T55
.F534
no. 6
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response
Hazardous Response Support Division
      Id Standard Operating  Procedures
                     (FSOP)*6
                                  530R85111
                   Work Zones
                                 " *   *F v
                                 U S. Environmental
                                 E^o-ion 5, Library (5PL-16)
                                 230 S. Dearborn Street, Room 1670
                                 Chicago, II.  60604

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               530R85111
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                                4/85

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    The mention of trade names  or commercial products in this manual is
for illustration purposes and does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use by the Environmental  Protection  Agency.

    Contents of this manual do not necessarily reflect  the views  and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency.
                                                                       4/85

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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS


  I.   INTRODUCTION

 II.   WORK  ZONES

      A.  Exclusion  Zone
      B.  Subareas within the  Exclusion  Zone
      C.  Contamination Reduction Zone
      D.  Support Zone
      E.  Area Dimensions
      F.  Monitoring and Sampling

III.   METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION OF WORK  ZONE  LOCATIONS

 IV.   PERSONAL PROTECTIVE LEVELS
                                             *
      A.   Level A
      B.   Level B
      C.   Level C
      D.   Level D    .

  V.   SELECTION OF WORK ZONES BASED UPON TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC
      VAPOR/GAS CONCENTRATION

      A.    Introduction
      B.    Factors for Consideration
      C.    Explanation of  Phrase  "Total  Atmospheric
           Vapor/Gas  Concentration"

  VI.  MAXIMUM  - MINIMUM FSOP  REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
      SELECTION  OF  WORK ZONES

      A.   Level  A - Maximum
      B.   Level  A - Minimum
      C.   Level  B - Maximum
      D.   Level  B - Minimum
      E.   Level  C - Maximum
      F.   Level  C - Minimum

 VII.  AIR  MONITORING

      A.   Introduction
      B.   General  Surveillance Methods
      C.   Sampling  Stations - Table
                                                                        4/85

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 SECTION  I



INTRODUCTION
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F.S.O.P. #6
PROCESS:  WORK ZONES
         The objective of these procedures 1s to minimize the risk of
         exposure to hazardous substances.  These procedures were derived
         from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Office of
         Emergency and Remedial Response's (OERR), "Standard Operating
         Safety Guides (November 1984)".  This version of the guides is in
         a format that is more appropriate for use in the field.
  I.   Introduction
          The  activities  required during responses to incidents involving
          hazardous  substances may contribute to the unwanted movement of
          contaminants  from  the  site to uncontaminated areas.  Response
          personnel  and equipment may become contaminated and transfer the
          material  into clean areas.  Material may become airborne due to
          its  volatility  or  the  disturbance of "Contaminated soil may cause
          it to become  windblown.  To minimize the transfer of hazardous
          substances from the site, contamination control procedures are
          needed.   One  method of preventing or reducing  the migration of
          contaminants  is to delineate  zones on  the  site in which
          prescribed operations  occur.  Movement of  personnel  and  equipment
          between zones and  onto the  site  itself would be limited  by access
          control  points.  To accomplish  this,  three contiguous  zones  are
          recommended:

          Zone 1:  Exclusion Zone

          Zone 2:  Contamination Reduction Zone

          Zone 3:  Support Zone

          The use of three-zone system, access control  points, and exacting
          decontamination procedures provides a reasonable assurance
          against the  translocation of contaminating substances.  This site
          control system is  based on a worst case situation.  Less
          stringent  site control and decontamination procedures may be
          utilized  1f  more  definitive  information is available on the types
          of  substances  involved and hazards they present.  This
          information  can be obtained  through air monitoring, instrument
          survey  and sampling,  and technical data concerning  the
          characteristics and behavior of material  present.
                                                                      Page 1
                                                                      4/85

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SECTION II



WORK ZONES
                                     4/85

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F.S.O.P. *6
PROCESS:  WORK ZONES

II.  Work Zones

     A.  Zone 1:  Exclusion Zone

         The Exclusion Zone, the innermost of three areas, is the zone
         where contamination does or could occur.  All people entering
         the Exclusion Zone must wear prescribed Levels of Protection
         (FSOP #4 -  "Site Entry").  An entry and exit check point must be
         established at the periphery of the Exclusion Zone to regulate
         the flow of personnel and equipment into and out of the zone,
         and to  verify that the procedures established to enter and exit
         are followed.

