vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Sciences Research EPA-600/4-78-029
Laboratory June 1978
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
Regional Air
Pollution Study
Heat Emission
Inventory
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U S Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1 Environmental Health Effects Research
2 Environmental Protection Technology
3 Ecological Research
4 Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6 Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8 "Special" Reports
9 Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series.
This series describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods
and instrumentation for the identification and quantification of environmental
pollutants at the lowest conceivably significant concentrations It also includes
studies to determine the ambient concentrations of pollutants in the environment
and/or the variance of pollutants as a function of time or meteorological factors.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
-------
EPA-600/4-78-029
June 1978
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY
Heat Emission Inventory
by
F. E. Littman
R. W. Griscorn
E. Puronen
Rockwell International
Air Monitoring Center
11640 Administration Drive
Creve Coeur, MO 63141
Contract No. 68-02-2093
Task Order 108G
Project Officer
Charles C. Masser
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Air and Water Management
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for pub-
lication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily re-
flect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
-------
ABSTRACT
As part of the St. Louis Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), a heat
emission inventory has been assembled. Heat emissions to the atmosphere
originate, directly or indirectly, from the combustion of fossil fuels
(there are no nuclear plants in the St. Louis AQCR). With the exception
of a small amount of energy radiated into space as light, and the energy
carried out of the AQCR by cooling water (primarily the Mississippi River),
all of the energy released by the combustion of fuels is sooner or later
released to the atmosphere as heat, either at the the point of production
(the power stations) or where it is consumed.
This report deals with heat emissions from point sources as well as
area sources. Heat emissions from point sources account for about 11
percent in the AQCR. Point source emissions are, however, in the form of
concentrated plumes, while other heat emissions are diffused. Thus, the
meteorological dispersion behavior of these sources is likely to be quite
different.
m
-------
CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures vi
Tables vii
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Sources of Heat Emissions in the St. Louis AQCR 2
3.0 Point Source Heat Emission Inventory 6
3.1 Heat emission factors 6
4.0 Area Source Heat Emission Inventory 19
4.1 Heat emission from stationary combustion sources 19
4.1.1 Residential heating 19
4.1.2 Commercial heating 24
4.1.3 Industrial area heat emissions 25
4.2 Electric power consumption 26
4.2.1 Spatial distribution of electric power consumption 26
4.2.2 Temporal distribution of electric power consumption 41
4.3 Heat emissions from mobile sources 44
4.3.1 Highway vehicles 44
4.3.2 Off-highway mobile sources 49
4.3.3 Airport emissions 51
4.3.4 Railroad operations 53
4.3.5 River vessels 53
5.0 Summary 55
References 58
-------
FIGURES
Number Page
1 Example of Heat Emission Coding Form 8
2 Typical Diurnal Distribution Patterns of Electric 45
Power Production
3 "Vehicle-Kilometer-Traveled" (VKT) Output 47
VI
-------
TABLES
Number Page
1 Point Source Fuel Consumption 3
2 Area Source Fuel Consumption 4
3 Examples of Point Source Heat Emission Factors (HEM) 10
4 Residential Fuel Consumption 20
5 Housing Units by Counties 22
6 Average Hourly Baseline Gas Flows and
Proportionality Factor 23
7 Commercial Fuel Consumption 24
8 Area Heat Emission Factors (AHF) 27
9 Comparison of Actual vs. Calculated Power Consumption 40
10 Distribution of Electric Power Usage by Counties 42
11 Grid Squares in which Industrial Plants are Located 43
12 Electric Power Consumption - Diurnal Variation 46
13 Hourly Percentages of Average Daily Highway VKT
Normalized to One Week 48
14 Heat Emissions - Off-Highway Mobile Sources, Btu/Year 50
15 Methods of Apportioning County Heat Emissions to
Grid Squares 52
16 Summary of Heat Emissions in AQCR 70, 1012 Btu 57
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
As part of the St. Louis Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), a heat
emission inventory has been assembled. Heat emissions to the atmosphere
originate, directly or indirectly, from the combustion of fossil fuels
(there are no nuclear plants in the St. Louis AQCR). With the exception
of a small amount of energy radiated into space as light, and the energy
carried out of the AQCR by cooling water (primarily the Mississippi River),
all of the energy released by the combustion of fuels is sooner or later
released to the atmosphere as heat, either at the point of production (the
power stations) or where it is consumed.
In the production of power, only a fraction of the energy released
when the fuel is burned is emitted as heat emissions to the atmosphere. The
remaining fraction of energy is converted to heat at the point of ultimate
use. This is true whether the fuel is natural gas, electricity, gasoline or
other sources.
This report deals with heat emissions from point sources as well as
area sources. Heat emission from point sources is only a small, albeit an
important fraction of the total heat emissions. It is estimated that point
source heat emissions account for about 11 percent of the total emissions
in the AQCR. Point source emissions are, however, in the form of concen-
trated plumes, while other heat emissions are diffused. Thus, the meteoro-
logical dispersion behavior of these sources is likely to be quite different.
Very few studies of heat emission inventories have been reported in the
literature. Beaty and Kircher (1) reported on a study of heat emissions in
the Columbus, Ohio, area. Dr. R. Bornstein (2) of San Jose State University
is currently working on a heat inventory of New York City.
-------
2.0 SOURCES OF HEAT EMISSIONS IN THE ST. LOUIS AQCR
A first approximation of the amount of heat generated by the combustion
of fuels in the St. Louis Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) can be obtained
from fuel combustion figures of the 12 counties making up the AQCR. The
breakdown is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
The data presented in these tables indicate that coal supplies 70 percent
of the energy requirement of stationary point sources, but only 2.6 percent of
the area sources. Natural gas supplies 20.5 percent of the requirement of
point sources, but 69 percent of the area sources. The totel amount of heat
generated by both stationary and mobile sources is of the order of 869 x 1012
Btu per year.
The amount of heat actually released to the atmosphere is, however, con-
siderably less. There are several reasons for this. In a utility boiler,
about 85 percent of the energy created by burning fuels is used in the pro-
duction of steam (large utilities do a little better). Thus, about 15 percent
of the heat content of the fuel escapes in the stack gases, which constitute
the "point" heat emission sources. This amounts to about 61 x 1012 Btu. Less
than half of the remaining 85 percent is converted to electricity, which even-
tually is released as an "area" source of heat. The other halfactually,
about 55 percentis carried off by cooling water, which in this area is the
Mississippi River. Since this raises the river water temperature only mini-
mally, virtually none of this heat is given off to the atmosphere. Additionally,
about 15 percent of the power produced is used outside the AQCR. The total
amount of heat released to the atmosphere in the St. Louis AQCR is estimated
at 535 x 1012 Btu per year.
