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weather pattern for map type D(GeoF). The figure shows that a frontal system
recently moved through the region and a cold high is moving into the area.
The winds are light, 5 to 10 kts, from the north. This type of pattern would
be expected to be replaced by patterns with stronger anticyclonic influence
and generally higher pollutant concentrations. This was generally the case
with the D(GeoF) base map of October 2, 1975 which, as shown by Appendix A-2,
was followed by map types E(GeoF) and C(GeoF). Tables 10-14 show that these
had generally higher coneenrtrations than D(GeoF). Figure 14 shows the sur-
face flows associated with map type F(GeoSP). JThis map type is associated
with the lowest concentrations for 0^, TSP, SO^ and NOo, but had the
highest concentration for CO. The map pattern shows that the strong wind
flow from the south is caused by a high to the SE and a low pressure system to
the west of St. Louis. The steep pressure gradient between these systems
results i n wi nd speeds of 10 to 20 kts. The lower pollutant concentrations
are attributed to the increasing wind speeds with the approach of the trough
to the west and the increasing instability expected with this system.
Comparison of 850 rob, Geostrophic,
and Surface Map Typing Schemes
From this study and the study by Robinson and Boyle (1980), a total of
three different sets of map types was developed and compared with air quality
datanamely the surface level, the 850 mb level, and a component pattern re-
lated to the geostrophic wind. The three sets of map types were examined on
the basis of their performance in stratifying pollutant data into useful con-
centration classes. The following discussion compares the results of an air
quality analysis by map type using the three sets of map types. The discussion
is limited to the pollutants 03, CO, and TSP, for which data are available for
all three map typing procedures. Robinson and Boyle (1980) analyzed the
surface map types using mean concentrations for CO and TSP, and their results
will be used in this comparison. Maximum daily ozone concentrations were
analyzed as a part of this study using Robinson and Boyle's surface map types,
and the results are given in Table 15. As before this table provides a
ranking of seasonal maps by high to low 03 concentrations, and includes the
number of station pollutant observations, mean concentration, significant
differences between map types, and remarks concerning the synoptic flow for
each map type. The results for the surface analysis are similar to the results
from the 850 mb and geostrophic analysis for 03, and show generally a tendency
for 03 concentrations to stratify by map types.
The data also show that the stratification of the surface map types by
higher to lower ozone concentrations is not as clear cut as it is for either
the 850 mb or the geostrophic map types. This is seen by comparing the
results from the 850 mb and geostrophic wind analysis, listed in Tables 5
and 10, respectively, to those illustrated in Table 15 for ozone concentrations
during the summer months. The summer season is a good test period because
ozone concentrations are maximum during this season and the synoptic systems
have the greatest effect on the ozone concentrations during the summer.
The 850 mb analysis, (Table 5) indicates that map types E and A for the
summer season have significantly higher mean 03 concentrations of 88 and
82 ppb, respectively, and these are statistically different from the other 4
50
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52
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summer map types. Map type E(850S) has an easterly flow due to a high to the
NNE, and map type A(850S) has a WSW flow into St. Louis. For the geostrophic
wind, (Table 10) summer map types B, G, C and A have significantly higher 63
concentrations of 83, 82, 82, and 81 ppb, respectively, when compared to the
other types. The flows for these map types are from the south, except for map
type G, which has light and variable winds due to the presence of a high
pressure system centered over the area. Surface level map type L has the
highest statistically significant concentration (122 ppb) for eight observa-
tions, but then there were no significant differences for map types ranked two
through ten with 03 concentrations ranging from 89 to 73 ppb. Map type L
correlates with the highest concentration but the small number of station
observations makes it of questionable usefulness. Other than this one type,
L, there are more map types associated with the moderate to high 03 concentra-
tions and fewer unique synoptic pattern characteristics for the surface level.
The results from the comparison of the three sets of map types for the
rest of the year for 03, CO, and TSP concentrations are similar to the results
during the summer. Table 16 gives the map types associated with the maximum
and minimum 03, CO, and TSP concentrations for the 850 mb, geostrophic, and
surface map types, the number of station observations, the mean concentration,
and the significance for each season. The number of map types associated with
either the maximum or minimum mean pollutant concentration for the three sets
of map types are indicated by the significance column. For example, to deter-
mine the number of map types associated with maximum springtime 03 concentra-
tions for the 850 mb, geostrophic, and surface patterns, an analysis of the
significance must be accomplished. For the 850 mb level, spring map type E
is associated with the maximum 03 concentration, and it is significantly
different from the remaining five 850 mb map types for the spring season.
