EPA 450/3-74-047
August 1974
ADMINISTRATIVE
AND
TECHNICAL
ASPECTS
OF
SOURCE
SAMPLING
FOR
PARTICULATES
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
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EPA-450/3-74-047
ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS
OF SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATES
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite 8, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. CPA70-124
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
August 1974
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This report has been reviewed by the Control Programs Development Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Office of Air and Waste Management, Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and non-profit organiza-
tions — as supplies permit — from the Air Polution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or may be obtained, for a nominal cost, from the National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc. in
fulfillment of contract number CPA 70-124. The opinions, findings, and conclusions are those of the authors and
not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of company or product names does not
constitute endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-047
11
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The principal authors of this report were Messrs. Richard W. Gerstle and Donald J. Henz
of PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Mr. Gene W. Smith of the Office of Air and Waste Management, Environmental Protection Agency,
was the project officer.
Ill
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ABSTRACT
The technical and administrative aspects of establishing and conducting a source-sampling program within
an air pollution control agency are presented. Administrative aspects include legal aspects, organization, personnel
and equipment needs, and costs. Technical aspects and a detailed explanation of conducting a source-sampling
test for particulate matter are described. Sources of error and the magnitude of errors are included.
Key words: air pollution, source sampling, particulate.
IV
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CONTENTS
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Introduction ix
1. Source-Sampling Purposes 1-1
2. Functions of the Source-Sampling Unit 2-1
2.1 Specific Duties Assigned to the Source,-Sampling Unit 2-1
3. Regulations Required to Conduct Source Sampling 3-1
3.1 Statutory Authorization to Establish Program 3-1
3.1.1. State Programs 3-1
3.1.2. Local Programs 3-1
3.1.3. Litigation of Source-Sampling Regulations 3-1
3.2. Regulations Requiring Source Sampling and Monitoring 3-1
3.2.1. Agency Tests 3-2
3.2.2. Tests by the Owner-Operator 3-2
3.3. Search Warrants 3-2
3.4. Typical Statutes, Codes, and Regulations 3-3
3.4.1. State Statutes 3-3
3.4.2. Regulations of State and Local Agencies 34
4. Legal Use of Source-Sampling Information 4-1
4.1. Taking the Sample 4-1
4.1.1. Test Equipment 4-1
4.1.2. Test Personnel 4-2
4.2. Transportation of the Sample 4-2
4.3. Identification of Samples, Filters, and Containers 4-2
4.4. Handling and Chain of Custody 4-3
4.5. Laboratory Analysis and Calculations 4-3
4.6. Custody of Final Report and Data 4-3
5. Organization and Administration of a Source-Sampling Unit 5-1
5.1. Organizational Plans 5-1
5.2. Personnel Requirements 5-1
5.2.1. Manpower Needs 5-1
5.2.2. Test-Team Personnel 5-1
5.2.3. Personnel Costs 5-7
5.3. Equipment and Space Requirements and Associated Costs 5-8
5.3.1. Equipment and Costs 5-8
5.3.2. Space Requirements and Costs 5-8
5.4. Administrative Procedures 5-8
5.4.1. Request for Source Test 5-8
6. Preliminary Procedures Required in Conducting a Stack Test 6-1
6.1. Presurvey Process Information 6-1
6.2. Selection of Test Site 6-1
6.3. Preliminary Determination of Emission Parameters 6-5
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7. Particulate Sampling Procedures 7-1
7.1. Measurement of Stack Gas Velocity and Related Parameters 7-1
7.1,1. Location of Traverse Points 7-1
7.1.2. Velocity Head Measurements 7-4
7.1.3. Temperature and Static-Pressure Measurements 7-6
7.1.4. Gas Density and Moisture Determination 7-8
7.1.4.1.Gas Density 7-8
7.1.4.2.Moisture Content 7-8
7.1.5. Calculation of Velocity and Total Gas Flow 7-9
7.2. Determination of Isokinetic Sampling Rates 7-9
7.2.1. Calculation Aides 7-10
7.3. Nonideal Sampling Conditions 7-13
7.3.1. Poor Flow Distribution 7-13
7.3.2. Nonisokinetic Sampling Conditions 7-13
7.3.3. Cyclic Flow Conditions 7-13
7.4. Particulate Sampling Equipment 7-13
7.4.1 Description of Sampling Train 7-13
7.4.2 Assembling and Testing the Train 7-16
7.4.2.1.Calibration of Train Components 7-16
7.4.2.2.Assembling Train Components 7-16
7.4.2.3.Testing the Sampling Train 7-17
7.5. Sampling Procedure 7-17
7.5.1. Location of Sampling Points 7-17
7.5.2. Length of Sampling Periods 7-17
7.5.3. Operation of Sampling Train 7-17
7.5.4. Recording Data during Test Period 7-19
7.5.5. Sampling Problems 7-19
7.6. Disassembly and Particulate Clean-out Procedure 7-19
7.7. Particulate Analysis 7-23
7.8. The Test Report 7-25
7.8.1. Format of Test Report , 7-25
7.8.2. Presenting the Results 7-25
7.8.3. Example Calculations 7-25
7.8.3.1.Determination of Stack-Gas Volume 7-25
7.8.3.2.Determination of Sample Gas Volume 7-27
7.8.3.3.Check on Isokinetic Flow Rate 7-27
7.8.3.4.Converting to Other Emission Standards 7-27
8. Significance-of Errors in Source Sampling 8-1
Appendix A. Nomographs for Use with Sampling Train A-l
Appendix B. Cleaning of Train Components B-l
Appendix C. Orifice Calibration Procedure C-i
List of Symbols S-l
References R-l
vi
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
5-1. Organizational Chart of New Jersey Bureau of Air Pollution Control 5-2
5-2. Organizational Chart of Technical Services and Special Investigation
Section, New Jersey Bureau of Air Pollution Control 5-3
5-3. Organizational Chart of San Francisco Bay Area Air Pollution
Control District 54
5-4. Organizational Chart of Engineering Section, San Francisco
Bay Area Air Pollution Control District 5-5
5-5. Organizational Chart of City of Chicago Department of Environmental
Control 5-6
5-6. Organizational Chart of Technical Services Division, City of
Chicago Department of Environmental Control 5-6
5-7. Source Test or Sample Analysis Request Form Used by Los Angeles
Air Pollution Control District 5-10
5-8. Automated Source Test Request Form Used by New Jersey Bureau of
Air Pollution Control 5-11
6-1. Sample Presurvey Form for Combustion Sources 6-2
6-2. Sample Presurvey Form for Incinerators 6-3
6-3. Sample Presurvey Form for Industrial Processes 64
7-1. Minimum Number of Traverse Points 7-2
7-2. Cross Section of Circular Flue Divided into Three Concentric Equal
Areas, Showing Location of Sampling Points 7-3
7-3. Cross Section of Rectangular Flue Divided Into 12 Equal Areas with
Sampling Points Located at the Center of Each Area 7-3
7-4. Typical Pitot Tubes Used to Measure Velocity Head 7-5
7-5. Gas Velocity and Volume Data 7-7
7-6. Correction Factor Nomograph 7-11
7-7. Operating Nomograph 7-12
7-8. Expected Errors Incurred by Nonisokinetic Sampling 7-14
7-9. Particulate Sampling Train Used By Office of Air and Waste Management 7-15
7-10. Particulate Field Sampling Meter Data 7-18
7-11. Boiler Operating Data 7-20
7-12. Incinerator Operating Data 7-21
7-13. Process Operating Data 7-22
7-14. Particulate Analysis Data 7-24
7-15. Format for Presenting Emissions from Fuel Combustion Units 7-26
7-16. Summary of Emission Test Data 7-28
7-17. Particulate Sampling Calculations 7-29
A-l. Correction Nomograph for Use with Figure A-2 A-2
A-2. Operating Nomograph A-3
C-l. Orifice Calibration Form C-2
vii
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
5-1. Examples of Source-Sampling Staffs of Various Agencies 5-7
5-2. Relative Pay Scales of Technical Personnel by Region 5-8
5-3. Space Requirements for Source-Sampling Programs 5-8
7-1. Percent of Circular Stack Diameter from Inside Wall to Traverse Point 7-4
7-2. Example Determination of Type S Pitot Tube Correction Factor 7-5
vm
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ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS
OF SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATES
INTRODUCTION
This manual is provided by the Control Programs
Development Division, Office of Air and Waste Man-
agement, Environmental Protection Agency, to assist
state and local air pollution control agencies in obtain-
ing a better understanding of the purposes and pro-
cedures of source sampling. This document presents
general guidelines to show how source sampling can
be part of an agency's program, the organization and
approximate cost of such a program, regulations to
permit source sampling, a detailed description of EPA
procedures for particulate sampling, and other related
material.
Organizational structures and functional duties of
the source-sampling group cannot be exactly defined
oecause these factors will vaiy wiin the overall
structure of the control agency. Example organi-
zation charts and functions are presented, however.
Sampling and analytical procedures likewise cannot
be exactly defined for all cases because they will
vary with the purpose of the test and the process
sampled. Standards of performance for new station-
ary sources have been published in the December
23, 1971, Federal Register, Volume 36, No. 247,
page 24876, with the associated methods and
procedures. These methods should be followed in
order to obtain results that are comparable from
one test to another.
IX
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1. SOURCE-SAMPLING PURPOSES
Source sampling or emission testing, as applied to
air pollution studies, is the procedure whereby a
representative sample is removed from some larger,
contaminant-bearing gas stream confined in a duct or
stack. This sample is then subjected to further
analysis, and the contaminant concentrations are
related to the parent gas stream to determine total
quantities. Because the sample extracted from the
main gas stream usually represents a very small
fraction of the total volume, extreme care should be
exercised in obtaining a representative sample. Addi-
tionally, because of the many and variable factors
encountered in sampling gas streams, complex
methods must frequently be used to obtain represen-
tative samples.
Source sampling frequently is employed to
answer a variety of questions of which the main one
is: What are the quantities and concentrations of
emissions? Subsequent questions that can be
answered from this basic determination include:
1. Is the process in compliance with present or
expected emission regulations?
2. What is the efficiency of existing pollution
control equipment?
3. What effect do various process variables have
on emissions?
4. Is a valuable product or by-product being
emitted?
5. What are the potential (uncontrolled) emis-
sions of various processes?
1-1
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2. FUNCTIONS OF THE SOURCE-SAMPLING UNIT
The primary function of the source-sampling
unit* is to obtain reliable emission data. The exact
duties assigned to the source-sampling unit will vary
widely from agency to agency, depending on the
potential workload, the emission regulations, and the
availability of other agency personnel when required.
In small agencies, where source sampling may not be
a full-time activity, source-sampling personnel may
actually be part of some other unit such as engineer-
ing or technical services. In that case, when sampling
is required, personnel will have to reschedule their
other duties, perform the test work and analysis, and
then return to their routine job.
On the other hand, a large agency with many
requirements for source testing will have a full-time
staff, including chemists, performing tests. Engineer-
ing technicians should maintain the sampling equip-
ment, perform calibrations, assist in stack testing, and
make routine calculations. The engineering staff
should perform sampling-site surveys, plan the test
procedures, set the schedule, supervise the actual
tests, review calculations, and prepare the final
report. In large source-sampling units, a chemist or
senior chemical technician may be assigned to the
sampling group. This person should be responsible for
all routine lab analyses and serve as coordinator
between the laboratory and the sampling units.
The source-sampling unit can also perform duties
closely related to source sampling, such as determin-
ing or checking emission factors for various processes,
developing and/or improving test methods and equip-
ment, developing particle size distribution data, and
preparing summary reports of emission data and
related factors for presentation at technical meetings.
For simplicity, the group of people comprising
the source-sampling function is referred to as a
unit. This unit could be referred to as a section,
group, etc., depending on the agency's adminis-
trative breakdown.
All meinods used for compliance tests are sub-
ject to approval by the Office of Air and Waste
Management.
2.1. SPECIFIC DUTIES ASSIGNED TO THE
SOURCE-SAMPLING UNIT
Specific duties to be performed by the source-
sampling unit in a larger agency include:
Technical Duties
1. Develop and update reliable source-testing
procedures for participate and gaseous emis-
sions.f
2. Calibrate and maintain all equipment.
3. Plan and conduct source tests as required.
4. Perform and check all test calculations.
5. Prepare test reports and summaries of emis-
sion data.
6. Review source tests conducted by private
firms.
Administrative Duties
1. Train personnel.
2. Procure equipment to conduct source tests.
3. Maintain a file of all source-test data.
4. Prepare annual reports and budget require-
ments.
5. Make contacts with plant personnel.
6. Schedule tests.
7. Coordinate source-test
agency activities.
data with other
The functions assigned to the source-sampling
group in a small agency can be more varied because
other duties will be performed in the interim between
conducting source tests.
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In addition to the technical duties connected 3. Assist in plan review and site inspections.
with source sampling, the following duties can also be
performed: 4. Perform routine laboratory analyses.
Additional Duties In smaller agencies, some of the engineering and
administrative functions may be assumed by person-
1. Conduct a limited ambient air monitoring nel in higher levels of supervision. Alternatively, the
program. entire sampling function can be contracted out to a
reliable consultant, and the administrative duties can
2. Conduct emission inventories. be handled by the agency.
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3. REGULATIONS REQUIRED TO CONDUCT SOURCE SAMPLING
3.1. STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION TO
ESTABLISH PROGRAM
Air pollution control agencies possess only those
powers specified by the appropriate legislative body
in some type of enabling legislation. Generally, two
steps are required before the agency can embark on a
source-sampling program: (1) adoption of enabling
legislation and (2) promulgation of regulations. The
enabling legislation should establish that the air
pollution control agency is empowered to maintain a
source-testing program. The regulations should detail
the program and refer to the test procedures, testing
requirements, test frequencies, and emission limits.
3.1.1. State Programs
Most state air pollution control agencies have
authority to inspect processes and equipment to
determine compliance with equipment specifications
and emission regulations. A deficiency in the statute
may exist, however, if inspection powers are granted
without specific mention of the administration of a
testing program. On the other hand, in the absence of
specific language authorizing source sampling, it is
possible that the statute is sufficiently broad to
reasonably infer that a testing program is to be
implemented. Perhaps such an inference may be
drawn from the stated purpose of the legislative grant
of power to the agency. To guard against possible
misinterpretations, enabling legislation should specifi-
cally mention inspection powers and source-sampling
administration. The Federal Clean Air Act of 1970
requires that a state have authority to make inspec-
tions and test emission. A source-sampling program is
essential to the enforcement aspects of an implemen-
tation plan.
After legal advice has been obtained regarding the
adequacy of the enabling legislation, the state agency
should develop administrative regulations consistent
with the legislation. Although there are many existing
regulations upon which administrative regulations can
be based, there is no substitute for the assistance of
legal counsel at the outset. Benefit can be derived,
however, from a study of existing regulations, and the
latter should not be ignored.
3.1.2. Local Programs
Many states have delegated to their various
political subdivisions the authority to establish and
maintain air pollution control programs. The Federal
Clean Air Act, however, specifies that the primary
responsibility for controlling air pollution lies with
the states. When a state does delegate this authority,
it must be ready to step in if the local entity fails to
meet its obligations. For local programs, the specific
entity—usually a county or health district-has to
adopt emission source-sampling regulations. Local
regulations must be no less stringent than the state's
regulations. As with the state agency, the local
political subdivision must determine that it has
adequate authority to establish a source-sampling
program; then it must adopt compatible regulations
or ordinances.
In some states it may not be necessary for the
state legislature to sanction local programs; that is, in
the absence of statutory authority, it may be possible
to establish and maintain a source-sampling program
through the powers given to or retained by various
state political subdivisions under the state constitu-
tion. Thus, various cities may maintain programs on
the basis of their constitutionally granted home-rule
powers. Again it should be emphasized that local
program regulations must be no less stringent than
the state regulations.
3.1.3. Litigation of Source-Sampling Regula-
tions
Through 1969, no cases had been reported
concerning the litigation of source-sampling regula-
tions. A lot of activity has occurred, however, in the
related area of search and seizure since the Supreme
Court decision in See v. City of Seattle, 87 S. Ct.
1737 (1967). Search warrant requirements are dis-
cussed in Section 3.3.
3.2. REGULATIONS REQUIRING SOURCE
SAMPLING AND MONITORING
State regulations requiring periodic reports on
the nature and extent of emissions and the installa-
tion of emission-monitoring equipment are mandated
3-1
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by the Clean Air Act as amended in 1970 [Sec.
110(a) (2) (F)]. The Act, as Emended, also provides
the Administrator of EPA with authority to promul-
gate regulations regarding the periodic testing and
monitoring of emissions by the owner or operator of
any stationary source [Sec. 114(a)]. Authority also
exists for the Administrator to conduct source tests
under certain conditions [S6c. 114(a) (2) (B)].
Basically, both the regulators and those regulated will
conduct source tests.
3.2.1. Agency Tests
Although the primary responsibility for source
testing rests with the process owner, the agency must
have authority to conduct its own tests as a backup
measure. The agency's regulations should consider the
following:
1. Test Methods-Standardized testing methods
are required. Regulations should specify that
tests will be conducted in a manner deter-
mined by the director of the agency. These
methods in turn should be approved by the
Office of Air and Waste Management.
2. Equipment and Processes to be Sampled—
Regulations should specify that all stationary
sources are subject to testing by the agency.
3. Frequency of Tests—The director of the
agency should have the authority to require
source tests. Provisions should be made for
testing when the agency has good cause to
suspect emissions in excess of the regulatory
limitations as determined by field inspec-
tions.
4. Employment of Independent Testers—For
the smaller agencies especially, it may be
desirable to provide for the employment of
qualified independent testers.
5. Access to Facilities—Sampling ports, electri-
cal power, platforms, and ladders are all
necessary for source sampling. These facili-
ties should be provided at the owner's
expense and should be specified for all
operations subject to the source-sampling
requirements. Reasonable access to the test
facilities should also be specified. Installation
of these facilities can be incorporated in a
permit system.
6. Test Costs—Regulations should specify an
equitable allocation of costs. A general guide-
line might be to require full payment by the
owner-operator in all cases if the test indi-
cates that emissions are in excess of the
regulatory limitations or if the test is being
conducted pursuant to the issuance of the
first operation permit. If emissions are below
the regulatory limit, the owner-operator
should not be charged.
3.2.2. Tests by the Owner-Operator
The owner-operator should be required to con-
duct tests pursuant to state and Federal regulations.
The following items should be considered in prepar-
ing regulations:
1. Frequency of Tests-Tests should be made to
provide the agency with information regard-
ing the nature, extent, and quantity of
emissions. After the initial test, the agency
should be given the authority to require
additional tests.
2. Test Certification-All tests should be certi-
fied by a professional engineer or witnessed
by an agency representative.