          The outer  boundary of  Zone  1,  the  Hotline,  is initially
         established by surveying  the  immediate  environs  of the incident
          and  determining  where  the hazardous  substances involved are
          located; where any drainage,  leachate,  or spilled material is;
          and  whether any  discolorations are visible.   Guidance in
          determining the  boundaries  is also provided by data  from  the
          initial site  survey  indicating the presence of organic or
          inorganic  vapors/gases or particulates in air, combustible
          gases, and radiation,  or the results of water and soil  sampling.

          Additional factors that should be considered include the
          distances  needed to prevent fire or an explosion from affecting
          personnel   outside the zone, the physical area necessary to
          conduct site operations, and the potential for contaminants to
          be blown from the area.  Once the Hotline has been determined it
          should be  physically secured, fenced, or well-defined by
          landmarks.  During subsequent site operations, the boundary may
          be modified and adjusted as more information becomes.avail able.

       B.  Subareas within the Exclusion Zone

          All  personnel within  the Exclusion  Zone  must wear the required
           Level  of  Protection (FSOP  #4 -  "Site  Entry").   Personal
          protective equipment  is  designated  based on site-specific
          conditions including  the type of  work  to be done and the hazards
           that might be encountered.   Frequently within the  Exclusion
           Zone,  different Levels  of  Protection  are justified.  A
           distinction  should  be made between  those situations which
           present a physical  hazard  and those which offer primarly
           chemical   risks.  For  example, collecting samples from  open
           containers might require Level  B protection, while for
           walk-through ambient air monitoring,  Level C protection might be
           sufficient.   Subareas are specified and conspicuously  marked as
           to whether Level  A, B, or C protection is required (Figure
           6-1).  The Level of Protection is determined by the measured
           concentration of substances in air, potential exposure, and the
           known or  suspected presence of highly toxic substances.  The
           assignment, when appropriate, of different Levels of Protection
           within the Exclusion Zone generally makes  for  a more flexible,

                                                                     Page 2
                                                                     4/85

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F.S.O.P.
         effective, and less costly operation while  still maintaining a
         high degree of safety.
     C.  Zone 2:  Contamination Reduction Zone

         Between the Exclusion Zone and the Support Zone Is the
         Contamination Reduction Zone which provides a transition between
         contaminated and clean zones.  Zone 2 serves as a buffer to
         further reduce the probability of the clean zone becoming
         contaminated or being affected by other existing hazards.  It
         provides additional  assurance that the physical transfer of
         contaminating substances on people, equipment, or in the air is
         limited through a combination of decontamination, distance
         between Exclusion and Support Zones, air dilution, zone
         restrictions,  and work  function.

          Initially, the  Contamination  Reduction Zone  is considered  to be a
          noncontami nated area.   At  the boundary between the Exclusion and
          Contamination Reduction Zones,  Contamination Reduction  Corridors
          (decontamination stations) are  established,  one  for  personnel  and
          field equipment,  and another for heavy equipment.  Depending on
          the size of the operation, more than two corridors may  be
          necessary.-  Exit from the Exclusion Zone is tnrough  a
          Contamination Reduction Corridor.  As operations proceed,  the
          area around the decontamination station  may become contaminated,
          but to a much lesser degree than the Exclusion Zone.  On a
          relative  basis, the amount of contaminants should decrease from
          the Hotline to the  Support Zone due to the distance involved and
          the decontamination procedures used.

       0.  Zone  3:   Support Zone

          The  Support  Zone,  the  outermost part of the  site, is "considered a
          noncontami nated or clean  area.  Support equipment (command post,
          equipment trailer,  etc.)  is  located in the  zone; traffic  is
          restricted to  authorized  response personnel.  Since normal work
          clothes  are appropriate within this zone,  potentially
          contaminated personnel clothing,  equipment, and samples are not
           permitted, but are left in the Contamination Reduction Zone until
           they are decontaminated.

           The location of the command post and other support  facilities in
           the Support Zone depends on a number of factors, -'including:

           -  Accessibility:  topography; the amount of open space
              available; locations of highways, railroad tracks and other
              means of approach.

           -  Wind  direction;  preferably the support  facilities  should be
               located  upwind  of  the Exclusion Zone.   However,  shifts in wind
               direction  and  other conditions may be  such  that an ideal
               location based  on  wind direction alone  does  not exist.

