January 1969
DRAFT
APPENDIX G
WATER USE AND STKS,iM DUALITY
co'-:DREHE?!6iYE PLANNING STUDY
pi? -TflJ
GRAND RIVS1- BASIN. KIJPilGAN'
Prepared by the
•fr. S. DEPARTtErT OF THE INTERIOR
/Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes Region
Chicago, Illinois
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Number Page Number
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION 1-1
Authorization 1-1
Purpose and Scope - 1-1
DESCRIPTION OF AREA 2-1
Location 2-1
Hydrology 2-1
Topography and Soils 2-2
Climate* 2-2
Population 2-2
Economy 2-2
WATER USES AND WATER QUALITY
RE3UIREL3NTS 3-1
Water Quality Standards 3-1
Water Supply 3-1
Recreation 3-1
Fish, Wildlife and Other
Aquatic Life 3-2
Agricultural _ 3-3
Present and Future Water Uses 3-k
PRESENT WATER QUALITY AND PROBLEMS 4-1
General " 4-1
Summary 4-1
Grand River Mouth Sampling 4-1
Grand River Intensive Studies 4-3
WATER QUALITY CONTROL
(Waste Sources and Control Measures) 5-1
General 5-1
Waste Sources 5-1
Municipal 5-1
Industrial 5-2
Combined Sewers 5-2
Stearr. Power Plants ' . 5-2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CCJ.'TIIIUED)
Sectj-on Number Page Number
Agriculture and land Pair.off 5-3
Ships and Beats 5-3
Dredging 5_A
Sources of Phosphorus 5-5
Municipal I/aste Treatment Needs 5-6
Industrial T./aste Treatment Needs 5-6
Ccr.tined Sev;er Overflow Control 5-6
Plant Operation 5-7
Monitoring 5-7
State Water Pollution Control
Program . 5-8
Streamflow Augmentation
Requirements 5—3
ALTERNATIVES ' • 6-1
General 6-1
Reservoir Sites 6-1
Water Supply 6-1
Water Quality 6-2
Summary 6-3
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LIST OF TABLES
On or After
Table Number Title Page Number.
2-1 Drainage Areas-Grand River Basin 2-1
2-2 , • Grand River Flow Data 2-1
2-3 Present and Projected Populations -
Grand River Basin 2-2
2-4 Value Added by Manufacture and
Manufacturing Employment for the
Eleven County Area 2-3
3-1 Water Quality Standards 3-3
3-2 Total Water Intake - Municipal Water
Systems - Grand River Basin 3-4
3-3 Municipal Water Demands 1963 and
Projections to 1980 and 2020 3-4
3-4 Self-Supplied Industrial Water Demands
1959 and Projections to 1930 and 2020 3-5
3-5 Water Intake - Steam Power Plants -
Grand River Basin 3-8
4-1 Water Quality - Grand River at Mouth -
March 1963 - April 1964 .. 4-2
4-2 . Radioactivity - Grand River at Mouth -
1963 Average' 4-3
5-1 Municipal Waste Inventory of Major
Communities - Grand River Basin 5-1
5-2 Major Industrial Waste Discharges -
Grand River Basin 5-1
5-3 Types of Municipal Sewer Systems -
Major Municipal Waste Sources - Grand
River Basin 5-2
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LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED)
On or After
Table Number Title Page' Number
5-4 Municipal V/aste Treatment Construction
Needs (1'ajor Coninunities) - Grand
River Basin 5-6
5-5 Waste Treatment Needs for Major
Industrial Waste Sources - Grand
River Basin 5-6
5-6 Average Monthly Streamflow Necessary
to Maintain Stated Minimum Dissolved
Oxygem Levels in the Grand River, 5-9
Michigan
6-1 Summary of Alternatives 6-3
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Title After Page Number
1-1 Grand River Basin, Michigan 1-2
4-1 DO and BOD Profiles - Grand River
Below Jackson ' 4-3
4-2 DO and BOD Profiles - Grand River
Below Lansing 4-3
6-1 Possible Reservoir Sites - Lansing
and Jackson, 1'ichigan 6-1
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SUloMARY
Background - -
Appendix G, "Water Use and Stream Water Quality" has been
prepared pursuant to a request by the U. S. Array Corps of Engineers
in a letter dated Kay 22, 1963. Appendix G is one of several simi-
lar documents to be prepared by a variety of agencies who are
participating in a "Comprehensive Planning Study of the Grand River
Basin, Michigan." The study, under the chairmanship of the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers District, Detroit, Michigan deals with the
best use of the water and related resources of the Grand River Basin.
The following paragraphs summarize the contents of Appendix G.
Pollution in the Grand River
The waters of the Grand River are degraded in quality par-
ticularly below Jackson and Lansing, and at its mouth near Grand
Haven. This degradation in quality is evidenced by low dissolved
oxygen levels, and other biological, chemical, microbiological and
physical parameters analyzed by both Federal and state pollution
control agencies.
Pollution of the waters of the Grand River is further evidenced
by the impairment of water uses. Whole and partial body contact
recreation is potentially hazardous due to high coliform bacteria and
fecal streptococcus bacterial densities below Jackson, Lansing and at
Grand Haven. The fishery of certain sectors of the Grand River is
harmed by low dissolved oxygen levels and high stream temperatures.
Esthetic enjoyment is impaired by the unsightly appearance of the
Grand River at Jackson and certain other areas.
Sources of Pollution
Municipal waste treatment plants of the Grand River Basin serve
a population (1962) of 540,000. The combined effluents from these
municipal treatment facilities discharge a total of 17,000 pounds of
5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODj) daily to the waters of the
Grand River Basin. These wastes are equivalent in oxygen-consuming
power to the untreated wastes of over 100,000 persons. Other municipal
waste sources include the overflows from combined sewer systems.
Industrial wastes discharging directly to the waters cf the
Grand River Basin put an additional 21,000 pounds of ROD^ into the
streams daily. These wastes are equivalent in oxygen-consuming power
to the untreated wastes of over 126,000 persons.
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In addition to the organic waste load discharged from in-
dustries and municipalities, thermal discharges also have a significant
bearing on water quality. For example, cooling water discharges from
steam electric generating stations at Lansing produce adverse effects
on desirable water uses.
Future Conditions
Growth projections indicate that the I960 Grand River Basin
population of 949,000 may increase more than two-fold by 2020.
Industrial activity is expected to double by 1980 and to continue to
expand in the' decades that follo\^. Water demands and waste flows will
increase at a more moderate pace due to increased water reuse and
other efficiencies. These and other related factors indicate that
the waste load received by all municipal sewerage systems in the Basin
will increase to about 2,500,000 Population Equivalent (PE) by 2020.
By comparison, the present, estimated waste load received by all
municipal sewerage systems of the Grand River Basin is approximately
540,000 PE.
Needed Water Quality Improvement Measures
A number of pollution control measures are presently needed
to bring the quality of the Grand River up to the Standards for
Michigan Intrastate Waters established by the Michigan Water Resources
Commission. These measures, partially shown in Tables 5-4 and 5-5,
include secondary waste treatment for all major municipal waste
sources and equivalent treatment for all significant industrial waste
sources. Based on studies conducted by the Federal Water Pollution
Administration (FWPCA), it appears that advanced waste treatment
beyond secondary will be required at Lansing and Jackson, Michigan.
Future growth of population and industrial activity and projected in-
creases in waste discharges in the Grand River Basin will require
expanded and improved waste treatment processes. By 1980 approximately
46,000 acre-feet of storage above Lansing would be needed for water
quality control even with a BOD5 (5-day 20°C biochemical oxygen demand)
reduction_oX_50^_of the untreated wastes./-•Even if a level of
reduction of BOD5~l^rer^^HTieVe3~at LanSing by the year 2020X
^acr^=f^ii_jfould^ejt^uir«d_.fpr water quality control purposes alone,
In addition, the recommendations of the Four-State Federal
Enforcement Conference on the Pollution of Lake Michigan and its
Tributaries require that all communities provide at least 30!* phos-
phorus removal.
11
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Needed Water Supply Measures
It has been estimated that by 2020 Lansing, Michigan will
require 46,000 acre-feet of storage of municipal water supply purposes.