Surface spring map type Mis also correlated with the highest 03 concentra-
tion; however, it is significantly different only from map types 6-12 (the
surface level identified 12 to 14 map types per season), and it is statisti-
cally similar to the four map types 2-5. Therefore, all of the first five map
types are associated with higher pollutant concentrations. Similarly, the
first two geostrophic map types are associated with higher 03 concentrations.
Thus the 850 mb pattern seems to provide a better classification of the high
03 days.
An inspection of Table 16 shows that the 850 mb, geostrophic wind, and
the surface map types all correlate with pollutant concentrations; however,
the 850 mb map types appear to stratify the pollutants into a more limited
number of types than the other two procedures. This is related primarily to
the fact that there were fewer map types identified for the 850 mb analysis
and thus larger pollutant case populations could relate to each type. The
greater number of surface and geostrophic map types implies that two or more
of these map types are represented by one 850 nb map type. This is indicated
in Figure 15, which shows the frequency distribution for the surface and geo-
strophic map types in relation to map types E(850S) and D(850S). The fre-
uency indicates the number of days that are common to the surface or geo-
strophic map type and to map types D and E for the 850 nb level. Map types
D and E were chosen because they repeatedly identify with high pollutant
concentrations for the summer. The data in Figure 15 show that each of the
850 mb map types correspond to several surface or geostrophic map types.
53
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B C D E F 6 H I
SURFACE MAP TYPES
III
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(SUMMER)
E(850S)
0 (850S)
Figure 15,
ABCDEFGHIO
GEOSTROPHIC MAP TYPES (SUMMER)
*Type 0 indicates dates not typed
Frequency distribution for surface and geostropliic map types
relating to map types D(85QS) and LC850S).
56
-------
The occurrences of the 850 mb map type E are divided among three different
surface and three geostrophic map types while cases of 850 mb map type D are
related to five surface and four geostrophic types. Untyped maps, indicated
as 0 in Figure 15 are not counted. These data also indicate that two surface
and three geostrophic map types contain days from both of the 850 mb map
types. This is evident with surface map types B and M, and geostrophic map
types A, B and E.
The greater number of map types for the surface and geostrophic classes
leads to a greater probability that overall two or more of the weather
patterns have some similar features and lead to types that may not describe
significantly different flow patterns. This dilutes the results of the air
quality application and makes stratifying pollutants into distinct pattern
types more difficult. The increased number of surface pressure patterns is
due to the increased complexity of the surface regime of which the effects of
friction and terrain are probably most important. The movement of air masses
and the presence of frontal systems also affect the wind flow at the surface
more than at the 850 mb level. A reduction in the magnitude of these factors
leads to more generalized wind flows at the 850 mb level compared to that at
the surface. For the geostrophic or pressure gradient types the poorer corre-
lations with pollutants is attributed to difficulties in typing the geostro-
phic wind by components. As previously indicated, the geostrophic map types
are based on pressure difference between certain station combinations with the
assumption that the pressure gradient is uniform between the two stations, and
the single indicated component of the geostrophic wind is a good indicator of
the flow. For the best results, the maximum number of station combinations
with a minimum distance between stations should be utilized along with sectors
meeting at a large angle or even intersecting. Our choice of the number of
station pairs and their distribution over the area was a compromise between
the detail needed to describe the geostrophic system and the realities of the
typing computation problem. Also, it is recognized that when the geostrophic
wind is less than about 5 knots the wind regime will probably be dominated by
the local wind systems rather by the apparent geostrophic pattern (Moses and
Hess, 1976).
57
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SECTION 3
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The statistical map classification procedure developed by Lund (1963)
served as the basis for compiling comprehensive sets of primary seasonal
weather map types for the 850 mb level and for components of the geostrophic
wind using surface pressure differences between paired stations for the four
year period 1973-1976, for the St. Louis, Missouri, region. These map types
were matched with mean concentrations of ozone, carbon monoxide, total sus-
pended particles, sulfate and nitrate data applicable to the St. Louis central
urban area, using observations from the St. Louis RAMS network for the period
1975 and 1976 within the larger St. Louis RAPS program.