            -  Resources;  adequate  roads,  power lines, water,  and shelter.
                                                                      Page  3
                                                                      4/85

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F.S.O.P. #6
         The boundary between the Support Zone and the Contamination
         Reduction Zone, the Contamination Control Line, separates the
         possibly low contamination area from the clean Support Zone.
         Access  to the Contamination Reduction Zone from the Support Zone
         Is  through  a control point.  Personnel entering there would wear
         the prescribed personnel protective equipment, if required, for
         working In  the Contamination Reduction Zone.  Entering the
         Support Zone requires removal of any protective equipment worn in
         the Contamination  Reduction Zone.

      E.  Area  Dimensions:

          The distance  between  the Hotline,  Contamination  Control  Line,  and
         command post  and the  size and  shape  of each  zone  have  to be based
          on conditions  specific  to each site  (Figures 5-2 and 6-3).
          Considerable  judgment is needed to assure that the  distances
          between zone  boundaries are large enough to  allow room for the
          necessary operations, provide  adequate distances to prevent the
          spread of contaminants, and eliminate the possibility of injury
          due to explosion or fire.  Long-term operations would involve
          developing reasonable methods (for example,  air surveillance,
          grab samples, and visible deterioration) to determine if material
          is being transferred between zones and to assist in modifying
          site boundaries.

          The  following criteria  should be considered in establishing area
          dimensions and boundaries:
                                   •
           -   Physical and topographical features of the site.

           -   Weather conditions.

           -   Field/laboratory  measurements  of air  contaminants  and
              environmental  samples.

           -  Air dispersion calculations.

           -  Potential  for explosion and flying debris.

           -  Physical, chemical, toxicological, and other cnaracteristies
              of the substances present.

           -  Cleanup activities  required.

           -  Potential for fire.

           -  Area needed to conduct operations.

           -  Decontamination procedures.

            -  Potential for exposure.

            -  Proximity to  residential  or industrial  areas.
                                                                       Page  4
                                                                       4/85

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F.S.O.P. f6

     F.  Monitoring and Sampling

         TO verify that site control  procedures are  preventing  the spread
         of contamination, a monitoring and sampling program should be
         established.*  The Suppart Zone should be  periodically monitored
         for air contaminants using direct-reading  instruments  and
         collecting air samples for parti cul ate,  gas, or vapor  analysis.
         Analysis of soil samples.Collected in the  most heavily trafficked
         area could indicate contaminants being carried from the Exclusion
         Zone by personnel, equipment, or wind.   Occasional  grab samples
         may be taken  in  trailers and other areas used by personnel.
                               •n *
         These same types of samples should be collected and air monitored
         in the Contamination Reduction5 Zone.  Increased concentrations in
         air or other  environmental media-may indicate a breakdown  in
         control over  the Contamination Reduction Corridor, ineffective
         decontamination  procedures, or failure to  restrict site  access.

         * "Field  Procedures and Techniques for Use in Uioxin  Site
            Investigations"  8-6-84, US  EPA, Region VII, Technical
            Assistance  Team.  Environmental  Protection  Agency,  324 East
            llth  Street,  Kansas  City, Missouri 64106.
                                                                      Page 5
                                                                      4/85

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       SECTION III





METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION



  OF WORK -ZONE LOCATIONS
                                             4/85

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F.S.O.P. #6
PROCESS:  WORK ZONES

                     FLOW CHART FOR WORK ZONE SELECTION

     Step Sequence                     Description


         1                             Visual Survey


         2                             Site Monitoring


         3                             Measure  Background  Concentrations

                                              •
         4                             Calculate Area Needed for Operation


          5                             Measure Proximity of Site to
                                        Residential  or Industrial Areas
                                        Attempt to Categorize Wind Direction
                                        and Speed
          7                              Assess Available Resources
                                                                  •


          8                              Determine Accessibility  to  Site


           9                              Establish Work  Zones  and Subareas
          10                             Secure Site and Delineate Work Zones
                                         and Transition Points.
                                                                     Page 6
                                                                     4/85

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        SECTION IV





PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE LEVELS
                                               4/85

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F.S.O.P. 16
PROCESS:  WORK ZONES

IV.  PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE LEVELS*

         Personnel must wear protective equipment when response activities
         Involve known or suspected atmospheric contamination,  when
         vapors, gases, or partlculates may be generated by site
         activities, or when direct contact with skin-affecting substances
         may occur.  Full faceplece respirators protect lungs,
         gastrointestinal tract, and eyes against airborne toxicants.
         Chemical-resistant clothing protects the skin from contact with
         skin-destructive and absorbable chemicals.  Good personal hygiene
         limits or prevents ingestion of material.

