vvEPA
           United States
           Environmental Protection
           Agency
           Environmental Monitoring
           and Support Laboratory
           P.O Box 15027
           Las Vegas NV89114
EPA-600/4-78-054
September 1978
           Research and Development
Environmental
Monitoring Series

Airborne Measurements
of a Copper Smelter
Plume in Montana

The Anaconda Company,
Anaconda, Montana
October 1 - December 9,1976

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                   RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports  of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series.  These nine broad categories
were established to  facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology.  Elimination of traditional  grouping was consciously planned to foster
technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields  The nine series are:


      1.   Environmental Health  Effects Research
      2.   Environmental Protection Technology
      3.   Ecological Research
      4.   Environmental Monitoring
      5.   Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
      6.   Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
      7.   Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
      8.   "Special" Reports
      9.   Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series.This series
describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods and instrumentation
for  the identification and quantification of environmental pollutants  at the lowest
conceivably significant concentrations. It also includes studies to determine the ambient
concentrations of pollutants in the environment and/or the variance of pollutants as a
function of time or  meteorological factors
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia  22161

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                                                EPA-600/4-78-054
                                                September 1978
     AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS OF A COPPER SMELTER PLUME
                       IN MONTANA

          The Anaconda Company, Anaconda, Montana
               October 1 - December 9, 1976
                           by

 Frank G. Johnson*, David T.  Mage** and Norman J.  Cimon
             Monitoring Operations Division
     Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
                 Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
*  On assignment from National Oceanic and Atmospheric
   Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce

** Present assignment, U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,
   Research Triangle Park, North Carolina   27711
          U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
     ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
                LAS VEGAS, NEVADA  89114

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                                 DISCLAIMER

     This report has been reviewed by the Environmental  Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,
and approved for publication.   Mention of trade names or commercial  products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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                                  FOREWORD

     Protection of the environment requires effective regulatory actions
which are based on sound technical and scientific information.  This
information must include the quantitative description and linking of pollutant
sources, transport mechanisms, interactions, and resulting effects on man and
his environment.  Because of the complexities involved, assessment of specific
pollutants in the environment requires a total systems approach which trans-
cends the media of air, water, and land.  The Environmental  Monitoring and
Support Laboratory-Las Vegas contributes to the formation and enhancement of
a sound monitoring data base for exposure assessment through programs designed
to:

          •  develop and optimize systems and strategies for moni-
             toring pollutants and their impact on the environment

          •  demonstrate new monitoring systems and technologies by
             applying them to fulfill special monitoring needs of the
             Agency's operating programs

     This report presents the results of helicopter measurements taken to
determine the geometry of the plume of The Anaconda Company's copper smelter
at Anaconda, Montana.  These data were collected as input to mathematical
models used to predict ambient concentrations in the Anaconda area.  In
addition, this report represents a significant contribution  to the effort
to gain more insight into rates of diffusion on complex terrain.  The Air
Quality Branch of the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
Vegas may be contacted for further information as to the availability of
these data.
                              George Es. Morgan
                                  Director
               Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
                                  Las Vegas

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                             CONTENTS

Disclaimer	      ii
Foreword	     iii
List of Figures	      vi
List of Tables	     xiv
List of Abbreviations	     xvi
List of Symbols	    xvii

     1.   Introduction 	       1
     2.   Summary	       2
     3.   Recommendations  	       9
     5.   Description of the Anaconda Smelter  	      10
     6.   Description of Data Collection and Processing  	      13

References	      16
Appendices

     A.   Description and Results of Flights	      18
     B.   Data Adjustment	     179
     C.   Sampling Time	     184
     D.   Determination of Plume Parameters  	     186
     E.   Discussion of Data	     189
     F.   Upper Level Winds  	     202
     G.   Plant Emission Estimates 	     204
     H.   Computation of Stability Classifications 	     206
     I.   Comparision of a  from S0~ and B	     208
     J.   Quality Assurance Procedures . ...  	     209

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LIST OF FIGURES
Number
1
2

3
4
5
6
A-l
A-2
A-3

A-4

A-5
A-6
A-7

A-8

A-9
A-10
A-ll


Horizontal Diffusion Coefficients vs. Distance 	
Vertical Diffusion Coefficients (Cross Sections)
vs. Distance 	
Vertical Diffusion Coefficients (Spirals) vs. Distance . .
Smeltering Process, Anaconda, Montana 	
Sikorsky S-58 Helicopter 	
Helicopter Instrumentation 	
Sampling Locations, October 1, 1976 	
Plume, October 1, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpotnt Soundings, 0724 MST,
October 1, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0934 MST,
October 1, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, October 4, 1976 	
Plume, October 4, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0623 MST,
October 4, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0822 MST,
October 4, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, October 5, 1976 	
Plume, October, 5, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0613 MST,
October 5, 1976 	
Page
3

5
6
12
14
15
22
23

24

25
27
28

29

30
32
33

34
       VI

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                                    LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)



           Number                                                              Page
0
A-12

A-13
A-14
A-15

A-16

A-17
A-18
A-19

A-20

A-21
A-22
A-23
A-24
A-25
A-26
A-27

A-28
A-29
A-30

A-31
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0759 MST,
October 5, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, October 7, 1976 	
Plume, October 7, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0619 MST,
October 7, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0826 MST,
October 7, 1976 	 	 	
Plume, October 8, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, October 8, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0624 MST,
October 8, 1976 	 	 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0851 MST,
October 8, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, October 12, 1976 	
Plume, October 12, 1976 ... 	
Temperature Sounding, 0645 MST, October 12, 1976 ....
Temperature Sounding, 0834 MST, October 12, 1976 ....
Sampling Locations, October 13, 1976 	
Plume, October 13, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0638 MST,
October 13, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, October 14, 1976 	
Plume, October 14, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0627 MST,
October 14, 1976 	
Plume, October 15, 1976 	

35
38
39

40

41
43
44

45

46
48
49
50
51
53
54

55
57
58

59
60
                                                vn

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                         LIST  OF  FIGURES  (Continued)

Number                                                               Page

 A-32     Sampling Locations,  October  19, 1976	    63

 A-33     Plume,  October 19, 1976	    64

 A-34     Temperature and Dewpoint  Soundings, 0629 MST,
          October 19, 1976	    65

 A-35     Temperature and Dewpoint  Soundings, 0848 MST,
          October 19, 1976	    66

 A-36     Sampling Locations,  October  20, 1976	    69

 A-37     Temperature and Dewpoint  Soundings, 0904 MST,
          October 20, 1976	    70

 A-38     Temperature and Dewpoint  Soundings, 1120 MST,
          October 20, 1976	    71

 A-39     Sampling Locations,  October  21, 1976	    74

 A-40     Plume,  October 21, 1976	    75

 A-41     Plume,  October 21, 1976	    75

 A-42     Temperature and Dewpoint  Soundings, 0638 MST,
          October 21, 1976	    76

 A-43     Temperature Sounding,  0833 MST, October 21,  1976  	    77

 A-44     Sampling Locations,  October  21, 1976	    80

 A-45     Plume,  October 22, 1976	    81

 A-46     Temperature and Dewpoint  Soundings, 0816 MST,
          October 22, 1976	    82

 A-47     Temperature and Dewpoint  Soundings, 1033 MST,
          October 22, 1976	    83

 A-48     Sampling Locations,  October  26, 1976	    85

 A-49     Plume,  October 26, 1976	    86

 A-50     Temperature and Dewpoint  Soundings, 0646 MST,
          October 26, 1976	    87
                                     vi n

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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Number
A-51
A-52
A- 53
A- 54
A-55
A-56
A-57
A- 58

A-59

A- 60
A-61
A- 62

A- 63

A- 64
A-65
A-66
A- 67

A- 68

A-69
A-70

Sampling Locations, October 27, 1976 	
Plume, October 27, 1976 	
Temperature Sounding, 0647 MST, October 27, 1976 , ,
Temperature Sounding, 0827 MST, October 27, 1976
Sampling Locations, October 28, 1976 	
Plume, October 28, 1976 	
Plume, October 28, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0641 MST,
October 28, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpofnt Soundings, 0841 MST,
October 28, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, October 29, 1976 	
Plume, October 29, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0640 MST,
October 29, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0823 MST,
October 29, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, November 1, 1976 	
Plume Under Fumigation Conditions, November 1, 1976
Plume, November 1, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0651 MST,
November 1, 1976 	
Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0757 MST,
November 1, 1976 	
Sampling Locations, November 3, 1976 	
Plume, November 3, 1976 	
Page
... 89
... 90
... 91
... 92
... 94
... 95
... 95

