EPA-450/3-78-004
March 1978
ASSESSMENT
OF ORGANIC EMISSION
FACTORS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
-------
EPA-450/3-78-004
ASSESSMENT
OF
ORGANIC EMISSION FACTORS
In
(Catherine W. Wilson and Naomi l.evcnson
Pacific Environmental Scr\ices, inc.
1930 14th Street
Santa Monica, California 90404
Contract No. 68-02-258.1
Work Assignment No. 2
Program Element No. 2AA635
EPA Project Officer: James Southerland
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Offire of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771]
March 1978
-------
This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
current technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies
are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - in limited quantities - from
the Library Services Office (MD-35) , U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee,
from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. , Santa Monica, California 90404.
The contents of this report are reproduced herein as received from
the contractor. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed
are tho^e of the author and not necessarily those of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Mention of company or product names is not to be
considered as an endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-78-004
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
LIST OF TABLES ill
SUMMARY iv
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR METRIC UNITS v
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 IDENTIFICATION OF DEFICIENCIES AND OMISSIONS 2-1
3.0 ASSIGNMENT OF PRIORITY RATINGS 3-1
4.0 ACCOMPLISHED AND CURRENT RESEARCH 4-1
4.1 Oil and Gas Production 4-1
4.2 Industrial Surface Coating 4-4
4.3 Petrol euro Tank Storage 4-6
4.4 Petroleum Refining 4-8
4.5 Degreasing 4-9
4.6 Leakage From Gas Distribution 4-10
4.7 Boilers, Fossil Fuel 4-12
4.8 Refueling Motor Vehicles 4-14
4.9 Plastics Frbrication and Forming 4-15
4.10 Stationary Internal Combustion Engines 4-16
4.11 Graphic Arts 4-17
4.12 Gasoline Service Stations 4-17
4.13 Byproduct Coke Ovens 4-18
4.14 Synthetic Resin Manufacture 4-19
4.15 Ethylene Dichloride Manufacture, Ethylene Oxide
Manufacture 4-20
4.16 Drycleaning 4-21
4.17 Nonpipeline Transfer of Petroleum 4-21
4.18 Charcoal Manufacture 4-23
4.19 Vegetable Oil Manufacture 4-23
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (concluded)
Section Page
5.0 NEEDS NOT CURRENTLY BEING ADDRESSED 5-1
6.0 PLAN FOR UPDATING AP-42 6-1
6.1 Tasks for January Through June 1978 6-1
6.2 Tasks for July Through December 1978 6-5
6.3 Tasks for January Through June 1979 6-6
6.4 Tasks for July Through December 1979 6-8
6.5 Continuing Tasks Throughout the Period 6-8
APPENDIX A .- A-l
APPENDIX B B-l
REFERENCES
ii
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
3-1 National Hydrocarbon Emissions By Source Category ... 3-2
3-2 VOC Source Categories,-With Total Annual Emissions
Greater Than 200 x 10 Pounds 3-11
3-3 VOC Source Categories Arranged In Order Of Air
Quality Impact 3-12
3-4 Timetable And Manpower Estimates For AP-42 Update ... 6-2
iii
-------
SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a survey of selected users
of AP-42 to determine the deficiencies of this publication with
respect to volatile organic emission factors. A priority listing of
source categories was developed based on (1) mass of volatile organics
emitted nationally, (2) number of individual sources, (3) population
affected, (4) quality of existing emission factors, (5) needs as
perceived by users, and (6) work underway to lead to improved
emission factors. The highest priority categories were found to
be:
Oil and gas production
Industrial surface coating
Petroleum tank storage
Petroleum refining
Degreasing
Leakage from gas distribution
Boilers, fossil fuel
Accomplished and current research is summarized for each of the
top 19 priority categories. A plan is presented for January 1978
through December 1979, detailing an orderly sequence for preparing
improved and updated sections for AP-42 based on the priority list-
ing and the availability of new information.
iv
-------
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR METRIC UNITS
Equivalent
Metric Unit Metric Name English Unit
Kg kilogram (103grams) 2.2046 Ib
liter liter 0.0353 ft3
dscm dry standard cubic meter 35.31 ft
2
scmm standard cubic meter per min. 35.31 ft
Mg megagram (10 grams) 2,204.6 Ib
metric ton metric ton (10 grams) 2,204.6 Ib
In keeping with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy, metric
units are used in this report. These units may be converted to common
English units by using the above conversion factors.
Temperature in degrees Celsius (C°) can be converted to temperature
in degrees Farenheit (°F) by the following formula:
t°f • 1.8 (t°c) + 32
t°f = temperature in degrees Farenheit
t° = temperature in degrees Celsius or degrees Centigrade
c
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The estimation of pollutant emission rates from each of the
numerous sources found in typical communities is an essential step
1n the understanding of and amelioration of air pollution problems.
These emissions are frequently estimated by applying an emission
factor (emission rate per unit activity) to some measure of activity
(production capacity, fuel usage, etc.). The most comprehensive
Information on emission factors is found in a document published by
EPA, "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors," AP-42. This
material was first published in 1972 and has been updated and expanded
each year, or more often, since that time. This report deals with a
plan for updating the AP-42 emission factors for volatile organic
compounds (VOC)* and for expanding the coverage of AP-42 to Include
additional sources of VOC.
Originally, VOC emission factors were used in compilation of
total hydrocarbon inventories that were used by control officials
in implementation planning. The control of VOC emissions was undertaken'
as the most realistic way of controlling ambient levels of oxidant
which exceeds the air quality standard in a majority of the air quality
control regions (AQCR). As methods for predicting oxidant control
requirements have become more sophisticated, the specifications for
VOC Inventories have become more exacting. At a minimum, present
The emission factors in AP-42 are labeled "hydrocarbons" even
though they include organic compounds that contain oxygen, nitro-
gen, and halogens as well as hydrogen and carbon. An attempt is
currently being made to substitute "volatile organic compoundstt(VOC)
as a more accurate term; hence, this terminology is used throughout
this report. The term "nonreactive organics" is used to indicate
methane, ethane, 1,1 ,l-,trichloroethane and trichlorotrifluoroethane
(Table 1, page 35314, Federal Register, July 8, 1977); all other
compounds are classified as "reactive organics."
1-1
-------
Inventories must be designed to differentiate between methane and
other organics, and if the inventory must serve as input for photo-
chemical modeling exercises, the inventory must be broken down even
further Into paraffins, aromatics, olefins, aldehydes, or other
groupings. The emission factors in AP-42 were developed before
these special needs existed and in many cases, therefore, the
factors do not fulfill 411 the user needs.
Section 2.0 of this report summarizes the deficiencies and
omissions of present AP-42 VOC factors as identified by numerous
users of the volume. The following sections include an assignment
of priority ratings to each source category, a summary of work
recently completed or underway related to VOC emission factors, and
a proposed plan for expediting the expansion and update of AP-42.
This report does not Include an evaluation of mobile source emission
factors because these are the responsibility of a separate group
within EPA and are outside the scope of this work assignment.
1-2
-------
2.0 IDENTIFICATION OF DEFICIENCIES AND OMISSIONS IN AP-42
Users of AP-42 were interviewed to obtain their opinions on
the adequacy of the VOC factors for their needs, A list
of interviews is given in Appendix A. Their comments are summarized
in the following paragraphs, and for convenience they are listed
according to the applicable section numbers in AP-42.
• Section 1 ~ External Combustion Sources
There is a need for reactive VOC factors for powerplants,
large boilers, and large incinerators. This information
Is required for new source review to determine whether
these sources may be subject to the emissions offset
policy. Factors (total and reactive VOC) are lacking
for sources that burn mixed fuel such as coal/refuse
or oil/refuse. Factors for residential heaters — hand-
fired coal and oil fired — appear to be based on old
test data and may not be applicable to modern heaters
of Improved design. It would be useful to have all
factors for residential heating put in a separate sub-
section rather than including them with the factors
for larger combustion sources. One agency indicated
a need for VOC factors for military fire-fighting
schools.
• Section 2 - Solid Waste Disposal
No specific comments were received except for those
related to fuel/refuse combustion as noted above.
• Section 3 - Internal Combustion Engine Sources
Comments were made about the difficulties of using the
factors for stationary internal combustion engines when
duty cycles are not well defined. In addition, it is
unclear whether the factors include evaporative emissions
when these are not broken out separately or whether the
factors are for exhaust emissions only.
• Section 4 - Evaporation Loss Sources
Users of AP-42 differed in their opinions of the adequacy
of emission factors for surface coating. Some wanted
factors based on the number of units coated; others pre-
ferred factors based on the quantity of coating material
used; and others were satisfied with factors of 2,000
2-1
-------
pounds per ton based on the amount of solvent used.
Some users wanted a discussion of the effect of heating
on solvent emissions.
Many individuals expressed dissatisfaction with the
factors for petroleum storage, transportation, and
marketing, but most of these individuals ha*l not
studied the revisions of these sections tha|, yejrg pub-
lished in Supplement 7 to AP-42. Those v^io were'
familiar with Supplement 7 were still dissatisfied
"with the treatment of vapor balance systems. The system
needs to be considered as an entity (see Figure 3-2 in
EPA-450/2-77-035 for example) because the storage tanks
and delivery trucks are interconnected. This cannot
readily be done in the present format of AP-42 with
storage and transportation in two separate subsections.
A need was expressed for factors for solvent extraction
operations -- cottonseed oil, for example -- where the
factors were based on the amount of material extracted
or the amount of the final product. Factors for solvent
reclamation were also requested.
Comments were made about the difficulties of estimating
emissions from tank truck, gasoline loading terminals
where part of the emission factors are in Section 4.3
and part are in Section 4.4. It was suggested that a
section that treated loading terminals as an entity
would be valuable. The situation is similar with re-
spect to bulk plants except that Section 4.3 does not
contain emission factors that are applicable to storage
tanks as small as those commonly found at bulk plants.
There is an even greater need, therefore, for a section
that treats bulk plants as an entity.
• Section 5 - Chemical Process Industry
No specific suggestions were received for expansion or
modification of this section. Several agencies commented
on the difficulty of inventorying this industry because
many plants change their processes on a monthly or
seasonal basis as the demand for particular products
changes.
• Section 6 - Food and Agricultural Industry
A general concern was expressed that VOC may be emitted
in many operations for which only particulate factors
are given in AP-42. These include alfalfa dehydrating
and drying of various grains. Tobacco drying should also
2-2
-------
be included in AP-42. Factors for coffee roasting
and fish processing are given in terms of specific
chemical species and are difficult to transform
into total VOC factors. Large amounts of VOC are
used as carriers for pesticides, and factors should
be derived for pesticide usage preferably by acre-
age, crop and growing season. VOC emission factors
for wine making should be reevaluated to verify
that the present listing of "negligible" is accurate.
Section 7 - Metallurgical Industry
No real deficiencies were identified in this section
possibly because no VOC factors are given for any
operation other than coke manufacturing. There is
a general feeling that VOC may be emitted during
secondary smelting, but the amounts are believed
to be small. A need was expressed for information
on organic species — particularly benzene — from
byproduct coking.
Section 8 - Mineral Products Industry
Most operations in this category do not involve VOC
emissions except for those associated with fuel
combustion to heat kilns and dryers. A question
was raised about the inconsistencies in reporting
In-process fuel emissions where VOC factors are
given for brick manufacturing but not for cement
or lime manufacturing. Most users felt that VOC
would be emitted from all in-process fuel combustion
regardless of the nature of the manufactured pro-
ducts. VOC emissions from coal storage piles were
of some concern since there have been reports of
5-percent losses during storage of several months
duration.
Section 9 - Petroleum Industry
Many comments were received about the lack of VOC
emission factors for oil and gas production.
Specifically, the following operations were mentioned:
Pumps and compressors used in gas processing
Sweetening of natural gas
Dehydration of natural gas
Stationary generators (diesel and gas fueled)
2-3
-------
Flares
Steam generators (crude oil fueled)
Seepage from fields
Fugitive emissions at well heads
Suggestions were made that separate factors be
developed for onshore and offshore operations and
that activities be separated into drilling, pro-
duction* and processing categories.
Many comments were also received about the VOC
factors for refineries. Several individuals questioned
the validity of the factors given for fluid coking
units, for FCCU's with CO boilers, and the factor
designated as miscellaneous (air blowing, sampling, etc.),
No factors are listed for oil-water separators, so
some users have assumed that these emissions are in-
cluded in the factor labeled "process drain." Some
explanation should be provided. Currently, there is
a debate about the appropriateness of basing fugitive
emissions estimates on refinery throughput rather than
on the number of valves, pump seals, flanges, etc.
An attempt should be made to resolve this issue.
• Section 10 - Wood Processing
No comments were recieved concerning this section.
• Section 11 - Miscellaneous Sources
There was little concern about the validity of the
VOC factors for forest wildfires and other accidental
occurrences because, apparently, little use is made
of these factors. There was considerable interest
in developing reliable factors for emissions from
natural sources such as forests, vegetation, fossil
fuel deposits, and quasi-natural sources such as
sanitary landfills and cattle feedlots. These
natural and quasi-natural emissions are of concern
to those who are attempting to predict ambient oxi-
dant levels from precursor levels and, thus, must be
concerned with all VOC emissions whether or not they
originate from man's activities.
2-4
-------
In addition to the specific comments previously listed,
AP-42 users made some general comments about the organization and
content of the volume. Several users wanted information that would
allow them to inventory separately methane, ethane, 1,1,1-trl-
chloroethane, and trichlorotrifluoroethane according to the re-
commended policy on control of VOC as presented in the July 8, 1977
Federal Register. One agency wanted emission factors for benzene.
Several users suggested that a listing of trade names of solvents
would be helpful. Some users wanted estimates of uncertainties 1n
emission factors and, in addition, wanted estimates of uncertainties
in the overall emissions computation including uncertainties in
activity factors as well as emission factors. Several users com-
mented about inconsistencies in factors listed in Appendix C of
AP-42 and those listed in the main body of the document.
It Is believed that many more deficiencies and Inconsistencies
would have been Identified if it had been possible to Interview
AP-42 users repeatedly during a prolonged period of using the docu-
ment. The volume contains too many data items for any Individual
to recall during one interview. The comments that were received
generally dealt with the section of AP-42 that the individual was
using at the time of the interview.
In general, users had four reasons for dissatisfaction with the
present edition of AP-42.
1. They were attempting to compile an inventory and
needed information on a source category that
was not listed in AP-42. Examples are tobacco
drying, pesticide usage, and combustion of coal/
refuse or oil/refuse.
2. They were attempting to evaluate proposals for
accomplishing emissions offset, and the proposer
had suggested the elimination of emissions from
some source such as cutback asphalt paving or
vegetation, which was not adequately treated in
AP-42.
2-5
-------
3. They were not sure that they were correctly
Interpreting the information given in AP-42.
Examples of this are in-process fuel emissions
in brick, cement, and lime manufacturing which
seem to be inconsistently listed, and evaporative
emissions from stationary 1C engines which are
listed for some engines and not for others. In
both instances the users had difficulty in
determining whether these emissions had been
Ignored or whether they, when not listed, were
included with other emissions.
