau  indicated f
operating conditions, an  average  f ^
could be obtained  in the  reach  afte
is less than  the estimated average
Reservoir occurring In the peak  mon
delivery capacity  into Martinez  Res
augmented by  1970  In order to  avoid
s  at  the  t e r m i n a1
v,r h e r c the  d e s i g n
C'm  '- 3 cfs  to 22 cfs.
at  needed  to meet  the
   sub-area,  although
ivery rates  in these
i-  on  storage in
in  the carrying
al  was achieved in
oarding" was con-
on  from Sta, 2435+00
 consists  of sacks
 on  top of  each
 above the  top of
ing  was expected to
y  ^ t  this  reach c f the
9 -day c o n v e y a n c e test
hat ,  even  under ideal
o w  ': i  o n 1 y  27.4 cfs
r  s1 a e b c a r d i n g .   This
demand at  Martinez

                                                      Thus the
                                       ervoir  must  be further
                                        restrictions  on service
                                                               71

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                                                                  -188-
                       I EEDS HILL AND JEWETT, INC
             3.   OPERATING CONTROL

                 The  Contra Costa Canal  system Is now being
   operated  following  a procedure which  may  be called the
   "pool balance"  method.  A desirable  water level is estab-
   lished for  each of  the 25 sections of the Canal, with the
   Increase  or decrease in Canal storage being known for each
   Increment  of departure of the actual  water level from the
   desirable  level.   Readings of the water  level in each of
   the 25 pools are  usually made four times  each day by Bureau
   of Reclamation  operating personnel,  and  the total change
   in system  storage  for the day is calculated.   Also, the
   Bureau is  informed  of anticipated demands for the ensuing
   24-hour period  by  the District, based on  water orders re-
   ceived from  its customers.  A pumping schedule is then
   set for the  2Li-hour period, which is  calculated to meet
   the anticipated demands and to return the Canal storage
   to its desirable  level.

             There  are  a number of problems  which prevent the
   "pool balance"  method from providing  efficient operation
   of the Canal.   Although the range in  capacity of the units
   available  at the  four main plants provides some flexibility
   in meeting  the  24-hour pumping schedules, it  is usually
   necessary  to pump  for short periods  of time at rates well
   above the  average  24-hour schedule in order to approxi-
   mate the  desired  total amount of flow as  closely as
   possible.   This procedure creates flow surges in the
   system which complicate the problem  of accurately deter-
   mining pool  storage.

             Customer  demands are based  on water  orders which
   are placed  by municipal and industrial customers on a
   two-week  basis.   These orders represent  the customers'
   estimates  of their  probable average  flow  requirements for
   the period.   The  requirement for a two-week advance order
   was imposed by  a  District regulation  which became effect-
   ive January  1,  1967.  Prior to that  time  there was no
   consistent  method  of estimating customers'  water needs in
   advance.   The new  regulation requires  each customer to
   estimate  his average daily rate of delivery over the order
   period, and  also  requires the customers  to notify the
   District  at  least  24 hours in advance  of  changes in their
   orders.
72

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                                                                -189-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
          Although  the water ordering  system  has  improved
operations  since  it was instituted, the  procedure still
gives only  a  poor  prediction of the actual  daily demands
on the  Canal.   As  an illustration of  this,  deliveries to
one of  the  District's major industrial customers for the
month of  August,  1967 are shown on Plate  12,  which also
shows that  customer's water orders for the  month.

          Another  significant operating problem  is created
by the  fact that  many of the District's  major customers
have come to  regard the Contra Costa  Canal  as a  large
reservoir rather  than as a supply conduit of  limited
capacity, and  have  been taking their  deliveries  at widely
fluctuating rates  of flow.  For example,  one  major muni-
cipal customer, which has no raw water storage  of its own,
operates  its  treatment plant on an eight-hour shift basis
with the  plant  being shut down 16 hours  a day.   The
result  is that  when that customer is  taking water from
the Canal,  its  average demand rate is three times higher
than would  be  the  case if the deliveries  were uniform
over a  24-hour  period.  This type of  peaking  operation
robs the  Canal  of  capacity which could be used  to meet
larger  total  District needs assuming  these needs were all
leveled to  the  extent reasonably possible.

          Tne  result of these conditions  is that  the
ability to  meet customer demands now  depends  to  a great
extent  on the  ability to use a portion of the Canal to
store water which  can be drawn down during peak  demand
periods and refilled during off-peak  periods.   This in
turn reduces  the  capacity of the Canal to transport
flows along its length.   As the total demands within the
District  increase  in the future, more and more  of the
Canal capacity  will be required to transport  flows, and
less and  less  will  be available for storage to  meet
fluctuations  in demand.   As this occurs,  the  effect of the
operating problems  described above will be intensified
unless  corrective  measures are taken.
             SYSTEM  RELIABILITY
             At  the  present time, all water delivered
through the Contra  Costa  Canal system must pass  through
a series of four  pumping  plants, as described  in
Section V-A.2.   These  pumping plants are subject  to
mechanical failure  or  electrical power outage, which
could affect one  or  all  of the pumping units.
                                                          73

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                                                               -190-
                    IEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
         Historically,  unscheduled power  outages  have
been an  infrequent  occurrence.  Only three  outages  have
been recorded,  the  longest occurring on September 23,
1964, and  lasting  about 6^ hours.  This outage  was
caused by  an  accident in which a truck collided with one
of the poles  in the transmission line between  the Tracy
switchyard  and  Pumping  Plant Number 3.  It  can  be antici-
pated that  this type of accident will occur more
frequently  in  the  future as the eastern portions  of the
study area  become  more  urbanized.

         Although  there have never been any interrup-
tions in service  due to mechanical failure  of  a pumping
unit, the  likelihood of such a failure is constantly
increasing  as  the  capacity of the pumping plants  is
approached.

         Another  possible cause for interruption  of ser-
vice is  a  failure  of the Contra Costa Canal itself.  Two
such failures  have  occurred in the past,  in 1952  and 1955.
The 1952 break  was  due  to a landslide in  Section  12
near Galindo  Creek, causing a three-day service inter-
ruption.   The  1955  failure occurred in Section  20 and
was also caused by  landslides.  In both cases,  service
was restored  by installing large diameter corrugated metal
pipe in  the breaks ,

         At the present time the only emergency storage
available  to  the  Canal  system is the 1,671  acre feet of
active storage  in  Contra Loma Reservoir,  which  can
provide  about  three days'  peak supply at  the year 1970
demand level.   This facility is capable of  gravity  service
downstream  from its connection with the Contra  Costa
Canal at the  head  of Section 5, and can back feed in
Section  4  as  far  as Pumping Plant Number  4-  if withdrawals
in this  Section are not too great.  However, with present
pumping  equipment,  it would take about 4-0 days  to refill
the reservoir  once  emptied.  Canal customers in Section 3
have no  emergency  protection whatsoever,  except for the
water contained in  this section at the time of  service
interrupt ion.

         Some  additional protection is available  to the
City of  Martinez  and the industries drawing from  the
268 acre foot  Martinez  Reservoir, but Bureau of Reclamation
criteria limiting  the rate of drawdown in this  reservoir
are such that  it  can provide only about six hours'  supply
on the peak day at  the  1970 demand level.

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                                                               -191-
                   LEEDS, HILL ANP JEWETT, INC
          In  contrast to this situation,  the  East Bay
Municipal  Utility District now has some  157,000 acre
feet of  terminal  raw water storage capable  of providing
gravity  service  to all parts of the  District, and has
plans to  add about 97,000 acre feet  more.   The storage
reservoirs of the San Francisco Water  Department in the
Bay Area  contain  almost 240,000 acre feet  of water which
is available for  emergency gravity supply.
    OTHER  PROBLEMS
          1.   CANAL SAFETY

              Canal safety has been a persistent  problem
ever since  the  Contra Costa Canal first  went  into opera-
tion in 1940.   Since that time, 41 persons  have  lost
their life  by  drowning in the Canal.

          In  the  early 1950's drownings increased in fre-
quency of occurrence, and in July 1954 the  District
embarked  on  a  program of surveillance and public education
designed  to  lower  the drowning rate.  A  Canal  patrol of
deputy sheriffs  was  formed, and a comprehensive  program
involving dissemination of literature aimed  at  awakening
and maintaining  public awareness was undertaken.

          As  a  result of this program, the rate  of drowning
in proportion  to the total population within  the District
has been  substantially reduced over-all  and  within every
age group.   However, the group least affected  has been
very young  children, especially those of pre-school age.
Of the 15 drownings  occurring since the  District's safety
program was  initiated, 10 were children  under  nine years
of age, and  of  these, six were pre-school aged  children.

          An  important factor affecting safety  is the fact
that the  Contra  Costa Canal was not fenced when  it was
constructed,  and that fences have been added  subsequently
only in localized  areas.  Even these fences  are  now in-
adequate  in  preventing access to the Canal,  especially
by children.   The  primary reason for this is  that the
fences are  not  maintained by filling holes which develop
beneath them,  through which children can enter  the right-
of-way.   Also,  cross-fencing the Canal is not  complete, so
that in many  areas children can simply walk  around the
end of the  right-of-way fence.
                                                        75

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                                                                  -192-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
            The  United  States Bureau of Reclamation,  which
   constructed the  Canal to serve an agricultural area, has
   taken the position  that  it is not responsible  for  fencing
   since the Canal  preceded urban development.   The District
   has also disclaimed  responsiblity on the  grounds that it
   is neither the owner of  the Canal nor responsible  for
   operation and maintenance.  It is apparent,  however, that
   complete and  adequate fencing of all open  waterways is
   the only means by  which  continued loss  of  the  lives of
   small children by  drowning in the Canal  can  be effectively
   reduced.

            Safety  devices  are provided at  many points in
   the Canal in  the  Diablo  Valley area, particularly  at siphons
   These devices include ladders, grates,  and floating life
   lines.  However,  18  siphons on the main  Canal, primarily
   upstream of Clyde,  do not have grates,  and 10  do not have
   floating lifelines.   In  addition, there  is a need  for
   more escape ladders  by which persons can  get themselves
   out of the Canal  should  they fall in.
            2.   MAINTENANCE DEFICIENCIES

                 The  present maintenance procedures  being
   followed for  the  Contra Costa Canal are  deficient  in
   some respects  compared with standards desirable  for a
   municipal  supply  system.  Treatment of the  Canal sur-
   face and right-of-way  for weed control should  be carried
   out frequently  enough  that weeds cannot  develop  to an
   unsightly  stage.   The  esthetic appearance of the Canal
   would be greatly  improved by landscaping at  frequently-
   used public road  crossings.

            Adequate surface maintenance is difficult under
   present conditions  because only about 5% of  the  total
   Canal, from mile  4-  to  mile 7, has an access  road on both
   sides.  Maintenance would also be enhanced  if  operating
   personnel  could remotely control gates along the access
   roads from their  automobiles, instead of having  to leave
   the cars and  open the  gates by hand as at present.
76

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                                                             -193-
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
         Positive measures  should  be  undertaken to guard
against the accidental  introduction  into  the Canal of
toxic materials, particularly  at road crossings.   One
such incident occurred  in  1965 when  a truck loaded with
bulk fertilizer  fell  into  the  Canal  while the driver was
opening a gate.  The  Canal  could be  provided with a rein-
forced concrete  cover sufficiently far upstream and down-
stream from road crossing  to ensure  that  a highway
accident will not result in pollution of  the District's
water supply.

         Bridges crossing  the  canals  in the Contra
Costa Canal system are  in  various  ownership, including
the Bureau of Reclamation,  the State  of California,
Contra Costa County,  and cities and  private individuals.
Some of the wooden bridges  in  private ownership are not
being properly maintained.  Measures  should be  taken to
ensure that all  bridges crossing the  Canal are  adequately
maintained.
         3.  METERING  INADEQUACIES

         a.  Major Customers.   As was  stated in Section
II-A.2, about 91% of the  District's  total  water sales
are made to only 15 major  customers.   Thus,  the manner
in which sales to these customers are  measured, and the
accuracy of measurement,  are of prime  importance to the
District.

         The 15 major  customers at present take their
water supplies from the Contra  Costa Canal through a
total of 20 different  turnouts. The location,  size,
and ownership of each  of  these  turnouts  is indicated in
Table 29.   Also shown  in  Table  29 is the  location of
the meter for each turnout, and the meter  ownership,
maintenance schedule,  type of meter output,  and identi-
fication of the party  responsible for  reading  each
meter.

         A number of the  20 major meter  installations
are owned by the customers and  located in  the  customers'
plants.  This situation is satisfactory  as long as the
District has free access  to each meter,  and  can ensure
the accuracy of the readings.   At the  present  time, how-
ever, in more than half the installations, the  District
relies  on its customers to read the meters and  to main-
tain them in good operating condition.   As a matter of
                                                        77

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                                                                 -194-
                      LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
   good  business practice, the  District should be the  party
   responsible for all meter  reading and maintenance.   The
   Directors have recognized  this  and adopted a regulation
   on  January 1, 1966, which  provides that all service
   connections for municipal  or industrial purposes  instal-
   led after that date shall  be equipped with a meter  owned,
   operated, and maintained by  the District.  The principles
   of  this  regulation should  be made to apply also to  all  of
   the 20  meter installations  listed in Table 29, at least
   with  regard to the operation and maintenance of those
   installations.  As the meters  now owned by customers wear
   out,  they should be replaced by District-owned meters
   located  at the head of the  laterals.

            Meters maintained  by  the District are dismantled
   and thoroughly cleaned, inspected, and repaired if  neces-
   sary  on  an annual schedule.   Accuracy of these meters  is
   maintained by a semi-annual  calibration and a weekly
   manometer check performed  at the time the meter is  read.
   This  schedule of maintenance should be rigorously extended
   to  all  of the 20 major meter installations.