One alternative to such storage would be to obtain water foz* this
purpose from one of the Great lakes. .
—~~~—
~A~ manbe^-©£-i!«eeHaftend€d-tKrbi^ns^ror'water quality control are/~\
given in Section 5« The economics of alternative methods oX_p_rojridihg
water supply and pollution control are presented in Section 6. Advanced
waste treatment has been evaluaJ,ed_j.s__a^_ajL^majy:ve_tp these large
.volumes of storage,—
, Benefits
| Implementation of the recommendations contained in this
I appendix will' result in substantial improvement in the quality of the
| waters of the Grand River Basin and the adjacent waters of Lake
Michigan. The program objectives, however, are more specific and have
been developed to provide water of satisfactory quality for both
present and planned uses. The waters of Lake Michigan serve many
States and of National importance, all will share in the benefits
resulting from the enhancement and protection of these waters for
both present and future needs.
Owners of the property adjacent to or near polluted water
will derive increased esthetic enjoyment and enhanced property values
from the elimination of the unsightly conditions resulting from water
pollution, including nuisance algal blooms stimulated by over-
fertilization. Residents of the Basin will benefit from the assurance
of a safer, more palatable water supplied to their homes, industries
and public buildings.
Michigan residents and visitors from ou"t-o.f-state who use the
area's streams and lakes for swimming, water skiing, boating and other
water-oriented recreation will be protected against infectious diseases
which can be spread as a result of water pollution. The sport fisherman
will find additional fishing, areas to challenge his skill, and improved
fishing as a benefit of enhanced water quality.
As a return to their investment in improved water quality, in-
dustry will share in the benefits through assurance of consistency in
the quality of process water it needs for nany of its products and
other water uses.
In addition to these immediate and direct benefits, the preser-
vation and protection of the quality of the waters of Lake Michigan and
the Great Lakes is an important benefit which is essential to the
Nation's continued growth and prosperity.
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTICF
Authorization
The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare was informed
by the Secretary of the Amy in a letter dated December 4, 1962 of
the cor.prehensive \fater and related land resource investigations to
be conducted in the Grand River Basin, Michigan. In response the
Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare
appointed a representative and an alternate to the Coordinating
Committee of the Grand River Basin Comprehensive Study by a letter
dated December 2C, 1962. The District Engineer, U. S. Anny Engineer
District, Detroit, Michigan in a letter dated May 22, 1963 specifi-
cally requested the assistance of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. The Department was requested to study and to prepare a
report concerning the water supply and waste water disposal aspects
in the Grand River Basin, Michigan.
The water supply portion of this study was made in accordance
with the Memorandum of Agreement, dated November 4, 1958, between
the Department of the Army and the Department of Health, Education,
'and Welfare relative to the Water Supply Act of 1953, as amended
(43 U.S.C. 390b). The water quality control aspects are considered
under authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et.seq.). Responsibility for these activities
was transferred from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
to the Department of the Interior by Reorganization Plan No. 2 of
1966, effective May 10, 1966.
Purpose and Scope
This report presents an action program of water pollution
control geared to provide high quality waters in the Grand River
Basin, Michigan through abatement of existing pollution, and to
provide continuing control of pollution through actions scheduled
in anticipation of future problems. This report and resulting pro-
gram have been developed from information on present water quality,
water uses and trends in water usage, present and anticipated future
waste loads, the existing and projected population and economic
growth, and other relevant facts. The information was gathered by
the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins (GLIRB) Project, Federal Water
'Pollution Control Administration, Department of the Interior, during
its comprehensive study of the Lake Michigan Basin. The preparation
1-1
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of this appendix is a joint planning effort conducted by the Lake
Michigan Basin Office and the Planning Branch, Great Lakes Region,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
The area (See Figure 1-1) within the scope of this appendix
includes the Grand River and the entire watershed tributary to the
Grand River. Water quality conditions in the adjacent water of
lake Michigan at the mouth of the Grand River are also considered.
1-2
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10
Mi:e$
Secl«
GRAND RIVER B'ASIN- MICHIGAN
U S. DEPARTMENT OF THE I'JTCRiOS
FEDERALWATER POLLUTION COflTROL A.OI.'!N!ST3ATIOH
GSEAT LAKES REGION C HIC AC 0,1 LLINOIS
1-3
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SECTICM 2
DESCRIPTIOII OF AREA
Location
The Grand River Easin is located in the south -central part
of the lower peninsula of Michigan, The Basin contains a drainage
area of 5572 square miles. It is approximately 135 miles long and
70 miles at its maximum upstrean width. All or part of 19 counties
are contained within the area,
The Grand River originates in the northeast corner of
Hillsdale County some 15 miles south of Jackson, Michigan. Six
major tributaries are the principal contributors to runoff in the
Easin. The Flat, Rogue and Maple Rivers enter the in a in stream from
the north, the Thorr-apple River from the south, and the Lcokingglass
and Cedar Rivers from the east. These six streams together with the
Portage River near Jackson comprise a total of seme 3,200 square
miles of drainage area. The remaining drainage area is accounted
for by about 30 minor tributary creeks, ranging in size from 65
square miles down to 2 square miles.
Table 2-1
Drainage Areas - Grand River Basin
Drainage Area
River (Square Miles)
Portage 186
Cedar " 463
Lookingglass 312
Maple 775
Flat 562
Thornapple 845
Rogue 255
Other Tributaries 2,174
Grand River Total 5,572
Streamflows at specific gage locations are given in
Table 2-2.
2-1
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Topography and Soils
The surface of the Basin is covered with glacial deposits
with bedrock outcropping at only two or three locations. The
glacial debris conslntn primarily of sands and gravels on the
terminal moraines, the outwash plains and the till plains. Clay,
fine sand, silt and finely ground line are found in the old
glacial lake beds. The loamy sands, clays and muck soils are
prominent throughout the valley and, because of their fertility
and favorable texture, produce high yields of crops.
Climate
The average annual temperature in the watershed is about
49°F« Mean monthly temperatures range from a low of approximately
25 °F in January to ?2°F in July. Mean monthly precipitation ranges
from a low of 1.9 inches in December to a high of k inches in June,
with an average annual precipitation of 32.9 inches.
Populat ion
The Grand River Basin had a I960 population of about 950,000.
This estimate is based on an analysis of basin population by minor
civil subdivisions. The population of the Basin has grown at a
faster rate than tho Nation since 1940, increasing by more than
(300,000 in that period. In I960, 6? percent of the Basin's popula-
tion was municipal. The major cities in the Basin include: Grand
Rapids (173,300), Lansing (107,800), Jackson (50,700), and Wyoming
•(45,800). Table 2-3 shows the I960 total and municipal population
of the Basin and the projected populations for the years 1980 and
2020.
Table 2-3
Present and Projected Populations
Grand River Basin
I960 1980 2020
Total Municipal Total Municipal Total Municipal
950,000 640,000 1,300,000 940,000 2,300,000 2,000,000
Economy
The Grand River includes all or major parts of eleven Michigan
Counties.(Barry, Clinton, Eaton, Gratiot, Ingham, Ionia, Jackson,
Kent, Montcalm, Ottawa and Shiawassee). Manufacturing is the pre-
dominant economic activity in this eleven county area which approximates
2-2
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the Basin. In 1963, value added by manufacture totalled $1.7
billion. Major industries in the area include transportation
equipment, fabricated metals and furniture and fixtures. Table
2-4 shows trends in value added and manufacturing employment.
Table 2-4
Value Added by Manufacture
(In 1957-1959 Constant Dollars) and Manufacturing
Employment for the Eleven County Area
1947 1254, 1958 1963
VAM($1000s) ' 840,000 1,250,000 1,140,000 1,680,000
Mfg. Employment 121,622 127,865 113,954 130,056
Projections of population, manufacturing employment and pro-
ductivity increases indicate that industrial activity in the Basin
may be expected to increase six to seven-fold by the year 2020.
Agriculture is diversified in the Basin with dairying, live-
stock raising and cash grain farming, all relatively important. .
