T55
.F534
no. 6
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response
Hazardous Response Support Division
Id Standard Operating Procedures
(FSOP)*6
530R85111
Work Zones
" * *F v
U S. Environmental
E^o-ion 5, Library (5PL-16)
230 S. Dearborn Street, Room 1670
Chicago, II. 60604
-------
530R85111
F!£"> ST«MRO affwr
BT««SM»S
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The mention of trade names or commercial products in this manual is
for illustration purposes and does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Contents of this manual do not necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. WORK ZONES
A. Exclusion Zone
B. Subareas within the Exclusion Zone
C. Contamination Reduction Zone
D. Support Zone
E. Area Dimensions
F. Monitoring and Sampling
III. METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION OF WORK ZONE LOCATIONS
IV. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE LEVELS
*
A. Level A
B. Level B
C. Level C
D. Level D .
V. SELECTION OF WORK ZONES BASED UPON TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC
VAPOR/GAS CONCENTRATION
A. Introduction
B. Factors for Consideration
C. Explanation of Phrase "Total Atmospheric
Vapor/Gas Concentration"
VI. MAXIMUM - MINIMUM FSOP REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
SELECTION OF WORK ZONES
A. Level A - Maximum
B. Level A - Minimum
C. Level B - Maximum
D. Level B - Minimum
E. Level C - Maximum
F. Level C - Minimum
VII. AIR MONITORING
A. Introduction
B. General Surveillance Methods
C. Sampling Stations - Table
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
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F.S.O.P. #6
PROCESS: WORK ZONES
The objective of these procedures 1s to minimize the risk of
exposure to hazardous substances. These procedures were derived
from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response's (OERR), "Standard Operating
Safety Guides (November 1984)". This version of the guides is in
a format that is more appropriate for use in the field.
I. Introduction
The activities required during responses to incidents involving
hazardous substances may contribute to the unwanted movement of
contaminants from the site to uncontaminated areas. Response
personnel and equipment may become contaminated and transfer the
material into clean areas. Material may become airborne due to
its volatility or the disturbance of "Contaminated soil may cause
it to become windblown. To minimize the transfer of hazardous
substances from the site, contamination control procedures are
needed. One method of preventing or reducing the migration of
contaminants is to delineate zones on the site in which
prescribed operations occur. Movement of personnel and equipment
between zones and onto the site itself would be limited by access
control points. To accomplish this, three contiguous zones are
recommended:
Zone 1: Exclusion Zone
Zone 2: Contamination Reduction Zone
Zone 3: Support Zone
The use of three-zone system, access control points, and exacting
decontamination procedures provides a reasonable assurance
against the translocation of contaminating substances. This site
control system is based on a worst case situation. Less
stringent site control and decontamination procedures may be
utilized 1f more definitive information is available on the types
of substances involved and hazards they present. This
information can be obtained through air monitoring, instrument
survey and sampling, and technical data concerning the
characteristics and behavior of material present.
Page 1
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SECTION II
WORK ZONES
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F.S.O.P. *6
PROCESS: WORK ZONES
II. Work Zones
A. Zone 1: Exclusion Zone
The Exclusion Zone, the innermost of three areas, is the zone
where contamination does or could occur. All people entering
the Exclusion Zone must wear prescribed Levels of Protection
(FSOP #4 - "Site Entry"). An entry and exit check point must be
established at the periphery of the Exclusion Zone to regulate
the flow of personnel and equipment into and out of the zone,
and to verify that the procedures established to enter and exit
are followed.
The outer boundary of Zone 1, the Hotline, is initially
established by surveying the immediate environs of the incident
and determining where the hazardous substances involved are
located; where any drainage, leachate, or spilled material is;
and whether any discolorations are visible. Guidance in
determining the boundaries is also provided by data from the
initial site survey indicating the presence of organic or
inorganic vapors/gases or particulates in air, combustible
gases, and radiation, or the results of water and soil sampling.
Additional factors that should be considered include the
distances needed to prevent fire or an explosion from affecting
personnel outside the zone, the physical area necessary to
conduct site operations, and the potential for contaminants to
be blown from the area. Once the Hotline has been determined it
should be physically secured, fenced, or well-defined by
landmarks. During subsequent site operations, the boundary may
be modified and adjusted as more information becomes.avail able.
