January 1969
                        DRAFT
                     APPENDIX G

            WATER USE AND STKS,iM  DUALITY

            co'-:DREHE?!6iYE PLANNING STUDY

                       pi? -TflJ

             GRAND RIVS1- BASIN. KIJPilGAN'
                   Prepared by the

         •fr.  S.  DEPARTtErT OF THE INTERIOR
/Federal Water  Pollution Control Administration
                 Great Lakes Region

                 Chicago, Illinois

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Number                                            Page Number
                  SUMMARY
                  INTRODUCTION                                1-1

                     Authorization                            1-1
                     Purpose and Scope            -            1-1

                  DESCRIPTION OF AREA                         2-1

                     Location                                 2-1
                     Hydrology                                2-1
                     Topography and Soils                     2-2
                     Climate*                                  2-2
                     Population                               2-2
                     Economy                                  2-2

                  WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
                    RE3UIREL3NTS                              3-1

                     Water Quality Standards                  3-1
                     Water Supply                             3-1
                     Recreation                               3-1
                     Fish, Wildlife and Other
                       Aquatic Life                           3-2
                     Agricultural               _             3-3
                     Present and Future Water Uses            3-k

                  PRESENT WATER QUALITY AND PROBLEMS          4-1

                     General   "                               4-1
                     Summary                                  4-1
                     Grand River Mouth Sampling               4-1
                     Grand River Intensive Studies            4-3

                  WATER QUALITY CONTROL
                 (Waste Sources and Control Measures)          5-1

                     General                                  5-1
                     Waste Sources                            5-1
                     Municipal                                5-1
                     Industrial                               5-2
                     Combined Sewers                          5-2
                     Stearr. Power Plants        '          .     5-2

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                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (CCJ.'TIIIUED)
Sectj-on Number                                              Page Number
                     Agriculture and land Pair.off               5-3
                     Ships and Beats                           5-3
                     Dredging                                  5_A
                     Sources of Phosphorus                     5-5
                     Municipal I/aste Treatment  Needs           5-6
                     Industrial T./aste Treatment Needs          5-6
                     Ccr.tined Sev;er Overflow Control           5-6
                     Plant Operation                           5-7
                     Monitoring                                5-7
                     State Water Pollution Control
                       Program     .                            5-8
                     Streamflow Augmentation
                       Requirements                            5—3

                  ALTERNATIVES       '          •               6-1

                     General                                   6-1
                     Reservoir Sites                           6-1
                     Water Supply                              6-1
                     Water Quality                             6-2
                     Summary                                   6-3

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                         LIST OF TABLES
                                                            On or After
Table Number                  Title                         Page Number.
    2-1           Drainage Areas-Grand River Basin              2-1

    2-2       ,  • Grand River Flow Data                         2-1

    2-3           Present and Projected Populations -
                  Grand River Basin                             2-2

    2-4           Value Added by Manufacture and
                  Manufacturing Employment for the
                  Eleven County Area                            2-3

    3-1           Water Quality Standards                       3-3

    3-2           Total Water Intake - Municipal Water
                  Systems - Grand River Basin                   3-4

    3-3           Municipal Water Demands 1963 and
                  Projections to 1980 and 2020                  3-4

    3-4           Self-Supplied Industrial Water Demands
                  1959 and Projections to 1930 and 2020         3-5

    3-5           Water Intake - Steam Power Plants -
                  Grand River Basin                             3-8

    4-1           Water Quality - Grand River at Mouth -
                  March 1963 - April 1964  ..                     4-2

    4-2   .        Radioactivity - Grand River at Mouth -
                  1963 Average'                                  4-3

    5-1           Municipal Waste Inventory of Major
                  Communities - Grand River Basin               5-1

    5-2           Major Industrial Waste Discharges -
                  Grand River Basin                             5-1

    5-3           Types of Municipal Sewer Systems -
                  Major Municipal Waste Sources - Grand
                  River Basin                                   5-2

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                    LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)
                                                            On or After
Table Number                  Title                         Page' Number
    5-4           Municipal V/aste Treatment Construction
                  Needs (1'ajor Coninunities) - Grand
                  River Basin                                    5-6

    5-5           Waste Treatment Needs for Major
                  Industrial Waste Sources - Grand
                  River Basin                                    5-6

    5-6           Average Monthly Streamflow Necessary
                  to Maintain Stated Minimum Dissolved
                  Oxygem Levels in the Grand River,              5-9
                  Michigan

    6-1           Summary of Alternatives                        6-3

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                         LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number                 Title                       After Page Number
    1-1           Grand River Basin, Michigan                   1-2

    4-1           DO and BOD Profiles - Grand River
                  Below Jackson           '                      4-3

    4-2           DO and BOD Profiles - Grand River
                  Below Lansing                                 4-3

    6-1           Possible Reservoir Sites - Lansing
                  and Jackson, 1'ichigan                         6-1

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                           SUloMARY
Background                                           -  -

       Appendix G, "Water Use and Stream Water Quality" has been
prepared pursuant to a request by the U. S. Array Corps of Engineers
in a letter dated Kay 22, 1963.  Appendix G is one of several simi-
lar documents to be prepared by a variety of agencies who are
participating in a "Comprehensive Planning Study of the Grand River
Basin, Michigan."  The study, under the chairmanship of the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers District, Detroit, Michigan deals with the
best use of the water and related resources of the Grand River Basin.
The following paragraphs summarize the contents of Appendix G.

Pollution in the Grand River

       The waters of the Grand River are degraded in quality par-
ticularly below Jackson and Lansing, and at its mouth near Grand
Haven.  This degradation in quality is evidenced by low dissolved
oxygen levels, and other biological, chemical, microbiological and
physical parameters analyzed by both Federal and state pollution
control agencies.

       Pollution of the waters of the Grand River is further evidenced
by the impairment of water uses.  Whole and partial body contact
recreation is potentially hazardous due to high coliform bacteria and
fecal streptococcus bacterial densities below Jackson, Lansing and at
Grand Haven.  The fishery of certain sectors of the Grand River is
harmed by low dissolved oxygen levels and high stream temperatures.
Esthetic enjoyment is impaired by the unsightly appearance of the
Grand River at Jackson and certain other areas.

Sources of Pollution

       Municipal waste treatment plants of the Grand River Basin serve
a population (1962) of 540,000.  The combined effluents from these
municipal treatment facilities discharge a total of 17,000 pounds of
5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODj) daily to the waters of the
Grand River Basin.  These wastes are equivalent in oxygen-consuming
power to the untreated wastes of over 100,000 persons.  Other municipal
waste sources include the overflows from combined sewer systems.

       Industrial wastes discharging directly to the waters cf the
Grand River Basin put an additional 21,000 pounds of ROD^ into the
streams daily.  These wastes are equivalent in oxygen-consuming power
to the untreated wastes of over 126,000 persons.

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        In addition to the organic waste load discharged from in-
 dustries and municipalities,  thermal discharges  also have a significant
 bearing on water quality.  For example, cooling  water discharges from
 steam electric generating stations at Lansing produce adverse effects
 on desirable water uses.

 Future Conditions

        Growth projections indicate that the I960 Grand River Basin
 population of 949,000 may increase more than two-fold by 2020.
 Industrial activity is expected to double by 1980 and to continue to
 expand in the' decades that follo\^.  Water demands and waste flows will
 increase at a more moderate pace due to increased water reuse and
 other efficiencies.  These and other related factors indicate that
 the waste load received by all municipal sewerage systems in the Basin
 will increase to about 2,500,000 Population Equivalent (PE) by 2020.
 By comparison, the present, estimated waste load  received by all
 municipal sewerage systems of the Grand River Basin is approximately
 540,000 PE.

 Needed Water Quality Improvement Measures

        A number of pollution control measures are presently needed
 to bring the quality of the Grand River up to the Standards for
 Michigan Intrastate Waters established by the Michigan Water Resources
 Commission.  These measures,  partially shown in  Tables 5-4 and 5-5,
 include secondary waste treatment for all major  municipal waste
 sources and equivalent treatment for all significant industrial  waste
 sources.  Based on studies conducted by the Federal Water Pollution
 Administration (FWPCA), it appears that advanced waste treatment
 beyond secondary will be required at Lansing and Jackson, Michigan.
 Future growth of population and industrial activity and projected in-
 creases in waste discharges in the Grand River Basin will require
 expanded and improved waste treatment processes.   By 1980 approximately
 46,000 acre-feet of storage above Lansing would  be needed for water
 quality control even with a BOD5 (5-day 20°C biochemical oxygen demand)
 reduction_oX_50^_of the untreated wastes./-•Even  if a level of
 reduction of BOD5~l^rer^^HTieVe3~at LanSing by the year 2020X
^acr^=f^ii_jfould^ejt^uir«d_.fpr water quality control purposes alone,

        In addition, the recommendations of the Four-State Federal
 Enforcement Conference on the Pollution of Lake  Michigan and its
 Tributaries require that all communities provide at least 30!* phos-
 phorus removal.
                               11

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  Needed Water Supply Measures

         It has been estimated that by 2020 Lansing, Michigan will
  require 46,000 acre-feet of storage of municipal water supply purposes.
  One alternative to such storage would be to obtain water foz* this
  purpose from one of the Great lakes.                                    .
                                                                 —~~~—
        ~A~ manbe^-©£-i!«eeHaftend€d-tKrbi^ns^ror'water quality control are/~\
  given in Section 5«  The economics of alternative methods oX_p_rojridihg
  water supply and pollution control are presented in Section 6.  Advanced
  waste treatment has been evaluaJ,ed_j.s__a^_ajL^majy:ve_tp these large
 .volumes of storage,—
,  Benefits

|         Implementation of the recommendations contained in this
I  appendix will' result in substantial improvement in the quality of the
|  waters of the Grand River Basin and the adjacent waters of Lake
  Michigan.  The program objectives, however, are more specific and have
  been developed to provide water of satisfactory quality for both
  present and planned uses.  The waters of Lake Michigan serve many
  States and  of  National importance, all will share in the benefits
  resulting from the enhancement and protection of these waters for
  both present and future needs.