3. Test Costs—The owner-operator should bear
all costs incurred in making his own tests.
4. Test Methods-Standardized testing methods
should be required. Regulations should speci-
fy that tests must be conducted in a manner
determined by the director of the agency.
3.3. SEARCH WARRANTS
The necessity for the procurement of a search
warrant as a condition precedent to source sampling
must be considered in preparing a regulation. This
area is a very fluid one at present. Leading cases in
this area are See v. City of Seattle, 87 S.Ct. 1737
(1967); People v. White, 65 Cal. Rptr. 923 (1968);
United States v. Kramer Grocery Co., 418 F. 2d 987
(1969); and Colonnade Catering Corp. v. United
States, 25 L Ed 2d 60 (1970).
The decision to design a regulation that will
alleviate the need for search warrants is up to the
agency. Such a regulation will require the advice of
the agency's legal counsel and should take into
consideration the following factors:
1. The entrance, inspection, and testing should
be connected to a bona fide licensing or
permit system.
3-2
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2. Penalty provisions should not be designed so
as to indicate that they constitute the sole
sanction, without a warrant, to enter.
3. Consent to test should be obtained in ad-
vance with the issuance of the license or
permit.
3.4. TYPICAL STATUTES, CODES, AND
REGULATIONS
Typical statutes and regulations promulgated in
jurisdictions that have established air pollution con-
trol agencies are presented in this Section to show
how the various factors discussed in the first three
Sections of this chapter may be integrated into
statutes, codes, and regulations. These statutes and
regulations cover state statutes, regulations of state
agencies, and regulations of local agencies, all of
which pertain to source sampling.
3.4.1. State Statutes
The enabling legislation of the State of Ohio
(ORC §3704.03) reads as follows:
Sec. 3704.03 Powers of
board.
The air pollution control
board may:
(K) Through any in- Entry by the
dividual member or any board, an au-
representative authorized thorized em-
by the board, enter upon ployee, or con-
private or public prop- sultant
erty, including improve-
ments thereon, at any
reasonable time for the
purpose of determining if
there are any emissions
from such premises, and
if so, to determine the
sources and extent of Source sam-
such emissions; pling
The New Jersey law (N.J.S.A. §26:2c-9) pro-
vides:
The department shall
control air pollution in
accordance with the pro-
visions of any applicable
code, rule, or regulation
promulgated by the de- Promulgation
partment and for this of regulations
purpose shall have power
to-
(d) Enter and inspect
any building or place, ex-
cept private residences,
for the purpose of inves-
tigating an actual or sus-
pected source of air pol-
lution and ascertaining
compliance or noncom-
pliance with any code, Source sam-
rules and regulations of pling
the department. Any in-
formation relating to
secret processes or
methods of manufacture
or production obtained
in the course of such
inspection, investigation
or determination, shall
be kept confidential and
shall not be admissible in
evidence in any court or
in any other proceeding
except before the depart-
ment as herein defined.
If samples are taken for
analysis, a duplicate of
the analytical report shall
be furnished promptly to
the person suspected of
causing air pollution;
The Kentucky law (KRS §224.370) reads:
224.370 Inspection of
premises; interference
unlawful. Any duly au-
thorized officer, em-
ployee, or representative
of the commission may
enter and inspect any
property, premise, or
place at any reasonable
time for the purpose of
investigating either an ac-
tual or suspected source
of air pollution or of
ascertaining the state of
compliance with KRS
224.310 to 224.460 and
224.991 and regulations
enforced pursuant there-
to. No person shall refuse
entry or access to any
authorized representative
Entry by the
commission,
an authorized
employee, or
consultant
Source
pling
sam-
3-3
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of the commission who
requests entry for pur-
pqses of inspection and
who presents appropriate
credentials; nor shall any
person obstruct, hamper,
or interfere with any
such inspection. (1966,
c. 22, § 9)
Illinois has just passed a comprehensive Environ-
mental Protection Act. Section 10 of that Act reads
in part:
Section 10. The Board,
pursuant to procedures
prescribed in Title VII of
this Act, may adopt regu- Adoption of
lations to promote the regulations in-
purposes of this Title. eluding broad
Without limiting the gen- power for in-
erality of this authority, spection
such regulations may
among other things pre-
scribe;
(f) Requirements and
procedures for the in-
spection of any equip-
ment, facility, vehicle,
vessel, or aircraft that
may cause or contribute
to air pollution;
3.4.2. Regulations of State and Local Agen-
cies
The Commonwealth of Kentucky Air Pollution
Control Commission has adopted the following test-
ing requirements for indirect heat exchangers in the
Commission's Regulation 7:
(1) Whenever the Ken-
tucky Air Pollution Con-
trol Commission has rea-
son to believe that the Frequency of
emission limits of this tests
Regulation are being vio-
lated, it may require the Costs of test
owner to conduct or
have conducted at the
owner's expense, tests to
determine the particulate
matter emission level,
which tests shall include
stack tests if circum-
stances so demand. The
Kentucky Air Pollution
Control Commission may
request that such tests be
conducted in the pres-
ence of Commission re-
presentatives.
(2) Should the Ken-
tucky Air Pollution Con-
trol Commission wish to
conduct tests of its own
to determine compliance
with emission limits of
this Regulation, the
owner shall provide at no
expense to the Kentucky
Air Pollution Control
Commission, reasonable
and necessary openings
in stacks, vents, and
ducts, along with safe
and easy access thereto
including a suitable
power source to the
point of testing.
(3) The Kentucky Air
Pollution Control Com-
mission shall be supplied
with such data as it may
require to establish test
conditions.
(4) Stack tests for par-
ticulate matter shall be
made by methods found
in ASME "Power Test
Code PTC 27," dated
1957, titled, "Test Code
for Determining Dust
Concentrations in Gas
Streams" or by such
other methods approved
by the Kentucky Air Pol-
lution Control Commis-
sion.
Certification
of test
Tests by state
agency
Test facilities
and access
Test proce-
dures (should
be updated)
Variance of
procedure at
discretion of
agency
Kentucky's Regulation 8, Section 6, also pro-
vides for source testing as a condition for the issuance
of a use permit.
Permits issued hereunder
shall be subject to such
terms and conditions set
forth and embodied in
34
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the permit as the Com-
mission shall deem neces-
sary to insure compliance
with its standards. Such
terms and conditions
may include maintenance
and availability of re-
cords relating to oper-
ations which may cause
or contribute to air pol- Periodic sam-
lution including periodic pling by li-
source or stack sampling censee
of the air contaminant
sources.
Acceptance of a permit
conditioned as described
herein shall denote agree-
ment to the restrictions Consent to in-
embodied in the permit spect and test
and shall thenceforth be
binding upon the holder
of the permit.
The City of Chicago Ordinance 17-2.52 provides
a comprehensive testing regulation:
17-2.52 The commis-
sioner is hereby autho-
rized to conduct or cause
to be conducted, any test
or tests as may be neces-
sary to determine the ex-
tent of emission of par-
ticulate matter from any
fuel-burning, combustion
or process equipment or
device, if and when, in
Ms judgment, there is evi-
dence that any such
equipment, process or
device is exceeding any
emission limitation pre-
scribed by or under this
chapter. The result of
any test shall be made
available to the person
responsible for such pro-
pf ' tested. Tests shall
be made and the results
calculated in accordance,
where ay plicable, with
American Society of
Mech, lical Engineers
Tests by com-
missioner, an
employee, or
consultant
Equipment to
be used
Frequency of
tests
"Power Test Codes, Test
code for determining
dust concentration in a
gas stream PTC-27-1957"
procedure as revised
from time to time or in
accordance with modi-
fied procedures mutually
agreed upon between the
commissioner and the
person. All tests and cal-
culations shall be made
under the direction of a
competent engineer. Any
test or tests to be con-
ducted on the premises
where such equipment or
device is located shall be
made during reasonable
hours, after written
notice to, and with the
cooperation of, the
owner or operator. The
cost of any test or tests
and calculations shall be
a debt due the city from
any person responsible as
owner, operator or other-
wise of such fuel-burning
combustion or process
equipment or device in
all cases when such test
or tests shall have proven
any emission of particu-
late matter in violation
of any provision of this
chapter, and such unpaid
debt shall be recoverable
in any court of compe-
tent jurisdiction. If any
such emission is shown
by such test or tests to
be within the limits of
emission prescribed in
this chapter, the cost of
such test or tests shall be
charged to the annual ap-
propriation of the de-
partment.
Test proce-
dures (should
be up-dated)
Procedures
may be modi-
fied at com-
missioner's
discretion with
owner's
approval
Owner c o-
operation; test
cost
The City of Cleveland's authority to test is given
in Chapter 5 of the Air Pollution Code. Section
§4.0502 reads in part:
3-5
-------
§4.0502. Duties of
Commissioner.
The Commissioner
of Air Pollution Control
u nder the supervision
and direction of the Di-
rector of Public Health
and Welfare shall:
F. Make inspections
and tests of existing and
newly installed equip-
ment subject to this ordi-
nance to determine
whether such equipment
complies with this code;
Complete details of source-sampling require-
ments are then given in Chapter 17 of the same Code:
§4.1702. Sampling
and Testing.
(A) The Commis-
sioner of Air Pollution
Control is hereby autho-
rized to conduct, or
cause to be conducted,
any test or tests of any
new or existing process,
fuel-burning, refuse-
burning, or control
equipment the operation
of which in his judgment
may result in emissions
in excess of the limita-
tions contained in this
ordinance or when the
emissions from any such
equipment may exceed
the limits of emissions
provided for herein. All
tests shall be conducted
in a manner determined
by the Commissioner and
a complete detailed test
report of such test or
tests shall be submitted
to him. When tests are
taken by the owner or
independent testers em-
ployed by the owner, the
Commissioner shall re-
quire that the said tests
be conducted by repu-
table, qualified personnel
and shall stipulate that a
qualified representative
or representatives of the
Tests by the
Commissioner
or authorized
representative
Test proce-
dures
Tester qualifi-
cations
Division of Air Pollution
Control be present
during the conduct of
such tests. The Commis-
sioner may stipulate a
reasonable time limit for
the completion of such
test and the submission
of test reports.
(B) Nothing in this
section concerning tests
conducted by and paid
for by any person or his
authorized agent shall be
deemed to abridge the
rights of the Commis-
sioner or his representa-
tives to conduct separate
or additional tests of any
process, fuel-burning, re-
fuse-burning, or control
equipment on behalf of
the City of Cleveland,
whether or not such tests
relate to emissions con-
trolled by specific limita-
tions under this code.
§4.1703. Test Faci-
lities and Access.
(A) It shall be the
responsibility of the
owner or operator of the
equipment tested to pro-
vide, at his expense, utili-
ties, facilities and reason-
able and necessary open-
ings in the system or
stack, and safe and easy
access thereto, to permit
samples and measure-
ments to be taken. All
new sources of air con-
taminants created after
the effective date of this
ordinance may be re-
quired by the Commis-
sioner of Air Pollution
Control to provide utili-
ties, facilities and ade-
quate openings in the
system or stack, and safe
and easy access thereto,
to permit measurements
and samples to be taken.
Testing facili-
ties and access
3-6
-------
(B) When any pro-
cess equipment, fuel-
burning equipment or re-
fuse-burning equipment
has caused an air pollu-
tion nuisance, as deter-
mined by the Commis-
sioner, or has violated a
provision of Chapter 11,
13 or 15 of this code, the
Commissioner may, at
his discretion require
that said equipment be
equipped with an air con-
taminant recording de-
vice with an audible
alarm set so as to become
activated upon reaching
prohibited levels of emis-
sion, which device shall
be maintained in proper
operating conditions at
all times. Records from
such recording device
shall be made available to
the Commissioner for
periods up to one year.
§4.1704. Test
Costs.
If emission tests con-
ducted as a result of the
action of the Commis-
sioner of Air Pollution
Control substantiate that
a violation exists, the
person or persons respon-
sible for the violation
shall be responsible for
paying all attendant costs
for conducting said tests.
If said tests do not show
that a violation exists,
then the City shall be
responsible for paying all
costs for conducting the
said test. In no event
shall the city assume
costs of providing facili-
ties, utilities and access
for such testing. When
the person responsible
elects to conduct his own
stack emission tests, then
the person so electing
shall pay for the test or
tests notwithstanding
Test costs
Cost of provid-
ing test facili-
ties
other provisions of this
section, and irrespective
of the result. The costs
of emission tests required
by the Commissioner on
newly installed equip-
ment for the issuance of
the initial permit to in-
stall and the issuance of
the initial certificate of
operation shall not be at
the expense of the City
of Cleveland regardless of
results. The tests for
existing sources relating
to contaminants not
specifically controlled by
this code shall be at the
expense of. the City of
Cleveland except for fa-
cilities, utilities and ac-
cess required to be pro-
vided by this Chapter.
§4.1705. Circum-
vention and Right of En-
try.
(A) No person shall
build, erect, install, or
use any article, machine,
equipment, or other con-
trivance, the sole purpose
of which is to dilute or
conceal an emission with-
out resulting in a reduc-
tion in the total release
of air contaminants to
the atmosphere nor shall
a person do any thing
nor commit any act with
the intent to distort
stack test emission re-
sults.
(B) Any person who
in any manner hinders,
obstructs, delays, resists,
prevents, or in any man-
ner interferes or attempts
to interfere with the
Commissioner or his
representatives in the
performance of any duty
enjoined, or shall refuse
to permit the Commis-
sioner or such representa-
tives to perform their
Test costs
3-7
-------
duty by refusing them, examination of such pre-
or either of them, en- mises for the purpose of
trance at reasonable the enforcement of this
hours to any premises in ordinance shall be sub-
which the provisions of ject to cancellation of
this ordinance are being the certificate of opera-
violated, or are suspected tion, or such other action
of being violated, or re- as may be provided at
fuse to permit testing, or law or by provisions of
permit the inspection or this code.
-------
4. LEGAL USE OF SOURCE-SAMPLING INFORMATION
Every test should be conducted as if it were
ultimately to be used as evidence in court. The
collection and analysis of source samples should
become a routine matter to the agency personnel
involved. It must be remembered, however, that this
routine procedure is too esoteric for the layman and
therefore subject to greater scrutiny whenever the
agency has to rely on its results. It is imperative that
source sampling and analysis be done under standard
procedures and that each step be well documented. In
short, the report may ultimately be subjected to the
requirements of the Rules of Evidence,
This chapter will discuss the standardization of
source-sampling procedures relative to taking the
sample, chain of custody, laboratory analysis, report
custody, and disposition of the original work sheets.
4.1. TAKING THE SAMPLE
In attacking the validity of source-sampling
results, the adverse party will concentrate on four
main items relative to taking the sample: (1) sampling
procedure, (2) recorded data and calculations, (3) test
equipment, and (4) qualifications of the testing
personnel.
Agency personnel must be aware of the possi-
bility of adverse inferences that may arise from the
use of unorthodox or new procedures. Thus, devia-
tions from the standard procedure must be kept to a
minimum and applied only where absolutely neces-
sary to obtain an accurate sample. Changes in
methodology must be based on sound engineering
judgment and must be carefully documented. Stan-
dard procedures that should receive particular atten-
tion are:
1. Location of sampling station.
2. Number and size of sampling zones in the
duct.
3. Use of recommended sampling equipment.
4. Careful determination of gas velocities.
5. Maintenance of isokinetic sampling condi-
tions.
6. Proper handling of the collected sample and
recording of container and filter numbers.
Close scrutiny will also be focused upon the
recorded field data because these data form part of
the physical evidence. Standardized forms should be
utilized to ensure that there is no lack of necessary
information. Example forms designed for this pur-
pose are included in Chapter 7; they consist of field,
laboratory, and calculation forms. Only the field
form is utilized when taking the sample. This form is
designed to identify clearly the process tested, the
date and time, location of test station, sampling
personnel, and the person who recorded the data.
During the actual test period, the meter readings,
temperature readings, and other pertinent data should
be recorded in the provided spaces immediately upon
observation. These data determine the accuracy of
the test and should not be erased or altered. Any
errors should be crossed out with a single line, and
the correct value should be recorded above the
crossed-out number.
4.1.1. Test Equipment
Faulty test equipment can also invalidate a test.
In general, there are two types of field test equip-
ment, gas-sampling and process-measuring equipment.
The process-measuring equipment consists of any
of the metering devices by which test data are
obtained. These devices include scales for weighing
fuel or raw materials and orifices and gauges for
measuring product flow. Because proper maintenance
and calibration procedures are often lacking, it
cannot be assumed that these devices are accurate. In
any case, check and record the date on which the
device was serviced.
Ideally, the use of process-measuring equipment
should be kept to a minimum. Process-weight regula-
tions, however, may frequently require the use of
such equipment, especially scales. Such scales can
only be properly serviced and calibrated by specially
trained personnel. The scale manufacturer usually
provides this service. A stamp affixed to the scale by
the service crew as a standard procedure will note the
date of calibration or inspection. If the scale has not
been recently calibrated, an engineering judgment
must be made concerning its accuracy. A material
balance will sometimes provide a check on scale
readings.
4-1
-------
Other equipment such as flow meters and gauges
should be properly maintained and used. If there is
reason to believe that the equipment is defective, the
reason for the belief should be noted on the Field
Data Form, and an engineering judgment on the
validity of the data should be made.
Gas-sampling equipment that requires mainte-
nance and calibration include the pitot tube,
manometers, thermometers, flow meters, and dry gas
meters. The maintenance of these instruments is
subject to even greater scrutiny in court. Thus,
written maintenance records must be kept. Suggested
maintenance procedures are as follows:
Pitot Tube-The pitot tube should be calibrated
when acquired. Subsequent calibration is not
required, but a visual check should be made and
noted prior to each test series (Section 7.1.2).
Manometers—Because the insides of the
manometer tubes are subjected to the flue gas,
the specific gravity of the oil may change if
evaporation occurs. Readings also become diffi-
cult as dirt coats the glass tube. It is suggested
that the manometers be washed with soapy
water and the oil be replaced after every sixth-
test series. Note that the specified oil must be
used.
Thermometers—Because dial-type thermome-
ters, which are frequently used in the field, can
be damaged easily, they should be checked
prior to each test series. The check should be
made against a mercury thermometer at ap-
proximately VA and % of full scale. Thermo-
couples and associated recording equipment
must also be calibrated periodically. Such cali-
brations should be made at least every 6
months.
Dry Gas Meter—The dry gas meter should be
calibrated prior to each test series. This high
frequency of calibration is recommended
because of the relatively severe conditions
under which the meter is used. It is subject to
being bumped, dropped, vibrated, or even
carried upside down. The best method of
testing is with a positive-displacement calibrator
such as a Bell-type Prover or a calibrated
orifice.