4. They were attempting to carry out a new source
review and needed to estimate uncontrolled
emissions from new equipment. The present
edition of AP-42 contains data on existing (or
even old) equipment but does not discuss new
equipment which may have lower emissions.
No one who was interviewed expected that AP-42 would serve
as a primary source of information about control technology
and the efficiencies of control devices. Other documents were
used as sources of this information. Individuals who were
compiling specialized inventories for modeling purposes, also
did not expect that AP-42 should provide the information that
they require on organic species breakdowns. In fact, such
information, if it were included in AP-42 for each source type,
would be more detailed than some modelers need or desire.
No attempt was made to determine whether these kinds of users
would turn to AP-42 as a primary source of information if the
necessary data were added to the existing volume.
2-6
-------
3.0 ASSIGNMENT OF PRIORITY RATINGS
Volatile organic compound sources were prioritized to
select source categories that should be added to AP-42 or most
urgently require updating. The first stratification was based
on the nationwide annual emissions of VOC from each source
category. Additional stratifications were based on the popula-
tion affected by the source and the number of individual sources.
These factors were compiled for the nation as a whole to give a
ranking of sources based on air quality impact. No consideration
was given to the reactivity or toxicity of the emitted organics
or to the air quality attainment rating in the affected area
because it was believed that these factors have little influence
on the adequacy of AP-42 as perceived by its users. Computations
made by others were used whenever possible because the scope
of this study was too limited to permit the compilation of a
new data base for nationwide VOC emissions.
The starting point for the prioritization exercise was the
priority rating system used by The Research Corporation (TRC) 1n
their analysis of the impact of new source performance standards
(NSPS) on emissions from stationary sources. The source classi-
fication scheme and emissions calculations were taken from this
report and augmented, as necessary, to include other source cate-
gories that were identified as being of interest. Selected natural
and quasi-natural sources were also added to the listing. The
final tabulation of 107 categories is given in Table 3-1. Thirty-
two of these categories that emit more than 200 x 10 pounds per
year are listed in Table 3-2. Emissions from sources located in
rural or unpopulated areas were adjusted by dividing by 500 — a
number chosen to represent the ratio of population densities 1n
*
Higher priorities were given to multiple sources of moderate size than
to a single, very large source because 1t is believed that emissions
estimates for the very large source would be based on actual tests
rather than emission factors taken from AP-42.
3-1
-------
OC
O
to
UJ
B
UJ
<_>
/»w»
M»
§
-
a-
^
»•*
i
m
01
3
r-
8
g
«
£
VI
i
Vf
V)
i*»
3-
e
H-
8
£
£*
II
L.
S
sl
0 M
(=£
|
I
C
O
I'u
o.
Source Categories
t— •- •— ^- « « « « *^. "*. *~"~ •— •— »-
_" r-"
§o 00 »— o ifi CM <• O cncMOmcMfn^co^'c'*
^ r«. oo O •• • r-. «3\o**oiflf-;cO"fO«>
^» CM CM C*> H^ *~r ••••* ^ r*» P>J CTt rn
0) 0> Q>
^ " ^ ^ • | | | * * ^" " ~ -
VI Vt Vt
Ul UJ LU
OOOC3 Ul UJ O OO«C «C O OCOC0
'oT 'oj
5333 S S ^
OBC9JCOOD ^~ *^ 2 t- t *-
I 1 1 I iii I i if 1 1 1
otcxjmcn ^ua^ i«^f»i ^ m *"
o o o o ^r-^ ^r^ """ . f— S!t>.
• ••• csiCMtn *«to^ ••
o ^^ — — ' in t— 10 n •— CM oj
V. t. !- t- M
CSICMCMCM W « WOI X>> ^^ ScC
*~ *~ *~ •" ^oi^O)*1? ^^ ^^ "
x x x x ""o = "o S '"o -a "o "o ^o "o "°o "o -So *
S3 23 53 S3 ^t ""S "§ ' 3-S
roeotocacMoacsjoa xfc*xi.xx xx xx xxzx3
r^.ioto«o cMtM**1 CM** r«.o rocMeo
v>
UJ
0 3 'id
°^^Jfe ^g^P
ssi's'Stoi s£-^=c:« i
S^^SS^So. «« — s°= i
K^3mal^*-SS!So S JS' I
=)*^fla«OU3 4-» -a 4- 3 t- (/> 3 £ f- T3 O
S V» O O CDW-c &
z j; * e s x « • s ^^sssEfeoiEJt;!;
IS". A "V ofc-S - fcg^CctS.S-SgS-g-E
S •— o *omt— o^- •—•;-« = 'r;3c5
i-* ^- w O •— CNJ •*- t_> O -^ O) CD »4 (J ^ •— > Z
^ o A o oc c
5 03 CO CD UJ —
•
^ ^f ^ r—
^-* in
•— » * § S
3 m
in
^ * » - -
u co o ao to
I I I I I
" " 2 S 8
VI g
S o-o 'S S §
•W $
! SS1^)1*" 'ti. ?S*^S'
S^S -*" t° a? x
* » ,g g 2
en
§ 1
3 J
«A
H
I !l
1 R 3 5 S
£ ^ *C '» k
a ^ o o o>
a. in o *> <
lO ^^
» CM
t* in
^~
0
u
JZ
i.
!
^
CM
Ot
J
S "^aS
S
Orchard heaters
»
a
J
2
|
4
£
Residential firep
3-2
-------
O
o
Of.
UJ
a:
o
oo
>-
CD
oo
UJ
o
CD
a:
*z
o
o
ce.
a
O
»-H
s
I
CO
9)
1
at
ec
VI
C
0
(A
l/>
]*f
•O *•*•
O
i
a>
ai
ce
£•0,
11
fe
**
S£
-§
VI
o «A
"I
«
£
ai
c
o
i
Source Categories
CM CM *— E
l/»
UJ
:: s 5 i a
CM — ' — '
QJ gj
~ ~ ~ I !
VI VI
UJ UJ
(_> CD «t O 0
Q
c c •*•* c
C O Q A O
O 4J +3 r- 4-»
« ^ ^ 0 ^
*~ *r ep * o
S
CM CM •— £ f—
4->
Vt
VI V) Vt C Vt
c c c o c
So o •*-> o
+J -M 4J
x
XXX X
(O
O «• r*. O CO
_
l~ »
t/1 t
<*-
• a
UJ -0 £ 5
CH 10 4-» tA O
!] s i! 1 1 3
g 2 •£, 7. $ o.
- -
o o
- -
< <
c c
2 S
*•-» *x.
.O -O
go
en
- -
V) VI
c c
So
4J
o o
X X
fc.
1
Ammonia
Hethanator plant
Regenerator and coa
>— i— « CO •— •—
*-"
U) O vf ^ 00 CO
co fo -^-^ oj in
OJ
^ ^ J CM •- -
tfl
UJ
co u O o co e
c c c c c
So o c S S
4J ** O ** +J
-v. ^. >^ 4J "^ ^
O CO O 4 O CM
In ^ ^ to z »— en
,_ ^. ,— ,_ CO •— •—
(A "
VI tA C VI Vt VI
c c o c c c
O O +•* O O (A O
4J +5 +J *-» C +•»
to o
O O r- O O O
*"" ^ X O
XX X X f— X
tr>
in r*. CM n ^ x in
r- CM CM r-
1
«T3
2 '
"x x*-*
O O VI
-— I/I
-0 (U
•»- 0> 0
o -o o
VI «0 y t.
VI t- O,
>— C
^ (J i— C O •*- 01
« 10 (!c *X
fe^-SSi" S,5°5
O tJ C3 O O LU i.i
- -
">. S S
S
- - - - -
.
j£ 03 U
3 3
§io tO
o o c c
4J i— ^- O O
lf> PO ^
< < * 0 O CM O
^*. -x. r** O o f** m
Z SK CM • t—
- - - - -
VI (A ^ ,—"
§O V) O O c V1
*S c S 5
O Vt 01 4J O
\O »O ^^ *J 4-» 4J
o o c c to
f- Z-l£> tO 10 0 VO
O r- •— ^ O
x x ^ a. o. x -
UO ^- X 4J 4J X
* • O O CM
CU CV
*r» OJ
V) C
10 Of
cn N
I
C "O
O in -j-
•g "E s a •§,-?
S ^ §!§ 3 3 €5
> -o
cn$ •- 0 ^ — •-
<" •*
C I/) V> C Wl *J
o c c o c E
*J O O WO °
O IO «P O »O *^_
ti o o -- o o
x x w
XX X X
in m
. f—
^
ID
c
o
•S «
i- n> vt
1. 0 k.
•0 — , 0) t. JQ
XT C «O Jtf "-
c S ID e »-
B »- (U <*- »- ^
4i 1 1 S^ S1 S «
^* ^ ^_ E ^_ gi +^
5 1- ^til S 0.3 |
S*eJ*-T:8R*
o_ o. o_ m (/i
3-3
-------
o
Ul
o
o
to
CO
CO
CO
o
CO
QL
-CM.-r-f— _r-
• H s-'S10."0. g g «. ». as". ^ s
s
2
M
uj m o o u oamcaca'cm'cao
g i lift iiitiilli
$ * ££*"£ i^i^^Ss^^^
*— »•» «c in to r*» in < r- • incsi
^•v • :* • • •^-^ ou>m *^>r^ * * co
f** r*«* z f*» ,-M p— r*» z u> CM f— ,_ r. r^. ^. |2
u> oo oo^o
~ « vo « u> n at r^ xxin^ixxr^K
"-»- CSI«r-CMra-r-r-
I 1 1
- gs d >, ! . ! . 2
K ft« g«^k£«€^S
gs uSfi w*SS2>,g^l3
SS S.u3U ^S^-°«5§-^&-i5
O-2 tf.Mo-2-^ .— !/>« .C £!-*•>—§
X6|i^O*>^^-9ova)OtiKuo.«A> t a>£
"* iiOj-Sgo — 4po o o o o u w c
•-g m«k»e>**«:Q.Q.Q. Q.O.Q.Q.=>>,U
^
in
ca
W
<>- 4J C -5 S
tt r- 0 -S *.
t*— 3 ^ U 3
3 •*- O *» «( 1/1
Quo ui £ a
oz q. oi
u.
*-
•fe "
7 2 i
2S i C
xg I £
* 0 ^}
01 •= 1
rv CT ^
o
gt/J
•r 9 _ _ P
« e oc i « , c
••• in r-
i
! !
I/) «
J_ I
r-~v! V
g° fc £
•S c- S e
|5 . o
P— »— *
in m «M
m r- i*^
s
i
•n
u
11°
1.
*i
S § -£
§ ^ a
*" *o £
^
s»o s
"=> "I11^
X g X
«M . CO
•p fat frying
•ect firing of meat
* milling 1 storage-
Ifalfa dehydrating
S i S-
o o u.
3-4
-------
O
UJ
1— 1
t—
O
O
£
S
LU
O
UJ
O
rr?
o
CO
CO
o
1— 1
CO
t«4
s
z
o
§
v>
n
-- .'"
ggr»«r BIOM r~ CM
~~~
S
^ f— 8
-M
M
Ul
llli 1« o «
»,
a «>
«. m * c Sfe =
w o <** o i **- c o
uc»o *^ "S 3 •'-'
S ^ 5 5 ^ *> ^ ^* * •> « "~ m
^g-j^-o <« <* coe E in < <: f»
« S S Csl C. Z Z *^Z CM2Z ®
^ ^ _ _ ± * "»
J* P 0 & S S*' 4-1 IO ** **
^ c» 10 «o ^010
10 \o 3 010 " oo
"o 2"o °o 2 2 2**8 ~ 2 x " 2 2
x^'Zx" ""IS »>< R'X •<
»«?«,- ». ^a sa .Min-s a
i1 S S £ I"
^ ^ g- U S °
g E f * 1 f 5 £ « 1
O.ae*r-OIAU fcO S *?*
C V A V O. U 3tf» y en 3 S V4J
ss^si-jl s.s § ? 2 ? £ i .- f s ii
O Z < • <_> CX.
£
IO
•I
-------
o
Lul
o
o
OIL
O
cs
UJ
o
o
Di
O
C/)
CO
00
o
fr-H
to
o
CO
DC.
<:
o
o
cc
o
*—(
s
co
(U
r—
JD
1
01
cc
(/>
c
0
in
"i ^o
3 tj <0
JS2
4->
O
I—
to
0)
^ o •- fo g ^«jj «_ ^o o » 10^ ^
*— t— x i— e<^ •- IA ^ *— o
x xCv xwx ^>
XX CMX9& X tS XX
jeio in24« i« «»• r- x
• r • VO 1~- tM •• • CM-r».
o
1 si
r fc •= ii
e ^ >, 5 1 • ?
to a> u «P» o * ««•
B=>e«A js « gi w M
C ** -M « CM M
Z-r»O£ — ' »F- •*• 4» ID
«-• *J »0 «* •*• V>U •—
^§t>,i ?ft 82 "-^
t— u ai « p* *^v 0 ft. ttMQ
= ~£u*' 53 S£« J^s
o?*o? '** SB.—- ;Io>
£'5ll"5>£"s f-5* --la^
*3a>,~~ — — 9 S v •wuiS&ai
^oSw^^^gg S * •" u^1"0-
KOUOO C>u u- u.o z
Z Q.
r» r- • ••-
«
Sun ^ n ^
• n in
i** m o evi -
01
c
^ g 1 a. 1
S S >, u a
z« S°*»^! S£co«E"2^
"""cui0^** 3<2'°*"Sl2o'3oi
l^llljtlll^lgflp
H- ft. ^E
. 1
3-6
-------
o
UJ
O
o
8
UJ
O
LU
VI
UJ
0)
*
-§
§5
"-
o>
"C
s
u
01
i
i/)
bj
^_
ii
ce
ETALLURGICAL INDU
i
O tO Ol CM CM •—
CM
c uj m uj uj uj
c c c
e ooo
S 1 ! S S S
z ae x V)
CCMBO MM 4>> C C M CC
8 S § S ~ § § «> S S g S S
•M tO 4-> 4-» O •"• +*
to to to o — oto M O«O fOCM • • r- "*" O*^O**"
O • • • CM • • ^CM • ••
to
UJ
? g
« U *» M 41
u « *- 01 e u co
cn«vcoif- O » >»
ceut-ei- ^ c o M j?j?
^-U.*3M-g 4J U ^ CT> 4-i Cvft
^^I^gl ^^sg-^fe* EC
« 3 J3 3 O ^- Of- c 1- cncn
E*J«*-fcf-*. .^*J(*-iM XJC
« ** > ftf >— 1/1 O> •£ O) r*£iO Ol 4^
•o*-oaieatu~-l 2 t. UO.L. ^- H-
4j£oc5 o o» x « o u. _j
—1 ZfaOrsl « m « « co r»
r^ o in t— • r*
CM r- >- t— CM
•-
«.<*-
^
JQ
jo ^ JP oa ja ^
JO J3 J3 JO JD JO
to ^ to to to 9
3 j=» jo •— •— JD
J3 £> JO
o •" •" ^o^o *"
X X f— *- X
«• to x x co
to CM CM ro
• CM ro «• ro ui
R- • CM in •
r— ^ ^ »— CM
_fc
C
C JE
0> 10 4-> I.