         Equipment to  protect  the  body against contact with known  or
         anticipated toxic chemicals has been divided  into three
         categories according  to the degree of protection  afforded:

          -  Level  A;  Should  be worn when  the  highest  level of
             respiratory, skin,  and eye protection is needed.

          -  Level B;  Should be worn  when  the highest level of respiratory
             protection is needed,  but a lesser level of skin protection.

          -  Level C;  Should be worn  when  the criteria for using
             air-purifying respirators are  met.

          -  Level D:  Should be v
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                SECTION V





   SELECTION OF WORK ZONES BASED UPON



TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC VAPOR/GAS CONCENTRATION
                                                    4/85

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F.S.O.P.  *6
PROCESS:   WORK ZONES

    A.   INTRODUCTION
         The objective of using total atmospheric  vapor/gas  concentrations
         fop determining the appropriate Level  of  Protection 1s  to  provide
         a numerical criterion for assisting in the selection of Levels  A,
         B, or C.   In situations where the presence of vapors or gases is
         not known, or if present, the individual  components are unknown,
         personnel  required to enter that environment must be protected.
         Until the  constituents and corresponding atmospheric
         concentrations of vapor, gas, or particulate can be determined
         and respiratory and body protection related to the toxicological
         properties of the identified  substances chosen, total vapor/gas
         concentration, with judicious interpretation, can be used as a
         guide for  selecting personnel protection equipment.

         Although total  vapor/gas concentration measurements  are useful  to
         a qualified  professional for  the  selection of protective
         equipment, caution  should  be  exercised in  interpretation.  An
          instrument does not respond with  the  same  sensitivity  to  several
          vapor/gas contaminants as  it  does to  a single contaminant.  Also,
          since total  vapor/gas field instruments  see  all  contaminants in
          relation to  a specific calibration gas,  the  concentration of
          unknown Base's or vapors may be over or underestimated.

          Suspected carcinogens, particulates,  highly hazardous  substances,
          or other  substances that do  not elicit an instrument response  may
          be known  or believed to be present.  Therefore, the protection
          level  should not be based solely on the total  vapor/gas
          criterion.  Rather, the level should be selected case-by-case,
          with special emphasis on potential exposures, chemicals and
           toxicological character!sties of the known or suspected material,
           as well as  the protection warranted by the specific equipment.
      B.    FACTORS FOR CONSIDERATION

           -  The uses, limitations, and operating  characteristics  of  the
              monitoring instruments must be recognized  and  understood.
              Instruments such as the Photoionization Detector (PID),
              Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA), Flame  lonization Detector  (FID),
              Infrared Spectrophotometer (IR), and  others do not respond
              identically to the same concentration of a substance or
              respond to all substances.  Therefore, experience, knowledge,
              and good judgement must be used to complement the data
              obtained with instruments.

            -  Other  hazards may exist such  as gases not detected by the PID
              or OVA,  (i.e., phosgene, cyanides, chlorine), explosives,
              flammable materials,  oxygen deficiency, liquid/solid
              particles,  and  liquid or  solid chemicals.
                                                                       Page 10
                                                                       4/85

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F.S.O.P. #6
         -  Vapors/gases with a very low Threshold Limit Value (TLY)  or
            Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH)  concentration
            could be present.  Total readings on instruments, not
            calibrated to these substances, nay not Indicate unsafe
            conditions.

         •  The  risk to personnel entering an area must be weighed against
            the  need for entering.   Although this assessment is largely a
            value judgement,  1t requires a conscientious balancing of the
            variables  involved and  the  risk to personnel against the need
            to enter an unknown environment.

          -  The  knowledge  that suspected carcinogens or substances
            extremely  toxic or destructive to  skin  are  present or
             suspected  to  be present (which may.not  be reflected  in total
             vapor/gas  concentration) requires  an  evaluation  of factors
             such as the potential  for exposure, chemical characteristics
             of the material, limitations  of  instruments, limitations of
             the protective equipment and  other considerations specific  to
             the incident.

          -  What needs to be done on-site must be evaluated.  Based  upon
             total atmospheric vapor concentrations, Level  C protection may
             be judged adequate; however, tasks such as  moving drums,
             opening containers, and bulking of materials,  which  increase
             the probability of liquid  splashes or generation of  vapors,
             gases, or particulates, may require a higher level of
             protection.