         Owners of the property adjacent to or near polluted water
  will derive increased esthetic enjoyment and enhanced property values
  from the elimination of the unsightly conditions resulting from water
  pollution, including nuisance algal blooms stimulated by over-
  fertilization.  Residents of the Basin will benefit from the assurance
  of a safer, more palatable water supplied to their homes, industries
  and public buildings.

         Michigan residents and visitors from ou"t-o.f-state who use the
  area's streams and lakes for swimming, water skiing, boating and other
  water-oriented recreation will be protected against infectious diseases
  which can be spread as a result of water pollution.  The sport fisherman
  will find additional fishing, areas to challenge his skill, and improved
  fishing as a benefit of enhanced water quality.

         As a return to their investment in improved water quality, in-
  dustry will share in the benefits through assurance of consistency in
  the quality of process water it needs for nany of its products and
  other water uses.

         In addition to these immediate and direct benefits, the preser-
  vation and protection of the quality of the waters of Lake Michigan and
  the Great Lakes is an important benefit which is essential to the
  Nation's continued growth and prosperity.

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                          SECTION  1

                         INTRODUCTICF
 Authorization

        The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare was informed
 by the Secretary of the Amy in a letter dated December 4, 1962 of
 the cor.prehensive \fater and related land resource investigations to
 be conducted in the Grand River Basin, Michigan.   In response the
 Secretary of the Department of Health, Education  and Welfare
 appointed a representative and an alternate to the Coordinating
 Committee of the Grand River Basin Comprehensive  Study by a letter
 dated December 2C, 1962.  The District Engineer,  U.  S. Anny Engineer
 District, Detroit, Michigan in a letter dated May 22, 1963 specifi-
 cally requested the assistance of the Department  of Health, Education,
 and Welfare.  The Department was requested to study and to prepare a
 report concerning the water supply and waste water disposal aspects
 in the Grand River Basin, Michigan.

        The water supply portion of this study was made in accordance
 with the Memorandum of Agreement, dated November  4,  1958,  between
 the Department of the Army and the Department of  Health,  Education,
 'and Welfare relative to the Water Supply Act of 1953, as  amended
 (43 U.S.C. 390b).   The water quality control aspects are  considered
 under authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
 amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et.seq.).  Responsibility  for these activities
 was transferred from the Department  of Health,  Education,  and Welfare
 to the Department of the Interior by Reorganization  Plan  No.  2 of
 1966, effective May 10, 1966.

 Purpose and Scope

        This report presents an action program of  water pollution
 control geared to provide high quality waters in  the Grand River
 Basin,  Michigan through abatement of existing pollution,  and  to
 provide continuing control of  pollution through actions scheduled
 in anticipation of future problems.   This report  and resulting pro-
 gram have been developed from  information on present water quality,
 water uses and trends in water usage,  present and anticipated future
 waste loads,  the existing and  projected population and economic
 growth,  and other relevant facts.  The information was gathered by
 the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins  (GLIRB) Project,  Federal Water
'Pollution Control Administration,  Department of the  Interior,  during
 its comprehensive study of the Lake  Michigan Basin.   The preparation
                             1-1

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of this appendix is a joint planning effort conducted by the Lake
Michigan Basin Office and the Planning Branch, Great Lakes Region,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.

       The area (See Figure 1-1) within the scope of this appendix
includes the Grand River and the entire watershed tributary to the
Grand River.  Water quality conditions in the adjacent water of
lake Michigan at the mouth of the Grand River are also considered.
                            1-2

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  10
           Mi:e$
Secl«
                           GRAND RIVER B'ASIN- MICHIGAN
     U S.  DEPARTMENT OF THE  I'JTCRiOS
FEDERALWATER POLLUTION COflTROL A.OI.'!N!ST3ATIOH
GSEAT LAKES REGION          C HIC AC 0,1 LLINOIS
                    1-3

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                         SECTICM  2

                     DESCRIPTIOII OF AREA
Location

       The Grand River Easin is located in the south -central part
of the lower peninsula of Michigan,  The Basin contains a drainage
area of 5572 square miles.  It is approximately 135 miles long and
70 miles at its maximum upstrean width.  All or part of 19 counties
are contained within the area,
       The Grand River originates in the northeast corner of
Hillsdale County some 15 miles south of Jackson, Michigan.  Six
major tributaries are the principal contributors to runoff in the
Easin.  The Flat, Rogue and Maple Rivers enter the in a in stream from
the north, the Thorr-apple River from the south, and the Lcokingglass
and Cedar Rivers from the east.  These six streams together with the
Portage River near Jackson comprise a total of seme 3,200 square
miles of drainage area.  The remaining drainage area is accounted
for by about 30 minor tributary creeks, ranging in size from 65
square miles down to 2 square miles.

                         Table  2-1

             Drainage Areas - Grand River Basin

                                           Drainage Area
       River                               (Square Miles)

       Portage                                 186
       Cedar                             "      463
       Lookingglass                            312
       Maple                                   775
       Flat                                    562
       Thornapple                              845
       Rogue                                   255
       Other Tributaries                     2,174
                    Grand River Total        5,572

       Streamflows at specific gage locations are given in
       Table 2-2.
                             2-1

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Topography and  Soils

      The surface of the  Basin  is  covered with glacial deposits
with bedrock  outcropping  at only two or three locations.  The
glacial debris  conslntn primarily  of sands and gravels on the
terminal moraines, the outwash  plains and the till plains.  Clay,
fine sand, silt and finely ground  line are found in the old
glacial lake  beds.  The loamy sands, clays and muck soils are
prominent throughout the  valley and, because of their fertility
and favorable texture, produce  high yields of crops.

Climate

      The average annual  temperature in the watershed is about
49°F«  Mean monthly temperatures range from a low of approximately
25 °F in January to ?2°F in July.   Mean monthly precipitation ranges
from a low of 1.9 inches  in December to a high of k inches in June,
with an average annual precipitation of 32.9 inches.

Populat ion

      The Grand River Basin had a  I960 population of about 950,000.
This estimate is based on an analysis of basin population by minor
civil subdivisions.  The  population of the Basin has grown at a
faster rate than tho Nation since  1940, increasing by more than
(300,000 in that period.   In I960,  6? percent of the Basin's popula-
tion was municipal.  The  major  cities in the Basin include:  Grand
Rapids (173,300), Lansing (107,800), Jackson (50,700), and Wyoming
•(45,800).  Table 2-3 shows the  I960 total and municipal population
of the Basin  and the projected  populations for the years 1980 and
2020.

                          Table  2-3

              Present and Projected Populations
                      Grand River  Basin

        I960                       1980                     2020

Total         Municipal      Total        Municipal    Total    Municipal

950,000       640,000      1,300,000       940,000   2,300,000  2,000,000

Economy

      The Grand River includes  all or major parts of eleven Michigan
Counties.(Barry, Clinton, Eaton, Gratiot, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson,
Kent, Montcalm, Ottawa and Shiawassee).  Manufacturing is the pre-
dominant economic activity in this eleven county area which approximates
                             2-2

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the Basin.  In 1963, value added by manufacture totalled $1.7
billion.  Major industries in the area include transportation
equipment, fabricated metals and furniture and fixtures.  Table
2-4 shows trends in value added and manufacturing employment.

                         Table  2-4
                 Value Added by Manufacture
       (In 1957-1959 Constant Dollars) and Manufacturing
             Employment for the Eleven County Area

                       1947        1254,         1958         1963

VAM($1000s)         ' 840,000     1,250,000    1,140,000    1,680,000

Mfg. Employment      121,622       127,865      113,954      130,056
      Projections of population, manufacturing employment and pro-
ductivity increases indicate that industrial activity in the Basin
may be expected to increase six to seven-fold by the year 2020.