By contract, essentially all of the heat released by area sources
(space heating, cars and trucks, as well as a minor amount of process heating)
is emitted as heat emissions to the atmosphere. The heat produced by the
burning of fuel used for space heating is given off continuously to the
-------
TABLE 1 - POINT SOURCE FUEL CONSUMPTION
County
(Illinois)
Bond
Clinton
Madison
Monroe
Randolph
St. Clair
Washington
(Missouri)
Franklin
Jefferson
St. Charles
St. Louis
(City)
St. Louis
(County)
Total point
consumption
Aver. Btu x
SCC unit
Total heat
Btu x 1012
Coal
(81 turn.)
Tons
4,144
2,681,251
5,952,699
158,077
250
5,673
18,760*
1,561,433
205,266
2,282,034
source fuel
12,869,587
106/
22
content
283
All Point Sources
Residual
Oil
103 gal
152,506
100
28,832
3,401
850
1,076
4,065
190,830
150
29
405
Distillate Diesel
Oil Fuel
103 gal 103 gal
742 60
277
55,786
686 37
4,712
156
3,525
450
786
191
638
67,949 97
140 140
9.5
x 1012 Btu
Natural
Gas
106 cu.ft.
221
57,425
159
5,606
41
1,538
184
5,032
13,177
83,383
1,000
83
* Listed as anthracite
-------
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atmosphere. One might expect that automobiles and electric motors convert
a sizeable fraction of the energy they use into work, rather than waste-heat.
Actually, only a time delay is involved. All kinetic energy stored, for
example, in a moving automobile is converted to heat by friction and given up
to the atmosphere, whether the friction is air resistance, rolling resistance
or braking. Thus, the full amount of the heat content of fuels used in area
sources plus a large fraction of the fuel used in point sources constitutes
diffuse heat emission.
-------
3.0 POINT SOURCE HEAT EMISSION INVENTORY
In the framework of RAPS, most point source heat emissions are analogous
to pollutant emissions. Just as in the case of sulfur dioxide (SOp), emis-
sions are directly related to fuel consumption, and can be calculated by the
application of an appropriate factor. In some cases, the factors are applied
to production of throughput figures.
Fuel consumption data were gathered in two ways: for major sources,
defined as those emitting individually more than 0.1 percent of the total
amount of a pollutant, measured hourly fuel consumption data were collected;
for minor sources, emitting between 0.1 percent and 0.01 percent of a
pollutant, averaged numbers, based on annual data, were collected. Very
small sources (< 0.01 percent) were included in area emissions.
Thus, the determination of point source heat emissions involved the
development of appropriate heat emission factors and the methodology for
coding and entering these factors into the RAPS emission data bank.
3.1 HEAT EMISSION FACTORS
The amount of heat which is discharged to the atmosphere by a point
sourcea stackcorresponds to that portion of the heat value of the fuel
which is not utilized in the process. In the case of a boiler, it is that
portion which is not converted to steam; in a glass melting furnace, it is
that part which is not utilized to produce the melt (the heat content of the
melt is released and is accounted for as an area heat emission).
Thus, in order to calculate the amount of heat emitted by a source, we
need to know the amount of fuel consumed (or materials produced) per unit
time, the heat value of the fuel, and the efficiency of the operation.
These three factors were considered in deriving the heat emission factors
for each source. These factors were keyed into the Standard Classification
Code (SCC); thus, they will give values of the heat emission in units of
-------
106 Btu per SCC unit. SCO units are: tons (for coal, etc.), 103 gal. (for
oil, etc.) and 106 cu. ft. (for gases). The factors were designated by the
code HEM and were entered into the RAPS file together with the appropriate
source code (the first 15 spaces on each card). The coding card is always
associated (preceded) by a source identification card (Card 4), which
contains the fuel heat content information. A typical coding form is shown
in Figure 1.
Heat emission factors (HEM) cover a wide range of values. Those based
on fuel consumption tend to average around .20, indicating a fuel conversion
efficiency of 80 percent; their range is from .109 for the most efficient,
modern power plants of the large utilities to .30 for older industrial
installations. In-process fuel consumption is less efficient, with values
generally of the order of .35, indicating 65 percent fuel utilization as,
for example in a glass furnace. Even higher factors characterize municipal
incinerators (.40). Finally, factors of 1.0 appear where fuel is wasted,
such as in refinery flares.
Some heat emission factors are based on throughput or material produced.
Such factors are no longer directly related to combustion efficiency and can,
therefore, have any numberical value. For example, heat emission from a power
plant for which fuel consumption data are available, are calculated:
Heat emission = datum (e.g. fuel/year) X heat content (Btu X 106/SCC unit) X HEM
For the plant shown on the coding form (Figure 1):
Heat emission = 125 (gal X 103/year) X 130 (Btu X 106/gal X 103) X 0.20 =
3250 X 106 Btu/year
Sometimes fuel consumption data are not available, and the HEM factor may be
attached to a calculated mass emission value. An example of the derivation
of such a factor might be a cement kiln which has an annual calculated mass
emission of 898 tons of particulates. Stack conditions are as follows:
gas flow: 270,000 SCF/min.
gas temperature: 500 F
ambient temperature: 56°F (average)
7
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-------
The sensible heat of the stack gases is about 0.02 Btu/°F/SCF. Thus, the
total heat emitted is:
Heat emission = 270,000(|^-) X0.02(-^) X (500-56) °F X 60 (!^) X8760(^-
min. °FXSCF ' y
1,260,178 X 106 Btu/yr.
The heat emission factor becomes:
HEM = 1,260,178/898 = 1403.3
The computer is programmed to calculate heat emissions:
Heat emission = datum X heat content X HEM
If heat content is zero (as it is in this case), the program will substitute
one (1) and proceed with the calculation:
Heat emission = 898 X 1403.3 = 1,260,178 X 106 Btu/yr.
The result is always in Btu X 106. A listing of heat emission factors for
specific points in the St. Louis AQCR, arranged by state, county, point and
SCC codes, is given in Table 3.