The average pollutant data, stratified by weather type, were assessed by
analysis of variance statistical techniques using the Duncan's multiple range
test (Steel and Toerie, 1960). This was a basis for determining significant
differences between map types within each season of the year. The results
indicated that the regional synoptic scale patterns for the 850 mb, surface,
and geostrophic wind components can be used to classify the pollutant con-
centrations for all of the pollutants considered. Higher pollutant concentra-
tions repeatedly occurred with wind flows from the south and/or the presence
of a high pressure system in the area while lower concentrations occurred with
the presence of a low pressure system and/or strong wind fields. Maximum mean
pollutant concentrations were found to differ by season, depending on the type
of pollutant. For example, higher ozone concentrations occur during the
summer months due to more favorable conditions for the photochemical reaction
processes. Lower ozone concentrations occur during the winter season.
The 850 mb and the geostrophic map types were compared to the surface map
types developed by Robinson and Boyle (1980). The 850 mb map types were
concluded to be the most effective in stratifying the pollutant data. This
conclusion was a result of the lower number of seasonal map types and thus the
better resolution of major patterns by the 850 mb types than for the surface
or geostrophic map types.
The results of this investigation comparing different weather pattern
types with air quality should provide a basis for future research relating air
quality to synoptic flow. This study provides a basis for the use of 850 mb
flow level map types with diffusion models for the prediction of pollutant
concentrations at receptors located long distances from a major source. The
results might also aid in the prediction of periods of high or low pollutant
concentrations, in an effort to curtail harmful pollutant episodes. For
58
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research programs where it is useful to deal with similar synoptic situations
either at 850 nt> or at the surface the results of this study, as tabulated in
Appendix A-l for 850 mb types, or Table 3 in Robinson and Boyle (1980) for
surface pattern types could be used to select similar synoptic patterns. The
base maps for each identified type are given in the appendices of the final
report for each study.
59
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REFERENCES
Christensen, W. I., Jr, and R. A. Bryson, 1966: An investigation of the
potential of component analysis for weather classification. Monthly Weather
Review 94_, 697-709.
Hess, S. L., 1959: Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology. Holt, Rinehart,
and Winston, New York.
Hidy, G. M., P. K. Mueller, and E. Y. long, 1978: Spatial and temporal
distributions of airborne sulfate in parts of the United States. Atmos.
Environ., ]2, 735-752.
Hoecker, W. H. , 1977: Accuracy of various techniques for estimating
boundary-layer trajectories. J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 374-383.
Lund, I. A., 1963: Map-pattern classification by statistical methods.
J. Appl. Meteor., 2_, 56-65.
Lund, I. A., 1971: Correlations between area! precipitation and 850-millibar
geopotential heights. Monthly Weather Review, £9, 691-697.
Moses, H., and P. E. Hess, 1976: Comparison of the Surface and Geostrophic
Winds. Paper No. 76-23.4, presented at 69th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Portland, Oregon, June, 1976.
Robinson, E., and R. J. Boyle, 1980: Synoptic Meteorology and Air Quality
Patterns in the St. Louis RAPS Program. EPA-600/4-80-001, U.S. Environ-
mental protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, January, 1980, 87 pp.
Slade, D. H. (ed), 1968: Meteorology and Atomic Energy. U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission, Washington, D.C.
Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960: Principles and Procedures of
Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
60
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APPENDIX A
DAILY MAP TYPE ASSIGNMENTS
As a result of this program map types were assigned to each day
for the 4-year period 1973-1976. A tabulation of these daily map types
is given in Table A-l for the 850 mb contour patterns and in Table A-2
for the geostrophic patterns. In these 2 tables the identifications
is by letter code in each season. The notation 0 indicates that the
map was not typed within one of the map categories, i.e. no correlation
met the typing qualification. The notation X indicates that some data
were missing and thus no type was assigned to the daily pattern. These
tables can be compared with a similar tabulation of surface patterns
given by Robinson and Boyle (1980) in their Table 3.
61
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