PREMMZKAiar ASSESSMENT OF EXTENT OF

                  L POLLUTION IH THB

                OHIO RIVER BASIN
      (measured in terms of once through
      cooling water needs and cost of pro-
             viding cooling towers)
                 UNITED STATES
          DEPARTMENT OF THE JMTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
               OHIO BAS3CH REGION
           OHIO BIVER BAS3U PRajECT
                February, 1968
                                           \Tork Docuineirt No. C0168
                                           prepared by Louis F. Gitto

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                   •TABLE OF. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY

RESULTS
     Utilization of Results
     Explanation of Headings in the Following Printout Material
     Discussion of Discrepancies in Results

     Tables

       Cost and Water Need Thermal Power Plants Ohio Basin
         Region - 100$ Plant Utilization
       Cost and Water Need Thermal Power Plants Ohio Basin
         Region - 65$ Plant Utilization

METHODOLOGY

     Definition
     Background
     Power Plant Water Use
       Average Water Use
       Peak Water Use
     Cooling Tower Cost Computation
     Summing Individual Plant Data by Subbasin

DEFINITION OF FACTORS USED IN THE COMPUTER PROGRAM

PROGRAM LISTINGS FOR 100$ AND 65$ POWER PLANT UTILIZATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MAP OF PRINCIPAL ELECTRIC GENERATING FACILITIES JH THE
     OHIO RIVER BASIN

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                               2BTRQJ3UCTIOT








     This pi*eliininary assessement of potential thermal pollution in the



Olio River Basin vas undertaken at the request of Mr. Victor P. Jelen,



Deputy Project Director, Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Project.  This is



an attempt to measure the potential thermal pollution in terms of once



through cooling water needs and in costs necessary to provide cooling towers



at existing power plants.



     This work document was prepared to present a set of technical knowledge



expeditiously to interested parties.  More work will lie carried on in this



area to expand this knowledge and to correlate and compare this knowledge



with other information available.  It is felt that while this other work



is proceeding, the information gained to date should "be in a form for



utilization.  .



     More detailed evaluations will be necessary to refine this study for



other than preliminary planning purposes.  This listing represents a com-



pilation of known existing data.  If more detailed and complete information



is available, will the reader please transmit it to the Ohio River Basin



Comprehensive Project Headquarters.

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                              SUMMABT






     This study is intended to point out preliminary water needs  for once


through cooling at thermal power plants in the Ohio River Basin.   In


addition, an approximate cost to install cooling towers at each plant is


provided.  This report only has value for broad planning purposes.   More


detailed evaluations would be necessary for any specific plant.


     Values of flow and cooling tower costs are provided for peak and


average power conditions.  The peak power conditions should be used  to
                                                                  \

evaluate stream flow needs at a site.  All flow values in this report are


based on an increase of 10  F in the effluent water from a power  plant


over the influent water.


     In many cases the cooling tower costs for the large power plants have


been calculated in Mathur's Report.I/  The calculated values from this


current computer analysis of cost for peak power use should in all instances


be greater than or equal to the values included in Ifeithur's Report.   An


explanation of the differences in these values is given in the Results


section.  An indication of actual cooling tower costs at plants having


them are not included because this information was not available.


     A listing of the results of the study is contained in the report


section Results.  A brief summarization of these results is given here.


                                    Calculated Values

          River Basin      	for Peak Power Use	   I&thur Report
No.
1
2
3
k
Name
Allegheny
Monongahela
Beaver
Muskingham
Gross Flow (cfs)
5,101
^,178
1,891
5,227
Cooling Tower
Costs ($1000)
15,567
12,750
5,773
15,953
Cooling Tower
Costs ($1000)
8,230
9,550
2,8'tO
9,030

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SUMMARY (cont'd)
No.
           River Basin
   Name
                      Calculated Values
                     for Peak Power Use
                Cooling Tower
Gross Flow (cfs) Costs ($1000)
 Mathur Report
Cooling Tower
Costs ($1000)
 5