      Agriculture is diversified in the Basin with dairying, live-
stock raising and cash grain farming, all relatively important. .
                             2-3

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                         SECTION  3

          WATER USES AND WATER DUALITY REQUIREMENTS
Water Q^:
       The water uses to be protected by water quality standards
in the Grand River Basin have been determined by the Michigan Water
Resources Corrmission.  Their inclusion in this appendix is in
recognition of the primacy of the State's interest In and centre!
of the quality of intrastate waters.  This inclusion does not con-
stitute endorsement of these standards or water uses by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration. The standards are shown in
Table 3-1.
Water Supply

       (l)  All existing public water supply intakes in normal
daily use will be protected for Domestic^ Water Supply at the point
of intake.  The following waters will be protected for Domestic
Water Supply:

                  Grand River at Grand Rapids
                  Rogue River at Rockford

       (2)  All public waters will be protected for Industrial
Water Supply.

Recreation

       (l)  All natural lakes will be protected for Tpj,al_Bodv
Contact.  The following impoundments will be protected for Total
Body Contact ;
Name

Ada Lake
Cascade Lake
Water Impounded
or Used for Total
_ Body Contact

Thornapple River
Thornapple River
Fallasberg Dam   Flat River
Grand River      Grand River
Grand River
Grand River
County

Kent
Kent
Kent
Ottawa

Kent
  Area to
be Protected

From head of Ada Darn.
Upstrea-n to headwaters
of Cascade Lake (48th
Street).

Eastmanville down-
stream to l6Cth Ave.
Plainfield Read bridge
downstream to lover
limits of Comstock
Riverside Park,
                             3-1

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Name
Water Impounded
or Used for Total
  Body Contact
County
  Area to
be Protected
Ionia Recreation
Area

Lake Geneva
Lake LeAnn
Lake Victoria
Manitoon Lake
Moore ' s Park
Impoundment
Sessions Creek

Lookingglass River
(not impounded)
Grand River
Alder Creek
Unnamed Creek
'
Grand River
T6N, R3W, NW 1/4
Ionia Sec. 3 downstream
to dam.
Clinton
Hillsdale
Clinton
Shiawassee

Ingham Waverly

—
-
-
-

Rd. downsl
Sleepy Hollow
Reservoir
Maple River


Springbrook Ck.
Springbrook
Lake
Thornapple Lake  Thornapple River
Webber Dan
Impoundment      Grand River
          to dam.

Clinton   Jason Rd. downstream
          to dam.

Shiawassee        -
Barry             -

Goodwin Rd. downstream to dan.
       There are certain waters which, due to physical hazards,
have not been designated for total body contact.  If these waters in
the future become suitable for this use through removal of these
hazards the waters will be reconsidered for total body contact use,

       (2)  All public waters will be protected for Partial Body
Contact.

Fish. Wildlife and Other Aquatic Life

       All waters designated under the authority of P.A. 26 of 196?
by the Director of the Michigan Department of Conservation will be
protected for Intolerant Fish, cold water species, (trout)

       The Grand River will be protected for anadromous fish
migration from its mouth upstream to the 6th Avenue dam at Grand Rapids,
       All public waters will be protected for
                                         Intolerant
Fish, warm water species except the following which will be protected
for Tolerant Fish;

       Deer Creek - Grand Trunk and Western Railroad bridge in
                    Coopersville downstream to confluence with
                    the Grand River.
                             3-2

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       Grand River - Jackson wastewater treatment plant down-
                     stream to U.S. 12? expressway bridge.

       Grand River - Moore's Park dam downstream to upper dam
                     in Grand Ledge.

       Plastic Creek - 28th St. bridge in Grand Rapids downstream
                     to confluence with the Grand River.

       Red Cedar River - Harrison Rd. bridge downstream to con-
                      fluence with the Grand River.

Agricultural

       All public waters will be protected for Agricultural.

       The above designated uses are not intended to be applicable
to drainage ditches.  However, Act 245 of the Public Acts of 1929,
as amended, prohibits unlawful pollution of any waters of the State
of Michigan,

       It has been and continues to be the policy of the Water
Resources Commission to abate existing pollution and prevent the
occurrence of future pollution of all waters of the state including
jdrainage ditches.
i
       There are stretches of streams within the Grand River drainage
area where natural water quality may at times be lower than certain
parameters of water quality standards specified for a designated use.
However,, it is intended that the water quality for a designated use
be maintained except in those instances where because of natural con-
ditions the quality is lowered.

       The water quality standards for the designated use areas
shall not apply during periods of authorized dredging for navigation
purposes and during such periods of time when the after-effects of
dredging degrade water quality in areas affected by dredging. (Water
quality standards for the designated use shall apply in areas utilized
for the disposal of spoil from dredging operation.)

       Where the waters of the Grand River Basin are classified
tinder more than one designated water use, it is intended that the
most restrictive individual standards of the designated water uses
shall be adhered to.

       The use designations adopted by the Commission are in all cases
minimal and are not to be interpreted as a license to cause injuries
declared to be unlawful by Act 245, P.A.  1929, as amended, or to do
any other unlawful act.


                             3-3

-------
COWISSION OBJECT!,E:
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BECOME EFFECTIVE «'ILL VOT EE LC»'E?£D  :'i  QUALITY  av sr'I'jN Cf  >E  rlTE^  ?ESC-j?CtS C;"VIISIC', >-";iH;, is: .".TIL IT h;S
Kra c.FF]=«ATHELY :'£"Q: ST^TEl TO  '--. *'.'."\rA1  •iT-?  PES'A?:ES CO^ISS'.'j'i TH«T T-E Ch-'-SE IN Q'-'L:"- «:u  "OT
SECO'IE I',.'J=IDU: ~c THE PUBLIC HEA.T-, iiF-Tt, :i .'EiF^i. :<> j-c"T iv.Biccs TO ro"EsT:c, co"-:'",:;L,  :'O;STP:AL,
AG3Icr>.T'j:Al, REC=ElT[;s:'_ o» CTffE: ',:E3 .'iICu -cf 5EISC  "^:= T  S:,'-P -=~E=S, '^ SEOE INJUS'O-.j " T-E VALUE OR
liTILIT 0: PIPARIA'I LANLi- CrR ijE'-0"E  P.J-3'7-5  ". I ;;£"".',  .•••_! AM^LS, 5'FCS, c;S-. ACWC L: = L C;  f.A'.TS, 0=
THF GB%T> OR faOFAjATI'N T-rptrc 5£  P-EVEVLE '-.- >.'"5 KljL,  AFctCTE"   CR W-EfE5» "• E .ALJE Oc 5;r-J -'iS jA"E -WY
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IN VIEW :F Tr£ EXIST-NO cwD:T;f»:s  :« :v(  :v=-ti*i-E r«T£!':  := ":>:c.iv.
     HATER 1,-iICH ">:S ,MT fEET Tl-E  STA^:i;3:  Ki-L tE :-'==0',£; TC  yEE" T-E S7t>.:o:s.
3-1
       WATER
%M
^VTE
u>k>
"s\.
A
WATER SUPPLY
(1.) DOMESTIC
Such as drinking,
cu? Inary and food
process irg.

Such *S cool ing
and manufacturing
process.
B
RECREATION
(1) TOTAL BODY
CONTACT
Such as S-iinni ng ,
water skiing and skin
diving.
i CONTACT
Such as fishing ,
• hunting, trapping
and boat i ng .
'FISH, WILDLIFE
AND OTHER
AQUATIC LIFE
such as
(growth and propagation)
D
AGRICULTURAL
Such as t i ves tock
watering , i rrigat i on
and spraying.
COMMERCIAL
AND OTHER
• -;";•';•; v^r,-,""
... •
COLIFORW
j GROUP
^ (or gar.; s^s/IOOn-*
I o- *PN)
1
i Tne moit^ ly ~,f?-*2'~ >c avt^e-s
1 shall not excee-rj 'CO? r-- -~? ' '
'"3t of t'-e sa- ->)«•> cxa-'re''
' (r> rore t-s-. 5? c* tns sa-s'es.
1
The geomet-tc average of any
nor shall 204 of the sa-ples
examined exceed IO.OOC The
fecal coli for"' geone trie
exceea 1000
series o* 10 consecutive
af>p les 5 ha I 1 not exceec 'OOD
or shali 20' of the samples
xar«ined exce-d 5.000 The
ve ^age f o" t^ie same 1 0
exceed 100
fecal coltfo'n geometric
e«ceej 1000
The deonet'ic average of any
ser>e of 10 consecjtive
^a^ples s'-all r-ot exceed ^000
examned exceed IO.OCO The
fecal colifc F" Geo^etri^
secut i ve sa-fl ies sha ! ' not
exceed 1000
series of 10 consecut i ve
samples snsit PJ; exceed 5000
fecal col>EDr-i geonetr c
average for the sare (C con-
secutive samples shall not
exceed 1000
-4- 'v-""--' "•,,„,
." shd 1 ' 20 ' '.'1 tN; s3 9 le-
-xa-ni n^rt e-icp-r 10,000 Tn
e. eeJ 'OdO
2
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
H/0
^ -e*«i; at a! 1 t i--.es n
s^f-"^ie-it qua-itii'»s to