2-3
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SECTION 3
WATER USES AND WATER DUALITY REQUIREMENTS
Water Q^:
The water uses to be protected by water quality standards
in the Grand River Basin have been determined by the Michigan Water
Resources Corrmission. Their inclusion in this appendix is in
recognition of the primacy of the State's interest In and centre!
of the quality of intrastate waters. This inclusion does not con-
stitute endorsement of these standards or water uses by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration. The standards are shown in
Table 3-1.
Water Supply
(l) All existing public water supply intakes in normal
daily use will be protected for Domestic^ Water Supply at the point
of intake. The following waters will be protected for Domestic
Water Supply:
Grand River at Grand Rapids
Rogue River at Rockford
(2) All public waters will be protected for Industrial
Water Supply.
Recreation
(l) All natural lakes will be protected for Tpj,al_Bodv
Contact. The following impoundments will be protected for Total
Body Contact ;
Name
Ada Lake
Cascade Lake
Water Impounded
or Used for Total
_ Body Contact
Thornapple River
Thornapple River
Fallasberg Dam Flat River
Grand River Grand River
Grand River
Grand River
County
Kent
Kent
Kent
Ottawa
Kent
Area to
be Protected
From head of Ada Darn.
Upstrea-n to headwaters
of Cascade Lake (48th
Street).
Eastmanville down-
stream to l6Cth Ave.
Plainfield Read bridge
downstream to lover
limits of Comstock
Riverside Park,
3-1
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Name
Water Impounded
or Used for Total
Body Contact
County
Area to
be Protected
Ionia Recreation
Area
Lake Geneva
Lake LeAnn
Lake Victoria
Manitoon Lake
Moore ' s Park
Impoundment
Sessions Creek
Lookingglass River
(not impounded)
Grand River
Alder Creek
Unnamed Creek
'
Grand River
T6N, R3W, NW 1/4
Ionia Sec. 3 downstream
to dam.
Clinton
Hillsdale
Clinton
Shiawassee
Ingham Waverly
—
-
-
-
Rd. downsl
Sleepy Hollow
Reservoir
Maple River
Springbrook Ck.
Springbrook
Lake
Thornapple Lake Thornapple River
Webber Dan
Impoundment Grand River
to dam.
Clinton Jason Rd. downstream
to dam.
Shiawassee -
Barry -
Goodwin Rd. downstream to dan.
There are certain waters which, due to physical hazards,
have not been designated for total body contact. If these waters in
the future become suitable for this use through removal of these
hazards the waters will be reconsidered for total body contact use,
(2) All public waters will be protected for Partial Body
Contact.
Fish. Wildlife and Other Aquatic Life
All waters designated under the authority of P.A. 26 of 196?
by the Director of the Michigan Department of Conservation will be
protected for Intolerant Fish, cold water species, (trout)
The Grand River will be protected for anadromous fish
migration from its mouth upstream to the 6th Avenue dam at Grand Rapids,
All public waters will be protected for
Intolerant
Fish, warm water species except the following which will be protected
for Tolerant Fish;
Deer Creek - Grand Trunk and Western Railroad bridge in
Coopersville downstream to confluence with
the Grand River.
3-2
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Grand River - Jackson wastewater treatment plant down-
stream to U.S. 12? expressway bridge.
Grand River - Moore's Park dam downstream to upper dam
in Grand Ledge.
Plastic Creek - 28th St. bridge in Grand Rapids downstream
to confluence with the Grand River.
Red Cedar River - Harrison Rd. bridge downstream to con-
fluence with the Grand River.
Agricultural
All public waters will be protected for Agricultural.
The above designated uses are not intended to be applicable
to drainage ditches. However, Act 245 of the Public Acts of 1929,
as amended, prohibits unlawful pollution of any waters of the State
of Michigan,
It has been and continues to be the policy of the Water
Resources Commission to abate existing pollution and prevent the
occurrence of future pollution of all waters of the state including
jdrainage ditches.
i
There are stretches of streams within the Grand River drainage
area where natural water quality may at times be lower than certain
parameters of water quality standards specified for a designated use.
However,, it is intended that the water quality for a designated use
be maintained except in those instances where because of natural con-
ditions the quality is lowered.
The water quality standards for the designated use areas
shall not apply during periods of authorized dredging for navigation
purposes and during such periods of time when the after-effects of
dredging degrade water quality in areas affected by dredging. (Water
quality standards for the designated use shall apply in areas utilized
for the disposal of spoil from dredging operation.)
Where the waters of the Grand River Basin are classified
tinder more than one designated water use, it is intended that the
most restrictive individual standards of the designated water uses
shall be adhered to.
The use designations adopted by the Commission are in all cases
minimal and are not to be interpreted as a license to cause injuries
declared to be unlawful by Act 245, P.A. 1929, as amended, or to do
any other unlawful act.
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3-1
WATER
%M
^VTE
u>k>
"s\.
A
WATER SUPPLY
(1.) DOMESTIC
Such as drinking,
cu? Inary and food
process irg.
Such *S cool ing
and manufacturing
process.
B
RECREATION
(1) TOTAL BODY
CONTACT
Such as S-iinni ng ,
water skiing and skin
diving.
i CONTACT
Such as fishing ,
• hunting, trapping
and boat i ng .
'FISH, WILDLIFE
AND OTHER
AQUATIC LIFE
such as
(growth and propagation)
D
AGRICULTURAL
Such as t i ves tock
watering , i rrigat i on
and spraying.
COMMERCIAL
AND OTHER
• -;";•';•; v^r,-,""
... •
COLIFORW
j GROUP
^ (or gar.; s^s/IOOn-*
I o- *PN)
1
i Tne moit^ ly ~,f?-*2'~ >c avt^e-s
1 shall not excee-rj 'CO? r-- -~? ' '
'"3t of t'-e sa- ->)«•> cxa-'re''
' (r> rore t-s-. 5? c* tns sa-s'es.
1
The geomet-tc average of any
nor shall 204 of the sa-ples
examined exceed IO.OOC The
fecal coli for"' geone trie
exceea 1000
series o* 10 consecutive
af>p les 5 ha I 1 not exceec 'OOD
or shali 20' of the samples
xar«ined exce-d 5.000 The
ve ^age f o" t^ie same 1 0
exceed 100
fecal coltfo'n geometric
e«ceej 1000
The deonet'ic average of any
ser>e of 10 consecjtive
^a^ples s'-all r-ot exceed ^000
examned exceed IO.OCO The
fecal colifc F" Geo^etri^
secut i ve sa-fl ies sha ! ' not
exceed 1000
series of 10 consecut i ve
samples snsit PJ; exceed 5000
fecal col>EDr-i geonetr c
average for the sare (C con-
secutive samples shall not
exceed 1000
-4- 'v-""--' "•,,„,
." shd 1 ' 20 ' '.'1 tN; s3 9 le-
-xa-ni n^rt e-icp-r 10,000 Tn
e. eeJ 'OdO
2
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
H/0
^ -e*«i; at a! 1 t i--.es n
s^f-"^ie-it qua-itii'»s to
'"esert at al ', ti"^s in
*
Tresent at al 1 tt-Wi 'n
At the average lev. fl ow a^
7-day duration expected to
occur once in 10 years the
following 00 values shall De
fish, cofd-^ster spec.es
than b at any time.
Intolerant fish. *arn-v,a:er
species (bass, p.ke pan-
than *t. Tolerant fish
dai ly DO not iess than u,
nor shall any single value
be less than J, _Pr > nclpa 1
less tnan 5 djring
"igrat ions .
Ar greater flows the DO
pdje 26
3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL a
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
3EE33Bfi3£&y513&SSX£S&Ti!