 6

 7
 8
10
11
12
13
Kanaka-Little   2,986
  Kanawha
Guyandot-Big &     480
  Little Sandy
Scioto           1,22T
Great & Little   3,127
  Miami
Licking-Kentucky-1, 498
  Salt
Green            3,180
Wabash           7,^37
Cumberland       2,168
Ohio fein Stem  33,7^
                     9,H3

                     1,465

                     3,746
                     9,5^3

                     4,573

                     9,707
                    22,699
                     6,616
                   102,988
      4,250

      1,340

        o
      4,150
      5,320
      9,670
      2,790
     56,460

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                             RESULT'S



Utilization of Results



    The results do not include any of the actual dollar expenditures made



in providing cooling towers in the basin,  neither do they include actual



flows for once through cooling for any of these plants.  They do indicate



the current type of cooling practiced at each plant. 2/  This in itself



gives an indication of the needs required to combat thermal loadings to



the streams in the Ohio River Basin.



    Two sets of thermal loading values are given.  The first at 100 percent



plant capacity to determine the costs required for cooling towers and/or



the maximum, needs for stream flow at the power plants.  The second set is



at average plant utilization of 6555 capacity.  This is provided in case



flow augmentation storage at this average annual level of development is



desired.  However, "before this 65$ set of values would "be used for such



an analysis more detailed calculations would be necessary.  Seasonal



variations in water temperature and wet bulb temperature should signifi-



cantly reduce total cooling flow needs in the cooler seasons except perhaps



where" changing maximum temperature constraints exist.



     The reason a discrepancy exists for calculated once through cooling



flow needs and alternatively cooling tower costs for individual power



plants between Mathur's Report and this computer printout (given and



calculated values respectively)is that I-Sathur's calculations were based on



actual 1965 power generation (Kilowatt hrs of plant output) while this



printout was derived from 100$ and 65$ utilization of the power plant



capacity during the summer season.



     The location of each plant in this study is provided in the map at the

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end of this report from Exhibit $5, Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Survey



Appendix I "Electric Power" prepared "by the Federal Power Commission. 3/




     Explanation of table headings in the following printout material^



     (see also Definitions for more detail):




     KB - river basin number (see Summary and/or Type I Chio River Basin



          Comprehensive Survey Vol V Appendix D for details).



     Plant name - power plant name or location.



     Map - map number from Exhibit #5.



     OUR - power plant owner



     Capacity megawatts - power plant capacity



     Given - values as per Mlathur's Report                           '



     Calculated - values as per this computer analysis



     Water need and flow need - synonomous terms, water requirement for



         once through cooling for thermal power plant.



     Cost - cost required to install cooling towers.



     HRF - heat rate factor for plant



     Type plant - type of cooling used.



     Report values - from Mathur's Report



     Calculated values - from this computer analysis.





Discussion of Discrepancies in Results;



     As indicated the water use values in thousands of gallons per minute



for 100$ utilization of the Power Plants should "be greater than those reported



in Mathur's Report because the plants are assumed to be operating at peak



capacity rather than some lower average value, and the remainder of the



analysis is the same.  The major point of difference lies in the fact that



the data used for 100$ plant utilization was obtained in 1963 while that of

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Mathur's -work vas 19^5 data.

     The three plants that follow had higher water use values than the

100$ utilization values.


            Plant Name           State             Location River Basin

            ELmira                Pa.                  Monongahela
            Albright              Pa.                  Monongahela
            Tanners Creek         Ind.                 Ohio Main Stem

     It may be that the capacities of these plants has increased since

1963.

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PERSE  SSi?  OF




   TABLES




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SECOND  SET  OP




    TABLES




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-------
                            METHODOLOGY

     This study was conducted using information contained in a report
by S. P. l&thur of the Pollution Evaluation Section,  Technical Advisory
and Investigations entitled "Thermal Pollution from Steam-Electric
Generating Plants"; information provided by the Federal Power Commission
in their Type 1 Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Survey, Appendix I,
"Electric Power"; and a k part table prepared by the Federal Power
Commission dated March 10, 196?> titled "Cooling Methods and Source of
Cooling Water Supply at Principal Utility Power Stations in the Ohio
River Basin, 1963".
     Where basic data for individual plant heat rate factors vas not
available, the average value for the subbasin vas used.

