PREMMZKAiar ASSESSMENT OF EXTENT OF
L POLLUTION IH THB
OHIO RIVER BASIN
(measured in terms of once through
cooling water needs and cost of pro-
viding cooling towers)
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE JMTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
OHIO BAS3CH REGION
OHIO BIVER BAS3U PRajECT
February, 1968
\Tork Docuineirt No. C0168
prepared by Louis F. Gitto
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TABLE OF. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
RESULTS
Utilization of Results
Explanation of Headings in the Following Printout Material
Discussion of Discrepancies in Results
Tables
Cost and Water Need Thermal Power Plants Ohio Basin
Region - 100$ Plant Utilization
Cost and Water Need Thermal Power Plants Ohio Basin
Region - 65$ Plant Utilization
METHODOLOGY
Definition
Background
Power Plant Water Use
Average Water Use
Peak Water Use
Cooling Tower Cost Computation
Summing Individual Plant Data by Subbasin
DEFINITION OF FACTORS USED IN THE COMPUTER PROGRAM
PROGRAM LISTINGS FOR 100$ AND 65$ POWER PLANT UTILIZATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MAP OF PRINCIPAL ELECTRIC GENERATING FACILITIES JH THE
OHIO RIVER BASIN
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2BTRQJ3UCTIOT
This pi*eliininary assessement of potential thermal pollution in the
Olio River Basin vas undertaken at the request of Mr. Victor P. Jelen,
Deputy Project Director, Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Project. This is
an attempt to measure the potential thermal pollution in terms of once
through cooling water needs and in costs necessary to provide cooling towers
at existing power plants.
This work document was prepared to present a set of technical knowledge
expeditiously to interested parties. More work will lie carried on in this
area to expand this knowledge and to correlate and compare this knowledge
with other information available. It is felt that while this other work
is proceeding, the information gained to date should "be in a form for
utilization. .
More detailed evaluations will be necessary to refine this study for
other than preliminary planning purposes. This listing represents a com-
pilation of known existing data. If more detailed and complete information
is available, will the reader please transmit it to the Ohio River Basin
Comprehensive Project Headquarters.
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SUMMABT
This study is intended to point out preliminary water needs for once
through cooling at thermal power plants in the Ohio River Basin. In
addition, an approximate cost to install cooling towers at each plant is
provided. This report only has value for broad planning purposes. More
detailed evaluations would be necessary for any specific plant.
Values of flow and cooling tower costs are provided for peak and
average power conditions. The peak power conditions should be used to
\
evaluate stream flow needs at a site. All flow values in this report are
based on an increase of 10 F in the effluent water from a power plant
over the influent water.
In many cases the cooling tower costs for the large power plants have
been calculated in Mathur's Report.I/ The calculated values from this
current computer analysis of cost for peak power use should in all instances
be greater than or equal to the values included in Ifeithur's Report. An
explanation of the differences in these values is given in the Results
section. An indication of actual cooling tower costs at plants having
them are not included because this information was not available.
A listing of the results of the study is contained in the report
section Results. A brief summarization of these results is given here.
Calculated Values
River Basin for Peak Power Use I&thur Report
No.
1
2
3
k
Name
Allegheny
Monongahela
Beaver
Muskingham
Gross Flow (cfs)
5,101
^,178
1,891
5,227
Cooling Tower
Costs ($1000)
15,567
12,750
5,773
15,953
Cooling Tower
Costs ($1000)
8,230
9,550
2,8'tO
9,030
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SUMMARY (cont'd)
No.
River Basin
Name
Calculated Values
for Peak Power Use
Cooling Tower
Gross Flow (cfs) Costs ($1000)
Mathur Report
Cooling Tower
Costs ($1000)
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
Kanaka-Little 2,986
Kanawha
Guyandot-Big & 480
Little Sandy
Scioto 1,22T
Great & Little 3,127
Miami
Licking-Kentucky-1, 498
Salt
Green 3,180
Wabash 7,^37
Cumberland 2,168
Ohio fein Stem 33,7^
9,H3
1,465
3,746
9,5^3
4,573
9,707
22,699
6,616
102,988
4,250
1,340
o
4,150
5,320
9,670
2,790
56,460
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RESULT'S
Utilization of Results
The results do not include any of the actual dollar expenditures made
in providing cooling towers in the basin, neither do they include actual
flows for once through cooling for any of these plants. They do indicate
the current type of cooling practiced at each plant. 2/ This in itself
gives an indication of the needs required to combat thermal loadings to
the streams in the Ohio River Basin.
