EPA-600/4-78-006
January 1978
PROPERTY OE
Environmental Monitoring Series
IN IHi
THE OZONE
.VIRGINIA
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series.
This series describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods
and instrumentation for the identification and quantification of environmental
pollutants at the lowest conceivably significant concentrations. It also includes
studies to determine the ambient concentrations of pollutants in the environment
and/or the variance of pollutants as a function of time or meteorological factors.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/4-78-006
January 1978
THE OZONE PROBLEM IN THE NORFOLK, VIRGINIA AREA
by
Gerard A. DeMarrais
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 22711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention
of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
Mr. DeMarrais is a meteorologist in the Meteorology and Assessment
Division, Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Environmental Research
Center, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711. He is on assignment from the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
11
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ABSTRACT
The area of Norfolk, Virginia, being well displaced from large urban
centers and having the Atlantic Ocean at its eastern border, appears to
be sheltered from air pollution originating in other urban sources. The
area frequently, however, records high concentrations of ozone. Maximum
hourly concentrations exceeded 80 parts per billion in the Norfolk area during
40 percent of the days in July and August 1974. The ozone data for that
period are analyzed in this report. Emphasis is given to the potential for
the high concentrations to have been transported in from distant upwind urban
areas. Other meteorological phenomena associated with the high concentra-
tions of ozone are also discussed.
iii
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CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures vi
Tables vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 2
3. Background and Methods 4
Urban complex 4
Data collection stations 4
The meteorology associated with ozone problems in other
areas 4
The diurnal variation of ozone concentration and the
associated meteorology 5
Basic data and input considerations 6
4. Results 9
Ozone concentrations and the prior 24-hour air movement . . 9
High ozone concentrations and the associated meteorology. . 9
Analyses of episode data 10
July 13-16, 1974 11
August 18-21, 1974 12
References 14
15
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Ozone sampling stations, Norfolk area 16
2 48-hour backward trajectories, surface to 700 meter layer,
13-16 July, 1974. 12-hour Intervals 17
3 48-hour backward trajectories, surface to 700 meter layer,
18-21 August, 1974. 12-hour Intervals 18
TABLES
1 Maximum Afternoon Ozone Concentration and Past 24-Hour Air
Movement 19-20
2 Meteorology on Days When the Ozone Standard Was Violated . . . .21-22
vi
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
High ozone concentrations in the area of Norfolk, Virginia, were reported
several years ago and it was suggested that this ozone problem was not assoc-
iated with the local automotive traffic . Since that time, the Virginia
pollution control agency has reported that the violations of the National
Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 160 micrograms per cubic meter or
p
80 parts per billion (ppb) were numerous and were increasing . Since a
better understanding of the meteorology associated with the high concentrations,
particularly long range transport, could aid in the formulation of a practical
abatement strategy, this investigation was undertaken.
The Norfolk area appears to be favorably located with regard to minimizing
anthropogenic air pollution problems associated with transport from distant
population centers. The Atlantic Ocean is to the NE (standard directional
abbreviations are used) through SE of the area; only widely scattered, relativ-
ely small cities are to the S through W; and urban complexes are to the
NW through N. Richmond, 135 kilometers (km) to the NW is the closest large
city. As to other cities to the NW and N, their metropolitan areas are extensive:
but their distances from Norfolk are large. Washington is 300 km, Baltimore
325 km, Philadelphia 375 km, New York 550 km, and Pittsburgh 650 km from
the Norfolk area.
In order to show the probable contribution of these distant upwind
3
urban source areas, trajectory analyses of layers of air between the surface
and 700 meters (m) above the surface are employed. Other meteorological
phenomena are discussed when it is apparent that they contributed to the
high concentrations. The ozone data for July and August 1974 are analyzed.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the analyses of the July-August 1974 Norfolk area data,
the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Twenty-four hour trajectories indicate that high ozone concentrations
(>80 ppb) are more likely to occur when the prior flow is from over large
urban source areas than when the flow is from over areas without such
source areas.