0> fc- V) J= O
a ex 4-»
i- o> « o
Sgc=:«^ci
V)^OOCOfr-Cn
_ ^. •»- 3 10 C
3 Q. *O XI "o tJ ^
a>-r-^-pw*jai
•— Q.>kiO(Ua.3
P C ^ (_> C3 ^ CO »4-
Is *
-
in
Cl
-
s
ft
3
>o
<->
0
•
CNJ
V,
4J
>
M
0)
U
Of
l/>
m
5
»
1
S
M
JM:
c
«
t—
in
O
CD
•*^.
in
CO
CM
3
IO
o
X
m
en
e
5
|
i
V)
3.
C
O
4J
fO
I
I-.
CD
JD
^
to
*
3
IO
O
X
i
1
i
•-
CO
2
•*^
s
CM
Ja
\o
o
X
i
0»
C
£
1
1
"o
1
u
«*) CO
»»• S!
m ca
•S -9
£> J3
in m
CO Cn
3
^ 5
f— 10
O
8 x
«>• s
cn
c
5 5
.3* «J
I I
Distillate -
3-7
-------
O
UJ
o
o
C£
O
LU
O
o:
o
CO
CQ
ui
O
•— i
oo
CO
o
o
o
I—I
5
CO
O
r—
tn
01
2!
ae
15 +*
§s
1
0 *
O "1
"5
s
s
«*-
01
ce
g
10 4->
13
S|
"•
• Source Categories
0
UJ
i
r^
s
o
CO
UJ
i
§
i
LU
t
ank Storage (Continued)
^-
«
*•
CD
1
CO
CM
^
S
o
f^
*
Gasoline - breathing
r- «• r~ in
Oj J. CM »
CO CO CO CO
i s i i
-v 3 -^ ~»
to to rn
*- V r- Ol
^ ^
O JA
r- to tO
O O
r-» o CM
»n co •—
*
CO CO
f s,
^" J?
2 ".
CM
^_ f_
cn cn
to to
o o
X X
•— CO
*" N
urface coating
Industrial
Domestic
extlle processing
W» 4-» tfl ID IA
01 0) O 01
O •»- O •»- •»-
»-*> r- *> X <->
XXX
x w x 01 m 0)
S S m *>
r^ co
O)
VI
Heat settling and f1n1
TextuHzIng
Carpet manufacturing
• *
in CM ^ %o
CM CO f-. •
r— CM t— »/>
ro
<•» v»
. ..
4-*
O ro to
i— ir ^
S r*. co
<^ co co
4J
M-
S3
(J
2 « 52
O O
X i— *-
o f x x
04 3 o» »^
- o» •—
s
ETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Refining
FCCU
TCCU and HCCU
Process gas combustl
a.
SS ||^S " "
CM r^ «• «
01 of 01 of
111 1
irt irt irt Tn
Ul UJ UJ UJ
CO CO O O O Q
It-
- s ll-f
i ^ "22^ 1
.OP— .O -Q ^- .jQ
«o in
ro oo O O f*» 4 r—
CO
^_ p_
•S -S "°
.0 _, *o ja 2^i ° °
xx »- «n +* o o
o xn- ;± 4-> ;-
a» *o x •— ai
- *"^ O ^ CO \D
r- «• r- tO CM fO CO
§ S 5
5 K t3 g
* 3 5 CO
f— O "P 3
i— Wl O (A Q C7>
5 « k as 5
in C V in
*--^4»t»— t/)O> tf»T3
•0 o ? -r- t. o * i-e oiu
— O. C> O O -C S- O •«- O (O
! . v . « e a at ss
salieSfes §' ft 5-
5Z-5 °-?lcf
o | S 5
s
3-8
-------
o
§
o
o
to
CQ
00
O
t—I
oo
to
§
rc
<
ro
Q)
!o
(D
M
il
I
X
fis
"10^ ^*
if'fe
1r
'erences
01
ce
*? Oi
11
J
ii
"5
i
g
£
||
a.
w
5
2
1
_ _ . .......
m
CM
S S !£ u> CM o oo
• "*S * * ™
CM •** CM ^ CM
1
g
to ^~ W tO ^ tO *O
CO
.
H-
V*
8
o
m -£ Q o o o o m CD
=3
? ^M
SI— ^
« o a> t- .
C ^-* (31 C t >» t
SM U> IQ >» I >»
JS us o ^ i a> o> i
xT !o 2^voj^<.^*gv'*N.j<
CJ» Ot r— Q . CO CO
u3 «C O < < IO si ^ **! • • w»
- ^O*^. ^.r^ CM - • o »—
*r »E.Z z- •— ir»
..... ......
O*
VI
X
in
CM
g
i
h-
§
u
h-
3
I/I
t ,
°" a!
^
s
vt
I/) 01
tfl V> g t. r- DiOtOi^O*
O O l/)4-> IQCTlCM ^^ t- ^ ^ 1> JkC
.T_ ^ PO r— o 00 S«^*O CO' "v»^ O
\o yj *o i- o o *"** *~ * o "o o o ^ o ^
2 2-a2S'^T3 r~p— X »*- '~cr"r""c'~r-
5 4-> X (T3 X • XUXX1.X
^" rs '*"' S <« ai*1* S^SScMr^
S .S- f— in f— r-CM(nwo*
VI
yj o>
E o
0) f-
^, WO
VI Z >> V»
t/i o *n
L. C Z5 CO 3
5 §8 — "S
* ***'"lJo'~jj 5**~ In Irt
•** ls*8^-Es SSc «££
i1— i ^ 5 * <*i s -^1 -o- °^
"5.S 3> -o 5 g*"^ ^ "*S **> "^ ?
*5 1- u*uO> t/ik - «> E t-i « aj cnntfOVtOf-P-O
3_JW O •*-> O> «S I- C 1C I- *• t.
•a v> CO *— -a O) T-IO ^c =>3C O U- VI 3T
a""1" |^^|-jz
5 >c ><
4J 5
3-9
-------
urban and rural areas. These adjusted emissions are also listed
in Table 3-2. Additional adjustments were made in certain source
categories as follows:
1. Ammonia manufacture was deleted from the list because
the hydrocarbon emissions consist entirely of methane
and also because an AP-42 section will be prepared by
the Monsanto Research Corporation under contract to
EPA.
2. Acrylonitrile and carbon black were deleted from the
list because AP-42 sections for these sources will be
prepared by Monsanto Research Corporation under con-
tract to EPA.
3. Ethylene oxide and ethylene dichloride were flagged
to indicate that their priority rating should be
lowered because of a relatively small number of
sources — 16 for ethylene dichloride2 and n similar
(but uncertain) number for ethylene oxide.
This final adjusted listing of source categories in given in
Table 3-3 prioritized according to air quality impact as
determined by total VOC emissions. Sources that emit primarily
methane are listed according to their emissions of VOC other
than methane. Sources were also rated according to (1) quality
and applicability of existing emission factors. (2) needs as
perceived by users, and (3) work underway or recently completed
that could lead to new or improved emission factors. These
factors were combined with the air quality impact ranking to
give a final priority ranking as shown in Table 3-3. Source
categories of lesser air quality impact than those listed in
Table 3-3 were evaluated similarly but in a qualitative rather
than a formal quantitative manner. This is discussed further
in Section 4.0 as part of the explanation of the work plan.
3-10
-------
Table 3-2. VOC SOURCE CATEGORIES WITH TOTAL ANNUAL
EMISSIONS GREATER THAN 200 x 10° POUNDS
Swire* Categories
Softwood forests
Hardwood forests
Grasslands
Oil' and gas production
(011,4.100; gas. 3.800)
Agricultural open burning
Industrial surface coating
(sheet, strip, and coll, 1,723;
paper and paperboard, 1,723;
fabric treatment. 699;
autonblle and truck finishing. 373;
Miscellaneous. 139)
Petroleum tank storage
Petroleum refining
Leakage fro* gas distribution
Degrtaslng
Ammonia Manufacture
Refueling motor vehicles
Stationary Internal contention engine!1.
Plastics fabrication and forming
Boilers, fossil fuel
Gasoline service stations
Graphic arts
Carbon black, furnace process
Forest fires
Drycleanlng
Ethylene oxide manufacture
Orchard heaters
UoodMaste boilers
Synthetic resin Manufacture
Byproduct coke ovens
Charcoal Manufacture
Ethylene di chloride Manufacture
Nonplpellne transfer of petroleuM
Acrylonltrlle Manufacture
Vegetable oil Manufacture
Pesticide usage
Annual Emissions
(ID* lb)
24,920
12,628
12.386
7,900.
5.600b
4,657
4.573
3.125
2.400°
2.000
1.620
1.277
1.265
1.016
1.008
953
936
855
772
619
588
S52
470
393
324
307
280
277
231
228
225
Annual Emissions
Adjusted for-Population Exposed9
(106 Ib)
598
253
248
7.900
112
4,657
4.S73
3.125
2.400C
2.000
1.620
1,277
1.265
1.016
1.008
953
936
855
2
619
588
1
1
393
324
307
280
277
231
228
1
aSee text, pages 3-1 and 3-10. for explanation.
Another source (flef. 5) gives 300 x 106 Ib/yr as an
C0oes not Include Methane.
missions estimate-
3-11
-------
r—
CL.
32!
t— i
>-
*•— i
_)
««
cr
o:
o
o
>
•
ro
1
CO
(U
.Q
»—
°u
•^ c
a. S
u.
= £
v u
ST
M
sis
f— OJ »rt
III
a. a.
o
11
"c "o.
_=> g
-X U
Sfe
•o
•si:
*s y **
•g£
8
—«
c S
o> <
— a.
u<
I"
_^
Q
IQ
1
*/i C.
§£
i/t fc. *—
MO .£
"E "
w "S ce
^- *j o^-
*D
C ^ *—
<5 3
;ategor1es
1_/
Ol
1
»- fw m » «o
" 2 £ S ?
^ r*. in m eo
»— CM ^- r— V
CM « m t— «-
^- CM m «• in
^3
fm r^ CM o
to »n v— «
r^ <• «r m CM
8 t ^ 5 8,e
Q. 3 C H- ~^_O
•O -2 T •£ 01 « 2 0 *k
iou tnio'oo'o tain
5 30 1.4-1 i. 2-^
o 1 & & i
in in
in co o co
to m CM ro
r> «o r~- u>
u> a, o» i**
CM C\J « CJ
*" " " *"
10 r*» co o*
§r^ to t—
CM CM O
tM •— •— f
1 - =
fc I "I
o c c j»«2
i |si=s:i
W» ••- "3 C 3 C U
01 0>f*~£O»4-*O
L. 3 0» -M 6 C */»"-
o cc i/i o.
u O
m in
f<» CM ^* *** M ^f fn en in eo o
SCh^-O 10 OtOtO IO CO O
o» oo ro CM CMcnf*^ CM <"o oo
to cni^.0 <* eo to eo rs. r-. en
•— CMfO^T "V CM CM CM CM CM 9
tn co »— «n *— CM CM CM *— ^r »—
O ^ csi **> «r in »o r— co en o
^ ^-*-*— »- »-^.^- «— ^- CM
1 Se?§ 1 SS§ I S §
p—
*rt 0>
C W 01 i
0) 3 -D 1 E 3
> *J •*- vt 3 C
0) o u fc- e a* «
.— o c « o « — e
•^ ^ 0)^ *^ Of **- >~~^ U. O
M > TDO>trta)^3£4l*J»-^-
tft U vi x-UOIL-OCUU 4J^
O ft) ,MCT>X3U3US***3aja)°
H- vtvikco-*-* «-* e -o --> c a.
§«>*- UU(J«J O -^ 0)O>
VI C •*- u i« C •*- *^ »*• 3 « C »^- OJ O J3 3
OIOl^-(J
*— 3 O *J CXtj X 9 *^ 9 t» 1- X 9 CXO) 4» O 0)
CD O O O UJ t/t ffi <*> UJ Z »
I/I
0)
o
L
c
IA
1
t*_
o
I 1
s ?
4-* ^
*^ ro
s I
• t*.
" 0) O
c
* <0 Oi
-g" irt
• *J 3
lit
-------
The highest priority source categories for revised AP-42
sections were found to be:
Oil and gas production
Industrial surface coating
Petroleum tank storage
Petroleum refining
For these sources the final priority rankings were identical to
the rankings based on air quality impact alone. Industrial sur-
face coating receives a high priority ranking because the diverse
operations in this category are considered collectively rather
than individually. Prioritization of 268 individual surface
coating operations has been performed by the Monsanto Research
Corporation so it is possible to consider individual subcategories,
if desired, in formulating a plan to update AP-42.
The final priority ratings from Table 3-3 are used in the
organization of Section 4.0 which summarizes work recently com-
pleted or underway and in the formulation of the workplan that
is presented in Section 6sO. The availability of information on
reactive and nonreactive VOC is discussed in Section 4.0, but
was not considered explicitly in deriving priority ratings.
3-13
-------
4.0 ACCOMPLISHED AND CURRENT RESEARCH
Research that has recently been accomplished or 1s currently
underway that could lead to new and Improved emission factors 1s
summarized 1n Paragraphs 4.1 through 4.19 for each of the highest
priority source categories. A more complete listing that Includes
all source categories 1s given In Appendix B.
4.1 OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
In general, no comprehensive field studies have been completed
to provide a data base for formulating emission factors. Emission
factors have been developed by extrapolation of factors developed
for similar source categories, such as petroleum refining and
stationary Internal combustion. Field studies are underway that
relate specifically to oil and gas production.
• "Atmospheric Emissions from Offshore Oil and Gas Deve-
lopment," EPA-450/3-77-026, June 1977. A report prepared
by Energy Resources Company, Inc., for EPA under Contract
No. 68-02-2512.
This report includes no field studies, but it contains
suggested emission factors developed from existing litera-
ture. It presents detailed process descriptions including
drilling, oil and gas processing, and waste treating, and
identifies emission sources which require further study ~
specifically gas vents, oil storage vents, water separa-
tors, compressor seals and thrust bearing vents and
well completion, blowouts, and oil spills. Qualitative
comments are made about the relative amounts of methane
and total hydrocarbons.
• "Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Stationary Sources
in the South Coast Air Basin." A report prepared for the
California Air Resources Board by KVB, Inc., which is to
be Issued in draft form in January 1978, and in final
form later in the spring.
This report includes field testing of 54 sources at two
oil fields in the Los Angeles area. Detailed hydrocarbon
species analysis were performed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-mass spec.) techniques. Since the pur-
pose of the study was to develop an emission inventory
rather than to formulate emission factors, no detailed
4-1
-------
descriptions of the oil field operations are Included.
Detailed test results may not be Included in the study
report but will be available from a data tape that will
be submitted to the California Air Resources Board with
, the report.
• "Multimedia Assessment of Environmental Effect of
Natural Gas Processing Plants." A study in progress
by TRC for the Chemical Processes Branch of IERL and
scheduled to be compteted in the spring of 1978.