-------
TABLE 3 - EXAMPLES OF POINT SOURCE HEAT EMISSION FACTORS (HEM)
*
***
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
PLANT STKID
MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT BREESE 01
CARLYLE MUNICIPAL POWER 01
ILLINOIS POWER CO. WOOD RIVER 01
ILLINOIS POWER CO. STALLING 01
04
UNION ELECTRIC CO. VENICE 01
AMOCO OIL REFINERY 01
03
05
06
07
09
10
12
14
17
21
22
23
24
CLARK OIL CO. 01
02
03
04
05
06
na
sec
10100208
20100301
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100501
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600103
30600103
30600103
30600108
30600102
30600999
30600999
30600999
30600999
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
irifinm n?
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HFM
EMFACT
.200
.200
.131
.200
.200
.139
.150
.150
.150
.150
.200
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
1.000
.200
1.000
.200
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
?^n
(continued)
10
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
* PLANT
* CLARK OIL CO.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* OLIN CORP.
*
*
*
* AMERICAN STEEL FOUNDRY
*
*
* GRANITE CITY STEEL
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
STKID
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
51
52
53
25
26
27
28
01
02
03
05
06
08
09
10
14
19
20
21
22
sec
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
30600102
10200602
10200602
30400204
30400204
30400701
30400701
10200402
30300802
30300802
30300803
30300803
30300903
30300920
10299997
10299997
10299998
10299997
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
EMFACT
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.250
.200
.200
.340
.340
.340
.340
.200
85200.000
85200.000
69100.000
5748.000
5824.000
1375.600
87118.000
86993.000
238.500
1944.700
(continued)
11
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
* PLANT
* GRANITE CITY STEEL
* NESTLE CO. INC.
*
*
*
* OWENS-ILLINOIS INC.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* SHELL OIL CO.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
STKID
23
01
02
03
04
01
01
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
13
14
15
17
18
19
21
22
24
sec
10299997
10200402
10200402
10200402
10200402
10200402
10200602
39000408
39000408
39000408
39000408
39000408
39000408
39000408
39000408
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
EMFACT
1947.700
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.350
.350
.350
.000
.350
.350
.350
.350
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
(continued)
12
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
* PLANT
* SHELL OIL CO.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* LACLEDE STEEL CO.
*
*
*
*
*
*
* GRANITE CITY ARMY DEPOT
*
* ALTON BOX BOARD CO.
*
*
* DUNCAN FOUNDRY
*
* HIGHLAND ELECTRIC PLT
STKID
30
31
33
34
39
41
46
48
50
51
52
53
78
79
01
02
03
04
06
08
11
02
03
02
03
04
01
02
01
sec
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
30600104
10200601
10200601
10200601
10200601
10200601
10200601
10200601
10200601
10200601
10200601
10200401
10200401
30300905
30300905
39000499
39000499
39000699
10300402
10300402
10200401
10200202
10200202
10200502
10200602
10100208
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
EMFACT
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.108
.350
.350
.120
.120
.350
.350
.350
.200
.200
.140
.120
.120
.200
.200
.204
(continued)
13
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
PLANT
FINLEY PLATING CO.
CONSOLIDATED ALUMINUM CO.
MOSS AMERICAN INC.
ANLIN CO. OF ILLINOIS
ST. JOSEPHS HOSPITAL
REILLY TAR & CHEM
A 0 SMITH
COLUMBIA QUARRY PLT #3
ILLINOIS POWER CO. BALDWIN
MENARD BR. ILL. PEN.
STOTZ QUARRY
CARLING/STAG BREWING CO.
SWIFT & CO NATIONAL CITY
MONSANTO CO.
SCOTT AIR FORCE BASE
MASCOUTAH CITY POWER
UNION ELECTRIC CAHOKIA
STKID
01
02
01
01
01
01
02
01
05
01
02
03
01
04
01
01
05
06
07
08
09
10
22
01
02
03
04
01
02
01
02
sec
10200603
10200602
10200502
30199999
10300213
10200402
10200402
10200602
39000609
10100203
10100203
10100202
10300209
20200401
10200205
10200401
10200401
10200401
10200204
10200204
10200204
10200204
30199999
10300402
10300402
10300402
10300402
10100208
10100208
10100401
10100401
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
EMFACT
.200
.200
.200
161.140
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.109
.109
.109
.200
.200
.126
.200
.129
.129
.129
.129
.129
.129
.005
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.170
.170
(continued)
14
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
* PLANT
* UNION ELECTRIC CAHOKIA
*
*
*
* R FOX LTD
* HUNTER PACKING CO.
*
*
* ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL
* AUTOCRAT CORP.
* CERRO COPPER PRODUCTS
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* CERTAIN-TEED
*
* OBEAR NESTER GLASS
*
*
*
* CENTREVILLE TWP HOSPITAL
* ALLIED CHEMICAL CORP.
* EDWIN COOPER INC.
*
STKID
03
04
05
06
01
01
02
03
01
01
01
02
03
05
06
07
09
10
12
13
14
01
01
09
10
11
01
01
01
02
sec
10100401
10100401
10100401
10100401
10200212
10200502
10200502
39000631
10300402
10200213
10200603
10200603
10200603
39000605
39000605
39000605
39000605
39000605
39000605
39000605
39000605
10200602
10200502
10200602
39000608
39000608
39000608
10300401
10200602
30199999
30199999
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
EMFACT
.190
.140
.140
.150
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.200
.200
.200
.350
.350
.350
.200
.200
400.000
400.000
(continued)
15
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
PLANT
EDWIN COOPER INC.
COVINGTON STONE CO.
UNION ELECTRIC CO. LABADIE
P. P. 6. GLASS
RIVER CEMENT CO.
ST. JO LEAD CO.
USS AGRI-CHEM
UNION ELECTRIC
UNION ELECTRIC CO. SIOUX
PENNSYLVANIA GLASS SAND
AMERICAN CAN CO.
ANHEUSER BUSCH INC.
GENERAL MOTORS ASSEMBLY
GREAT LAKES CARBON
MALL INC KRODT CHEM .
MONSANTO CO.
STKID
03
01
01
02
03
01
01
01
08
01
01
02
01
01
02
03
04
06
01
101
01
02
03
01
04
05
02
03
04
05
06
sec
30199999
20200401
10100201
10100201
10100201
10200601
30500699
30301001
10200402
10100201
10100203
39000599
39000699
10200202
10200202
10200202
10200601
39000630
10200209
10200204
30300301
30300301
10200708
10200601
10200204
10200601
10200602
10200602
10200402
10200402
10200209
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
EMFACT
5.450
.200
.116
.116
.116
.200
1403.000
96.580
.200
.116
.109
.350
.300
.175
.175
.120
.120
.300
.200
.200
.300
.300
.200
.200
.200
.200
.099
.099
.099
.099
.155
(continued)
16
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
PLANT
MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR N.
MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR S.
UNION ELECTRIC, ASHLEY
WASH. UNIV. EUCLID PWR P.
VA HOSPITAL COCHRAN
PROCTER AND GAMBLE
PVO INTERNATIONAL
ALPHA PORTLAND CEMENT
CHRYSLER ASSEMBLY PLANT
CONTINENTAL CAN CO.
EMERSON ELECTRIC
MCDONNELL DOUGLAS CORP.
MISSOURI PORTLAND CEMENT
N L INDUSTRIES
STKID
01
02
01
02
01
01
01
02
01
02
03
01
08
09
01
01
01
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
01
01
02
sec
50100101
50100101
50100101
50100101
10100401
10300209
10300401
10200602
10200205
10200205
10200205
39000201
10200601
10200601
1 0200402
10200402
10200601
10200602
10200602
10200602
10200602
10200602
10200602
10200602
10200602
10200602
10200602
10200602
39000201
10200209
10200209
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
EMFACT
.400
.400
.400
.400
.142
.200
.200
.200
.300
.300
.300
.300
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.200
.300
.150
.150
(continued)
17
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
* PLANT
* N L INDUSTRIES
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* UNION ELECTRIC CO. MERAMEC
*
*
*
* VA HOSPITAL JEFF BARRACK
* WASH. UNIV. CAMPUS PWR.
* PENNA GLASS Z SAND CORP.
* CHRYSLER TRUCK ASSEMBLY
STKID
03
04
05
06
10
11
13
16
17
18
01
02
03
04
01
01
02
01
sec
10200601
10200601
10200401
10200204
39000699
39000699
39000699
30102399
30102399
10200209
10100201
10100201
10100201
10100201
10300602
10300209
39099998
39000699
PLUTNT
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
HEM
EMFACT
.150
.150
.150
.150
.050
.050
.050
.011
.011
.150
.119
.119
.112
.132
.200
.200
.300
.200
18
-------
4.0 AREA SOURCE HEAT EMISSION INVENTORY
As pointed out in the discussion of heat emissions in the St. Louis AQCR
(Section 2.0), by far the major portion of heat is released in the atmosphere
from area sources. "Area sources'1 connotes the sum total of numerous separate
point sources, which cannot be measured individually.
Area sources are assigned to a grid system developed for the St. Louis
AQCR, which divides the study area into 1989 grid squares (3). These squares
vary in size from 1 to 100 km2, depending on population densities.
Area heat emissions fall into three broad categories:
1) Heat emissions from the burning of fuel in stationary Installations
(e.g., space heating).
2) Heat emissions from the consumption of electric power, all of which
eventually show up as heat.
3) Heat emissions from burning of fuel in mobile sources (e.g., cars,
trucks, rail and airport operations).
4.1 HEAT EMISSION FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION SOURCES
This category consists of several groups: residential heating, com-
mercial heating and industrial heat emissions.
4.1.1 Residential Heating
Residential heating in the AQCR accounts for about 30 percent of the
area heat emissions, or about 140 x 1012 Btu per year. As shown in Table 4,
natural gas accounts for the bulk of it (87 x 10la Btu), followed by LPG.
oil, coal and wood, tti that order.
In 1974, the prise of coal tripled as a result of the coal miners'
»
strike and the increase in oil prices. This increase in price was enough
19
-------
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to make most residential coal users convert to gas. The residential use of
oil has been decreasing at a rate of about ten percent per year. For the
purposes of this study, the switch from coal to oil or gas is not too
important, since approximately the same number of Btu's would be used to
heat a house, no matter which fuel is used. In addition, only two percent
of the Btuls for fuel use are attributed to coal.
The assignment of fuel consumed for residential heating to grid squares
has been developed in connection with the methodology for the residential
emission inventory (4). Briefly, the procedure consists in prorating the
county fuel consumption, shown in Table 4 to the grid squares in proportion
to the number of housing units they contain, for each fuel type. Informa-
tion on the numer of housing units per county is contained in Census Bureau
data (5) and shown in Table 5. Housing units per grid square were estimated
by the contractor from Census Tract maps, superimposed on RAPS grid square
maps. The annual use of a fuel type for heating within a grid square is equal
to the annual use of that fuel type in the county multiplied by the number of
housing units in the grid using that fuel type and divided by the total number
of housing units in the county using that fuel type. The reader is encouraged
to review reference 4 for more details.
The annual numbers thus obtained were transformed into weighted hourly
values using a regression equation developed from actual fuel consumption
records in the St. Louis area. The resulting equation takes into considera-
tion ambient temperatures and wind speed and has the following form for fuels
used for space heating only (fuel oil, coal, wood):
For temperatures > 68°F: hourly consumption = 0
For temperatures £ 68°F: hourly consumption = yearly consump-
tion x [4.849 x 10"4 - 7.0986 x 10"6T + 1.4614 x 10~6WS]
where T = Temperature in °F, WS = wind speed in mph.
For natural gas, a proportionality factor is added to correct for non-
space heating use, resulting in the following equations:
At temperatures above 68°F:
q AR32 x PF
hourly gas consumption = yearly consumption x
21
-------
TABLE 5 - HOUSING UNITS BY COUNTIES
Illinois Housing Units
Bond 5,099
Clinton 8,830
Madison 82,225
Monroe 6,152
Randolph 10,254
St. Clair 91,327
Washington 5,310
Missouri
Franklin 19,345
Jefferson 33,285
St. Charles 27,911
St. Louis (City) 238,436
St. Louis (County) 291,577
TOTAL 819,751 (1970)
22
-------
At temperatures below 68°F:
hourly gas consumption = yearly consumption x [4.849 x 10
- 7.0986 x 10~6T + 1.4614 x 10"6 WS + 0'4^^0X PF ].
where PF = proportionality factor related to hourly gas flow (4) (Table 6).