Two sets of thermal loading values are given. The first at 100 percent
plant capacity to determine the costs required for cooling towers and/or
the maximum, needs for stream flow at the power plants. The second set is
at average plant utilization of 6555 capacity. This is provided in case
flow augmentation storage at this average annual level of development is
desired. However, "before this 65$ set of values would "be used for such
an analysis more detailed calculations would be necessary. Seasonal
variations in water temperature and wet bulb temperature should signifi-
cantly reduce total cooling flow needs in the cooler seasons except perhaps
where" changing maximum temperature constraints exist.
The reason a discrepancy exists for calculated once through cooling
flow needs and alternatively cooling tower costs for individual power
plants between Mathur's Report and this computer printout (given and
calculated values respectively)is that I-Sathur's calculations were based on
actual 1965 power generation (Kilowatt hrs of plant output) while this
printout was derived from 100$ and 65$ utilization of the power plant
capacity during the summer season.
The location of each plant in this study is provided in the map at the
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end of this report from Exhibit $5, Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Survey
Appendix I "Electric Power" prepared "by the Federal Power Commission. 3/
Explanation of table headings in the following printout material^
(see also Definitions for more detail):
KB - river basin number (see Summary and/or Type I Chio River Basin
Comprehensive Survey Vol V Appendix D for details).
Plant name - power plant name or location.
Map - map number from Exhibit #5.
OUR - power plant owner
Capacity megawatts - power plant capacity
Given - values as per Mlathur's Report '
Calculated - values as per this computer analysis
Water need and flow need - synonomous terms, water requirement for
once through cooling for thermal power plant.
Cost - cost required to install cooling towers.
HRF - heat rate factor for plant
Type plant - type of cooling used.
Report values - from Mathur's Report
Calculated values - from this computer analysis.
Discussion of Discrepancies in Results;
As indicated the water use values in thousands of gallons per minute
for 100$ utilization of the Power Plants should "be greater than those reported
in Mathur's Report because the plants are assumed to be operating at peak
capacity rather than some lower average value, and the remainder of the
analysis is the same. The major point of difference lies in the fact that
the data used for 100$ plant utilization was obtained in 1963 while that of
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Mathur's -work vas 19^5 data.
The three plants that follow had higher water use values than the
100$ utilization values.
Plant Name State Location River Basin
ELmira Pa. Monongahela
Albright Pa. Monongahela
Tanners Creek Ind. Ohio Main Stem
It may be that the capacities of these plants has increased since
1963.
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METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted using information contained in a report
by S. P. l&thur of the Pollution Evaluation Section, Technical Advisory
and Investigations entitled "Thermal Pollution from Steam-Electric
Generating Plants"; information provided by the Federal Power Commission
in their Type 1 Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Survey, Appendix I,
"Electric Power"; and a k part table prepared by the Federal Power
Commission dated March 10, 196?> titled "Cooling Methods and Source of
Cooling Water Supply at Principal Utility Power Stations in the Ohio
River Basin, 1963".
Where basic data for individual plant heat rate factors vas not
available, the average value for the subbasin vas used.
Definition
1 Kilowatt Hour = 3^15 British Thermal Units
1 HKI = Heat necessary to raise 1 pound of water 1° P
Water Weighs 62.43 pounds/cubic foot
Therefore: It takes 62A3 KEU's to raise the temperature of
1 cubic foot of water 1°F.
Background
In computing cooling water requirements Mathur made the following
assumptions:
1. Heat loss from the boiler to the furnace and from the electric
generators etc. was 0.175 of the total heat rate, heat utilization
of the plant in BTU/KWHR.-
From this a heat balance can be made in BTU's/KWHR.
Total Heat to Plant = Heat Loss + Heat to Cooling Water + Heat to
Convert to Electricity.
-------
Heat to Cooling Water = Total Heat to Plant
- Heat Loss
- Heat to Convert to Electricity
Heat to Cooling Water = Total Heat to Plant
- 0.175 (Total Heat to Plant)
- 3M5
In the computer program used to make this assessment,
A = Heat to Cooling Water in BTU's/KWHR.
To calculate water need for cooling from the heat transmitted to the
cooling vater the following factor must "be used,
calculated as follows:
1 ETU/KMR ; . i cu.ft.5F
3600 Sec/hr. 62.43 BTU/cu.ft. of KgO.F 285,000 "iecT
So that the requrement for cooling water in
cfs. °F
KW
is (A . 1
225,000 ' *
This is written in the program as
B = A/225,000.
Plant Capacity CAP is measured in megawatts a unit of Power
(work/unit time).