4.1.2. Test Personnel
The sample must be taken by experienced
personnel. Although it is not necessary that the chief
of the field team be a professional engineer, he must
have special training that qualifies him for source
sampling. If the report is used in court, the chief of
the field team may be called as a witness. Because
poor data may be inadmissible as evidence, the chief
should have previous experience as an aide on field
tests, and, preferably, he should have received special
training in source sampling. (Section 5.2 describes
personnel duties in greater detail.)
One man alone usually cannot perform a source
test. Two men are normally required for one test
station, and a minimum of three are required for two
stations. It is often difficult to record accurately the
large amount of required data if the team is inade-
quately manned.
4.2. TRANSPORTATION OF THE SAMPLE
In transporting the sample to the laboratory, it is
of primary importance that precautions be taken to
eliminate the possibility of tampering, accidental
destruction, and/or physical and chemical action on
the sample.
To reduce the possibility of invalidating the
results, all components of the sample must be
carefully removed from the sampling train and placed
in sealed, nonreactive, numbered containers. The
sample should then be delivered to the laboratory for
analysis. It is recommended that this be done on the
same day that the sample is taken. If this is
impractical, all the samples should be placed in a
carrying case (preferably locked) in which they are
protected from breakage, contamination, and loss.
4.3. IDENTIFICATION OF SAMPLES, FIL-
TERS, AND CONTAINERS
Care must be taken to properly mark the samples
to ensure positive identification throughout the test
and analysis procedures. The Rules of Evidence
require impeccable procedures for identification of
samples, the analysis of which is the basis for future
evidence. An admission by the lab analyst that he
could not be positive whether he analyzed sample No.
6 or sample No. 9, for example, could destroy the
validity of the entire report.
Positive identification also must be provided for
the filters used in any specific test. All identifying
marks should be made before taring. Three digits
should ensure the unique identification of filters for
many years. The ink used for marking must be
indelible and unaffected by the gases and temper-
atures to which it will be subjected. If another
method of identification is desired by the agency, it
4-2
-------
should be kept in mind that the means of identifi-
cation must be positive and must not impair the
capacity of the filter to function.
Finally, each container should have a unique
identification to preclude the possibility of inter-
change. The number of the container should be
recorded on the analysis data sheet (Figure 7-14);
thus it would then be associated with the sample
throughout the test and analysis.
4.4. HANDLING AND CHAIN OF CUS-
TODY
The samples should be handled only by persons
associated in some way with the task. A good general
rule to follow is "the fewer hands the better," even
though a properly sealed sample may pass through a
number of hands without affecting its integrity.
It is generally impractical for the analyst to
perform the field test. The Rules of Evidence,
however, require that the prosecution be able to
prove the chain of custody of the sample. For this
reason, each person must be able to remember from
whom he received the sample and to whom he
delivered it. This requirement is best satisfied by
having each recipient sign a receipt or the data sheet
for the sample or set of samples. The process owner
should also be given a receipt for the collected
sample.
4.5. LABORATORY ANALYSIS AND CAL-
CULATIONS
Potential sources of error in the analysis of the
sample lie in the analyzing equipment, procedures,
documentation of results, and qualifications of the
analyst.
Laboratory equipment, especially the analytical
balance, should be subjected to a routine mainte-
nance program just as the field equipment is.
Analytical Balance-Balances require periodic
calibration. It is recommended that calibration
be done at least biannually, with Class M
weights. Dates of calibration should be re-
corded.
Reagents—Only reagent-grade chemicals should
be used. Reagents used in an Orsat or similar
gas analyzer should be replaced periodically,
depending on their use.
As with the field procedures, the laboratory data
and calculations must be well documented. The use
of standardized forms is recommended. In all cases
the person who performs the analysis and/or calcula-
tions should sign the data sheet.
4.6. CUSTODY OF FINAL REPORT AND
DATA
The team chief is responsible for the compilation
of the test report under the supervision of a senior
engineer who reviews it for content and technical
correctness. The ultimate use of the report as
evidence of a violation is the responsibility of the
agency's supervisory management. The latter echelon
makes the final determination as to whether or not
the report is a correct representation of the field
conditions.
Usually, written documents are considered to be
hearsay and, therefore, not admissible as evidence
without a proper foundation. A proper foundation
can be laid by having the principal author(s) intro-
duce the report. Thus the chief of the field team and
the laboratory analyst would both be required to
testify to lay the foundation for the introduction of
the test report as evidence. The foundation laying is
greatly simplified, however, though still required,
under statutory exceptions to the Hearsay Rule
found in the Official Reports as Evidence Acts and
Business Records as Evidence Acts, which various
states have adopted.
The rationale of the Official Reports exception
lies behind the belief that a public officer performing
a particular duty performs that duty properly and is
under no motive to distort the truth. Basically, the
Official Reports exception exists to avoid the neces-
sity and expense of calling as witnesses various
persons who may have collaborated in making the
records.
To ensure the benefit of these statutory excep-
tions to the Hearsay Rule, the source-test reports
should be filed in a safe place by a file custodian who
has responsibility for the files. Once the report has
been approved, a summary copy should be sent to the
requester for further disposition. Generally, the field
notes and calculations need not be included in the
summary report. All this material may be required at
a future date, however, to bolster the acceptability
and credibility of the report as evidence in an
enforcement proceeding. The full report, including all
original notes and calculation sheets, should therefore
be kept in the file. Signed receipts for all samples
should also be filed with the test data.
4-3
-------
Public records are subject to the Best Evidence methods of producing copies are acceptable in many
Rule, which basically states that the original of a jurisdictions, however, if the original is not reason-
document is the best evidence and thus a mere copy ably available, its unavailability is adequately ex-
is not admissible as evidence. Microfilm, snap-out plained, and the copy was made in the ordinary
carbon copies, and similar contemporary business course of business.
44
-------
5. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF A
SOURCE-SAMPLING UNIT
5.1. ORGANIZATIONAL PLANS
The source-sampling unit must fit into the
agency's organization in such a manner that the needs
of the agency are met within the bounds of available
resources. Because parameters vary so widely from
area to area, it is impossible to define an ideal overall
organizational structure. The main variables in the
organization of source-sampling operations, however,
are the number and complexity of the processes that
must be tested and the functions to be performed by
the unit.
Structuring the agency's source-sampling opera-
tions requires consideration of so many variables that
no one type of organization can be recommended.
Figures 5-1 through 5-6 show the structure of three
agencies that have established comprehensive source-
sampling programs. These figures are presented as
examples to show how the test program relates to the
overall program, and to show the actual organization
of the source-sampling unit.
When many diverse, well-defined processes are
located within an agency's jurisdiction, it is frequent-
ly advisable to utilize personnel with expertise in
specific processes as supervisors of the source test
teams. The number and designation of the supervisors
will, of course, depend on the processes to be
sampled. Unless an extremely large amount of spe-
cialized testing is required, all-purpose teams are more
efficient. The expertise of the engineer who func-
tionally supervises the test team, coupled with the
testing team's basic background, should result in
reliable and efficient tests.
The title given to the source-sampling supervisor
will depend on the size and organization of the
agency. For the smaller agencies, the supervisor could
have several units under him — perhaps the laboratory
and ambient air monitoring sections in addition to
the source-sampling unit. In some agencies he may be
the Chief Air Pollution Control Officer.
5.2. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
5.2.1. Manpower Needs
Estimating the manpower needs of a source-
sampling operation is difficult because so many
factors are involved; the final determination of the
number of people will depend on the specific
workload. Table 5-1 shows the manpower needs of
three existing programs: state, multicounty, and city.
Because these are successful programs, the two
factors used in a recent manpower model are also
displayed in the table to provide some perspective. It
should be noted that the current manpower needs
shown in Table 5-1 are compared with 1963 data.
The manpower model predicts that an agency must
service at least 4,000 manufacturing establishments
having annual capital expenditures totaling over $200
million before more than three source-test personnel
are required. Statewide capital expenditures of manu-
facturing establishments during 1967 were greater
than $200 million in 31 states and less than $400
million in 26 states.
The 1970 Amendments to the Clean Air Act,
however, require greater source-test efforts by state
and local agencies. Because the manpower model was
based on the pre-1970 Act, it may tend to underpre-
dict the number of required source-testing personnel.
This factor should be kept in mind when using the
nodel.
'.2.2. Test-Team Personnel
Location and access to the sampling ports deter-
mine the size of the basic testing team. In general,
two men are required for each sampling station.
Agencies currently find that the team chief can
adequately supervise two two-man teams testing at
different sites. The added work of taking concurrent
samples before and after the control equipment,
however, may require a full-time fifth man.
5-1
-------
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1
SENIOR AIR
POLLUTION
ENGINEER
SUPERVISORY
AIR POLLUTION
ENGINEER
1
SENIOR AIR
POLLUTION
ENGINEER
SENIOR AIR
POLLUTION
ENGINEER
AIR
POLLUTION
ENGINEER
ASSISTANT
AIR POLLUTION
ENGINEER
AIR
POLLUTION
TECHNICIAN
Figure 5-4. Organizational chart of Engineering Section, San Francisco Bay Area Air
Pollution Control District.
5-5
-------
DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL
1
DIRECTOR
OF
ENGINEERING
1
DIRECTOR
OF
TECHNICAL
SERVICES
DIRECTOR
OF
ENFORCEMENT
Figure 5-5. Organizational chart of City of Chicago Department of En-
vironmental Control.
DIRECTOR OF
TECHNICAL
SERVICES
METEOROLOGY
MONITORING
AND TESTING
LABORATORY
STACK-TEST
SUPERVISOR
MONITORING
CHIEF
TECHNICIAN
TECHNICIAN
Figure 5-6. Organizational chart of Technical Services Division, City
of Chicago Department of Environmental Control.
5-6
-------
Table 5-1. EXAMPLES OF SOURCE-SAMPLING STAFFS OF VARIOUS AGENCIES
Agency
State of
New Jersey
San Francisco
Bay Area Air
Pollution
Control
District
City of
Chicago
Actual number of
source-testing
personnel a
4 Team chiefs
12 Technicians0
(6 teams)
1 Equipment
maintenance man
3 Sr. engineers
1 Team chief
4 Technicians
(2 teams)
1 Sr. engineer
3 Technicians
(1 team)
Number of
manufacturing
establish mentsb
15,200
6,000
9,200
Annual capital
expenditures of
manufacturing
establishments.
$106
525
(785)d
250
230
aExcludes supervisor, secretary, laboratory, and other personnel not directly related to testing (1970 data).
^Source: County and City Data Book, 1967, U.S. Department of Commerce. Reported data are rounded off
for purposes of this table (1963 data).
cCurrent plans are for the addition of two more technicians.
^1967 data shown for comparison only. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United
States: 1969, Table No. 1110.
The technicians serving on the test teams should
have a basic understanding of source-sampling princi-
ples. Technicians usually take samples, record field
data, and sometimes weigh samples and filters.
Technicians are generally responsible for maintenance
and calibration of the test equipment.
The team chief is directly responsible for all the
field work and should have a background in engineer-
ing or industrial hygiene. In smaller programs, be-
cause he reports directly to the program supervisor,
he should be an engineer. In general, the team chief
plans the test, supervises the actual extraction of the
sample, and may transport the samples to the
laboratory. The team chief should also check all
calculations.
In larger programs, the team chiefs will usually
report to a senior engineer. Preferably, the senior
engineer should be a professional engineer and have a
broad knowledge of the various industrial processes
within thp agency's jurisdiction. Because he is respon-
sible for all tests, he should be experienced in source
sampling and be able to establish rapport with process
operators. The senior engineer is usually the agency's
expert witness in matters involving emission testing.
5.2.3. Personnel Costs
Estimated ranges of salary requirements for the
various functional positions are presented to indicate
the approximate personnel costs of a source-sampling
program. The greatest salary range, which exists at
the technician level, represents the spread between
the novice and the experienced technician. Other
positions are affected mainly by experience, agency
size, and geographical location. Approximate base-
salary ranges are as follows:2
Supervisor
Senior Engineer
Team Chief
Technician
Secretary
$15,000 to $23,500
$13,000 to $19,500
$11,000 to $17,000
$ 7,000 to $13,000
$ 5,000 to $ 7,000
5-7
-------
Overhead rates associated with the base salary
must be included for budgeting. In general, the New
England and Middle Atlantic regions are areas of
highest pay. Table 5-2 lists trie various geographic
areas with relative salaries listed as percentages of the
New England scale.
Table 5-2. RELATIVE PAY SCALES OF
TECHNICAL PERSONNEL BY REGION3
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
South
Midwest
Plains
Southwest
West
Relative salaries, %
100
100
92
89
84
87
92
aBased on 1969 survey conducted by the National
Society of Professional Engineers.
5.3. EQUIPMENT AND SPACE REQUIRE-
MENTS AND ASSOCIATED COSTS
5.3.1. Equipment and Costs
This section describes the major items of equip-
ment required for a source-sampling program. Inci-
dental items such as clamps, heating wire, safety
equipment, miscellaneous hardware, and the various
pieces of workshop equipment will not be discussed.
Section 7.4 presents a detailed discussion of specific
equipment needs.
At least two complete sampling trains are re-
quired. These trains include the nozzles and probe,
cyclone/filter collector, impingers, pump and meter
assembly, and associated equipment. In addition, the
agency will minimally require a desiccator and analy-
tical balance for drying and weighing the samples.
Provisions must be made for calibrating the dry gas
meters. A spirometer or Bell-lype Prover is the best
equipment for this purpose. These devices are very
expensive, however, and, whenever possible, arrange-
ments with the local gas utility company for periodic
calibration should be made. A carefully calibrated
orifice may also be used for calibration. If the
regulations require correction to 12% C02 or a
similar basis, an Orsat apparatus will be required.
Each team requires a vehicle for transportation
of equipment (a panel truck or station wagon will
suffice). In addition, the senior engineer or team chief
may require a vehicle for field use.
A complete single set of particulate sampling
equipment costs approximately $3,500. Associated
laboratory equipment and miscellaneous hardware,
which can be shared by more than one team, cost
about $2,000. Associated equipment costs should
include maintenance and depreciation of all equip-
ment and motor vehicles used by the program. Such
items as office supplies and furnishings are not
included, however. Travel costs, personnel overhead,
and other administrative costs must, of course, be
figured into the total budget.
5.3.2. Space Requirements and Costs
The source-sampling unit requires office and
workshop space. Table 5-3 shows the space require-
ments of three existing groups and allows approxi-
mately 70 square feet of shop area per man. Office
space is actually determined by administrative policy,
and must be considered on the basis of the number of
desks. Minimally, 50 square feet is required for each
desk. Private offices require at least 80 square feet.
Space costs in leased buildings are on the order of $5
to $6 per square foot per year.
Table 5-3. SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR
SOURCE-SAMPLING PROGRAMS3
Agency
Chicago
Bay Area
New Jersey
Number of
personnel11
5
9
18
Space allocation, ft2
Workshop
625
1200
Office
400
400
360
a 1969 data.
bDoes not include clerical or laboratory personnel.
5.4. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES
5.4.1. Request for Source Test
The source-testing program usually exists as a
service to the enforcement, engineering, and permit
programs. As such, requests for source tests are
initiated outside the unit. As a rule the enforcement
section will request a test based on information
received from its inspectors. The request may also be
motivated by the agency's counsel or by citizen
complaints, especially in cases where visual inspec-
tion, both inside and outside the plant, reveals no
apparent violation. Tests may also be requested to
develop emission factors or emission inventories.
Often a source test will be requested prior to the
issuance of an initial permit to operate.
5-8
-------
As programs progress, the members of the
source-test unit become more and more knowledge-
able of the individual processes. Therefore, as a
practical matter, the supervisor of the source-
sampling unit will influence the decision to test and
the priority of the test. After these decision have
been made, the senior engineer takes steps to effect
the test and determines the type of testing desired.
The form used for requesting a source test should
contain such information as is required to determine
test methods, priority, purpose, and status of the
action requested. Figure 5-7 shows the type of
request form used in Los Angeles. In addition to the
basic required information, provisions are made for
special instructions to the tester and for determining
the status of the test.
Figure 5-8 illustrates an automated form used by
the State of New Jersey. This form also identifies the
inspector and provides space for his comments. Status
of the file can be determined at a glance, and a tickler
device has been incorporated.
After the test report has been completed, it
should be approved by the agency's chief and
submitted to the requester.
5-9
-------
SOURCE LOCATION DATA
1. Firm Name_
2. Address
3. Representative to Contact
REQUEST INITIATION DATA
4. Request Initiated by
5. Request Approved by
6. Reason for Request:
Q Court or Hearing Board
Action Case No.
Q] Permit Pending Appli-
cation No.
Suspected Violation
SOURCE AND SAMPLE DATA
D
D
D
Phone Mo.
City __
Title
Division
Date
7. Type of Request: QSource Test QSample Submitted for Analysis
8. Basic Equipment: (incl. Index Code No.)
9. Control Equipment: (incl. Index Code No.)
10. Points to be Tested or Description and Source of Each Example Submitted:
11. Test for Following Constituents:
12. Special Instructions:
ACTION BY SOURCE TESTING UNIT
13. Date Received
Priority
14. Date Sent to Analytical Laboratory
15. Date Report Issued
16. Distribution of Copies
REMARKS
5-10
Figure 5-7. Source test or sample analysis request form used by Los Angeles
Air Pollution Control Distr-ict.
-------
7421
7421
7421
7421
7421
7421
INSPECTOR
LOCATION ADDRESS
PRIVATE CITIZEN 1 PI
D
I IMDV [_] I
I PART M
I CORP
V GOV
5 I C NO OR NATURE OF OPERATION
PARTIAL 1 I | ^ NEW EQUIP INST 4 | [ MOVE OB PBOJ COMP | j 5
COMPLETE 1 nj ^"^ OPERATIONAL CHANGE [ ) 2 EQUIP CHANGE | ] 3
FOLLOW-UP (n OR iv)
F u (n OR iv)
CONFERENCE
COMPLAINT INV
SOURCE EVAL
SOURCE EVAL
EFFECTS SURVEY
SERVICE OF PROCESS
REF TO A G
COURT
EQUIP INSP
COURT
FIELD SAMPLING
REG ADD INFO
REQ ADD INFO
EQUIP INSP dx)
PROG REPORT
SEND LETTER
SEND LETTER
CLOSE FILE
Figure 5-8. Automated source test request form used by New Jersey Bureau of Air Pollution
Control.
5-11
-------
-------
6. PRELIMINARY PROCEDURES
REQUIRED IN CONDUCTING A STACK TEST
In order to properly plan the stack-testing
program, a preliminary survey of the process and test
site should be made. Information obtained during this
presurvey will help ensure the selection of the proper
testing and analytical procedures, and will provide for
a more organized test plan.