Definition
     1 Kilowatt Hour = 3^15 British Thermal Units
     1 HKI = Heat necessary to raise 1 pound of water 1° P
     Water Weighs 62.43 pounds/cubic foot
     Therefore:  It takes 62A3 KEU's to raise the temperature of
          1 cubic foot of water 1°F.
Background
     In computing cooling water requirements Mathur made the following
assumptions:
     1.  Heat loss from the boiler to the furnace and from the electric
         generators etc. was 0.175 of the total heat rate, heat utilization
         of the plant in BTU/KWHR.-
     From this a heat balance can be made in BTU's/KWHR.
          Total Heat to Plant = Heat Loss + Heat to Cooling Water + Heat to
                                Convert to Electricity.

-------
     Heat to Cooling Water = Total Heat to Plant

                           - Heat Loss

                           - Heat to Convert to Electricity

Heat to Cooling Water = Total Heat to Plant

                      - 0.175 (Total Heat to Plant)

                      - 3M5

In the computer program used to make this assessment,
A = Heat to Cooling Water in BTU's/KWHR.

To calculate water need for cooling from the heat transmitted to the

cooling vater the following factor must "be used,

calculated as follows:


 1 ETU/KMR	;	      .    i	      cu.ft.5F
 3600 Sec/hr. 62.43 BTU/cu.ft. of KgO.F       285,000     "iecT	


So that the requrement for cooling water in

cfs. °F
 KW

is (A . 1
       225,000 ' *

This is written in the program as

     B = A/225,000.

     Plant Capacity CAP  is measured in megawatts a unit of Power

(work/unit time).

     Average Power Plant utilization is assumed to be 65$.  This value was

obtained from the following two references:

     1.  Senate Select Committee - 86th Congress

         Print No. 10, Page 10. k/

     2.  National Power Survey - Federal Power Commission,

         Washington, D. C., October 1964, Table 14, Page 39. !5/

Peak Power Plant utilization is assumed to be 100$.

-------
Power Plant Water Use


   Average Water Use


     PowerPlant Water Use in thousands of gallons/minute,  (CH20),


is computed as follows:


     CH20 = Bxx GAP x W-8.831 x 0.65

                TEMP
     CAP* in megawatts =

              o
     TEMP* in  F


     B  in  cfs . °F
               KW


     ₯1-8.831 is conversion factor in gpm

                                     cfs


     0.65 is plant utilization


     To convert Power Plant water use from thousands of gallons/minute


to cubic feet per second multiply by 2.228.



   Peak Water Use:


     Replace 0.65 in the proceeding discussion "by 1.00.


     This set of Water use values for once through cooling should be


used in determining if the natural streamflow is sufficient to handle the


water demands of a power plant without exceeding water quality criteria


for temperature.  These values assume a 10 F temperature rise of the water


passing through the power plant.


Cooling Tower Cost Computation


     Quoting from J&ithur's Report (pages 32 and 33)


        "An estimate of the cost of Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers


        for the power plants	consists of the cost of the cooling
                                 i

        tower and appurtenances such as water basin, wiring, piping and



*  See Definition of Factors used in the computer program

-------
        circulating lines.  Operation and maintenance costs are not

        included.

          The assumptions used in cost estimation are as follows:

          a.  Approach temperature -' of 10°P.  is used.

          b.  Costs are based on water terrrperature ranges of
          c.  A rough average of $8.00 per gallon per minute of

              cooling tower capacity is used.

          d.  The temperature considered is for summer months only.

          The formula used in the computation is -

             Cost of Tower = $8.00 x Relative Rating Factor x GPM

                             of water used.

     Relative Rating Factor was obtained from the graphsH/ of

     Relative Rating Factor versus Wet Bulb Temperature,

     plotted for various Approach" temperatures"^

The costs calculated by this Program are based on the above discussion.

The temperature rise allowed is 10° F., the associated Relative Rating

Factor 0.85.  Costs obtained are in thousands of dollars, calculated

from the following formula.