'"esert at al ', ti"^s in


*
Tresent at al 1 tt-Wi 'n

At the average lev. fl ow a^
7-day duration expected to
occur once in 10 years the
following 00 values shall De
fish, cofd-^ster spec.es
than b at any time.
Intolerant fish. *arn-v,a:er
species (bass, p.ke pan-

than *t. Tolerant fish
dai ly DO not iess than u,
nor shall any single value
be less than J, _Pr > nclpa 1
less tnan 5 djring
"igrat ions .
Ar greater flows the DO
pdje 26




3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL a
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
3EE33Bfi3£&y513&SSX£S&Ti!
Ho o&'Sc*. orable
qjav.inei s-ff.cie-.t
des • gf-atei < se

No obj e;f i Cf-arjie
des - gnated use
No obtecti c-ablc
cole' . o' dep:> • ts < i
quan; * t ies > j* f i c .? nt
des i ona Led _>t e
No object c-ias!e
designa.ei ^e
No object enable
des i graced _ise

des i gnated use
unn^ral t.-t.d.tv.
i nte' fere »• th the
des i qnated ^se
4
RESIDUES
(D«b-is end -«t*-'al
of unnatj-al origin
and oil-}

visible f i l-> of o> 1 ,
o* grease

VT s ble f i I" of O' ' ,
gasol i ne or re I ated
rat-' ia!s. Ho glofr'jtes
of grease
Floating so! cs; None
Res • dues : No ev'rfence
o* such n-ate-ia) except
v.sible f i I-. of -j.t .
materials No giob^les
of grease
F loat < nq so! ' tfs : None
fleshes: So ev.flence
Of ->atl,ral or c.r. No
visible f i H o* o. t ,
-ater lats No globules
of grease
Floatinq sol ss ; No"e
of.^nnat.ra^ c-, <^n.
visible fili ce o. 1 .
gasol >ne or re ! ated
materials No glabjles
of grease
Float. r>a so! cs: None
of natu'al c-" g1 n No
v.sible f • i- 0* o.l ,
gasol ine or re I ated
materials No globules
of grease
of unnatur,! ,- ,,„
of natural or • g> n No
v.sible f il- o* oil ,,
of grease
TOXIC a
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
Cooforr ro c.rrer-t L'S PHS
Dr nkng Ware- Sta-3a',ds
upser li-nt of 0 2 *flg/l
jpr>e- li"»"t o* 0 05 ^g/I .
priencl : Liffitat.o«-s as
def.ned ur-der A-8


L.-" ted to ccmcentrat'ors
of "^av become ' ft; ur . ous to
fe des . grated use
Linited tc co.-ceTtrat i ons
designated use
Nee to e«ceeo 1/!0 of the
=6-hour ned'a-i to'era^ce
l.-Ht obtained fr or- con-
coxicant are continuously
-enewed except that other
application factors p-av be
t.sed in spec'fic cases «he-i
available evidence and
aaency.
Dr.nk.ng Uste- Standards as
s^-al 1 be less than those
wntch a^e o' ma , become
.riuriojs to the Sesi gnated
use



-------
DUALITY   STANDARDS
6
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
(mg/ 1 )
Shall not exce4- 5^? es
aiy si nqie va ! ue
1

Shall ^not exceed S^as
125
mj ur i ous to the
i nj ur ious to the
deleterious effects



,nSra's \J'l^ *
omula [NJ x 100J
ems per liter


tit ted to concantra-
h i c h are or "ia» be; c«~e
n, ur i ooS to t^e

NUTRIENTS
Phos phor L.S , amon i a ,

from i ndbStr i al ,
the st i«ijlat ton of
growths of algae, weed-.
tr^ -.,.,n.«J .se.
•

the St inol anon of
growths of algae, weeds
and s I imes which are or
the simulation of
growths of a! gae , weeds
the st mul at • on of
the st ir^jlat ion of
and si imes which are or
ma/ become injurious to





nd si tries which are or

onforn to USptiS Drinking

jni c i pa 1 , or dones tt c
t imulat ole



^ay become ,njur,ous to

' t sh or game .









origin sha! 1 be less
,: «,.,„«.; „„
9
TEMPERATURE





not be increased b/ 'Ore tnar 1 OOF



cold-water J2U to 10° 70°
oeoe* (tVout)
Into'erant fish. 32° to 35° '5°
species (bass) -wx.
Tolerant fish_, !2° to 59° 15°
spec.es (ca-p) '° max
Co, 3n3droP0^ , 5s ,,gr3-,cn5 3,j ;n,ard
lakes see ^isc.ss 2n, p?ge ?3
Not aBpl,cab.e





ot be increased b, more than 1 OOF

10
HYDROGEN
ION
(pH)
as a res'j! t of






6 5 and 8 8 w.th a
0 wn 1 1 w ih i rt thr s
neutral . ty (70)



„,,.„„.«„....,,
ourc*s




a-ge 6 5-8 8 «, tS a
a< ,-iun induced
jr < at >on of 0 5 uni t
i thin thi s <-ange
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS


limit .S exceeded fe
specific ratiioo^clides
t i on of rucl i des w 1 l not
Rad i at Ion Co-jnci 1

f







Strontl um-9D) If t*i- S
1 ITII t i S exceeded the
by cot-pi ete ana1 >5 > 5 n
»acc t^. ,^e co-;e---a-
ticn of ni_cl flts - I! -o'
established b, t^e F-:e-a!
Radi at t on Co_ic i 1
de lete' soi;s e f fee ts


-------
 Present  and  Future Water Uses

                     Municipal Water  Supply

       In 3.963  there were 54 communities  in  the Grand  River  Basin
 served by community water supply systems.  These  facilities  served
 an estimated population  of 534,000  and  supplied water  at  the
 average  rate of 89 million gallons  per  day (mgd).   Of  this total,
 approximately 45 mgd were supplied  for  domestic,  public and  commer-
 cial uses and kj mgd were supplied  for  industrial use.  Table 3-2
 summarizes municipal water use data for the  Grand River Basin.

                          TABLE   3-2
             Total Water  Intake - Municipal Water
              Systems, Grand River  Basin  (1963)

       Source              Population Served     Water Intake(mpd)

       Surface  Water             214,000               35
       Ground Water              320,000               54
                                 534,000                89

I       Municipal water demands  for the major water  service areas
(and projections to the years 1980 and 2020 are presented in Table
3-3.  The projections are based upon considerations of population
"growth, anticipated industrial  expansion and projected industrial
water use efficiency.
                          TABLE 3-3
         Municipal Water Demands 1963 and Projections
                   to 1980 and  2020 (MGD)
Service Area

Grand Rapids*


Lansing^
Jackson
Grand Haven
Greenville
Hastings
Ionia
St. Johns
Grand Ledge
All Others

            Basin Total          534,000      89       165      360

                             3-4
Source of
Water***

G,S,Lake
Michigan
& Grand R.
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
-
Population
Served(l963 )


252,000

127,000
55,000
11,000
7,450
7,320
6,700
5,900
5,770
58,000
1963
Demand
(MGD)

40.7

22.4
10.5
3.3
1.4
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.6
7.3
1980
Demand
(MGD)

68

40
16
5
2
1
2
2
1
28
2020
Demand
(MGD)

131

112
30
11
4
3
3
3
2
61

-------
         *  Includes Wyoming, Grandville, and East Grand Rapids.
        ##  Includes East Lansing and Lansing 'Township.
       •&-X-X-  s — surface water source, G — ground water source.

               Self-supplied Industrial Water

       Based on data provided by the U. S. Bureau of the Census
in a special tabulation for the F//PCA, it has been determined that
the major demand for self-supplied industrial water in the Basin
in the Grand Rapids, Lansing, and Jackson areas as shown in
Table 3-4.  Projections contained in Table 3-4 were developed
following consideration of anticipated increases in industrial out-
put and water use efficiency.

                         TABLE  3-4
           Self-Supplied Industrial Water Demands
           1959 and Projections to 1980 and 2020

Service Area      1959 Demand .(ngd)    1980 Demand (rapid)    2020 Demand(mgdj

Grand Rapids              58                   14
Lansing                   23                    6
Jackson                   6                 9                   .14


       The study area abounds with natural resources capable of
satisfying the needs of residents for water-oriented outdoor recrea-
tion.  There are many lakes in the study area which provide excellent
recreational potential.  The eastern shore of Lake Michigan around
Grand Haven offers a great opportunity for water-oriented recreation.
However, a number of the streams and stream sectors within the study
area are degraded in water quality to the point that they are not
available for most recreational pursuits.

       The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has identified areas of
serious water recreation impairment due to water pollution.  In general,
the impaired areas are the harbor water at Grand Kaven, the downstream
end of the Portage River, and the Grand River below Jackson, Lansing,
and Grand Rapids.