B. Subareas within the Exclusion Zone
All personnel within the Exclusion Zone must wear the required
Level of Protection (FSOP #4 - "Site Entry"). Personal
protective equipment is designated based on site-specific
conditions including the type of work to be done and the hazards
that might be encountered. Frequently within the Exclusion
Zone, different Levels of Protection are justified. A
distinction should be made between those situations which
present a physical hazard and those which offer primarly
chemical risks. For example, collecting samples from open
containers might require Level B protection, while for
walk-through ambient air monitoring, Level C protection might be
sufficient. Subareas are specified and conspicuously marked as
to whether Level A, B, or C protection is required (Figure
6-1). The Level of Protection is determined by the measured
concentration of substances in air, potential exposure, and the
known or suspected presence of highly toxic substances. The
assignment, when appropriate, of different Levels of Protection
within the Exclusion Zone generally makes for a more flexible,
Page 2
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F.S.O.P.
effective, and less costly operation while still maintaining a
high degree of safety.
C. Zone 2: Contamination Reduction Zone
Between the Exclusion Zone and the Support Zone Is the
Contamination Reduction Zone which provides a transition between
contaminated and clean zones. Zone 2 serves as a buffer to
further reduce the probability of the clean zone becoming
contaminated or being affected by other existing hazards. It
provides additional assurance that the physical transfer of
contaminating substances on people, equipment, or in the air is
limited through a combination of decontamination, distance
between Exclusion and Support Zones, air dilution, zone
restrictions, and work function.
Initially, the Contamination Reduction Zone is considered to be a
noncontami nated area. At the boundary between the Exclusion and
Contamination Reduction Zones, Contamination Reduction Corridors
(decontamination stations) are established, one for personnel and
field equipment, and another for heavy equipment. Depending on
the size of the operation, more than two corridors may be
necessary.- Exit from the Exclusion Zone is tnrough a
Contamination Reduction Corridor. As operations proceed, the
area around the decontamination station may become contaminated,
but to a much lesser degree than the Exclusion Zone. On a
relative basis, the amount of contaminants should decrease from
the Hotline to the Support Zone due to the distance involved and
the decontamination procedures used.
0. Zone 3: Support Zone
The Support Zone, the outermost part of the site, is "considered a
noncontami nated or clean area. Support equipment (command post,
equipment trailer, etc.) is located in the zone; traffic is
restricted to authorized response personnel. Since normal work
clothes are appropriate within this zone, potentially
contaminated personnel clothing, equipment, and samples are not
permitted, but are left in the Contamination Reduction Zone until
they are decontaminated.
The location of the command post and other support facilities in
the Support Zone depends on a number of factors, -'including:
- Accessibility: topography; the amount of open space
available; locations of highways, railroad tracks and other
means of approach.
- Wind direction; preferably the support facilities should be
located upwind of the Exclusion Zone. However, shifts in wind
direction and other conditions may be such that an ideal
location based on wind direction alone does not exist.
- Resources; adequate roads, power lines, water, and shelter.
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F.S.O.P. #6
The boundary between the Support Zone and the Contamination
Reduction Zone, the Contamination Control Line, separates the
possibly low contamination area from the clean Support Zone.
Access to the Contamination Reduction Zone from the Support Zone
Is through a control point. Personnel entering there would wear
the prescribed personnel protective equipment, if required, for
working In the Contamination Reduction Zone. Entering the
Support Zone requires removal of any protective equipment worn in
the Contamination Reduction Zone.
E. Area Dimensions:
The distance between the Hotline, Contamination Control Line, and
command post and the size and shape of each zone have to be based
on conditions specific to each site (Figures 5-2 and 6-3).
Considerable judgment is needed to assure that the distances
between zone boundaries are large enough to allow room for the
necessary operations, provide adequate distances to prevent the
spread of contaminants, and eliminate the possibility of injury
due to explosion or fire. Long-term operations would involve
developing reasonable methods (for example, air surveillance,
grab samples, and visible deterioration) to determine if material
is being transferred between zones and to assist in modifying
site boundaries.
The following criteria should be considered in establishing area
dimensions and boundaries:
- Physical and topographical features of the site.
- Weather conditions.
- Field/laboratory measurements of air contaminants and
environmental samples.
- Air dispersion calculations.
- Potential for explosion and flying debris.
- Physical, chemical, toxicological, and other cnaracteristies
of the substances present.
- Cleanup activities required.
- Potential for fire.
- Area needed to conduct operations.
- Decontamination procedures.
- Potential for exposure.
- Proximity to residential or industrial areas.
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F.S.O.P. f6
F. Monitoring and Sampling
TO verify that site control procedures are preventing the spread
of contamination, a monitoring and sampling program should be
established.* The Suppart Zone should be periodically monitored
for air contaminants using direct-reading instruments and
collecting air samples for parti cul ate, gas, or vapor analysis.