Average Power Plant utilization is assumed to be 65$. This value was
obtained from the following two references:
1. Senate Select Committee - 86th Congress
Print No. 10, Page 10. k/
2. National Power Survey - Federal Power Commission,
Washington, D. C., October 1964, Table 14, Page 39. !5/
Peak Power Plant utilization is assumed to be 100$.
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Power Plant Water Use
Average Water Use
PowerPlant Water Use in thousands of gallons/minute, (CH20),
is computed as follows:
CH20 = Bxx GAP x W-8.831 x 0.65
TEMP
CAP* in megawatts =
o
TEMP* in F
B in cfs . °F
KW
₯1-8.831 is conversion factor in gpm
cfs
0.65 is plant utilization
To convert Power Plant water use from thousands of gallons/minute
to cubic feet per second multiply by 2.228.
Peak Water Use:
Replace 0.65 in the proceeding discussion "by 1.00.
This set of Water use values for once through cooling should be
used in determining if the natural streamflow is sufficient to handle the
water demands of a power plant without exceeding water quality criteria
for temperature. These values assume a 10 F temperature rise of the water
passing through the power plant.
Cooling Tower Cost Computation
Quoting from J&ithur's Report (pages 32 and 33)
"An estimate of the cost of Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
for the power plants consists of the cost of the cooling
i
tower and appurtenances such as water basin, wiring, piping and
* See Definition of Factors used in the computer program
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circulating lines. Operation and maintenance costs are not
included.
The assumptions used in cost estimation are as follows:
a. Approach temperature -' of 10°P. is used.
b. Costs are based on water terrrperature ranges of
c. A rough average of $8.00 per gallon per minute of
cooling tower capacity is used.
d. The temperature considered is for summer months only.
The formula used in the computation is -
Cost of Tower = $8.00 x Relative Rating Factor x GPM
of water used.
Relative Rating Factor was obtained from the graphsH/ of
Relative Rating Factor versus Wet Bulb Temperature,
plotted for various Approach" temperatures"^
The costs calculated by this Program are based on the above discussion.
The temperature rise allowed is 10° F., the associated Relative Rating
Factor 0.85. Costs obtained are in thousands of dollars, calculated
from the following formula.
TOWR* = 8. x CH20 x 0.85.
a/ Approach temperature = Temperature of water leaving the cooling tower
minus the wet bulb temperature
b/ Not included in l&ithur's report.
* See Definition of Factors used in the computer program
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gumming ^Individual Plant Data by Subbasin
The remainder of the Program sums the flow needs and costs; first for
the values found in Mathur's Report (reported values), and second for the
calculated values from this computer program. The 'reported values' do not
include all of the power plants in the basin, only those on which complete
data were available for Mathur's Report.
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DEFINITION OF FACTORS USED
Iff THE COMPUTER PROGRAM
NRB = River Basin Number (Same as Type 1 Numbering System)
PINT 1
PLNT 2 = Plant Name
PINT 3
SYMBL = Type of Plant and Map Location Number from Federal
Power Commission Map.
H = Hydroelectric Power
T = Thermal Power
N Type sa Number Designator of Type of Plant
H = 1
T = 2
Owner = Type Ownership
P a Private utility
M = Municipal
C = Cooperative
S = State
F ss Federal
I = Industrial
NOWNR = Number Designator of Ownership
P a 1
M = 2
C = 3
S = U
F = 5
1=6
-------
CAP = Installed Plant Capacity (Megawatts)
Water = Actual Cooling Water Required (Million Gallons/Minute)
Cost = Actual Cost of Cooling Towers (Millions of Dollars)
Heat = Heat Rate Factors by Plant and Where no Better Information Exists
by Subbasin (BTU/KWHR).
Cool = Present Type of Cooling
OT = Once through cooling
CT =s Cooling tower
S = Spray pond
NC = Non-condensing
NA = Information not available
TEMP = Temperature Rise of Water Allowed in °F.
TOWR = Calculated Cost of Cooling Towers in Thousands of Dollars.
CH20 = Calculated Cooling Water Required on a once through basis in
Thousands of Gallons Per Minute.
FLOW ss Calculated Cooling Water Required on a once through basis in cfs.
STOWR = Sura of Cost of Cooling Towers in Thousands of Dollars for each subbasin,
SFLOW = Sum of once through Cooling Water needs in cfs for each subbasin.
»
SCH20 = Sum of once through Cooling Water needs in Thousands of Gallons
per minute for each subbasin.