... 96

... 97
... 99
... 100

... 101

... 102
, , , 104
... 105
... 105

... 106

... 107
, . . 109
... 110
             IX

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                        LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Number                                                               Page

 A-71      Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 0645 MST,
          November  3,  1976	    Ill

 A-72     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 0838 MST,
          November  3,  1976	    112

 A-73     Sampling  Locations, November 4, 1976 	    115

 A-74     Plume,  November 4, 1976	    116

 A-75     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 1056 MST,
          November  4,  1976	    117

 A-76     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 1305 MST,
          November  4,  1976	    118

 A-77     Sampling  Locations, November 5, 1976 	    120

 A-78     Plume,  November 5, 1976	    121

 A-79     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 1309 MST,
          November  5,  1976	    122

 A-80     Sampling  Locations, November 8, 1976 	    124

 A-81     Plume,  November 8, 1976	    125

 A-82     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 1230 MST,
          November  8,  1976	    126

 A-83     Sampling  Locations, November 9, 1976 	    128

 A-84     Plume,  November 9, 1976	    129

 A-85     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 1208 MST,
          November  9,  1976	    130

 A-86     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 1307 MST,
          November  9,  1976	    131

 A-87     Sampling  Locations, November 10,  1976   	    134

 A-88     Plume,  November 10, 1976	    135

 A-89     Plume,  November 10, 1976	    135

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                         LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Number                                                               Page

 A-90     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 0918 MST,
          November 10,  1976	136

 A-91     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 1055 MST,
          November 10,  1976	137

 A-92     Sampling Locations, November 11, 1976 	   140

 A-93     Plume,  November 11, 1976	141

 A-94     Plume Impaction, November  11, 1976	141

 A-95     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 0714 MST,
          November 11,  1976	142

 A-96     Sampling Locations, November 12, 1976 	   145

 A-97     Plume,  November 12, 1976	146

 A-98     Plume Under  Stable Conditions, November 12, 1976  	   146

 A-99     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 0719 MST,
          November 12,  1976	147

A-100     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 0951 MST,
          November 12,  1976	148

A-101     Sampling Locations, November 13, 1976 	   151

A-102     Plume,  November 13, 1976	152

A-103     Temperature  and Dewpoint Soundings, 0716 MST,
          November 13,  1976	154

A-104     Sampling Locations, November 15, 1976 	   156

A-105     Plume,  November 15, 1976	157

A-106     Plume,  November 15, 1976	157

A-107     Sampling Locations, November 16, 1976 	   160

A-108     Plume,  November 16, 1976	161

A-109     Plume,  November 16, 1976	161
                                     xT

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                         LIST  OF  FIGURES  (Continued)
Number                                                               Page
A-110     Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0723 MST,
          November 16, 1976	162
A-lll     Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0840 MST,
          November 16, 1976	163
A-112     Sampling Locations,  November  17, 1976  	  166
A-113     Plume, November 17,  1976	167
A-114     Plume, November 17,  1976	167
A-115     Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0718 MST,
          November 17, 1976	168
A-116     Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0910 MST,
          November 17, 1976	169
A-117     Sampling Locations,  December  3, 1976   	  171
A-118     Plume, December 3, 1976	172
A-119     Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0740 MST,
          December 3, 1976	173
A-120     Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 1008 MST,
          December 3, 1976	174
A-121     Sampling Locations,  December  8, 1976   	  176
A-122     Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0744 MST,
          December 8, 1976	177
A-123     Temperature and Dewpoint Soundings, 0943 MST,
          December 8, 1976	178
  B-l     Example of First-Order  Linear Response  	  179
  B-2     Example of Second-Order Linear Response  	  179
  B-3     Response of a First-Order  Instrument to  a Gaussian
          Input	180
  B-4     Example of Exponential  Decay  for First-Order  Linear
          System	182

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                         LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Number                                                                Page
  D-l     Example of a Surface Reflection	187
  E-l     Equation (1) vs. Frequency	191
  E-2     Horizontal Dispersion Coefficients vs.  Downwind
          Distance	194
  E-3     Vertical Dispersion Coefficients Determined from Cross
          Sections vs. Downwind Distance  	   195
  E-4     Vertical Dispersion Coefficients  	   196
  E-5     a  Values Stratified by Wind Direction, Spirals 	   198
  E-6     a  Values Stratified by Wind Direction, Cross Sections   .  .   198
  E-7     a  Values Stratified by Wind Direction   	   199
  E-8     Topographical Cross Sections in the Vicinity of the
          Stack	200
  F-l     Location of Pibal Pads	203

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                               LIST  OF TABLES
Number                                                               Page
   1       Summary of Missions  	   7
   2      Source Characteristics   	  11
 A-l       Summary of Mission,  October 1,  1976	21
 A-2      Summary of Mission,  October 4,  1976	26
 A-3      Summary of Mission,  October 5,  1976	31
 A-4      Summary of Mission,  October 7,  1976	36
 A-5      Summary of Mission,  October 8,  1976	42
 A-6      Summary of Mission,  October 12, 1976	47
 A-7      Summary of Mission,  October 13, 1976	52
 A-8      Summary of Mission,  October 14, 1976	56
 A-9      Summary of Mission,  October 19, 1976	61
A-10      Summary of Mission,  October 20, 1976	67
A-ll      Summary of Mission,  October 21, 1976	72
A-12      Summary of Mission,  October 22, 1976	78
A-13      Summary of Mission,  October 26, 1976	84
A-14      Summary of Mission,  October 27, 1976	88
A-l5      Summary of Mission,  October 28, 1976	93
A-16      Summary of Mission,  October 29, 1976	98
A-17      Summary of Mission,  November  1, 1976  	  103
A-18      Summary of Mission,  November  3, 1976  	  108
A-19      Summary of Mission,  November  4, 1976  	  113
                                     xiv

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                         LIST OF TABLES  (Continued)
Number                                                               Page
A-20      Summary of Mission, November  5,  1976	119
A-21      Summary of Mission, November  8,  1976	123
A-22      Summary of Mission, November  9,  1976	127
A-23      Summary of Mission, November  10,  1976	132
A-24      Summary of Mission, November  11,  1976	138
A-25      Summary of Mission, November  12,  1976   	 143
A-26      Summary of Mission, November  13,  1976	149
A-27      Distance vs.  Observed SOo  Maximum	153
A-28      Distance vs.  a  (S02), Transect  (m)	153
A-29      Summary of Mission, November  15,  1976   	 155
A-30      Summary of Mission, November  16,  1976	158
A-31      Summary of Mission, November  17,  1976	164
A-32      Summary of Mission, December  3,  1976	170
A-33      Summary of Mission, December  8,  1976	175
 E-l      Values of R	190
 E-2      Table of Critical  Values of KS	192
 H-l      Times of Daylight  and Solar Elevation   	 206
 H-2      Key to Stability Categories	- ... 207
 J-l      Sulfur Dioxide Cylinder Histories  	 210
                                      xv

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                           LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
     AGL                 Above ground level
     BRKN                Broken (5/8 to 7/8  cloud cover)
     B   t               Total light scattering
     C                   Celsius
     CLM                 Calm winds
     EMSL-LV             Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-
                         Las Vegas
     EPA                 U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
     K                   Kelvin
     kg                  Kilogram
     km                  Ki1ometer
     m                   Meter
     min                 Minute
     MOD                 Monitoring Operations Division
     MSL                 Mean Sea Level
     MST                 Mountain Standard Time
     N                   Neutral
     OAT                 Outside Air Temperature
     OVC                 Overcast (8/8 cloud cover)
     ppm                 Parts per million
     s                   Seconds
     SCT                 Scattered (1/8 to 4/8 cloud cover)
     THN                 Thin (cloud layer less than opaque)
     TST                 True solar time
                                      xvi

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                            LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS
  yg                  Microgram
  Po                  Sea level  pressure (mb)
  rd                  Dry adiabatic lapse rate  (°C/m)
  R                   Gas constant
  S                   Stable
  i                   Time constant
  X.;                  Input concentration
  x                   Centerline concentration
  X  t                Output concentration
  a                   Horizontal  dispersion  coefficients
  a                   Vertical  dispersion coefficient
  X                   Obscured
  W                   Indefinite
  Z                   Height above ground
                                   xvn

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                                INTRODUCTION

     The State of Montana and The Anaconda Company have been monitoring air
quality in the locale of the Anaconda copper smelter for years using a
network of sulfur dioxide (S02) monitors.   Violations of the primary and
secondary S02 standards have been recorded.  The amount of control  required
has been estimated using a mathematical  dispersion model and the data from
the two monitoring networks.  The representativeness of the data from the
fixed network stations to portray maximum ambient concentrations has been
questioned on the basis of station locations.   In addition, the magnitude
and frequency of violations of the air quality standards projected  for
areas which have no monitoring stations  have been sharply debated.   The
mountainous area south and west of the smelter is of major concern.   The
probability that the plume will strike the ground in this area- is increased
because of the high ground elevations relative to the stack height.   No S02
monitors are located in these remote areas.