Except in the most routine cases, an on-site
inspection or presurvey will be required to determine
certain physical elements that must be known for
stack sampling. These elements can be subdivided
into process information, test-site location, and emis-
sion parameters.
Much of this information can be readily obtained
from an on-site inspection. Gas flow rates and
compositions can frequently be estimated from pro-
cess throughputs, emission factors, material balances,
and fan and motor type and size. Source registration
forms and permit applications will also provide
information on the expected emission characteristics.
The use of construction permits for new sources
can also ensure the proper location of test ports and
necessary scaffolding for future tests.
6.1. PRESURVEY
MATION
PROCESS INFOR-
Process information is required in order to
determine approximate emission constituents,
volumes, and concentrations, as well as to determine
the regulation that applies to the particular process
being investigated. This information in turn will also
have a bearing on both the type of sampling
equipment to be used and the sampling schedule.
A successful stack-testing program requires an
intimate knowledge of the process to be tested. This
can be obtained only by a careful examination of the
process and thorough discussions with plant person-
nel. A single personal contact must be available at the
plant. This person must have an understanding of the
process and must also have authority to obtain the
required information and the cooperation of other
plant personnel. A member of the staff of the plant
manager or plant engineer is a desirable contact.
Presurveys are greatly facilitated by the use of
questionnaires that list the necessary process parame-
ters. Figures 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3 are suggested forms
that can be used for presurveys for combustion
sources, incinerators, and industrial processes, respec-
tively. These questionnaires are general guides, and in
many specific cases additional information will be
available. In general, the more preliminary informa-
tion obtained, the better.
The cyclic operation of a process must also be
determined during the presurvey. If a process varies
with time over a defined cycle, the variation in
emission parameters during the cycle should be
investigated. Information must be obtained to decide
whether to sample from part of a cycle, a whole
cycle, or several cycles. When the process is steady,
the desired level of operation must be determined.
Any seasonal variation in process conditions should
also be obtained.
The exact wording of the applicable regulations
may also have a bearing on the desired process
operating condition during the proposed tests.
6.2. SELECTION OF TEST SITE
The primary criterion in selecting the test site is
that the sample extracted from the site be representa-
tive of the main gas stream. Relatively little is known
about the disposition of particulates within any
specific moving gas stream. Therefore, every effort
should be made to obtain a site in which the
particulate/gas mixture is as homogeneous as possible.
Homogeneity is best achieved in straight vertical
ducts. Ideally, the gas flow should not be disturbed
by any obstruction or change in direction for
approximately 7 to 8 hydraulic diameters* upstream
or 2 to 4 diameters downstream from a proposed test
location.3
* Hydraulic diameter
area of duct cross section
duct perimeter
x4
6-1
-------
Name of Company
Address
Phone __ ___ Person to Contact
Date of Survey ___ __ By _
Entry Requirements
Location and Designation of Boiler to be Tested
Type of Boiler
Type of Fuel
Btu Value
Capacity,1
Steam Pressure,
Steam Temperature,
103 Ib
steam/hr
psig
°F
Sulfur Content, % by Weight
Fuel Composition-Proximate Analysis
Fuel'Composicion-Ultimate Analysis
Type and Efficiency of Air Pollution Control Equipment
Is Fly Ash Reinjected?
Collection Efficiency,
Approximate Opacity of Stack Gases, %
Normal Range of Steam Fluctuations To
Can Constant Load be Maintained?
If So, How Long?
Conditions Under Hhich Boiler can be Tested:
Maximum Steam Load
Expected Fuel Rate
Can This be Measured?
Excess Air Rate
Ash Withdrawal Schedule
Soot Blowing Schedule
Provide complete sketches of entire boiler and flue gas ducting. Indicate proposed
locations of test points, sampling port size, location of fans, location of pollution
control equipment, obstructions at sampling site, necessary scaffolding, final exit
stack dimensions, location of electrical power, and type of sockets.
Figure 6-1. Sample presurvey form for combustion sources.
6-2
-------
Name of Company
Address
Phone Person to Contact
Date of Survey By
Entry Requirements
Location and Name of Unit to be Tested
Type of Incinerator
Capacity, tons/hr
Type of Air Pollution Control Equipment
Collection Efficiency, %
Normal Charging Rate
How is Charging Rate Measured?
Operating Schedule
Type and Quantity of Auxiliary Fuel
Excess Air Rate
Overfire and Underfire Air Rates
Temperature of Flue Gases at Proposed Test Points
Provide complete sketches of entire incinerator and flue gas ducting. Indicate proposed
locations of test points, sampling port size, location of fans, location of pollution
control equipment, obstructions at sampling site, necessary scaffolding, final exit
stack dimensions, location of required electrical power, and type of socket.
Figure 6-2. Sample presurvey form for incinerators.
6-3
-------
Name of Company
Address
Phone Person to Contact
Date of Survey By _____
Entry Requirements
Type of Process
Location of Process
Operating Schedule
Process Description
Process Feed Rates
Expected Emissions
Type Concentration Quantity
Type and Efficiency of Air Pollution Control Equipment
Opacity of Exit Gases
Expected Stack-Gas Parameters at Test Location
Temperature, °F
Pressure, psig
Volume, acfm
Composition, % HjO
% N2
Ambient Conditions at Test Site(s)
Temperature
Noxious Gases
Weather Protection
Required Safety Gear
Provide complete sketches of entire process and exit gas ducting. Indicate
proposed locations of test points, sampling port size, location of fans, lo-
cation of pollution control equipment, obstructions at sampling site, necess-
ary scaffolding, final exit stack dimensions, location of electrical power
and water.
Figure 6-3. Sample presurvey form for industrial processes.
64
-------
In addition to flow considerations, accessibility
to the site is an important consideration. Safety, as
well as clearance for the probe and sampling appara-
tus, availability of electricity, weather exposure, and
presence of toxic or explosive gases, must all be
considered in selecting a site.
Because of these many considerations, compro-
mises must be made in a test site selection. Efforts
should be made to obtain ideal flow conditions,
however. In some cases, a suitable test site may not
be available without major changes in the duct work.
If these changes cannot be made, a meaningful sample
may not be practical, and only approximate emission
results will be obtained.
6.3. PRELIMINARY DETERMINATION OF
EMISSION PARAMETERS
In addition to general process-related informa-
tion, more detailed information regarding the gas
stream parameters at the test site is desirable. This is
especially true for atypical processes. In many cases,
the exit-gas composition, volume, and temperature
can be approximated by material-balance calcula-
tions, by readings from process instrumentation, or
by comparison to similar processes for which data are
available. When no data can be obtained, exit-gas
parameters may be determined by inserting a probe
into the duct at or near the test site. In this manner,
an approximate velocity and temperature can be
determined. Color-change detection tubes using a
squeeze-bulb sampler can be used to determine
approximate concentrations of a wide variety of
gases.
A list of the more important items required hi
conducting presurveys includes:
1. 50° to 1200°F dial thermometer (12-inch
stem).
2. Velometer.
3. 50-foot tape measure.
4. Set of basic tools.
5. Polaroid camera.
6. Detection tube samplers.
7. Presurvey forms.
8. Safety equipment.
6-5
-------
-------
7. PARTICULATE SAMPLING PROCEDURES
The participate sampling procedure used by the
Office of Air and Waste Management of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency utilizes specialized sampling
equipment and analytical procedures to obtain both a
filterable and a nonfilterable or condensable fraction
of particulates. However, all of the material collected
may not be used in determining compliance with an
emission regulation. This depends on the regulation
and associated test specification. Special procedures
are also used to ensure maintenance of isokinetic sam-
pling rates.
7.1. MEASUREMENT OF STACK GAS VE-
LOCITY AND RELATED PARAMETERS4•?
Prior to performing any participate measure-
ments, the sampling team must determine the velo-
city of the gas flowing through the duct at the test
location. This velocity determination is very impor-
tant and is composed of a number of mathematically
related parameters, as shown in Equation 7-1. Not
only is the total gas flow determined from this
velocity measurement, but the sampling rates are also
Hased on this value.
(7-1)
where:
T;
AP
p
stack-gas velocity
temperature
velocity head
stack-gas pressure
stack-gas molecular weight
pitot tube coefficient
constant depending on units used
7.1.1. Location of Traverse Points
Because the velocity through any cross-sectional
plane area perpendicular to the flow direction is not
uniform, the area must be divided into a number of
equal-sized subareas. The various parameters that
affect velocity should then be determined at the
centroid of each of these areas. The average velocity
is determined by taking the arithmetic average of the
individual velocities, namely:
(7-2)
where:
Vs = average velocity
Vsj = average velocity in any subarea
N = number of test points
The number of subareas required to obtain a reli-
able average velocity varies with the test site condi-
tions. When the test site is at least 8 hydraulic diam-
eters downstream or 2 diameters upstream of any flow
disturbances, 12 test points should be used for stack
diameters of 2 feet and greater. When the diameter is
less than 2 feet, 8 test points should be used. When
these conditions cannot be met, Figure 7-1 should be
used to determine the number of required points.
Sampling sites less than 2 diameters downstream or
0.5 diameter upstream from a flow disturbance should
be avoided if possible.
In circular ducts, the cross-sectional area is
subdivided into concentric areas, and measurements
are made at four locations in each area, as shown in
Figure 7-2. The distances to these points, which are
located along the centroid of the areas, are calculated
by Equation 7-3.
Pj = 50 1 -
(7-3)
where:
Pj = percent of diameter from inside of duct
wall to measurement point
a = total number of areas selected = N/4
j = number of area being calculated, such as
1, 2, 3, 4 numbered from the
center outward
Equation 7-3 provides only half of the distances
needed. The remaining distances are obtained by
calculating the difference between each calculated
percentage and 100. Table 7-1 presents the percen-
tages determined from Equation 7-3 for up to 12
areas.
For rectangular ducts, the area should be divided
into approximately square subareas as shown in
Figure 7-3. Measurements are made at the center of
each subarea.
7-1
-------
10
CM
o
CM
LLJ
CC
Q.
O
< LLJ
5Z
I—
O
to
Q
_
O
OC
in
Q
O
h—[r
1^*1 ^, ;
CO
e
LU
O
O
CC
O
O
O
LU Q.
Q. X
rf LU
^ CO
u. —
O LU
O co —
*
^
g>
LL
O
in
O
CO
O
CM
SINIOd 3SH3AVH1 dO U3SI/\inN lAiniAIINIIAI
7-2
-------
INDICATES SAMPLING POINT
DI -PI x DS
WHERE: P1>2 IS DETERMINED FROM
EQUATION'7-3 OR TABLE 7-1
Figure 7-2. Cross section of circular flue divided into three concentric equal areas, showing
location of sampling points.
WHERE:
d! = NUMBER OF AREAS ACROSS
FLUE WIDTH
do=NUMBER OF AREAS ACROSS
FLUE PERPENDICULAR TO
WIDTH.
AND 0.5 < /Dj t D2\< 2
&M*
s "4 D!
S i
s
s
V
- A
s
s
S A
s
V V \ rw
X'N.'W "V
1'
4
A
A
V X "W"N
D2/2d '
A -
1
D2/d2 ^
A-J
A
^
^
••
A
«,
..A :
s
s
L
s
>• -A *
V
A >
N
s
. •v "M ^ 'v x
D2
Figure 7-3. Cross section of rectangular flue divided into twelve equal areas with sampling
points located at the center of each area.
7-3
-------
Table 7-1. PERCENT OF CIRCULAR STACK DIAMETER
FROM INSIDE WALL TO TRAVERSE POINT
Traverse
point
number
along
diameter3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Number of traverse points on single diameter
6
4.4
14.7
29.5
70.5
85.3
95.6
8
3.3
10.5
19.4
32.3
67.7
80.6
89.5
96.7
10
2.5
8.2
14.6
22.6
34.2
65.8
77 A
85.4
91.8
97.5
12
2.1
6.7
11.8
17.7
25.0
35.5
64.5
75.0
82.3
88.2
93.3
97.9
14
1.8
5.7
9.9
14.6
20.1
26.9
36.6
63.4
73.1
79.9
85.4
90.1
94.3
98.2
16
1.6
4.9
8.5
12.5
16.9
22.0
28.3
37.5
62.5
71.7
78.0
83.1
87.5
91.5
95.1
98.4
18
1.4
4.4
7.5
10.9
14.6
18.8
23.6
29.6
38.2
61.8
70.4
76.4
81.2
85.4
89.1
92.5
95.6
98.6
20
1.3
3.9
6.7
9.7
12.9
16.5
20.4
25.0
30.6
38.8
61.2
69.4
75.0
79.6
83.5
87.1
90.3
93.3
96.1
98.7
22
1.1
3.5
6.0
8.7
11.6
14.6
18.0
21.8
26.1
31.5
39.3
60.7
68.5
73.9
78.2
82.0
85.4
88.4
91.3
94.0
96.5
98.9
24
1.1
3.2
5.5
7.9
10.5
13.2
16.1
19.4
23.0
27.2
32.3
39.8
60.2
67.7
72.8
77.0
80.6
83.9
86.8
89.5
92.1
94.5
96.8
98.9
aPoints numbered from outside wall toward opposite wall.
total number of points along two diameters would be twice the number of points
along a single diameter.
7.1.2. Velocity Head Measurements
A pitot tube and inclined manometer are com-
monly used to measure velocities equivalent to at
least 400 feet per minute at 60°F. A Stauscheibe, or
type-S, pitot tube is recommended for velocity head
measurements. This instrument is shown in Figure
74.
When using the type-S pitot tube, a correction
factor must be applied to the velocity head readings.
This factor is usually about 0.85, but can vary
between 0.8 and 0.9, depending on the exact configu-
ration of the openings. This correction factor should
be checked by comparing velocity head readings
taken at a point of constant air flow with a standard
pitot tube, which is, also shown in Figure 74. The
correction factor is the ratio of the square root of the
velocity heaa reading obtained with the standard
pitot tube* to the square root of the reading obtained
with the type-S pitot tube. A sample calibration
calculation is shown in Table 7-2.
The velocity head is the arithmetic difference
between the total pressure and the static pressure in
the duct. This difference in pressures is read on an
inclined manometer by connecting the two leads on
the pitot tube to the two ends of the inclined
manometer with flexible tubing (^-inch-O.D. rubber
and Tygon have both proved adequate). The impact
or upstream leg of the pitot tube measures the total
pressure and is connected to the zero end of the
inclined manometer. The other leg of the pitot tube,
used to measure static pressure, is connected to the
manometer's high side.
* The correction factor for the standard pitot tube
is approximately 1.0; its actual value, which could
vary from 0.98 to 1.02, should be determined by
the manufacturer.
74
-------
i
IMPACT PRESSURE CONNECTION
TUBING ADAPTER
'STATIC PRESSURE
HOLES OUTER
PIPE ONLY
STAINLESS STEEL
TUBING
STATIC PRESSURE CONNECTION I
3d
STANDARD PITOT TUBE
IMPACT PRESSURE OPENING
STAINLESS STEEL TUBING
TYPE S PITOT TUBE
TUBING ADAPTER i
Figure 7-4. Typical pitot tubes used to measure velocity head.
Table 7-2. EXAMPLE DETERMINATION OF
TYPE-S PITOT TUBE CORRECTION FACTOR
Standard
pitot reading
H0
0.3
0.5
1.0
JHT
0.5477
0.7071
1.000
Type-S pitot reading
H,
0.415
0.700
1.44
/H?
0.642
0.837
1.200
^ -c
IX "
0.853
0.844
0.833
Cp=0.843
Any suitable manometer may be used to read the
velocity head. The accuracy of the velocity determi-
nation, however, depends on the accuracy of the
readings obtained. Because the velocity readings are
the single most important factor leading to errors in
source-sampling work, a sensitive, easily read instru-
ment must be used. A manometer that can be read to
within 1 percent of the highest expected reading is
desirable.
Actual velocity head readings should not be
taken until the process has been operating at the
desired conditions for at least 30 minutes. During this
period the distances to the required measurement
points can be calculated, and the pitot tube can be
marked. Marking can be done with a high-tempera-
ture crayon or masking tape. If the duct has a thick
wall, or if a pipe fitting protrudes from the wall, this
dimension must be added to the distances calculated
from the duct's inside wall to the test points.
7-5
-------
Before and during the velocity traverse, the
following precautions should be taken:
1. The manometer connections and tubii g
should be checked for leaks, kinks, or
foreign matter. (See Section 7.4.2.3)
2. The manometer should be carefully leveled,
and the liquid column should be set exactly
on zero. This should be done after the pitot
tube has been connected in order to avoid.
disturbing the manometer. To prevent any
air movement from affecting the zero
setting, a cloth should be held over the end
of the pitot tube. The zero setting and level
of the manometer should be checked during
the test work.
3. The pitot tube must be held at right angles
to the gas flow, and the impact opening of
the tube must point directly into the gas
stream. It should be noted that the maximum
reading for a type-S pitot tube does not occur
when the pitot tube is properly aligned at
right angles to the direction of gas flow.
4. The test ports should be kept sealed to
prevent air flow from affecting the readings.
5. In ducts where erratic velocity head readings
are taken (a common occurrence), an aver-
age value must be taken by visual observa-
tion. In taking a visual average reading, try
to ignore the rapid extreme fluctuations in
pressure. Glass capillary tubes inserted in the
pitot tube connecting lines will dampen out
some fluctuations.
6. Take readings at the designated subarea
centers only, and not at the duct edges or
center.
Always use a standardized form to record velo-
city head readings and other pertinent test data. A
suggested form is shown in Figure 7-5. Any readings
that appear to be unusually high or low should be
rechecked immediately.
For very low velocity measurements, a hot-wire
anemometer or vane-type anemometer may be tried.
These devices must be calibrated at the temperature
at which they are to be used; also, they do not give
accurate readings if particulates are allowed to deposit
on them. If the latter occurs, the flow must be esti-
mated based on material balance and/or fan data.
7.1.3. Temperature and Static-Pressure Mea-
surements
A long (36-inch) stem dial thermometer with a
range of 50° to 750°F will provide the best overall
temperature measurements in ducts up to about 40
square feet in area. Though temperatures are usually
fairly uniform across any cross-sectional area, a
traverse with the thermometer should be made to
check uniformity.
For larger ducts and for high temperatures, a
thermocouple and potentiometer will be required to
measure temperatures. In such cases, the temperature
readings should be taken at the same points and
preferably at the same time that the velocity head
readings are made. For temperatures in excess of
approximately 750°F, a shielded thermocouple
should be used. When temperature variations occur, a
continuous recording of the thermocouple readings
will be useful to define the cyclic nature of the
process.
All temperature data, including identification of
the instrument used, should be recorded on the
velocity traverse data sheet (Figure 7-5).