Ho o&'Sc*. orable
qjav.inei s-ff.cie-.t
des • gf-atei < se
No obj e;f i Cf-arjie
des - gnated use
No obtecti c-ablc
cole' . o' dep:> • ts < i
quan; * t ies > j* f i c .? nt
des i ona Led _>t e
No object c-ias!e
designa.ei ^e
No object enable
des i graced _ise
des i gnated use
unn^ral t.-t.d.tv.
i nte' fere »• th the
des i qnated ^se
4
RESIDUES
(D«b-is end -«t*-'al
of unnatj-al origin
and oil-}
visible f i l-> of o> 1 ,
o* grease
VT s ble f i I" of O' ' ,
gasol i ne or re I ated
rat-' ia!s. Ho glofr'jtes
of grease
Floating so! cs; None
Res • dues : No ev'rfence
o* such n-ate-ia) except
v.sible f i I-. of -j.t .
materials No giob^les
of grease
F loat < nq so! ' tfs : None
fleshes: So ev.flence
Of ->atl,ral or c.r. No
visible f i H o* o. t ,
-ater lats No globules
of grease
Floatinq sol ss ; No"e
of.^nnat.ra^ c-, <^n.
visible fili ce o. 1 .
gasol >ne or re ! ated
materials No glabjles
of grease
Float. r>a so! cs: None
of natu'al c-" g1 n No
v.sible f • i- 0* o.l ,
gasol ine or re I ated
materials No globules
of grease
of unnatur,! ,- ,,„
of natural or • g> n No
v.sible f il- o* oil ,,
of grease
TOXIC a
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
Cooforr ro c.rrer-t L'S PHS
Dr nkng Ware- Sta-3a',ds
upser li-nt of 0 2 *flg/l
jpr>e- li"»"t o* 0 05 ^g/I .
priencl : Liffitat.o«-s as
def.ned ur-der A-8
L.-" ted to ccmcentrat'ors
of "^av become ' ft; ur . ous to
fe des . grated use
Linited tc co.-ceTtrat i ons
designated use
Nee to e«ceeo 1/!0 of the
=6-hour ned'a-i to'era^ce
l.-Ht obtained fr or- con-
coxicant are continuously
-enewed except that other
application factors p-av be
t.sed in spec'fic cases «he-i
available evidence and
aaency.
Dr.nk.ng Uste- Standards as
s^-al 1 be less than those
wntch a^e o' ma , become
.riuriojs to the Sesi gnated
use
-------
DUALITY STANDARDS
6
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
(mg/ 1 )
Shall not exce4- 5^? es
aiy si nqie va ! ue
1
Shall ^not exceed S^as
125
mj ur i ous to the
i nj ur ious to the
deleterious effects
,nSra's \J'l^ *
omula [NJ x 100J
ems per liter
tit ted to concantra-
h i c h are or "ia» be; c«~e
n, ur i ooS to t^e
NUTRIENTS
Phos phor L.S , amon i a ,
from i ndbStr i al ,
the st i«ijlat ton of
growths of algae, weed-.
tr^ -.,.,n.«J .se.
•
the St inol anon of
growths of algae, weeds
and s I imes which are or
the simulation of
growths of a! gae , weeds
the st mul at • on of
the st ir^jlat ion of
and si imes which are or
ma/ become injurious to
nd si tries which are or
onforn to USptiS Drinking
jni c i pa 1 , or dones tt c
t imulat ole
^ay become ,njur,ous to
' t sh or game .
origin sha! 1 be less
,: «,.,„«.; „„
9
TEMPERATURE
not be increased b/ 'Ore tnar 1 OOF
cold-water J2U to 10° 70°
oeoe* (tVout)
Into'erant fish. 32° to 35° '5°
species (bass) -wx.
Tolerant fish_, !2° to 59° 15°
spec.es (ca-p) '° max
Co, 3n3droP0^ , 5s ,,gr3-,cn5 3,j ;n,ard
lakes see ^isc.ss 2n, p?ge ?3
Not aBpl,cab.e
ot be increased b, more than 1 OOF
10
HYDROGEN
ION
(pH)
as a res'j! t of
6 5 and 8 8 w.th a
0 wn 1 1 w ih i rt thr s
neutral . ty (70)
„,,.„„.«„....,,
ourc*s
a-ge 6 5-8 8 «, tS a
a< ,-iun induced
jr < at >on of 0 5 uni t
i thin thi s <-ange
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS
limit .S exceeded fe
specific ratiioo^clides
t i on of rucl i des w 1 l not
Rad i at Ion Co-jnci 1
f
Strontl um-9D) If t*i- S
1 ITII t i S exceeded the
by cot-pi ete ana1 >5 > 5 n
»acc t^. ,^e co-;e---a-
ticn of ni_cl flts - I! -o'
established b, t^e F-:e-a!
Radi at t on Co_ic i 1
de lete' soi;s e f fee ts
-------
Present and Future Water Uses
Municipal Water Supply
In 3.963 there were 54 communities in the Grand River Basin
served by community water supply systems. These facilities served
an estimated population of 534,000 and supplied water at the
average rate of 89 million gallons per day (mgd). Of this total,
approximately 45 mgd were supplied for domestic, public and commer-
cial uses and kj mgd were supplied for industrial use. Table 3-2
summarizes municipal water use data for the Grand River Basin.
TABLE 3-2
Total Water Intake - Municipal Water
Systems, Grand River Basin (1963)
Source Population Served Water Intake(mpd)
Surface Water 214,000 35
Ground Water 320,000 54
534,000 89
I Municipal water demands for the major water service areas
(and projections to the years 1980 and 2020 are presented in Table
3-3. The projections are based upon considerations of population
"growth, anticipated industrial expansion and projected industrial
water use efficiency.
TABLE 3-3
Municipal Water Demands 1963 and Projections
to 1980 and 2020 (MGD)
Service Area
Grand Rapids*
Lansing^
Jackson
Grand Haven
Greenville
Hastings
Ionia
St. Johns
Grand Ledge
All Others
Basin Total 534,000 89 165 360
3-4
Source of
Water***
G,S,Lake
Michigan
& Grand R.
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
-
Population
Served(l963 )
252,000
127,000
55,000
11,000
7,450
7,320
6,700
5,900
5,770
58,000
1963
Demand
(MGD)
40.7
22.4
10.5
3.3
1.4
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.6
7.3
1980
Demand
(MGD)
68
40
16
5
2
1
2
2
1
28
2020
Demand
(MGD)
131
112
30
11
4
3
3
3
2
61
-------
* Includes Wyoming, Grandville, and East Grand Rapids.
## Includes East Lansing and Lansing 'Township.
•&-X-X- s — surface water source, G — ground water source.
Self-supplied Industrial Water
Based on data provided by the U. S. Bureau of the Census
in a special tabulation for the F//PCA, it has been determined that
the major demand for self-supplied industrial water in the Basin
in the Grand Rapids, Lansing, and Jackson areas as shown in
Table 3-4. Projections contained in Table 3-4 were developed
following consideration of anticipated increases in industrial out-
put and water use efficiency.
TABLE 3-4
Self-Supplied Industrial Water Demands
1959 and Projections to 1980 and 2020
Service Area 1959 Demand .(ngd) 1980 Demand (rapid) 2020 Demand(mgdj
Grand Rapids 58 14
Lansing 23 6
Jackson 6 9 .14
The study area abounds with natural resources capable of
satisfying the needs of residents for water-oriented outdoor recrea-
tion. There are many lakes in the study area which provide excellent
recreational potential. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan around
Grand Haven offers a great opportunity for water-oriented recreation.
However, a number of the streams and stream sectors within the study
area are degraded in water quality to the point that they are not
available for most recreational pursuits.
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has identified areas of
serious water recreation impairment due to water pollution. In general,
the impaired areas are the harbor water at Grand Kaven, the downstream
end of the Portage River, and the Grand River below Jackson, Lansing,
and Grand Rapids.
The State of Michigan has identified potential parks and camp
grounds and is contemplating the construction of reservoirs for
recreational purposes. The need to control water pollution at all
such facilities is paramount since such pollution could well jeopardize
the very water uses for which the facilities are being planned.
Irrigation
The soils in the Basin which require irrigation are located,
for the greater part, adjacent to Lake Michigan.
3-5
-------
In the Upper Grand River Basin, above Ionia, specialized
crops such as mint account for the greatest acreage receiving irri-
gation. These are followed by potatoes, field crops, cucumbers,
pickles, and'melons. Non-agricultural irrigation (golf courses,
cemeteries, parks, etc.) accounted for 740 of the 4800 acres irri-
gated in this part of the Basin. The overall results of Michigan
Water Resources Commission irrigation surveys indicate that there
were 2J,% more irrigation systems and 23% ?r.ore acres irrigated in
the Upper Grand River Basin during 1960-61 than there were in
1957-53.