       The State of Michigan has identified potential parks and camp
grounds and is contemplating the construction of reservoirs for
recreational purposes.  The need to control water pollution at all
such facilities is paramount since such pollution could well jeopardize
the very water uses for which the facilities are being planned.

                         Irrigation

       The soils in the Basin which require irrigation are located,
for the greater part, adjacent to Lake Michigan.


                             3-5

-------
        In the Upper Grand River  Basin, above  Ionia,  specialized
 crops  such as mint account  for the greatest acreage  receiving  irri-
 gation.  These are followed by potatoes,  field  crops,  cucumbers,
 pickles, and'melons.  Non-agricultural irrigation  (golf  courses,
 cemeteries,  parks, etc.) accounted for 740 of the  4800 acres irri-
 gated  in this part of the Basin.  The overall results  of Michigan
 Water  Resources  Commission  irrigation surveys indicate that there
 were 2J,% more irrigation systems and 23%  ?r.ore acres  irrigated  in
 the Upper Grand  River Basin during 1960-61 than there  were in
 1957-53.

        In the Lower Grand River  Basin truck crops  accounted for
 about  35f» of the agricultural irrigated acres with raspberries,
 blueberries, flowers and nurseries also having  significant acreage
 in irrigation.   Of the  estimated total of 6500  acres receiving
 irrigation,  cemeteries, parks and golf courses  accounted for about
 800 acres.

        The 1959  water usage for  irrigation in the  Grand  River  Basin
 was estimated to average 3.5 ^-gd during the growing  season.  It is
 anticipated  that this usage will increase threefold  by 1930.
 However, even with such an  increase the demand  on  existing water
 resources will be minor compared to the total water  usage in the
 Basin.

                    Fish and Aquatic Life

        There are about  260  miles of main  stream channels in the
 Upper  Grand  River Basin above Ionia.  This includes  the  Grand,
.Maple,  Lookingglass, Cedar, and  Portage Rivers.  This  system offers
 many opportunities for  fishing and duck hunting.   A  number of  reser-
 voirs  at power dams furnish expanded fishing  and hunting opportunities.

        In the Grand River Basin there are 12  State Game  Project Areas
 where  public hunting and fishing opportunities  are provided.   Fishing
 opportunities exist at  the  Grand Haven State  Park.   Public fishing
 sites  are available at  48 lakes and streams in  the Basin with  an
 area of about 2,100 acres and frontage of about 21,600 ft.  Over
 250,000 fish, including trout, bass, pike and bluegills  were planted
 during  1962  in 10 of the 19 counties of the Basin.

                 Wildlife and Stock Watering

        The 1959  agricultural water use for stock watering in the
 Grand  River  Basin was about 3.5 mgd.  Projections  of this usage indi-
 cate that the demand will increase lg times by  1980.   The use  of
 water  for wildlife and  stock watering does not  play  a  significant
 role in the  water supply problems of the  Basin.
                             3-6

-------
                         Hydropower

       As of 1965 there were 12 hydroelectric power plants in .
the Basin, with a total installed capacity of 13,500 kilowatts (KW)
and a total average annual generation of 46,400 megawatt hours
(MWH).  Five of the plants are located on Thornapple River, two are
located on the Flat River, one is located on Spring Brook and four
are located on the main stem of the Grand River.  Five potential
hydroelectric sites on the Grand River have been identified by the
Federal Power Commission.  The sites are located at Grand Rapids,
Saranac, Portland, McGee and Danby and would have a total potential
capacity of 18,700 KW and a total average annual generation of
65,400 i-r.-/H.

       The use of water for hydroelectric power generation is not
considered to be a major use in the Basin.  However, water quality
problems may develop from the operation of such plants, particularly
below dams during off-peak power demands when water releases nay be
drastically reduced.  This can be seen in reviewing Table 2-2.

                     Commercial Shipping

       Grand Haven is one of Lake Michigan's major commercial harbors
currently handling in excess of 2\ million tons of commerce annually.
Harbor vessel traffic has averaged 2.9 million tons for the period
1955-64, while during 1964 the traffic was 2.6 million tons.  The
harbor is located at the mouth of the Grand River.  A shallow-draft
barge channel extends about 15 miles up the Grand River serving com-
mercial sand and gravel deposits, located near the channel's upper
end.

                        Cooling Water

       As of 1965 the Federal Power Commission reported that there
are 14 thermal electric power plants in the Basin.  Table 3-5 sum-
marizes data relating to capacity and cooling water intake, when
operating at capacity, at each of the 10 steam plants.  There are
also 4 internal combustion plants in the Basin with an installed
capacity of 28,800 KW.
                             3-7

-------
                         TABLE  3-5

               Water Intake-Steam Power Plants
                      Grand River Basin

                          Installed                Est, Cooling
Leation                  pJL
Grand Haven                  20,000                   2?
Grand Rapids                 20,000                   27
Grand Rapids                  A, 050                    6
Grand Rapids                  1,250                    2
Lansing *                     81,500     '             110
Lansing                     262,000                  353
East Lansing                  6,000                    &
East Lansing                  6,000                    8
Eaton Rapids                  1,250                    2
       The use of water for cooling purposes in steam power plants
is considered to be significant in the study area with a high.
level of such use at Lansingo  Most cooling waters are returned to
streams 12-13°F warmer than at intake.  Stream, temperatures as high
as 90°F have been recorded below the power stations at Lansing.

                     Waste Assimilation

       Use of streams in the Grand River Basin for waste assinila-
tion is one of the predominant present day uses, and in several
locations it is the cause of extreme water quality problems as
discussed in Sections 4 and 6a

                          Esthetics           _

       The use of water for esthetic enjoyment is an intangible
benefit which is directly related to the availability of clean water.
It is a very important factor in determining the recreational poten-
tial of the Grand River Basin.  Camping, picnicking, and sightseeing
are more enjoyable when accompanied by pleasing lakes and. streams of
high quality water.  Pollution robs the water of its esthetic value
for such water related activities.  Since this Basin will be called
upon to provide recreation for many people living both within and out-
side the Basin, it is very important that the waters of the area be
kept esthetically pleasing.

       Beyond its importance to recreation the maintenance of an
esthetically pleasing habitat for the present and future millions of
residents of the Basin is essential to the economic and social well
being of the area.

                             3-3

-------
                         SECTION  4

              PRESENT WATER QUALITY AND PROBLEMS
General
      The information and interpretations presented in this dis-
cussion are based on data collected by the GLIRB Project during its
water quality studies of the Lake Michigan Basin (1962-1964).  The
GLIRB Project studies have been supplemented by data obtained from
other Federal agencies, the State of Michigan and local agencies.
Two programs of study were carried out by the GLIRB Project with
respect to water quality in the Grand River Basin.  The first con-
sisted of weekly sampling of the river mouth to determine average
annual loadings discharged to the Lake and water quality variability.
The second consisted of intensive studies of two stream stretches
of the Grand River to determine the effect of organic wastes on
stream oxygen resources.

Sununarv
      The chemical, bacteriological and radiochemical data pre--
sented in subsequent pages form the basis for the following con-
clusions with respect to water quality effects:

      1.  The Grand River for a 25 mile stretch below Jackson
          is polluted.'  The principal waste source causing
          pollution is the effluent from the Jackson sewage
          treatment plant.

      2.  The Grand River for a 25 mile stretch below Lansing
          is polluted.  The principal waste sources causing pol-
          lution are the effluent from the Lansing and East Lansing
          sewage treatment plants.  Cooling water discharges from
          Thermal-electric power plants in Lansing intensify the
          adverse effects on. water quality.

Grand River Houth Sampling

                Physical and Chemical Findings

      During the period from March 1963 through April 1964, the
GLIRB Project collected samples at the mouth of the Grand River to
determine loadings of various substances being carried into Lake
Michigan.  The analytical results of this sampling are shown below
in Table 4-1.  Of all the chemical parameters reported, the two
nutrients, total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen, are most illus-
trative of the waste inputs discharged to lake Michigan by the
Grand River.