     TOWR* = 8. x CH20 x 0.85.
a/  Approach temperature = Temperature of water leaving the cooling tower
    minus the wet bulb temperature
b/  Not included in l&ithur's report.

*   See Definition of Factors used in the computer program

-------
gumming ^Individual Plant Data by Subbasin



     The remainder of the Program sums the flow needs and costs;  first for



the values found in Mathur's Report (reported values), and second for the



calculated values from this computer program.  The 'reported values'  do not



include all  of the power plants in the basin, only those on which complete



data were available for Mathur's Report.

-------
                        DEFINITION OF FACTORS USED
                           Iff THE COMPUTER PROGRAM

NRB  =  River Basin Number (Same as Type 1 Numbering System)

PINT 1

PLNT 2   =  Plant Name

PINT 3


SYMBL  =  Type of Plant and Map Location Number from Federal

          Power Commission Map.

          H = Hydroelectric Power

          T = Thermal Power


N Type sa  Number Designator of Type of Plant

          H = 1

          T = 2


Owner  =  Type Ownership

          P a Private utility

          M = Municipal

          C = Cooperative

          S = State

          F ss Federal

          I = Industrial


NOWNR  = Number Designator of Ownership

          P a 1

          M = 2

          C = 3

          S = U

          F = 5

          1=6

-------
CAP  =  Installed Plant Capacity (Megawatts)

Water = Actual Cooling Water Required (Million Gallons/Minute)


Cost = Actual Cost of Cooling Towers (Millions of Dollars)


Heat = Heat Rate Factors by Plant and Where no Better Information Exists

          by Subbasin (BTU/KWHR).

Cool = Present Type of Cooling

          OT = Once through cooling

          CT =s Cooling tower

           S = Spray pond

          NC = Non-condensing

          NA = Information not available

TEMP = Temperature Rise of Water Allowed in °F.

TOWR = Calculated Cost of Cooling Towers in Thousands of Dollars.

CH20 = Calculated Cooling Water Required on a once through basis in

          Thousands of Gallons Per Minute.

FLOW ss Calculated Cooling Water Required on a once through basis in cfs.


STOWR = Sura of Cost of Cooling Towers in Thousands of Dollars for each subbasin,


SFLOW = Sum of once through Cooling Water needs in cfs for each subbasin.
                                 »
SCH20 = Sum of once through Cooling Water needs in Thousands of Gallons

          per minute for each subbasin.

-------
         PROGRAM LISTINGS FOR 100$ AND 65$




              POWER PLANT UTILIZATION








This program was written for the Honeywell 400 System
Note:  Program statement $31 has the only change for



       100$ and 65$ power plant utilization

-------
1005 FORMAT(F2.0,3X,F5.0)                                                             1

1006 FORMATd2»2AR«A
-------
                                                                                 21

   IF (NRB-M) 28,25,30                                                           22

28 CONTINUE                                                                      23

   PRINT 1060                                                                    2*

   GO TC 25                                                                      25

25 CONTINUE                                                                      26

   COST=CC5T*1000.                                                               27

   WATER=WATER*1000«                                                             28

   A=HEAT-0.175*HEAT-3413.                                                       29

   8BA/225000.                                                                   30

  100 PERCENT EFFICIENCY USED FOR PFAK POWER ANALYSIS

   CH20S(B*CAP*448.831M.OO) /TEMP                                                31

   FLO\* = CH20*2.228                                                               32

   TOWR=8.*CH20*0,85                                                             33
   SFLCW=SFLOW*FLOW                                                              35

   SCM2C=5CH20*CH20                                                              36

   S^TRsSV^TR + WATER                                                               37

   SCOST=SC05T*COST                                                              38

   PRINT 2000. NRB,PLNTl»PLNT2,PLMT3,SYMBL.nWNER.CAP»WATER, COST, FLOW,            39
  1CH?0,TCWR, HEAT, COOL

   GO TC 10                                                                      40

21 K=tO                                                                          41

30 CONTINUE                                                                      42

   PRINT 1031                                                                    43

   PPINT 1045, 5CCST,SWTR                                                        44

   PRINT 1040, STOWR»5FLO*/,SCH20                                                 45

   PRINT 1030                                                                    46

   IF (K-10)  40,100»100                                                          47

-------
    CONTINUE
          ,                                                                        50



    5CnST=0.                                                                       51