          -  Before any respiratory  protective apparatus is  issued, a
             respiratory protection  program Bust be developed and
             implemented according  to recognized standards (ANSI
             Z88.2-1980).

      C.   EXPLANATION  OF  PHRASE "TOTAL  ATMOSPHERIC  VAPOR/GAS CONCENTRATION"

          The  phrase  "total  atmospheric vapor/gas concentration" Is
          commonly  used to describe the readout,  in ppm, on  photoionization
          detectors (PIDs) and  flame ionization detectors  (FIDs).  More
          correctly it should be  called a  dial  reading  or  needle
          deflection.   In atmospheres that contain  a  single  vapor/gas  or
          mixtures of vapors/gases  that have not  been identified,  the
           instruments  do not read the total  vapors/gases  present,  only the
           instrument's response.   This response,  as indicated by a
           deflection of the needle on the dial,  does  not indicate the  true
           concentration.   Accurate dial readings  can  only be obtained  by
           calibrating the instrument to the substance being measured.
                                                                      Page 11
                                                                      4/85

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            SECTION VI





MAXIMUM-MINIMUM FSOP REQUIREMENTS



 FOR THE SELECTION  OF WORK ZONES
                                                 4/85

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F.S.O.P.  16
                                  Table I

                             Sampling Stations
C.
          Location
               Rationale
T.  Upwind


2.  Support Zone



3.  Contamination Reduction Zone




4.  Exclusion Zone



 5.  Downwi nd
Establish background air contaminant
levels

Ensure that command post and other
support facilities are located in a
"clean" area
         •
Ensure that decontamination workers
are properly protected and that
on-site workers are not removing
protective gear in a contaminated area

Verify selection of proper levels of
worker protection as well as  provide
continual  record or air contaminants

Indicate  if any air contaminants  are
leaving  the site.
                                                                      Page  19
                                                                      4/85

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F.S.O.P. #6
PROCESS:  WORK ZONES                 *  -  • #.              •    '»

    A.   INTRODUCTION

         Personnel making site entries Into hazardous  material  Incidents
         are subject to exposure from a host of contaminants  which may
         have chronic or acute health affects.   It 1s  therefore,
         necessary that adequate safety precautions be observed to Insure
         continued safety.  These Include sampling methodology as well as
         personal protection equipment (see FSOP #4 and #7 for Site
         Entry/Decon).  Air monitoring is one of the first methods of
         gaining  important information on site characteristics and
         hazards  (see FSOP #8  "Air Monitoring").  From initial monitoring
         surveys, decisions for appropriate levels of protection may be
         based.

         Air surveillance consists of air monitoring  (using Direct
         Reading  Instruments  (DRIs)  and air sampling  (collecting  air  on
         suitable media  followed  by  analysis)  in order to determine the
         type and quantity of airborne contaminants during the incident.
          Information gained by these means can- be  used to establish water
         safety criteria as well  as  to assess  environmental  and  public
         impact of  the compound(s).

     B.   GENERAL SURVEILLANCE METHODS

          During site operations,  data  is needed about air contaminants
          and any changes that may occur in air quality.   Whereas
          traditional air sampling is the most accurate method of
          evaluating air contaminants,  it Is costly and time  consuming.
          Direct Reading Instruments (DRI) can be used to detect many
          organics and a few inorganics, as well as provide approximate
          total concentrations.

          To obtain air monitoring data rapidly at the site, instruments
          utilizing flame iom'zation detectors  (FIDs)  and photoionization
          detectors  (PIDs) can be used.  These may be used as survey
          instruments (total concentration mode) or operated as gas
          chromatbgraphs  (gas  chromatograph mode).  As gas chromatographs,
          these Instruments can provide real-time, qualitative/quantative
          data when calibrated with  standards  of known air contaminants.
          Combined with  selective laboratory analysis of samples,  they
          provide a  tool  for  evaluating  airborne organic hazards  on a
          real-time  basis, at a lower cost than analyzing all  samples in a
          laboratory.
                                                                     Page 18

                        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                        Fvsion 5, Library (5PL-16)
                        £'60 S.  Dearborn Street, Room 1670
                        Chicago,  IL   60604

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  SECTION  VII





AIR MONITORING
                                       4/85

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