This work does not involve any field testing, but it
will provide a summary of the state of knowledge with
particular emphasis on reactive organics.
• "Evaluations of Emissions From Onshore Drilling, Pro-
ducing, and Storing of Oil and Gas." A study in progress
by PES for the Chemicals and Petroleum Branch, ESED,
OAQPS, to be completed by the summer of 1978.
This study will not include field testing, but it wtll
provide detailed descriptions of process operations
and sources of emissions. The best possible emissions
factors will be derived from existing literature. Re-
presentative oil fields from the entire United States
will be studied.
• "Fugitive Emissions From Oil Field Producing Operations."
A study 1n progress by Rockwell International for the
American Petroleum Institute. Draft report to be sub-
mitted In July 1978, and final report issued later in
1978.
This is expected to provide the definitive data base
for evaluating emissions from oil and gas production.
The field tests have been designed to provide statis-
tically valid data for onshore and offshore production
in the major United States producing areas. Fixed roof
storage tanks are included in the study. Hydrocarbons
will be analyzed by gas chromatography to provide a
species breakdown.
• "Determination of Air Pollutant Emission Factors for
Thermal Tertiary Oil Recovery Operations in California."
A study to be conducted by KVB, Inc., for the California
Air Resources Board. Probable issue date fs the spring
of 1979.
4-2
-------
This study will Include,assembly of all existing informa-
tion on tertiary recovery steam generators (36 known tests)
and development of emission factors if existing test data
are sufficient; otherwise, field tests will be done to
fill data gaps. Tests will be conducted to measure fugitive
emissions, and hydrocarbon species will be measured by GC-
mass spec, analysis for all tests performed by the contractor.
"Natural Gas and Crude Oil Production." A document bearing
this title is proposed for the series of Control Technology
Documents for Stationary Sources of VOC.
There is no scheduled date for issuing this document.
Apparently there is no firm assurance that it will be
issued.
Miscellaneous unpublished tests conducted by the California
A1r Resources Board and local California agencies, tests
conducted by oil producing companies and reported in environ-
mental impact reports (EIR's) or permit applications, and
miscellaneous tests conducted by EPA. No attempt was made
to collect detailed information about these because source
test results usually do not contain any breakdown of gaseous
hydrocarbon species, although some tests may include measure-
ments of condensible hydrocarbons.* Source test results
are not usually accompanied by sufficient information to
characterize the activity level of the source (production
rates, fuel consumption, rates, etc.), and unless this
Information can be obtained independently, the test data
are not useful in the development of emission factors. In
the particular case of oil and gas production, where well-
planned studies are in progress for the purpose of developing
emission factors, it is believed that collection of a number
of miscellaneous test results would not be useful enough to
justify the effort.
*
This term is commonly used to mean organic materials that are
trapped 1n an impinger and subsequently recovered by extraction
with chloroform or other organic solvent.
4-3
-------
4.2 INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
The existing Section 4.2-1 of AP-42 does not meet the needs
of; users primarily because it does not describe the types of data
that should be gathered to define the level of activity for these
operations and does not deal with the problems of handling the
multiplicity of trade names that are applied to solvents. These
needs can be met by organizing and summarizing existing material;
field testing is not required except possibly 1n instances where
sufficient heat 1s applied to cause changes in the chemical com-
position of the solvent. Most of the relevant research summarized
herein deals with the organization of material on surface coating
rather than field testing.
• "Source Assessment: Pr1or1tization of Air Pollution From
, Industrial Surface Coating Operations," EPA-650/2-75-019-8,
February 1975. A report prepared by Monsanto Research
Corporation for EPA under Contract No. 68-02-1320.
The report prioritizes surface coating operations according
to type of product coated -- 268 in all. Solvent composi-
tion, surface area of each unit coated, and coverage per
unit volume of coating material are listed for each type
of product. Priority lists were generated according to
four options: (1) toxicity of emitted organic species,
(2) toxiclty of photochemical oxidant, (3) worst-case
toxicity, and (4) total mass of organic emissions.
' i
•9 "Control Technology Guidance Documents for Stationary
Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, General;
Coll, Paper and Fabric Products; Vol. Ill, Surface Coat-
Ing of Metal Furniture; Vol. IV, Surface Coating for
Insulation of Magnet Wire; Vol. V, Large Appliance
Manufacture." OAQPS Guideline Series published 1n
December 1977 (some volumes issued earlier).
These documents emphasize control technology and, as a
rule, do not include any results of field tests unless
they were done to evaluate control devices. They contain
no detailed information on chemical composition of
coatings or solvents, but they do include useful process
descriptions.
• "Control Technology Guidance Documents for Stationary
Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds; Surface Coating
4-4
-------
of Other Metal Products - Industrial; Flat Wood Products."
OAQPS Guideline Series scheduled for publication in June
1978.
The format and content of these is expected to be similar
to other volumes 1n this series and emphasize control
technology rather than emission factors.
• "Control Technology Guidance Documents for Stationary
Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds; Wood Fumtture
Manufacture; Architectural and Miscellaneous Coatings."
OAQPS Guideline Series scheduled for publication tn
December 1978.
These documents are expected to be similar to others in
the series. It 1s not known whether the wpod furniture
document will emphasize surface coating, but it 1$ assumed
that it will because the process has not been treated in
other volumes in the series.
• "Control Technology Guidance Documents for Stationary
Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds; Other Industrial
Surface Coatings; Auto Refinishing; Other Solvent Usage."
OAQPS Guideline Series that are listed without any proposed
date of issuance.
No comments can be made about the contents of these docu-
ments at this time. Apparently, there is no certainty
that they will ever actually be Issued.
• "Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Stationary Sources
1n the South Coast Air Basin." Report prepared by KVB,
Inc., for the California Air Resources Board — to be
issued in draft form in January 1978, and in final form
later in the spring.
Fifty field tests were performed on various kinds of
surface coating operatings. Detailed hydrocarbon species
analyses were performed by GC-mass spec., but no detailed
descriptions of the processes are given since the purpose
of the study was to compile an inventory rather than to
develop emission factors.
• "Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories
for Volatile Organic Compounds," EPA-450/2-77-028,
December 1977.
This report describes the information that should be
collected as part of an emission inventory that includes
surface coating operations. It gives guidance on using
this information to calculate emissions.
4-5
-------
4.3 PETROLEUM TANK STORAGE
The existing section in AP-42 was revised in April 1977, and
might be expected to contain very recent test data; however, this
1s not the case. The section is based on information contained
1n bulletins issued by the American Petroleum Institute between
1959 and 1969. Many users of AP-42 believe that this information
is outdated. Work 1s in progress to remedy this situation.
• "Floating Roof Emission Test Program Report," prepared
by Chicago Bridge and Iron for Standard Oil of Ohio,
November 18, 1976.
Studies were conducted on 8- and 20-foot-diameter scale
model tanks. The following variables were studied:
(1) organic liquid vapor pressure and temperature, (2)
seal type, (3) secondary seal, and (4) gap size and loca-
tion. No field tests were done, and an octaine-propane
blend was used as a surrogate for petroleum distillate.
Total hydrocarbons were measured with a flame ionization
detector.
• "Metallic Seating Ring Emission Test Program Report,"
prepared by Chicago Bridge and Iron for the Western Oil
and Gas Association, January 19, 1977.
Studies were conducted on 8- and 20-foot-diameter scale
model tanks. Evaluations included the effects of wind
sweeping hydrocarbon gases out of the vapor space and
into the atmosphere. The quality of ring installation,
gap sizes and locations, and secondary seals were varied
systematically as part of the experimental design. Total
hydrocarbons were measured with a flame ionization detector.
• "Hydrocarbon Emissions From Floating Roof Petroleum Tanks."
Report prepared by Engineering Science, Inc., for the
Western Oil and Gas Association, January 19, 1977.
Field tests were conducted to measure evaporative losses
for 13 tanks storing petroleum distillate and three tanks
storing crude oil. Emissions were evaluated indirectly
by measuring the change in the density of the stored
liquid. The program was hampered by numerous experimen-
tal difficulties, but a workable test procedure was
finally devised.
4-6
-------
• "Floaring Roof Tank Evaporative Loss Study." Statement
by the Mobil Oil Corporation, Princeton, N.J., to the
California Air Resources Board Workshop, December 17,
1976.
This study, which is still in progress, involves a 4,000
gallon square test tank. The effects of wind speed,
temperature, vapor pressure, and various seal combinations
are being evaluated.
• "Hydrocarbon Emissions From Fixed Roof Petroleum Tanks."
A report prepared by Engineering Science, Inc., for the
Western Oil and Gas Association, July 1977.
This study included 46 tanks ranging in size from less
than 2,000 barrels to more than 100,000 barrels which were
used to store crude oil (37 tanks), distillate (six tanks),
and fuel oil (three tanks). Measured emissions were
compared with those calculated from API Bulletin 2518, and
differences were found. Hydrocarbon species were measured
and are reported according to molecular weight categories.
• "Petroleum Liquid Storage, Fixed Roof Tanks." OAQPS Guide-
line Series published in December 1977.
This report contains no original test data but does summarize
some interim results from studies in progres.
• "Petroleum Liquid Storage, Floating Roof Tanks." OAQPS
Guideline Series scheduled for publication in June 1978.
This report is expected to contain summaries of data from
other studies but will not include original test data.
• "Floating Roof Tank Emission Study." A study in progress
by Engineering Science, Inc., for the American Petroleum
Institute. Report is due in the spring of 1979.
This study will provide field test data that will serve
as a basis for updating and revising API Bulletins 2517
and 2519.
• "Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Stationary Sources
in the South Coast Air Basin." Report prepared by KVB,
Inc., for the California Air Resources Board — to be
issued in draft form in January 1978, and in final form
later in the spring.
Field tests were performed on three oil field tanks
(with vapor recovery systems) and on seven refinery
tanks. Detailed hydrocarbon species analyses were per-
formed by GC-mass spec., but no detailed descriptions of
the tanks are given since the purpose of the study was to
compile an inventory rather than to develop emission
factors.
4-7
-------
4.4 PETROLEUM REFINING
The present information in AP-42 on petroleum refining is
derived almost entirely from a study conducted by the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District in the late 1950's. This
study was extensive and used the most advanced techniques that
were available at that time; however, many users of AP-42 feel
that It 1s no long adequate. Work is presently underway to pro-
vide an updated data base.
• "Development of Improved Emission Factors and Process
Descriptions for Petroleum Refining." Report prepared
for EPA by Radian Corporation under Contract No. 68-02-
1886, April 15, 1977.
The contract did not include any field testing. The
report is a corrected version of the material in AP-42
with some improvements in stationary source factors.
As a part of the contract, the material is written in
a format suitable for inclusion in AP-42, and will be
Included in a forthcoming AP-42 supplement.
• "Assessment of the Environmental Emissions From Oil
Refining." A study in progress by Radian Corporation
for the Chemical Processes Branch of IERL and scheduled
for completion in the spring of 1979.
This includes sampling for hydrocarbons at fugitive and
point emission sources at 14 refineries. No emissions from
storage are included. One of the purposes of this con-
tract is to provide improved emission factors for petro-
leum refineries accompanied by information on the distri-
bution of hydrocarbon species in the various emissions.
Suitable sections in AP-42 format are expected to be
Included with the final report.
• "Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Stationary Sources
In the South Coast Basins." Report prepared for the Cali-
fornia Air Resources Board by KVB, Inc., which is to be
issued in draft form in January 1978, and in final form
later in the spring.
This report includes results of 66 field tests at three
refineries in the Los Angeles area. Stationary and fugi-
tive sources are included, and storage tanks were tested
at two of the refineries. Detailed hydrocarbon species
4-8
-------
analyses were performed by GC-mass spec, techniques. Since
the purpose of this study was to develop an emission inven-
tory rather than to formulate emission factors, no detailed
descriptions of refinary operations are included. Detailed
results of all the tests may not be contained in the study
report but will be available from a data tape that will be
submitted to the California Air Resources Board with the
report.
• "Survey of Compliance Analysis and Study of Air Pollution
Problems and Controls at Petroleum Refineries." Report pre-
pared for EPA by PES under Contract No. 68-02-1378, April
1977.
This study was a compliance evaluation of every refinery
in the United States. One result of this evaluation was
the compilation of a comprehensive file of refinery source
tests, believed to include most of the tests ever performed
on all refineries in the United States. Normally, source
test reports include so little process information that they
are not well-suited for emission factor development; however,
since these test results are already compiled, it might be
worthwhile to scrutinize them to see if any useful conclusions
can be drawn relative to emission factors.
• "Petroleum Refinery Vacuum Systems, Waste Water Separators
and Process Unit Turnaround." OAQPS Guideline Series pub-
lished in October 1977.
This document includes summaries of existing data that
relate to control technology. No original test results
are presented.
• "Petroleum Refinery Fugitive Emissions (Leaks)." OAQPS
Guideline Series scheduled for publication in June 1978.
This document is expected to emphasize control technology
rather than the estimation of emissions from leakage.
4.5 DECREASING
There is no section in the present edition of AP-42 that is
devoted to degreasing. The situation is similar to that previously
discussed for industrial surface coating; organization of data is
required rather than field testing because, in this operation, the
solvent consumed essentially equals the solvent emitted to the
atmosphere. Two reports have been published and may be helpful
organizing this material.
4-9
-------
"Source Assessment: Solvent Evaporation-Degreasing,"
EPA-600/2-76-032d, June 1976. A report prepared by
Monsanto Research Corporation for EPA under Contract
No. 68-02-1874.
This report describes various kinds of degreasing pro-
cesses and lists the number of plants of each type.
Emissions are estimated for the entire United States1
by defining a representative source for each solvent
type based on information contained in the NEDS data
base. Emission factors of 1,000 grams per kilogram are
applied to solvent consumption data for the entire
nation. No information is presented that can be used
to relate solvent consumption to the amount of material
cleaned or degreased. Some of the material in this
report would be useful for AP-42, but, it does not address
the problem of estimating emissions from a single plant
or even a single urban area.
"Control of Volatile Organic Emissions From Solvent Metal
Cleaning," EPA-450/2-77-022. OAQPS Guideline Series
published in October 1977.
This report deals primarily with the performance of con-
trols, but a few tests of uncontrolled units are included.
Emphasis is placed on estimated average, nationwide
emissions rather than evaluating single degreasing units.
4.6 LEAKAGE FROM GAS DISTRIBUTION
This source has been identified as a major one in the Los
Angeles area by using specialized analytical techniques that have
not been implemented elsewhere. The basic technique is described
tn the publication discussed herein.
• "Source Reconciliation of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons." This
report, dated March 1975, was prepared by Henry Mayrsohn
and James Crabtree of the California Air Resources Board
Laboratory, El Monte, California.
The source recondiliation technique involves measurement
of atmosphere C2 - C§ hydrocarbons and developing profiles
for various locations, times of day, and seasons. Source
profiles were determined for major sources of atmospheric
hydrocarbons in the Los Angeles area, including automotive
exhaust, gasoline, gasoline vapor, commercial natural gas,
geogenic natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas. Multi-
4-10
-------
varlate regression analysis was used to determine the
contribution of each source category to the atmospheric
mix.