            The type of meter  output varies among the  major
   installations, including circular charts, strip charts,
   and totalizers.  The output  is  generally satisfactory
   for the  present method of  operation of the Contra Costa
   Canal system and for the type  of rate structure which
   the District now has.  However, as will be' discussed in
   Section  VII-A.7, the capabilities of the metering equip-
   ment  in  improving the operation of the Contra Costa  Canal
   system  need to be more fully exploited.

            b.  Other Customers.   The District's smaller
   municipal and industrial customers and the groups and
   associations drawing from  the  Contra Costa Canal  for
   domestic irrigation supplies are mainly metered,  whereas
   flat  rate sales to individuals  for domestic irrigation
   and to  agricultural users  are  estimated on the basis of
   area  served.  These procedures  satisfactorily account
   for the  relatively small amount of water involved.
78

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                                                               -198-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
         The anticipated  peak  day demands which would be
placed on a pipeline  from Clyde to Martinez Reservoir
are shown in ^able  30.  These  demands were determined as
described in Section  IV-E.2,  and were derived from
Table 24.  The potential  peak  demand of 3 cfs for the
City of Benicia  is  not  listed  in Table 30 since it is
probable that this  area will  have a supplemental source
of supply in the  future and  the City will then need its
connection to the District only for emergency service.

         For purposes  of  selecting the desirable size
of the Clyde-Martinez  pipeline, the capability of
Martinez Reservoir  in  meeting  part of the peak load is
taken into account  as  shown  in Table 30.   As demands on
the pipeline approach  its design capacity in the future,
Martinez Reservoir  should be  operated partly as a peaking
facility.  During the  early years after installation of
the pipeline, this  type of operation would not be required,
Kith a rate of drawdown not exceeding two feet per day,
the limit allowable under current Bureau  operating cri-
teria, a flow rate  of  14  cfs  could be released from
storage in the reservoir  when  the water surface is at
the maximum elevation  66  feet.  With the  water surface
at normal operating elevation  57, the maximum permissible
discharge rate would  be 11 cfs.  This latter value has
been adopted for  study  purposes.

         The proposed  route of the Clyde-Martinez pipe-
line1 is shown on  Plate  13.  The total length of the
pipeline would be approximately 25,300 feet.  With the
minimum available head  between normal water surface
elevation 107 in  the  Canal at  Clyde and maximum water
surface elevation 66  in Martinez Reservoir, the peak day
demand on the pipeline  shown  in Table 30  for year 2020
could be provided by  gravity through a 72-inch diameter
pipe.  However,  the most  economical means of providing
the necessary capacity  would be to construct a 60-inch
diameter pipeline initially, and then to  install a
booster pumping  plant  about half way along the line when
increased capacity  is  required in the future.  The booster
plant would probably  not  be needed until  about year 2000.
However, as stated  in  Section  III-B.5, there is a pos-
sibility that the effluent from the Central Contra Costa
Sanitary District's treatment  plant, located in
this area, could be used  to meet a part of the industrial
water requirements  now  served  from Martinez Reservoir.
If this re-use of reclaimed waste water could be initiated
before the need  for the booster plant develops, the
installation of  the plant might be deferred for a number
of years and perhaps  indefinitely.

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             PEAK DAY DEMANDS ON CLYDE-MARTINEZ PIPELINE
                        Cubic Feet per Second
                                                                           -199-
                                                                   TABLE 30
                             1980     1990     2000     2010     2020
Martinez Reservoir
     Municipal Demand

     Industrial Demand
West Side Loop
     Municipal Demand

     Public Area Irrigation  	6
20
50
5
6
35
58
5
•5
56
66
5
6
71
74
5
6
82
81
5
6
Total Demands
        104      133      156      174
Less:   Effect of Drawdown
     in Martinez Reservoir    11
         11
                  11
11
Demand on Pipeline
70
93      122      145      163
                                                                   85

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                                                                 -200-
                      LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
           The Treated Water  Division  of  the  District is
  now in the process of increasing  the  diversion capability
  from Contra Costa Canal to  Mallard Reservoir to 116 cfs.
  A 48-inch diameter pipeline  has already been constructed
  from the Bollman Treatment  Plant, now under construction
  on the south side of the reservoir,  to  a point near the
  northeast corner.  The increased  delivery capacity could
  most economically be provided  from this point back to the
  Canal by combining with the  proposed  Clyde-Martinez
  pipeline.  Thus, as shown on Plate 13,  the  new pipeline
  should be 81 inches in diameter from  the Contra Costa
  Canal takeout to the intersection with  TWD's 48-inch line,
  and 60 inches in diameter from that.point on to Martinez
  Reservoir, with provision made for future installation
  of a pumping plant on the east bank  of  Walnut Creek.  At
  the design stage, careful   consideration should be given
  to the type of transition structure  to  be provided
  between the Contra Costa Canal and the  Clyde-Martinez pipe-
  line.  Consideration should  also  be  given to the  possi-
  bility of increasing the available head on  the line through
  use of an altitude control  valve  at  the Martinez  Reservoir
  terminus.
           2.   DIABLO VALLEY LOOP

           a.   Water Requirements.  Estimates  of  future
  requirements for raw water service  from  the  Contra  Costa
  Canal system in the reaches between  Clyde  and the
  Martinez Reservoir were based on a  report  prepared  by  the
  District, reference 11.  Categories  of water use  in
  this  area include municipal, agricultural,  industrial,
  public area irrigation, and domestic  irrigation.  The
  estimated annual water demands in Diablo Valley developed
  in reference 11 are summarized in Table  31;  these values
  are compatible with the anticipated  total  water demands
  in the study area described in Section IV  of this report.

           In order to estimate the needed size of  improve-
  ment  works,  annual design demands were converted  to peak
  flow  rates in cubic feet per second.  In doing  this,
  consideration was given to the possibilities of scheduling
  certain of t^e deliveries for off-peak hours, and to the
  generally agricultural nature of many of the uses which
  would permit some restrictions in service  during  critical
  periods.
86

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                                                              -201-
                                                      TABLE  31
  PROJECTED  DEMAND ON  DIABLO  VALLEY LOOP
                            Design Water
Contra Costa               Requirement,!./
Canal Section            acre feet per yea:
      10                         257
Clayton Relift                   966
      11                       1,031
      12                         650
Ygnacio Relift                 2,063
      13                         59U-
      15                         784
      16                          47
      17                       1,591
      18                          50
      19                         157
      20                          55
      21                         120
      22                          27
      23                          53
      2H                          40
      25                          10
a/  From Centra Costa County Water District data,
~   reference .11.
                                                       87

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                                                               -202-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
         b.   Alternatives Studied.  Two possible  alter-
natives were  studied for future service to the  area  and
disposition of  the  present Contra Costa Canal  in  the
reaches between  Clyde and the Martinez Reservoir.  One
possibility would  be to maintain the existing  Canal  in
service with  complete fencing to provide adequate  safety,
and the other would be to replace the Canal with  a pipe-
line system.  A  comparison of the costs of these
alternatives, including the present worth values  of
future operating and maintenance costs, showed  that  the
most economical  solution would be to replace the  Canal
with a pipeline  system.  The significant consideration
in this comparison  was the operation and maintenance
costs; although  the pipeline alternative would  require
a greater  capital  expenditure initially, the savings
in operation  and maintenance costs would more  than off-
set this.

         c.   East  Side Improvements.  The recommended
plan for future  raw water service in Diablo Valley is
shown on Plate  14.   Along the east side of the  Valley,
the existing  Contra Costa Canal would be maintained  in
its present condition within the boundaries of  the
United States Naval Reservation, since safety  is not a
problem in this  area.   Downstream from the Reservation,
the Canal  would  be  filled in and and the right-of-way
would be available  for improvement as a green belt for
public use.   Raw water service would be provided through
a system of pipelines  laid in the filled Canal.

         Between the Navy base and Galindo Creek, flow
would be by gravity through a 42-inch diameter  pipeline,
with an overflow and wasteway into Galindo Creek.  A
new pumping plant would lift the water from this point
through a  30-inch diameter pressure pipeline into a
small storage reservoir near the existing Ygnacio Pump-
ing Plant.  This reservoir would maintain service
pressure during  periods of peak demand, and could also.
provide a  recreational opportunity.  From this  reservoir,
termed Ygnacio Reservoir, service would be provided
along the  present Canal alignment through a 12-inch  pipe-
line terminating at Walnut Creek, and along the align-
ment of the Ygnacio Relift Canal through a pipeline
ending at  Pine Creek.   The latter would consist of 24-inch
and 12-inch diameter pipe, as shown on Plate 14.  The
portion of the Ygnacio Canal beyond Pine Creek  would be
abandoned.

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                                                               -203-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
         The  Clayton  Relift Canal would be  maintained in
its present condition within the boundaries  of  the  Navy
property as far  as  the Mount Diablo Creek  siphon.   From
that point onwards  to Galindo Creek, the Canal  would be
replaced by a  6-inch  diameter pipeline providing  gravity
flow .

         The  existing Clayton and Ygnacio  Pumping  Plants
would be dismantled under this recommeded  plan  of  im-
provement.  A  new  45  horsepower pumping unit  would  be
installed at  the Clayton plant, properly sized  to  provide
the required  service.

         d.   West  Side Improvements.  Requirements  on the
west side of  the Diablo Valley would be met  by  pumping
from Martinez  Reservoir.  A new pumping plant,  located
below the Reservoir,  would contain three 150-horsepower
pump units, one  of  which would be held on  standby.   Water
would be pumped  into  a 1 million gallon storage tank on
Shell Hill, from which point service would  be provided
along the existing  Canal alignment through  a  pipeline
terminating at Walnut Creek.  This pipeline  would  be 24
inches in diameter  as far as the Pleasant  Hill  turnout,
and would vary from 16 inches to 10 inches  from that point
on to Walnut  Creek, as shown on Plate 14.   As on  the east
side, the existing  Canal would be filled in  and the
right-of-way  made  available for a green belt  for  public
use .
         3.   CANAL  ENLARGEMENT
         a.   Sections  5-9.   As was stated  in  Section  VI-A.2
of this Report  and  shown on Plate 11, it is anticipated
that without  improvements,  water delivery  requirements
would exceed  the  design carrying capacity  of  the  reach
of the Contra Costa Canal from Section 5 through  Section 9
by about 1975.  Three  alternative methods  of  augmenting
the delivery  capacity  of these sections were  studied:

              (1)  Enlarge the existing Canal  flow section
         by extending  the sides at a 1^ ; 1  slope until  the
         full flow  depth is increased by four  feet.   Modi-
         fy Canal structures as necessary  to  realize  the
         full increased carrying capacity  of  the  enlarged
         sect ion.
                                                         89

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                                                                  -204-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWEIT, INC.
                 (2)   Maintain the existing  Canal as it is
            at  present,  and construct a  parallel pipeline
            in  the  Canal right-of-way to  carry  future re-
            quirements.   The parallel pipeline  would be
            constructed  in two stages.

                 (3)   Replace the Canal by constructing a
            pipeline  in  th>/ Canal right-of-way  having suffi-
            cient  capacity to meet demands  through about
            year  2000.   Immediately after this  pipeline is
            in  service,  fill existing Canal.   Subsequently,
            construct  a  second-stage pipeline  in the filled
            section  to meet demands beyond  year 2000.

            Each  of  these alternatives was  studied consider-
   ing requirements  with and without provision  of a 12,000
   acre foot reservoir above the Canal at the  end of Section 8.
   This reservoir,  termed the Nichols reservoir, could pro-
   vide peaking  ability  which would have the effect of
   deferring the  need  for augmentation of facilities upstream
   therefrom, and  could  also provide some emergency storage
   protection for  customers downstream from it.   Also, the
   pipeline alternates were studied considering both gravity
   flow conditions  and the use of booster pumps.

            Of  these  alternatives, that of  enlarging the
   Canal section  was  found to be by far the most economical.
   It was also  found  that the Nichols reservoir would not
   permit enough  deferral of construction costs  in the
   Canal enlargement  to  justify its estimated  $7 million cost
   for that purpose  alone.  The reservoir would provide
   emergency storage  only against the occurrence of Canal
   failure downstream  from Contra Loma Reservoir, and would
   provide protection  only to customers that already have a
   degree of emergency storage available to them.  It was
   thus concluded  that construction of Nichols  reservoir is
   not warranted  for  near-term purposes, although a smaller
   reservoir at  the  site may be desirable in the future for
   emergency storage.

            A general  cross-section indicating  the enlarge-
   ment recommended  for  the Contra Costa Canal  in Sections 5
   through 9 is  shown  on Plate 15.  A four-foot  increase in
   flow depth was  found  to be generally necessary to provide
   the required  increase in carrying capacity.   Further studies
   at the pre-construction design level may indicate that an
   increase of  less  than four feet may be appropriate in some
   areas .
90

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                                                               -205-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
         In  the  fill  sections of the existing Canal,  the
top of the roadway  embankment is generally not  less  than
2Jg feet above  the  top of the Canal lining.  In  cut sections
this distance  is  greater,  averaging in excess of  five
feet.  Thus, after  enlargement, the flow section  would
mostly be either  in natural ground or in embankment  con-
structed as  part  of the  original Canal.  The passage  of
time since its  construction should have brought this
embankment to  a  relatively well-consolidated state.   How-
ever, further  studies at the pre-construction design  level
may indicate that  some  portions of the embankment may
require additional  consolidation.

         Discussions  with  several local contractors  indi-
cated that the  most feasible procedure for construction
of the enlargement  would probably be through creation of
a 16-foot access  roadway continuously on both sides  of
the Canal at a  height of from seven to eight feet above
the existing lining,  as  shown on Plate 15.  These roads
would provide  for  maximum  ease of access of men and  equip-
ment during  construction,  and would also permit improved
surface maintenance of  the Canal right-of-way after
enlargement.   After completion of the roads, grading
equipment could  readily  trim the Canal slopes to  the  de-
sired configuration.   A  shotcrete lining, reinforced  with
with wire mesh,  would then be applied in the enlarged
flow section from  a rig  riding on the bench at  the top  of
the existing lining.   Construction in this manner would
eliminate the  need  for  specialized equipment and  would
minimize cost.   Toe drains would be provided where
necessary to ensure stability of the enlarged Canal  embank-
ments.  New  fencing would  also be provided, as  is dis-
cussed in Section  VII-A.5.