Analysis of soil samples.Collected in the most heavily trafficked
area could indicate contaminants being carried from the Exclusion
Zone by personnel, equipment, or wind. Occasional grab samples
may be taken in trailers and other areas used by personnel.
n *
These same types of samples should be collected and air monitored
in the Contamination Reduction5 Zone. Increased concentrations in
air or other environmental media-may indicate a breakdown in
control over the Contamination Reduction Corridor, ineffective
decontamination procedures, or failure to restrict site access.
* "Field Procedures and Techniques for Use in Uioxin Site
Investigations" 8-6-84, US EPA, Region VII, Technical
Assistance Team. Environmental Protection Agency, 324 East
llth Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64106.
Page 5
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SECTION III
METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION
OF WORK -ZONE LOCATIONS
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F.S.O.P. #6
PROCESS: WORK ZONES
FLOW CHART FOR WORK ZONE SELECTION
Step Sequence Description
1 Visual Survey
2 Site Monitoring
3 Measure Background Concentrations
4 Calculate Area Needed for Operation
5 Measure Proximity of Site to
Residential or Industrial Areas
Attempt to Categorize Wind Direction
and Speed
7 Assess Available Resources
8 Determine Accessibility to Site
9 Establish Work Zones and Subareas
10 Secure Site and Delineate Work Zones
and Transition Points.
Page 6
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SECTION IV
PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE LEVELS
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F.S.O.P. 16
PROCESS: WORK ZONES
IV. PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE LEVELS*
Personnel must wear protective equipment when response activities
Involve known or suspected atmospheric contamination, when
vapors, gases, or partlculates may be generated by site
activities, or when direct contact with skin-affecting substances
may occur. Full faceplece respirators protect lungs,
gastrointestinal tract, and eyes against airborne toxicants.
Chemical-resistant clothing protects the skin from contact with
skin-destructive and absorbable chemicals. Good personal hygiene
limits or prevents ingestion of material.
Equipment to protect the body against contact with known or
anticipated toxic chemicals has been divided into three
categories according to the degree of protection afforded:
- Level A; Should be worn when the highest level of
respiratory, skin, and eye protection is needed.
- Level B; Should be worn when the highest level of respiratory
protection is needed, but a lesser level of skin protection.
- Level C; Should be worn when the criteria for using
air-purifying respirators are met.
- Level D: Should be v
-------
SECTION V
SELECTION OF WORK ZONES BASED UPON
TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC VAPOR/GAS CONCENTRATION
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F.S.O.P. *6
PROCESS: WORK ZONES
A. INTRODUCTION
The objective of using total atmospheric vapor/gas concentrations
fop determining the appropriate Level of Protection 1s to provide
a numerical criterion for assisting in the selection of Levels A,
B, or C. In situations where the presence of vapors or gases is
not known, or if present, the individual components are unknown,
personnel required to enter that environment must be protected.
Until the constituents and corresponding atmospheric
concentrations of vapor, gas, or particulate can be determined
and respiratory and body protection related to the toxicological
properties of the identified substances chosen, total vapor/gas
concentration, with judicious interpretation, can be used as a
guide for selecting personnel protection equipment.
Although total vapor/gas concentration measurements are useful to
a qualified professional for the selection of protective
equipment, caution should be exercised in interpretation. An
instrument does not respond with the same sensitivity to several
vapor/gas contaminants as it does to a single contaminant. Also,
since total vapor/gas field instruments see all contaminants in
relation to a specific calibration gas, the concentration of
unknown Base's or vapors may be over or underestimated.
Suspected carcinogens, particulates, highly hazardous substances,
or other substances that do not elicit an instrument response may
be known or believed to be present. Therefore, the protection
level should not be based solely on the total vapor/gas
criterion. Rather, the level should be selected case-by-case,
with special emphasis on potential exposures, chemicals and
toxicological character!sties of the known or suspected material,
as well as the protection warranted by the specific equipment.
B. FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION
- The uses, limitations, and operating characteristics of the
monitoring instruments must be recognized and understood.
Instruments such as the Photoionization Detector (PID),
Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA), Flame lonization Detector (FID),
Infrared Spectrophotometer (IR), and others do not respond
identically to the same concentration of a substance or
respond to all substances. Therefore, experience, knowledge,
and good judgement must be used to complement the data
obtained with instruments.
- Other hazards may exist such as gases not detected by the PID
or OVA, (i.e., phosgene, cyanides, chlorine), explosives,
flammable materials, oxygen deficiency, liquid/solid
particles, and liquid or solid chemicals.