In the Lower Grand River Basin truck crops accounted for
about 35f» of the agricultural irrigated acres with raspberries,
blueberries, flowers and nurseries also having significant acreage
in irrigation. Of the estimated total of 6500 acres receiving
irrigation, cemeteries, parks and golf courses accounted for about
800 acres.
The 1959 water usage for irrigation in the Grand River Basin
was estimated to average 3.5 ^-gd during the growing season. It is
anticipated that this usage will increase threefold by 1930.
However, even with such an increase the demand on existing water
resources will be minor compared to the total water usage in the
Basin.
Fish and Aquatic Life
There are about 260 miles of main stream channels in the
Upper Grand River Basin above Ionia. This includes the Grand,
.Maple, Lookingglass, Cedar, and Portage Rivers. This system offers
many opportunities for fishing and duck hunting. A number of reser-
voirs at power dams furnish expanded fishing and hunting opportunities.
In the Grand River Basin there are 12 State Game Project Areas
where public hunting and fishing opportunities are provided. Fishing
opportunities exist at the Grand Haven State Park. Public fishing
sites are available at 48 lakes and streams in the Basin with an
area of about 2,100 acres and frontage of about 21,600 ft. Over
250,000 fish, including trout, bass, pike and bluegills were planted
during 1962 in 10 of the 19 counties of the Basin.
Wildlife and Stock Watering
The 1959 agricultural water use for stock watering in the
Grand River Basin was about 3.5 mgd. Projections of this usage indi-
cate that the demand will increase lg times by 1980. The use of
water for wildlife and stock watering does not play a significant
role in the water supply problems of the Basin.
3-6
-------
Hydropower
As of 1965 there were 12 hydroelectric power plants in .
the Basin, with a total installed capacity of 13,500 kilowatts (KW)
and a total average annual generation of 46,400 megawatt hours
(MWH). Five of the plants are located on Thornapple River, two are
located on the Flat River, one is located on Spring Brook and four
are located on the main stem of the Grand River. Five potential
hydroelectric sites on the Grand River have been identified by the
Federal Power Commission. The sites are located at Grand Rapids,
Saranac, Portland, McGee and Danby and would have a total potential
capacity of 18,700 KW and a total average annual generation of
65,400 i-r.-/H.
The use of water for hydroelectric power generation is not
considered to be a major use in the Basin. However, water quality
problems may develop from the operation of such plants, particularly
below dams during off-peak power demands when water releases nay be
drastically reduced. This can be seen in reviewing Table 2-2.
Commercial Shipping
Grand Haven is one of Lake Michigan's major commercial harbors
currently handling in excess of 2\ million tons of commerce annually.
Harbor vessel traffic has averaged 2.9 million tons for the period
1955-64, while during 1964 the traffic was 2.6 million tons. The
harbor is located at the mouth of the Grand River. A shallow-draft
barge channel extends about 15 miles up the Grand River serving com-
mercial sand and gravel deposits, located near the channel's upper
end.
Cooling Water
As of 1965 the Federal Power Commission reported that there
are 14 thermal electric power plants in the Basin. Table 3-5 sum-
marizes data relating to capacity and cooling water intake, when
operating at capacity, at each of the 10 steam plants. There are
also 4 internal combustion plants in the Basin with an installed
capacity of 28,800 KW.
3-7
-------
TABLE 3-5
Water Intake-Steam Power Plants
Grand River Basin
Installed Est, Cooling
Leation pJL
Grand Haven 20,000 2?
Grand Rapids 20,000 27
Grand Rapids A, 050 6
Grand Rapids 1,250 2
Lansing * 81,500 ' 110
Lansing 262,000 353
East Lansing 6,000 &
East Lansing 6,000 8
Eaton Rapids 1,250 2
The use of water for cooling purposes in steam power plants
is considered to be significant in the study area with a high.
level of such use at Lansingo Most cooling waters are returned to
streams 12-13°F warmer than at intake. Stream, temperatures as high
as 90°F have been recorded below the power stations at Lansing.
Waste Assimilation
Use of streams in the Grand River Basin for waste assinila-
tion is one of the predominant present day uses, and in several
locations it is the cause of extreme water quality problems as
discussed in Sections 4 and 6a
Esthetics _
The use of water for esthetic enjoyment is an intangible
benefit which is directly related to the availability of clean water.
It is a very important factor in determining the recreational poten-
tial of the Grand River Basin. Camping, picnicking, and sightseeing
are more enjoyable when accompanied by pleasing lakes and. streams of
high quality water. Pollution robs the water of its esthetic value
for such water related activities. Since this Basin will be called
upon to provide recreation for many people living both within and out-
side the Basin, it is very important that the waters of the area be
kept esthetically pleasing.
Beyond its importance to recreation the maintenance of an
esthetically pleasing habitat for the present and future millions of
residents of the Basin is essential to the economic and social well
being of the area.
3-3
-------
SECTION 4
PRESENT WATER QUALITY AND PROBLEMS
General
The information and interpretations presented in this dis-
cussion are based on data collected by the GLIRB Project during its
water quality studies of the Lake Michigan Basin (1962-1964). The
GLIRB Project studies have been supplemented by data obtained from
other Federal agencies, the State of Michigan and local agencies.
Two programs of study were carried out by the GLIRB Project with
respect to water quality in the Grand River Basin. The first con-
sisted of weekly sampling of the river mouth to determine average
annual loadings discharged to the Lake and water quality variability.
The second consisted of intensive studies of two stream stretches
of the Grand River to determine the effect of organic wastes on
stream oxygen resources.
Sununarv
The chemical, bacteriological and radiochemical data pre--
sented in subsequent pages form the basis for the following con-
clusions with respect to water quality effects:
1. The Grand River for a 25 mile stretch below Jackson
is polluted.' The principal waste source causing
pollution is the effluent from the Jackson sewage
treatment plant.
2. The Grand River for a 25 mile stretch below Lansing
is polluted. The principal waste sources causing pol-
lution are the effluent from the Lansing and East Lansing
sewage treatment plants. Cooling water discharges from
Thermal-electric power plants in Lansing intensify the
adverse effects on. water quality.
Grand River Houth Sampling
Physical and Chemical Findings
During the period from March 1963 through April 1964, the
GLIRB Project collected samples at the mouth of the Grand River to
determine loadings of various substances being carried into Lake
Michigan. The analytical results of this sampling are shown below
in Table 4-1. Of all the chemical parameters reported, the two
nutrients, total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen, are most illus-
trative of the waste inputs discharged to lake Michigan by the
Grand River.
4-1
-------
Considering all Lake Michigan tributaries, the Grand River :s
one of the greatest contributors of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen
with inputs of 1777 and 6970 pounds per day, respectively. In
general, the chemical parameters for given streams in the Lake
Michigan Basin follow definite patterns. In the Grand River phos-
phorus and. ammonia nitrogen concentrations are high and a pattern
of high values is also seen for the other chenical parameters as
shown in Table 4-1. The Grand River is also one cf the rajcr con-
tributors of dissolved substances to the Lake.
Water Quality - Grand River at "outh
March 1963 - April 1964
No. of Concent ration (rr^r/lj Loading.
Parameter Samples Average £~*H£j~
Total
Phosphorus (P) 52 0.17 0.04-0.36 1777
Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N) 52 0.68 0.05-1.5 6970
Nitrate Nitrogen (HC^-N) 51 0,72 O.C/,-2.4
Organic Nitrogen(Org-r) 52 0.77
Total Dissolved
Solids 51 350 275-570
Total Suspended
Solids 44 24 6-8^
Sulfates (SO^) 52 74 56-100
Chlorides (Cl) 52 42 19-67
' Silicon Dioxide (Si02) 52 5.3 2.5-17
Calcium (Ca) 52 72 51-85
Magnesium (Kg) 52 26 16-30
Sodium (Na) 52 28 7.1-43
Potassium (K) 52 2.8 _ 2.1-3.9
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate
(ABS) 52 0.28 0.11-0.73
Copper (Cu) 52 0.14
Cadmium (Cd) 52 *
Nickel (Ni) 52 0.04
Zinc (Zn) 52 *
Chromium (Cr) 52 0.04
Lead (Pb) 52 0.11
* Not Detectable at Test Sensitivity.