         The increased  Canal flow section, enlarged  in
this manner, would  permit  continued service through  the
Canal from Contra  Loma  Reservoir to Clyde until about
1992.  At that  time,  increased capacity would have to be
provided at  existing  siphons so as to realize the full
effect of the  enlargement.  These and other required
structural modifications are discussed in paragraph  (d),
below.

         After  structural  modifications, the capacity of
the Canal in Sections  5  through 9 would meet the peak
demands expected to be  placed on it through the year  2020.
The anticipated  effects  of the proposed enlargement and
modifications  are  summarized in Table 32 and shown on
Plate 11.
                                                       91

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                                                                                  -206-


TABLE 32
                    EFFECT OF CONTRA COSTA CANAL MODIFICATIONS
                                    Carrying Capacity
                    Present       After Modification, cfs
                    Design         WithWithYear 2020
         Canal       Flow,        Section       Structural       Peak Demand,
        Section       cfs       Enlargement    Modifications         cfs	

           5          291           i+55             715              676

           6          269           440             695              676

           7          256           480             620              615

           8          225           415             585              505

           9          204           510             565              474
      92

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                                                                -207-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
          b.   Sect!ons 3 and U.   As  is  shown on Plate  11,
it  is  anticipated that the present  design carrying
capacity  of  Sections 3 and 4  of  the  Contra Costa Canal
would  be  exceeded by about 1973,  if  improvements were not
provi de d.

          After the Kellogg Unit  or  alternate is construc-
ted, service  through Sections  3  and  4  will no longer
present a  problem.  As is shown  on  Plate 6, the Laurel
Canal  will  conduct water supplied from Kellogg Reservoir
via the Contra Loma Canal to  a terminus  at Pumping Plant
Number 4  of  the Contra Costa  Canal.  From that point,
water  will  flow westerly to meet  service demands in
Section 4,  and easterly back  through Section 3 to meet
demands in  that section.  Requirements in the remainder
of  the  Contra Costa Canal system  will  be supplied by
deliveries  from Kellogg into  Contra  Loma Reservoir and
thence  into  Section 5 of the  Contra  Costa Canal, enlarged
as  described  above.  Thus, the entire  present capacity
of  Sections  3 and 4 can be used  to  meet  peak demands  in these
sections,  without having to transfer water through to
meet downstream demands.

          At  the present time,  the schedule of construction
of  the  proposed Kellogg Unit  is  not  known, although it
is  unlikely  that the project  can  be  completed before  1975.
If  Kellogg  is not delayed unduly, Sections 3 and 4 can
probably  be  operated for a few years beyond 1973 by en-
croaching  on  Canal freeboard  and, if necessary, by meeting
part of the  summer day peak flows by releasing from
storage in  Contra Loma Reservoir.   Neither of these
measures  are  recommended operating  procedure in any but
emergency  circumstances.  If  Kellogg is  delayed beyond
about  1976  it will be necessary  to  enlarge Sections 3 and 4.

          c.   Sections 1 and 2.   There  are no demands  at
the present  time on Sections  1 and  2 of  the Contra Costa
Canal,  the  unlined intake sections,  nor  are any demands
anticipated  in the future.  After the  Kellogg Unit is
completed,  the Bureau of Reclamation proposes to continue
to  operate  the Rock Slough intake when water of suitable
quality is  available at that point,  since the pumping
requirements  would be less than  for water delivered through
Kellogg Reservoir.

          It  is possible that water  of  suitable quality for
municipal  and industrial purposes will be available so
rarely  at  Rock Slough after the  Peripheral Canal is con-
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                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
structed and the  State  Water  Project  and the Federal
Central Valley Project  become fully  developed, that the
amount of water diverted  from that source would not
justify the maintenance costs of  the  main pumping plants
and Sections 1 and  2.   Furthermore,  as  will be explained
in paragraph (f), below,  there are physical problems
which would limit the amount  of water which could be
pumped from Rock  Slough into  the  enlarged Section 5 of
the Contra Costa  Canal  without extensive modifications
to the system.  These considerations  may make the con-
tinued use of the Rock  Slough intake  infeasible for even
a portion of the  long range supply to the study area.

         The delivery capacity of Sections 1 and 2 is
controlled by the water level in  Rock Slough and the rate
of pumping at Pumping Plant Number 1.  The capacity in
these sections should normally not present an operating
problem, unless the flow  velocities  become high enough
to cause bank erosion.  If this occurs,  the flow cross-
section of the intake channel may have  to be enlarged
by widening and deepening.

         d.  In-line Structures.  Structures which are
located in the Canal flow section and affect the flow  of
water are termed  in-line  structures.  These include
checks, siphons,  turnouts, trashracks,  and wasteways.
Most of these structures  would require  modification con-
currently with Canal enlargement.

         There are  12 check structures  in the Contra
Costa Canal between Sections  5 and 9.   All of these
would have to be  enlarged to  accommodate the increased flow
depth of the Canal.  In addition, the gates in the check
structures  would be motorized so as  to  be compatible  with
the proposed supervisory  control  system  described later
in this section of  the Report.  Also, when the Canal is
enlarged, stilling  wells would be installed at each check
structure to accommodate  the  water level sensing units
which would be provided as part of the  supervisory control
system.

         The inlet  and outlet  transitions at eight exist-
ing siphons would be heightened to be compatible with  the
enlarged Canal section.  As mentioned previously, the
capacity of these siphons would have  to  be increased by
about year 1992 in  order to realize the  full effect of the
proposed Canal enlargement.   This would  be accomplished
by adding a second  barrel to  each of  the siphons.  The
transition sections and approach  channel modifications

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                                                              _ 209—
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
required for these second  barrels  would, however, be
installed at the same  time  as  the  Canal enlargement, and
would then be sealed with  bulkheads  until the second
barrels are added.  A  third  barrel would be needed at the
Los Medanos siphon.

         Nine new siphons  would  be required at road cross-
ings where the modification  of existing bridges or
construction of new bridges  to accommodate the enlarged
section would not be practicable.

         There are 22  existing turnouts in Sections 5
through 9 which are not now  in use and from which service
is not expected to be  needed in  the  future.  These turn-
outs would be plugged,  since leakage through them is in
some instances creating a  hazard to  the stability of the
Canal embankment.  Each of  the 21  existing turnouts which
are in use would be modified to  remove all hardware from
within the Canal flow  section  and  to provide for individual
slide gates, trashracks, and meter pits.

         Trashracks would  be provided across the enlarged
Canal just upstream from the transition into the proposed
Clyde-Martinez pipeline, and in  the  existing Canal in the
Diablo Valley loop just upstream of  the proposed 42-inch
gravity pipeline beginning  at  the  U.S. Naval Reservation
boundary.  These trashracks  would  be of the self-cleaning
type to reduce maintenance  costs.

         There are two  existing  wasteways which would
have to be modified to  serve the enlarged Canal, the Los
Medanos wasteway at the end  of Section 5 and the Nichols
wasteway at the end of  Section 8.   The capacities of
these facilities would  be  increased  consistent with the
increase in capacity of the  respective main Canal sections.
The wasteways would be  provided  with motorized gates so
that they can be operated  remotely through the proposed
supervisory control system.

         e.  Cross Structures.   Structures crossing the
Contra Costa Canal include  bridges,  culverts, and over-
chutes.  Bridges would  be  raised in  most instances, or
replaced by siphons where  raising  would not be a practi-
cable solution.  Culverts  and  overchutes providing drainage
of the right-of-way would  be modified or added new as
necessary to be compatible  with  the  enlarged Canal.  In
order that the general  surface drainage around the Canal
be conveyed to a culvert or  overchute rather than discharg-
ing directly into the  Canal,  a system of interceptor and
conveyance ditches would be  provided.

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                                                                  -210-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
            f.  Section  4  Terminal Structure.  A structure
   would be required  to  physically separate Sections  4  and
   5 after enlargement of  the  Canal and construction  of  the
   Kellogg Unit, so that water supplies released from Kellogg
   could pass into Section  5,  at  a substantially higher
   water surface level than  in Section 4, without backfeeding,
   Gates would be provided  so  that backfeeding could  be
   accomplished if desired.

            As mentioned previously, the Bureau of Reclama-
   tion proposes to use  the  Rock  Slough intake to provide a
   portion of the supplies  to  the study area even after  the
   Kellogg Unit is constructed,  so as to minimize total
   system pumping costs.   However, this could only be
   accomplished with  the existing facilities when the re-
   quired water level  in the  enlarged Canal downstream  of
   Contra Loma would  be  equal  to  or less than the maximum
   attainable water level  at  the  terminus of Section  4.
   This situation would  occur  less and less frequently  in
   the future.  The alternative  would be to enlarge the  Canal
   through Sections 3  and  4  or TO construct a fifth main
   pumping plant to lift the  Rock Slough supplies over  the
   terminal barrier at Section 4.  The feasibility of either
   of these alternatives should  be carefully examined before
   they are undertaken.
            4.  PUMPING  PLANT  ENLARGEMENT

                As was stated  in  Section VI-A.2, the present
   installed capacities  of  the  four main pumping plants in
   the Contra Costa Canal will  be  exceeded by 1971 unless
   new units are provided.   Each  plant is capable of receiv-
   ing one new pump unit in  addition to the five presently
   installed.  This unit should have the ability to bring
   the total capacity of each  plant up to the carrying
   capacity of the Canal section  into which it discharges,
   and in addition to provide  excess capacity to meet peak
   demands prior to the  time the  Kellogg Unit is operational,
   as described previously  in  the  discussion of augmentation
   of Sections 3 and 4.  For this  purpose, the new units
   should have a capacity of 10Q  cfs each.  In order to
   avoid encroaching on  the  Canal  freeboard in Sections 3
   and 4 except when absolutely necessary, the new units
   should also be capable of delivering only 50 cfs each at
   good efficiency.  This could be accomplished by provision
   of variable-speed prime  movers.  A further advantage of
   being able to produce either 50 cfs or 100 cfs through
   the new units would be that  these capacities closely
   parallel the capacities  of  the  largest and smallest units
96

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                                                               -211-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
now installed  at  each  main pumping plant.   Thus,  during
off-peak months,  the  new units could provide  standby
capability well  matched to the existing  configuration of
the system.

         In  addition  to the installation  of new  pumping
units, some  modernization of the existing  electrical
control equipment and  substations at the  pumping  plants
should be undertaken.   However, investments for  such
modernization  should  be held to the minimum necessary to
ensure reliable  service over the coming  10-year  period,
in view of the  uncertainty as to the long-range  utility
of the Rock  Slough  intake and the main pumping plants.
         5.   CANAL  SAFETY

              Improved fencing should be provided  through-
out the Canal  to  effectively prevent access  to  the
waterway by  unauthorized persons, in order to  lessen  the
problem of Canal  safety  described in Section VI-B.l.
Such fencing  will be  required on both sides  of  the  Canal
from Section  3  through Section 9.

         The  type of  fencing arrangement recommended  is
shown on Plate  15.   In the enlarged Sections 5  through  9
of the Canal,  the fence  should be located at the  break
in slope of  the  berm  at  the top of the new lining;  it
should be  similarly  placed on the berm above the  existing
lining in  Sections  3  and 4.  Throughout the  Canal an
asphalt surface  should be placed beneath the fence,
covering the  berm and up the embankment slope  to  a  point
about one  foot  above  the bottom of the fence,  as  shown
on Plate 15.   This  arrangement would reduce  the problems
of weed control  along the berm and around the  fence,  and
would eliminate  the  possiblity of wash holes being  formed
beneath the  fence through which small children  could  find
access to  the  Canal.

         The  fencing  should consist of 72-inch  chain  link
fence.  Gates  with  locks should be provided  as  necessary
at structures  for access by operating personnel,  and  also
at all points  where  escape ladders are provided in  the
Canal.  The  fence should be brought continuously  across
the Canal  at  all  structures in order to provide complete
enclosure  of  all  water surfaces.  Insofar as possible,
the fencing  program  should be aimed at making the Canal
as inaccessible  to  small children as possible.

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                                                                 -212-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
            In addition  to  fencing,  Canal safety should be
   improved through provision  of means by which adults who
   fall into the Canal  can  get themselves out.  Escape
   ladders should be placed on the  lining both upstream and
   downstream of all structures, and at other locations
   where frequent access  to the  Canal is probable.  Under
   no circumstances should  the spacing between ladders
   exceed % mile.  Grates should be  placed over the intake
   to all siphons and culverts.    Floating lifelines should
   be placed across the  Canal  just  upstream of  the siphon
   and culvert inlets.

            Installation  of fencing  and safety devices in
   Sections 3 and 4 of  the  Canal should be undertaken immedi-
   ately.  In Sections  5  through 9,  installation of safety
   features should be deferred until after the proposed
   Canal enlargement has  been  completed.
            6.  SUPERVISORY  CONTROL
                After the  Contra  Costa Canal has been modi-
   fied and improved as  described previously, a supervisory
   control system should be  operational which would permit
   remote operation of the  entire Canal system from a
   single operations center.   Components of the supervisory
   control system would  include telemetering equipment to
   provide information on  water level, inflow, outflow, and
   similar data at Contra  Loma, Ygnacio, and Martinez
   Reservoirs and at the Shell Hill  tank;  and equipment to
   permit remote operation  of  all motorized checks and
   wasteways, inlet and  outlet works  to reservoirs, and
   pumping plants in the system.   Development of the super-
   visory control system may take place over a period of
   time, with initial facilities  perhaps being required as
   early as 1970.  Remote  operating  equipment should not,
   however, be installed at  the existing four main pumping
   plants in the Contra  Costa  Canal  unless it becomes apparent
   in the future that substantial use will continue to be
   made of these plants  after  the Kellogg  Unit is completed.
   Water level sensing units would be provided in stilling
   wells constructed at  each check structure, which would
   relay information on  water  levels  in the system canals.
   Gate openings at the  check  structures would similarly be
   relayed to the operations center.
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                                                               -213-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
         An important  component  of the supervisory control
system would be  information  on flow rate to each of the
District's major  customers.   Equipment should be instal-
led which would  provide  the  operations center with data
as to the status  of  each of  the  20 present turnouts to
the major customers,  and of  any  similar principal turn-
outs which may be  added  in the future.  Such equipment
may be included  as a  part of the proposed new metering
equipment described  later in this section of the Report.