           .                                                                       52



           .                                                                       53




    SCH2C=0.                                                                       5^




    GO TO 25                                                                       55




100 STOP                                                                          56



    FNO                                                                           57

-------
TITLEAWTW24
1005 FQRMAT(F2.0,3X»F5.0)                                                            1
1006 FORMATd2,2A8,A4,A5,I1,A1»I1»2X,F7.0,F4.0.F6.0,20X,F5.0»A5)                    2
1030 FORMATdX.//)                                                                   3
1031 FORMAT(1X,1H )                                                                  4
1040 FORMATdX,17HCALCULATED VALUES,5X,18HCOST THSO DOLLARS .F12.0.SX.9             5
    INFLOW CFS »F10.0»5X,14HFLOW TH5D 6PM ,F10.0)
1045 FORMATdX,13HREPORT VALUES,9X,18HCOST THSO DOLLARS .F12.0.29X.14HF             6
    1LOW THSD GPM ,F10.0)
1060 FORMATdX,12HOUT OF ORDER)                                                     7
2000 FORMAT(1X,I2,1X,2A8,A4,1X,A5,2X,A1,3X,F8.2,2X,F6.0»5X.F8.0,2X,F6.0             8
    1,2X,F6.0,3X,F10.0,3X,F7.0,2X,A5)
     CALL HEAD                                                                      9
     SWTRaO.                                                                        10
     SCOST'O.                                                                      11
     STCV»R=0.                                                                      12
     SFLCW»0.                                                                      13
     5CH2CSO.                                                                      14
     READ 1005,TEMP,RRF                                                            15
     M«l                                                                           16
  10 CONTINUE                                                                      17
     READ 1006,NRB,PLNTl,PLMT2,PLNT1,SYMBL,NTYPE,OrtNER»NOWNR,CAP,WATER,            18
    ICOST,HEAT,COOL
     IF END OF FILE  21,20                                                           19
  20 CONTINUE                                                                      20
     K = 0                                                                           21

-------
      IF (NRB-M) 28.25.30                                                            22

   28 CONTINUE                                                                       23

      PRINT 1060                                                                     24

      GO TO 25                                                                       25

   25 CONTINUE                                                                       26

      COSTsCOST*1000.                                                                27

      WATER»WATER*1000.                                                              28

      A»HFAT-0.175*HEAT-3413.                                                        29

      B«A/225000.                                                                    30

C   0.65 EFFICIENCY ASSUMED THROUGHOUT AS PEP SENATE SELECT COMM. PRINT NO. 10

C    AND NATIONAL POl«fER SURVEY FPC  10/6*  WASHINGTON D.C,  TABLE 14  PAGE 39

      CH20»
-------
 40  CONTINUE                                                                       48



    M=M*l                                                                          49



    SWTR»0.                                                                        50




    SCOST=0.                                                                       51



    STOWR»0.                                                                       52




    5FLOW»0.                                                                       53



    SCH20B0.                                                                       5*




    GO TO  25                                                                       55




100  STOP                                                                          56



    END                                                                           57

-------
                                BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.  "Thermal Pollution from Steam - Electric Generating Plants",
    by S. P. Mathur, U. S. Department of the Interior, FWPCA, Cincinnati,
    Olio, September 1967

2.  Cooling Methods and Source of Cooling T&ter Supply at Principal Utility
    Power Stations in the Ohio River Basin, 1963.  Federal Power Commission,
    Nev York Regional Office, Kareh 10, 1967 (a 4 sheet table).

3»  Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Survey Appendix- I, "Electric Power
    Resources and Requirements in the Ohio River Basin", Federal Power
    Commission, Nev York Regional Office, December 1966.

4.  "Water Resources Activities in the United States - Electric Power
    in Relation to the Nations Water Resources",
    Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources United States
    Senate, 86th Congress, Committee Print Number 10, January 1960.

5«  National Power Survey a report by the Federal Power Commission 1964,
    U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington; October 1964.

-------

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