Approximate static-pressure measurements in the
duct may be made by connecting one leg of a type-S
pitot tube to a vertical U-tube manometer containing
either water or mercury, depending on the expected
range of pressure, and turning the pitot tube sideways
in the duct. The other leg of the manometer is open
to the atmosphere. This static gauge pressure may be
either a positive (pressure) or a negative (vacuum)
reading. It should be determined to the nearest 0.1
inch of water.* The absolute pressure in the duct is
obtained by adding the value for static gauge pressure
to the atmospheric (barometric) pressure at the test
location (add the value for gases under pressure and
subtract for vacuum readings). Equation 7-4 il-
lustrates this calculation.
The atmospheric pressure is determined with an
aneroid barometer or, if available, a Fortin mercury-
in-glass barometer. The aneroid barometer should be
checked and calibrated with a Fortin barometer.
Temperature corrections must be applied to the
Fortin barometer when the ambient temperature is
not 32°F.t
* Because this measurement is not critical to the
velocity determination, it may be ignored if it is
less than approximately 15 inches of water. This
measurement is frequently useful from a process
or equipment standpoint, however.
t Temperature corrections and other useful data
are contained in ASME PTC 19.2 — 1964 —
Pressure Measurement
7-6
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where:
PS =
Ph =
PS =
(7-4)
absolute pressure in stack, inches of
mercury
atmospheric pressure at test site, inches
of mercury, measured with a barometer
stack gas gauge pressure, inches of water
7.1.4. Gas Density and Moisture Determina-
tions
7.1.4.1. Gas Density
In addition to temperature and pressure, com-
position also influences the density of stack gases.
Although many exit-gas compositions are similar to
that of air, it may not be valid to assume that such a
similarity exists for various chemical compositions; a
chemical analysis will thus be required. For example,
gas streams from a chlorine plant may contain high
concentrations of chlorine, which has a molecular
weight of 71. Since the molecular weight of air, upon
which the velocity equations are based, is 28.96, a
large difference in gas densities could lead to an error
in the velocity determination.
For most combustion gases, the density is fairly
close to that of air, and if no correction is applied,
only a small error will result. The density may be
checked, however, with an Orsat analysis and the
following calculation procedure:
(Percent C02 by volume, dry basis) x 0.44=
(Percent CO by volume, dry basis) x 0.28 =
(Percent 02 by volume, dry basis) x 0.32 =
(Percent N2 by volume, dry basis) x 0.28 =
(7-5)
where percent CO2, CO, and 02 are measured by the
Orsat apparatus, and percent N2
=100 - (%C02 + %CO + %02),
Md =
W =
Ms =
average molecular weight, dry basis
volume percent moisture in flue gas
(Equation 7-6)
average molecular weight of actual flue
gas
7.1.4.2. Moisture Content
Moisture content can be determined more
accurately after a particulate sample has been taken,
because the train used to collect particulates will also
collect moisture. A preliminary estimate of moisture
content, however, can be obtained through a know-
ledge of the process, with a material balance, from
wet and dry bulb readings, by passing a measured
quantity of gas through an accurately weighed desic-
cant, or by condensation techniques.
Passing a measured volume of stack gas through a
container with an accurately weighed quantity of
silica gel has been used to determine moisture
content. In this case the quantity of moisture
collected, divided by the sample volume, will yield
the percent moisture as shown in Equation 7-6. Care
must be taken not to saturate the silica gel and to
provide sufficent contact time for water vapor
absorption.
W =
vm+vw1
xlOO
(7-6)
Vw, = (weight gain of silica gel, grams) x
0.0474*
where:
W
V,.
metered volume of dry gas at
70°F and 29.92 inches Hg
% moisture in stack gas by volume
ft3 of moisture collected at 70°F
and 29.92 inches Hg
When the full particulate sampling train is used as
described in Section 7.4, moisture will be condensed
in the impingers and also absorbed by the silica gel;
this quantity must be included in the total moisture
calculation. Thus, if Vw2 = (moisture condensed out
in impingers, ml) x 0.0474, then:
w =
-xlOO
(7-7)
Cubic feet of equivalent vapor occupied by 1
gram of water at 70°F and 29.92 inches Hg.
7-8
-------
7.1.5. Calculation of Velocity and Total Gas
Flow
Calculation of stack gas velocity is not required
prior to sampling if the recommended sampling
method is used. The average velocity head and other
stack gas parameters, however, are required. If
needed, the velocity may be calculated according to
Equations 7-8 and 7-9.
Vs=
(7-8)
28.96 29.92
7.2. DETERMINATION
SAMPLING RATES
OF ISOKJNETIC
During isokinetic sampling, the velocity of the
gas entering the sampling nozzle is identical to the
velocity in the duct at the sampling point. In most gas
streams, isokinetic sampling is required to prevent
segregation of the particulate matter and, conse-
quently, a biased sample.
Isokinetic sampling rates may be calculated if the
gas velocity, temperature, pressure, nozzle area, and
gas metering conditions are known. These variables
are related as shown in Equation 7-12.
100-W
100
(7-12)
where:
where:
Vsi
AP =
T •
1s\
M.
N
K
stack gas velocity at point i, feet
per minute
pitot tube correction factor (di-
mensionless)
velocity head, inches of water
stack gas temperature at point i,
°R
stack gas molecular weight
stack gas absolute pressure, inches
of mercury
number of sampling points
174 when units listed above are
used
If the molecular weight of the gas is similar to
that of air, and the stack pressure is approximately
29.92, Equation 7-9 simplifies to:
(7-10)
The average velocity is then the arithmetic
average of all the VSj.If the temperature is ±0.5percent
(absolute) throughout the duct cross section, the aver-
age velocity in the duct is obtained by:
Vs =
174 C
x (avg.
(7-H)
Figure 7-5 (the velocity data sheet) provides a
convenient form for computing velocity and total gas
volume in a duct.
Qmj = sampling rate at meter conditions
at point i, ft 3 /min
VSj = stack gas velocity at point i, feet/
min. (Equation 7-9)
An = nozzle area, ft2
Tm = average temperature of gas passing
through dry gas meter, °R
TSj = average temperature of stack gas
at point i, °R
Ps = average absolute pressure of stack
gas, in. of Hg
W = moisture in stack gasj,|% (Equation
7-6 to 7-7)
The basic orifice flow rate equation is:
Qm =
(7-13)
where:
AH =
meter flow rate, ft3 /min
orifice calibration constant, in-
cludes orifice coefficient and unit
conversions
pressure drop across orifice, inches
of water
This relationship is obtained by calibrating the
orifice and plotting the values of Qm versus AH on
log-log graph paper.
When using the procedures described herein, an
orifice with a pressure drop of approximately 1.84
inches of water at a flow of 0.75 ft3/min is
recommended.
7-9
-------
The basic isokinetic flow rate equation was given
in Equation 7-12 as:
Vm ~ * s An x
(7-12)
V., however, was given by Equation 7-9 as:
28
99 99
Substituting Equation 7-9 into 7-12 gives:
100-W
Qm = 174 C
where:
x An
28.96 29.92
To determine the nozzle size, a sampling rate of
0.75 ft3/min* is substituted for Qm and Equation 7-12
is rearranged and solved for An, the nozzle area
(Equation 7-15). An available nozzle size approximat-
ing the value calculated is then used to calculate the
actual sampling rates at the individual traverse points.
(7-15)
7.2.1. Calculation Aides.
Because a separate calculation is required for
every traverse point, the determination of isokinetic
sampling rates can be quite laborious, especially if
stack-gas flow conditions vary v/ith time. Various aids
that have been developed to assist in this calculation,
if properly used, will reduce computational errors and
time, and provide a more reliable procedure for
obtaining isokinetic rates.
A straight-line relationship exists between the
velocity head measurement (Ap) and the pressure
drop (AH) across the orifice flow rate meter used in
the sampling train. This relationship, along with the
related variables, has been plotted on nomographs as
shown in Figures 7-6 and 7-7.
Variations in the assumptions used in preparing
the operating nomograph (Figure 7-7) are compen-
Any desired sampling rate may be used. With the
equipment described here, a rate of 0.75 ft /min
is recommended.
sated for by the auxiliary correction nomograph
shown in Figure 7-6. The only variable not taken into
account is the dry molecular weight of the stack gas,
which is assumed to be approximately equal to that
of air.
The following example illustrates the procedure
for using the correction nomograph and the operating
nomograph with these assumed conditions:
Orifice pressure drop
AH @ 0.75 ft3/min = 2.7 in. H2O from orifice
calibration (Appendix C)
Ps = Pm = 29.9 in. Hg
Ts = 600°F
Tm = 100PF
W = 20% H2O
Avg. Ap = 0.36 in. H20
Figure 7-6 contains instructions for obtaining the
correction factor C. With the correction factor
determined, the sliding portion of the operating
nomograph is placed so that C is set opposite the
reference mark as shown in Figure 7-7. The K factor
must now be determined on the operating nomo-
graph. This point will then be the pivot point, which
must be on the straight line connecting Ap and the
desired AH.
Figure 7-7 illustrates this procedure.
1. Connect stack temperature to average pitot
reading Ap.
2. Select a probe-tip diameter as close as
possible to that indicated in Step 1. (In this
^xample use 54 inch.)
3. Align the actual probe-tip diameter with the
stack gas temperature to determine an arti-
ficial pitot reading.
4. Align the artificial pitot reading with the
reference mark on the AH axis.
5. This line crosses the K axis at the desired K
pivot point.
During sampling, AH is determined by con-
necting the observed pitot reading, through K, to the
AH scale. As long as the meter and stack-gas
parameters do not change very much, this K factor
remains constant. If large changes are noted, a new C
and K must be determined.
Unmarked copies of these two nomographs are
provided in Appendix A for the reader's use.
7-10
-------
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7-11
-------
ORIFICE READING
CORRECTION
FACTOR
K FACTOR
0.2
0.1
PITOT READING
0.001-
0.002—=
0.003-
Figure 7-7. Operating nomograph.7
7-12
-------
7.3 NONIDEAL SAMPLING CONDITIONS
In practice, nonideal sampling conditions are
frequently encountered because of nonuniform flow
distributions and/or flow variations with time. Non-
uniform flow patterns are caused by obstructions to
the flow caused by fans, bends, dust collectors, duct
transitions, etc. Cyclic conditions can be attributed to
the operation of the process. The degree of nonuni-
formity of flow, though usually evident from the
configuration of the duct, can only be determined by
making a traverse of the duct with the pitot tube as
discussed in Section 7.1.1.
7.3.1. Poor Flow Distribution
When sampling less than 8 hydraulic diameters
downstream or less than 2 diameters upstream from a
flow disturbance, the number of sampling points
should be increased in accordance with the proce-
dures in Section 7.1.1. Sampling errors will be
reduced if a greater number of subareas are used to
determine average emissions. When the flow pattern is
tangential or spiral in nature, only approximate
results will be obtained, and modification of the
existing duct work should be considered.
7.3.2. Nonisokinetic Sampling Conditions
If isokinetic sampling conditions cannot be main-
tained because of stack-gas-flow variations or sam-
pling-train problems, a certain error in particulate
measurement may occur. The degree of error will
depend on the departure from isokinetic conditions
and on the particle size. Figure 7-8 presents experi-
mental data on the expected range of error. Further
work, however, is still required to quantify the
magnitude of these errors. In the interim, one can
only try to achieve isokinetic sampling rates as closely
as possible.
Particulate concentrations and emissions are
usually determined by computing the concentration
of particulates and multiplying by the volume of gas
emitted (Section 7.8). Emissions may also be com-
puted by determining the emission rate per unit time
(pounds per minute) and multiplying this ratio by the
ratio of stack area divided by sampling nozzle area.
By calculating the mass emission rate by these two
methods and comparing the results, the ratio of
isokinetic rate actually achieved may be determined.
The two methods yield identical results under exact
isokinetic sampling conditions. By selecting one
calculation method or the other, or by averaging the
two, more accurate emission data can be obtained.9
7.3.3. Cyclic Flow Conditions10
When gas flows and emissions vary with time
each point should be sampled for a complete cycle
For long cyclic periods, each point may be sampled
for a 3- to 5-minute period, and the entire duct
should be traversed two to three times. At times,
exit-gas particulate concentrations and flows will be
nonuniform and unsteady. This presents a difficult
sampling condition since the duct should be traversed
and each sample should extend over a whole cycle or
specified number of cycles. For large ducts, or when
long cycles are encountered, the total sampling time
can become very long. The 'use of a number of
sampling trains operating simultaneously will reduce
total sampling time.
7.4. PARTICULATE SAMPLING EQUIP-
MENT
A wide variety of sampling trains is available for
determining particulate emissions. These trains have
been described in the literature, and each has its
particular advantages and disadvantages depending on
the sampling conditions and the object of the
test.4'5-11 In all cases, however, the trains consist of
a carefully sized sampling nozzle or probe tip, a probe
to convey the gases, a filter or particulate/gas separating
device, a pump, ana a gas meter. When hot gases
(greater than approximately 150°F) are sampled, a
condenser or similar cooling device is also used to
protect the pump and meter.
7.4.1 Description of Sampling Train7'
12
The particulate sampling train recommended and
used by the Office of Air and Waste Management is
designed to measure both filterable particulate and
nonfilterable or condensable matter. Depending on
the requirements of a specific emission regulation and
the prescribed test procedure, all or only part of the
material collected in various parts of the sampling train
may be used in calculating emissions to compare with
the regulation. The sampling apparatus consists of
a removable probe tip, a heated probe, cyclone
(optional), heated filter, four impingers connected in
series, airtight vacuum pump, dry gas meter, and an
orifice flow meter as shown in Figure 7-9. The cyclone
is optional because it is only used for expected high
grain loadings of particles greater than approximately
5 microns in size. This train is designed for high
particulate-collection efficiency and for ease in main-
taining isokinetic sampling rates.
Particulate matter is collected on a filter main-
tained at a temperature of approximately 250°F, and
additional matter is collected in the cooled impingers,
which operate in the range of 50°to 70°F. Thus, both
filterable and nonfilterable fractions of particulate
matter are obtained. The use of a filter outside the
stack requires heating of the probe and filter to
7-13
-------
RATIO OF NOZZLE VELOCITY TO ACTUAL STACK VELOCITY IN DUCT
Figure 7-8. Expected errors incurred by non-isokinetic sampling.8
EJecause a wide variety of particle sizes is usually
present, these data should not be used to correct
concentrations obtained under non-isokinetic con-
ditions.
prevent condensation on the filter and subsequent
high-pressure drop. The use of an air-tight vacuum
pump in front of the flow meter simplifies the
calculations needed to determine and maintain isoki-
netic flow rates.
As shown in Figure 7-9, the train consists of a
button-hook-type nozzle or probe tip that is con-
nected with a coupling to the probe sheath. A glass
probe is inside the metal sheath.
The probe connects to a cyclone and flask (option-
al) when used in the train. The cyclone connects to a
coarse, fritted glass filter holder, which holds a
tared glass fiber filter.* Commonly used filters range
from 2.5 to 4 inches in diameter. When the cyclone is
not used, the probe connects directly to the filter
holder through an adapter tube. The cyclone, flask,
and filter are contained in an electrically heated, en-
closed, and insulated box, which is thermostatically
maintained at a minimum temperature of 250 F to
prevent water condensation. Attached to the heated
* MSA type 1106 BH or equivalent.
7-14
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box is the ice-water bath containing four impingers
connected in series with glass ball and socket joints.
The first impinger receives the gas stream from the
filter. This impinger — of the Greenburg-Smith design
— is modified by replacing the tip with a 0.5-inch-ID
glass tube extending to 0.5-inch from the bottom of
the flask. This impinger is initially filled with distilled
deionized water.* The second impinger is a standard
Greenburg-Smith impinger with tip that is also filled
with distilled deionized water. The third in^/inger is
a dry Greenburg-Smith impinger modified like the
first, and contains approximately 200 grams of accu-
rately weighted dry silica gel.
From the fourth impinger the sampled gas flows
through a check valve; flexible rubber vacuum tubing;
vacuum gauge; a needle valve; an airtight vacuum
pump rated at 4 cubic feet per minute at zero inches
of mercury gauge pressure, and connected in parallel
with a bypass valve; and a dry gas meter rated at 1
cubic foot per revolution. A calibrated orifice, which
is used to measure instantaneous flow rates, com-
pletes the train. The three thermometers used in this
train are of the dial type, with a range of 25° to
125°F. A fourth thermometer in the heated portion
of the box has a range up to 500°F. The manometer
is an inclined type graduated in hundredths of inches
of water. A similar manometer, depending on the
expected range, is used to read the velocity head
sensed by the pitot tube.
7.4.2. Assembling and Testing the Train
Before assembling the various sampling com-
ponents, the following procedures should be per-
formed in the laboratory. These procedures should be
completed before each test series.
It is especially important that all components in
contact with the sampling stream be carefully
cleaned. Proper cleaning and lubrication, as described
in Appendix B, will also ensure a leak-tight assembly.
Any other suspected malfunctions in the sam-
pling train are also best diagnosed and repaired in the
laboratory or shop. Frequent sources of mechanical
problems include defective pumps (usually broken or
stuck vanes), dry gas meter (erratic dial readings),
* Usually 100 ml is used. Other liquids may also be
used, depending on the particular gas to be
absorbed.
timer or clock malfunctions, loose or broken electri-
cal wires, damaged nozzle or pitot tube openings, and
cracked glass parts.
7.4.2.1. Calibration of Train Components
In addition to the pitot tube calibration de-
scribed in Section 7.1.2, the following calibrations
should be made periodically.
Meter and orifice—The dry gas meter should be
checked against a primary standard such as a
large wet test meter, an accurate orifice, or a Bell
Prover. With the meter accuracy determined, the
orifice mounted on the meter outlet can be
calibrated as described in Appendix C.
Sample box thermostat—The thermostat in the
heated sample box compartment is calibrated by
comparing its set temperature with a mercury
thermometer. To accomplish this, the heater and
blower should be turned on, and the thermostat
set at 250°F. When the temperature has
stabilized, the reading should be noted and the
thermostat adjusted, if required, to yield a value
of 250°Fi The thermostat scale should also be
adjusted to indicate 250°F.
Thermometers—The stack-gas thermometer and
all thermometers used in the sampling train
should be calibrated periodically at a point near
their expected operating range. For lower tem-
perature ranges, this may be accomplished by
placing the stem into hot water and comparing
the readings to a mercury bulb thermometer in
the same water. For higher temperatures, an oven
or hot gas stream may be used for calibration
checks.
7.4.2.2. Assembling Train Components
The basic assembly of the sampling train for field
use is facilitated by the use of two basic units or
modules and connecting hardware.