         A supervisory control system of the type des-
cribed briefly above  would greatly improve the operating
problems discussed in  Section VI-A.3 and would permit
much closer operating  control on the water supply system
as a whole than  is possible  under present manual proce-
dures.  In addition,  operation and maintenance costs for
the system would  be  greatly  reduced from present levels.
The supervisory  control  system should be capable of being
expanded to include  operation of the proposed Kellogg
Unit.

         A detailed  analysis of  the type of control system
and the individual components to be employed is beyond
the scope of this  Report.  An investigation of this type
should, however,  be  undertaken as soon as possible.   The
supervisory control  systems  now  being installed in the
Bureau of Reclamation's  Tracy Pumping Plant and Delta-
Mendota Canal and  in  the Department of Water Resources'
Delta Pumping Plant  and  California Aqueduct should be
reviewed as to their  effectiveness after they have begun
operation.

         During  the  interval prior to completion of the
supervisory control  system and other Canal system improve-
ments discussed  herein,  present  Canal operating procedures
should be reviewed to  determine  possible methods of
improving service.
         7.  METERING  SYSTEM

             As discussed  previously  in Section VI-B.3,
the District's present  metering  system is  generally ade-
quate for the purposes  it  now  serves,  with some exceptions
of meter reading and maintenance.   However, in the case
of the facilities   serving  the  15  major customers,
improvements should be  provided  which  would permit the
meters measuring flow  to these  customers to become integral
components of the proposed  supervisory control system
described above.
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                                                                 -214-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
            A companion  report  to  this  Master Plan Report
   analyzes the District's  foreseeable  financial requirements
   and proposes a rate structure  for water sales.   The pro-
   posed rate structure  for  the District  set forth in that
   report would be of the  "demand-commodity" type, wherein
   a major customer's monthly bill would  be a function not
   only of his total water  use  but also of the peak flow
   rate at which he would  receive  his supplies.   The objec-
   tives of such a rate  structure  would be to more equitably
   distribute the cost of water supply  among the customers,
   and to encourage customers to  reduce peaking  on the Canal
   system as much as possible.

            In order to  institute  a demand-commodity rate
   structure, additional equipment would  be required for the
   metering system.  Such  equipment could readily  be combined,
   at little additional  cost, with the  improvements which
   would be necessary for the supervisory control  system.

            Although a detailed investigation of the type
   of equipment which would  be  required for the  proposed
   improvements to the metering system  is not within the
   scope of this Report, the improvements would  generally
   include telemetry, recording,  and display at  a  control
   center of the diversions  by  major customers.   An investi-
   gation of the improvements needed should be undertaken
   in the near future, since the  demand-commodity  rate
   structure must be put into practice  at an early date if
   it is to be effective in  reducing peaking on  the Canal.
   For conservatism in planning,  the proposed improvements
   to the Canal system have  been  scheduled in this Report
   without consideration of  the possible  effects of the
   metering system in reducing  Canal peaking.
            8 .   PARK AND TRAIL  SYSTEM

                The East Bay Regional  Park  District  has  in-
   dicated an interest in developing the  right-of-way of
   the improved Contra Costa Canal  system as  a  complex of
   recreational parks and trails, to be  integrated into  an
   over-all Contra Costa-Alameda  County  trail system now being
   established by the Park District.   Types  of  use proposed
   would include bicycling, hiking, and  horseback  riding.
   The right-of-way would be improved  with  plantings of
   shrubs and trees, with the objective  of  creating  a scenic
   green belt.   Such a system would be extremely  desirable
   if public safety could be ensured in  those areas  adjacent
   to the enlarged open Canal,  and  provided  that  the quality
   of Canal water could be effectively protected.
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                    LEEDS HILL AND JEWETT, INC                          ~
         The  Park  Eistrict has indicated that it would
take responsibility for all right-of-way development and
maintenance,  including development  of  all necessary sup-
porting  facilities; would be responsible for patrol of
the trail  system and for the safety  of ail recreation
users as well  as its  own employees;  and furthermore
would assume  all liability for injuries to such recrea-
tionists and  employees.  Su^n conditions would be
necessary  prerequisites to an agreement permitting
recreational  use of the Canal system right-of-way.

         It is  probable that the park  and trail system
would be developed first along the  filled portion of the
Canal in the  Diablo Valley Loop, with  development along
the enlarged  Canal upstream from Clyde occurring at a
lat er date.
          9 .   SEASONAL BARRIER AT  ROCK  SLOUGH

              As  was  mentioned in  Section  VI-A.l, one of
the two periods  in the year when  the quality of water in
the Delta  at  Rock  Slough frequently falls  below desirable
limits for  municipal and industrial purposes occurs in
the winter, when the chloride ion  content  of Rock Slough
water has  exceeded 100 ppm for an  average  of about 80
days each  year.   In  this period,  the quality of the water
along the  north  shore of the District  is  usually good,
due to heavy  fresh water inflows  in the  Sacramento River
which prevent  brackish water from  San  Francisco Bay from
intruding  into  the Delta, and which dilute the poor-
quality flows  in the western reaches of  the San Joaquin
River.  Thus  the chloride ion content  of  the offshore
waters is  usually  lower during this period than that of
the District's  supplies at Rock Slough.   In order to
take advantage  of  this situation,  it is  proposed that a
connection  be  made between Section 2 of  the Contra Costa
Canal and  Fox  Slough, as shown on  Plate  16.  Fox Slough
is tributary  to  Dutch Slough, which frequently contains
better quality  water during the spring than does Rock
Slough.

          Under  the proposed plan,  the  existing fish screen
at the head of  Rock  Slough would  be replaced by a control
facility  containing  slide gates and tidal  flap gates, and
a new facility  containing similar  control  features
would be  installed at the interconnection  with Fox Slough.
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                                                                  -216-
                       LEF.DS HILL AND JEWETT, INC
   At times  when  Fox Slough water would  be desirable, this
   latter  control  facility would be  open,  and flows would
   enter the  intake channel for pumping  into the Canal
   system, with  some flushing into Rock  Slough being permit-
   ted through  the tide gates.  At other times, supplies
   would be  drawn  directly from Rock  Slough as at present.

             This  facility would provide  interim improvement
   of water  quality in the Contra Costa  Canal system in the
   years prior  to  completion of the  Kellogg Unit, but may
   not be  needed  after that time.  It  should therefore be
   installed  as  soon as possible in  order  to provide maximum
   benefit.
   B.  LONG  RANGE  IMPROVEMENTS (BEYOND  1980)

             Improvements now foreseeable  which will probably
   be required  on  the Contra Costa  Canal  system after year
   1980 have  already  been mentioned briefly  in the discussion
   of near term improvements.  These  include  possible instal-
   lation of  a  booster pumping plant  on the  Clyde-Martinez
   pipeline  and provision of additional barrels on the siphons
   in Sections  5  through 9 of the Canal.

             Further consideration should  be  given to the
   need for  additional emergency storage  within the District
   service area as  the water use within this  area increases
   in the future.   Although the expenditures  necessary to
   provide for  some limited storage at  the  Nichols reservoir
   site, or  alternate sites, would  be substantial, future
   system reliability may require the provision of such storage
   C.  IMPROVEMENTS  BY BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
             1.   IMPROVEMENTS TO CANAL

                 The  United States Bureau  of  Reclamation is
   contemplating a  number of improvements  to  the  Contra
   Costa Canal  system in an effort to relieve some of the
   current operating problems and to reduce  operating costs
   Much of the  Bureau's  program is identical  to that pre-
   viously described in  this Report, although some aspects
   of it are believed to be either unwarranted or premature
   if undertaken at  the  present time.   A  schedule of the
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                                                               -217-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
improvements  proposed by the Bureau, and  the  anticipated
expenditure  through  fiscal year 1970 are  shown in Table 33
The total cost  of  the Bureau's program  would  amount to
about $1.4 million.

         Included  in the planned improvements  to  the
Canal are provision  of motorized gates  at  eight of the
check structures  upstream from the Clyde  turnout, provi-
sion of motorized  facilities at Los Medanos and Nichols
wasteways, and  installation of a seIf-cleaning trashrack
to replace an existing manually-maintained  trashrack near
mile 26.  Installation of the motorized checks has been
completed.   These  facilities would be integrated  into a
supervisory  control  system which would  improve operational
control of the  Canal and reduce operating  costs.

         The  motorized checks recently  installed  by the
Bureau in the existing Canal will not be  suitable for
use in the enlarged  Canal, and the proposed motorized
wasteways and seIf- cleaning trashracks  would  not  be com-
patible either.   It  is therefore recommended  that further
work on these improvements be deferred  until  after the
Canal is enlarged.
         2.   IMPROVEMENTS TO PUMPING PLANTS
              Improvements planned by the  Bureau  for the
four main pumping  plants  in the Canal system  are:
installation  of  a  sixth  unit having 70 cfs  capacity at each
plant; replacement  of existing obsolete and unsafe
electrical  control  equipment; construction  of new  elec-
trical substations  at each pumping plant  in order  to
accommodate the  planned  new pumping units and remedy
existing low  voltage  problems; and structural modifica-
tion of the pumping plants to provide a passage  between
pump bays so  as  to  guarantee against a trashrack becoming
plugged and starving  a pump.

         New  units  should be installed in Pumping  Plants
1 through 4 in the  near  future; however,  these should be
variable-speed units  capable of operating efficiently at
capacities  of  50 and  100  cfs.  Because the  desirability
of maintaining the  main  pumping plants in service  after
the Peripheral Canal  goes into operation  is not  certain,
investments in new  electrical equipment should be  kept to
the minimum necessary to  ensure system reliability  and
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                                                                               -218-
TABLE 33
                          SCHEDULE OF IMPROVEMENTS
                                 PROPOSED BY
                     UNITED STATES BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
                                       Anticipated  Expenditure,  Dollars
        Proposed Improvement
Motorize checks 1-8

Motorize wasteways

Self-cleaning trashrack

Install new pump units

Replace electrical control equipment

New electrical sub-stations

Interconnection of pump bays

New shop and service building

Remote control checks 1-8

Remote control pumping plants 1-4

Remote control Contra Loma Reservoir

Martinez Reservoir telemetry

Stilling wells at checks 1-8

New operations building

     Total
   60,745
Fiscal
 Year
 1968

 60,745
             156,200

             136,100
                        Fiscal
                         Year
                         1969
                         11,800

                         85,000
                         60,000

                         40,000



                         88,600

                         38,000

                         19,000

                         22,300

                         87,500
Fiscal
 Year
 1970
                                   200,700
                      305,000
   60,745    353,045    452,200    505,700
     Grand Total
1,371,690
Source:  U. S. Bureau of Reclamation data.

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                                                               -219-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
safety.  Interconnection  of the pump bays guards  only
against the unlikely  occurrence of plugging of  one  of  the
trashracks, and  should not  be undertaken until  the
remaining  life of  the  pumping plants is known with  more
certainty.
         3.  SUPERVISORY CONTROL

             In  order  to reduce Canal operating  costs,
the Bureau proposes  a  complete supervisory  control  system.
This would include remote control of eight  of  the 12  checks
and the two wasteways  upstream of Clyde, the four main
pumping plants,  and  Contra Lorn a Reservoir inlet  and out-
let works.  Telemetering equipment to relay inflow,
outflow, and water level data from Martinez and  Contra
Loma Reservoirs  to an  operations control center  would also
be included.   Construction of stilling wells would  be
required at each  of  the  eight check structures in order
to accommodate water surface level sensing  units in the
control system.

         The supervisory control system now contemplated
by the Bureau  for installation in the existing Contra
Costa Canal system would not be extensive enough to
accommodate the  type of  operation which will be  required
in the future  after  completion of the Kellogg  Unit, the
Clyde-Martinez pipeline, the Diablo Valley  Loop, and
the Canal  enlargement  in Sections 5 through 9.   Any
control facilities installed should be compatible with  a
future, more extensive,  system.
         4.  OPERATING  CENTER

             In  order  to  more centrally locate  the  opera-
ting force, to  improve  inadequate facilities for  operations
headquarters, and  to provide a location for  the proposed
supervisory control  system,  the Bureau plans construction
of a new operations  building and subsidiary  shop  and
service buildings  at a  site  just below Contra Loma  Dam.
In view of the  inadequacies  of the present shop and main-
tenance buildings  at Pumping Plant Number 4, and  the  need
to undertake certain portions of the supervisory  control
system and metering  system improvements in the  near future,
the new operating  center  should be constructed  as now
                                                         105

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                                                                 -220-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
   scheduled.  However,  since  the District will probably  be
   taking over responsibility  for operation and maintenance
   of the Canal system  in  the  near future, as discussed  in
   Section X of this  Report,  it  should have the right  to  full
   review and approval  of  all  details of the proposed  faci-
   lities prior to  construction.   Full consideration should
   be given in the  design  of  the  operating center to future
   District operating needs,  esthetic requirements of  the
   Contra Loma site,  and potential visitation by the public.
   D.   SCHEDULE FOR  DEVELOPMENT

                The  recommended schedule for development  of
   the proposed improvement  program is summarized in Table  34
   Those aspects of  Bureau's  modernization program which
   would be suited to  the  overall development plan are  in-
   cluded in this table.   Stages  I and II of the Canal
   Safety program listed  in  Table 34 refer to improvements
   in  Sections 3 and 4  and to those in Sections 5 through
   9 of the Canal, respectively.   Similarly, Stages I and  II
   of  the Park and Trail  System refer to developments along
   the Diablo Valley Loop  and along the enlarged Canal,
   respectively.