The contribution of each category varies with location and
time of day, but the average distribution of nonmethane
hydrocarbon emissions was found to be automotive exhaust,
47 percent; gasoline, 31 percent; commercial natural gas,
8 percent; geogenlc natural gas, 14 percent; and liquefied
petroleum gas, 1 percent. Commercial natural gas in the
Los Angeles area contained 83-percent methane, 11-percent
ethane, and 6-percent higher hydrocarbons.
Based on the aforementioned Los Angeles data, the quantity of non-
methane hydrocarbons from commercial natural gas is 8 percent of the
total 720,000 tons per year of organic emissions in the South Coast
A1r Shed or 115 x 10 pounds per year. This is approximately 0.3
percent of all gas distributed to customers. Assuming that emissions
are proportional to quantities of natural gas delivered to the cus-
tomer* we can calculate that nationally the nonmethane hydrocarbons
from this source are 2,400 x 10 pounds per year, which can be broken
down Into 1,600 x 10 pounds per year of ethane and 800 x 10 pounds
per year of higher hydrocarbons. No similar studies have been con-
ducted in other geographic areas, so it is impossible to tell whether
the Los Angeles results are typical. Possibly source reconciliation
studies may be carried out as part of the Tulsa Field Study. Accord-
Ing to the Project Officer, Norman Possiel of AMTD, a decision will
be made by June 1978, whether source reconciliation will be attempted.
If so, they plan to use the same source categories that were developed
for Los Angeles and thus might obtain results that could be compared
with the Los Angeles results. It is reasonable to assume that many
leaks exist in natural gas distribution systems, and it is important
to realize that reactive organics from this source may contribute
appreciably to the total reactive organics burden.
4-11
-------
4.7 BOILERS. FOSSIL FUEL
Until recently there was little concern about hydrocarbon
emission factors for boilers because VOC emissions were thought
to be small and unimportant. There is now a growing realization
that large boilers may emit appreciable amounts of VOC. The
current state of knowledge has been summarized recently in several
internal EPA documents.
• "Appropriate NMVOC Emission Factors for Use in Evaluating
Offset Emissions From New Powerplants and Incinerators."
Memo dated June 3, 1977, from Robert E. Neligan, Director
MDAD to William S. Baker, Chief of the Air Branch of EPA
Region I".
This memo includes four enclosures that summarize the data
on which the present AP-42 factors are based. The need for
additional systematic comprehensive work is pointed out.
• "Organic Emissions From Conventional Stationary Combustion
Sources," Smith, N.D. An internal report prepared in August
1977 by lERL's Special Studies Staff.
This report summarizes all published tests on organic
emissions from conventional boilers. Emissions are reported
as total hydrocarbons (HC), benzene soluble organics (BSO),
and benzo(a')pyrene (BaP). The author concludes that "What
emerges from this compilation is that our present knowledge
of organic pollutants in the flue gas of conventional
stationary combustion sources is very incomplete. It is
clear that most of the data compiled here already existed
10 or 15 years ago. While these early results may still
provide a good comparison of emissions from several diverse
sources, the individual values must now be held suspect in
view of recent improvements in emission control devices and
sampling-analysis methods."
• "Data on Organic Emissions From Combustion Equipment."
Memo dated October 7, 1977, from Wade H. Ponder, Manager
Combustion Pollution Assessment Program/IERL to Robert
T. Walsh, Chief, Chemical and Petroleum Branch.
This memo summarizes work that is in progress that will
provide information on organic emissions from combustion
sources. The relevant individual projects are discussed
herein.
4-12
-------
• "Combustion Studies" in progress by Ex>con for the Com-
bustion Research Branch of IERL-RTP.
Test data for three coal-fired utility boilers -- includ-
ing gaseous hydrocarbon measurements -- are scheduled to be
reported to CRB/IERL around December 1977.
• "Environmental Assessment of Stationary Source NOx Control
Technologies." Work in progress by Aerotherm under a 3-
year contract to the Combustion Research Branch of IERL-
RTP. Field testing is scheduled to continue through the
sunnier of 1978.
Some data on volatile organics will be accumulated during
these field tests; however, this is not a major objective
of the program. Some of these tests will probably include
organic particulate matter but will not include gaseous
organics.
• "Emissions Characterization of Conventional Combustion
Processes." Work in progress by TRW/GCA for the Chemical
Processes Branch of IERL-RTP.
This is a comprehensive program that will provide a defi-
nitive data base on VOC from combustion processes. Indivi-
dual hydrocarbon species will be reported as well as total
hydrocarbons. A draft report on residential oil-fired and
coal-fired furnaces was submitted in October 1977, and
is now undergoing revision prior to publication. A report
on internal combustion oil and gas turbines and diesel
engines is now being prepared. Reports on oil- and coal-
fired industrial boilers and lignite-fired powerplants are
scheduled for April 1978. Reports on coal-fired powerplants
and commercial/institutional sources are anticipated for the
future.
• "Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Stationary Sources
in the South Coast Air Basin." Report prepared for the
California Air Resources Board by KVB, Inc., which is to
be issued in draft form in January 1978, and in final form
later in the spring.
This report includes field tests of two oil-fired steam
plants, two oil-fired powerplant boilers, and one residen-
tial gas-fired heater. Detailed hydrocarbon species
analyses were performed by GC-mass spec, techniques. Since
the purpose of the study was to develop an emission inven-
tory rather than to formulate emission factors, no detailed
descriptions of the boilers are included.
4-13
-------
• "Field Testing: Application of Combustion Modifications
to Control Pollutant Emission From Industrial Boilers -
Phase II," EPA-600/2-76-086a, April 1976. Cato, G.A. et
al. Report prepared by KVB, Inc., for EPA under Contract
No. 68-02-1074.
Measurement of total hydrocarbons were made as an inci-
dental part of this overall study. No species breakdown
was attempted. Four coal-fired, four oil-fired, and five
gas-fired boilers were tested. This work was completed
after the most recent version of the corresponding AP-42
section was prepared.
• "Source Assessment: Industrial External Combustion Using
Bituminous Coal in Dry Bottom Boilers, Furnaces, Etc."
A multimedia report prepared by Monsanto Research Corpora-
tion that is scheduled for completion in January 1978.
This report will include analytical data on hydrocarbon
species, a summary of all published data, and will also
be written in AP-42 format.
• "Source Assessment: Pulverized Bituminous Coal Firing Dry
Bottom Utility Boilers." A multimedia report prepared by
Monsanto Research Corporation that is scheduled for com-
pletion in January 1978.
This report will include analytical data on hydrocarbon
species, a summary of all published data, and will also be
written in AP-42 format.
4.8 REFUELING MOTOR VEHICLES
The existing section in AP-42 was revised in April 1977, and
as a result is relatively current. However, the motor vehicle
refueling process is undergoing rapid changes as Stage II Vapor
Recovery Regulations are implemented in California and other areas
with severe air quality problems, and AP-42 will require frequent
revisions to incorporate new data as they become available. The
following documents include relevant information, but a thorough,
definitive study of emissions has not yet been made because control
systems are still under development.
4-14
-------
• "Proposal of Stage II Vapor Recovery Regulations and Test
Procedures," Federal Register, Vol. 41, No. 211, November
1976. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
• "Public Hearing on Vapor Recovery Regulations and Test
Procedures, Phase II," held in San Francisco, California,
April 1977. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region IX.
Most of the material presented at these hearings was not
relevant to the development of emission factors, since it
dealt with costs, testing procedures, and safety con-
siderations. Reference was made to in-house tests con-
ducted by Exxon, Texaco, Mobil, and the American Petroleum
Institute, but no test results were presented.
• "Status Report on the California Program for Gasoline Vapor
Recovery During Gasoline Marketing Operations." Staff
report dated May 26, 1977. California Air Resources Board.
This report contains good descriptions of vapor balance
systems, and a status report on the California program for
certification of devices with efficiency data for three of
the 15 devices under consideration. A discussion is also
given of problems associated with gasoline vapor recovery
systems at service stations. Presumably at some future
date a report of the completed California program will be
issued, but such reports are not scheduled very far in
advance.
• "Service Stations, State II." OAQPS Guideline Series
scheduled for publication in December 1978.
This report is expected to include a summary of all
available data on performance of control systems but will
not be a report of original field studies.
No discussion of total versus reactive organics has been pre-
sented, but factors can be estimated in a straightforward way from
• knowledge of the gasoline composition.
4.9 PLASTICS FABRICATION AND FORMING
The factors listed in AP-42 are rated E since they are based
on engineering analysis rather than field test data. This is a
very diverse category that includes many kinds of plastics and
4-15
-------
fabrication and forming operations, and as a result, would require
a series of emission factors rather than a single factor. The
following document provides a review of the industry.
• "Source Assessment: Plastics Processing - State of the
Art." A report prepared by the Monsanto Research
Corporation for EPA (lERL-Cincinnati) under contract.
The draft version was issued in November 1977.
In this assessment, no field tests were conducted.
Emission factors were derived from information in the
NEDS data base, and the numerical values are higher
than those given in AP-42.
4.10 STATIONARY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
This is a diverse category that includes diesel, gasoline, and
gas-fired engines -- reciprocating and turbines — in a wide range
of sizes. Emission factors in AP-42 are rated A, B, or C depending
on the type of engine, but VOC emissions are comparatively small
and VOC emission factors are of secondary importance in determining
the overall ratings. Reactive organics are estimated for gas-fired
engines. A recent revision to Section 3.3.1 prepared by PES did
not Include any additions or changes in the hydrocarbon factors.
As indicated herein, some work is in progress that will provide
additional test data, but no comprehensive investigation of this
varied source category is underway.
• "Emissions Characterization of Conventional Combustion
Processes." Work in progress by TRW/GCA for the
Chemical Processes Branch of IERL-RTP.
As part of this comprehensive program, testing has been
performed on internal combustion oil and gas turbines
and diesel engines, and the report on these tests is now
being prepared. Individual hydrocarbon species will be
reported as well as total hydrocarbons.
• "Emissions From Ships, Ship Operations, and Transfer of
Oil in the South Coast Air Basin." Work in progress by
Scott Environmental Technology, Inc., for the California
Air Resources Board. The report will probably be issued
late in 1978.
4-16
-------
In this report, the test program will include total hydro-
carbon emissions from diesel-powered generators and a
variety of engine types that are used for propulsion as
well as pumping. At the present time there are no plans
to analyze combustion exhausts for individual hydrocarbon
species.
4.11 GRAPHIC ARTS
The prioritization scheme that was used in this report is based
on a source classification system that categorizes graphic arts
separately rather than including it as a subcategory under surface
coating. There are many similarities between graphic arts and other
types of surface coating processes, and the general remarks made in
the Industrial Surface Coating Section of this report also apply to
graphic arts. Estimation of emissions is a little more difficult
since It requires knowledge of the composition of printing inks and
similar coatings which are frequently considered proprietary. One
report 1s being prepared in-house by EPA that may be useful.
• "Graphic Arts (Printing)." OAQPS Guideline Series
scheduled for publication in June 1978.
This report will emphasize control technology, but it
will include a summary of some field test data that may
be useful in developing emission factors.
In addition, two printing presses and one rotogravure press were
tested In the KVB study on "Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions From
Stationary Sources in the South Coast Basin."
4.12 GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS
The current section in AP-42 was revised in April 1977, and
Includes an estimate of uncontrolled and controlled emissions.
Stage I controls are relatively simple, and a substantial body of
performance data has been accumulated in field situations, so this
section should remain current for several years. Estimates of total
versus nonmethane hydrocarbons can be made by the same techniques
4-17
-------
that are used for other losses that result from volatilization of
gasoline. The California Air Resources Board has conducted some
tasting of total hydrocarbon emissions from vents on underground
Storage tanks, but they are not engaged in a large, systematic
•valuation. The control technology guideline document on Stage
It controls has already been listed under Section 4.8 of this
report.
4.13 BYPRODUCT COKE OVENS
The current section in AP-42 is based on reports published
In 1967 and 1968, and the factors are rated C. Since that time,
a limited number of studies have been carried out, but none for
the purpose o'f developing emission factors. These are summarized
herein. Laboratory and pilot plant studies are not included since,
1n the opinion of N. Plaks, they may not be representative of a
full-scale coke oven operated under plant conditions.
• "Emission Testing of Ford-Koppers Coke Pushing System."
Work recently completed by Ford Motor Company under con-
tract with the Metallurgical Processes Branch of IERL.
Testing was done by a subcontractor, Clayton Environ-
mental Consultants. The report was published November
1977.
This report deals primarily with the performance of a
control system. A limited number of tests were done
for low molecular weight organics, but no details of
testing procedures are given.
• "Sampling and Analysis of Emissions From Coke Oven
Doors." Study recently completed by Battelle Memorial
Institute under contract to the Metallurgical Processes
Branch of IERL. The report is now being prepared.
The results of this report include species breakdown
for condensable and noncondensable hydrocarbons. There
is some question about the representativeness of the coke
oven and the sampling technique. Battelle is continuing
to work on coke oven door seals and may conduct full-
scale tests on a demonstration system in late 1979.
4-18
-------
"Coke Quench Tower Emission Testing Programs." Work in
progress by York Research under contract to the Metallur-
gical Processes Branch of IERL.
Testing is underway and includes noncondensable and con-
densable hydrocarbons. The work is scheduled for com-
pletion early in 1978.
Multi-Media Environmental Assessment of Ferrous Metallur-
gical Processes." Work in progress by Research Triangle
Institute under contract to the Metallurgical Processes
Branch of IERL (R. Hendriks).
Sampling has been carried out on byproduct coke ovens for
noncondensable and condensable hydrocarbons. The final
report will presumably include a summary of test results
from all sources including those done especially for this
study. The contract continues until March 1980, with
individual process reports issued from time to time.
4.14 SYNTHETIC RESIN MANUFACTURE
In the prioritization scheme used for this report, all syn-
thetic resins were placed in a single category which received a
final priority ranking of 14. If the various resin types had
been prioritized individually, the following would have ranked
highest:
Acrylic
Polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Polystyrene
None of these, if listed separately, would have been included in
the 20 highest priority sources. No work is in progress that
treats the whole group of resins as a class, but some helpful
reports have been published.
4-19
-------
• "Special Project Report on Petrochemical Plant Sites."
Report prepared by Monsanto Research Corporation for
lERL-Cincinnati and issued on April 15, 1976.
This report contains no text and is simply a computer-
generated listing of (1) petrochemical plant sites,
(2) material emitted and emission factors for each
source type, and (3) an estimate of the data quality.
Factors are given for each individual hydrocarbon spec-
ies. This report includes the following synthetic resins:
Acrylonitri1e-butadiene-styrene resin
Polycarbonate resins
Polyethylene resin - low density
Polyethylene resin - high density
Polyvinyl alcohol resins
In most instances, sufficient information is given to indi-
cate whether any methane is produced or whether all organics
are reactive. There are less than 20 plant sites for each
of the resins previously listed, so an elaborate study to
develop emission factors is not justified.
• "Source Assessment: Polyvinyl Chloride." Report prepared
by Monsanto Research Corporation under contract to IERL-
Cincinnati.