4-2
-------
The maximum phenol concentration on the eastern side of
Lake Michigan was 7.2 micro-grains per liter (ug/1) close to the
mouth of the Grand River. BOD5 values as high as 8.6 rng/1 were re-
corded near the mouth. An average total chromium concentration of -
0.04 mg/1 was found at the mouth of the Grand River. This concen-
tration is only slightly less than the Public Health Service Drinking
Water Standards(22) mandatory limit of 0.05 iag/1 for hexavalent
chromium.
Radiochemical Findings
The analytical results from 1963 sampling in the Grand River
at the mouth are shown below in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2
Radioactivity
Grand River at Mouth
1963 Average
Portion Gross Alpha Gross Beta
Concentration^ (pcy/l) Concentration (pc/l)
j
{Suspended Solids •
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In Figure 4-1 the apparent effects cf effluent aeration at
the Jackson sewage treatment plant are shown with a rise in the
stream DO from about 0.4 mg/1 to 3 mg/1 in a distance of about 0.5
mile below the plant discharge. The stream DO concentration then
decreases rapidly to a low of about 0.2 mg/1 at a point about 7
miles below the plant discharge. The highest DO concentration in
the study reach, 3.5 rag/1, was found at a point about 19 miles below
the Jackson plant discharge. Desirable fish and aquatic life cannot
survive under such degraded oxygen conditions.
In Figure 4-2 the high BCD levels, reaching a maximum of
29 mg/1 about 3 miles below the Lansing Sewage Treatment Plant dis-
charge, result in DO levels below 3 mg/1 for a 19 mile stretch below
the Lansing plant. The minimum DO, about 0.6 mg/1, occurs about 10.5
miles below the Lansing plant. As was the case below Jackson, de-
sirable fish and aquatic life cannot survive below Lansing due to
the degraded oxygen conditions. The stream is also unsuitable for
other beneficial uses.
Further demand on the oxygen resources of the Grand River
below Lansing results from the thermal discharges of the steam elec-
tric generating stations at Lansing. Increases in stream temperatures
below the stations result in a higher rate of biological activity and
a more rapid uptake of dissolved oxygen. The increased temperatures
also limit the total amount of dissolved oxygen available for waste
assimilation due to a lowering of oxygen saturation values. As dis-
cussed in Chapter 5 the stream temperatures below Lansing, under
certain conditions, can easily rise above 100°F. These temperatures,
in themselves, impair water uses at Lansing.
The Grand River in the stream reaches below Jackson and
Lansing was also found to be esthetically unpleasing and objectionable
for recreational uses such as boating, water skiing, and similar
aquatic sports. The organic loadings causing these polluted conditions
originate from the discharges of municipal sewage treatment plants.
The major municipal waste discharges are listed in Table 5-1.
Microbiological. Findings
Limited microbiological studies were conducted in conjunction
with the intensive DO - BOD studies below Jackson and Lansing.
Analyses for both total coliform and fecal streptococcus organisms
were made.
Below Jackson, 11 samples were collected at eight stations
and analyzed for coliform and fecal streptococci. Total coliform
organisms reached a maximum density of 230,000 per 100 ml. At a
point about 1.5 miles below the Jackson sewage treatment plant dis-
charge and 0.5 mile below the Prison plant discharge. The maximum
4-4
-------
fecal streptococcus density was 6400 organisms per 100 ml. About
0.5 mile below the Jackson plant discharge, the maximum densities
were found in samples collected October 14, 1964.
Below Lansing 17 samples were collected at eight stations.
Total coliform organisms reached a maximum density of 930,000 per
100 ml during the May 13, 1964 sampling, at a point approximately
1 mile below the Lansing sewage treatment plant discharge. The max-
imum fecal streptococcus density was found at a point about $.$
miles below the Grand Ledge sewage treatment plant discharge, reach-
ing 12,000 organisms per 100 ml during the October 14, 1966 sampling.
The bacterial- densities reported above indicate a high degree
of pollution most likely resulting from the discharge of wastes from
the municipal sewage treatment plants at Jackson, the State Prison,
Lansing and Grand Ledge. The densities are of such magnitude as to
seriously impair beneficial water uses such as partial body-contact
recreation and municipal and industrial water supply. The densities
present a definite hazard to the health of humans coning in contact
with the waters effected.
4-5
-------
SECTION 5
WATER QUALITY CONTROL
(WASTE SOURCES AND CONTROL MEASURES)
General
The problems of water quality control in the Grand River
Basin are complex. Solutions to these problems will of necessity
involve a comprehensive program which includes construction of
new sewerage facilities; and continuous and intensive monitoring
of operating procedures, treatment plant efficiency, and water
quality conditions to determine necessary additional construction
and operation needs as they arise. In addition, some combination
of advanced waste treatment and flow regulation may be required
to attain the desired water quality below Jackson and Lansing. The
following paragraphs present information on waste sources, pro-
jected waste loads and water quality improvement measures which
should be employed.
Waste Sou re e s
The Grand River and the streams tributary to it receive an
estimated organic waste load of 32,000 pounds of 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand (8005) per day. Approximately 15,COO pounds are from
industries with separate discharges. The most significant waste
loads in terms of water use impairment are discharged at Jackson
and Lansing.
The following paragraphs summarize the major waste sources
in the Basin. Consequences of these discharges were discussed in
Section 4.
Municipal
Approximately 540,000 people were served by 47 municipal
sewerage systems in the Grand River Basin in 1962.
Of the 47 municipal sewerage systems 18 provide minor or no
treatment. Of the remaining 29 systems, 9 provide only primary
treatment, (sedimentation and sludge disposal) and 20 provide
secondary treatment (primary treatment plus filtration or activated
sludge). Major municipal sewerage facilities having connected popu-
lations of 5,000 or more are listed in Table 5-1, and their loca-
tions are shown on Figure 1-1.
5-1
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Industrial
Industries with separate outfalls discharge approximately
21,000 pounds of BODj daily to the streams of the Grand River Easin.
Major industrial waste sources in the Grand River Easin are listed
in Table 5~2.
Coiribined_S ewer s_
It has beer, estimated that a qb.?,r.tity, equivalent to 3 to 5
percent, of all untreated waate-water i'lov; in ccnbined sev;er systems,
is annually discharged to streams by overflows, A far greater per-
centage of the solids arc discharged to -streams from overflows due
to the fact that the sludge deposited in the sewers is flushed out
by the storm flow.
Of the 47 communities with public sewer systems in the Area
only about 8 have completely separate sewer systems. The types of
sewer systems of the major municipal waste source are listed in
Table 5-3.
TABLE 5~3
Types of Municipal Sewer Systems
Major Municipal V'aste Sources
Grand River Basin
iZ Type of Sewor System
Jackson Combined
East Lansing Separate and Ccnbined
Lansing Separate and Combined
Grand Ledge Separate and Combined
Saint Johns Separate and Combined
Hastings Combined
Greenville Combined
Ionia Separate and Combined
Grand Rapids Separate and Combined
Grand Haven Combined
Steam Power Plants
Thermal discharges from two steam generating stations at
Lansing, Michigan are particularly significant from a water quality
standpoint. The temperatures of 90°F reported by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission were measured prior to the installation of
additional generating capacity at Lansing. Unless control measures
are taken, the temperature standards for fish and aquatic life will
not be maintained.
5-2
-------
Agriculture and Land Runoff
Fertilizer
Estimates of fertilizer use in the Grand River Basin are
that approximately 8,000 tons of nitrogen and 5.000 tons of phos-
phorus are being used annually. The applications of these are
projected to increase four and two-fold, respectively, by 2020.
During 1963 - 196^ the F.
-------
The U. S. Public Health Service has established regulations
governing vessel waste discharges in the Great Lakes based upcn
their legal responsibility for the interstate control of corxvanicable
diseases. Restricted areas have been established in which the dis-
charge of sewage, or ballast or bilge water, from vessels is pro-
hibited. Restricted areas include the water within a three mile
radius of domestic water intakes. Additional controls were recom-
mended by the conferees to the Four State-Federal lake Michigan
Enforcement Conference,
Recreational Boats .