            The proposed  improvement program for the Contra
   Costa Canal system  is  shown schematically on Plate 17.
106

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                                                                            -221-
                                                                    TABLE
 Year  of
Complet ion

    1968
                 RECOMMENDED  DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE  FOR
                     PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
                      CONTRA  COSTA  CANAL SYSTEM
1.   USER Modernization Program
     a.   Motorize checks.
     b.   New control equipment at Pumping Plants 1
     c.   New substations at Pumping Plants 1 and 4.
    1969
1.   USER Modernization Program
     a.   New shop and service building.
     b.   New operations building.
     c.   New pump units at Pumping Plants 1-4.

2.   Seasonal Barrier at Rock Slough

3.   Canal Safety - Stage I
    1970
1.   Clyde-Martinez Pipeline

2.   Metering System Improvements
    1971
1.   Diablo Valley Loop Improvements

2.   Park and Trail System - Stage I
   1975
1.   Canal Enlargement, Sections 5-9

2.   Canal Safety - Stage II

3.   Supervisory Control System
   1976
1.   Park and Trail System - Stage II
   After
   1980
1.   Clyde-Martinez Booster Pumping Plant

2.   Siphon Enlargement, Sections 5-9
                                                                    107

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                                                                -222-
                    1 EFD5, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                  VIII.   COST OF IMPROVEMENTS
A.  NEAR  TERM

             The  anticipated capital  costs  of the various
features  of  the  improvement program proposed  for near
term development  are summarized in Table  35.   Cost esti-
mates shown  for  features of the Bureau  of  Reclamation's
modernization  program were taken from Bureau  data, except
for the cost of  the  new pumping units at  Pumping Plants
1 through  u.   The  costs for these units shown in Table 35
are for units  with  two-speed drive motors  capable of
delivering  50  and  100 cfs at design operating head.

          Cost  estimates taken from Bureau  data are be-
lieved to  include  additives of 25% for  contingencies and
25% for engineering, which includes Regional  and Denver
Office costs.  For1  other items shown  in Table 35, including
the proposed pumping units, factors have  been added
amounting  to 151  for contingencies and  12%  for engineering
and administration,  based on probable District costs.

          The value  of $66,000 indicated for improvements
to the metering  system is largely for equipment  needed
to incorporate the  major customers' meters  as part of the
supervisory  control  system.  The proportion of this
amount which would  be incurred specifically for  the  pur-
pose of instituting  a demand-commodity  rate structure
amounts to  only  about $10,000.  No cost estimate has been
made for  a  complete  supervisory control system.   The
amount which the  Bureau has scheduled for  such a system
totals $450,600,  including remote control  of  the checks
and wasteways  upstream of Clyde, the  four  main pumping
plants, and  Martinez Reservoir; and telemetry from Martinez
Res ervoir.

          The value  shown in Table 35  for the  cost of en-
largement  of the  Canal from Section 5 through Section 9
includes  allowances  for all necessary structural modifi-
cation and  cross - drainage, and also includes  provision
for a trashrack  upstream of the intake  to  the Clyde-
Martinez  pipeline,  stilling wells at  the  check structures,
and motorizing of wasteways.  The cost  of  trashracks in
the Diablo  Valley  Loop system are included  in the total
cost estimate  for  that improvement.
                                                         109

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                                                                                   -223-
TABLE 35
                     ANTICIPATED COSTS  OF NEAR TERM IMPROVEMENTS
                              CONTRA  COSTA CANAL SYSTEM
                                       Dollars
                                 Item                             Cost—
             USER Modernization Program:—
                  Mr.i-rizf  O.eokc                                  J22,000£/
                  Control Equipment  at  Pumping Plants 1-4         156,000
                  Substations  at Pumping Plants 1 and 4           136,000
                  Shop  and  Service Building                        40,000
                  Operations  Building                               88,000
                  Pump  Units  at Pumping Plants 1-4                250,000
                       Sub-total                                  792,000

             Seasonal  Barrier at Rock Slough                       96,000

             Canal Safety - Stage  I                                354,000

             Clyde-Martinez Pipeline                            1,546,000

             Metering  System  Improvements                          66,000

             Diablo Valley  Loop Improvements                    2,700,000

             Canal Enlargement, Sections 5-9                    6,250,000

             Canal Safety - "tage  II                              935,000

             Supervisory Control System                             d_/

             Park and  Trail System                              	g/
                       Sub-total                               11,947,000

             Grand Total                                       12,739,000
       a/   Includes  15%  contingencies  and 12%  engineering,  except  for  USER
           modernization program  which is believed  to  include  larger additives,
           All  costs are estimated  at  1967 price  levels.

       b/   Source:   U. S.  Bureau  of Reclamation data,  except for pumping  units,
       £/   Includes  $61,000  already expended in fiscal year 1967.
       &/   Not  estimated.

       e/   Not  an expense  of the  Contra Costa  County Water  District.


      110

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                                                              -224-
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
B.   LONG RANGE

             Costs for anticipated  long  range  improvements
have not been analyzed in detail.   Addition  of second
barrels to the siphons from  Section 5  through  Section 9
of the Canal is estimated at  about  $575,000.   A booster
pumping plant on the Clyde-Martinez pipeline would probably
require about 1,500 horsepower  installed capacity  to meet
all future needs to the year  2020 if reclamation of waste
water in the area cannot be  achieved.  A plant of  this
size would cost about $475,000,  including engineering and
contingencies.  Costs quoted  above  are for 1967 price levels
                                                        111

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                                                              -225-
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                   IX.   SOURCE  WATER COSTS
A.  PRESENT
             Under the  terms  of  the  District's contract
with the United States  Bureau of Reclamation,
Number I 75r-3401, the  District  may  purchase up to 86,000
acre feet annually from  the  Central  Valley Project for
delivery through the  Contra  Costa Canal,  at the rate of
$10.00 per acre foot  for municipal and industrial water
supplies and $3.50 per  acre  foot for agricultural water
supplies.  These rates  will  apply during  the term of the
contract, which expires  December 31, 1991, unless the
contract is re-negotiated  by  mutual  consent before that
date .
B.  FUTURE

             The draft  of  the  feasibility report support-
ing the proposed Kellogg Unit,  now  being reviewed at the
Washington level,  indicates  that  the  water rates to the
District from the  project  would be  $10.00 per acre foot
for municipal and  industrial water  deliveries up to
86,000 acre feet,  and $18.00 per  acre foot for deliveries
over 86,000 acre feet up to  195,000 acre feet.  Rates
for agricultural water  deliveries would be $3.50 per
acre foot in the area served by the existing Contra Costa
Canal, and $10.00  per acre  foot in  the  additional area
to be serviced by  the Kellogg  Unit.  The rates for muni-
cipal water deliveries  beyond  195,000 acre feet have not
been indicated, but would  probably  be greater than those
quoted above.  The increase  would be  necessary to pay
for the District's share of  the costs of the additional
storage units required  in  the  Federal Central Valley
Project system.

         The repayment  rates quoted above were derived
from studies conducted  by  the  Bureau  of Reclamation based
on the construction and operating cost  estimates for the
Kellogg Unit set forth  in  the  draft of  the feasibility
report.  These estimates were  in  turn determined using 1962
levels for wages and prices.   According to information
                                                        113

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                                                              -226-
                    LEEDS. HILL AND JEWETT, INC
received from the  Regional Director, Region 2, United
States Bureau of Reclamation,  by letter dated January  19,
1968, these tentative  rates will be revised upward  in
the final report to  be submitted to the Bureau of the
Budget and to Congress.   Information obtained from  the
Bureau of Reclamation  in  February 1968, indicates that
the current estimated  cost of  the Kellogg Unit is
$77.6 million.

         It is  considered probable that the charges  for
water  from the  Kellogg Unit will be substantially greater
than hitherto estimated.   However, definitive information
is not available from  the Bureau of Reclamation at  this
t ime .

         An updated  repayment  analysis was made for  the
purposes of this Report,  in which all capital costs  were
escalated to year  1973, assuming construction of Kellogg
would begin in  1971  and end in 1975.  Annual operating
cost estimates  were  escalated  to year 1976, the assumed
first year of operation of the facility.   For this  analy-
sis, it was assumed  that  use of the Rock  Slough intake
would be discontinued  upon completion of  the Kellogg
Unit.  Energy costs  for pumping water supplies at Kellogg
were increased  to  reflect this assumption.  For a conser-
vative analysis, it  was assumed that no new irrigation
would develop,  and that all costs of Kellogg allocated
to the irrigation  function would have to  be repaid  by the
District through municipal and industrial water sales, and
would bear interest  at the rate of 3^% annually.

         It was found  that a water charge of about  $24
per acre foot would  have  to be assessed on all deliveries
in excess of 86,000  acre  feet  in order to repay all  costs
of the Kellogg  Unit  within 50  years at 3^% interest.
This charge would  include $2 per acre foot to repay  the
costs of upstream  storage facilities in the Federal  Central
Valley Project  necessary  to make 195,000  acre feet  annual-
ly available to the  District.   For conservatism,  this
analysis was carried out  assuming that water purchases
from the CVP would be  equivalent to those shown in
Table 21 for "wet  year" cnditions of offshore water  supply
in all years; i.e. assuming minimum sales of water  from
the Canal system within the present District service
area.  If water sales  under "median year" conditions are
assumed, the water charge for  repayment would need to be
only about $20  per acre foot,  and the figure would be $17
per acre foot under  "dry  year" conditions.

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                                                              -227-
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
           X.  DISTRICT  OPERATION OF CANAL SYSTEM
A.  PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS

             The  United  States  Bureau of Reclamation has
indicated its intention  to  transfer the responsibility
for the operation of  the  Contra Costa Canal system to the
District, probably  effective  as of the date of completion
and initial operation  of  the  proposed Kellogg Unit.
District responsibility  would encompass all facilities
downstream from the outlet  works of Kellogg Reservoir.
This transfer would be desirable, since properly coordi-
nated operation is  difficult  under the present arrangement
whereby the Bureau  operates  the Canal but the District is
responsible for distribution  system operations, water
sales, and orders.  This  situation inevitably results
in operating difficulties and delays, and in unnecessary
duplication of effort.   A procedure which would be more
efficient and responsive  to  customers' needs could be
attained if one agency were  to  be responsible for all
operations .

         In order to  estimate the economic effect of the
transfer, an analysis  has been  made of the probable cost
to the District of  assuming  responsiblity for operation
and maintenance   of the  Contra  Costa Canal system.  The
assumption has been made  that the District would operate
the system in essentially the same manner as the Bureau
has in the past,  but  that some  additional costs would be
incurred due to needed improvements in the operation.
It has also been  assumed  that the District would be able
to purchase pumping energy  from the Federal Central Valley
Project at the rate of 0.25  cents per kilowatt-hour
currently charged to  the  Contra Costa Canal Unit.
B.  HISTORICAL 0  £  M  COSTS

         1.  COSTS  TO  BUREAU  OF RECLAMATION

             In order  to  estimate  the costs which would
be incurred by the  Contra Costa County Water District in
operating and maintaining the Contra Costa Canal system
in the future, the  historical OEM costs incurred by

                                                        115

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                                                                 -228-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
   the United  States  Bureau of Reclamation were examined.
   These historical  costs  from fiscal year 1958 through  1966
   are shown in Table  36,  separated as to the Canal itself
   and the main pumping  plants.   The Canal portion includes
   0 6 M costs for the Ygnacio and Clayton Relift Canals  and
   Pumping Plants .

            The historical Bureau total labor costs were
   broken down into  estimated  components for Contra Costa
   Canal system base  operating personnel, costs for tempo-
   rary labor  and specialty labor provided from Tracy, and
   supervision and engineering costs from Tracy.  This
   breakdown,  shown  in Table  37,  was based on detailed data
   for hours and costs by  each category for fiscal years
   1958 and 1961 and  on  data  on  hours for each category  for
   fiscal year 1967,  applied  to  recorded total costs for
   the other years .
            2.  HYPOTHETICAL  DISTRICT COSTS

                In  reconstructing the historical operation
   and maintenace costs  from  1958 through 1966 as they would
   have been  if the  District  had  been responsible for 0  £ M
   rather than the  Bureau  of  Reclamation, the first step
   was to determine  the  labor costs  which the District would
   have incurred.   An  analysis  was  made of the duties in-
   volved for each  job  classification included in the Contra
   Costa Canal system  base  operating staff, and the annual
   salary which the  District  would  have to pay to fill each
   position was estimated  by  comparison with typical wage
   rates now  paid by various  local,  County, and State
   agencies.  Fringe benefits and overtime pay allowances
   were similarly analyzed.   This comparison indicated that
   for base labor costs  in  1967,  the District would have to
   pay about  20% more  than  the  amount budgeted by the Bureau
   of Reclamation.   Annual  leave  and certain other fringe
   benefits would,  however, be  greater under the Bureau's
   salary scale.  The  hypothetical  base labor costs which
   the District would  have  incurred from 1958 through 1966
   were therefore derived  by  multiplying the estimated
   historical Bureau costs  for  base  and temporary labor by
   a factor of 1.2.
116

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                                                                              -230-
                       HISTORICAL LABOR COSTS FOR
                                                                      TABLE  37
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
OF CONTRA COSTA CANAL SYSTEM
Dollars
Fiscal
Year
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
Tracy Division Costs
Base
130,321
153,018
157,349
161,224
166,107
164,428
185,525
170,836
173,596
Temporary
1,700
1,500
700
600
1,900
3,300
5,600
6,900
7,700
Specialty
4,100
8,400
13,200
17,400
14,600
14,300
14,700
13,500
12,000
Supervision
5,200
8,100
10,200
12,800
16,500
19,700
24,400
26,500 •
26,000
Total
Costs
141,321
171,018
181,449
192,024
199,107
201,728
230,225
217,736
219,296
Source:  U. S. Bureau of Reclamation data.