Page 10
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F.S.O.P. #6
- Vapors/gases with a very low Threshold Limit Value (TLY) or
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration
could be present. Total readings on instruments, not
calibrated to these substances, nay not Indicate unsafe
conditions.
The risk to personnel entering an area must be weighed against
the need for entering. Although this assessment is largely a
value judgement, 1t requires a conscientious balancing of the
variables involved and the risk to personnel against the need
to enter an unknown environment.
- The knowledge that suspected carcinogens or substances
extremely toxic or destructive to skin are present or
suspected to be present (which may.not be reflected in total
vapor/gas concentration) requires an evaluation of factors
such as the potential for exposure, chemical characteristics
of the material, limitations of instruments, limitations of
the protective equipment and other considerations specific to
the incident.
- What needs to be done on-site must be evaluated. Based upon
total atmospheric vapor concentrations, Level C protection may
be judged adequate; however, tasks such as moving drums,
opening containers, and bulking of materials, which increase
the probability of liquid splashes or generation of vapors,
gases, or particulates, may require a higher level of
protection.
- Before any respiratory protective apparatus is issued, a
respiratory protection program Bust be developed and
implemented according to recognized standards (ANSI
Z88.2-1980).
C. EXPLANATION OF PHRASE "TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC VAPOR/GAS CONCENTRATION"
The phrase "total atmospheric vapor/gas concentration" Is
commonly used to describe the readout, in ppm, on photoionization
detectors (PIDs) and flame ionization detectors (FIDs). More
correctly it should be called a dial reading or needle
deflection. In atmospheres that contain a single vapor/gas or
mixtures of vapors/gases that have not been identified, the
instruments do not read the total vapors/gases present, only the
instrument's response. This response, as indicated by a
deflection of the needle on the dial, does not indicate the true
concentration. Accurate dial readings can only be obtained by
calibrating the instrument to the substance being measured.
Page 11
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SECTION VI
MAXIMUM-MINIMUM FSOP REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE SELECTION OF WORK ZONES
4/85
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17
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F.S.O.P. 16
Table I
Sampling Stations
C.
Location
Rationale
T. Upwind
2. Support Zone
3. Contamination Reduction Zone
4. Exclusion Zone
5. Downwi nd
Establish background air contaminant
levels
Ensure that command post and other
support facilities are located in a
"clean" area
Ensure that decontamination workers
are properly protected and that
on-site workers are not removing
protective gear in a contaminated area
Verify selection of proper levels of
worker protection as well as provide
continual record or air contaminants
Indicate if any air contaminants are
leaving the site.
Page 19
4/85
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F.S.O.P. #6
PROCESS: WORK ZONES * - #. '»
A. INTRODUCTION
Personnel making site entries Into hazardous material Incidents
are subject to exposure from a host of contaminants which may
have chronic or acute health affects. It 1s therefore,
necessary that adequate safety precautions be observed to Insure
continued safety. These Include sampling methodology as well as
personal protection equipment (see FSOP #4 and #7 for Site
Entry/Decon). Air monitoring is one of the first methods of
gaining important information on site characteristics and
hazards (see FSOP #8 "Air Monitoring"). From initial monitoring
surveys, decisions for appropriate levels of protection may be
based.
Air surveillance consists of air monitoring (using Direct
Reading Instruments (DRIs) and air sampling (collecting air on
suitable media followed by analysis) in order to determine the
type and quantity of airborne contaminants during the incident.
Information gained by these means can- be used to establish water
safety criteria as well as to assess environmental and public
impact of the compound(s).
B. GENERAL SURVEILLANCE METHODS
During site operations, data is needed about air contaminants
and any changes that may occur in air quality. Whereas
traditional air sampling is the most accurate method of
evaluating air contaminants, it Is costly and time consuming.
Direct Reading Instruments (DRI) can be used to detect many
organics and a few inorganics, as well as provide approximate
total concentrations.
To obtain air monitoring data rapidly at the site, instruments
utilizing flame iom'zation detectors (FIDs) and photoionization
detectors (PIDs) can be used. These may be used as survey
instruments (total concentration mode) or operated as gas
chromatbgraphs (gas chromatograph mode). As gas chromatographs,
these Instruments can provide real-time, qualitative/quantative
data when calibrated with standards of known air contaminants.
Combined with selective laboratory analysis of samples, they
provide a tool for evaluating airborne organic hazards on a
real-time basis, at a lower cost than analyzing all samples in a
laboratory.
Page 18
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Fvsion 5, Library (5PL-16)
£'60 S. Dearborn Street, Room 1670
Chicago, IL 60604
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SECTION VII
AIR MONITORING
4/85
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