The draft version of the report was issued in August 1977.
Emission factors for vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride
are given on an individual plant basis for 35 plants.
Emission factors for 13 separate hydrocarbon species are
given for a representative plant.
4.15 ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE MANUFACTURE. ETHYLENE OXIDE MANUFACTURE
These two industries are discussed together because they
have identical priority rankings according to the system used.
Both industries have a relatively small number of individual
plant sites and might be ranked even lower because actual source
test results could be used instead of emission factors for com-
puting emissions. Ethylene dichloride manufacture is included
4-20
-------
1n the Monsanto report on Petrochemical Plant Sites previously
discussed, and process study reports are scheduled to be issued
under the Hydroscience contract during 1978.
4.16 DRYCLEANING
The current section in AP-42 was revised in April 1977, and
is based on reports published in 1976 and 1977. Emission factors
are rated B. No current studies have been identified, although
two drycleaning plants were among the sources tested by KVB, Inc.,
in their emission inventory of the South Coast Air Basin for the
California Air Resources Board.
4.17 NONPIPELINE TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM
The current section in AP-42 was revised in April 1977, and
includes reports published late in 1976. Factors are given for
loading of tank cars, trucks, tankers, and barges under a variety
of conditions. In addition, factors are given for ballasting of
tankers and for transit losses from tankers. No information is
given on reactive versus nonreactive organics, but these esti-
mations could be made by techniques applicable to any process
involving evaporative losses of petroleum. Some work is in pro-
gress that could lead to improvement in some of these factors.
• "Emissions From Ships, Ship Operation, and Transfer of
Oil in the South Coast Air Basin." Study in progress by
Scott Environmental Technology, Inc., for the California
Air Resources Board. The report will probably be issued
late in 1978.
In this report, the testing program is scheduled to in-
clude marine oil terminals, ship fuel docks, and marina
fuel docks. The study will include a detailed survey
of ship activities and movements with special emphasis
on loading and unloading operations. Hydrocarbon species
4-21
-------
will be measured, but the report will probably include
only the three reactivity classes as defined by the
California Air Resources Board. Probably the actual ana-
lytical results will be submitted also, so it should be
possible to calculate the factors for reactive and non-
reactive organics.
"Hydrocarbon Emissions From Tanker Loading Operations."
A study conducted by Chevron Research, Inc., for the
Western Oil and Gas Association.
This was a field study of eight tanker loading operations
with total hydrocarbons measured in all tests and indivi-
dual hydrocarbon species measured in selected tests. The
final report is still undergoing final review prior to
publication.
"Background Information on National and Regional Hydro-
carbon Emissions From Marine Terminal Transfer Operations,"
EPA-450/3-77-024, August 1977.
This report is concerned primarily with movements of
crude oil and gasoline on a national and regional scale.
It may contain information that is useful to someone
who is attempting to estimate emissions, but it does
not deal directly with emissions factors.
"Emissions From Ballasting." A study in progress by
ESED and scheduled for completion in 1978.
This study is monitored by the 831 committee and involves
testing carried out by industry in response to 114 letters.
It is not known whether a formal report will be issued,
but test data on hydrocarbons can be obtained by contact-
ing Dave Markwordt of ESED.
"Ship and Barge Transport of Gasoline and Crude Oil."
OAQPS Guideline Series scheduled for publication in
December 1978.
This is expected to be a summary of existing information
and may include tests that are in various files at EPA
but have not been formally published. The author of the
report will be Dave Markwordt, but there is a possibility
that plans may be changed and the report will not be pub-
lished.
4-22
-------
4.18 CHARCOAL MANUFACTURE
The current section in AP-42 was revised in April 1977, but
it is based on data published in 1967. The factors are rated C.
One relevant report has been issued since that time.
• "Source Assessment: Charcoal Manufacturing, State of the
Art." This was prepared by Monsanto Research Corporation,
under contract to lERL-Cincinnati.
This report is said to contain no new test results, but it
appears to include data that are not incorporated into
AP-42. The report also implies that the organic emissions
are 100-percent methane, but no description is given of
any tests or methods.
4.19 VEGETABLE OIL MANUFACTURE
. The current edition of AP-42 does not include a section on
vegetable oil manufacturing, and no recent or current studies of
the industry have been identified. The emission factor that was
used to estimate emissions for prioritization purposes is based
on a draft version of a 1971 document entitled "Background Infor-
mation for Establishment of National Standards of Performance
for New Sources, Vegetable Oil Industry." Apparently, a final
version of the report was never published. A report on vegetable
oil processing is scheduled for publication.
• "Vegetable Oil Processing." A control technology guide-
line document scheduled for publication by OAQPS in June
1978.
This report is expected to emphasize control technology
rather than emission factors.
4-23
-------
5.0 NEEDS NOT CURRENTLY BEING ADDRESSED
In this section of the report the deficiencies and omissions
discussed in Section 2.0 are compared with the accomplished and
current research summarized in Section 4.0 to determine whether
there are needs that are not currently being addressed. General
needs are listed first and are followed by specific needs arranged
by AP-42 section numbers.
• General Needs
There appears to be no systematic effort to present
hydrocarbon emission factors in a uniform format through-
out the entire volume. Emission factors for methane,
ethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichlorotrifluroethane,
and possibly benzene should be given along with factors
for total organics for each source type, and when such
information is unavailable some statement to that effect
should be made.
Although AP-42 users did not seem particularly concerned,
it was evident that the rating scheme for emission factors
(A, B, C, D, or E) was frequently confusing. The rating
seldom applies uniformly to factors for all pollutants,
and it would be more meaningful if each factor were given
a rating rather than applying a single rating to'an entire
table of factors. There seems to be no systematic effort
underway to change this practice.
• Section 1 - External Combustion Sources
None of the accomplished or current research will apparent-
ly provide emission factors for boilers that burn mixed
fuel such as coal/refuse or oil/refuse. No studies are
underway to provide factors for military fire-fighting
schools, but there may not be enough need for these factors
to justify a special study. It fs uncertain whether resi-
dential heaters of modern design will be tested 1n any of the
current research studies. There is certainly no large effort
underway to compare older and modern heaters.
5-1
-------
• Section 2 - Solid Waste Disposal
No needs were identified by AP-42 users so no gaps exist.
In the judgment of the authors of this report the practice
of labeling hydrocarbon factors as (CHj and (CgH..) in
some of the tables is not only unnecessary but also con-
fusing and should be discontinued.
• Section 3 - Internal Combustion Engine Sources
There may still be gaps left after the work in progress
by TRW/GCA for CPB, IERL-RTP is completed. At the time
of this writing, insufficient information was available
to tell, but needs exist for more information on duty
cycles as well as exhaust gas composition.
• Section 4 - Evaporation Loss Sources
There appears to be no systematic research in progress
to characterize the organic species emitted from after-
burners or incinerators used to control solvent emissions.
There may be sufficient data in widely scattered locations,
but a substantial effort would be required to collect all
of ft, and no such effort is in progress. Apparently no
changes in organization of this section of AP-42 are
contemplated that would facilitate discussion of vapor
balance systems as an integrated unit. Emissions from
small storage tanks found at bulk plants may not be
adequately addressed, but this cannot be determined
until reports of ongoing studies are issued.
• Section 5 - Chemical Process Industry
This area seems to be unique in that no needs were identi-
fied by AP-42 users, yet extensive studies are in progress
to furnish improved data.
• Section 6 - Food and Agricultural Industry
No work is underway to provide organic emission factors
for various agricultural drying operations or to provide
an AP-42 section on tobacco drying. No work was identi-
fied that would verify the existing factors for wine
making.
5-2
-------
• Section 7 - Metallurgical Industry
No work is in progress to develop organic emission factors
for secondary smelting operations, but these emissions
are believed to be very small and not of major concern
to AP-42 users.
• Section 8 - Mineral Products Industry
There appears to be no effort underway to correct the
apparent inconsistencies in the treatment of in-process
fuel in the brick, cement, and lime manufacturing sections.
• Section 9 - Petroleum Industry
The definitive field studies for this industry are still
in progress, so it is impossible to determine whether
gaps will still remain when these studies are completed.
Because of the importance of this industry, these study
results should be monitored carefully and incorporated
into revised AP-42 sections as soon as possible.
• Section 10 - Mood Processing
No needs were identified by AP-42 users, although it is
apparent that one cannot readily derive an emission
factor for total or reactive VOC from the factors as
listed for RSH, RSR, and RSSR, and the note which states
that these are usually expressed as sulfur.
• Section 11 - Miscellaneous Sources
Since the needs with respect to natural and quasi-natural
emissions have been evaluated elsewhere (Reference 6)
they are not summarized here. No other needs were
identified except possibly those related to military
firefighting schools which have already been mentioned
under Section 1 - External Combustion Sources.
The aforementioned listing is based on the assumption that
those who are engaged in preparing inventories for modeling pur-
poses do not wish to use AP-42 to obtain organic species break-
downs for each individual source type. It is anticipated that
Vol. II, "Emission Inventory Input for Photochemical Modeling,"
which is being prepared by PES as a companion to Vol. I,
5-3
-------
"Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic
Compounds," will contain instructions for the modeler to start
with total organic emissions as calculated from AP-42 and
accomplish the required species breakdown from data provided in
Volume II.
5-4
-------
6.0 PLAN FOR UPDATING AP-42
The survey of current and accomplished research (Section 4.0)
indicated that several definitive field studies are underway and
will be completed between the spring of 1978 and the fall of 1979.
In addition, the>e are a number of AP-42 source categories that
require improved organization rather than additional field test
results to remedy their deficiencies. Finally, there are a num-
ber of AP-42 sections that are to be prepared by contractors as
part of their reporting requirements. Even though some of these
sources have low priority rankings, they should be added to AP-42
since minimal effort is required to do so. A plan is presented
in thfs section for accomplishing these tasks in an orderly man-
ner and is shown in tabular form in Table 6-1. Rough man-hour
estimates are also given in Table 6-1. It is assumed that addi-
tional literature searches will be made as a part of each of the
tasJcs listed herein.
6.1 TASKS FOR JANUARY THROUGH JUNE 1978
The following tasks are outlined for January through June
1978:
1. Start to prepare the following new sections of AP-42
a. Industrial Surface Coating (major revision and
expansion)
b. Degreasing
6-1
-------
n i
UJ C
2
LU
S i
a. T;
3 ^
1
QC
LJ_
i i
>— 1 U
,_ 01
H] |
oe •"
LU
-1. TIMETABLE AND MANP(
leference
u
• co
in
in c
0) O
0)0) +J CM
•-i C +1 0 •*
•r- in a 0) i
n_ 4- +j p -o 01 a.
•»- I/I U 0) ^
C 0) O -U -U CM
^ 01 4->t- C 10 • 0
•M O) O Id S •«!• 4J
•O id o> QC • U u
r- T3 -U CM i. O C TJ
o a. 10 10 M- o -a
.CO. 3f-' C *-0 0) •.- 10
SCO) 0) +* f— O 0) O)0)U 4J
a. ai i- f- o.-r- c c 4Jt-e i-i--o a> a.
3+J*JH-3 o «u -a -o io c o s-
X -M Cr— Sr- *» *i £ O)4- i— i O 0 0) S
c-r-o o id O) u C woo •a-D'cJ laaji
Q.OXCQ.C1-CO UiO-r- CCC O.CQ.
XQ>a)SSXXa> :£ u a* CM a: u u • uuoi
0)0)00 0)TJ > CO +J O)0)JC 00
1 -0 -O O 1 -O Q) O OIO -D-OO 0.0.1
cci c ••- 2S i 10 cca) 0)0)
aooioaot-io voou o o H- uuc
*t a. o* e~. 0)0)
O ^ O 0) -W ^>OU C ^ J= C
COOOCOf-M- O C 0) 0 O OOC
lc:-'- o c
OO)0)UO) 01 U»-^0)UO.£3 IOC
•F- i— f— 0) •— f— O C r- O) •!- S- I4_.r
*>-^T-Xt- -^ O. U •>- > V3in inU J
in O O O O o in 3 o. o in-ua) m3 o
3 XJ ^ 0.^3 J3 -^- .£> O 3 Cl/IOUlT
"Mr— r—'Or— (Oldl-— XVV*U gldCHC f— Cn-r
'u'u-r-ucc'*-*- ut t- a> o -a^e? -°-'Lina
1— JJ *J >(_ +J 0) 4) IO IBUUU r- Cr- CD +J4JIOI-
trt 1 VI ^3 ^3 "O L> 3B U 3 *O 1U 4) fO (/) QJ *r
C33r— 3ff-«l«l v>>— O C inQ. U3S.+
u-a-aio'OinMMe -a 0)
0) CCOCO)OI-^0) f UOO) 0) T-.f-^: Q. C0)d
*» i-« 1-1 o « ce. ee. z <5 ^- a. <_> a; +j oaoi 10 HOI-
X O C >
Ut 01 -^ LU
3S§ §SS§ SSSSg 888S88888|8
ro *^ f"^ ^^
II
T3 *O r— 4J +J
r— 0) • .^s^*^ 4^ IO O
TOT3T3 «»• 0)0) «OO-r-
c c c in in Of +*
•r- -r- 3 c i- 1- i- -a o
o c>>ccc-oc cu
M-I+-LO t- OO)0)OOOC-»-01
~O ^ T— 'r- 4J •»- U L. »^ *r~ •** *^
o) Q) • o +^ 4^ ^^ ^^ m "*o
4J 4J CMCMO 0) US-UOUU4-ldXI
CC .-Z 01 0)OOO)0)0)-r- U 3333331— 0)f"0)
oou cr- cccc uuuuuu ai c c
0)0)0) o)-i-o)io •»- •!- 1- •»- ai xxsx*xo)U-»-o)-^-
ininin +j <-> .r- +J -u id in
idTjido -a-o-o-oio CMCMCMCMCMCMIO O.TJ t- TJ
"O "O 3C "O f™ "O 0) I1™ r-~ r.— f1— "O *!l" ^" ^3* ^" ^" *f "O 0) r— > *^
•O-O4) O.OO.Q. O O O O O. IIIIIIO-UOO)^
ididc 3-C3in ^:j:J:^:3 <$ld V0)0)io O)O)0)O10) 0)wO)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)
0)0)U 0)0)0)U 0)0)0)0)0) 0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)
o:a£OL ccccato. cc DC a: ce a: aia£o:a£o:o£a:o:ci:o:o£
1
J...L
i
CO
u
13
1— E
04- U
Ul 0)
i— in en c
cuo) " s-«: -.2?ioio30)a>u
cc - o o oOinmoot— cca>
S- S- -• u s- a)a)a)o>a>a)'ai— i— 3
U 3O.3 • +* TO>>OOCMin t—
ICO «S -M OJ -C 13 •"-" CO4JII
a. s- • — -10 uuu-o iiiiiiou i
o o l— SO oooaaaio 0.0: a: o
<£.*f. 4-J 3 ^£S «: «t «£ <£ < r- 0) n) U CM
OO.C O O 0) C2CIO OOOOOO — OOOO
ceo io -a i ccccccocccc
1010 • >u •!- -f^ i ia LUOLUCS O.UOILUCJ z:£s:£:z:z;ui££:z:£
0)
T3
<<- 0) U
E co
E 0) •—
3 >, C • U -C
en ai u • o en a. c o
| ^^0 0 t! «? "fig 2^r-
?.= « I wSS* o? 1 >u>,
- >r" O C >^> m £ O ds ^ T3 in r— JZt i—
i tJ E s- (O 4- M- 1/1 o in in ina) E fO-^inoiao
-i — 3« -U4JOOO) o> a) a) r— .* E ^0) o.i»- a.