In addition to commercial traffic, Grand Haven Harbcr is
also an important recreational boating center. About /VOOO recrea-
tional craft annually are passed through the Spring Bridge which
joins Ferrysburg and Spring Lake. There are numerous marinas and
boat clubs along the lower part of the Grand River. Many of the
larger recreational craft are equipped with galley and toilet
facilities which may discharge untreated or inadequately treated
wastes to the Harbor or Lake waters. Oil and gasoline wastes, as
well as garbage and sewage from onboard cooking and toilet facilities,
are the major potential sources of pollution. The State of Michigan
has recently adopted rules and regulations to control pollution from
this source.
Dredging
Maintenance dredging is done by the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers to maintain authorized navigation depths in Grand Haven
Harbor. Dredged materials are disposed of in the deep waters of
Lake Michigan.
Water quality surveys made in 196? by the FJPCA showed
significant evidence of pollution material in the bottcm deposits
of Grand Haven Harbor. Transfer of this pollutional material to
Lake Michigan via the dredging process creates an additional zone
of pollution in the Lake.
Through a joint statement announced March 1, 1967, the
Department of the Army and the Department of the Interior agreed on
a program and plan for attacking the problem of the disposition, of
polluted material, dredged from harbors in the Great Lakes. It was
agreed that, in order to maintain navigation, the Corps of Engineers
would proceed with dredging in calendar year 196? en 6^ channel and
harbor projects in the Great Lakes. The Corps also initiated a two-
year pilot program early in 196? to develop alternative disposal
methods which would lead to a permanent plan of action.
5-4
-------
Scurc e 3 of Pho sr^h o_rus_
i
Transport to Streams and Lakes fron
Rural Lands
The amount of soluble phosphorus reaching streams from land
runoff, in the Grand River Easin, as estimated fron samples taken
on eight pilot v/alersheds, as previously dismissed, is a "bout
310,000 pounds annually or approximate?;.y C.I poured3 per acre of
watershed. Although there are neny factors which affect phosphorus
contributions from rural areas, including methods of applying fer-
tilizers, quantities applied, type of soil, topography, rainfall,
land use practices and soil cover, it is believed that the results
obtained are reasonably representative of the Grand River EC,sir,.
Municipal Sources
Domestic sewage is relatively rich in phosphorus compounds.
Most of this phosphorus comes from hurnan excreta and synthetic
detergents. The airiount of phosphorus released by human metabolic
processes is a function of protein intake and for the average person
in the United States, this release is considered to be about 1,5
grams per day. Synthetic detergent formulations contain large
amounts of phosphorus. It is estimated that 2.5 grams of phosphorus
per capita-day are discharged to sewer systems ss a result of the
use of synthetic detergents.
When the above per capita figures for phosphorus from human
excreta and detergents are expanded to cover the entire sevrered
population of the Grand River Basin the quantity becomes quite
•large. Data from waste inventories show that 540,000 people are
served by sewer systems in the Basin. It is estimated that a total
of approximately 1,100,000 pounds of soluble phosphorus from humans
and detergents are discharged to the waters of_ the Basin each year.
Tributary Mouth Sampling
In addition to the land runoff sampling from the eight
small subbasins discussed above, sampling stations were established
at the mouth of the Grand River. These stations were sampled in-
termittently for one year during the same period in which the land
runoff stations were sampled.
Sampling at the mouth made it possible to estimate the
total phosphorus load reaching lake Michigan from the Grand River.
It was determined that a total of approximately 700,000 poundo of
phosphorus is discharged to the Lake annually. This is ~Ll,% of the
total phosphorus input to the I,ake and is therefore a significance
source of this critical pollutant.
5-5
-------
The immediate goal in the treatment of municipal wastes is
the provision of biological (secondary) treatment at each waste
treatment plant. Such treatment is the minimum considered adequate
in terms of present technology. This need is especially important
in those areas where consideration is being giver, to low- flow
augmentation to assist in maintaining water quality standards. Aug-
mentation cannot be considered as a substitute for secondary treat-
ment. Adequate effluent disinfection is also considered to be a
necessity in the Grand River Basin particularly where recreational
use of the receiving waters is prevalent. There is also a present
need tc increase total phosphorus removal to at least 50? as
reeorar.iended by the Four State-Federal Enforcement Conference on
the Pollution of lake Michigan and its Tributary Basin.
There are 47 municipal sewerage facilities in the Grand
River Basin. CT these, 20 provide secondary biological waste treat-
ment. Municipal waste treatment construction needs for the major
communities of the Grand. River Basin are shown on Table 5~lr. These
needs are based on waste flow and waste load projections to the
year 1930.
Indust ritlVas,eTreatnient Meeds
Minimum treatment needs for major industries with separate
outfalls are listed in Table 5-5. In developing this list it was
considered that the equivalent of secondary waste treatment as
described in the preceding section would be the minimum degree of
treatment required.
Combined, Sewer Overflow Co_nt rol
The need for solutions to the problems ""caused by overflows
from combined sewer systems is pressing and is receiving rv.eh
current attention. The V/ater Quality Act"" of 1965 established a
four-year program of grants and contract authority to demonstrate
new or improved methods to eradicate the problems of combined sewer
overflows .
While economically feasible methods for solving the problems
are being developed, existing combined sewer systems should be
patrolled and overflow regulating structures should be adjusted to
convey the maximum practicable amount of combined flews to and
through waste treatment facilities. Combined sewers should be pro-
hibited in all newly developed urban areas and should be separated
in coordination with urban renewal projects.
5-6
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Proper plant operation r.ust follow proper plant design in
order to efficiently reach the goals of water pollution control.
The importance and value of proper plant operation must be em-
phasized at all levels of public authority. Effective operation
can be encouraged by means of a routine inspection program.
Inspections should be conducted by the appropriate State agencies
on at least an annual basis for the small and medium-sized plants,
and at Ieast5 bi-annually for the larger plants.
The Michigan Depa.rtir.ent of Health, administers a mandatory
sewage treatment plant operators' certification program. State-
sponsored operator training programs are also a useful tool for
elevating the level of overall plant performance. Today, with
increasing activity in the field of water pollution control at the
Federal, State and local levels, operator training courses should
be conducted at least anrrually. The Michigan program, consisting
of annual training en a regional basis, compares favorably with
the training programs sponsored by other states.
Monthly operation reports should continue to be submitted
to the Michigan V«'ater Resources Commission from each municipal and
industrial waste treatment facility. These reports should contain
sufficient information to describe waste treatment efficiency and
the quality and quantity of the effluent discharged to the waters
'of the Easin.
Monitoring
The maintenance of desirable water quality on a continuing
basis calls for a routine monitoring program covering the signifi-
cant water quality parameters at strategic points.
The overall monitoring program should be geared to provide
an adequate picture of all wastes being discharged to the waters of
the Basin and adjacent waters of Lake Michigan and serve to indicate
trends in water quality or the need for additional water quality
improvement measures.
As part of an overall monitoring program efforts are needed
to assess the potential problems associated with agricultural
practices in the Grand River Basin. There is a lack of reliable
information concerning land use practices and the quantities of
pesticides and fertilizers applied within the Basin. Reliable
data concerning application rates on a yearly basis in each county
would be very helpful in identifying potential water quality prob-
lem areas.
5-7
-------
State '. ,'at er_ jyjJLutio_n_Cc_nt rp?^. Pro." ram
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act recognises the pri-
mary responsibility of the States in the control and. prevention of
water pollution. The effectiveness of a State program, however, is
dependent upon adequate funds and personnel with which to accomplish
this mission.
The State of Michigan has achieved contend able success in
the control of water pollution with the staff and. funds available.
However, even though much has bean accomplished by the State in
controlling conditions, much remains yet to be done. In 19&4, the
Public Administration Snr^ice nrerared a survey report for the
Public Health Service concerning the budgeting and staffing cf
State prograr/is. This report ccr.tains suggested guidelines for use
in evaluating the adequacy of State water pollution control pro crams.
This report suggests a mini muni total staff level of 110 persons and
a desirable total staff level of 1?1.
In view of the water pollution control problens still exist-
ing in the Basin consideration should be given to an accelerated
program to natch the needs for clean water for all legitimate uses.