2. High concentrations of ozone occured in conjunction with a wide range
of meteorological conditions: temperatures were just as often below as
above normal; average daily daytime (7 a.m. to 5 p.m.) wind speeds ranged
from 2.5 mps (light) to 6.8 mps (strong) and directions varied over a wide
range; solar radiation, based on sunshine records, ranged from 3 to
100 percent; rainfall occurred many times, but more often there was no
rain; and high concentrations occurred on days with frontal activity,
but more often on days without fronts. High concentrations of ozone in the
Norfolk area were not associated with any one set of meteorological con-
ditions such as clear skies, low wind speeds and relatively high temperatures
3. Analyses of data during an episode when high concentrations were
associated with obvious transport from distant urban complexes to the N
and NW of Norfolk, showed the concentrations were high when the air
came from the potential source areas, decreased when the flow came from
another direction and then increased when the air again came from the
source areas.
4. Analyses of data during an episode when high concentrations were
associated with a flow from over the Ocean showed that the air was coming
by a circuitous route from over urban source complexes to the N and NW.
In spite of a 36-hour transit over the Ocean (no contact with a potential
source) the air which had been over the urban complexes arrived in the
2
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Norfolk area with high concentrations of ozone. During one day of this
episode the winds were strong enough (about 7 mps) to minimize any signi-
ficant local contribution to high ozone concentrations; long range
transport from urban complexes to the N and NW was a major factor in the
observed high concentrations of ozone.
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SECTION 3
BACKGROUND AND METHODS
URBAN COMPLEX
The Norfolk area as shown in Figure 1, includes the cities of Hampton,
Newport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth. The area is almost surrounded by water
and is traversed by numerous rivers and waterways. Its average elevation above
mean sea level is about 5 meters. The land is level. A square of about
30 km on a side includes the 4 major cities in the Norfolk area. The area
has many heavily traveled roads and numerous military bases. It handles a large
amount of shipping along its extensive coastline. There are numerous hydrocarbon
storage sites. The Great Dismal Swamp, which covers most of an 80- by 80-km
square area along the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina, is just south of
Norfolk.
DATA COLLECTION STATIONS
In the Norfolk area the state of Virginia collects hourly ozone data
at 3 stations, which are shown in Figure 1. Station 179 is located at the
Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind in Hampton. The site is about 1 km from
the shoreline of Hampton Roads, and heavy traffic passes within a few blocks of
the site. Station 181 is at the Norfolk Regional Airport, about 3 km from the
shoreline of Chesapeake Bay and less than 2 km from the heavily travelled Inter-
state 64. Station 183, Nansemond, is on the campus of Tidewater College, about
0.3 km from the shore of Hampton Roads and 5 km north of U.S. 17. The Hampton
and Norfolk stations have chemiluminescense instruments, and the Nansemond
station uses an ultraviolet Dasibi instrument.
THE METEOROLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH OZONE PROBLEMS IN OTHER AREAS
4
High ozone concentrations have been investigated for 30 years and have
4-9
been found to occur with certain meteorological conditions . Chock
-------
et al. reported that solar radiation Intensity and temperature are directly
related while wind speeds, because of their diluting effects, are Inversely
related to the ozone problem 1n Los Angeles. Ozone buildup was generally
noted about 2 hours after initial radiation of ozone precursors, so wind
speed is Important in moving precursors and ozone from local to downwind areas.
Anlauf et al. , studying high concentrations over Lake Ontario near Toronto,
found that the concentrations correlated very well with temperature and local
Q
wind direction and only partially with global radiation. Tiao et al. developed
an empirical model for the Los Angeles photochemical oxidant (mostly ozone)
problem and they found that intense solar radiation, high temperatures and
g
low wind speeds were associated with the worst episodes. Lyons and Cole
suggested that long range (>_ 200 km) transport of oxidant pollutants on the
western side of anticyclones caused high concentrations to be displaced many
km from the sources of ozone precursors. Lea reported that high surface
concentrations could be associated with transport by the winds aloft.