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PROGRAM LISTINGS FOR 100$ AND 65$
POWER PLANT UTILIZATION
This program was written for the Honeywell 400 System
Note: Program statement $31 has the only change for
100$ and 65$ power plant utilization
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1005 FORMAT(F2.0,3X,F5.0) 1
1006 FORMATd2»2AR«A
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21
IF (NRB-M) 28,25,30 22
28 CONTINUE 23
PRINT 1060 2*
GO TC 25 25
25 CONTINUE 26
COST=CC5T*1000. 27
WATER=WATER*1000« 28
A=HEAT-0.175*HEAT-3413. 29
8BA/225000. 30
100 PERCENT EFFICIENCY USED FOR PFAK POWER ANALYSIS
CH20S(B*CAP*448.831M.OO) /TEMP 31
FLO\* = CH20*2.228 32
TOWR=8.*CH20*0,85 33
SFLCW=SFLOW*FLOW 35
SCM2C=5CH20*CH20 36
S^TRsSV^TR + WATER 37
SCOST=SC05T*COST 38
PRINT 2000. NRB,PLNTl»PLNT2,PLMT3,SYMBL.nWNER.CAP»WATER, COST, FLOW, 39
1CH?0,TCWR, HEAT, COOL
GO TC 10 40
21 K=tO 41
30 CONTINUE 42
PRINT 1031 43
PPINT 1045, 5CCST,SWTR 44
PRINT 1040, STOWR»5FLO*/,SCH20 45
PRINT 1030 46
IF (K-10) 40,100»100 47
-------
CONTINUE
, 50
5CnST=0. 51
. 52
. 53
SCH2C=0. 5^
GO TO 25 55
100 STOP 56
FNO 57
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TITLEAWTW24
1005 FQRMAT(F2.0,3X»F5.0) 1
1006 FORMATd2,2A8,A4,A5,I1,A1»I1»2X,F7.0,F4.0.F6.0,20X,F5.0»A5) 2
1030 FORMATdX.//) 3
1031 FORMAT(1X,1H ) 4
1040 FORMATdX,17HCALCULATED VALUES,5X,18HCOST THSO DOLLARS .F12.0.SX.9 5
INFLOW CFS »F10.0»5X,14HFLOW TH5D 6PM ,F10.0)
1045 FORMATdX,13HREPORT VALUES,9X,18HCOST THSO DOLLARS .F12.0.29X.14HF 6
1LOW THSD GPM ,F10.0)
1060 FORMATdX,12HOUT OF ORDER) 7
2000 FORMAT(1X,I2,1X,2A8,A4,1X,A5,2X,A1,3X,F8.2,2X,F6.0»5X.F8.0,2X,F6.0 8
1,2X,F6.0,3X,F10.0,3X,F7.0,2X,A5)
CALL HEAD 9
SWTRaO. 10
SCOST'O. 11
STCV»R=0. 12
SFLCW»0. 13
5CH2CSO. 14
READ 1005,TEMP,RRF 15
M«l 16
10 CONTINUE 17
READ 1006,NRB,PLNTl,PLMT2,PLNT1,SYMBL,NTYPE,OrtNER»NOWNR,CAP,WATER, 18
ICOST,HEAT,COOL
IF END OF FILE 21,20 19
20 CONTINUE 20
K = 0 21
-------
IF (NRB-M) 28.25.30 22
28 CONTINUE 23
PRINT 1060 24
GO TO 25 25
25 CONTINUE 26
COSTsCOST*1000. 27
WATER»WATER*1000. 28
A»HFAT-0.175*HEAT-3413. 29
B«A/225000. 30
C 0.65 EFFICIENCY ASSUMED THROUGHOUT AS PEP SENATE SELECT COMM. PRINT NO. 10
C AND NATIONAL POl«fER SURVEY FPC 10/6* WASHINGTON D.C, TABLE 14 PAGE 39
CH20»
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40 CONTINUE 48
M=M*l 49
SWTR»0. 50
SCOST=0. 51
STOWR»0. 52
5FLOW»0. 53
SCH20B0. 5*
GO TO 25 55
100 STOP 56
END 57
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Thermal Pollution from Steam - Electric Generating Plants",
by S. P. Mathur, U. S. Department of the Interior, FWPCA, Cincinnati,
Olio, September 1967
2. Cooling Methods and Source of Cooling T&ter Supply at Principal Utility
Power Stations in the Ohio River Basin, 1963. Federal Power Commission,
Nev York Regional Office, Kareh 10, 1967 (a 4 sheet table).
3» Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Survey Appendix- I, "Electric Power
Resources and Requirements in the Ohio River Basin", Federal Power
Commission, Nev York Regional Office, December 1966.
4. "Water Resources Activities in the United States - Electric Power
in Relation to the Nations Water Resources",
Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources United States
Senate, 86th Congress, Committee Print Number 10, January 1960.
5« National Power Survey a report by the Federal Power Commission 1964,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington; October 1964.
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