An accelerated State water pcllutDon control program utilizing
fully the resources and programs cf the Federal V/ater Pollution
Control Administration will ensure the earliest possible accomplish-
ment of our common goal - more effective use of our water resources.
Strearnflcw
Based on consideration of the location of principal municipal
and industrial waste discharges in the Grand River Basin and. the
quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the receiving waters,
two reaches of the main stem of the Grand River below Jackson and
Lansing were selected for waste assimilation studies.
Waste assimilation studies were conducted to determine the
total streamflow required to meet a range of water quality goals
in the Grand River below Jackson and Lansing. During 19&A intensive
stream investigations were conducted en these reaches during Kay,
July and October.
A computer program was utilized to develop a mathematical
model which reproduced the stream conditions observed during these
intensive sampling periods. Using projected flow and quality data
for the waste inputs within the study reaches of the stream, the
model was used to compute the total streamflov/s required for flow
regulation for water quality control. It has been assumed that a
90$ BOD 5 removal will be provided -by-iaSO anri -^-9^-E^-r-esoval
Tfta tc provided Vy -gQ2Q for both municipal and industrial waste
discharges.
5-8
-------
The State; of Michigan has set a r.ininuri standard of L.O r.g/1
of dissolved oxygen below both Lansing and Jackson. The maintenance
of this standard for dissolved oxygen in conduction with the other
water quality standards listed in Sect?on 3 will assure the absence
of nuisance odor conditions; pern-.it recreational use involving
partial body contact; support pollution tolerant fish such as carp
and other aquatic life; and in general, provide for the esthetic
enjoyment of clean surface waters. St-reav-flow requirements to main-
tain the required DC level are showr. by r.cnth in Table 5-£.
The estimated ranges of total strea-.flow required to maintain
a DO concentration of 4.0 n*/l below Jackson are 53 to 510 cfs ir.
1980 and 103 to 8bO cfs in 2020. Below 1-arising the stres^iflows re-
quired to maintain a DO of L r.g/1 are 55 to h8Q cfs in 19-0 and l6u
to 1760 cfs in 2020. Ranfes in streamflow requirements are pri.Vi2.rily
due to the wide variation in stream temperatures over the year.
The abilit
can be assessed I
1980 and 2020 wit
of existing strearnflows to meet the above der.ands
• comparing the estimated rnaxinrji required flows in
the 1 dav once-in~10-year lev; flews as shown in
Table 2-2. The comparison indicates that existing lew flows will
not be adequate to assir.iilate the treated waste discharges at
Jackson and Lansing in 1980 and 2020. Thus, it is concluded that
some combination*streanflow regulation and advanced waste treatment,
beyond <3$o BOD^ removal, will be required to achieve the water quality
goal of k mg/1 DO below Jackson and belov; Lansing.
5-9
-------
•
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SECTION 6
ALTER! I ATI \>ES
General
Benefits to be derived from water supply and water quality
control are determined on the basis of the least costly alternate
single-purpose project which would provide an adequate water supply
or result in meeting a given water quality level. Alternatives
considered in the ca'se of water supply include storage reservoirs
in the Grand River Basin itself, transportation of water from out-
side the Basin and expansion of existing well supplies. Water
quality control alternatives include storage reservoirs in the
Grand River Basin itself, transportation of water from outside the
Basin and higher degrees of waste treatment.
Reservoir Sites.
Approximately 75 possible Grand River Basin reserve-it sites
have been identified by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. These
sites have been depicted by means of colored overlays on Michigan
Department of Conservation County maps. A set of these overlay
maps was used to obtain pertinent information, such as the loca-
tion, storage volume and drainage area of each of the proposed sites.
This information permitted tentative selections of reservoir sites
which could be used for the purpose of water supply storage for
water quality control to serve the control areas previously outlined.
At the writing of this appendix no final decision had been made as
to. which reservoir projects would actually be constructed.
Possible reservoir sites are shown schematically on Figure 6-1
and described in Tables 6-1 and 6-2. These possible sites were se-
lected from the overlay maps on the basis of size and location. In
estimating the storage that could be obtained for the purposes of
water supply or water quality control, the average annual flow was
utilized. A factor of 0.7 cfs per square mile (Lansing Gage) was
used to estimate the average discharge at the various sites. If
the estimated average annual volume of flow was less than the storage
available at a site then the lower volume figure was used to deter-
mine the storage available for water supply or water quality control.
Water Supply
Data on municipal and municipally supplied industrial water
use was presented in Section 3. Based on projected water needs
given in that section and comments obtained from the U. S. Geological
6-1
-------
Mud Creek Site
V/illiamston Site
. t___ Grand Lakes Site
2LX Liberty Site
Vandercook Site
JACKSON
Onondaga
Site
Sycamo re-
Creek Site
Oke-aus Site V
Millet Site
LANSING
-a
c
E
o
FIGURE 6-1
Spring Brook
#2 Site
CHICAGO PROGRAM OFFICE
POSSIBLE RESERVOIR SITES
LANSING aJACKSON.MICH.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TH£ INTERIOR
FECERALV.'ATER FOLLUT lO.'i-CONTHOU AOr.'INISTRATI.'N
G:SEAT LAKE SRtGION CHICAGO,l
-------
Survey, it appears that ground sc;\rce3 of rj;nieipal v.-ater supply
will become insufficient to meet the cev.ar.ds of 20 2G the water
demand at that city will reach at out 120 r.gd. Sor.e 90 ngd cf this
amount v;ill be supplied from ground water sources. Considering a
single-purpose reservoir as a, possible water supply source, a
storage volume of approximately L6tCOO acre feet would be required
to augment the well supply. Tnio includes a 20;- allowance for
storage losses and is over and above storage recuire~entb for water
quality control which are discur.sed below,
Development of the William ton site en the Red Cedar River
as a single-purpose water supply reservoir would cost approximately
?•"[ r" ">.- -- r f ~,
V-:-U , <-^"^ } '- ". >, .• ,
One alternative to construction of a reservoir as described
above would be to obtain water from cne of the Great Lakes, i.e.,
either Lake Michigan or Lake Huron. A connection v;lth Lake Michigan
would require the construction cf a 60 inch diameter pipeline 30 mile:
in length and 9 pumping stations. The construction of such a project
would cost about !: 30, COO, 000. This is based on a cost of £60 per
lineal foot of pipe and $52,000 per punning station.
Water
Flow requirements given in Table 5-6 were use-d to determine
the storage volume needs for water quality control in the Grand
P.iver, It should be noted here that these flew requirements were
detennir
-------
It is interesting to note that the City of Jackson has pro-
ceeded on its own initiative with encouragement from the Michigan
Water Resources Commission to study treatment methods to further
reduce oxygen-demand in their present activated sludge effluent.
Jackson has received a Demonstration Grant from the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration to aid in carrying on this study.
The alternative of importing water from the Great Lakes for
augmentation is not considered advisable. This is due to the fact
that local interests have already recognized the need for higher
degrees of treatment and are working toward that end. Further, it
is the Federal Water* Pollution Control Administration's opinion thai
the importation of high quality water for the primary purpose of
diluting waste treatment plant effluents is not in best interests
of the general public in this instance.
Lansing
Storage requirements for water quality control below Lansing
are approximately 46,000 acre feet in the period up to 1930 and an
additional TZTjtKTO acre feet in the period 1930 to 2000. In the
period 2000 to 2020, an additional 184,000 acre feet would be re-
quired. This assumes a ^0% reduction of BCD5 in the untreated raw
waste*by 1980'and Q 9-^Lr^doicti&ft-by-5eaeT- It appears that suffi-
cient storage and flows in the Grand River Basin are available to
meet the storage demands up to 1980. Meeting the need for the 1.980
to 2020 period may be impracticable, since a large percentage of
the storage available above Lansing would be needed for this single-
purpose (See Figure 6-1 and Tables 6-2 and 6-3). The cost of pro-
viding the required storage would be approximately $46,000,000.
Because this method of solving the water quality problems
below Lansing is probably unacceptable, advanced waste treatment
has been evaluated as an alternative means of meeting water quality
standards.
Summary •
The annual costs of each of the alternative methods of
meeting the water supply and water quality problems of the Grand
River Basin are shown in Table 6-3.
6-3
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