THE DIURNAL VARIATION OF OZONE CONCENTRATION AND THE ASSOCIATED METEOROLOGY
The typical diurnal variation of surface ozone concentrations is as follows
fi 7 ft
' ' : low at night and in the early morning hours; increasing rapidly starting
7 to 9 a.m. and peaking around 2 to 3 p.m.; and then declining through the
remainder of the afternoon until the low nighttime values are first observed
around 8 to 10 p.m.
4
Early investigators described the high ozone concentrations as a local
photochemical phenomenon. Solar radiation reacting with the precursors of ozone
emitted by automobiles and industry brought about the high concentrations. In
1961 it was reported that the photochemical production of ozone in air with
precursors exceeded ozone destruction (for example, by NO scavenging and surface
uptake) at the surface from 2 to 7 hours after the photochemical reactions were
initiated by irradiation. This timing readily accounted for the increases in
concentrations starting in the morning, the peaking in the early afternoon and
then the declining. After several hours of destruction exceeding production
the low nighttime concentrations are observed. The relatively high concentra-
tions of the daytime generally extended from a few km downwind from the sources
to as many km as the surface winds advected the polluted layers in the daytime
period. The relatively high daytime contributions are attributed to local
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problems dependent on nearby emissions and surface advectlon on the day of the
occurrence of the high concentration.
Lea first reported that there could be a contribution from aloft to high
concentrations of ozone at the surface and that this contribution could be
associated with long-range transport. During the daytime, the upward currents
of vertical mixing carry ozone and ozone precursors aloft. At night, when
the vertical mixing is generally suppressed and restricted to a shallow layer
near the surface, the ozone aloft remains intact while that at the surface
is destroyed by reaction with fresh NO emissions and surface deposition.
J\
This diurnal variation in vertical mixing coupled with ozone aloft produces,
at the surface, a variation in ozone concentration similar to that produced
by photochemical reactions in the layers of air advected at the surface; at
night and during the early morning hours no ozone is brought to the surface;
as vertical mixing increases soon after sunrise there is a marked increase
in the ozone brought to the surface; when vertical mixing reaches a maximum
early in the afternoon ozone contained in the whole mixing layer is subject
to downward vertical mixing and concentrations at the surface are relatively
high; after the maximum vertical mixing occurs the concentrations at the surface
decrease as there is no fresh ozone from aloft being brought into the mixing
layer. Thus, it is very difficult to separate the ozone concentrations associated
with nearby (local) upwind emissions and those associated with long-range transport
coupled with vertical mixing because each produces a similar pattern.
BASIC DATA AND INPUT CONSIDERATIONS
The hourly data for the three ozone monitoring stations for July and
August 1974, available from the National Aerometric Data Bank of the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, are used in most of the analyses. The initial
analyses compare the daily, maximum, hourly concentrations with trajectories
for the prior 24 hours. The second comparison is of days having an ozone
standard violation (>80 ppb) with the occurrence of specific meteorological
conditions. In the final evaluation, periods of several consecutive days
(episodes) with ozone standard violations are compared to 48-hour trajectories.
In this report, when the NAAQS is violated, a concentration is called high.
The size of the Norfolk heavily built-up and Industrialized area and the
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locations of the monitoring instruments are important in regard to the potential
for the local area to be the cause of the high ozone concentrations. The
locally generated precursors originate for the most part in the 30-km by
30-km area and the locations of the monitors are such that they are seldom
more than 15 km from the local sources. With the man-made precursors requiring
2 hours or more after emission to be converted to ozone , a wind of 2 mps
in the same direction for 2 hours would move the local precursors beyond the
monitors before the ozone formed. Thus high ozone concentrations due to local
emissions would generally be associated with weak winds (< 2 mps) or those
that allow for little displacement.