:oi-+j ai ooo. • en en u •*> o , en S.CHU ouia 0)Ciaoiii
-U Id O +J+J lOCId U 4J P— O • +J Id U
"O i*- ocncni ^^ t— i ja •!— ^ a. -i— ^ •»- en io oo.i/>inin
J+JCO OS-CCr— S!i-<'-i -U C 4J"*-Cfl)f O (J O
- ai f aiti+j-Ms. «a)0)uiioin "id r— o j: si o "io tu *J *J Z>
J>^o. cno)(Oioa) • cncn 0.1 — o. o >>^ •Mioo-MjC^iAinin
« r— C Id id XOOC in io id T- r— i- •>- S.UCO)'— d) -U J3 ID it) >u.c(>*rr> o^/\ r> n
01 h- O
6-2
-------
o
o
.a
4-> 4-> •*•
O> 0) •»- Ol M M M M M 4->
r— >— 440IOIOIOI Ol •!-> 4-> Ol
•r- «r- •»- IO f
MM 1. V V 9> V V v
£O .IOIOIOIOIO 10 4J
K in^f-*^**-*^ •»- IO
4J 4J 4J 4rf 4^ Tl
•*"•*• J""4:4-4:4: 4: « 3
.— cr e ** c ^— *
IT OO y 5 • « • • «1- +>
i. .,_ .^- oi *^ Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol **•*• t>
4-> +> M4Ji-I.CC. U _ 2
C OO O 3 3 3 3 3Ca
.± 5 SJ oi oi 4-> 4-1 <•• 4* <-> ^- ai
MM +» M « « « « JB_ «-
-a 10 *- t. w 1- WO
.-I "O T3 ^ T3 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol •"• .C
0 -3-3 Q.T3 4J 4-> 4J 4-> <-> O O
J= IO IO 3iOf-^--r-f- •»- JC It
J £ J 1> £ 01 5 o> o> o» 01 o
3: cc a: ae.ecctaiac.ce. ae.ce.ce.
C
|
0
^ rr L 1 r r I
Ij | ' 1 1 1
^-^
^f
^"
*•
s
M
^^ M
+J •*—
i- J* -^ -O i-
o o o oi ai ~o
Q. -^ f- C ^- C
ai i- t. o 14- ai
i- 4-> 4-> o CQ t- a:
10 10 in a: -u
r— D- Q. JO - II OIOIOIT3 0>^£M
ai aiai if-n- if! "^ iH 0 •>-
M CC t. J3 +J *J +J t. 4-> T3
aiai o«ecco c-c
o ••- 1- o._i ai ai oi x ai ai ai
+J OO Ol •WO-O -0^3:
C MM CC *>•*••*• -r- X »••—
ID o o -* S ai i
M i- u o oi oi ai ai c
C -O -X3 UJbCCC C4->>-*
O >>X l/l 3 O O O O Oiol—
£ z x ujujzzzz zcaoe
•o
Ol
3
C
Tj
C 4>
O VI
V 3
^^ • a*
^^ «?^ ^^
4J E 0
•C A* *r» ^^
3 a> >>
c
"fc o^Sa,1* 3 5 &
SIS S-g^S'pi'g1 5 -5 =
aicn o^- o «. C -^- cn^- E a
W -»-X-»-O<»->»C>,Cnr-M-l-'
Ol T3 O l_ 4J kf-(.C 10 Oj
fc Cn M M -O >,TJ i- O X • E
O.M ai a> < c t- .* •*- s_ en
o cc >, o
S a. LLIUJ o 3i5«toi-3 4-> uo ou.
CJ (i- 3EI
*- E
o o o 0*0 oooo o e§ ««
0 CVJCVJ^OO «-*oS § || 00
3:3
1 §§3
*» °^ 4J S
s. ai o o
*j c +J ai oi M
O C MM «
r- i- IO C
0) M t- -O -O O IO M M *J ••-
0)* "£"> « 5 i««n
M1*- OIOIM Si 1- 5;
-r- S-S- }- 00
O C CVI O M J» ^
UO-— -O-OI M «g 22
O.OI- loiocc 013 E ai «w
^- o c o. o. x >— o.^ o. ja ^ ^
+JO 33011- X3 _ — '•
4J M- OIOIC!f- OIM IOM ^^
Ol L. O -^ -^- Ol C "4J IO O
M Si/i x » *^ • £S ^^ oo
^3 ocn« 00 _4J 00 o>0i
% UOIi-2 XX XO OIOI &-^
atutoai j«: ^ oi S aic MM g^«
O"O"OOI JZJZOIOI OIO T3"O ^-*-
o
U> VI
L. y» w»
Q) (Q fQ
3 J3 1 1 <
"O CO 4J 4J 1 4J 13 Ol
Ol 1 O OO*O Ol L.
fr* 1 IO IO • L. *r- JC ^~
if-oiavo L-U4->o f- 1001
•r-l.«trs. •(-> +J C S ^- _Jt-
+-> J= U1 1 C C — Ji *J M
ciacvi oos- c IM
0) * O ^*^ O O *™ " IO O O
•O+^O r— Z •« 4JO-
•^ 1 C O C C Ol t- M
ID IO ID ID X 1 O> 1
C (— C < -5-OOlrt C -Oi—
OZOCu IOIOOUJ O -^ 1—
z < S uj oc cc cc a. z X ce
u
o
M 4->
i- O
O 10
4>> If-
o
10 en
c 4-> MCOI oo
3E;a oo oiien4->if-i*-
^ ••- O. f-3 0-^1010
Cf~ >» 44^ L.M^E4>E
— 4JX-1. 00 3 10 10 C « £
•r-^O>4J 31- O 3 Ol OE4->
t. Ol CH-I 13 UM^- MXIM "<»-M
o.§aj=M^ ^^ "* 3Cio c
oc "je*j^ E c"c*2-g o •- c •-— I 4242
1--F-4JCLIO "o iH iC .— — ^-Oj "oi55 *C4J4>
OIL.3M'— i- ai a:ccoo oo M zz en LJUJ
•^
•^ M
C^ M
TO -^ Ol
5^fe.
u4f£
fl> -~ Q.
j=^.
*; Sc
O io-»-
Ol -O M
O 10
01 Ol
§4^3
M -r- 4J
. •— U
>» IO ID
«/> J3 3 lf-
UJ 0-3
O. Ol c
xj^i
J3 ^ 4<*
M 01 c 21
M J3 o^-
£41
•o-o
cni— e «- .
( I Already In pro
, [ J Presumably wou
"All estimates depei
DA section on rubbei
cLow priority study
6-3
-------
2. Check on the following new sections that are to be
written as part of contract reporting requirements:
a. Petroleum Refining (prepared by Radian, now being
printed)
b. Acrylonitrile Manufacture (draft issued July 1977,
Atley Jefcoat)
c. Carbon Black Manufacture (draft issued August 1977,
Atley Jefcoat)
d. Synthetic Ammonia Manufacture (draft issued
September 1977, Ron Venesia)
e. Urea Manufacture (draft issued September 1977,
Ron Venesia)
f. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Manufacture (draft due
January 1978, Atley Jefcoat)
g. Acetone and Phenol From Cumene (draft due
January 1978, Atley Jefcoat)
h. Residential External Combustion (draft due
January 1978, Ron Venesia)
i. Industrial External Combustion (draft due
January 1978, Ron Venesia)
j. Textile Finishing (draft due December 1977,
Max Samfield)
k. Cutback Asphalt Paving (draft due December 1977,
Tom Lahre)
3. Examine the following reports and source assessment
documents (final versions only) to see whether they
contain material that should be incorporated into
AP-42. Arrange for writeups when appropriate.
a. Phthalic Anhydride (EPA 600/2-76-032d, December
1976)
b. Rubber Processing (draft issued August 1977,
Ron Turner)
c. Asphalt Hot Mix (report being printed, Ron Turner).
The recent AP-42 update did not incorporate factors
for organics.
d. Flat Glass Manufacturing (EPA 600/2-76-032b,
March 1976)
6-4
-------
e. Cost and Engineering Study - Control of VOC From
Whiskey Warehousing (report available from David
Mascone, ESED).
f. Any reports that have been issued on the TRW/GCA
Combustion contract (W. Ponder).
4. Examine the following source assessment documents
(final versions only) and decide whether the content
warrants the addition of new sections to AP-42:
a. Reclaiming of Waste Solvents (draft issued
September 1977, Ron Turner)
b. Rail Tank Car, Tank Trucks, and Drum Cleaning
(draft issued January 1978, Ron Turner)
c. Coal Refuse Piles (draft issued August 1977,
Gene Harris and Ron Hill)
5. Prepare a subsection that lists the proportion of
reactive and nonreactive organics for various kinds
of petroleum fractions. Incorporate this into the
AP-42 sections dealing with evaporative losses and
fugitive emissions from petroleum.
6. Decide on a uniform system for listing hydrocarbon
emission factors — preferably omitting all references
such as "as methane," "as hexane," "as C" which are
unnecessary and confusing ~ and adopt a uniform
format for indicating the amounts of reactive and
nonreactive organics.
6.2 TASKS FOR JULY THROUGH DECEMBER 1978
The following tasks are outlined for July through December
1978:
1. Obtain the following reports and augment and update
the corresponding AP-42 sections:
a. "Hydrocarbon Emissions From Fixed Roof Tanks,"
published by Western Oil and Gas Association
and revisions, if any, to API Bulletin 2518
made as a result of this study.
6-5
-------
b. "Emissions Assessment of Conventional Combustion
Systems," as many interim reports as have been
published by TRW/GCA. Check with Wade Ponder
for progress.
c. "Sampling and Analysis of Emissions From Coke
Oven Doors," by Battelle Memorial Institute and
"Coke Quench Tower Emission Testing Program," by
York Research. Obtain these reports from R. Hendriks
and R. McCrillis.
2. Obtain the following report and backup data tape and
use the data to specify the proportions of methane
and nonmethane hydrocarbons for 24 source categories:
1. "Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Stationary
Sources in the South Coast Air Basin," prepared
by KVB, Inc., for the California Air Resources
Board. Contact Jack Paskind in the Research
Division of the California Air Resources Board
for the report.
3. Start to prepare the following new sections of AP-42:
a. Plastics Fabrication and Forming (major revision
and expansion) Refer to polyvinyl chloride source
assessment document by Monsanto.
b. Graphic Arts
c. Synthetic Resin Manufacture
4. Establish a procedure with R. Hendriks for receiving
process reports from the RTI Ferrous Metallurgy
contract as they are issued.
6.3. TASKS FOR JANUARY THROUGH JUNE 1979
Perform the following tasks for the aforementioned period:
1. Obtain the following reports and augment and update
the corresponding AP-42 sections:
a. "Emissions From Ships, Ship Operations, and
Transfer of Oil in the South Coast Air Basin,"
prepared by Scott Environmental Technology, Inc.,
6-6
-------
for the California Air Resources Board. Contact
Jack Paskind in the Research Division of the
California Air Resources Board for the report.
b. "Fugitive Emissions From Oilfield Producing
Operations," prepared by Rockwell International
for the American Petroleum Institute. Contact API
headquarters for the report.
c. "Evaluation of Emissions From Onshore Drilling
Producing, and Storing of Oil and Gas," prepared
by Pacific Environmental Services for EPA (David
Markwordt).
d. "Emissions Assessment of Conventional Combustion
Systems." Any additional interim reports (refer
to Section 5.2)
2. Obtain the following reports and examine them to deter-
mine whether new sections of AP-42 are warranted:
a. "Air Pollution Emissions Associated With Pesticide
Applications in Fresno County," prepared by Eureka
Laboratories for the California Air Resources
Board. Contact the Research Division of the
California Air Resources Board.
b. "Evaluation of Emissions From Agricultural and
Solid Waste Resource Recovery Units," proposed
by the California Air Resources Board. Check
with the Research Division of the California
Air Resources Board for progress. This is scheduled
for funding in 1978/79.
3. If appropriate, initiate literature and field studies
that will provide VOC data for the following new sec-
tions of AP-42:
a. Mixed fuel boilers
b. Alfalfa drying
c. Grain drying
d. Tobacco drying
e. Wine making
f. Secondary smelting
6-7
-------
4. Check with C.C. Masser about the progress of the Radian
contract on emissions from oil refining. Make sure that
the proposed writeup for AP-42 is in the most acceptable
format.
6.4. TASKS FOR JULY THROUGH DECEMBER 1979
Perform the following tasks during the period July through
December 1979:
1. Obtain a copy of the "Floating Roof Tank Emission Study"
from the American Petroleum Institute and update AP-42
if necessary.
2. Continue to check with Wade Ponder for results from the
TRW/GCA, "Emissions Assessment of Conventional Combus-
tion Systems." Update AP-42 as required.
6.5. CONTINUING TASKS THROUGHOUT THE PERIOD
The following tasks should be continued throughout the period:
1. Monitor on-going research on natural and quasi-natural
emissions -- especially softwood and hardwood forests,
sewage treatment, commercial gas leakage, and sanitary
landfills, and revise AP-42 as indicated.
2. Monitor Hydroscience contract (D, Patrick) and review
reports as they are issued.
3. Monitor development of Stage II vapor recovery controls
and revise Section 4.4 as required.
4. Check results of studies that develop detailed listings
of hydrocarbon species measured in ambient air, especi-
ally the Tulsa study. Perform source reconciliation
studies, if possible, to identify pollutants from area
sources, such as leaking gas distribution systems,
seepage from oil fields, and other natural sources.
Try to develop emission factors for these natural and
quasi-natural sources.
5. Maintain contact within EPA regions to learn of new needs
for emission factors. It is anticipated that needs will
arise in connection with new source review — particu-
larly where sources are subject to the emissions offset
6-8
-------
policy. There have already been instances where a de-
veloper proposed to cut down a certain number of trees
to offset hydrocarbon emissions from a new source.
Proposals of this kind are expected to continue and may
require better emission factors for trees and other
natural sources.
6-9
-------
APPENDIX A
The following PES personnel, who are all engaged in emission
inventory projects, were interviewed to obtain their personal
comments on AP-42. They, in turn, contacted individuals in the
agencies with whom they are working to obtain additional comments
in some instances.