                             4-1

-------
      Considering all Lake Michigan tributaries, the Grand River :s
one of the greatest contributors of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen
with inputs of 1777 and 6970 pounds per day, respectively.  In
general, the chemical parameters for given streams in the Lake
Michigan Basin follow definite patterns.  In the Grand River phos-
phorus and. ammonia nitrogen concentrations are high and a pattern
of high values is also seen for the other chenical parameters as
shown in Table 4-1.  The Grand River is also one cf the rajcr con-
tributors of dissolved substances to the Lake.
            Water Quality - Grand River at "outh
                   March 1963 - April 1964

                            No. of    Concent ration (rr^r/lj     Loading.
Parameter                  Samples    Average       £~*H£j~
Total
  Phosphorus (P)              52       0.17       0.04-0.36     1777
  Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N)     52       0.68       0.05-1.5      6970
  Nitrate Nitrogen (HC^-N)     51       0,72       O.C/,-2.4
  Organic Nitrogen(Org-r)     52       0.77
Total Dissolved
  Solids                      51       350        275-570
Total Suspended
  Solids                      44       24          6-8^
  Sulfates (SO^)              52       74         56-100
  Chlorides (Cl)              52       42         19-67
'  Silicon Dioxide (Si02)      52       5.3       2.5-17
  Calcium (Ca)                52       72         51-85
  Magnesium (Kg)              52       26         16-30
  Sodium (Na)                 52       28        7.1-43
  Potassium (K)               52       2.8    _   2.1-3.9
  Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate
    (ABS)                     52       0.28      0.11-0.73
  Copper (Cu)                 52       0.14
  Cadmium (Cd)                52        *
  Nickel (Ni)                 52       0.04
  Zinc (Zn)                   52        *
  Chromium (Cr)               52       0.04
  Lead (Pb)                   52       0.11
        * Not Detectable at Test Sensitivity.
                             4-2

-------
       The maximum phenol concentration on the eastern  side of
Lake Michigan was 7.2 micro-grains per liter (ug/1) close to the
mouth of the Grand River.   BOD5 values as high as 8.6 rng/1 were  re-
corded near the mouth.  An  average total chromium concentration  of -
0.04 mg/1 was found at the  mouth of the Grand River.  This concen-
tration is only slightly less than the Public Health Service  Drinking
Water Standards(22) mandatory limit of 0.05 iag/1 for hexavalent
chromium.

                   Radiochemical Findings

       The analytical results from 1963 sampling in the Grand River
at the mouth are shown below in Table 4-2.

                         Table  4-2

                        Radioactivity
                     Grand  River at Mouth
                        1963 Average

Portion                      Gross Alpha                Gross  Beta
                          Concentration^ (pcy/l)      Concentration (pc/l)
j
{Suspended Solids                  •
-------
o
H
UJ
O
UJ
"_J
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                             o

                             o

                             o
ti

m
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o
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        5
                     :• =
»-  ^ £
<  — eJ
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       In Figure 4-1 the apparent effects cf effluent aeration at
the Jackson sewage treatment plant are shown with a rise in the
stream DO from about 0.4 mg/1 to 3 mg/1 in a distance of about 0.5
mile below the plant discharge.  The stream DO concentration then
decreases rapidly to a low of about 0.2 mg/1 at a point about 7
miles below the plant discharge.  The highest DO concentration in
the study reach, 3.5 rag/1, was found at a point about 19 miles below
the Jackson plant discharge.  Desirable fish and aquatic life cannot
survive under such degraded oxygen conditions.

       In Figure 4-2 the high BCD levels, reaching a maximum of
29 mg/1 about 3 miles below the Lansing Sewage Treatment Plant dis-
charge, result in DO levels below 3 mg/1 for a 19 mile stretch below
the Lansing plant.  The minimum DO, about 0.6 mg/1, occurs about 10.5
miles below the Lansing plant.  As was the case below Jackson, de-
sirable fish and aquatic life cannot survive below Lansing due to
the degraded oxygen conditions.  The stream is also unsuitable for
other beneficial uses.

       Further demand on the oxygen resources of the Grand River
below Lansing results from the thermal discharges of the steam elec-
tric generating stations at Lansing.  Increases in stream temperatures
below the stations result in a higher rate of biological activity and
a more rapid uptake of dissolved oxygen.  The increased temperatures
also limit the total amount of dissolved oxygen available for waste
assimilation due to a lowering of oxygen saturation values.  As dis-
cussed in Chapter 5 the stream temperatures below Lansing, under
certain conditions, can easily rise above 100°F.  These temperatures,
in themselves, impair water uses at Lansing.

       The Grand River in the stream reaches below Jackson and
Lansing was also found to be esthetically unpleasing and objectionable
for recreational uses such as boating, water skiing, and similar
aquatic sports.  The organic loadings causing these polluted conditions
originate from the discharges of municipal sewage treatment plants.
The major municipal waste discharges are listed in Table 5-1.

                  Microbiological. Findings

       Limited microbiological studies were conducted in conjunction
with the intensive DO - BOD studies below Jackson and Lansing.
Analyses for both total coliform and fecal streptococcus organisms
were made.

       Below Jackson, 11 samples were collected at eight stations
and analyzed for coliform and fecal streptococci.  Total coliform
organisms reached a maximum density of 230,000 per 100 ml.  At a
point about 1.5 miles below the Jackson sewage treatment plant dis-
charge and 0.5 mile below the Prison plant discharge.  The maximum
                             4-4

-------
fecal streptococcus density was 6400 organisms per 100 ml.  About
0.5 mile below the Jackson plant discharge, the maximum densities
were found in samples collected October 14, 1964.

       Below Lansing 17 samples were collected at eight stations.
Total coliform organisms reached a maximum density of 930,000 per
100 ml during the May 13, 1964 sampling, at a point approximately
1 mile below the Lansing sewage treatment plant discharge.  The max-
imum fecal streptococcus density was found at a point about $.$
miles below the Grand Ledge sewage treatment plant discharge, reach-
ing 12,000 organisms per 100 ml during the October 14, 1966 sampling.

       The bacterial- densities reported above indicate a high degree
of pollution most likely resulting from the discharge of wastes from
the municipal sewage treatment plants at Jackson, the State Prison,
Lansing and Grand Ledge.  The densities are of such magnitude as to
seriously impair beneficial water uses such as partial body-contact
recreation and municipal and industrial water supply.  The densities
present a definite hazard to the health of humans coning in contact
with the waters effected.
                             4-5

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                          SECTION   5

                    WATER QUALITY CONTROL
             (WASTE SOURCES AND CONTROL MEASURES)
General
       The problems of water quality control in the Grand River
Basin are complex.  Solutions to these problems will of necessity
involve a comprehensive program which includes construction of
new sewerage facilities; and continuous and intensive monitoring
of operating procedures, treatment plant efficiency, and water
quality conditions to determine necessary additional construction
and operation needs as they arise.  In addition, some combination
of advanced waste treatment and flow regulation may be required
to attain the desired water quality below Jackson and Lansing. The
following paragraphs present information on waste sources, pro-
jected waste loads and water quality improvement measures which
should be employed.

Waste Sou re e s

       The Grand River and the streams tributary to it receive an
estimated organic waste load of 32,000 pounds of 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand (8005) per day.  Approximately 15,COO pounds are from
industries with separate discharges.  The most significant waste
loads in terms of water use impairment are discharged at Jackson
and Lansing.

       The following paragraphs summarize the major waste sources
in the Basin.  Consequences of these discharges were discussed in
Section 4.

Municipal

       Approximately 540,000 people were served by 47 municipal
sewerage systems in the Grand River Basin in 1962.

       Of the 47 municipal sewerage systems 18 provide minor or no
treatment.  Of the remaining 29 systems,  9 provide only primary
treatment, (sedimentation and sludge disposal) and 20 provide
secondary treatment (primary treatment plus filtration or activated
sludge).   Major municipal sewerage facilities having connected popu-
lations of 5,000 or more are listed in Table 5-1,  and their loca-
tions are shown on Figure 1-1.
                             5-1

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Industrial

       Industries with separate outfalls discharge approximately
21,000 pounds of BODj daily to the streams of the Grand River Easin.
Major industrial waste sources in the Grand River Easin are listed
in Table 5~2.

Coiribined_S ewer s_

       It has beer, estimated that a qb.?,r.tity, equivalent to 3 to  5
percent, of all untreated waate-water i'lov; in ccnbined sev;er systems,
is annually discharged to streams by overflows,  A far greater per-
centage of the solids arc discharged to -streams from overflows due
to the fact that the sludge deposited in the sewers is flushed out
by the storm flow.

       Of the 47 communities with public sewer systems in the Area
only about 8 have completely separate sewer systems.  The types of
sewer systems of the major municipal waste source are listed in
Table 5-3.

                         TABLE  5~3
              Types of Municipal Sewer Systems
              Major Municipal V'aste Sources
                      Grand River Basin

                 iZ                     Type of Sewor System
       Jackson                          Combined
       East Lansing                     Separate and Ccnbined
       Lansing                          Separate and Combined
       Grand Ledge                      Separate and Combined
       Saint Johns                      Separate and Combined
       Hastings                         Combined
       Greenville                       Combined
       Ionia                            Separate and Combined
       Grand Rapids                     Separate and Combined
       Grand Haven                      Combined

Steam Power Plants

       Thermal discharges from two steam generating stations at
Lansing, Michigan are particularly significant from a water quality
standpoint.  The temperatures of 90°F reported by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission were measured prior to the installation of
additional generating capacity at Lansing.  Unless control measures
are taken, the temperature standards for fish and aquatic life will
not be maintained.
                             5-2

-------
Agriculture and Land Runoff

                         Fertilizer

       Estimates of fertilizer use in the Grand River Basin are
that approximately 8,000 tons of nitrogen and 5.000 tons of phos-
phorus are being used annually.  The applications of these are
projected to increase four and two-fold, respectively, by 2020.