The trajectory analyses are based on the Heffter-Taylor model and are
calculated for the surface to 700-meter layer. Analyses of the diurnal variation
of the August-July 1974 ozone data showed that concentrations were usually low
at night, increased rather substantially 2 or 3 hours after sunrise (about 5 a.m.;
all times are Eastern Standard Time), and peaked in early or mid-afternoon. In
this paper the 24-hour trajectory analyses extend back from 1 p.m. ( the
ending time just prior to the normal occurrence of the ozone peak and the time
when pollutants at distant upwind locations would be mixed to their greatest
heights). A resultant wind for 24-hours from the NW, averaging only 3.5 mps,
could bring in air to Norfolk from the Washington, D.C. area; 24-hour trajec-
tories would readily indicate when the closer metropolitan areas may be con-
tributing to the ozone concentrations in Norfolk. In the analyses of ozone
episodes, 48-hour trajectories ending at 7 a.m. and 1 p.m. are used. The
longer trajectories serve the purpose of showing when prolonged passages over
extensive built-up areas occurred and of sometimes showing when the passage over
a relatively underdeveloped area in the past 24 hours was preceHeH by passage
over a possible source area.
The trajectory analyses are calculated from the wind data from the rawin-
sonde observations scheduled at 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. and winds aloft observations
made at 1 a.m. and 1 p.m. each day. In the basic calculation, a point along
the trajectory is determined every 3 hours and data within a radius of 300
nautical miles (556 km) are evaluated. The model includes a distance weighting
factor (the closest observations receive the greatest weight), an alignment
weighting factor (observations upwind and downwind receive the greatest weight),
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and a height weighting factor (the thicker the subpart of the layer which the
wind represents, the greater the weight). Trajectory segments are usually start-
ed from a source or receptor four times daily, 1 and 7 a.m. and 1 and 7 p.m.
Obviously these trajectories are approximations; they become progressively less
reliable with each added segment. A point on the trajectory indicates the
general area and not a specific location where the air was located at an earlier
time.
The local meteorological data are recorded hourly at the Norfolk Regional
12
Airport and 3-hourly data are published . The airport data utilized are:
winds; temperature departures from normal; percent of possible sunshine (in
place of solar radiation measurements, which are not available); occurrences
of rain; and sky condition (clear, cloudy, partly cloudy). The Daily Weather
1 ^
Map was used to determine the locations of high pressure areas (highs) and
fronts. The Daily Weather Map shows two pertinent maps far each day based on
7 a.m. observations; one map is for the surface and the other for 500 millibars
(about 5500 m above sea level).
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SECTION 4
*
RESULTS
OZONE CONCENTRATIONS AND THE PRIOR 24-HOUR AIR MOVEMENT
The highest hourly afternoon concentration for each station for each day
1n July and August 1974 and the results of the 24-hour trajectory analyses are
listed 1n Table 1. The trajectories were used to determine: (1) the approx-
imate direction from which the air came during the 24 hours prior to 1 p.m.
and (2) the name of any large urban source area that the air likely traversed
when the flow was from the WNW through NE. The tabulation shows that trajec-
tories from the ENE through W, from over areas without large urban source
areas, occurred on 41 days and there were violations on 12 days (29 percent of
the non-urban trajectories). As already noted, passage over relatively
undeveloped areas during the most recent 24-hours does not preclude passage
over a source area at a slightly earlier time and a possible contribution to
the Norfolk ozone concentrations by long distance transport. Air movement
from the WNW through NE is from over the area with urban complexes and occurred
on 20 days with 13 of these days having violations (65 percent of the urban
trajectories). This is an indication that part of the Norfolk area ozone
problem may be partially caused by the upwind contribution of distant large
urban source areas.
HIGH OZONE CONCENTRATIONS AND THE ASSOCIATED METEOROLOGY
The NAAQS was violated at one or more stations (see Table 1) on 25 days
in July and August 1974. The meteorology for these days is summarized 1n
^ Table 2. Low wind speeds or stagnation conditions have been associated with
5 local ozone problems in other areas " * .