     In response to a request from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Regional Administrator for Region  VIII,  the Monitoring Operations
Division (MOD) of the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-
Las Vegas (EMSL-LV) conducted a field study between October 1, 1976 and
January 31, 1977, to characterize the plume of The Anaconda Company smelter
in Anaconda, Montana.  During the period October 1 to December 8, 1976, an
instrumented EMSL-LV helicopter was deployed to measure plume parameters
for comparison with model calculations.   The parameters of interest were
plume height, horizontal and vertical plume spread, and concentration of
S02 at the plume centerline and near points of surface contact.

     The helicopter-borne air quality monitoring system measured concentrations
of S02, nitric oxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, aerosol light scattering
(nephelometer), temperature, dewpoint, and location.  The S02 and nephelometer
data have been adjusted for instrument response times.

     A helicopter-transportable ground S02 monitor was developed and used
to measure S02 concentrations in remote areas impacted by the smelter
plume.  Double theodolite upper-level wind measurements were taken  over the
4-month period.  The results of the ground S02 measurements are contained
in an EMSL-LV report (van Ee, 1978).  The wind data are available at this
office.

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                                   SUMMARY

     The EMSL-LV conducted a field study between  October 1,  1976  and
January 31, 1977, to characterize the plume of The  Anaconda  Company copper
smelter in Anaconda, Montana.   During the period  October 1 to  December  8,
1976, an instrumented EMSL-LV  helicopter was deployed  to measure  plume
parameters for input to mathematical  models.  The parameters of  interest
included plume height-of-rise, horizontal and vertical  plume spread,  and
concentrations of S02 at the plume center!ine and near points  of  ground
contact for input to mathematical models.

     The helicopter-borne air quality monitoring  system measured  concentrations
of S02, nitric oxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone,  aerosol light scattering
(nephelometer), dewpoint and temperature, and location.  This  system  was
installed in a Sikorsky S-58 helicopter.  The S02 and  nephelometer data
have been adjusted to account for instrument response  times.

     In addition, a helicopter-transportable ground S02 monitor was developed
and was used to measure S02 concentrations  in remote areas  impacted by  the
smelter plume (van Ee 1978).  Double theodolite upper-level  wind  data were
obtained for the 4-month period and are on  file at  this office.

     Thirty-nine sampling missions were flown by  the S-58 during  the  field
study period.  Nine of these were aborted due to  instrument  malfunction,
aircraft problems, or adverse weather conditions.  The coefficient, a ,
determined from multiple transects through  the plume at a given  distance
for a given mission are shown in Figure 1.   Both  nephelometer  and S02 data
are reported.  As many as 19 transects are  represented by each point.  The
data are adjusted to a hypothetical 3-minute sampling  period.   The Pasquill-
Gifford-Turner (Turner, 1969)  dispersion coefficients  have been  included
for comparison.

     An attempt was initially made to separate the  stable and  neutral
stability cases as determined from temperature soundings.  Due to the
complexity of the terrain and other factors, such a stratification proved
to be insignificant.  Stratification of the data  was made based on wind
direction and the character of temperature inversions  (See Appendix E).

     The large scatter of the thermally stratified  dispersion  coefficients
suggests that the amount of turbulence associated with flows having various
velocities in this highly complex terrain is important in determining plume
dispersion.  For this reason, each set of observations is nearly unique and
should be treated as such when applying them to mathematical models.   The
least squares fit of all the data suggests that,  in general, more rapid

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             2.0    3.0       5.0    7.0  9.0
                  DOWNWIND DISTANCE (km)
Figure  1.  Horizontal  Diffusion Coefficients  vs. Distance.

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dilution than might be expected occurs near the stack.   This has  been
observed previously (Fanak and Turner, 1976).

     Figure 2 summarizes the vertical  dispersion coefficients,  a  ,  computed
from vertical cross sections of maximum concentrations.   Again, considerable
scatter is evident for the reasons given above.  A trend for rapid  initial
dilution in the vertical is noted.  No sampling time adjustment has been
made for the vertical  cross sections.   The average time required  to construct
a vertical cross section was 33 minutes.

     Figure 3 represents values of a  computed from soundings cf  the plume
made by flying tight spirals through the plume at known distances from the
stack.  On the average, 3.37 minutes were required to complete each maneuver.
The least squares regression line once again suggests rapid initial dilution
with little further dilution in the vertical at greater distances.

     Table 1 presents  a summary of the missions flown.   The predominant
stability near stack height (S = stable and N = neutral), the status of the
S02 and nephelometer instruments and the type of data collected,  i.e.,
plume center!ine height, a , a  by means of cross sections, a  by means of
spirals and upper level winds are given.

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    400


    300

    250

    200


_ 150
£


£  100
g   90
co   80
g   70
°   60

bN   50

     40


     30

     25

     20


     15



     10
        i   i  i
                                                                LEAST
                                                                SQUARES
                                                                FIT
                                                         STABLE
                                                         NEUTRAL
j	I
       0.80.91.0       1.5    2.0   2.5 3.0    4.0   5.0  6.07.08.09.010.0

                             DOWNWIND DISTANCE (km)
Figure 2.  Vertical  Diffusion Coefficients (Cross  Sections)  vs.  Distance.

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   500

   400

   300
   250

   200

   150
co 100
I  90
51  80
r/3
    70
. N
°   60

    50
    30
    25

    20

    15


    10
A STABLE
• NEUTRAL
  i   i  i
       1.0      1.5      2    2.5   3     4     5    6  7  8  9 10
                          DOWNWIND DISTANCE (km)
  Figure 3.  Vertical  Diffusion Coefficients (Spirals)  vs.  Distance.

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                 10
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                               RECOMMENDATIONS

     •  That the complexity of the terrain in the vicinity of the smelter
be characterized and an attempt be made to correlate terrain to plume
dispersion.

     •  That a permanent S02 monitoring station be placed on the elevated
terrain to the southwest of the smoke stack.

     •  That all of the upper level wind data be analyzed for persistence
and frequency.  That these data be analyzed for directional  and vertical
wind shear and some attempt be made to establish correlative properties to
plume dispersion.

     •  That the frequently observed downwash conditions be investigated
and reported on separately.

     •  That a statistical investigation be made of the data in an attempt
to optimize helicopter plume sampling techniques.

-------
                     DESCRIPTION OF THE ANACONDA SMELTER

     The Anaconda smelter is a primary copper smelter.   It produces copper
anodes from concentrates of sulfide ores, leached precipitates,  and scrap.

     At the time of the plume study, the smelter was operating 24 hours per
day, seven days per week, with operations interrupted occasionally for
maintenance.  Production for this period (October 1976 through February 1977)
averaged approximately 560 tons of anode copper per day.  Smelting was
accomplished by a reverberatory furnace (receiving approximately 20 percent
of copper feed) and a fluid bed roaster - electric furnace (receiving approxi-
mately 80 percent of the copper feed).  Matte from the two furnace systems
was converted to blister copper by blowing in Pierce-Smith converters.
Blister copper from the converters was then refined in gas-fired furnaces and
then cast into anodes.  Figure 4 is a block diagram which shows  the operation
and flue gas flows.