TABLE 6 - AVERAGE HOURLY BASELINE GAS FLQUS AND PROPORTIONALITY FACTOR*
l^M^HMHMMM^^^^M^HMWH^BM^^MMH^M^MH^^M^M^MWVW^V^WaMWBI^^BIH^^VMHaBBIB^^MMMB^MW^a^K^M^MH^MVB^HWMIMMMHM^Nl^MHMMnMHHHMa^HMMH^^
Composite
Hour Average Flow Proportionality
(MSCF) Factor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24 (midnight)
Average hourly flow
5727
5490
5339
5301
5262
5550
6312
7378
7899
7948
8387
8214
8062
7892
7640
7360
7245
7267
7315
7094
6769
6632
6433
5971
6854
0.84
0.80
0.78
0.77
0.77
0.81
0.92
1.08
1.15
1.16
1.22
1.20
1.18
1.15
1.11
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.07
1.04
0.99
0.97
0.94
0.87
1.00
*Reference 4
The software capable of calculating hourly fuel consumption per grid
square for each of the five fuels (fuel oil, natural gas, LP6, coal and wood)
is operational on the Univac 1110 computer at Research Triangle Park. In
order to obtain heat emissions, the fuel consumption figure thus obtained is
multiplied by a factor corresponding to the Btu content of the fuels per
standard SCC unit for each fuel.
23
-------
Heat emissions resulting from the use of electric power are discussed
in Section 4.2.
4.1.2 Commercial Heating
The estimation of fuel consumed by commercial and institutional heating
is again based on the methodology for the commercial area source emissions
inventory (4).
The approach was to determine the amount of land used for commercial
purposes in each county and for each grid square, using information supplied
by the East-West Gateway Council. The total fuel usage indicated in Table 7
for commercial/institutional usage was then apportioned to each grid square
in the ratio of land usage for each fuel. An enrichment factor (EF) was used
to correct for the use of specific fuels in certain grid squares, since fuel
usage depends on location. This factor was equal to the ratio of the fraction
of residences in a given grid using a given fuel to the fraction of residences
using the same fuel in the county.
TABLE 7 - COMMERCIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
County
(Illinois)
Bond
Clinton
Madison
Monroe
Randolph
St. Clair
Washington
(Missouri)
Franklin
Jefferson
St. Charles
St. Louis (City)
St. Louis (County)
TOTALS
Aver. Btu x 106/SCC
Total Btu x 106
GRAND TOTAL
Coal
Tons
--
-
--
__
100,000
--
100,000
22
2,200,000
Fuel Oil
10* gal.
520
770
7,800
460
1,020
8,350
370
960
1,080
1,760
30,000
22,660
75,750
140
10,605,000
Btu 56.4 x 1012
Natural Gas
10* cu. ft.
220
450
4,040
310
500
4,570
220
1,460
9,680
170
22,000
--
43,620
1,000
43,620,000
24
-------
The annual fuel usage values for each fuel and grid square were divided
into hourly segments using the same technique described under residential
heating; that is, a fuel consumption equation taking into consideration
ambient temperature and wind speed. The hourly fuel consumption values thus
obtained are converted into Btu of heat emission using the values in Table 5.
Commercial use of electric power is discussed in Section 4.2.1.
4.1.3 Industrial Area Heat Emissions
Industrial heat emissions present a more complex picture than residen-
tial or commercial emissions.
It is necessary to treat power plants (utilities) separately from other
industrial installations. The heat content of fuel burned at power plants is
distributed approximately in the following manner: 15 percent is lost in the
stack gases, which are a point source (Section 3.0). About one third of the
remaining energy is converted into electric power, which is utilized (i.e.,
converted to heat) elsewhere (Section 4.2), and the remaining two thirds are
carried off in the cooling water, which in the St. Louis area is not recycled,
but rather discharged into the Mississippi River. Since this raises the river
temperature only minimally, no heat is discharged to the atmosphere. (The
exception to this is the Baldwin plant of Illinois Power, which utilizes a
very large cooling pond.) Since only insignificant amounts of steam are used
for space heating at power plants, they constitute a pure point source of
heat and do not contribute to area heat emissions. Their heat emissions are
calculated using a HEM factor, as discussed in Section 3.0.
Generally, fuel consumed at non-utility industrial installations is
utilized in one form or another at the same general locations. Larger in-
dustrial installations include a power house, usually producing process steam.
These installations are classified as point sources, since a portion of their
heat emissions is channeled into a stack, which is a point source. This
tends to amount to about 20 percent of the heat content of fuel used. The
steam produced by industrial boilers is used either for space heating or as
process heat. The energy thus consumed is released in diffused form and
becomes an area source, which can be assigned to a grid square. While all
of the heat used for space heating is transferred to the atmosphere, not all
25
-------
of the process heat is, depending on what method of cooling is used. Only if
the product is air cooled, as for example, cement clinkers, all of the heat is
given off to the atmosphere. If it is water cooled and the cooling water is
used only once and then discharged to the river, essentially none is given up
to the atmosphere, since the cooling water temperature increases only a few
degrees. If direct quenching or cooling towers are used, as in coke ovens or
refineries, as much as 80 percent of the heat is converted to latent heat,
which is recovered only, if, when and where the water vapor is condensed. Thus
it was necessary to derive an Area Heat Emission Factor (AHF) for industrial
sources.
This factor (AHF) was determined by examining the manner in which heating
and cooling was handled at each source. A specific group factor was assigned
to each location and stored as a "special emission factor" in the emission
factor file. Multiplying fuel consumption by the heat content of fuel and the
AHF gives the amount of heat released to the atmosphere from such sources.
AHF's are shown in Table 8.
4.2 ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
As indicated in Table 2, a total of about 20,096 x 106 kwh of electric
power is consumed in the AQCR. The breakdown for this consumption is
approximately:*
35% Residential [ 7034 x 106 kwh]
10% Commercial [ 2010 x 106 kwh]
55% Industrial [11052 x 106 kwh]
As pointed out earlier, essentially all of this energy is eventually con-
verted to heat. This amounts to 68 x 1012 Btu, second only to the heat
produced by the burning of natural and bottled gas.
4.2.1 Spatial Distribution of Electric Power Consumption
There is a dearth of information on the spatial and temporal distribution
of electric power. The only information available was hourly peak loads at
substations located in most of the counties of the AQCR. It has been shown
empirically that average daily energy can be obtained by dividing the peak
hour load figure by two and multiplying by 24, the number of hours in a day.*
*Private communication, Union Electric Company
26
-------
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The location of some 235 substations was plotted on county maps, and the
power consumption for those counties served exclusively by Union Electric
was determined. Power consumption for areas not included in the Union
Electric network was estimated using the number of housing units and an
average power consumption per household (8333 kwh), then multiplying by
100/35 to get total power consumption. As a check, power consumption calcu-
lated by this method was compared with actual consumption of the network.