The daily average wind speeds (Table 2) for the hours of the day when
the concentrations were usually elevated, 7 a.m. to 5 p.m., Show that weak
winds (< 2 mps) which would allow local emissions to be converted to ozone
before reaching the monitors did not occur. Since Norfolk has a nocturnal
-------
offshore flow and an onshore (sea breeze) flow 1n the daytime, the wind reversal
which occurs early 1n the daytime could cause a back-and-forth motion and
allow time for ozone formation of the locally emitted precursors. As shown 1n
Table 2, these reversals occurred on 40 percent of the days (one reversal was
atypical as an offshore flow replaced an onshore flow) and on half of these
days the speeds averaged 4.0 mps or more; baclc-and-forth motion which mffht
allow for ozone formation did not appear to be a significant factor. The
temperature departures from normal show that violations occurred just as
frequently with low as with high temperatures. The location of the Norfolk
area 1n relation to the center of high pressure 1s different from that found
Q
elsewhere 1n that the area was on the western side of the high on only 1 of
the 25 violation-days. However, the location of Norfolk with regard to sources
precludes high concentration of ozone on the western side of a high. The
southeast to southwest winds on the west side of a high would bring in air
from an area with no urban complexes. The indirect measure of solar radiation
intensity, percent of possible sunshine, indicates that Intense solar radiation,
4-6 8
as was found to be important 1n other studies ' , is not a prerequisite for
high concentrations 1n the Norfolk area; 1t 1s assumed that the wide range of
percentage shows that the solar radiation vartid considerably with violation
days. Rain, because of washout and frontal activity (since 1t brings 1n a
new air mass), are generally thought to have a cleaning effect on the air over
an area. One or both of these cleansing phenomena occurred on 44 percent of
the violation days (see Table 2), again Indicating that high ozone concentra-
tions occurred during a wide range of meteorological conditions.
ANALYSES OF EPISODE DATA
The 24-hour trajectory analyses indicated that high ozone concentrations
were frequently associated with prior air movement over large, urban source
areas. In order to better Illustrate the relationship between high concentra-
tions and long range transport, 2 episodes, or periods of several consecutive
days with NAAQS violations, were selected for detailed analyses. The 7 a.m.
trajectories are Included 1n these analyses of the episodes to show the probable
source of the air which arrived 1n the morning and could have been associated
with the marked Increases in ozone concentrations during the morning hours;
peak concentrations generally occurred in the afternoon, but many morning
10
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concentrations exceeded the NAAQS. The first episode demonstrates how obvious
flows from large urban source areas affected the area and the second shows
high concentrations were associated with circuitous long distance travel. In
explaining these long distance transport phenomena the diurnal variation in
concentrations of ozone and other meteorological phenomena which contributed
to the high concentrations are also discussed.
JULY 13-16, 1974
The trajectory calculations for July 13 through 16 are seen in Figure 2.
The surface winds (Table 2) were moderate and from over the land (from the NW)
throughout the daytime period on the 13th and 14th and were stronger and from
the land (more W) on the 15th. On the first 2 days the trajectories showed
that the air had come from over urban complexes to the N and NW. On the third
day, the 15th, the air came from the relatively clean area to the W. There
were still violations on this day, but the concentrations decreased from the
14th by about 35 percent (see Table 1). The trajectories for 7 a.m. and 1 p.m.
of the 16th, when considered in conjunction with the timing of the high con-
centrations of ozone, dramatically show the effect of source area. On the
first 3 days the concentrations of ozone increased rapidly in the morning
and the NAAQS was exceeded around noon to 1 p.m. The trajectory for 7 a.m.
on the 16th shows the air over Norfolk came from the W and the associated
concentrations remained relatively low through early afternoon. The 1 p.m.
trajectory, due to the passage of a cold front, shows an air flow from over
urban complexes to the N and NW and the Initial violation of the NAAQS occurred
about 3 hours later than it did on prior days.
During this episode the high concentrations were associated with an
obvious flow from over urban complexes to the N and NW. The source-receptor
relationship was obvious on the first two days. On the third day concentrations
were lower as the air came from relatively source-free areas and on the fourth
day it appeared there would be no violations as the air continued to flow
from the W. However, with the drastic shift in trajectory, due to the passage
of the cold front, the concentrations did exceed the NAAQS as air came 1n
from the suspected source areas.