     The sulfur charging rate into the smelter averaged approximately
5.5 x lo= kg per day during the study period.  Small amounts of sulfur left
the smelter in the slag, as fugitive emissions and as SO  emissions from the
acid plant stack.  The large majority of sulfur was emitted as S02 in flue
gas.  The flue system conveyed most of these gases to the main stack except
for a small amount which was diverted into the acid plant when this unit
was operating.  Most of the flue gas diverted into the acid plant came from
the flow from the converter hoods.  When the acid plant was operating, the
volume diverted was approximately 34 m3/s.  The actual  sulfur intake varied
with the S02 content of the flue gas.  The average intake of sulfur into the
acid plant was approximately 3,270 kg/hr.
                                      10

-------
                      TABLE 2.   SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS1
     Source:                  Main Stack
     Stack Height:             178 m,  the stack is  on  a  hill  203 m  above
                              the valley floor to  the east.
     Stack Diameter:           18.3 m
     Exit Velocity2:           1.92 to 2.52 m/s
     Flow Rate3:               505 to  661 m3/s
     Exit Temperature4:        337 to  370° K
     S02 Emission Rate:        0.86 to 10.83 kg/s
     Stack          5
       Concentration  :         1.7 x lo6  to 16.4 x  lo6 yg/m3

 Information furnished  by Region VIII, U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency.
2
 Based on stack area  and flow rate.
Measured at 1000 MST daily.
4
 Measured 41.14 m below stack top.
5
 Based on exit velocity and emission  rates.
                                      11

-------
   CONCENTRATES
       AND      CONCENTRATE SLURRY
    PRECIPITATES
              FLUX
                      FLUE
   REVERBERATORY
      FURNACE
REVERTS
                   GAS
                     CONVERTORS
                                        ROASTER
                                ELECTRIC
                                FURNACE
*                   t      	I    ^*
          f MATTE   MATTE SLAG
	-> SLAG j | j   P^	'
                                FLUE GAS
              BLISTER COPPER
                                                                                           S(SO,|
                                                                                      STACK
MAIN FLUE
                                                                 FLUE GAS TO
                                                                 AGIO PLANT
                                                                          BAGHOUSE
                   Figure  4.   Smelting Process,  Anaconda,  Montana.
                                                12

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                DESCRIPTION OF DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING

     A Sikorsky S-58 helicopter was used for in-plume measurements (See
Figure 5).  Its sampling speed was 60 knots (KTS), its cruising range was
approximately 4 hours and its operational ceiling was approximately 2750 m
mean sea level (MSL).  The helicopter was instrumented to measure the follow-
ing parameters (instrument designation):  ozone (Rem 216 B), nitric oxide
and oxides of nitrogen (Monitor Labs ML8440)* and sulfur dioxide (TECO-43).
Aerosol light scattering was measured with an integrating nephelometer,
Bscat' ^MRI 1550).  Measurements were also made of temperature and dewpoint,
(Cambridge CS-137), position (Collins DME-40) and altitude (Computer Instru-
ments Corporation 8000).   Position was determined by continuous triangulation
using two air navigation beacons.  In addition, magnetic heading was recorded.
Figure 6 is a block diagram of the instrument package.  Analog and digital
voltages were processed by a data acquisition system (Monitor Labs ML 7200)
at a selected rate of scan either 1 or 2 seconds.

     The data system converts the output voltages to BCD characters recorded
on 7-track magnetic tape (Cipher 70).  The magnetic tape was then processed  by
a digital computer and a printout of calibrated engineering units was obtained.
In addition, any four analog outputs could be recorded on a strip chart
recorder.  Calibration procedures are described in Appendix 0.

     In addition to the routine adjustments that were applied to output data
based on calibration and span of the instruments, two other considerations
were made when processing the data.  These were instrument response and
averaging times.  A complete description of the data adjustment for instru-
ment response may be found in Appendix B and for sampling time in Appendix C.
Plume parameters and horizontal and vertical dispersion coefficients were
determined by application of the method of moments as outlined in Appendix D.

     The following types of missions were flown:

     1.  Flights to dimensionalize the plumes.  These consisted of tight
spiral descents through the plume at known distances from the stack to
determine the vertical extent of the plume and the height of the plume
centerline.  These were immediately followed by one or more transects at
centerline height to measure the plume's lateral extent and to determine
*A1though 03, NO and NO  were measured, no measurable amounts of oxides  of
                       /\
 nitrogen, and no significant 03 deficiency was noted within the plume.
                                      13

-------
the centerline concentration.  This technique is preferable for the more
unstable or very stable conditions as it takes less time than the other
maneuvers.  It is also more applicable at greater distances where the diameter
of the spiral would not introduce as large a proportional  variation in the
distance from the stack.

     2.  Helicopter flights to obtain data with which to construct vertical
cross sections of the plume.  These flights consisted of a series of transects
through the plume, normal to the wind flow and over a given path, at incremented
altitudes (usually 30 m) in order to determine the horizontal and vertical
distribution of the various pollutants.

     3.  Low altitude helicopter measurements to determine near ground level
concentrations of S02 during the periods when the plume was observed impacting
upon the surface.
                     Figure 5.  Sikorsky S-58 helicopter.
                                      14

-------
MONITOR LABS

   NOX

    NO
                TECO
                 SO?
    REM
               RECORDER
            SELECTOR PANEL
             STRIP CHART
              RECORDERS
 MONITOR LABS
DATA ACQUISITION
   SYSTEM
                                           CIPHER
                                          MAG TAPE
                             MRI
                         NEPHELOMETER
ALTIMETER
                    Figure 6.   Helicopter Instrumentation.
                                           15

-------
                                 REFERENCES

The Anaconda Company, "Calculations of Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations
     Resulting from Anaconda Reduction Works," Environmental  Engineering  Dept.,
     Butler, Montana, 1971.

Bowne, N.E.  "Diffusion Rates."   Journal  of the Air Pollution Control
     Association, 4(9):  832-835, 1974.

Fanak, F.H., and Turner, H.E.   "Plume Dispersion from the Sudbury Tall  Stack."
     In Proceeding of the Seventh Annual  International  Techniques Meeting on
     Air Pollution Modeling  and  its Application, Airlie,  Virginia,  September  7-10,
     1976.

Liu, Mei-Kao, and Durran, D.  "On the Prescription of the Vertical  Dispersion
     Coefficient and Complex Terrain."  In:  Proceedings  of Joint Conference
     on Applications on Air  Pollution Meteorology, Salt Lake City,  Utah,
     1977.

Middletown, W.E.K. and Spilhaus, A.F., Meteorological Instruments.   University
     of Toronta Press, Toronto,  Canada,  1953.

O'Boyle, C.J., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII, 1977.

Pasquill, E.  Atmospheric Diffusion, Chapter 4, D. Van Nostrand,  London,
     England, 1962.

Thyer, N., Journal of Applied Meteorology,  "Double Theodolite Pibal Evaluation
     by Computer," pp. 66-68,  American Meteorology Society, Boston, Massachusets,
     March 1962.

Start, G.E., Dickson, C.R. and Wendell,  L.L. "Diffusion in a Canyon Within
     Rough Mountainous Terrain."  Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol.  14,
     April, 1975.

Turner, D.B., Workbook of Atmospheric Diffusion Estimates. U.S.  Environmental
     Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, 6th Printing, No. AP-26,
     Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1973.

van Ee, J.J., "Ground-Based Sulfur Dioxide Measurements Within a  Copper Smelter
     Plumo, Anaconda, Montana,"  (undergoing pre-publication processing) U.S.
     Er.,ironmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support
     Lai.'C--- '"-dry, Las Vegas,  Nevada, 1978.
                                      16

-------
Whaly, H.  and Lee, G.K.   "Plume Dispersion in a Mountainous River Valley during
     Spring."  Journal  of the Air Pollution Central  Association.  4(10):   1001-
     1005, 1977.

Wylie, C.R., Jr., Advanced Engineering Mathematics,  2nd Edition,  McGraw Hill
     Book Company, New York, i960.
                                      17

-------
             APPENDIX A.   DESCRIPTIONS AND RESULTS  OF FLIGHTS

     Included in this appendix are descriptions  of  each flight,  a summary
of the results of each flight, a map showing the location of sampling,
photographs of the plume, and temperature (OAT)  and dewpoint (DPT) profiles.
Included with the temperature profiles are stack height and the  dry adiabatic
lapse rate, r ..   Heights  are given in meters above  mean sea level (m MSL).
Measurements were made of both S02 and particulate  distribution  (Bscat\.
Omissions indicate that the data are not available.
                                       18

-------
     The following format is followed for each flight.

     1.   Weather observations:  taken by FAA personnel at the Silver Bow
County Airport, Butte, Montana.  The following data are presented.

          a.   Time (MST)
          b.   Cloud Height (hundreds of feet above surface) HI indicates
               cirroform clouds
          c.   Cloud cover
          d.   Wind direction (direction wind blowing from, degrees true
               north)
          e.   Wind speed (knots)

     The following abbreviations are used:

          a.   CLR = clear (less than 1/8 cloud cover)
          b.   SCT = scattered (1/8 to 4/8 cloud cover)
          c.   BRKN = broken (5/8 to 7/8 cloud cover)
          d.   OVC = overcast (8/8 cloud cover)
          e.   THN = thin
          f.   CLM = calm wind

     2.   Plant emissions, SC^:  Time (MST) followed by S02 emissions in
micrograms per seconds (yg/s).
     3.   Centerline height/distance/concentration:  Height of plume center-
line (m MSL)/distance from the stack (km)/concentration at plume centerline,
SOp (ppm).
     4.   Three-minute a :  Average value or a  adjusted to a 3-minute sampling
period obtained by making one or more transects through the plume at a given
distance from the stack.  This is followed by the type  of instrument used:
B   ,  or SOp.  The following format is used:
          Average values of 0 (m)/standard deviation of the a s(m)/number of
                             J                               -j
measurements considered in determining the average/distance from the stack
(km).
                                      19

-------
     5.   a  values as determined from cross sections (m)/time required to
construct cross section (minutes)/distance from the stack (km).
     6.   az values as determined from spirals through the plume.   The format
is the same as #5.
     7.   Winds aloft as determined from pibal measurements.   The  following
format was used:  Time (MST)/height (m MSL)/direction (True North)/speed
(m/s).
                                      20

-------
October 1, 1976                   0724-0940 MST

     Stable conditions were noted at stack height throughout the mission.
Spirals were made through the plume at 2.7 km from the stack.   These were
followed by transects through the plume at the height  of  plume  centerline.
The S02 instrument was not operational.   No wind measurements were made.