The first module is the sample box. It consists ol
the probe; the cyclone (if used) and filter, both of
which are placed in the heated portion of the box;
and the four impingers in the cooled portion of the
box. Before assembling the rest of the train, a
numbered and tared glass fiber filter is placed into the
filter holder (rough face should face upstream), and
the filter number is recorded on the meter data sheet.
The cyclone and filter holder are clamped together at
the ground-glass ball and socket connectors with
positive-lock pinch clamps. Alight coating of silicone
grease is applied to the outer portion of the male
7-16
-------
ground-glass joints. The inlet to the cyclone is then
temporarily sealed until the train has been completely
assembled and checked (a glass ball held in place with
a pinch clamp has been found useful for sealing the
cyclone).
The four impingers are then placed in the cold
section of the sampling train. The first two impingers
are each filled with 100 ml of distilled, high-
resistance, deionized water; the third impinger is dry;
and the last impinger is filled with approximately 200
grams of weighed (± 1 g) dry silica gel (indicating
type, 6 to 16 mesh). The impingers are connected
with U-shaped connectors and positive-lock pinch
clamps. The first impinger is connected to the filter
outlet with a glass Lshaped adapter.
The second module, which consists of the meter
box, contains the vacuum pump, dry gas meter,
manometers, flow control valves, orifice flow meter,
timer, and associated connecting tubing and wiring.
This module is preassembled and requires no internal
field connections.
The sample box and meter box are connected by
an umbilical line consisting of the main vacuum line,
the two pitot-tube connection lines, four electrical
wires (two for the probe heater, and two for the
sample box), and a ground wire. The vacuum line is
attached to a check valve-thermometer assembly on
the last impinger and connected to the meter box
pump inlet with quick disconnects.
With the meter box and sample box connected,
the heaters can be started and ice and water placed
into the ice-water portion of the sample box. The
train can then be checked as described in Section
7.4.2.3. A probe of the desired length is then
selected, the appropriate nozzle is attached to the
front of the probe, and the probe is marked with
crayon or tape to indicate the described sampling
point locations. If not permanently mounted, the
pitot tube and stack-gas thermometer are now also
attached to the probe.
7.4.2.3. Testing the Sampling Train
To test the sampling train for proper functioning
prior to a field test, the train should be completely
assembled, the heaters turned on, and the manome-
ters set at zero. The vacuum pump is then turned on
(with the vacuum line not connected), and a quick
check is made of the orifice calibration at 0.75 cubic
foot per minute to determine any malfunction in the
meter or orifice connections. All thermometers
should be checked at this time to ensure that they are
reading approximately the correct values. The train is
then checked for leaks by plugging the cyclone inlet,
adjusting the vacuum to 10 and 15 inches of mercury,
respectively, closing the pump bypass valve, and
checking for flow through the dry gas meter. If a
leakage rate greater than 0.02 cubic foot per minute
is obtained, the train should be checked for leaks and
the procedure repeated until the leakage rate does not
exceed 0.02 ft3 /min. The final leakage rate should be
carefully noted because the leakage volume has to be
subtracted from the actual sample volume during
actual test work. After the leak test, release the
vacuum by slowly unplugging the cyclone inlet before
opening the bypass valve and shutting off the pump.
Failure to follow this procedure may cause air to flow
backwards through the train and rupture the filter.
The probe assembly should now be connected to the
cyclone.
7.5. SAMPLING PROCEDURE
7.5.1. Location of Sampling Points
Under most conditions, the location of sampling
points will be the same as those used for the velocity
traverse, as determined in Section 7.1.1. Points with
no positive velocity readings, however, should not be
sampled. When such points are encountered, read the
velocity and proceed to the next point. Only points
that lie at the centroid of the subareas should be
sampled.
7.5.2. Length of Sampling Periods
Each traverse point should be sampled for an
equal time increment. A 5-minute sampling period
per point is desirable; however, a 2-minute period is
an acceptable minimum. A 1-hour total sampling
period is usually the minimum total sampling time for
one test. This time may vary considerably, however,
depending on the process. At least two tests should
be made. Any test that, upon completion, is found to
have contained an error in sampling or analysis, or
that is not within ±10 percent of the calculated
isokinetic rate should be repeated. During cyclic
operation, at least one complete cycle should be
sampled to obtain an average particulate emission
value.
7.5.3. Operation of Sampling Train
After all the equipment has been checked and
found to be functioning properly, the top of the
Particulate Field Sampling Meter Data Sheet (Figure
7-10) should be filled in. Next, the initial dry gas
meter reading should be carefully taken.
7-17
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The cover should then be removed from the
nozzle tip, and the probe, along with the tempera-
ture-indicating device and pilot tube, should be
placed in the duct until the nozzle reaches the first
sampling point. The pitot reading and the desired AH
found on the nomograph should be recorded along
with the stack temperature. Stack pressure can be
ignored if it was found to be insignificant during the
preliminary traverse.
To begin testing, the on-off valve should be
placed in the off position, the bypass valve should be
completely opened, and the timer should be set at
zero.* Record the clock time and turn the vacuum
pump on. The actual AH should be adjusted to match
the desired AH by first turning the on-off valve to on
and adjusting the pump bypass valve.
7.5.4. Recording Data during Test Period
During the test period, pertinent data relating to
the operation of the sampling train must be recorded
in order to ensure both the proper operation of the
train and the validity of the sample, and to provide
necessary data for subsequent computations.
Figure 7-10 is a sample field data form that may
be used while the particulate sample is being ob-
tained. All data should be carefully entered immedi-
ately by the operator. In addition, any unusual
observations in meter readings or process conditions
should be noted; these notations might explain any
results that appear to be anomalous. These readings
should be taken at the beginning of sampling at each
point or, if sampling at only one point, at 5-minute
intervals.
The initial and final dry gas meter readings are
most important. The pitot readings and the stack
temperature readings are also important because they
will be used to compute stack-gas flow after comple-
tion of the test.
When testing has been completed, the vacuum
pump should be turned off and the final set of
readings taken. Turn off the heater, blower, and
probe heat switches, and remove the probe from the
sampling port. The nozzle tip should be covered as
soon as possible to avoid contamination or loss of
sample. Loosen the probe clamp on the front of the
sample box, and disconnect the probe from the
cyclone inlet. Both the end of the probe and the inlet
When the stack gas is under more than about 1
inch of mercury gauge pressure, the on-off valve
should be left in the on or open position to avoid
pressure buildup in the train. Sampling must then
start as soon as the probe is inserted.
to the cyclone should be covered. After the umbilical
cord has been disconnected from the sample box, the
last impinger should be covered, and the probe and
sample box should be moved to the sample cleanup
area.
Various process parameters must also be re-
corded during the test period. The exact type of
process data to be obtained will, of course, vary with
the process. As a general guideline, all factors that
have a bearing on the emissions should be recorded at
approximately 15-minute intervals. These factors will
include process or fuel weight rate, production rate,
temperature and pressure in the reactor and/or boiler,
control equipment, fan and/or damper settings, pres-
sure drop or other indicator of particulate collection
efficiency, and opacity of exit plume. Figure 7-11
through 7-13 provide sample forms for combustion,
incineration, and process sources, respectively.
Pertinent data obtained in the preliminary plant
survey (Section 6.1) should also be checked at this
time.
7.5.5. Sampling Problems
Some problems encountered during actual sam-
pling are equipment malfunctions and inability to
maintain isokinetic flow because of a high-pressure
drop through the -train. Malfunctions can best be
prevented through a comprehensive, routine mainte-
nance program and a careful check of the equipment
before starting to sample.
Increased pressure drop through the sampling
train is usually caused by a buildup of participates on
the filter. To try to prevent this, the temperature in
the filter box should be maintained above 225°F.
Spare filters, mounted in their holders, should also be
prepared prior to testing in order to facilitate replace-
ment with a new filter. If the filter is kept in a pre-
heated box, sampling can be restarted almost immedi-
ately. The number of the new filter and the time of
test interruption must be recorded immediately on the
field data sheet.
7.6. DISASSEMBLY AND PARTICULATE
CLEAN-OUT PROCEDURE
Upon completion of the sampling run, the
sample box should be disconnected from the meter
box and allowed to cool. The probe may be discon-
nected for ease in handling, and its open ends should
be carefully sealed. The inlet and outlet of the
sampling train should also be sealed before the train is
transported to a clean area for disassembly. The
various sampling train components are then discon-
nected, one at a time, and the collected sample is
7-19
-------
Test No.
Name of Company
Date
Location and Description of Boiler
Type of Boiler
Type of Fuel _
Date Recorder
Capacity
_ 1000 Ib
steam/hr
Time
Fuel Rate
Steam Rate,
1000 Ib/hr
Combustion
Air Rate,
1000 Ib/hr
Steam Pressure
Steam
Temperature
I.D. Fan, rplm
I.D. Fan, amps
Pressures, in. H20
Furnace Outlet
Collector Inlet
I.D. Fan Inlet
Plume Opacity
Fuel Composition (As Weighed),
Btu/lb
% Moisture
% Ash
% S
% Volatile Matter
% Fixed Carbon
Ultimate Fuel Analysis
7-20
Figure 7-11. Boiler operating data.
-------
Test No.
Name of Company
Location and Designation of Unit
Date
Type of Incinerator
Type of Control Equipment
Type of Grate
Grate Speed
Type of Refuse Burned
Approximate Moisture Content
Data Recorder
Time
Tot.
Material
Charged,
1b
Tot.
Primary Chamber Draft
Overfire,
In. H20
Avg.
Underfire,
in. H20
Avg.
Secondary Chamber
Draft.
in. H20
Avg.
Temp.,
OF
Avg.
Plume
Opacity,
%
Avg.
I.D. Fan
rpm
Amp
( of time afterburners are in operation
Fuel rate to afterburner
Figure 7-12. Incinerator operating data.
7-21
-------
Test No. Date
Name of Company
Location and Description of Process
Capacity and Characteristics of Process and/or Product
Raw Materials
Fuel Used
Time
Raw Material Feed Rate
Fuel Rate
Reactor Temp.
Reactor Pressure
Product Rate
Sidestream Rates
Recycle Stream
Rates
Exit Plume
Opacity
Figure 7-13. Process operating data.
7-22
-------
removed and placed in a numbered container. A
record of the containers and the samples should be
made, and the record should accompany the samples
to the lab (Figure 7-14).
First Container: Filter Holder-Remove the glass
fiber filter paper from the holder and place it in a
glass or inert plastic container. Use forceps in
handling the filter. Any segments of the filter that
adhere to the holder should be scraped off and
included with the filter. Seal the container with
masking tape and mark it appropriately.
Second Container: Probe, Cyclone, Cyclone
Flask, Front Half of Filter Holder, and Connecting
Tubing—The insides of these components should be
wiped with a rubber policeman, and any loose
particulate should be placed in the containers holding
the probe contents. To remove all particulate and
organic matter adhering to the inside walls, these
parts should be rinsed with acetone and washed into
the same container.
Third Container: Impinger Liquids—Carefully
pour the water from the first three impingers into a
graduated flask and record the volume to within ±1
milliliters. When determination of condensables is
desired, this water should be quantitatively poured
into a container. The first three impingers and all
connecting tubing should then be rinsed with dis-
tilled-deionized water into the same container. If any
visible particulates appear on the fritted glass filter
support or the back half of the filter holder, these
should also be added to this container. The container
is then sealed with masking tape and labeled. If the
impinger contents are not to be measured, the
impinger solution may be discarded after its volume
has been measured.
Fourth Container: Silica Gel-The silica gel from
the fourth impinger should be quantitatively transfer-
red to a glass or inert plastic container, designated as
No. 4 and sealed. Use only dry brushing to remove
the silica gel; do not wash.
Fifth Container: Organic Matter—To ensure re-
moval of any condensed organic matter that tends to
adhere to the inside walls of the glassware, the fritted
glass filter support, the back of the filter holder, the
first three impingers, and all connectors should be
rinsed with acetone into a container. This container
should be also sealed and labeled. This step may be
omitted if the impinger fraction of the sample is not
desired.
* Desiccate at 70°F ± 10°F under an atmosphere
with a moisture content of less than 0.75 percent
by volume.
7.7. PARTICULATE ANALYSIS
After the particulate fractions have been placed
in their respective sealed containers, the containers
should be carefully packed in a locked box, and
promptly transferred to the laboratory. In the labora-
tory, the following analytical procedures should be
performed on each of the sample containers.
First Container—The filter and any loose particu-
lates or pieces of filter in this container should be
quantitatively transferred to a tared weighing dish.
This material should then be dried in a desiccator
until a constant weight is obtained.* For highly
organic particulate matter, a drying period of 2 to 3
days is appropriate. After drying, weigh the sample
and weighing container on an analytical balance to
the nearest 0.5 milligram. Record the weights on a
standard laboratory form such as the one shown in
Figure 7-14.
Second Container-The acetone washings from
the container should be quantitatively rinsed with
acetone into a clean, small tared beaker and evapo-
rated to dryness at 70°F ± 10°F and at atmospheric
pressure. The beaker and residue should then be
placed in a desiccator for 24 hours, after which they
must be weighed to the nearest 0.5 milligram. Record
the data on the form illustrated in Figure 7-14.
Third Container—The water solution from the
impingers should be placed in a separatory funnel and
extracted with three 25-cc portions of chloroform
followed by three 25-cc portions of ethyl ether. The
ether and chloroform extracts should be combined
and transferred to a clean tared beaker and evapo-
rated to dryness at 70°F ± 10°F and 1 atmosphere
pressure under a hood. The sample should then be
dried in a desiccator for 24 hours and weighed to the
nearest 0.5 milligram. The water remaining after
extraction must be placed in a tared beaker and
evaporated at 212°F. The residue should be dried and
weighed.
Fourth Container-The silica gel and its container
must be weighed to the nearest gram.
Fifth Container-The acetone washings in this
container should be quantitatively rinsed into a clean
tared beaker and evaporated to dryness at 70°F ±
10°F and 1 atmosphere pressure under a hood. The
beaker and residue should then be desiccated for 24
hours and weighed to the nearest 0.5 milligram.
7-23
-------
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7.8. THE TEST REPORT
The emission test report should contain all of the
pertinent data leading up to the test, a description of
the process and the operating conditions under which
tests were made, the results of the tests, and test
procedures. The test report should enable a techni-
cally trained person to understand what was done and
what the results were. Because the test reports may at
times be used as legal evidence, they must be
carefully prepared. Summaries of field test data
should be included in order to allow a knowledgeable
engineer to check the results and obtain an idea of
their accuracy.
7.8.1. Format of Test Report
The exact format of the test report, and the
extent to which each section of the report is
developed, will vary widely from agency to agency
and depend mainly on the intended use of the
finished report. A suggested format of the test report
is presented below:
Test Objective—This introductory section pre-
sents the reasons for performing the test series, the
location of the plant, the processes that were tested,
the location of test sites, the emissions measured, the
test team and owner's personnel, the dates of the test
work, and any other special comments or background
information that are pertinent to the test purpose and
the results.
Summary of Results—A summary will serve to
provide the reader with a short synopsis of the tests
and a tabular summary of pertinent operating and
emission data.
Process Description—A description of the process
and a schematic diagram of the flow of materials
through the process are desirable to provide the
reader with an understanding of the process. The test
locations should be clearly indicated on this sche-
matic diagram. Tables of process weight rates, temp-
erature, gas flows, production rate, etc. that occurred
during the test period should be included in this
section. Capacity of the process equipment should
also be included.
Test Results and Discussion—A detailed summary
of all test results must be presented for each test run.
A discussion of these results pertaining to their
reliability and their relation to the process may also
be presented. Variations in emissions should be
explained.
* 70°F (equivalent to 530°R) and 29.92 inches Hg
are usually used as standard temperature and
pressure.
Sampling and Analytical Procedures-The sam-
pling techniques and analytical procedures used to
obtain all emission results should be listed and
referenced to a standard method. Modifications to
the sampling techniques should be carefully explained
when used.
Appendices—The appendices, which should con-
tain summaries of the detailed field test data, may
also contain a summary of applicable regulations.
7.8.2. Presenting the Results
Emission data should be presented in readily
understood tabular form. The results should be
related to the particular process or test condition in
the summary tabulations. The units used to express
the results will vary with the objectives of the stack
test. In most cases, emission on a basis of pounds per
hour or pounds per ton of process weight should be
presented, in addition to a concentration value. In all
cases, units identical to those used in the local
regulation should be used. Specify the temperature
and pressure used to convert gas volumes from stack
conditions to standard conditions.* Clearly indicate if
a concentration value has been converted to the dry
basis and/or to a certain excess air and/or percent
CO2 value.
Figure 7-15 presents a suggested data summary
for particulate emissions from fuel combustion pro-
cesses. Similar tabulations should be used in pre-
senting emission data from other processes. One
method of summarizing test results, which may be
used in the Appendix to the report, is shown in
Figure 7-16.
7.8.3. Example Calculations
Reporting of emission results in a usable form
always requires some calculations. These calculations
are best illustrated by the following example, which
uses equations previously presented in this section.
7.8.3.1. Determination of Stack-Gas Volume
Assume the following parameters were measured
as explained in Section 7.1.
Stack dimension, 60 in. by 72 in.
Stack area, As = 30 ft2
Barometric pressure, P& = 30.0 in. Hg
Stack gauge pressure, Ps = 1.4 in. H2 0;
Ps = 30.0 - 1.4/13.6 = 29.9 in. Hg
Stack temperature, Ts = 600°F = 1060°R
Average square root of velocity head, Ap = 0.55
in. Hg
7-25
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-------
As determined from pitot-tube traverses (Figure 7-5)
the molecular weight of stack gas (M. W.) is similar to
that of air, which is 28.96. Assuming a Cp value of
0.85 for the type-S pitot tube used, the stack gas
velocity (Vs) can be calculated
V, = 174C
= 174 x 0.85 x 0.55
29.9
= 80.5 Vl 060
= 2620 ft/min.
Qs = Volume = As x Vs = 30 ft 2 x 2620 ft/min.
= 78,500 ft 3/min.
The volume at standard conditions of 70°F and
29.92 inches of mercury is:
Qss = Qs x
Ts
= 39,200 scfm
^ = 78,500 x
29.92 1060
29.92
This volume has the composition of the actual
gas stream, but has been converted to standard
conditions. Frequently it is desired to express volume
on a dry basis; this may be done by factoring out the
fraction of volume due to moisture. Thus, if the gas
has a moisture content (W) of 10 percent (as
determined in Section 7.1.4), the dry volume would
be QSS(100-W)/100 or 39,200(100-10)/100 = 35,300
scfm (dry).
The gas volume may be converted to a weight
basis by multiplying by its density at a given
temperature and pressure. Densities are usually deter-
mined by comparing the molecular weight of the gas
with that of air, i.e., density of gas = (M.W. of
gas/28.96) x density of air.