11
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AUGUST 18-21
The first 3 days comprised the episode; data for the 4th day show the condi-
tions that accompanied a marked decrease 1n concentrations. The daytime surface
winds (Table 2) showed that on the 18th there was a moderate wind which shifted
from offshore to onshore, a moderate onshore flow on the 19th and a strong
onshore flow on the 20th. The trajectories are shown 1n Figure 3. On
August 18th, the air came from over large cities to the NW and W as the tra-
jectories extended almost 1000 km; the air movement was relatively rapid. The
high concentrations on the 19th, according to Table 1 (24-hour trajectories),
were associated with a flow from over the Ocean to the NE. When the trajec-
tory was extended to 48 hours 1t showed that urban areas to the N and NW might
have contributed to the ozone problem 1n the Norfolk area. From 7 to 8 a.m.
on the 19th to 9 to 10 p.m. on the 20th there were only two brief periods when
the concentrations dipped slightly below the NAAQS. Because high concentra-
tions persisted through the night, trajectories for 7 p.m. on the 19th and
1 a.m. on the 20th are Included and are shown with the trajectories for the
20th. The 4 trajectories, from 7 p.m. on the 19th to 1 p.m. on the 20th,
show that the air prior to its arrival 1n Norfolk was over the Ocean for at
least 36 hours. However, it 1s apparent that all of the air had passed over
urban complexes to the N; air from the urban source areas arrived by a cir-
cuitous route. The air arriving on the 21st had much more than a; 48-hour
history over water, and there are no Indications of Its prior movements; the
end point of each trajectory 1s more than 300 km from land.
Other meteorological phenomena combined with long range transport to
play an important role in this episode, particularly during the nocturnal
iperTod of August"T9^20 wFen~Td^entratJons remaTne9"hTghT There were low ^
clouds, bases at or below 300 meters, and winds averaging 4 mps when these
high nighttime readings occurred. It is assumed that with these clouds and
winds, the surface-based layer of air did not become stable and that vertical
mixing occurred as it did during the daytime. On the 20th, the winds were
strong, averaging 7 mps from the Ocean. These strong winds Indicate that
local emissions would have played a minor role In the high concentrations
as the locally generated precursors would have been moved out of the Norfolk
12
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area before the ozone would have formed .
The high concentrations during this episode, 1n spite of the circuitous
routes shown by the trajectories, were associated with prior air movement
over urban source areas to the N and NW. It is interesting that in a number
of cases there was no contact with a potential source of ozone or its precur-
sors for as long as 36 hours before reaching Norfolk, yet the high concentra-
tions were still observed when this air from over the urban complexes reached
the monitoring stations. The findings for August 20 were particularly
interesting because strong winds which would have minimized the contribution
of local emissions occurred in conjunction with prolonged periods of flow over
the Ocean; the contribution of long range transport was a major factor, if not
the sole source, of the high concentrations observed in Norfolk on this day.
13
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REFERENCES
1. Bandy, A. R. Briefing for State A1r Pollution Control Board Concerning
Old Dominion University Monitoring Program. Report of Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, Virginia, 1973, 6 pp.
2. State Air Pollution Control Board, Ambient Air Quality Data. Annual
Report 1974. Commonwealth of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, 1975, 98 pp.
3. Heffter, J. L., A. D. Taylor, and G. J. Ferber. A Regional Continental
Scale Transport, Diffusion and Deposition Model. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL-
ARL-50 Air Resources Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD 28 pp.
4. Middleton, J. T., J. B. Kendrick, and H. W. Schwalm. Injury to
Herbaceous Plants by Smog or Air Pollution. Plant Disease Reporter, 34
(9): 245-252, 1950.
5. Chock, D. P., T. R. Terrell, and S. B. Levitt. Time series Analysis of
Riverside, California Air Quality Data. Atmos. Environ., 9: 978-989,
1975.
6. Middleton, J. T. and A. J. Haagen-Smit. The Occurrence, Distribution,
and Significance of Photochemical Air Pollution in the United States,
Canada, and Mexico. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 11 (3): 129-134, 1961.
7. Anlauf, K. 6., M. A. Lusis, H. A. Wiebe, and R.D.S. Stevens. High Ozone
Concentrations 1n the Vicinity of Toronto, Canada. Atmos. Environ.,
9: 1137-1139, 1975.