The respective totals differed by only 0.6 percent (Table 9). This holds
true only for the network totals. Individual counties show large discrep-
ancies, since some are rural, others urban and industrial. Fortunately, the
counties for which estimates had to be made (Bond, Clinton, Monroe, Randolph
and Washington) cumulatively account only for less than 5 percent of the
electrical power used in the AQCR. Thus, any errors in the estimation of
their power consumption are relatively small.
TABLE 9 - COMPARISON OF ACTUAL VS. CALCULATED POWER CONSUMPTION
Power Consumption, kwh x 106
County Actual* Calculated**
Madison
St. Clair
Franklin
Jefferson
St. Charles
St. Louis (City)
St. Louis (County)
TOTAL
1,684
1,145
383
989
566
9,806
4,597
19,170
2,472
2,175
461
792
665
5,677
6,942
19,184
* Determined from substation loads
** Based on number of housing units x 100/35
40
-------
Since all electric power consumed is converted to heat, heat emission
from residential usage can be obtained quite accurately by multiplying the
number of housing units per grid square by 8333 kwh, the average power con-
sumption per household. The number of housing units per grid square is
available from Reference 4. Table 10 indicates that the residential power
consumption for AQCR 70 calculated by this method amounts to 6827.0 X 106
kwh, about 34 percent of the total consumption. This is in good agreement
with the rough breakdown shown on page 26.
Heat emissions from commercial usage of electric power can be calculated
by assigning each grid square a factor corresponding to its commercial land
usage as a fraction of county commercial land usage, and multiplying this by
the commercial power consumption per county (10 percent of the total) and by
3413, the thermal equivalent of a kilowatt hour. Commercial land usage per
grid square (CLUG) as well as commercial land usage per county (CLUC) is
again available from Reference 4.
The remainder of the power usage is ascribed to industrial power con-
sumption in only those grid squares in which industrial plants are located
(Table 11).
Thus, the calculations for heat emissions resulting from electric power
consumption on a grid square basis become:
1) Heat emission from residential power usage per grid square, Btu's
3413
per hour = number of housing units per grid square X 8333 X 876Q-
2) Heat emission from commercial power usage per grid square, Btu's
per hour - power usage per county X 10% X r\_nr % 8750"
3) Heat emissions from industrial power usage, Btu's per hour for
grid squares containing industrial plants = [power consumption
per county - (residential + commercial consumption)] X gygQ- X
no. of plants per grid
no. of plants per county '
4.2.2 Temporal Distribution of Electric Power Consumption
The temporal distribution of power production for the Union Electric
network was ascertained from RAPS data. It can be safely assumed that these
41
-------
TABLE 10 - DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER USAGE BY COUNTIES
County
(Illinois)
Bond
Clinton
Madison
Monroe
Randolph
St. Clair
Washington
(Missouri)
Frankl in
Jefferson
St. Charles
St. Louis
(City)
St. Louis
TOTAL AQCR
(1) County
Bureau
(2) Table
Housing
UnitsO.
5,099
8,830
82,225
6,152
10,254
91,327
5,310
19,345
33,285
27,911
238,436
291,577
819,751
Res. Power
@ 8333 kwh
1 kwh x 106
42.5
73.6
685.2
51.3
85.4
761.0
44.2
161.2
277.4
232.6
1,986.9
2,425.7
6,827.0
and City Data Book, U. S.
of Census (1972)
2
Commercial
Power
kwh x 106
19.5
21.1
168.4
14.8
24.5
114.5
12.7
38.3
98.9
56.6
980.6
459.7
2,009.6
Department
Total (3) Industrial
Power/Co. Total - {Comm. +Res. )
kwh x 106 kwh x 106
195
211
1,684
148
245
1,145
127
383
989
566
9,806
4,597
20,096
of Commerce,
133.8
116.3
830.5
81.9
135.1
269.5
70.1
183.5
612.8
276.8
6,838.5
1,711.6
11,259.6
42
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patterns also hold for the areas served by other utilities.
The diurnal and seasonal variations are shown in Figure 2. There are two
basic patterns: a summer pattern, which holds from mid-June through mid-
September; and a spring-fall-winter pattern, applicable to the rest of the
year. The latter shows two plateaus with only minor peaks, a daytime level
from about 8 AM to 10 PM and a night level from 10 PM to 8 AM. The night
level corresponds to about 70-75 percent of the daytime level. The summer
pattern has a sinusoidal shape, peaking at 4 PM and dropping to a minimum at
6 AM. It would appear that the pattern is directly related to air conditioning.
There is also a marked difference between summer and winter in total consump-
tion, with summer usage beint 60-70 percent higher than winter usage.
Normalized factors describing these patterns are given in Table 12.
These are applied to obtain hourly average values for commercial and residen-
tial usage to correct for diurnal variations. Industrial power consumption
is assumed to be uniformly distributed.
4.3 HEAT EMISSIONS FROM MOBILE SOURCES
Mobile sources comprise several categories. By far the largest are
highway vehicles which consume well over a billion gallons of gasoline and
diesel fuel, giving off about 150 X 1012 Btu's in the AQCR, an amount almost
as large as the heat given off by the use of natural gas, and equal to about
32 percent of all area heat emissions.
Railroads, vessels and off-highway mobile equipment contribute two
percent, one percent and one percent of all area sources, respectively.
4.3.1 Highway Vehicles
Heat emissions from highway vehicles are based on the "Line and Area
Source Emission from Motor Vehicles" methodology developed for RAPS (6).