In this example, the molecular weight of the gas
is very similar to that of air and, therefore, its density
is similar; namely 0.075 pound per cubic foot at 70°F
and 29.92 inches of mercury.* The quantity of dry
gas emitted on a weight basis is therefore:
35,300 ft3/min x 0.075 lb/ft3 = 2648 Ib/min dry gas
7.8.3.2. Determination of Sample Gas
Volume
The sample gas volume is equal to the gas that
passed through the dry gas meter and the equivalent
volume of water vapor trapped in the sampling train.
If significant, the air in leakage should be subtracted
from the meter volume. This quantity is then
* Density of air at other conditions is obtained by
the equation:
Pressure
converted to standard temperature and pressure basis
as shown in Figure 7-17.
The particulate concentration is equal to the
particulate weight divided by the sample gas volume,
and the total particulate emission is equal to the
product of the concentration and total stack-gas flow.
One must be very careful not to multiply concentra-
tions or volume factors that are not at the same
temperature, pressure, and moisture conditions. Any
basis may be used, but it must be consistent
throughout the calculation procedure.
7.8.3.3 Check on Isokinetic Flow Rate
A check on the rate of isokinetic flow actually
maintained during the test period can be estimated on
an average basis. This calculation does not ensure that
isokinetic flow was maintained constant at every
instant, but it does give the average percent of
isokinetic flow maintained at each sampling point.
This equation, which appears on the bottom of,
Figure 7-17, can be used to determine the ratio of the
average stack-gas velocity to the average velocity in
the nozzle; the ratio should be between 90 and 110 at
each point. Before computing individual points, a
check on the test as a whole should be made to see if
it falls within the specified limits.
7.8.3.4. Converting to Other Emission
Standards
Frequently emission must be expressed on a basis
other than pounds per hour or grains per scf. Other
emission standards are especially popular in combus-
tion processes in which emissions are related to fuel
or heat input and to excess air rates.
Grains per scf at specified rate of excess air-
Conversion to this basis requires measurement of the
excess air rate. This can be determined by measuring
the CO , O , and CO content of the exit gases.
Excess air is men computed from the equation:
= %02 0.5% CO
s 0.264% N2 -(«O2 - 0.5$ CO)
Where % N2 = 100-(% C02 + % 02 + % CO)
Correction to 50 percent excess air, for example,
at standard conditions is obtained by multiplying the
grain loading computed at STP by the ratio: (100 +
measuredX)/150.
0.075 x
530°R
For 80 percent excess air C
Temperature 29.92 in. Hg
180/150.
50% X,
= C x
7-27
-------
Test No.
Date
Name
Address
Process Tested
1. Sampling Station
2. Material Collected
3. Operating Condition
4. Avg. Flue Gas Velocity,
ft/min.
5. Avg. Flue Gas Temp., °F
6. Area of Duct, ft2
7. Gas Flow Rate, scfm
8. Sampling Nozzle Diam.,
in.
Avg. Meter Sampling Rate,
ft3/min.
10. Testing Time, min. _
11. Avg. Meter Temp., °F
12. Sample Gas Vol
Meter Cond., ft3
13. Sample Gas Vol .-
Standard Cond., scf _
14. Water Vapor
Condensate, ml
Volume, scf
15. Total Sample Gas
Volume, scf
16. Weight Collected,
grams
17. Total Weight, g
18. Concentration, gr/scf
19. Concentration, gr/scf
@ 12% C02
20. Concentration, %
by volume
21. Concentration, ppm
by volume
22. Emission Rate, Ib/hr
COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
23. Material to Collector,
Ib/hr
24. Loss to Atmosphere,
Ib/hr
25. Efficiency, %
Test Conducted By _
Analysis By
Calculations By
4
Figure 7-16. Summary of emission test data.
7-28
-------
Plant No.
Run No. _
Location
Calculated by
Checked by
Date
Meter Volume
Leakage Volume
Net Sample Volume,
Average Meter Temperature, T
Standard Sample Volume,
Qms = 17.7 x Qm x Pb = 17.7 x
Equivalent Moisture Volume, Qv =
Total Sample Volume, Qt = Qms + QV =
Particulate Sample Weight, VL =
Particulate Concentration, C =
Particulate Concentration,
dry basis Cd - C x
Emission Rate,
Ib/hr, E = C x Qss x 0.00857 =
% Isokinetic, I =
t = sample time
An = area of sample nozzle,
Vs = stack-gas velocity (Figure 7-5)
(Figure 7-10)
(Leakage rate x
sampling time)
ft-3
°F + 460 =
Pnf
i n. Hg
gr
scf (Figure 7-14)
= scf
(Figure 7-14)
gr/scf
gr/dry scf
. x 0.00857 = Ib/hr
x 100
Figure 7-17. Particulate sampling calculations.
7-29
-------
Grains per scf at specified oxygen content-
Converting a grain loading to a specified 02 content
is accomplished by:
Cx
20.9-specified % 02
20.9-measured % 02
Thus, if the basis is 6 percent 02, and 10 percent
02 was actually measured, then the corrected grain
loading is C6% Oj = C x 14.9/10.9.
Grains per scf at specified carbon dioxide con-
tent—Converting a grain loading to a certain C02
content is accomplished by:
Cx
specified % CO2
measured % C02
If the specified C02 content is 12 percent, and
the measured C02 content in the exit gas stream is 4
percent, then the corrected concentration would be:
= C x 12/4.
CO2
Pounds of emission per 1000 pounds of dry flue-
gas—For gas streams similar to air in composition, i.e.,
with a molecular weight between 28 and 30, concen-
tration can be approximately converted to this basis
at standard conditions as follows: Cd x 1.90 at
standard conditions of 70°F and 29.92 inches of
mercury. If correction to an excess air value, or
percent C02, is also required, these corrections are
applied in the same manner as previously explained.
For other gas compositions or nonstandard tempera-
ture or pressure conditions, the gas volume should be
converted to a weight basis by multiplying by the
appropriate density. The emission on a pound-per-
hour basis is then divided by this value.
Pounds per 106 Btu—This emission expression,
commonly used for combustion processes, is obtained
by dividing the emission in pounds per hour by the
heat input, expressed in millions of Btu entering a
unit in the same hour. For bituminous-coal-fired
units, emission expressed on this basis can be approxi-
mated by:
CO2 x 1-9
7-30
-------
8. SIGNIFICANCE OF ERRORS IN SOURCE SAMPLING
13
The procedure for determining pollutant emis-
sion rates by stack sampling involves the measure-
ment of a number of parameters. Errors of measure-
ment associated with each parameter combine to
produce an error in the calculated emission rate.
Measurement errors are of two types: bias and
random. Bias errors, which usually occur as a result of
poor technique, cause the measured value to differ
from the true value in one direction. Typically, this
operator error can be minimized by proper calibra-
tion and adequate training in instrument operation.
Random errors, which result from a variety of
factors, cause the measured value to be either higher
or lower than the true value. Such errors are caused
by the inability to read scales very precisely, as well
as by poor quality and lack of sensitivity of the
measurement device. The usual assumption is that
random errors are normally distributed with a known
(or unknown) mean and standard deviation.
The emission rate of particulates from a stack
can be expressed as follows:
where:
E =
C =
Qss =
K, =
but,
E = K j
emission rate, Ib/hr
particulate concentration, gr/scf
volume of gas in stack, scfm
constant to yield proper units
c-i
(8-1)
(8-2)
where:
Wp = weight of particulate sample, gr
Qt = total sample volume, scf
and
Qss = ^
/ApTs\
1/2
(8-3)
These values could, of course, vary widely and
are used only as examples.
where:
K2 =
AS =
CP =
Ap =
PS =
MS =
constant to yield consistent units
area of stack, ft2
pi tot tube coefficient
velocity head of stack gas, inches H20
absolute temperature of stack gas, °R
absolute pressure of stack gas, inches
Hg
molecular weight of stack gas
Substituting Equations 8-2 and 8-3 into 8-1 yields:
QtTs \PSM
(84)
This is equivalent to:
E =
Qt \ TSMS
(8-5)
The maximum relative error can be determined
by use of the logarithmic differential of these
13
equations.
dE dW
dA, dCn
dQt
"07
£/dAp + d^ _ dTs dM,\
2 \ Ap Ps Ts " Ms /
(8-6)
The weight of particulates (Wp) can be deter-
mined by the use of an analytical balance with
sensitivity approximately ± 0.1 milligram. For an
industrial process, the total sample weight is typically
about 100 milligrams, whereas for some combustion
processes, the typical sample may be approximately
200 milligrams.* Thus the relative error is:
dWg
Wp
0.1 mg
= ± = 0.001 or 0.1% (industrial
lOOmg
process)
8-1
-------
HW 0.1 mg
— -J2- = ± - - = 0.0005 or 0.05% (power
W 200 mg
p
plant)
The area of the stack (As) is determined by
actual measurements of length and width for a
rectangular cross section and of the diameter for a
circular cross section. The area of each type of duct
is:
or
7T (D)2
where:
p =
rb
CL =
net sample metered volume, ft3
average absolute meter temperature, °R
barometric pressure, in. Hg
equivalent moisture volume, set
dCh /17.7PbdQm _ 17.7QmPbdTm
O* \ T T2
vt \ lm J m
then
and
dAs dL dW
~A^ = ~L + W"
_ 2dD
As D
(rectangular)
(circular)
A typical procedure for determining the inside
measurement of a stack is to insert a rod into the
stack, mark the rod, and measure with a steel rule.
Such a procedure should yield a measurement correct
to about 0.25 inch. Thus, for a circular stack with a
diameter of 36 inches, the relative error is:
dAs 2dD 2(0.25>
D
36
= 0.013 or 1.3%
Naturally the relative error would decrease with
stacks having larger inside dimensions.
The coefficient of a type-S pitot tube (Cp) varies
from 0.83 to 0.87. If the average is assumed to be
0.85, the maximum error is ± 0.02. The relative error
is:
dC
p
-
0.02
—
-i 0.024 or 2.4%
The total sample volume (Qt) is determined by:
(8-7)
The volume of gas metered (Qm) is typically
between 40 and 50 cubic feet, and the meter should
be read to the nearest 0.01 cubic foot (d Qm).
Likewise the barometric pressure (Pb) is generally
near 29.9 inches of mercury and should be read to
the nearest 0.01 inch mercury (d Pb). The equivalent
moisture volume (Qv) can be determined by:
Qv = 0.0474
where:
Ql = moisture collected, ml
then
dQv = 0.0474 d Q
1
The amount of moisture collected is quite often
near 100 milliliters and the precision of measurement
is about ± 2 milliliters. Thus.
dQv = 0.0474 dQ1
= 0.0946 or 9.46%
The absolute temperature of the meter (Tm) is
determined by:
where:
Tm = T + 460
meter temperature
dTm dT
8-2
-------
This measurement of temperature is usually
made with a bimetallic thermometer with a precision
of ± 2°F. The range of temperature readings is from
80° to 120°F. Assume an average temperature of
about 100°F or 560°R:
—™ = _ = 0.0036 or 0.36%
560
Substituting these quantities in Equation 8-8 and
using the algebraic signs of each error term to
produce the maximum error yields:
dQt
= 0.0006 or 0.06%
Differential pressure (Ap) is usually measured
with an inclined manometer. The sensitivity is gene-
rally assumed to be about ± 0.01. For Ap readings of
approximately 0.05, the maximum error is:
dAp _ 0.01
~Ap~ ~ OXJ5
= 0.20 or 20%
The absolute pressure of the stack gas (Ps), as
determined by Equation 7-4, is:
13.6
500°F, ± 10°F from 500° to 1000°F, and ± 20°F
from 1000° to 2000°F. The maximum relative error
would occur at about 1000°F.
dT,
= ±
20
1000 + 460
= 0.014 or 1.4
The equation for dry molecular weight in terms
of Orsat readings for a typical combustion process is:
MH =
where:
M,
M
M
CO;
02
CO
~ [Mco2(Rco2-Ro)
+ M02(Ro2-Rco2)
+ Mco(Rco-Ro2)
+ MN2(100-Rco)]
44 — molecular weight C02
32 — molecular weight O2
28 — molecular weight CO
28 - molecular weight N2
initial reading of Orsat
(8-9)
Rco , Kg , RCQ are Orsat readings for each gas
Substituting the molecular weights into Equation
1-9 and differentiating yields:
where:
Ps '
stack gauge pressure, inches H20
iPs_ .
dPs 13.6
Stack-gas pressure (ps) is measured with a man-
ometer that can be read to the nearest 0.1 inch of
water (dP). Typically the stack-gas pressure is around
± 2 inches of water, thus
dP<
= 0.0004 or 0.04%
Stack-gas temperature (Ts) measurements are
usually made with mercury-glass thermometers, ther-
mocouples, liquid-filled bulb-thermometers, or bime-
tallic thermometers. Typical properly calibrated ther-
mometers are accurate to within ± 5°F from 32° to
dMd ^ - 0.44 dRp + 0.12 dRco2 + Q.Q4 dRp7
~
Md
(8-10)
The error in reading the gas burette is generally ±
0.2 percent by volume, and a typical dry molecular
weight is about 29. Thus the maximum error is:
dMd
jj— = 0.0042 or ± 0.42%
The maximum relative error in the emission rate
(Equation 8-6) can be found by a summation of all of
the above errors.*
—-= (0.1)+ (1.3)+ (2.4)+ (0.06)
c
+ 1 /2 [(20) + (0.04) + (1.4) + (0.42)]
= 14.8%
* The error associated with the dry molecular
weight (Md) is used as the error for the actual
stack gas (Ms).
-------
Again, it should be emphasized that 14.8 percent
is the maximum relative error if all of the individual
errors are additive and not random.
A more realistic way of expressing error is to
consider the error in terms of standard deviations. In
this case, the error is expressed as 3 deviation (3a)
units about the mean.14 The probable error can be
calculated from:
3o
(3a)
1/2
(8-11)
thus
3aE = j(0.1)2 + (1.3)2+(2.4)2
+ 1/4 [(20)2 + (0.04)2 + (1.4)2 + (0.42)2]f/2
= 0.104 or 10.4%
On the basis of this error analysis, the determina-
tion of emission rates by isokinetic stack sampling
can be expected to be within 10.4 percent of the true
mean 99.6 percent of the time. It is apparent that
most of the sources of error contribute only in a very
small way to the total error in the calculated emission
rate. The most significant error results from the
measurement of differential pressure (Ap) with the
pitot tube.
-------
APPENDIX A.
NOMOGRAPHS FOR USE WITH SAMPLING TRAIN
A-l
-------
jF
o II 1 II
=
S? |
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
UJr
III
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9
o
- £
^ |
— LU io
sll
t: co «t
?
0)
O)
il
<= LO cs oo aj "7
CM ^-H i—i o e> ci
ill
o.
z
CO
CO
o
a
00
LU
w
s§ o.
e P
-------
CORRECTION
ORIFICE READING
AH
10
9^|
7 ^
-1
6— i
~
=
5 — ~
-=
4 — =:
n
~
3 — -
_
~E
2 Z
_
I
—
:
0.9— |
0.8— |
0.7-3
0.6—|
-3
0.5—1
0.4^
_^
0.3— E
=
~
0.2—
-
~
~
0.1 —
R F F
— REF.
FACTOR PITOT READING
£
2.0 P
1.5
i n
— 0.9
0.8
• 0.7
0.6
0.5
, 2500
—
—
=1-2000
—
— 1500
—
Z_iooo
zn^
=£-800
6r400
&-300
1—200
§— 100
=-
E — 0
STACK
TEMPERATURE
Ts
SLIDING
SCALE
•^ — cot along lines — ^
AP
0.001— |
K FACTOR
£^H sin* H20
Cp — dimensionless
T, =°F
K =dimensionless
D =in.
A p =in. H20
—
~
0.002^
0.003— =
0.004— E
0.005—=
0.006— S
PROBE 0.008 —
TIP DIAMETER -^
D 0.01
=
=—0.9 -E
~
— n a 0.02 — =
' ~
^-0.7 0.03—=
— 0.04^
t——0.6 -
1 0.05^
=" 0.06—1
E-0.5 ~±
=
E" 0.2— §
I -i
^~°'3 0.3— f
Z 0.4 — E
Z~ 0.5^
~ 0.6-^
—0.2 0.8-=
I 1.0 —
— —
f\ —
_ 3 — =
- 4 — E
— o.i 5~|
6
8^
10-=
Figure A-2. Operating nomograph.
A-3
-------
APPENDIX B.
CLEANING OF TRAIN COMPONENTS 15
Small metal parts-Small stainless steel parts
including quick connects, nozzles, check valves,
unions, and socket joints should be cleaned by hand
with water and a detergent, or with a sonic cleaning
device and the recommended cleaner. After cleaning,
the parts should be rinsed first with distilled deion-
ized water and then with acetone to remove organics
and promote drying. Quick connects and check valves
should be lubricated very lightly with silicone grease,
and the openings should be covered.
Probe sheath and pitot tube—The probe should
first be stripped of the stainless steel union and quick
connects. These parts can be cleaned together with
the small metal parts. The rubber o-ring should be
cleaned with water first and then acetone. The pitot
tube and probe sheath should be scrubbed with
acetone and water, and the pitot tube can be blown
out with compressed air. After cleaning, the unions
and quick connects should be reassembled. The glass
probe should be inserted in the metal sheath, and the
openings should be covered until ready for use.
Glass probe-Wipe the grease from the
ground-glass ball joint, and then brush the probe and
rinse it first with distilled, deionized water and then
with acetone. A visual inspection should be made to
determine if the probe is thoroughly clean inside. The
dried glass probe should be placed in the cleaned
stainless steel probe sheath, and the ends should be
covered to avoid contamination.
Glass parts—All ground-glass joints must be
wiped to remove any remaining grease. Then soak all
pieces in a cleaning solution of dichromate and acid
for 24 hours. The parts should next be washed in
soap and water, rinsed with distilled deionized water,
and then with acetone. A very thin coat of acetone
insoluble silicone stopcock grease can then be applied
to all of the inside (female) ground-glass joints. The
impingers should then be reassembled. The glass,
field-sample containers, and related glass cleanup
equipment should be cleaned by this same procedure.
All openings on the glass parts should be covered to
avoid contamination.
Filter frit—The extra-course glass frit from the
filter holder can be cleaned by placing it in boiling
hydrochloric acid (under a hood) for 2 hours and
then rinsing it first with distilled deionized water and
then with acetone. If the frit does not appear clean, it
should be boiled for 2 more hours in a solution of
HjSC^ with a few drops of sodium or potassium
nitrite added; rinse with distilled deionized water and
acetone, and dry.