8. Tiao, G. C., M. S. Phadke, and 6.E.P. Box. Some Empirical Models for
the Los Angeles Photochemical Smog Data. J. of Air Poll. Control Asso.,
26: 485-490, 1976.
9. Lyons, W. A. and H. S. Cole. Photochemical Oxldant Transport: Mesoscale
Lake Breeze and Synoptic-Scale Aspects. J. Appl. Meteor., 15: 733-743,
1976.
10. Lea, D. A. Vertical Ozone Distribution 1n the Lower Troposphere Near
An Urban Complex. J. Appl. Meteor., 7: 252-267, 1968.
11. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service, Norfolk, Virginia.
Surface Weather Observations (Forms MF 1-1OA and MF 1-1 OB). Copies of
the original records for July and August 1974. 142 pp.
14
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12. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
stration. Local CUmatologlcal Data. Published monthly for Norfolk,
1974, 1975. 2 pp.
13. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-
stration. Daily Weather Maps. Published weekly, 1974, 1975. 8 pp.
15
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SCALE, miles
036
0 5 10
SCALE, km
NEWPORT NEWS
CHESAPEAKE
BAY
ti* s.J *- y ' ' ' J.t . . J 4 1 n (
i_/ ^^^L -£tJ / /J ^X(_l '
F1 gure 1. Ozone sampling stations, Norfolk area.
16
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'^N V \
- '\ o
I// I \ IK 01 I !\
13 JULY, 1974
0« 7 AM ENDING TIME
0-1 PM ENDING TIME
f*\ '
'--Ail \ 1
1-'^'
- **«,-
. > /s"' ,-' BSVR r*»»*
I /M \ //(('(/ I \
IS JULY, 1974
7 AM ENDING TIME
O' 1 PM ENDING TIME
14 JULY, 1974
O * 7 AM ENDING TIME
0 = 1 PM ENDING TIME
17.
I // I \ //( 01 I I \
16 JULY, 1974
0-7 AM ENDING TIME
O-1PM ENDING TIME
Figure 2. 48-hour backward trajectories, surface to 700 meter layer, 13-16 July, 1974. 12-hour intervals.
17
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18 AUGUST, 1974
0-7 AM ENDING TIME
1PM ENDING TIME
___ ^.-Jr"3"'< '"»"""" -.£X
I // M //f f/( / I \
20 AUGUST, 1974
0 = 7 AM ENDING TIME
°- 1PM ENDING TIME
PRIOR NIGHT:
1 AM ENDING TIME
*= 7PM ENDING TIME
I // I \ //( rut I \
S 19 AUGUST. 1974
0 = 7 AM ENDING TIME
O- 1 PM ENDING TIME
I// I \ //I I'l / I \
21 AUGUST, 1974
(VERY CLEAN DAY)
0-7 AM ENDING TIME
0-1 PM ENDING TIME
Figure 3. 48-hour backward trajectories, surface to 700 meter layer, 18-21 August, 1974. 12-hour intervals.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-78-006
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI*NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
THE OZONE PROBLEM IN THE NORFOLK, VIRGINIA AREA
6. REPORT DATE
January 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Gerard A. DeMarrais*
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AD-07 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS _
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Inhouse 3/76-8/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
*0n assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
U.S. Department of Commerce.
16. ABSTRACT
The area of Norfolk, Virginia, being well displaced from large urban centers
and having the Atlantic Ocean at its eastern border, appears to be sheltered from
air pollution originating 1n other urban sources. The area frequently, however,
records high concentrations of ozone. Maximum hourly concentrations exceeded
80 parts per billion in the Hampton Roads area during 40 percent of the days in
July and August 1974. The ozone data for that period are analyzed 1n this report.
Emphasis is given to the potential for the high concentrations to have been trans-
ported in from distant upwind urban areas. Other meteorological phenomena asso-
ciated with the high concentrations of ozone are also discussed.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*0zone
*Meteorological data
Evaluation
Norfolk, VA
13B
07B
04B
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
29
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
23
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