                                  TABLE A-l
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION,  OCTOBER 1,  1976

1.     Butte Weather:  0800  150 SCT  130/03
                       1100  150 THN SCT  330/03
2.     Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:   =^2200 m  MSL/ 2.7 km/—
3.     Three-minute a , Bscat:  143 m/ 25 m/ 3 cases/  2.7 km
4.     a , Spiral, B,.^.:       112 m/ 4.2 min/ 2.7 km
        z           scai.
                                67 m/ 3.8 min/ 2.7  km
                                54 m/ 2.0 min/ 2.7  km
                                74 m/ 3.0 min/ 2.7  km
                                74 m/ 3.8 min/ 2.7  km
                                151  m/ 5.2 min/ 2.7 km
                                100 m/ 4.2 min/ 2.7 km
                                80 m/ 3.3 min/ 2.7  km
                                82 m/ 4.6 min/ 2.7  km
                                105 m/ 3.7 min/ 2.7 km
                                      21

-------
Figure A-l.   Sampling  Locations,  October  1,  1976.
                        22

-------
Figure A-2.   Plume,  October  1,  1976.
                  23

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October 4, 1976                  0623-0827 MST

     Neutral conditions were observed throughout the mission (Figures A-7
and A-8).  Spirals and transects were performed at 2.5 and 5.8 km
(Figure A-5).  The SOp instrument was not operational.

                                  TABLE A-2
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 4, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0550      50 OVC   320/05
                     0855      50 SCT   150 SCT   300/10
2.   Three-minute a ,  B   .:   88 m/ 34 m/ 3 cases/ 2.5 km
                             453 m/ 113 m/ 3 cases/ 5.8 km
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  =1911 m/ 2.5 km/ —
4.   oz, Spiral, B$cat:     168 m/ 6.0 min/ 2.5 km
                            108 m/ 4.6 min/ 2.5 km
                            151 m/ 5.0 min/ 2.5 km
                             92 m/ 4.7 min/ 2.5 km
                             89 m/ 3.0 min/ 2.5 km
                             96 m/ 5.2 min/ 5.8 km
                             51 m/ 3.0 min/ 5.8 km
                            118 m/ 7.2 min/ 5.8 km
                             60 m/ 4.1 min/ 5.8 km
                            106 m/ 4.1 min/ 5.8 km
                                      26

-------
                                    TRANSECTS
                                            TRANSECT
                                            SPIRALS
                                                        r^
Figure A-5.  Sampling Locations^  October 4, 1976.
                      27

-------
Figure A-6.   Plume,  October  4,  1976.
                 28

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October 5, 1976                   0556-0823 MST

     Stable conditions were observed throughout the sampling period.   The
S02 instrument was not operational.   Spirals and transects were made  through
the plume at various altitudes 3.0 km from the stack.

                                  TABLE A-3
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 5,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:   0550  W10X*        150/05
                      0850  100 BRKN     CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   0600-0700     10.7 X 109  yg/s
                             0700-0800     12.7 X 109  yg/s
                             0800-0900     10.7 X 109  yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2042 m/ 3.0 km/ ~
4.   Three-minute a , Bp/, .:   290 m/ 90 m/ 7 cases/ 3.0 km
                   y   sea L
5.   oz, Spiral, Bscat:       107 m/ 3.0 min/ 3.0 km
                               81 m/ 1.5 min/ 3.0 km
6.   Winds Aloft:   Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)    Speed (m/s)
                      0758           1950           244              3
                                     2040           246              3
                      0829           1950           229              5
                                     2040           229              5
* Indefinite, 1000 ft.  obscured.
                                      31

-------
Figure A-9.   Sampling Locations,  October 5,  1976.
                         32

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Figure A-10.   Plume,  October  5,  1976.
                  33

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-------
October 7, 1976                 0619-0826  MST

     Clear skies, light winds and stable conditions were  noted  throughout
the sampling period (Figures  A-15 and  A-16).   Multiple  spirals  followed
by traverses at the height of the plume centerline were made  at 1.5  and
4.4 km east-southeast of the  stack (Figure A-13).

                                  TABLE A-4
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 7, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:     0654      CLR      CLM
                        0955      CLR      CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02: 0600-0700    10.2  X 109 yg/s
                           0700-0800      9.4  X 109 yg/s
                           0800-0900    12.4  X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2250  m/ 1.5 km/  20.5 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:    359 m/ 112 m/ 3  cases/  1.5  km
                              575 m/ 91 m/ 6 cases/ 4.4 km
     Three-minute a , B  ..:   299 m/ 47 m/ 3 cases/ 1.5 km
                   y   scat
                              556 m/ 74 m/ 6 cases/ 4.4 km
5.   az, Spiral, S02:         59 m/ 3.5 min/ 1.5 km
                              38 m/ 3.5 min/ 1.5 km
                              40 m/ 3.0 min/ 1.5 km
                              65 m/ 4.3 min/ 4.4 km
                              60 m/ 4.0 min/ 4.4 km
                              61 m/ 1.2 min/ 4.4 km
6.   a , Spiral, B   ./.       45 m/ 1.3 min/ 1.5 km
                              66 m/ 3.5 min/ 1.5 km
                              41 m/ 3.5 min/ 1.5 km
                              70 m/ 3.3 min/ 4.4 km
                              68 m/ 2.6 min/ 4.4 km
                              61 m/ 1.3 min/ 4.4 km
                              55 m/ 0.9 min/ 4.4 km
                              63 m/ 4.0 min/ 4.4 km
                                       36

-------
7.     Winds Aloft:   Time (MST)    Height  (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/s)
                       0725          1950              046             5
                                     2250              307             6
                       0755          1950              051             3
                       0825          1950              023             6
                                     2250              020             7
                       0855          1950              055             4
                                     2250              315             1
                                       37

-------
Figure A-13.   Sampling Locations,  October  7,  1976.
                         38

-------
Figure
       A_14.   Plume,  October 7, 1976.
                    39

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October 8, 1976                    0624-0856 MST

     Clear skies and stable conditions were observed during  the mission.
Multiple spirals and transects were made at 1.5 and 3.7 km east of the
stack.

                                  TABLE A-5
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 8,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:    0556        CLR        CLM
                       0850        CLR        080/04
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:    0600-0700    12.2 X 109 ug/s
                              0700-0800     5.8 X 109 yg/s
3.   Center!ine Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  -2200 m/ 1.5 km/ 3.3 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02*.    471 m/ 126 m/ 3 cases/ 1.5 km
                              346 m/ 67 m/ 4 cases/ 3.7 km
     Three-minute a. B__ .:  503 m/ 100 m/ 3 cases/ 1.5 km
                   y   sea t
                              259 m/ 71 m/ 2 cases/ 3.7 km
5.   az, Spiral, S02:         43 m/ 3.8 min/ 1.5 km
                              63 m/ 5.5 min/ 1.5 km
                              49 m/ 3.0 min/ 1.5 km
                              83 m/ 3.6 min/ 1.5 km
                             122 m/ 4.3 min/ 1.5 km
                              97 m/ 4.5 min/ 1.5 km
                             102 m/ 5.0 min/ 3.7 km
                              72 m/ 4.5 min/ 3.7 km
                              75 m/ 2.7 min/ 3.7 km
                              55 m/ 3.4 min/ 3.7 km
6.   az, Spiral, B   t:       55 m/ 4.0 min/ 1.5 km
                              73 m/ 5.0 min/ 1.5 km
                              78 m/ 4.0 min/ 1.5 km
                              55 m/ 2.0 min/ 1.5 km
                              57 m/ 2.7 min/ 3.7 km
                              52 m/ 3.4 min/ 3.7 km
                                      42

-------
7.    Winds Aloft:  Time  (MST)
                      0725

                      0755

                      0825

                      0855
Height (m MSL)
    1950
    2010
    1950
    2010
    1950
    2010
    1950
    2010
Direction (°)
    228
    232
    229
    226
    224
    225
    229
    234
Speed (m/s)
   7
   6
   9
   8
   9
   9
   8
   6

                                     '•<;:/&-y..;vSi^e:  . . '"«$
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                     Figure A-17.   Plume,  October 8,  1976.
                                        43

-------
Figure A-18.   Sampling  Locations,  October 8,  1976.
                       44

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October 12, 1976                 0645-0839 MST

     Stable conditions were replaced by neutral  conditions during the
mission.  Transects were made at various altitudes 2.7 km northeast of the
stack (Figure A-21).