Miscellaneous—Manometers should be cleaned
with either soap, naphtha, or gasoline. No other
solution should be used to clean the manometer
unless recommended by the manufacturer. The man-
ometers should then be refilled with the appropriate
liquids.
B-l
-------
APPENDIX C.
ORIFICE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE ls
The meter box containing the vacuum pump and
dry gas meter should be connected to a large-capacity
wet test meter (1 cubic foot per revolution) by
connecting the meter box inlet to the outlet of the
wet test meter. The orifice manometer should be
carefully zeroed. The vacuum pump must then be
turned on, the orifice AH set at 0.5 inch of water, and
the system allowed to run for 15 minutes to
equilibrate the temperatures. The following readings
should be taken during the meter/orifice calibration:
(1) cubic feet of air registered by the dry gas meter
(CF.), (2) temperature of the wet test meter in °F
(Tw), (3) inlet temperature of the dry gas meter in °F
(ITd), (4) outlet temperature of the dry gas meter in
°F (OTd), (5) time in minutes (t) required for 5 cubic
feet of air to flow through the train, and (6)
barometric pressure in inches of mercury (Pb). The
same procedure should be used with the manometer
orifice setting at a AH of 1 inch of water, and the
same data must be recorded. With the manometer
orifice set at AH readings of 2, 4, 6, and 8 inches of
water, respectively, 10 cubic feet of air should be
allowed to flow through the wet test meter at each of
these settings, and the same data should be recorded.
From those data, Y and AH @ can be determined for
each calibration point. Y is the ratio of accuracy of
the wet test to the dry gas meter. AH @ (inches of
H2O) is the orifice differential that gives 0.75 cfm of
air at standard conditions of 70°F and 29.92 inches
of mercury. Figure C-l illustrates a convenient form
for recording these data and also gives the formulas
used to calculate Y and AH@.
If the calculated value for Y is not between 0.99
and 1.01, the dry gas meter will require adjustment
according to the manufacturer's instructions. If the
flow through the orifice at a setting of 1.84 ± 0.25
inch of H20 is not 0.75 cfm, the orifice diameter
should be increased or decreased as the case may be.
Once determined, AH@ is constant for a given
meter and orifice assembly and should be recorded on
the meter box.
C-l
-------
DateBox No. Meter No.
AH
in.
'H20
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
CF CF T IT
w d w, d,
OF OF
5
5
10
10
10
10
OT T 'Time,
d, d, t
OF OF (min)
Calculation Y and M~ at manometer orifice setting of 2.0
Y = CFwPb (Td
CFd (pb + T375> (Tw
0.0317 AH
Pb (OTd + 460)
(T + 460) t
CF
W
Y = Ratio of accuracy of wet test meter to dry gas meter.
AH~ = Orifice pressure differential that gives 0.75 cfm of air at 70°F and
29.92 inches of mercury, in. H20.
Pb = Barometric pressure, in. Hg.
AH = Manometer orifice setting, in. ^0.
CFW = Cubic feet of air measured by the wet test meter,
CF,j = Cubic feet of air measured by the dry gas meter,
Tw = Temperature at the wet test meter, °F.
= Inlet temperature at the dry gas meter, °F.
= Outlet temperature at the dry gas meter, °F.
Tj = Average of the inlet (ITd) and outlet (OTj) temperatures at the dry gas
meter, °F.
t = Time of test, minutes.
Tolerances
Y = 0.99 - 1.00 - 1.01
AH = 1.6 - 1.84 - 2.1
Figure C-1. Orifice calibration form.
C-2
-------
REFERENCES
1. Walsh, G. W. and D. Von Lehmden. Resources
for Air Quality Control Regions. Presented at
EPA Workshop on Regional Implementation
Plans. Raleigh, North Carolina, November 1969.
2. Ermenc, E. D. Air Pollution Control Govern-
mental Careers. Chemical Engineering, 78(1)'.
122-125, January 11. 1971-
3. Standard Test Code for Centrifugal and Axial
Fans. Published by National Association of Fan
Manufacturers. Bulletin No. 10. 1938.
4. Devbrkin, 11., et al. Source Testing Manual, Los
Angeles, Los Angeles County Air Pollution Con-
trol District, November 1963. 179 p.
5. Sampling Stacks for Particulate Matter. ASTM
Method D 2928-71. Philadelphia, Pa. January
1971.
6. Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources. Federal Register 36(247):24S82.
December 23, 1971.
7. Smith, W. S., et al. Stack Gas Sampling Improved
and Simplified with New Equipment. Paper No.
67-110. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11-16,1967.)
8. Hemeon, ,W. C. Magnitude of Errors in Stack
Sampling. Air Repair 4:159-164, November
1954.
9. Smith, W. S., R. T. Shigehara, W. F. Todd. A
Method to Interpret Sampling Data. Paper No.
70-34. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, St. Louis, June
14-18, 1970.)
10. Achinger, W. C. and R. '1. Shigehara. A Guide for
Selecting Sampling Methods for Different Source
Conditions. J. Air Pollution Control Association,
75:605-609, September 1968.
11. Bulletin WP-50. 6th Edition. Western Precipita-
tion Company, Los Angeles, California. 27 p.
12. Martin, R. M. Construction Details of Isokinetic
Source-Sampling Equipment. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
APCO Publication No. APTD-0581. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. April 1971.
13. Shigehara, R. T., W. F. Todd, and W. S. Smith.
Significance of Errors in Stack Sampling Mea-
surements. Paper No. 70-35. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association Annual
Meeting, St. Louis, June 14-18, 1970.)
14. Wine, R. L. Statistics for Scientists and Engi-
neers. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey. 1964.
15. Rom, J. Maintenance, Calibration, and Operation
of Isokinetic Source-Sampling Equipment. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency. Office of Air
Programs. OAP Publication No. APTD-0576.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. March
1972.
R-l
-------
LIST OF SYMBOLS
An Area of sampling nozzle, ft2
As Inside area of stack, ft2
C Participate concentrations, gr/scf
Cp Pitot tube correction factor
E Emission rate. Ib/hr
Ms Stack-gas moleculair weight
Md Stack-gas molecular weight (dry basis)
N Number of sampling points
Pb Barometric pressure, inches of Hg
ps Stack gauge pressure, inches of H2 0
Ps Stack absolute pressure, inches of Hg
Pm Average pressure at dry gas meter, inches of Hg
(as used in this text Pm = Pb)
Qs Stack-gas volume, ft3 /min
Qss Stack-gas volume, scfm
Qm Meter volume, ft3 or rate, cfm
Qv Volume of condensed moisture, scf
Qms Meter volume, scf
Qt Total sample volume, scf
Tm Meter temperature, °F
Ts Stack-gas temperature, °F
Vs Stack-gas velocity, ft/min
W Moisture content of stack gas, %
Ap Velocity head, inches of H2 0
AH Pressure drop across orifice, inches of H20
Wp Particulate weight, gr or g
METRIC CONVERSION TABLE
Multiply
acres
acres
acres
acres
amperes
amperes
atmospheres
atmospheres
atmospheres
atmospheres
atmospheres
atmospheres
British therma units
British therma units
British therma units
British therma units
British therma units
British therma units
B.t u per mm.
B.t u per mm
B t u. per mm
B t.u per mm.
B t.u persq.ft per mm.
bushels
bushels
bushels
bushels
bushels
bushels
centimeters
entimeters
entimeters
entimeters
entimeter-grams
enti meter-grams
centimeter-grams
centimeters of mercury
centimeters of mercury
centimeters of mercury
centimeters of mercury
centimeters of mercury
centimeters per second
centimeters per second
centimeters per second
centimeters per second
centimeters per second
centimeters per second
cubic centimeters
cubic centimeters
cubic centimeters
cubtc centimeters
cuhip. centimeters
by
43.560
4047
1 562x10"
564538
4840
1/10
3xlO>
760
2992
3390
10.333
14.70
1 058
02520
777.5
3.927x10-
1054
1075
2928x10'
12.96
0 02356
001757
1757
0 1220
1 244
2150
0 03524
4
64
32
0.3937
0.01
3937
10
980.7
10'
7233x10'
001316
0.4461
1360
27.85
0.1934
1 969
0 03281
0036
06
0 02237
3728x10-
3 531x10'
6 102x10'
10'
1 308x10 •
2642x10-
to obtain
square feet
square miles
square varas
square yards
abamperes
statamperes
cms of mercury
inches of mercury
feet of water
kgs per sq meter
pounds per sq inch
tons per sq foot
kilogram-calories
foot-pounds
horse-power-hours
joules
kilogram-meters
kilowatt-hours
foot-pounds per sec
horse- power
kilowatts
watts
watts per sq inch
cubic feet
cubic inches
cubic meters
pecks
pints (dry)
quarts (dry)
inches
meters
mite
millimeters
centimeter-dynes
meter-kilograms
pound-feet
atmospheres
feet of water
kgs per sq meter
pounds per sq foot
pounds per sq inch
feet per minute
feet per second
kilometers per hour
meters per minute
miles per hour
miles per minute
cubic feet
cubic inches
cubic meters
cubic yards
gallons
Multiply
cubic centimeters
cubic centimeters
cubic centimeters
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet
cubic feet per minute
cubic feet per minute
cubic feet per minute
cubic feet per minute
cubic inches
cubic inches
cubic mche
cubic mche
cubic mche
cubic mche
CUDIC me ne
cubic inches
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards
cubic yards per minute
cubic yards per minute
cubic yards per minute
degrees (angle)
degrees (angle)
degrees (angte)
dynes
dynes
dynes
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs
ergs
feet
feet
feet
feet
feet
f**et of water
by
10'
2.113x10"
1 057x10'
6243
2832x10-
1728
0.02832
0 03704
7.481
28.32
59.84
2992
472.0
0.1247
0.4720
624
16.39
5.787x10-
1.639x10'
2.143x10'
4329x10"
1 639x10'
0 03463
001732
7 646x10'
27
46.656
07646
2020
7646
1616
8079
0 45
3367
12 74
60
001745
3600
1 020x10'
7233x10'
2.248x10'
9486x10"
1
7376x10'
1 020x10'
10'
2390x10"
1 020x10'
3048
12
03048
36
1/3
0 02950
to obtain
liters
pints (liq )
quarts (liq )
pounds of water
cubic cms
cubic inches
cubic meters
cubic yards
gallons
liters
pints (liq )
quarts (liq )
cubic cms. per sec.
gallons per sec
liters per second
Ibs of water per mm
cubic centimeters
cubic feet
cubic meters
cubic yards
gallons
liter*
pints (Mq.)
quarts (liq )
cubic centimeters
cubic feet
cubic inches
cubic meters
gallons
liters
pints (liq.)
quarts (liq )
cubic feet per sec
gallons per second
liters per second
minutes
radians
seconds
grams
poundals
pounds
British thermal units
dyne-centimeters
foot-pounds
gram-centimeters
joules
kilogram-calories
kilogram-meters
centimeters
inches
meters
varas
yards
atmospheres
S-l
-------
METRIC CONVERSION TABLE (CONTINUED)
Multiply
feet of water
feet of water
feet of water
feet of water
foot-pounds
foot pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foot-pounds per mm
foot pounds per mm
foot-pounds per mm
foot-pounds per mm
foot-pounds per mm
foot-pounds per sec
foot-pounds per sec
foot-pounds per sec
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons
gallons per minute
gallons per minute
grams (troy)
grains (troy)
grams (troy)
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams
horse-power
horse- power
horse-power
horse-power
horse-power
horse-power
horse -power
horse-power (boiler)
horse-power (boi er)
horse-power-hours
horse-power-hours
horse-power-hours
horse- power- hours
horse-power-hours
horse-power-hours
inches
inches
inches
inches of mercury
inches of mercury
inches of mercury
inches of mercury
inches of water
inches of water
inches of water
inches of water
inches of water
kilograms
kilograms
ktlograms
kilograms
kilograms
kilogram-calorie
kilogram-calorie
kilogram-calorie
kilogram-calorie
kilogram-calorie
kilogram-calorie
kg -calories per mm
kg -calories per mm
kg -calories per mm
kilometers
kilometers
kilometers
kilometers
kilometers
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatts
kilowatt-hours
by
08826
3048
6243
0 4335
1 286x10'
1 356x10'
5050x10'
1 356
3 241x10-
0 1383
3 766x10'
1 286x10 '
001667
3030x10'
3241x10-
2 260x10'
7 717x10'
1 818x10"
1 945x10'
8345
3785
0 1337
231
3 785x10"
4951x10"
3 785
8
4
2228x10'
0 06308
1
0 06480
004' 67
9807
15 43
10 >
10"
003527
003215
0 07093
2 205x10'
4244
33,000
550
1 014
10.70
07457
745 7
33.520
9804
2547
1 98x10*
2 684x10*
641 7
2 737x10'
0.7457
2540
10'
.03
0 03342
1 133
3453
7073
04912
0 002458
0 07355
2540
05781
5204
003613
980,665
10'
7093
22046
1 102x10"
3968
3086
1 558x10'
4183
4266
1.162x10'
51 43
009351
0 06972
10'
3281
10'
06214
1093.6
5692
4425x10-
7376
1 341
1434
10'
3415
to obtain
inches of mercury
kgs per sq. meter
pounds per sq ft
pounds per sq inch
British thermal units
ergs
horse- power-hours
loules
kilogram-calories
kilogram-meters
Kilowatt-hours
B t units per minute
foot-pounds per sec
horse-power
kg -calories per mm
kilowatts
8 t units per minute
horse-power
kg-calones per mm
kilowatts
pounds of water
cubic centimeters
cubic feet
cubic inches
cubic meters
cubic yards
liters
pints (liq )
quarts (liq )
cubic ft per second
liters per second
grains (av )
grams
pennyweights (troy)
dynes
grains (troy)
kilograms
milligrams
ounces
ounces (troy)
poundals
pounds
B t units per min^
foot-pounds per mm
foot-pounds per sec
horse- power (metric)
kg -calories per mm
Kilowatts
watts
B t u. per hour
Kilowatts
British thermal units
foot-pounds
loules
Kilogram-calories
Kilogram-meters
Kilowatt-hours
centimeters
mils
varas
atmospheres
feet of water
Kgs per sq meter
pounds per sq ft
pounds per sq m
atmospheres
inches of mercury
Kgs per sq meter
ounces per sq m
pounds per sq ft
pounds per sq m
dynes
grams
poundals
pounds
tons (short)
British thermal units
foot-pounds
horse-power-hours
joules
Kilogram-meters
Kilowatt-hours
foot-pounds per sec
horse- power
Kilowatts
centimeters
feet
meters
miles
yards
B t units per mm
foot-pounds per mm
foot-pounds per sec
horse-power
kg -calories per mm
watts
British thermal units'
Multiply
kilowatt- hours
kilowatt- hours
kilowatt- hours
kilowatt-hours
kilowatt- hours
log'o.V
log* A' or In \
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
miles
miles
miles
miles
miles
miles per hour
miles per hour
miles per hour
miles per hour
miles per hour
miles per hour
miles per hour per see.
miles per hour per sec
months
months
months
months
ounces
ounces
ounces
ounces
ounces per square inch
pints (dry)
pints (liq >
pounds
pounds
pounds
pounds
pounds
pounds of water
pounds of water
pounds of water
pounds of water per mm
pounds per cubic foot
pounds per cubic foot
pounds per square foot
pounds per square foot
pounds per square foot
pounds per square inch
pounds per square inch
pounds per square inch
pounds per square inch
quarts
quarts (dry)
quarts (liquid)
rods
square centimeters
square centimeters
square centimeters
square centimeters
square feet
square feet
square feet
square feet
square feet
square f«et
square f«et
square inches
square inches
square inches
square inches
square inches
square miles
square miles
square miles
square rnncs
square miles
square yards
square yards
square yards
square yards
square yards
temp,(degs C )+17 8
temp, (degs F.) -32
tons (long)
tons (short)
yards
by
2.655x10*
1.341
36x10*
8605
3.671x10*
2303
0.4343
100
3.2808
39.37
10 «
10'
1.0936
1 609xlO<
5280
1 6093
1760
19008
44.70
88
1 467
16093
08684
2682
4478
1 467
1 6093
04470
3042
730
43.800
2 628x10*
a
4375
2835
0625
00625
33.60
2887
444.823
7000
4536
16
32 17
0 01602
2768
0 1198
2 669x10 •
0 01602
1602
5 787x10 *
5456x10'
001602
4882
6944x10'
0 06804
2 307
2036
703 1
144
32
6720
57.75
165
1.973x10'
1 076x10'
0 1550
10 *
100
2296x10'
9290
144
009290
3 587x10 •
1296
1/9
1 273x10*
6452
6944x10'
10'
6452
640
27.88x10*
2.590
3.613.040 45
3098x10*
2. 066x10 •
9
0.8361
3 228x10 '
1 1664
1 8
5/9
2240
2000
9144
to obtain
foot-pounds
horse-power-hours
joules
kilogram-calories
log, N or In N
log,."
centimeters
feet
inches
kilometers
millimeters
yards
centimeters
feet
kilometers
yards
varas
centimeters per sec.
feet per minute
feet per second
kilometers per hour
knots
meters per minute
cms per sec per sec.
ft per sec per sec.
kms per hr. per sec
M per sec. per sec.
days
hours
minutes
seconds
drams
grains
grams
pounds
pounds per sq. inch
cubic inches
cubic inches
dynes
grains
grams
Ounces
poundals
cubic feet
cubtc inches
gallons
cubic feet per sec.
kgs per cubic meter
pounds per mil foot
feet of water
kgs per sq meter
pounds per sq inch
atmospheres
feet of water
inches of mercury
kgs per sq meter
fluid ounces
cubic inches
cubtc inches
feet
circular mils
square feet
square inches
square millimeters
acres
square centimeters
square inches
square meters
square miles
square varas
square yards
circular mils
square centimeters
square feet
square mils
square millimeters
acres
square feet
square kilometers
square varas
square yards
acres
square feet
square meters
square miles
square varas
temp (degs Fahr )
temp. (degs. Cent )
pounds
pounds
meters
S-2
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-450/3-74-047
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Administrative and Technical Aspects of Source
Sampling for Participates
7. AUTHOR(S)
Richard W. Gerstle and Donald J. Henz
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite 8, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOONO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CPA 70-124
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The technical and administrative aspects of establishing and conducting a source-
sampling program within an air pollution control agency are presented. Administrative
aspects include legal aspects, organization, personnel and equipment needs, and costs.
Technical aspects and a detailed explanation of conducting a source-sampling test for
particulate matter are described. Sources of error and the magnitude of errors are
included.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
oSource sampling
Particulate
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
c. COS AT I Field/Group
21. NO. OF PAGES
88
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
T-l
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