         Breakdown of costs by category of labor known for 1958 and 1961;
         estimated for other years from known total costs.
                                                                      119

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                                                                            -231-
TABLE  38
                    HYPOTHETICAL DISTRICT LABOR COSTS
FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF
CONTRA COSTA
CANAL SYSTEM
Dollars
Fiscal
Year
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
Base
Labor
158,400
185,400
189,700
194,200
201,600
201,300
229,400
213,300
217,600
Contract
Labor
8,200
16,800
26,400
34,800
29,200
28,600
29,400
27,000
24,000
Super-
vision
5,200
8,100
10,200
12,800
16,500
19,700
24,400
26,500
26,000
Total
Labor
Costs
171,800
210,300
226,300
241,800
247,300
249,600
283,200
266,800
267,600
Total
Costs
Chargeable to
Canal
110,400
135,600
140,800
137,500
140,000
152,200
187,300
175,500
168,600
Pumping
Plants
61,400
74,700
85,500
104,300
107,300
97,400
95,900
91,300
99,000

Percent
Charged
to Canal
64
64
62
57
57
61
66
66
63
                                                         Average
62
 120

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                    LEEDb, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
          Specialty labor principally  includes  highly
skilled  electricians and mechanics  for  maintenance of the
large pumping  units.  The Bureau of Reclamation can
retain a  number of employees of this  type  and  assign them
to work  as  needed throughout the Central  Valley Project
system.   For maintenance of the Contra  Costa  Canal system
alone, however, the District would  have to  obtain this
type of  labor  from private contractors  and  would therefore
have to pay greater overhead costs  and  profit  in addi-
tion to  direct  salary costs.  The District's  hypothetical
specialty  labor costs were estimated  at twice  the actual
costs incurred  by the Bureau.  District supervisory costs
were taken  as  equal to historical Bureau  costs.

          The estimated total labor  costs  which the District
would have  incurred from 1958 through 1966  if  it had been
responsible for operation and maintenance of  the Contra
Costa Canal system are set forth in Table  38.   Based on
analysis  of detailed Bureau labor cost  data for 1958 and
1961, and  on the  relationships between  Bureau  costs and
District  costs  described above, the total hypothetical
District  labor  costs were distributed between  those
chargeable  to Canal 0 S M and those due to  pumping plant
0 £ M, as  shown in Table 38.

          Costs  for motor vehicle operation  which the Dis-
trict would have  incurred in operating  and  maintaining
the Contra  Costa  Canal system from 1958 through  1966 were
estimated  from  an analysis of recorded  mileage logged by
Bureau vehicles and the average charge  per  mile  used by
the District's  ireateu water Division to  fuj-iy amortize
all costs.  It  was found that the District's costs for
motor vehicle operation would be 40% higher than those
reported  by the Bureau.  District charges for  other equip-
ment rental were  estimated at twice those reported by the
Bureau, based on  hourly usage logged by the Bureau and
unit rental rates quoted by local construction equipment
rental agencies.

          Tne estimated costs to the District for materials
and supplies were taken as 10% more than the Bureau's
recorded  costs,  and the District's costs for contracts
and miscellaneous services were estimated at 10% less than
the actual  costs  incurred by the Bureau.  District admin-
istrative  costs  were estimated at 75% of the historical
Bureau Regional  and Denver Office costs.  It was assumed
that the  District would be able to purchase power from
the Federal Central Valley Project at 0.25  cents  per kilo-
watt-hour,  the  same rate now charged by the Bureau against
the Contra  Costa  Canal Unit.

                                                        121

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                                                                 -233-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
            The  estimated  total  costs  for operation and main-
   tenance of  the  Contra Costa  Canal system which the Dis-
   trict would have  incurred  had it been responsible for
   0 S M during  the  period 1958  through 1966 are summarized
   in Table 39.  As  estimated,  these costs would have averaged
   16% greater than  actual Bureau costs for Canal 0 £ M,
   and 22% greater for  Pumping  Plant 0 6 M.  The total
   combined District  costs would have  been 18% more than
   Bureau costs, on  the average.  Costs for power in the
   Canal portion of  Table  39  are for the Clayton and Ygnacio
   Pumping Plants.

            It should be stressed here that this comparison
   of historical costs  is  for study purposes only, and does
   not reflect the future  costs  which  the District would bear
   on takeover of  operation and  maintenance.  It is highly
   desirable that  the District  take responsibility for 0 & M
   of the Canal  system  at  the proper time, in order to pro-
   vide the best possible  service to its customers and to
   eliminate duplication between the present activities of
   the District  and  the Bureau.
   C.  FUTURE  COSTS
             1.   IMPROVED  SUPPLY  SYSTEM

                 It  is  probable  that  the United States Bureau
   of Reclamation will continue  to operate the Contra Costa
   Canal system  until  the  Kellogg Unit is  completed and in
   operation,  although improvements  in the operating proce-
   dures will  be required.  By  that time,  the proposed
   improvement program for  the  Canal system presented in
   this Report should  have  been  completed.  These improvements
   would have  a  significant effect on the  operation and
   maintenance costs of the system.   In estimating the
   future 0  S  M  costs  of  the improved system, separate con-
   sideration  was given to  the  enlarged Canal upstream from
   the TWD turnout, the Diablo  Valley Loop, and the Clyde-
   Martinez  pipeline.

             The  enlarged  Contra  Costa Canal upstream from
   the TWD turnout  would  require operation and maintenance
   as at present.   The increased size of  the flow section
   would not significantly  affect 0  S M costs.  This reach
   of the Canal, including  Sections  1 through 4, is 26.4 miles
   in length,  or about 46%  of  the total 57.7 miles of the
122

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                                                              oooo   o   ooo   o
                                                              oooo   o   ooo   o
                                                              10   o   m   t-~   in   co   r^  m   3-
                                                                                                                                  oooooooo
                                                                                                                                  oooooooo
                                                                                                                                     rH   rH  in   I-H   
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                                                              -235-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT. INC.
Contra Costa,  Clayton,  and  Ygnacio Canals.   For study
purposes, the  future  0  6  M  costs  of this reach, occurring
after completion  of the  Diab-lo  Valley Loop, have been
estimated at 50%  of the  costs  for total Canal 0 6 M, ex-
clusive of power.

         The United States  Bureau of Reclamation proposes
that operation of the four  main pumping plants and the
Rock Slough intake be continued after completion of the
Kellogg Unit,  diverting  supplies  from that  source when
available at suitable quality  levels.  In this case, the
costs for Puuping Plant  0 & M  would continue to be incur-
red, except that  power  costs would be reduced proportion-
ately to the reduction  in total annual diversions.  If
the pumping plants were  abandoned, these costs could be
avoided.  In that  case,  however,  energy costs for the
Kellogg Unit would be increased over the Bureau estimates
due to the increased  amount of  pumping into Kellogg
which would be required.

         Operation and  maintenance costs of the proposed
Diablo Valley  Loop system would be much lower than would
be the case with  continuation  of  the present open canal
system.  These costs  would  include maintenance of pumping
plants, storage facilities,  and 7.9 miles of open canal
to be retained in  service in the  United States Naval
Reservation; energy costs for  pumping; and  replacement
costs.  These  estimated  annual  costs are summarized in
Table 40, at 1967  cost  levels.

         Maintenance  costs  for  the Clyde-Martinez pipeline
are conservatively estimated at $500 per mile, or about
$2 ,500 annually.

         The program  for system improvements presented
in which this  Report  proposes  a supervisory control system
which would permit remote operation of the  entire Canal
system.  Supervisory  control would greatly  reduce opera-
ting costs for the portion  of  the  Canal system through
Section 9, and would  also have  some effect  in reducing
such costs in  the  Diablo Valley Loop system.  The degree
to which these operating costs  would be lowered cannot,
however, be foretold  at present.
                                                        125

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TABLE 40
TABLE  41
                                                                                   -236-
                 ESTIMATED ANNUAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR
                             DIABLO VALLEY LOOP SYSTEM £/
                                       Dollars
                     Operation  and  Maintenance
                     a.    Canals
                     b.    Pipelines
                     c.    Right-of-Way
                     d.    Pumping Plants
                     e.    Storage Facilities
                     Replacements
                     Pumping  Energy
                                               Total
                                                        Annual Cost-
78,500
                 a/   Without  supervisory control  system.
                 b/   At  1967  unit  cost  levels.
                     ADDITIONAL  OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
                                FOR  IMPROVED SYSTEM
                                      Dollars
                                                        Annual Cost—''
                 1.    Motorized Gates and Checks
                 2.    Supervisory Control System
                 3.    Surface  Right-of-Way
                 H.    Landscaping
                 5.    Water Quality Testing
                                              Total

                 a/  At  1967 unit cost levels.
      126

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                                                               -237-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
          2 .   ADDITIONAL COSTS

              Some  additional costs would  be  incurred in
operation  and maintenance of the improved Canal  system
as proposed  in this  Report, due to upgrading of  certain
aspects  of maintenance and to maintenance of new equip-
ment installed under the improvement program.   These
would  include costs  of maintaining the  proposed  motorized
checks and the supervisory control system;  improved
maintenance  of the  surface right-of-way,  including new
landscaping;  and  the costs of an expanded water  quality
testing  program.   These estimated additional costs are
summarized in Table  41.  Although additional costs are
shown  for  operation  and maintenance of  motorized gates
and checks and for  the supervisory control  system, the
net effect of these  facilities would be to  reduce  total
system 0  5 M  costs.
          3.   TOTAL  FUTURE COSTS
              In  estimating the total future  costs  of
operation and  maintenance of the Canal system,  it  was
assumed that  the  Bureau of Reclamation would  continue  to
operate the  system  until completion of the proposed
Kellogg Unit,  and that  thereafter the District  would be
responsible  for  operations.  Historical trends  of  Bureau
costs for Canal  0 6  M and for Pumping Plant  0  £  M  were
extended forward  through year ly"/5, the assumed  last
year of Bureau operation of the system.  Power  costs at
the main pumping  plants were similarly extrapolated.
For purposes  of  this  analysis, it was assumed  that the
use of the Pock  Slough  intake and Pumping Plants 1 through
4 would be discontinued after completion of  the  Kellogg
Unit .

         The  projected  operation and maintenance costs
for the Contra Costa  Canal system through 1976  are listed
in Table 42.   After  1971, the scheduled completion date
for the Diablo Valley Loop, the projected costs  for
0 6 M of the  Contra  Costa Canal were reduced by  50%  in
order to reflect  only the estimated costs for  the  Canal
upstream from  the TWO turnout.  Operation and  maintenance
costs for the  Diablo  Valley Loop system and  additional
costs for the  improved  system were taken from  the  data
shown in Tables  40  and  41, escalated forward  from  1967
levels at the  annual  rate of 4 per cent of the  1967  costs.
Canal 0 S M  costs for the year 1976, the assumed first

                                                         127

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                                                                               -238-
TABLE 42
                  PROJECTED OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS


Year
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976

Main
Pumping
Plants
l-4£/
93
96
99
102
106
109
112
115
118
0
FOR


Contra
Costa
Canal^/
231
236
241
246
252
128
131
134
136
161
CONTRA COSTA CANAL SYSTEM
Thousands of Dollars

Diablo Clyde-
Valley Martinez Additional
Loop£/ Pipeline Costs!' Power—'
29
33
38
42
45
94 3 49
97 3 52
100 3 55
104 3 58
107 3 57 0


Total
353
365
378
390
403
383
395
407
419
328
Annual increase after 1976 = 5% x $328,000 = $16,400
a/  Use of Rock Slough intake and Pumping Plants 1-4 assumed to be
    discontinued after completion of Kellogg Unit.
b/  Reflects 0 £ M costs only for Canal upstream from TWO turnout after 1971.
c_/  From Table 40, escalated forward from 1967 cost levels at 4% annually.
d/  From Table 41, escalated forward from 1967 cost levels at 4% annually.
   128

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                                                                -239-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
year of  District operation, were  taken as 16 per cent
greater  than  they would have been in  that year under
Bureau operation, based on the  comparison between histor-
ical Bureau costs and hypothetical  District costs
discussed  previously in this Section.

         Total  costs to the District  for operation and
maintenance of  the improved Canal system were assumed to
escalate beyond year 1976 at a  uniform rate equivalent
to 5% of the  1976 total.  This  increase rate is compar-
able to  that  experienced in the past  by the District's
Treated  Water Division for labor  costs.

         Estimation of the effect of  the proposed super-
visory control  system in reducing 0  &  M costs would
require  detailed analysis, and  is beyond the scope of
these studies.   The reduction could  be substantial; how-
ever, for  conservatism, it has  not  been considered in
this analys is .
                                                         129

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                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                XI.  TREATED WATER  SYSTEMS
A.  PRESENT SYSTEMS

             Most of the treated water  consumed  within
the boundaries of the District  is treated  and  purveyed
by the seven large municipal water  service agencies
listed in Section II-A.2.  Some of  the  important
characteristics of these agencies'  systems are listed
in Table 43.

         There are four groups  and  associations, serving
a total of  22 customers, which  treat  Canal water for do-
mestic use.  A few individuals  in the eastern  portion
of the County also treat water  from the  Canal  for use in
their homes.  It is probable that all of these will
eventually  be served by the municipal service  agencies
as the agencies expand their service  boundaries  in the
future.
B.  FUTURE EXPANSION

         1.  EXISTING SYSTEMS

             It is anticipated that  the  existing  munici-
pal water service agencies will continue  to  expand
their systems as necessary to meet the growing  demand
for treated water in the study sub-areas  which  they  serve,
as shown in Table 43.  The District's Treated Water
Division is now completing the new Bollman Treatment
Plant located at Mallard Reservoir.  This facility will
have an initial rated capacity of 50 mgd, with  capability
for future expansion to 250 mgd.  The cities of Antioch,
Martinez, and Pleasant Hill are also presently  involved
in major expansion and modernization programs.
                                                        131

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                                                                               -241-
TABLE 43
                              CHARACTERISTICS OF
                             TREATED WATER SYSTEMS
                                               Rated       Total
                                            Capacity of   Finished
Service Agency
Oakley County Water District
City of Antioch
City of Pittsburg
Bay Water Service
Treated Water Division
of CCCWD
City of Pleasant Hill
City of Martinez
Number
of
Services^-
530
6,600
6,000
2,350
33,000
1,710
6,000
Treatment
Plants ,
MGD
4.3
10.0
6.0
2.7
31.0
1.9
14.0
Water
Storage ,
MG
0.4
2.5
6.3
1.1
27. 5~]
2.oJ
4.0
Sub-Area
Located
In
Oakley
Antioch
Pittsburg
Nichols
Central
County
Martinez
a/  As of 1967.