                                  TABLE A-6
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 12, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:    0550       CLR       150/03
                       0950    200 BRKN     360/04
2.   Plant Emissions, SO^:  Not available.
3.   Center!ine Height/ Distance/ Concentration:   1859 m/ 2.7 km/ 3.9 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:   511 m/ 206 m/ 5 cases/ 2.7 km
     Three-minute a , Bscat:  532 m/ 217 m/ 5 cases 2.7 km
5.   CTZ, Spiral, S02:        85 m/ 2.1 min/ 2.7  km
                             99 m/ 5.0 min/ 2.7  km
                            120 m/ 8.5 min/ 2.7  km
6.   az, Spiral, Bscat:      48 m/ 0.7 min/ 2.7  km
7.   Winds Aloft:   Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)    Direction (°)    Speed (m/s)
                      0730           1860             243              4
                                     1950             256              3
                      0800           1860             251              4
                                     1950             256              3
                      0900           1860             225              8
                                     1950             228              6
                                     47

-------
Figure A-21.   Sampling  Locations, October 12, 1976.
                        48

-------
Figure A-22.   Plume,  October  12,  1976.
                   49

-------
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    ENDING  CLOCK  TIME  065340
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   OflT  (tC)
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  Figure A-23.  Temperature Sounding, 0645 MST, October 12, 1976.


                   50

-------
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    ENDING CLOCK  TIME  083919
  .00
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 Figure A-24. Temperature Sounding, 0834 MST, October 12, 1976.


                  51

-------
October 13, 1976
                             0638-0835 MST
     Stable conditions produced a  fanning  plume  (Figure  A-27  and A-28).
Multiple spirals, each followed by two traverses  at  the  height  of  the center-
line were made at 2.3 and 6.6 km.

                                  TABLE A-7
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER  13,  1976
     Butte Weather:
2.
3.
4.
5.
Plant Emissions, SO^:
Three-minute a , S02:
     Three-minute a ,
                       scat
    Spiral, SO
    Spiral, B
                  scat'
     Winds Aloft:
   0551     150 SCT     160/04
   0850     150 SCT   200 OVC   060/03
   S00:  Not available.
            489 m/ 139 m/ 5 cases/  2.3 km
            651 m/ 119 m/ 4 cases/  6.6 km
            510 m/ 116m/ 6 cases/  2.3 km
            645 m/ 258 m/ 4 cases/  6.6 km
            150 m/ 5.5 min/ 2.3 km
            143 m/ 3.8 min/ 2.3 km
            110 m/ 5.0 min/ 2.3 km
            140 m/ 3.9 min/ 2.3 km
            115 m/ 2.5 min/ 2.3 km
            125 m/ 3.2 min/ 6.6 km
            115 m/ 3.2 min/ 6.6 km
Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)
  0730          1950             250
                2100             260
  0800          1950             230
                2100             287
  0830          1950             269
                2100             305
                                                            Speed (m/s)
                                                                4
                                                                5
                                                                3
                                                                1
                                                                2
                                                                2
                                      52

-------
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                                   NM
Figure A-25.  Sampling Locations,  October  13, 1976.
                       53

-------
Figure A-26.   Plume,  October 13,  1976.
                 54

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October 14, 1976               063-0819 MST

     Neutral conditions  were observed  at  and  above stack height with a
stable layer below at the start of  the mission  (Figure A-30).  North-
northeasterly flow was bringing the plume over  the saddle approximately
1.5 km south-southwest of the stack.   Impaction was occurring  in the vortex
that had formed to the lee of the saddle, approximately 1.7  km from the
stack.  Moderate to severe turbulence  was experienced.  Spirals were made
over the saddle and over the area of fmpaction.   S02  concentrations of
0.4 ppm were measured within 30 m of the  saddle and 0.6 ppm  as low as
15 m above the impaction area.   At  approximately  0715 MST, the wind shifted
and the plume was advected over the valley to the east of the  stack.

                                 TABLE A-8
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 14, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:   0554     CLR     130/05
                      0850     CLR     360/07
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   0600-0700 11.4  X  109 yg/s
                             0700-0800   6.2  X  109 yg/s
                             0800-0900 12.2  X  109 yg/s
3.   o , Spiral, S02:         87 m/ 5.0 min/  1.5  km
                              83 m/ 1.8 min/  1.7  km
                             122 m/ 4.3 min/  1.5  km
4.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)    Direction  (°)  Speed  (m/s)
                     0730            1770            010            6
                                     1950            022            4
                     0800            1770            346            8
                                     1950            356            3
                                      56

-------
Figure A-28.   Sampling  Locations,  October 14,  1976
                           57

-------
Figure A-29.   Plume,  October 14,  1976.
                   58

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October 15, 1976

     No data were collected on this date.   However,  Figure A-31  is  included
in this report as an example of extreme fanning under stable conditions.
Mechanical turbulence can be noted in this weak stable flow.
                    Figure A-31.   Plume,  October  15,  1976.
                                     60

-------
October 19, 1976                    0629-0851  MST

     This flight was conducted under clear skies, light winds  and stable
conditions (Figures A-34 and A-35).   One spiral  was  made 1.5 km northeast of
the stack.  This was followed by 12  transects  at altitudes  ranging from 2040
to 2070 m MSL.  A single spiral, followed by two traverses,  was made 2.5 km
northeast of the stack.   The wind then shifted and five spirals each followed
by two traverses at the indicated height of the centerline  were made 3.8 km
southeast of the stack (Figure A-32).   Figure  A-33 was  taken near the end of
the mission.

                                  TABLE A-9
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 19,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:    0550     CLR      150/05
                       0850     CLR       CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:    0600-0700    9.9  X 109  yg/s
                             0700-0800    4.8  X 109  yg/s
                             0800-0900    8.2  X 109  yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2075  m/ 1.5  km/ 25.7 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , SO,,:   143 m/ 40 m/ 11 cases/ 1.5  km
                            212 m/ 58 m/ 2 cases/ 2.5 km
                            334 m/ 115 m/ 10 cases/  3.8 km
5.   a , Spiral, SO^:        47 m/ 1.7 min/ 1.5 km
                             56 m/ 3.0 min/ 2.5 km
                             60 m/ 3.0 min/ 3.8 km
                             32 m/ 2.5 min/ 3.8 km
                             58 m/ 3.0 min/ 3.8 km
                             48 m/ 3.0 min/ 3.8 km
                             63 m/ 4.0 min/ 3.8 km
                                      61

-------
6.  oz, Spiral, Bscat:   44 m/ 2.5 min/ 3.8 km
                         53 m/ 3.0 mtn/ 3.8 km
                         61 m/ 3.0 mtn/ 3.8 km
                         50 m/ 3.0 min/ 3.8 km
7.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/s)
                      0730         1950            336              1
                                   2020            206              6
                                       62

-------
Figure A-32.   Sampling  Locations,  October  19,  1976.
                        63

-------
Figure A-33.   Plume,  October 19,  1976.
                  64

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-------
October 20, 1976                  0904-1122 MST

     Stable conditions persisted throughout the sampling period (Figures A-37
and A-38).  Multiple transects were made through the plume at the approximate
center!ine height at 1.6 km.  Multiple spirals were made through the plume at
4.8 km.  Each was followed by two traverses at the height of plume centerline
(Figure A-36).