Paradeep S. Bakshi (Petroleum storage and marketing)
Keith Duval (inventories for Washington, Oregon, Idaho)
Peter Kochis (inventory for Florida)
Robert Missen (inventories for Montana, Arizona, Hawaii)
Leslie Norton (petroleum production and refining)
Paul R. Peterson (petroleum storage)
Roy Sakaida (petroleum production, surface coating)
Joseph Trapasso (inventories for Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin)
Thr following agencies were contacted directly:
Maryland Bureau of Air Quality and Noise Control (E. Carter)
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Steve Tamplin)
Texas Air Control Board (Joe Pennington and staff)
California Air Resources Board (Frank Perry, Rich Bradley and staff)
South Coast Air Quality Management District (Wayne Zweicher)
Bay Area Air Pollution Control District (Dario Levaggi)
Monsanto Research Corporation (R.E. Opferkuch and staff)
EPA Region VI (0. Cabra)
Denver PACD (Thomas Peabody)
Dayton Regional Air Pollution Control Agency (G.C. Selnick)
A-l
-------
APPENDIX B
This appendix lists current and recently completed work that
was investigated during the course of this study and was not dis-
cussed in Sections 4.0 or 6.0. This listing includes all work
(except individual source tests) regardless of its applicability
to emission factors or the priority rating of the source category.
For convenience, these studies are grouped according to the or-
ganization of AP-42.
1. External Combustion Sources
"Emissions From Residential and Small Commercial Stoker-Coal-
Fired Boilers Under Smokeless Operation," EPA-600/7-76-029,
October 1976. Contains measurements of polycyclic organic
matter but does not include gaseous hydrocarbons.
"Field Testing: Trace Element and Organic Emissions From
Industrial Boilers," EPA-600/2-76-086b, October 1976. Con-
tains measurements of three polycyclic organic compounds
but does not include gaseous hydrocarbons.
"Preliminary Emissions Assessment of Conventional Stationary
Combustion Systems, Volume II - Final Report," EPA-600/2-76-0466,
March 1976. Paper study that summarizes existing data.
"Coal-Fired Stoker Industrial Boilers," in progress by American
Boiler Manufacturing Association under contract to IERL-RTP
(joint with ERDA). Expected to include polynuclear organic
matter but not gaseous hydrocarbons. Report due in the fall
of 1978.
"Survey of Environmental Assessment of Conventional Combustion
Processes," in progress by Research Triangle Institute under
contract to IERL-RTP. Paper study to summarize current
activities and plan additional efforts. Report due March 1978.
"Emission Estimates of NO? and Organic Compounds From Coal-
Fired Fluidized-Bed Combustion," pp. 1015-1023 in EPA-600/
3-77-OOlb, January 1977. Contains data on concentrations
of several hydrocarbon species including methane.
"Characterization of Discharges From Coal-Fired Utility
Boilers," in progress by TVA under an interagency agreement
with IERL-RTP. A multimedia study that is expected to
include some measurements of gaseous emissions.
B-l
-------
"Evaluation of Wood-Fired Boilers in the State of Vermont,"
in progress by GCA under contract to IERL-RTP. Major emphasis
is on particulates rather than hydrocarbons.
"Hydrocarbon Characterization of Agricultural Waste Burning,"
in progress by the University of California, Riverside, for
the California Air Resources Board. This is a test program,
but burning will be done in a test facility — not in the
field.
2. Solid Waste Disposal
"Source Assessment: Agricultural Open Burning, State of the
Art," EPA-600/2-77-107a, July 1977. Paper study that relies
heavily on AP-42.
"Source Assessment: Prescribed Burning, State of the Art,"
EPA-600/2-76-032, May 1977. Paper study that includes several
recent references that are not listed in AP-42, and also
includes data on hydrocarbon species.
3. Internal Combustion Sources
All work was discussed in Paragraph 4.10.
4. Evaporation Loss Sources
"Source Assessment: Rail Tank Car, Tank Truck, and Drum
Cleaning, State of the Art," draft report prepared by Monsanto
Research Corporation for lERL-Cincinnati, September 1977.
Includes a few exploratory field tests.
"Source Assessment: Reclaiming of Waste Solvents, State of
the Art," draft report prepared by Monsanto Research Corpora-
tion for lERL-Cincinnati, January 1978. Includes some
exploratory field tests.
"Fugitive Emissions From Stock Tanks," in-house study in
progress by the Texas Air Control Board. Does not include
field testing but is merely a tank inventory.
"Evaluation of Methods for Controlling and Measuring Emissions
From Petroleum Storage Tanks," EPA-450/3-76-036, July 1977.
Does not include any test data.
B-2
-------
"Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Emission Control Strategies for
Gasoline Marketing Operations," draft report prepared by
Pacific Environmental Services under contract to EPA, OTLUP,
December 1977. Paper study that does not include emissions
testing.
"Development of Control Techniques Document for Factory
Surface Coating of Flat Wood Products," in progress by Pacific
Environmental Services for ESED. Paper study that does not
include emissions testing.
5. Chemical Process Industry
"Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use: Chapter 5
Basic Petrochemicals Industry," EPA-600/2-77-023e, January 1977.
Paper study that emphasizes process descriptions rather than
emissions.
"Source Assessment: Polychloroprene, State of the Art," draft
report prepared by Monsanto Research Corporation for IERL-
Cincinnati, July 1977. Includes emission factors for individual
hydrocarbon species obtained from personal communications with
several industry representatives.
"Source Assessment: Maleic Anhydride, State of the Art," in
preparation by Monsanto Research Corporation for lERL-Cincinnati,
due December 1977. Will include few, if any, field tests.
"Source Assessment: Acrylic Acid Manufacture, State of the Art,"
in preparation by Monsanto Research Corporation for IERL-
Cincinnati. Due January 1978. Will include few, if any,
field tests.
"Overview of Textile Manufacture," special report prepared
by Monsanto Research Corporation for IERL-RTP, August 1977.
Multimedia report with very little field testing.
"Pollutants From Synthetic Fuels Production," work in progress
by Research Triangle Institute for IERL-RTP. Paper study with
no field tests.
"Rubber Products Manufacture," control technology guidance
document scheduled for publication by OAQPS in June 1978.
Paper study with emphasis on control technology.
"Paint Manufacture," control technology guidance document
scheduled for publication by OAQPS in June 1978. Paper
study with emphasis on control technology.
B-3
-------
"Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry Study,"
in progress by Hydroscience, Inc., for ESED (Dave Patrick).
Multimillion dollar, multimedia study to be conducted be-
tween March 1977 and March 1980, to gather data necessary
to develop NSPS and CTG's for VOC emissions from organic
chemical manufacturing. The data would also support devel-
opment of NESHAPS for benzene and other organic hazardous
pollutants. Reports on 73 processes are scheduled during
1978 with 200 - 300 processes scheduled for the two follow-
ing years. A year-end report on the study was prepared by
Dave Patrick in December 1977.
6. Food and Agricultural Industry
"Source Assessment: Beef Cattle Feedlots," report prepared
by Monsanto Research Corporation for IERL-RTP, July 1977.
Contains no information on hydrocarbons.
"Source Assessment: Defoliation of Cotton," report prepared
by Monsanto Research Corporation for IERL-RTP, July 1977.
Contains no information on hydrocarbons.
"Source Assessment: Pollution Potential for Chemical and
Fertilizer Industry," report prepared by Monsanto Research
Corporation for lERL-Cincinnati, January 1978. Contains
no information on hydrocarbons.
"A Study to Determine Air Pollution Emissions Associated With
Pesticide Applications in Fresno County," in progress by
Eureka Laboratories for the California Air Resources Board.
Report expected in summer 1978. Will include as much field
testing as is necessary to compile an emission inventory.
"Cost and Engineering Study - Control of VOC Emissions From
Whiskey Warehousing," a report prepared by ESED (David Mascone)
in 1978. Essentially a material balance study using data
from whiskey tax records.
7. Metallurgical Industry
"Enclosed Coke Pushing and Quenching System Demonstration,"
now being completed by National Steel Corporation under con-
tract to IERL-RTP. Attempts were made to measure some hydro-
carbon emissions, but little useful data were produced.
B-4
-------
"Development of Technology for Controlling BOP Charging
Enissions," now being completed by National Steel Corporation
ufder contract to JEHi,-RTP. Some attempts were ma
-------
8. Mineral Products Industry
"Source Assessment: Asphalt Hot Mix," prepared by Monsanto'
Research Corporation for lERL-Cincinnati, July 1977, Includes
limited test data on total gaseous hydrocarbons and aldehydes,
and more test data on polycyclic organic matter.
"Source Assessment: Flat Glass Manufacturing Plants,"
EPA-600/2-76-032b, March 1976. Includes no original test
data, but lists emission factors derived from existing data.
"Source Assessment: Coal Refuse Piles, Abandoned Mfnes and
Outcrops, State of the Art," prepared by Monsanto Research
Corporation for lERL-Cincinnati, August 1977. |nclydes
exploratory tests for total hydrocarbons and pefycyclic
organic materials.
"
Source Assessment: Brick Kilns," prepared by Monsanto
Research Corporation for lERL-Cincinnati , October 1977. Does
not include any original test data for hydrocarbons.
9. Petroleum Industry
"Survey of Compliance Status and Study of Air Pollution
Problems and Controls at Petroleum Refineries," prepared by
Pacific Environmental Services for EPA, DSSE, April 1977.
Does not include any field testing.
"Offshore Oil and Gas Development: Southern California,"
prepared by Environmental Research and Technology, Inc.,
for the State of California Office of Planning and Research
end the Santa Barbara County Department of Environmental
Quality, March 1977. Does not include any field testing.
"Multimedia Assessment of Environmental Effect of Natural
Gas Processing Plants," in progress by TRC under contract
to IERL-RTP. Report due March 1978. A paper study that
emphasizes control of nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions.
B-6
-------
10. Wood Processing
"Measurement of Volatile Emissions From Wastewater Basins,"
grant from lERL-Cincinnati to the University of Arkansas.
Expected completion September 1979. This study emphasizes
odors and does not deal with total hydrocarbons.
11. Miscellaneous
"Vegetation Hydrocarbon Emission Inventory for Tampa Bay,"
performed by Washington State University under contract to
EPA Region IV. Report is now being prepared.
B-7
-------
REFERENCES
1. Hopper, G, and Marrone W. A., "Impact of New Source Performance
Standards on 1985 National Emissions From Stationary Sources,"
Vol. 1, Final Report, Main Text and Appendixes I through III,
TRC Project No. 32391, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1382, Task 3,
The Research Corporation of New England, Wethersfield, Connec-
ticut, October 24, 1975, pp. 52-100
2. Delaney, J.L., "Petrochemical Plant Sites,"Special Project
Report, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1874, Monsanto Research Corpora-
tion, Dayton, Ohio, April 15, 1976
3. Hughes, T.W., Horn, D.A., Sandy, C.W., and Serth, R.W., "Source
Assessment: Prloritization of Air Pollution From Industrial
Surface Coating Operations," EPA-650/2-75-019a, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, February 1975, pp. 3, 45-46, 58, 59, 118, 131
4, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 2nd Ed., AP-42,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina (revisions through supplement 7)
v
5, Chi, C.T., and Zanders, D.L., "Source Assessment: Agricul-
tural Open Burning, State-of-the-Art," EPA-600/2-77-107a, EPA
Contract No. 68-02-1874, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, July 1977, p. 46
6. Keller, Ralph, M., and Cowherd, Chatten, Jr., "Identification
and Measurement of Atmospheric Organic Emissions From Natural
and Quasi-Natural Sources," Work Assignment 1-Source Identifi-
cation and Prloritization, EPA Contract No. 68-02-2524, Task 1,
MRI Project No. 4305-L(1), Midwest Research Institute, Kansas
City, Missouri, 1977
7. 1974 Minerals Yearbook, Vol. 1: Metals, Minerals, and Fuels,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of the Mines, 1977,
pp. 252, 742, 833,850, 985
8. Synthetic Organic Chemicals. 1975 U.S. Production and Sales,
USITC Pub. 804, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1977,
p. 47
9. Serth, R.W., and Hughes, T.W., "Source Assessment: Phthalic
Anhydride (A1r Emissions)," EPA-600/2-76-032d, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
December 1976, pp. 14, 93, 124
-------
10. Hughes, T.W., Boland, R.F., and Rinaldi, G.M., "Source Assess-
ment: Plastics Processing, State-of-the-Art," Preliminary
Report EPA Contract No. 68-02-1874, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, November 1977,
pp. 2, 33
11. "Poultry and Egg Situation," PES Report No. 293, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, March 1977, p. 35
12. Business Statistics. 1975, U.S. Department of Commerce, p. 142
13. Livestock Slaughter, Annual 1976, MtAn 1-2-1 (77), U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Statistical Reporting Service, April 1977,
p. 3
14. U.S. Industrial Outlook. 1977 Annual, U.S. Department of
Commerce, pp. 254-255, 284
15. Mineral Industry Survey: Asphalt Sales, 1976 Annual, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of the Mines, 1977
16. Current Industrial Reports: Inorganic Chemicals, 1976, M28A
(76)-14, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1977, p. 11
17. 1977 Commodity Yearbook, Commodity Research Bureau, Inc., New
York, New York, 1977, p. 118
18. Current Industrial Reports: Lumber Production and Mill Stocks,
1975, M24T(75)-1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census
19. Mayrsohn, H., and Crabtree, J.H., "Source Reconciliation of
Atmospheric Hydrocarbons," California Air Resources Board,
El Monte, California, March 1975
20. Chalekode, P.K., and Blackwood, T.R., "Source Assessment:
Coal Refuse Piles, Abandoned Mines and Outcrops - State-of-the-
Art," Preliminary Report, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1874, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, August 1977
21. Reznik, R.B., "Source Assessment: Flat Glass Manufacturing
Plants," EPA-600/2-76-032b, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, March 1976
22. "Standards Support and Environmental Impact Statement, An
Investigation of the Best Systems of Emission Reduction for
Sinter Plants in the Iron and Steel Industry," Draft Version,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, May 1977
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/3-78-004
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Assessment of Organic Emission Factors
5. REPORT DATE
March,1978 (date of preparati
n)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
(Catherine W. Wilson
Naomi Levenson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
1930 14th Street
Santa Monica, California 90404
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
2AA635
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2583
Work Assignment No. 2
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Air Management Technology Branch
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report was developed to provide a prioritized listing of needs for improved
organic emission factors and a synopsis of known projects underway, both within
EPA and externally, which will provide basic data resources to support such
improvements. A suggested outline of activities needed to accomplish these
improvements is also provided. The report is expected to be utilized as an
internal management tool, but also provides information which may be useful
to persons with specific interest in organic emissions.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI I;ield/Group
Emission Factors
Organics
Prioritization
Emission Sources
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
56
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
-------
33
W
H
NH
O
w
"t
oo
6
o
NOD
O ZT
-» O
V> C
in Q.
a
a>
D
Q. fD
li
0)
'
o ^-
zr ^
a) ^
cE 3
CD CU
-D
m
D
b
3 5
i >
c
CD
H
2
m
m oo
O
<
m
TJ
^ -<0
H 3 Z
5oq. s
§ 5|m
^^2 5
^° ^^
2i > c
S- S s "°
- §" S" 3
2? n 0
o 2 - H
rt co o m
O^'H
"5-S'6
3 "2.
O 3
QJ
to
-vj
O
m
2
O
m
Z
<
o
m f-
to H TI
01 m m
o m
H w
>D
C)
m
z
o
------- |