Source:  Contra Costa County Water District data.
   132

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                                                              -242-
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
         2 .  NEW SYSTEMS

         a.  Byron Sub-Area.   Demand for municipal water
service in the Byron  sub-area  is  not expected to grow to
the point where a treated  surface water supply would
be justified in lieu  of expanded  ground water production
until after 1980.  When the  demand for surface water
supply does materialize, the source could probably be
direct from Clifton Court  Forebay or from Herdlyn Reser-
voir rather than from  Kellogg  Reservoir so as to avoid
the necessity of pumping the supply to elevation 300.
A new water district  or an improvement district within
Contra Costa County Water  District could be formed
serving treated water  north  to  the vicinity of Marsh
Creek Road or Indian  Slough, from a treatment plant loca-
ted near Clifton Court or  Herdlyn Reservoir.

         As an alternative,  treated water could be de-
livered to the Byron  sub-area  from a treatment plant
located in the vicinity of the  existing Marsh Creek flood
detention structure on Marsh Creek Road.  This treatment
plant would draw its  raw water  from Kellogg Reservoir,
and would supply both  the  Byron and Brentwood sub-areas.
This system could be  operated  through an improvement
district of the Contra Costa County Water District.
Final selection of the appropriate method of providing
treated water service  in the Byron sub-area must await
feasibility-level studies.

         The requirement for treated surface  water service
in this area may be accelerated by the development of a
planned resort community in  the Byron Tract between Clifton
Court and Indian Slough.   Plans for this community call
for more than 12,000  medium- to low-density residential
units at full development, which  could have a water
requirement of as much as  8  mgd on a summer weekend.
The current plan proposes  a  ground water supply initially,
but is extremely doubtful  that  this source could meet
the needs of the community for  domestic water at full
development.

         b.  Brentwood Sub-Area.   There is already suffi-
cient demand to justify provision of treated  surface water
supplies in the Brentwood  sub-area, and it can be expected
that the City of Brentwood will request such  service as
soon as surface supplies are available from the Kellogg
Unit.  Treated water  service in this area could be
served by formation of an  improvement district within
the Contra Costa County Water  District.
                                                        133

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                                                                 -24.3-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
            The most  likely  location for a treatment plant
   serving the Brentwood  sub-area would be adjacent to the
   proposed Contra Loma  Canal  in the vicinity of Deer Creek
   or Sand Creek.  Water  treated at this location could be
   delivered by gravity  to the City of Brentwood and other
   portions of the sub-area  at low elevation, and could be
   pumped into the Lone  Tree-Deer Valley area when residen-
   tial development occurs there.

            As an alternative, treated water could be de-
   livered to the Brentwood  sub-area from a treatment plant
   located at Marsh Creek.   This plant could also serve
   the Byron sub-area, as mentioned previously.   Selection
   of the appropriate method of providing treated water
   service in the area should  be the subject of a feasibility-
   level study.

            c.  Islands  Sub-Area.  It  can be anticipated
   that a sizeable resort community will develop in the
   Islands sub-area in the foreseeable future,  particularly
   around the periphery  of Bethel Island and along Dutch
   Slough and Sand Mound  Slough.  Treated water service from
   surface supplies will  probably be required in that area
   before 1980.  Such service  could be provided either by
   an extention of the Oakley  County Water District facili-
   ties or through the system  to serve the Brentwood sub-
   area when such is  constructed.
134

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                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                    XII.  FINANCING
A.  PROCEDURE

         Studies were carried out to  determine  the
charges which would have to be levied per  acre  foot  of
water supplied from the Federal  Central  Valley  Project
in order to repay the anticipated costs  of the  proposed
improvement program for the Canal system,  together with
associated operation and maintenance  costs.   Two
approaches were examined:  (1) assuming  the  Bureau of
Reclamation would construct all  of the improvements;  and
(2) assuming that the District would  finance and  construct
all improvements except those listed  in  Table 35  as  part
of the Bureau modernization program,  which would  be
constructed by the Bureau.  It should be noted  that  the
Canal system is Federal property, and that the  consent
of the United States would have  to be obtained  in order
for the District to carry out improvements thereon.

         In these studies, the following assumptions
were made:

         (1) Water purchases from the CVP  were  taken
         from Table 21 assuming  "wet  year" conditions
         of offshore water supply in  all years;  i.e.
         assuming minimum sales  of water from the
         Canal system within the present District ser-
         vice area .

         (2) After initial operation  of  the  proposed
         Kellogg Unit, assumed to be  in  year 1976,
         revenues to repay the improvement program for
         the Canal system would  be generated only on
         the first 86,000 acre feet of water sold each
         year.  Revenues from water sales  beyond  this
         amount would be needed  to repay the costs of
         the Kellogg Unit allocated to the District.

         (3) The costs of the improvement  program for
         the Canal system would  include  not  only  those
         costs shown in Table 35, but also the  presently
         outstanding balance due on the  Contra  Costa
         Canal and the cost of the recently-completed
         Contra Loma Dam and Reservoir.
                                                        135

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                                                                  -245-
                       LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
             (4)  The  new  water charges needed  to  repay  the
             improvements  would become effective  starting in
             1970 .

             (5)  A  "storage charge" of $2 per  acre  foot  would
             be assessed  by the Bureau to repay the  costs of
             storage  facilities in the Federal Central  Valley
             Project.   This charge would be in addition  to
             charges  levied to repay the improvements.

             (6)  The  estimated cost of any improvements
             undertaken by  the Bureau would bear  additives
             amounting  to  25% for contingencies and  25%  for
             engineering  and administration.   Costs  of
             improvements  undertaken by the District would
             include  15%  for contingencies and 12%  for
             engineering  and administration.

             (7)  Costs  would be escalated from the  1967  levels
             shown  in Table 35 to levels at the various  times
             at which the  improvements would be required,  as
             shown  in Table 34, at a uniform rate equivalent
             to 6 per cent  of the 1967 costs.

             (8) Obligations to the Federal Government would
             be repaid  within 50  years from the time the
             facilities for which the costs were  incurred
             were completed, and  would bear 3%% annual inter-
             est .

             (9) Costs  financed by the District through  the
             sale of revenue bonds would be repaid within
             35 years from  the time incurred,  with interest
             at 5%% annually.

             (10) The District would be responsible for  future
             0 £ M  costs of the Canal system after 1976.
             Anticipated future 0 S M costs used  in the  studies
            were as shown  in  Table 42.

            The costs  of the  supervisory control system
   proposed  in the improvement program were not  considered
   in the financial analysis, nor were the effects of such
   a system  in reducing future expenditures for  operations.
   Further study would be  needed to determine the required
   components of a desirable  control system,  the cost of  the
   system, and the expected savings in operating expenses.
   It is probable  that these  expenses could be substantially
   lowered, with a resulting  reduction in  the water charge.
136

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                                                              -246-
                   LEEDS, HIU. AND JEWETT, INC.
        . The District is at the present  time  financially
indebted to the United States  for  the  construction  cost
of the recently-completed Contra Loma  Dam  and Reservoir,
and for the presently outstanding  balance  due on  the
Contra Costa Canal.  The final cost  of Contra Loma  has
not yet been determined, but it will amount  to about
$4.5 million.  This figure includes  a  substantial sum for
acquisition of recreational lands  adjacent to the reser-
voir, which would not be an obligation of  the District.
According to studies conducted by  the  Bureau, the unrepaid
balance on the Contra Costa Canal  at the end  of fiscal
year 1966 was about $10.6 million.   These  values  have
been used for the present purposes of  this Report,
although a careful review of the Bureau's  analyses  must
be made before the District officially accepts them.
Their use herein does not imply District acceptance.  It
was assumed that these existing obligations  would be
repaid in 50 years from the present  date,  at  an interest
rate of 3%% per annum.
B.  RESULTS OF ANALYSES

         The analyses of the  two  methods  of  repayment  des-
cribed above indicated that whether  the Bureau  or  the
District financed the proposed  improvements  to  the Canal
system would make little difference  to the required water
charge.  In the first case, interest  costs would be lower
and the repayment period would  be  longer, but the  initial
capital costs would be higher.  The  reverse  would  be true
in the case of the District financing and constructing
the improvements.   Under Bureau  sponsorship, a water
charge of about $25 per acre  foot  on  the  first  86,000  acre
feet purchased annually from  the  CVP  would be required
to repay all costs of the improvement program,  including
the $2 storage charge.  This  charge  would be about $26 for
the case of District sponsorship.

         In Section IX of this  Report it  was stated that
a repayment charge of from $17  to  $24 per acre  foot on
all water supplies in excess  of 86,000 acre  feet per
annum received by the District  through the proposed Kellogg
Unit of the Federal Central Valley Project would probably
be sufficient to repay all costs  of  the Unit reasonably
allocable to the District, including  a $2 storage  charge.
For practical purposes, it may  be  desirable  to  combine
the repayment of the Kellogg  Unit  and the improvements
                                                        137

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                                                                  -247-
                       LEEDS HILL AND JEWETT, INC
   to the Canal  system,  assuming the Bureau of  Reclamation
   would undertake  construction of both.  In this  case  a
   single water  charge  could be applied by the  Bureau to  all
   deliveries  from  the  CVP,  which would be adequate  to  repay
   Kellogg,  the  Canal  system improvements as defined pre-
   viously,  and  all  operation and maintenance costs, within
   50 years  at  3V4%  interest.  An overall charge of from $20 to
   $25 per acre  foot  would accomplish this, depending on  the
   assumed availability  of offshore water supply.  Under
   "median year"  conditions  of offshore supply, the  repayment
   charge would  be  $22  per acre foot.  Further  charges
   would probably have  to  be assessed on deliveries  in
   excess of 195,000  acre  feet per annum in order  to repay
   the costs of  increased  storage in the CVP system which
   would be  properly  chargeable to the District.

             It should  be pointed out that the water  charges
   quoted in the  preceding paragraphs are comparable to the
   $10 per acre  foot  now charged to the District by  the
   Bureau for  municipal water supplies, and are not to  be
   confused  with  the  water rates which the District sets  on
   sales to  its  customers.  These rates would be higher
   than the  figures  quoted above, to cover District operating
   expenses.   Furthermore, if the District were to finance
   the improvements  to  the Canal system, bonding requirements
   might dictate  water  rates to customers somewhat higher
   than the  water charges  quoted above, at least during the
   earlier years  of  bond repayment.

             It should  further be stressed that all of the
   water charges  quoted above, and also those quoted in
   Section IX  for source water costs, were derived from re-
   payment analyses  which  were based on the assumption  that
   water use would be  limited to the present District service
   area.  This was a  conservative assumption, to establish an
   upper limit to probable water charges.  To indicate  the
   range within  which  the  actual charges would fall, a  repay-
   ment analysis  of  the combined Kellogg Unit and the improve-
   ments to  the  Canal  system was made, assuming Bureau
   construction  of both, but with water use in the entire
   study area.   This analysis showed that a water charge of
   from $17  to $21 per acre  foot would be required for repay-
   ment, as  against  the range of $20 to $25 quoted above.
138

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                                                              -248-
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                     XIV.  CONCLUSIONS
1.  In recent years, the demand  for  water from the Contra
    Costa Canal system has approached  the 86,000  acre
    feet which the United States  Bureau  of Reclamation
    is obligated to provide  from  the Federal  Central
    Valley Project under the  terms of  its present contract
    with the District.

2.  Although some high-quality supplies  will  be available
    in the future from the offshore  waters in all but
    very dry hydrologic conditions in  the Central Valley,
    the number of days of availability of these supplies
    in any year will be markedly  fewer than has been the
    case in the past, particularly after the  Peripheral
    Canal is in full operation.

3.  The demand for water from the Contra Costa Canal
    system, including losses, is  expected to  reach 476,000
    acre feet annually within the present District ser-
    vice area by the year 2020, under  dry-year conditions
    of no availability of high-quality water  from offshore
    Under median-year conditions  of  offshore  water supply,
    the year 2020 demand from the Canal  system within the
    District would amount to  about 4-30,000 acre feet.

4.  The water demand figures  for  the total potential
    District service area, corresponding to those quoted
    above for the present District,  are  estimated at
    593,000 and 547,000 acre  feet under  conditions of
    dry- and median-year offshore availability, respect-
    ively .

5.  The present Contra Costa  Canal system is  not  able to
    provide water supplies having mineral quality at all
    times suitable for municipal  and industrial purposes.
    Historically, the chloride ion content of the supplies
    available at Rock Slough  has  exceeded the District's
    desired upper limit of 100 ppm 35 per cent of the
    time, and has reached as  high as 374 ppm.

6.  After construction of the Peripheral Canal, and as
    the Federal Central Valley Project and the State Water
    Project reach full development,  the  Rock  Slough intake
    to the Contra Costa Canal system will not be  able to
    provide a firm supply of  even minimum quality water
    for municipal and industrial  uses.
                                                       139

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                                                                -24.9-
                      LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
   7.  The District  has  reached an agreement with the
       Department  of Water  Resources under which the Depart-
       ment will provide monetary compensation for the
       reduction in  availability to the District of high-
       quality water at  Mallard Slough caused by the opera-
       tions of the  State Water Project.   Monies paid under
       this agreement  would be  used to purchase substitute
       supplies from the Federal Central  Valley Project.
       Such substitute deliveries cannot  be made for more
       than possibily  a  few more years under the District's
       present water supply contract with the Bureau of
       Reclamation and with the capacity  limitations of the
       existing Contra Costa Canal system.   In recognition
       of this situation, the agreement was predicated on
       the assumption  that  the  proposed Kellogg Unit would
       be constructed  in the near future.