The methodology provides an output of "Vehicle-Kilometers-Traveled" (VKT)
for four classes of roads (freeway, principal arterials, minor arterials and
feeder roads) for each grid square on a daily basis. A sample of this out-
put is shown in Figure 3. The daily figure is apportioned to hourly values
using either a weekday or weekend traffic pattern shown in Table 13. The
percentages shown in Table 13 are normalized over a week, since on a weekday
44
-------
FIGURE 2 - TYPICAL DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
OF ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
45
-------
TABLE 12 - ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION - DIURNAL VARIATION
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
SUMMER CONDITIONS
(July 12, 1976)
Coefficient
0.83
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.70
0.70
0.74
0.86
0.98
0.99
1.09
1.18
1.21
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.24
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.07
1.05
0.98
0.88
WINTER CONDITIONS
(October 11,
1976)
Coefficient
0.75
0.73
0.72
0.73
0.73
0.78
0.91
1.03
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.15
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.11
1.10
1.09
1.10
1.16
1.15
1.10
1.01
0.90
46
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47
-------
TABLE 13 - HOURLY PERCENTAGES OF AVERAGE DAILY
HIGHWAY VKT NORMALIZED TO ONE WEEK
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
% Average Daily VKT
Weekdays
2.02
1.35
.63
.34
.28
.77
3.22
6.78
6.12
5.09
5.35
5.90
6.47
6.13
6.41
7.71
9.09
9.12
7.46
7.11
5.87
5.03
3.78
2.71
114.74
Saturday
3.48
3.48
2.55
.93
.93
1.16
1.62
2.43
3.48
3.84
4.41
4.63
4.63
4.16
4.05
4.05
4.30
3.94
3.25
3.13
3.48
3.94
3.94
3.73
79.54
Sunday
3.48
2.90
2.09
.58
.46
.58
.70
.93
1.16
1.39
1.86
2.32
2.32
2.78
2.78
2.67
2.55
2.55
2.32
2.20
2.09
2.09
1.87
2.09
46.75
48
-------
the VKT averages about 115% of the average value, on a Saturday 80% and a
Sunday only 47%. A further breakdown into light duty gasoline engined
vehicles, heavy duty gasoline engined vehicles and diesel engined vehicles
is then applied. The ratio of these three types in the St. Louis AQCR is
93.4 percent light duty, 3.9 percent heavy duty gasoline and 2.7 percent
heavy duty diesel (these ratios apply to VKT, not the number of vehicles).
Thus, the final output is hourly VKT for three vehicle types. This number
can be converted to hourly heat emissions:
Heat emissions,
Btu
hr
= VKT
km
Tir
krn
Btu
gal
where FC is fuel consumption in gallons per kilometer.
The average values for FC are: 21.9 km/gal - light duty
9.7 km/gal - heavy duty
7.4 km/gal - diesel
HC is the heat content of the fuel, which amounts to 125 x 103 Btu's per
gallon of gasoline, 140 x 103 Btu's per gallon of diesel fuel.
4.3.2 Off-Highway Mobile Sources
This category includes a wide variety of sources powered by internal
combustion engines. The following groups are considered: off-highway
motorcycles, lawn and garden equipment, construction equipment, industrial
equipment, farm equipment and outboard motorboats.
An inventory of pollutant emissions from these sources has been compiled
as part of the RAPS emission inventory (7,8). County fuel consumption data
are included in the referenced reports. These were converted to heat
emissions, using 125 x 103 Btu/gal for gasoline and 140 x 103 Btu/gal for
diesel fuel and are shown in Table 14.
Annual emissions totals of the several off-highway mobile source types
were temporally distributed over the year to reflect diurnal and seasonal
variation of usage. To accomplish this each equipment category was assigned
an annual operating pattern which most closely approximated real life use
during a calendar year. The operating patterns assumed were as follows:
49
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1) Off-highway motorcycles March through October 9 AM - 7 PM
2) Lawn and garden equipment April through September 9 AM - 7 PM
3) Construction equipment March through October 6 AM - 6 PM
4) Industrial equipment Year round 8 AM - 6 PM
5) Farm equipment March through October 5 AM - 7 PM
6) Outboard motors April through September 9 AM - 7 PM
,A11 the days in the month were included, no distinction being made for
weekends. Total yearly operating hours were found by multiplying together
operating hours per day, operating days per month, and operating months per
year. Then the annual emissions total was divided by yearly operating hours
to obtain emissions per hour. County based emissions were distributed to
the grid squares using factors worked out in Reference 8. The factors are
shown in Table 15.
The total heat emissions for the AQCR from off-highway sources amounts
to 20.7 X 1212 Btu per year, or about 12.9 percent of the emissions from all
mobile sources.
4.3.3 Airport Emissions
The methodology and emission inventory for airport operations for the
RAPS program are described in Reference 9.
Airport emissions result from aircraft operations, ground support
vehicles, fuel storage and handling, and engine maintenance testing. Air-
craft emissions depend on the operating modes (taxi, idle, loading, take-
off, approach and climb-outs, the latter two limited to 3000 ft. altitutde),
the time spent in each mode, and the emission rate for each mode. Emissions
from ground vehicle operations are directly related to the landing and take-
off volume and the aircraft mix. Engine testing emissions were not included
in the inventory; fuel storage and handling are of no interest to the heat
emission inventory.
The resultant emissions are calculated by a subprogram which calculates
emissions for the criteria pollutants for each affected grid square on an
hourly basis. The sulfur dioxide (S0?) emissions are directly proportional
to the amount of fuel burned and hence to heat emissions. Based on an
51
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TABLE 15 - METHODS OF APPORTIONING COUNTY HEAT EMISSIONS TO GRID SQUARES
Motorcycles
Grid Element Emissions = County Emissions x
Lawn and Garden
Grid One-Unit Structures
Grid Element Emissions = County Emissions x
County One-Unit Structures
Construction
Grid E,«,ent Emissions - Count, Missions x
Industrial
Grid Industrial Plants
Grid Element Emissions = County Emissions x
County Industrial Plants
Farm
Grid Element Emissions = County Emissions x
Outboards
Grid Surface Water
Grid Element Emissions = County Emissions x
County Surface Water
52
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assumed sulfur content of 0.05 percent, a heat content of 140 x TO3 Btu/gal,
and a volume to weight factor of 2.8 kg/gal, the calculation becomes:
Heat emissions, Btu x 106 = 50 x S02 (kg)
Since the airport program calculates pollutant emissions on an hourly
basis for the 48 grid squares affected by airport operations, heat emissions
will also be available on an hourly basis.
The total annual heat emissions from airport operations were calculated
to be about 2.2 x 1012 Btu, about 0.5 percent of all area heat emissions.
In Table 16 these emissions are included under "gasoline".
4.3.4 Railroad Operations
The methodology and emission inventory from rail operations are described
for the RAPS program in Reference 10. Based on calculated fuel usage for
each engine type, emissions of the criteria pollutants are reported for each
affected grid square. Total fuel used per grid square is also reported,
making it possible to calculate heat emissions per grid square:
Heat emissions, Btu x 106 = fuel usage (gal) x 0.140
The total amount of fuel used by railroads has been calculated to be
70,070,000 gal annually, corresponding to 9.8 x 1012 Btu, or about 2.4 per-
cent of the total area heat emissions.