       During 1963 - 196^ the F.
-------
       The U. S. Public Health Service has established regulations
governing vessel waste discharges in the Great Lakes based upcn
their legal responsibility for the interstate control of corxvanicable
diseases.  Restricted areas have been established in which the dis-
charge of sewage, or ballast or bilge water, from vessels is pro-
hibited.  Restricted areas include the water within a three mile
radius of domestic water intakes.  Additional controls were recom-
mended by the conferees to the Four State-Federal lake Michigan
Enforcement Conference,
                     Recreational Boats .

       In addition to commercial traffic, Grand Haven Harbcr is
also an important recreational boating center.  About /VOOO recrea-
tional craft annually are passed through the Spring Bridge which
joins Ferrysburg and Spring Lake.  There are numerous marinas and
boat clubs along the lower part of the Grand River.  Many of the
larger recreational craft are equipped with galley and toilet
facilities which may discharge untreated or inadequately treated
wastes to the Harbor or Lake waters.  Oil and gasoline wastes, as
well as garbage and sewage from onboard cooking and toilet facilities,
are the major potential sources of pollution.  The State of Michigan
has recently adopted rules and regulations to control pollution from
this source.

Dredging

       Maintenance dredging is done by the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers to maintain authorized navigation depths in Grand Haven
Harbor.  Dredged materials are disposed of in the deep waters of
Lake Michigan.

       Water quality surveys made in 196? by the FJPCA showed
significant evidence of pollution material in the bottcm deposits
of Grand Haven Harbor.  Transfer of this pollutional material to
Lake Michigan via the dredging process creates an additional zone
of pollution in the Lake.

       Through a joint statement announced March 1, 1967, the
Department of the Army and the Department of the Interior agreed on
a program and plan for attacking the problem of the disposition, of
polluted material, dredged from harbors in the Great Lakes.  It was
agreed that, in order to maintain navigation, the Corps of Engineers
would proceed with dredging in calendar year 196? en 6^ channel and
harbor projects in the Great Lakes.  The Corps also initiated a two-
year pilot program early in 196? to develop alternative disposal
methods which would lead to a permanent plan of action.
                             5-4

-------
 Scurc e 3 of Pho sr^h o_rus_
    i
                Transport to Streams and Lakes fron
                            Rural Lands

        The amount of soluble phosphorus reaching streams from land
 runoff, in the Grand River Easin, as estimated fron samples taken
 on eight pilot v/alersheds, as previously dismissed, is a "bout
 310,000 pounds annually or approximate?;.y C.I poured3 per acre of
 watershed.   Although there are neny factors which affect phosphorus
 contributions from rural areas, including methods of applying fer-
 tilizers,  quantities applied,  type of soil, topography, rainfall,
 land  use practices and soil cover, it is believed that the results
 obtained are reasonably representative of the Grand River EC,sir,.

                       Municipal Sources

        Domestic sewage is relatively rich in phosphorus compounds.
 Most  of this phosphorus comes  from hurnan excreta and synthetic
 detergents.   The airiount of phosphorus released by human metabolic
 processes  is a function of protein intake and for the average person
 in the United States, this release is considered to be about 1,5
 grams per  day.  Synthetic detergent formulations contain large
 amounts of phosphorus.   It is  estimated that 2.5 grams of phosphorus
 per capita-day are discharged  to sewer systems ss a result of the
 use of synthetic detergents.

        When the above per capita figures for phosphorus from human
 excreta and detergents are expanded to cover the entire  sevrered
 population  of the Grand River  Basin the quantity becomes quite
•large.   Data from waste inventories show that 540,000 people are
 served by  sewer systems in the Basin.   It is estimated that a total
 of approximately 1,100,000 pounds of soluble phosphorus from humans
 and detergents are discharged  to the waters of_ the Basin each year.

                   Tributary Mouth Sampling

        In  addition to the land runoff sampling from the eight
 small subbasins discussed above, sampling stations were established
 at the mouth of the Grand River.  These stations were sampled in-
 termittently for one year during the same period in which the land
 runoff stations were sampled.

        Sampling at the  mouth made it possible to estimate the
 total phosphorus load reaching lake Michigan from the Grand River.
 It was determined that  a total of approximately 700,000 poundo of
 phosphorus  is discharged to the Lake annually.   This is ~Ll,% of the
 total phosphorus input  to the  I,ake and is therefore a significance
 source of  this critical pollutant.
                             5-5

-------
       The immediate goal in the treatment of municipal wastes is
the provision of biological (secondary) treatment at each waste
treatment plant.  Such treatment is the minimum considered adequate
in terms of present technology.  This need is especially important
in those areas where consideration is being giver, to low- flow
augmentation to assist in maintaining water quality standards. Aug-
mentation cannot be considered as a substitute for secondary treat-
ment.  Adequate effluent disinfection is also considered to be a
necessity in the Grand River Basin particularly where recreational
use of the receiving waters is prevalent.  There is also a present
need tc increase total phosphorus removal to at least 50? as
reeorar.iended by the Four State-Federal Enforcement Conference on
the Pollution of lake Michigan and its Tributary Basin.

       There are 47 municipal sewerage facilities in the Grand
River Basin.  CT these, 20 provide secondary biological waste treat-
ment.  Municipal waste treatment construction needs for the major
communities of the Grand. River Basin are shown on Table 5~lr.  These
needs are based on waste flow and waste load projections to the
year 1930.

Indust ritlVas,eTreatnient Meeds
       Minimum treatment needs for major industries with separate
outfalls are listed in Table 5-5.  In developing this list it was
considered that the equivalent of secondary waste treatment as
described in the preceding section would be the minimum degree of
treatment required.

Combined, Sewer Overflow Co_nt rol

       The need for solutions to the problems ""caused by overflows
from combined sewer systems is pressing and is receiving rv.eh
current attention.  The V/ater Quality Act"" of 1965 established a
four-year program of grants and contract authority to demonstrate
new or improved methods to eradicate the problems of combined sewer
overflows .

       While economically feasible methods for solving the problems
are being developed, existing combined sewer systems should be
patrolled and overflow regulating structures should be adjusted to
convey the maximum practicable amount of combined flews to and
through waste treatment facilities.  Combined sewers should be pro-
hibited in all newly developed urban areas and should be separated
in coordination with urban renewal projects.
                             5-6

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        Proper plant operation r.ust follow proper plant design in
order to  efficiently  reach the goals of water pollution control.
The importance and value  of  proper plant operation must be em-
phasized  at all levels of public authority.  Effective operation
can be  encouraged by  means of a routine inspection program.
Inspections should be conducted by the appropriate State agencies
on at least an annual basis  for the small and medium-sized plants,
and at  Ieast5 bi-annually for the larger plants.

        The Michigan Depa.rtir.ent of Health, administers a mandatory
sewage  treatment plant operators' certification program.  State-
sponsored operator training  programs are also a useful tool for
elevating the level of overall plant performance.  Today, with
increasing activity in the field of water pollution control at the
Federal,  State and local  levels, operator training courses should
be conducted at least anrrually.  The Michigan program, consisting
of annual training en a regional basis, compares favorably with
the training programs sponsored by other states.

        Monthly operation  reports should continue to be submitted
to the  Michigan V«'ater Resources Commission from each municipal and
industrial waste treatment facility.  These reports should contain
sufficient information to describe waste treatment efficiency and
the quality and quantity  of  the effluent discharged to the waters
'of the  Easin.

Monitoring

        The maintenance of desirable water quality on a continuing
basis calls for a routine monitoring program covering the signifi-
cant water quality parameters at strategic points.

        The overall monitoring program should be geared to provide
an adequate picture of all wastes being discharged to the waters of
the Basin and adjacent waters of Lake Michigan and serve to indicate
trends  in water quality or the need for additional water quality
improvement measures.

        As part of an  overall monitoring program efforts are needed
to assess the potential problems associated with agricultural
practices in the Grand River Basin.  There is a lack of reliable
information concerning land use practices and the quantities of
pesticides and fertilizers applied within the Basin.  Reliable
data concerning application rates on a yearly basis in each county
would be  very helpful in identifying potential water quality prob-
lem  areas.
                             5-7

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 State '. ,'at er_ jyjJLutio_n_Cc_nt rp?^. Pro." ram

        The Federal Water Pollution Control Act recognises the pri-
 mary responsibility of the States in the control and. prevention of
 water pollution.   The  effectiveness of a State program,  however, is
 dependent  upon adequate funds and personnel  with which to accomplish
 this mission.

        The State  of Michigan has achieved contend able success in
 the control of water pollution with the staff and. funds  available.
 However, even  though much has bean accomplished by the State in
 controlling conditions, much remains yet to  be done.  In 19&4, the
 Public Administration  Snr^ice nrerared a survey report for the
 Public Health  Service  concerning the budgeting and staffing cf
 State prograr/is.  This  report ccr.tains suggested guidelines for use
 in evaluating  the adequacy of State water pollution control pro crams.
 This report suggests a mini muni total staff level of 110  persons and
 a desirable total staff level of 1?1.