   8.  Under future  conditions  with the Federal Central
       Valley Project  and the State Water Project in full
       operation, high-quality  water supplies will be avail-
       able at all times in the southeastern part of the
       study area in the vicinity of Clifton Court Forebay
       and the intake  to the Tracy Pumping  Plant.

   9.  The proposed  Kellogg Unit of the Federal Central
       Valley Project  would solve the problem of water sup-
       ply to the District  by making available up to 440,000
       acre feet annually of water having 100 ppm or less
       chlorides.  Of  this  amount, 195,000  acre feet is now
       allocated to  the  District from the existing Federal
       Central Valley  Project;  more storage units would have
       to be added to  the Project to develop the remaining
       245,000 acre  feet  or more which the  Kellogg Unit
       could deliver.   It may prove necessary to somewhat
       increase, during  final design studies, the selected
       capacity of the Contra Loma and Laurel Canals above
       those now proposed by  the Bureau of  Reclamation, in
       order that the  Kellogg Unit may fully satisfy the
       projected year  2020  requirements.

  10.  An excellent  opportunity to substantially increase the
       high-quality  water supply available  to the District
       exists through  reclamation of the  effluent discharged
       from the Central  Contra  Costa Sanitary District's
       sewage treatment  plant.
140

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                                                               -250-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
11.  Desalting of the brackish offshore  waters  of the
     Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and  Suisun  Bay  presents
     the potential for meeting the  District's  long-range
     needs for water supply, although  it  does  not now
     appear to be economically competitive  with conventional
     surface supplies or with waste water reclamation.

12.  The existing design capacity of the  Contra Costa
     Canal will be exceeded in Sections  3 and  4 of the
     Canal by about year 1973, barring occurrence of wet-
     year conditions of offshore water supply  which would
     reduce the summer peak demands on the  Canal  system.
     The design capacities of Sections 5  through  9 will
     be exceeded beginning about 1975.

13.  The present installed capacities  of  the  four main
     pumping plants will be exceeded by  about  year 1971
     except under wet-year conditions  of  offshore availa-
     bility .

14.  Only in very wet years, when the  availability of
     high-quality water offshore will  extend  into the
     summer months of peak demand,  will  the offshore avail-
     ability reduce the peak flow requirements  on the
     Contra Costa Canal system in the  future.

15.  The ability to deliver water into Martinez Reservoir
     must be substantially increased by  no  later  than year
     1970 in order to avoid restrictions  on service to
     customers taking water supplies from the  reservoir.

16.  If operating criteria recently adopted by  the Bureau
     of Reclamation limiting the permissible  rate of draw-
     down in Martinez Reservoir are adhered to, it will
     be necessary to improve control of  Canal  waters to
     increase delivery capacity into Martinez  Reservoir in
     order to avoid curtailment of  service  to  customers
     receiving supplies therefrom as early  as  this year
     (.1968) .

17.  Except for the recently completed Contra  Loma Reser-
     voir, which can provide only about  three  days'  peak
     demand, the existing Contra Costa Canal  system has no
     emergency storage to protect the  District  against
     failure of one of the main pumping  plants  or other
     accidental outage.
                                                       141

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                                                                 -251-
                      LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC
  18.  Improvements  to  the Contra Costa Canal  system  must be
       undertaken  in  the  near future if the  system  is  to
       continue  to provide adequate and reliable  water ser-
       vice.  These  improvements should include:

            (a)  Construction of a pipeline  from  the  the
       Canal at  Clyde  to  Martinez Reservoir;

            (b)  Filling  the  Canal downstream  from  the south-
       ern boundary of  the United States Naval  Reservation,
       and providing  limited  raw water service  in Diablo
       Valley through  a system of pumping plants  and  pipelines
       constructed in  the  Canal right-of-way;

            (c)  Enlarging the Canal flow section from the
       beginning of Section 5 to the Treated Water  Division
       turnout ;

            (d)  Augmenting the capacity of  the four  main
       pumping plants  on  the  Canal by addition  of a sixth
       pump unit at each  plant.

  19.  The proposed Kellogg Unit would provide  a  substan-
       tial degree of  reliability to the water  supply  system
       serving the District through the ability to  deliver
       water supplies  by  gravity throughout  the service  area
       in case of a power  outage or mechanical  failure of
       a main pumping  plant.

  20.  The proposed Kellogg Unit must be in  operation  no
       later than 1976  in  order to avoid the necessity of
       enlarging Sections  1 through 4- of the Contra Costa
       Canal,  reconstructing  the four main pumping plants,
       and installing new  pump units having  increased  capa-
       city.  The Unit  should be in operation much sooner
       than that  in order to minimize potential hazards  to
       the District due to:   CD the necessity  to operate the
       Canal system beyond its design capacity; (.2) the  lack
       of adequate emergency  storage in the  Canal system;
       and (3) the lack of a  sure supply of high-quality
       wat er.

  21.  Some improvement in the quality of water supplies
       delivered through the  Canal system during the winter
       months  could be attained through construction of
       barriers which would permit the supplies to be  drawn
       from Fox Slough rather than from Rock Slough at cer-
       tain times .
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                                                             -252-
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
22.   The United States Bureau of Reclamation is undertaking
     a program of short-term improvements to the  Contra
     Costa Canal system.  This program is not  compatible
     in all respects with the over-all improvement plan
     proposed in this Report .

23.   The present method of operation of the Contra Costa
     Canal system is not working well, due principally to:
     (1) inability to react rapidly to changes in delivery
     rate to major customers; (2) widely fluctuating  rates
     of withdrawal by some major customers; and (3) flow
     surges in the Canal caused by non-uniform pumping.

2^.   The Contra Costa Canal system suffers from a number  N
     of inadequacies from the standpoint of safety, right-
     of-way maintenance, and cross-drainage.   The existing
     metering system is also deficient in certain respects.

25.   If the District had operated the Contra Costa Canal
     system in the period 1958 through 1966, the  costs to
     the District for Canal 0 6 M and for Pumping Plant
     0 6 M would have averaged 16% and 22% greater,
     respectively, than the actual costs reported by  the
     Bureau for this period.  Total combined District costs
     would have been 18% greater than actual Bureau costs.

26.   Service to the District's customers would be greatly
     improved and duplication of effort between the District
     and the Bureau would be eliminated if the District were
     to take over responsibility for operation and mainten-
     ance of the Contra Costa Canal system.  These factors
     would justify a moderate increase in the  cost of
     operating the system.

27.   Implementation of the improvement program proposed in
     this Report for the Canal system would result in an
     over-all reduction in system operation and maintenance
     costs.  However, if the District were to  take over the
     responsibility for 0 6 M, some additional costs  would
     be incurred due to upgrading of certain aspects  of
     the maintenance program.

28.   A supervisory control system, coupled with improvements
     to the District's present metering system, could
     greatly improve the operation of the Contra  Costa
     Canal system, and would probably reduce operating costs
     for the system by a substantial amount.

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                                                              —253—
                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
29.  The costs  of  improvements to the Canal system proposed
     in this Report  through  year 1980, including those
     portions  of the  Bureau  program which are compatible
     with the  over-all  improvement plan, are estimated to
     total some $12.7 million at 1967 price levels, assum-
     ing the District constructs all improvements not
     included  in the  present Bureau program.  This total
     includes  allowances  for engineering costs and contin-
     gencies .

30.  Assuming  financing and  construction by the District,
     a water charge  of  about $26 per acre foot on the first
     86,000 acre feet received from the Federal Central
     Valley Project  would  probably be required to repay all
     costs of  the  improvements to the Contra Costa Canal
     system proposed  in this Report, together with District
     0 6 M expenses  of  the improved system, presently out-
     standing  costs  of  the Contra Costa Canal and Contra
     Loma Reservoir,  and  a $2 per acre foot charge towards
     repayment  of  the costs  of existing storage facilities
     in the CVP.   These costs would all be repaid within
     50 years  of the  time  incurred, with interest at 3^%
     annually.  The  water  charge would be about $25 per
     acre foot  in  the case of Bureau financing and construc-
     tion.

31.  The present Contra Costa Canal system is the property
     of the United States.   As such, the consent of the ,
     Federal Government would have to be obtained before
     the District  could finance and construct any of the
     improvements  proposed in this Report.

32.  A water charge  of  about $24 per acre foot on deliveries
     from the  Federal Central Valley Project in excess of
     86,000 acre feet annually would probably be sufficient
     to repay  all  costs of the proposed Kellogg Unit rea-
     sonably allocable  to  the District, including operation
     and maintenance  costs and a $2 per acre foot storage
     charge.   These  costs would be repaid within 50 years,
     with annual interest at the rate of 3%%, even assuming
     the minimum annual water deliveries within the present
     District  service area forecast in this Report.  If
     deliveries through Kellogg corresponding to median-
     year conditions  of offshore water supply are assumed,
     a water charge of  $20 per acre foot would probably
     be sufficient; the corresponding figure would be $17
     per acre  foot under  dry-year conditions of offshore
     supply.

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                                                               -254-
                    LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
33.   If the Bureau of Reclamation were  to  undertake  both
     the Canal system improvements and  the proposed
     Kellogg Unit, a water charge of  from  $20  to  $25  per
     acre foot on all supplies taken  from  the  CVP would
     probably be adequate to repay both, together with
     presently outstanding capital costs,  0 6  M  costs,
     and the $2 per acre foot storage charge.  Under
     median-year conditions of offshore water  supply,
     the required repayment charge would be $22  per
     acre foot.  An additional storage  charge  of  unknown
     magnitude would have to be levied  on  deliveries  in
     excess of 195,000 acre feet, in  order to  repay  costs
     of additional storage in the Central  Valley  Project
     allocable to the District.

34.   There will be a need for treated water service  from
     surface supplies in the Brentwood, Byron, and
     Islands sub-areas in the foreseeable  future.  These
     areas are now outside the boundaries  of the  District

35.   For the Brentwood and Islands sub-areas,  the  source
     of surface supplies will probably  be  the  proposed
     Kellogg Reservoir.  For the Byron  sub-area,  it may
     be better to take supplies directly from  the  Clifton
     Court Forebay, or from Herdlyn Reservoir.
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                   LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
                 XV.  RECOMMENDATIONS
1.  The District should expend  every  effort  to  see  that
    the feasibility report supporting  the  proposed
    Kellogg Unit is completed by the  United  States  Bureau
    of Reclamation and submitted to Congress  at  the
    earliest possible date.

2.  If the terms and conditions as to  prospective water
    charges to the District presented  in the  feasibility
    report are reasonable, the  District should  consult
    with the Bureau of the Budget and  the  appropriate
    Congressional committees to ascertain  the prospects
    of authorization and funding of the Kellogg  Unit in
    time for it to be operational no  later than  1976.

3.  The program for improvements to the Contra  Costa
    Canal system proposed in this Report,  shown  schemati-
    cally on Plate 17, should be implemented  in  accordance
    with the development schedule set  forth  in  Table 34.

4.  The District should meet immediately with representa-
    tives of Region 2, United States Bureau  of  Reclama-
    tion, in an effort to reach agreement  on  the program
    for Canal system improvements.  Following this,
    meetings should be held in Washington  with represen-
    tatives of the Bureau of Reclamation,  the Bureau of
    the Budget, and the appropriate committees of Congress,
    to ascertain the prospects of gaining  authorization
    and funding as necessary to ensure that  an acceptable
    schedule of development for the improvements can be
    reali zed.

5.  If it becomes apparent that there  is no  reasonable
    probability that the Bureau can construct the im-
    provements to the Canal within the required  time
    schedule, the District should then take  steps to
    implement the improvement program  itself, either in
    its entirety or to the extent that it  connot be
    accomplished by the Bureau within  the  time limits.
    In this case, Congressional approval should  be  sought
    for the District to take over ownership of the  Canal
    system upon completion of payout.
                                                       1H7

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                                                                —256—
                     LEEDS, HILL AND JEWETT, INC.
   6.  The District should take over operation  and maintenance
       of the entire Contra Costa Canal system, but not  until
       the proposed Kellogg Unit or alternate thereto  is  con-
       structed and in operation.  District responsibility
       for 0 £ M should encompass all facilities  downstream
       from Kellogg.

   7.  The District should urge the Bureau of Reclamation to
       take all necessary steps to ensure that  Martinez  Reser-
       voir and the Canal system can be so operated as to
       meet the demands of customers served from  the Reservoir
       during the period prior to completion of the Clyde-
       Martinez pipeline.

   8.  The District should request the Bureau of  Reclamation
       to increase the contractual limit on water supplies
       to be made available to it from the existing Contra
       Costa Canal Unit of the Federal Central  Valley  Project
       from the present 86,000 acre feet to at  least 160,000
       acre feet annually.  This will permit continued ser-
       vice through the improved Contra Costa Canal system
       during the period prior to completion of the proposed
       Kellogg Unit or alternate thereto.

   9.  The District should be prepared to expand  its service
       area to encompass the Brentwood, Byron,  and Islands
       sub-areas, and to form improvement districts for
       service of treated water for municipal and industrial
       use within those sub-areas when and if desired by
       their residents.

  10.  The District should in the immediate future undertake
       the following studies:

            (a) an investigation of the feasibility of recla-
       mation and use of the effluent from the  Central Contra
       Costa Sanitary District sewage treatment plant;

            (b) an investigation of incorporation of a super-
       visory control system into the Contra Costa Canal
       system, and of the facilities needed for improved
       metering of water use by its major customers; and

            (c) an investigation of the requirements for  the
       water quality testing and control program.
148

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