                                TABLE A-10
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 20, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:      0850     CLR     130/03
                        1150     CLR     290/05
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:    0930-1030    15.8 X 109 vg/s
                              1030-1130    10.2 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2000 m/ 4.8 km/ 9.5 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:   301 m/ 51 m/ 12 cases/ 1.6 km
                             320 m/ 87 m/ 10 cases/ 4.8 km
     Three-minute a , Bsc£(t: 328 m/ 39 m/ 12 cases/ 1.6 km
                             315 m/ 47 m/ 10 cases/ 4.8 km
5.   az, Spiral, S02:         37 m/ 2.0 min/ 1.6 km
                              50 m/ 3.0 min/ 4.8 km
                              38 m/ 1.8 min/ 4.8 km
                              62 m/ 2.9 min/ 4.8 km
                              61 m/ 1.9 min/ 4.8 km
                              24 m/ 1.2 min/ 4.8 km
                              23 m/ 3.2 min/ 4.8 km
6.   az, Spiral, Bscat:       58 m/ 3.0 min/ 4.8 km
                              29 m/ 1.8 min/ 4.8 km
                              61 m/ 2.9 min/ 4.8 km
                              55 m/ 1.9 min/ 4.8 km
                              24 m/ 1.2 min/ 4.8 km
                                    67

-------
7.    Winds Aloft:   Time  (MST)   Height On MSL}   Direction (°)   Speed On/s)
                      0730         1950              237             3
                      0800         1950              218             5
                      0830         1950              245             8
                      0900         1950              237             4
                      0930         1950              259             4
                      1030         1950              031            11
                      1100         1950              145             5
                      1130         1950              225             4
                                     68

-------
Figure A-36.   Sampling Locations,  October 20, 1976.



                         69

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October 21, 1976                  0658-0838 MST

     Initially, stable conditions existed to approximately 2300 m MSL  with
near neutral conditions above (Figure A-42).  By 0838 MST, near neutral
conditions existed from 1900 to 2700 m MSL, while a stable layer existed
between 1800 and 1900 m MSL.  The plume was fanning at the beginning of  the
mission (Figure A-40).  Later, the plume was lofted into the near neutral
layer above 1900 m MSL (Figure A-41).

                                TABLE A-11
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 21, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:   0550    CLR    150/03
                      0850   200 THN BRKN   CLM
2.   Plant Emissions:   0600-0700   13.5 X 109 yg/s
                        0700-0800   13.5 X 109 yg/s
                        0800-0900   18.2 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2316 m/ 1.6 km/ 46.2 ppm
4.   Three-minute o , S02:    279 m/ 106 m/ 18 cases/ 1.6 km
                              491 m/ 70 m/ 6 cases/ 6.4 km
     Three-minute a , Bscat:  298 m/ 111 m/ 19 cases/ 1.6 km
                              485 m/ 54 m/ 6 cases/ 6.4 km
5.   02, Spiral, S02:          95 m/ 4.3 min/ 6.4 km
                               72 m/ 3.3 min/ 6.4 km
                               49 m/ 3.2 min/ 6.4 km
     az, Spiral, Bscat:       100 m/ 4.3 min/ 6.4 km
                               85 m/ 3.3 min/ 6.4 km
                               50 m/ 3.2 min/ 6.4 km
6.   az, Cross Section, SO,,:   70 m/ 53 min/ 1.6 km
     a  , Cross Section, B    .: 76 m/ 53 min/ 1.6 km
                                      72

-------
7.   Winds Aloft:  Time  (MST)    Height Cm MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed
                       r\—t n *-v           t *\ t- »-s            s\*\ ^            y"»
                      0740           1950            233            2
                      0810           1950            249            4
                      0840           1950            249            6
                      0940           1950            229            5
                                     2310            246            9
                                       73

-------
Figure A-39.   Sampling Locations,  October 21,  1976.
                          74

-------

Figure A-40.   Plume,  October 21,  1976.
Figure A-41.  Plume, October 21, 1976.
                   75

-------
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                     77

-------
October 22, 1976                  0816-1035 MST

     Stable conditions associated with a radiation inversion were observed
near the stack height throughout the mission.   A near-neutral  layer was
immediately above the tope of the stack (Figures A-46 and A-47).   These
conditions resulted in a lofted plume (Figure A-45).   Multiple transects were
made 3.0 km northeast of the stack in order to construct a cross  section of
the plume.  Multiple spirals followed by transects at centerline  height  were
made 5.0 km northeast of the stack.

                                TABLE A-12
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 22, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:   0555    CLR    160/03
                      0850    CLR     CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   0700-0800   13.0 X 109 yg/s
                             0800-0900   15.1 X 109 yg/s
                             0900-1000   16.1 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2714 m/ 3.0 km/ 5.5 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02*.    336 m/ 112 m/ 9 cases/ 3.0 km
                              340 m/ 38 m/ 6 cases/ 5.0 km
     ihree-minute a. , B,.,.:  361 m/ 187 m/ 9 cases/ 3.0 km
                   y   scat
                              358 m/ 62 m/ 6 cases/ 5.0 km
5.   az, Spiral, Bscat:       41 m/ 2.7 min/ 5.0 km
6.   az, Cross Section, Bg  ,:  139 m/ 39 mfn/ 3.0 km
                                      78

-------
7.   Winds Aloft:   Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/s)
0740

0810

0840

0910

0940

1010

1950
2520
1950
2520
1950
2520
1950
2520
1950
2520
1950
2520
216
251
214
273
222
262
211
253
211
266
209
259
5
3
4
3
3
4
4
3
4
6
9
5
                                      79

-------
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Figure A-44.  Sampling Locations, October 21, 1976.
                         80

-------
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Figure A-45.  Plume, October 22, 1976.
                  81

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October 26, 1976                   0650-0850 MST

     Neutral conditions were observed (Figure A-50).   A cross  section was
constructed 1.4 km east of the stack.  In addition,  multiple spirals, each
followed by two transects at plume centerline height,  were conducted 5.3 km
southeast of the stack (Figure A-48).

                                TABLE A-13
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 26,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:   0553   50   BRKN   120/04
                      0850   80    SCT    CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   0630-0730   9.1 X 109  yg/s
                             0730-0830   9.7 X 109  yg/s
                             0830-0930   5.8 X 109  yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  =2100 m/ 1.4 km/ 19/ 1 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , SO^:    151 m/ 90 m/ 4 cases/ 1.4 km
                              289 m/ 90 m/ 9 cases/ 5.3 km
     Three-minute a , Be.at:  143 m/ 107 m/ 4 cases/ 1.4 km
                   y   scat
5.   az, Spiral, S02:         75 m/ 3.0 min/ 5.3 km
                              65 m/ 2.3 min/ 5.3 km
                              94 m/ 3.8 min/ 5.3 km
                              81 m/ 5.5 min/ 5.3 km
                              65 m/ 2.3 min/ 5.3 km
6.   a , Spiral, B   t:       64 m/ 2.3 min/ 5.3 km
                              61 m/ 2.3 min/ 5.3 km
                              84 m/ 3.8 min/ 5.3 km
                                      84

-------
Figure A-48.   Sampling Locations,  October 26,  1976,
                        85

-------
7.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)
                     0745

                     0849
Height (m MSL}
  1950
  2100
  1950
  2100
Direction (°)
  299
  299
  315
  304
Speed (m/s)
   7
   9
   5
   7
                    Figure A-49.  Plume, October 26, 1976.
                                      86

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-------
October 27, 1976                    0614-0805 MST

     Stable conditions were observed near the stack height throughout the
mission (Figures A-53 and A-54).   An abortive attempt was made to construct
a cross section 19 km northeast of the stack.  A cross section was constructed
3.4 km east northeast of the stack (Figure A-51).

                                  TABLE A-14
                     SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 27, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:   0555    CLR    160/03
                      0850    CLR     CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   0630-0730   14.0 X 109 yg/s
                             0730-0830    6.6 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2256 m/ 3.4 km/ 2.6 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:       514 m/167 m/13 cases/3.4 km
5.   Three-minute a, , B,.,,,^:     471 m/141 m/9 cases/3.4 km
                   y   SCaL
6.   a , Cross Section, B   .:   117 m/42 min/3.4 km
7.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/s)
                     0745           1950            240              5
                                    2250            269              7
                     0815           1950            236              3
                                    2250            288              6
                                     88

-------
                          1  1/2  0
Figure A-51.  Sampling Locations, October 27, 1976.
                         89

-------
Figure A-52.   Plume, October 27, 1976.
                   90

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October 28, 1976                    0641-0845 MST

     Moderate, appparently katabatic,  flow generated stable  conditions  at
stack height (Figures A-58 and A-59).   The plume was frequently  observed
impacting upon the surface within 1  km of the stack (Figures A-56  and A-57).
Turbulent conditions made measurements in the vertical  difficult.   Transects
were made through the plume at 0.8,  1.0,  and 2.8 km.