        In  view of the  water pollution control problens still exist-
 ing in the Basin  consideration should be given to an accelerated
 program to natch  the needs for clean water for all legitimate uses.
 An accelerated State water pcllutDon control program utilizing
 fully the  resources and programs cf the Federal V/ater Pollution
 Control Administration will ensure the earliest possible accomplish-
 ment of our common goal - more effective use of our water resources.

 Strearnflcw
        Based  on  consideration of the  location of principal municipal
 and industrial waste  discharges  in the  Grand River Basin and.  the
 quantitative  and qualitative  characteristics of  the receiving waters,
 two reaches of the main  stem  of  the Grand  River  below Jackson and
 Lansing were  selected for waste  assimilation studies.

        Waste  assimilation studies were  conducted to determine the
 total  streamflow required to  meet a range  of water quality goals
 in  the Grand  River below Jackson and  Lansing.  During 19&A intensive
 stream investigations were conducted  en these reaches during  Kay,
 July and October.

        A computer program was utilized  to  develop a mathematical
 model  which reproduced the stream conditions observed during  these
 intensive sampling periods.   Using projected flow and quality data
 for the waste inputs  within the  study reaches of the stream,  the
 model  was used to compute the total streamflov/s  required for  flow
 regulation for water  quality  control.   It  has been assumed that a
 90$ BOD 5 removal will be provided -by-iaSO  anri -^-9^-E^-r-esoval
Tfta tc provided Vy -gQ2Q for  both municipal  and  industrial waste
 discharges.

                              5-8

-------
       The State; of Michigan has set a r.ininuri  standard  of L.O r.g/1
of dissolved oxygen below both Lansing and Jackson.   The maintenance
of this standard for dissolved oxygen in conduction with the  other
water quality standards listed in Sect?on 3 will assure  the absence
of nuisance odor conditions; pern-.it recreational use  involving
partial body contact; support pollution tolerant fish such as carp
and other aquatic life; and in general, provide for the  esthetic
enjoyment of clean surface waters.  St-reav-flow  requirements to main-
tain the required DC level are showr. by r.cnth in Table 5-£.

       The estimated ranges of total strea-.flow required to maintain
a DO concentration of 4.0 n*/l below Jackson are 53 to 510 cfs ir.
1980 and 103 to 8bO cfs in 2020.  Below 1-arising the stres^iflows re-
quired to maintain a DO of L r.g/1 are 55 to h8Q cfs in 19-0 and l6u
to 1760 cfs in 2020.  Ranfes in streamflow requirements  are pri.Vi2.rily
due to the wide variation in stream temperatures over the  year.
       The abilit
can be assessed I
1980 and 2020 wit
 of  existing  strearnflows  to meet the above der.ands
• comparing  the  estimated  rnaxinrji required flows in
 the 1 dav  once-in~10-year lev; flews as shown in
Table 2-2.  The comparison indicates that existing lew  flows  will
not be adequate to assir.iilate the treated waste discharges  at
Jackson and Lansing in 1980 and 2020.  Thus, it is concluded  that
some combination*streanflow regulation and advanced waste treatment,
beyond <3$o BOD^ removal, will be required to achieve the water  quality
goal of k mg/1 DO below Jackson and belov; Lansing.
                             5-9

-------








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                         SECTION  6

                        ALTER! I ATI \>ES
General
       Benefits to be derived from water supply and water quality
control are determined on the basis of the least costly alternate
single-purpose project which would provide an adequate water supply
or result in meeting a given water quality level.  Alternatives
considered in the ca'se of water supply include storage reservoirs
in the Grand River Basin itself, transportation of water from out-
side the Basin and expansion of existing well supplies.  Water
quality control alternatives include storage reservoirs in the
Grand River Basin itself, transportation of water from outside the
Basin and higher degrees of waste treatment.

Reservoir Sites.

       Approximately 75 possible Grand River Basin reserve-it sites
have been identified by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.  These
sites have been depicted by means of colored overlays on Michigan
Department of Conservation County maps.  A set of these overlay
maps was used to obtain pertinent information, such as the loca-
tion, storage volume and drainage area of each of the proposed sites.
This information permitted tentative selections of reservoir sites
which could be used for the purpose of water supply storage for
water quality control to serve the control areas previously outlined.
At the writing of this appendix no final decision had been made as
to. which reservoir projects would actually be constructed.

       Possible reservoir sites are shown schematically on Figure 6-1
and described in Tables 6-1 and 6-2.  These possible sites were se-
lected from the overlay maps on the basis of size and location.  In
estimating the storage that could be obtained for the purposes of
water supply or water quality control, the average annual flow was
utilized.  A factor of 0.7 cfs per square mile (Lansing Gage) was
used to estimate the average discharge at the various sites.  If
the estimated average annual volume of flow was less than the storage
available at a site then the lower volume figure was used to deter-
mine the storage available for water supply or water quality control.

Water Supply

       Data on municipal and municipally supplied industrial water
use was presented in Section 3.  Based on projected water needs
given in that section and comments obtained from the U. S. Geological
                             6-1

-------
              Mud Creek Site
V/illiamston Site
                                      . t___  Grand Lakes  Site

                                      2LX  Liberty Site
                                           Vandercook Site

                                           JACKSON
                                           Onondaga
                                           Site
                    Sycamo re-
                    Creek Site
      Oke-aus Site V
                                           Millet Site
                                           LANSING
                                     -a
                                      c
                                      E
                                     o
                                                FIGURE 6-1
Spring Brook
 #2 Site
                                            CHICAGO  PROGRAM  OFFICE
                                         POSSIBLE RESERVOIR SITES
                                           LANSING aJACKSON.MICH.
                                          U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TH£ INTERIOR
                                      FECERALV.'ATER FOLLUT lO.'i-CONTHOU AOr.'INISTRATI.'N
                                      G:SEAT LAKE SRtGION         CHICAGO,l

-------
Survey, it appears that ground sc;\rce3 of rj;nieipal v.-ater  supply
will become insufficient to meet the cev.ar.ds of 20 2G the water
demand at that city will reach at out 120 r.gd.  Sor.e 90 ngd cf this
amount v;ill be supplied from ground water sources.  Considering a
single-purpose reservoir as a, possible water supply source,  a
storage volume of approximately L6tCOO acre feet would be  required
to augment the well supply.  Tnio includes a 20;- allowance for
storage losses and is over and above storage recuire~entb  for water
quality control which are discur.sed below,

       Development of the William ton site en the Red Cedar River
as a single-purpose water supply reservoir would cost approximately
?•"[ r" ">.- -- r f ~,
V-:-U , <-^"^ } '- ". >, .• ,

       One alternative to construction of a reservoir as described
above would be to obtain water from cne of the Great Lakes,  i.e.,
either Lake Michigan or Lake Huron.  A connection v;lth Lake Michigan
would require the construction cf a 60 inch diameter pipeline 30 mile:
in length and 9 pumping stations.  The construction of such a project
would cost about !: 30, COO, 000.  This is based on a cost of  £60 per
lineal foot of pipe and $52,000 per punning station.

Water
       Flow requirements given in Table 5-6 were use-d  to  determine
the storage volume needs for water quality control  in  the Grand
P.iver,  It should be noted here that these flew requirements were
detennir
-------
        It is interesting to note that the City of Jackson has pro-
ceeded  on its own initiative with encouragement from the Michigan
Water Resources Commission to study treatment methods to further
reduce  oxygen-demand in their present activated sludge effluent.
Jackson has received a Demonstration Grant from the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration to aid in carrying on this study.

        The alternative of importing water from the Great Lakes  for
augmentation is not considered advisable.  This is due to the fact
that local interests have already recognized the need for higher
degrees of treatment and are working toward that end.  Further, it
is the  Federal Water* Pollution Control Administration's opinion thai
the importation of high quality water for the primary purpose of
diluting waste treatment plant effluents is not in best interests
of the  general public in this instance.

                           Lansing

        Storage requirements for water quality control below Lansing
are approximately 46,000 acre feet in the period up to 1930 and an
additional TZTjtKTO acre feet in the period 1930 to 2000.  In the
period  2000 to 2020, an additional 184,000 acre feet would be re-
quired.  This assumes a ^0% reduction of BCD5 in the untreated raw
waste*by 1980'and Q 9-^Lr^doicti&ft-by-5eaeT-  It appears that suffi-
cient storage and flows in the Grand River Basin are available to
meet the storage demands up to 1980.  Meeting the need for the 1.980
to 2020 period may be impracticable, since a large percentage of
the storage available above Lansing would be needed for this single-
purpose (See Figure 6-1 and Tables 6-2 and 6-3).  The cost of pro-
viding  the required storage would be approximately $46,000,000.

        Because this method of solving the water quality problems
below Lansing is probably unacceptable, advanced waste treatment
has been evaluated as an alternative means of meeting water quality
standards.

Summary •

       The annual costs of each of the alternative methods of
meeting the water supply and water quality problems of the Grand
River Basin are shown in Table 6-3.
                             6-3

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