4.3.5 River Vessels
A methodology and inventory of air pollution from river vessels was
developed for RAPS (11). This study gives an estimate of river towboat air
pollution emissions for the St. Louis Air Pollution Study area. No emissions
from secondary sources or from recreational boating on the river of other
areas are considered. The emission estimate is based primarily on river
traffic data taken by the Corps of Engineers at Lock 27 near St. Louis and
on exhaust emission factors of similar engines of the Coast Guard fleet and
railroad locomotives. Emissions are assigned to appropriate grid squares.
River traffic on the Mississippi was considered on a year-round basis, on
the Missouri for March through November, as this river is normally closed to
53
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navigation from the beginning of December to the first of March.
Fuel consumption values are not given in this report, but can be back-
calculated from SCL emissions, which are reported as grams per day per grid
square.
At an assumed sulfur content of 0.20 percent and a density of 7.12
pounds per gallon for diesel fuel, each gram of S02 corresponds to 0.077
gallons or 10.84 X 103 Btu.
Total annual heat emissions from river vessel traffic is estimated at
4.54 X 1012 Btu, or about one percent of all area sources.
54
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5.0 SUMMARY
Heat emissions from an urban area, such as the St. Louis AQCR, are
associated with fuel and power consumption and occur in two forms: concen-
trated plumes from point sources (stacks) and diffuse emission from area
sources. Point source data are located geographically by UTM coordinates,
while area sources are distributed over 1989 grid squares. Since the
primary end use of heat emission data is modeling and most models require
hourly inputs, all data are reported on hourly values. These values are
based either on measured parameters, as is the case with most major combus-
tion sources, or on a calculated distribution based on appropriate para-
meters, such as work patterns, traffic patterns, diurnal temperature
changes, etc.
Heat emissions from point sources are relatively straightforward to
deal with. They consist of that fraction of the heat content of the fuel
which is not transferred to the process or product and is carried off by the
stack gases. They can be calculated by applying a heat emission factor (HEM)
to the amount of fuel consumed. Since the RAPS point source emission
inventory is based on hourly fuel consumption records, heat emission calcu-
lations parallel those for other pollutants; e.g., S0?. Point source heat
emissions account for only a small fraction of the total heat emissions for
the area, about 12 percent.
Heat emissions from stationary area sources include the heat released
by residential and commercial space heating, industrial process heat, and
the heat resulting from the use of electric power. Basic data for these
categories are available only on an annual basis. The annual values were
broken down to hourly data by the application of appropriate distribution
patterns. Distribution to grid squares was achieved on the basis of
applicable parameters, such as population density, number of single
dwellings, average power consumption per household, etc. This category
55
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accounts for a large fraction of the total heat release--57 percent.
Heat emissions from highway vehicles were calculated from traffic
distribution patterns. The pattern expressed in vehicle miles per grid
squares is generated by the Mobile Source Emissions inventory program
developed for the RAPS program. Using average fuel consumption values for
each class of vehicle, heat emissions were calculated directly. Table 16
presents an overall summary of heat emissions in the St. Louis area (AQCR
70).
56
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REFERENCES
1. Beaty, J. R., and Kircher, D. S. Columbus Ohio Metropolitan Area
Heat Inventory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Unpublished report, 1970.
2. Bornstein, R. Private Communication.
3. Haws, H. C., Paddock, R. E., and Masser, C. C. The Regional Air
Pollution Study (RAPS) Grid System. Research Triangle Institute,
Research Triangle Park, NC. P.O. No. DA-6-99-12025.
4. Holden, R. Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory.
Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., Gainsville, FL. Contract
No. 68-02-1003. September 1975. Report No. EPA/3-75-078.
5. U. S. Department of Commerce. County and City Data Book, 1972 Bureau
of Census.
6. Haefner, L. Method for the Determination of Line and Area Source
Emissions from Motor Vehicles for RAPS. Washington University, School
of Engineering, St. Louis, MO. Contract No. 68-02-2060. June 1976.
Report No. EPA-450/3-77-019.
7. Hare, C. T. Methodology for Estimating Emissions from Off-Highway
Mobile Sources for the RAPS Program. Southwest Research Institute,
San Antonio, TX. Contract No. 68-02-1397. October 1974. Report No.
EPA-450/3-75-002.
8. Littman, F. E., and Isam, K. M. Off-Highway Mobile Source Emissions
Inventory. Rockwell International, Atomics Internation Division, Air
Monitoring Center, St. Louis, MO. Task Order 108E Final Report, EPA
Contract 68-02-2093. January 1977.
9. Patterson, R. M., Wang, R. D., and Record, F. A. Airport Emission
Inventory Methodology. GCA Corporation, Bedford, MA. Contract No.
68-02-0041'. December 1974. Report No. EPA-450/3-75-048.
10. Wiltsu, J. W., Khanna, S. B., and Hanson, J. C. Assessment of Railroad
Fuel Use and Emissions for the Regional Air Pollution Study. Wei den
Research, Wilmington, MA. Contract No. 68-02-1895. April 1977.
Report No. EPA-450/3-77-025.
11. Sturm, J. C. An Estimation of River Towboat Air Pollution in St. Louis,
Missouri. U. S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Report
No. DOT-TSC-OST-75-42. February 1976.
58
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcase read Instmrtums on the reverse bcjoie completing)
-78-029
2.
4. Ill LK AND SUBTITLE
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY
Heat Emission Inventory
/. ADI
F.E. Littman, R.W. Griscom, and E. Puronen
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rockwell International
Air Monitoring Center
11640 Administration Drive
Creve Coeur, MO 63141
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . ,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
.3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
June 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AA-09 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2093
Task Order 108G
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
As part of the St. Louis Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), a heat emission
inventory has been assembled. Heat emissions to the atmosphere originate, directly
or indirectly, from the combustion of fossil fuels (there are no nuclear plants
in the St. Louis AQCR). With the exception of a small amount of energy radiated
into space as light, and the energy carried out of the AQCR by cooling water
(primarily the Mississippi River), all of the energy released by the combustion of
fuels is sooner or later released to the atmosphere as heat, either at the point
of production (the power stations) or where it is consumed.
This report deals with heat emsssions from point sources as well as area
sources. Heat emissions from point sources account for about 11 percent in the AQCR.
Point source emissions are, however, in the form of concentrated plumes, while
other heat emissions are diffused. Thus, the meteorological dispersion behavior
of these sources is likely to be quite different.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Heat
*Emission
*Environmental surveys
*Sources
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
St. Louis, MO
c. cos AT I 1'ieid/Group
13 B
20 M
05 J
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67
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EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77! PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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