                                TABLE  A-15
                  SUMMARY OF MISSION,  OCTOBER 28, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:    0650    250   SCT     160/05
                      0950    250   SCT      CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   0630-0730   14.6 X 109 ug/s
                             0730-0830   12.4 X 109 yg/s
                             0830-0930   11.6 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  1827  m/ 0.8 km/26.0 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:    327 m/220 m/8 cases/0.8 km
                              228 m/ 57 m/5 cases/1.0 km
                              447 m/165 m/4 cases/2.8 km
5.   Three-minute a , B,.,.:   270 m/94 m/8 cases/0.8 km
                   y   scat
                              271 m/83 m/5 cases/1.0 km
                              446 m/190 m/4 cases/2.8 km
6.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed  (m/s)
                     0747          1830            223               10
                                   1950            239               6
                     0817          1830            227               10
                                   1950            229               8
                     0847          1830            221               10
                                   1950            222               8
                                      93

-------
                                PARTIAL CROSS SECTION
                                           TAILINGS POND
                     PARTIAL
               CROSS SECTION
ALONG ROAD
                               PARTIAL

                           CROSS SECflON

                             ^=4^=1=1=4=4=!
Figure A-55.  Sampling Locations,  October 28, 1976.
                        94

-------
Figure A-56.  Plume, October 28,  1976.
Figure A-57.   Plume,  October 28,  1976.
                  95

-------
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October 29, 1976
                              0640-0827  MST
     Early in the mission, stable conditions  were observed  below  stack
height and neutral conditions existed above (Figure A-62).   By  the end of the
mission, neutral conditions existed above and below stack height.   Only a
thin stable layer remained, which was based at approximately 1700 m MSL
(Figure A-63).  A cross section was constructed 3.1 km southeast  of the
stack.  Multiple spirals followed by transects through the  plume  at the
height of the center!ine were made 5.5 km southeast of the  stack.

                                TABLE A-16
                     SUMMARY OF MISSION, OCTOBER 29, 1976
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
Butte Weather:    0551     CLR    210/04
                 0850    70BRKN  200BRKN   320/04
Plant Emissions, SO^:   Not available
Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:    2225 m/3.1  km/19.0 ppm
Three-minute a
                    ,
     Three-minute a
                   y,
a , Cross Section,
a , Cross Section
                        50
                        B
                            t
az, Spiral, Bscat:
Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)
                0750
                0820

                0850
 262 m/64 m/8 cases/3.1  km
 453 m/170 m/2 cases/5.5 km
 235 m/64 m/8 cases/3.1  km
 476 m/187 m/2 cases/5.5 km
  63 m/24 min/3.1  km
  75 m/24 min/3.1  km
 110 m/4.7 min/5.5 km
Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)
   1950             257
   1950             256
   2220             276
   1950             260
   2220             277
                                                                 Speed (m/s)
                                                                    1
                                                                    1
                                                                   10
                                                                    1
                                                                    4
                                      98

-------
                                            SPIRALS
                                            TRANSECTS
Figure A-60.  Sampling Locations, October 29,  1976.
                        99

-------
Figure A-61.   Plume,  October  29, 1976.
                  100

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-------
November 1, 1976                 0652-0759 MST

     At the start of the sampling period,  near neutral  conditions  below  stack
height coupled with stable conditions above (Figure A-67)  produced fumigation
conditions (Figure A-65).  At approximately 0720 MST, a wind  shift occurred
and fumigation was no longer observed.   A  partial  cross section  was constructed
2.0 km northeast of the stack and another  was attempted 2.0 km southeast of
the stack.  High winds, moderate turbulence and a  shifting plume made  sampling
difficult during the latter part of the mission.

                                 TABLE A-17
                     SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER  1, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0653   50BRKN   150BRKN   210/11
                     0850   40BRKN   100 OVC   320/10
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:  0630-0730   11.5 X 109 yg/s
                            0730-0830   13.4 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:   2140  m/2.0  km/16.1 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:  222 m/91  m/12  cases/2.0 km
5.   Three-minute a , Bsca-:   222 m/55 m/11 cases/2.0 km
6.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height Cm  MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/s)
                      0727         1770             269             5
                                   1950             268             7
                                   2130             272             2
                      0800         1770             349             3
                                   1950             315             6
                                   2130             307            13
                                      103

-------
                                   PARTIAL CROSS SECTION
                                   ARTIAL CROSS SECTION
                         11/20    1     2    3    4
Figure A-64.  Sampling Locations,  November 1, 1976.
                       104

-------
Figure A-65.
Plume Under Fumigation Conditions,
November 1, 1976.
      Figure A-66.   Plume,  November  1,  1976.
                       105

-------
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November 3, 1976
                                    0645-0842 MST
     Neutral conditions above stack height and stable conditions below
(Figure A-71 and A-72) produced a lofted plume throughout the mission
(Figure A-70).  Cross sections were developed at 1.0, 1.8,  and 2.4 km
southeast of the stack (Figure A-69).

                                TABLE  A-18
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION,  NOVEMBER 3,  1976
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Butte Weather:    0950   20
Plant Emissions, SO^:   0530-
                        0630-
                        0730-
                        0830-
Centerline Height/ Distance/
SCT
0630
0730
0830
0930
                                        50   SCT   200BRKN   330/04
                                         10.4 X 109 ug/s
                                          9.9 X 109 yg/s
                                         13.9 X 109 ug/s
                                                  9
     Three-minute a
     Three-minute a ,  B,.,.:
                   y   SCa u
     Three-minute a , B-   . :
                   y   scat
     a ,  Cross Section, SO^:
     a ,  Cross Section, B   .:
                         147
                         204
                         238
                         150
                         204
                         238
                         150
                         231
                         243
                          61
                          80
                          81
                          92
       12.1 X 1(T vg/s
Concentrations:  2286 m/1.0 km/25.5 ppm.
m/34 m/7 cases/1.0 km
m/60 m/10 cases/1.6 km
m/90 m/12 cases/3.0 km
m/34 m/7 cases/1.0 km
m/60 m/10 cases/1.6 km
m/90 m/12 cases/3.0 km
m/34 m/8 cases/1.0 km
m/99 m/11 cases/1.6 km
m/111 m/11 cases/3.0 km
m/25 min/1.0 km
m/55 min/ 1.0 km
m/55 min/1.6 km
m/33 min/3.0 km
                                    108

-------
Figure A-69.   Sampling  Locations,  November  3,  1976.
                        109

-------
7.   Winds Aloft:  Time  (MST)
                     0655

                     0725
                     0825

                     0855
Height (m MSL)
    1950
    2280
    1950
    1950
    2280
    1950
    2280
Direction (°)
    235
    302
    240
    226
    297
    226
    300
Speed (m/s)
   5
   6
   3
   6
   5
   4
   4
                    Figure A-70.   Plume, November 3,  1976.
                                       110

-------
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-------
November 4, 1976
                              1040-1325 MST
     Stable conditions were noted throughout the  sampling  period  (Figure A-75
and A-76).  A cross section was developed 1.6 km  southeast of  the stack.
Multiple spirals followed by traverses at center!ine height were  made  5.0  km
southeast of the stack (Figure A-73).   Table A-19  summarizes the  results
of the flight.

                                TABLE  A-19
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER 4,  1976
1.

2.
Butte Weather:
3.
4.
5.

6.
            0950
            1355
100
 80
BRKN
BRKN
CLM
200
                                          OVC   170/04
Plant Emission, S02:   0930-1030  12.8 X 10* yg/s
                      1030-1130  12.0 X 109 yg/s
                      1130-1230  14.0 X 109 yg/s
                      1230-1330  13.1 X 109 yg/s
Centerline Height/Distance/Concentrations:   2347  m/1.6  km/11.1  ppm
Three-minute a
                    ,
                   J
     Three-minute a
                   y'   scat-
Cross Section,
Cross Section.
Spiral, S02:
Spiral, SO
Spiral, SO
Spiral, SO
Spiral
                   2
                   2:
                   2:
               ,  S02:
         Spiral,  Bscat:
         Spiral,  B.
         Spiral,  B
         Spiral,  B
     az, Spiral,
                   SO,
                    scat'
            'scar
             scat:
                  scat'
    259 m/63 m/13 cases/1.6 km
    249 m/44 m/9 cases/5.0 km
    291 rt/78 m/15 cases/1.6 km
    267 m/47 m/10 cases/5.0 km
    107 m/40 min/1.6  km
    113 m/40 min/1.6  km
     53 m/1.6 min/5.0 km
     86 m/2.7 min/5.0 km
     59 m/2.5 min/5.0 km
     90 m/2.2 min/5.0 km
     48 m/2.3 min/5.0 km
     60 m/2.5 min/5.0 km
     65 m/2.4 min/5.0 km
     86 m/2.7 min/5.0 km
     60 m/2.5 min/5.0 km
     84 m/2.2 min/5.0 km
                                     113

-------
7.  Winds Aloft:   Time  (MST)   Height  Cm MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/sl
                   0930            1950           217             5
                                   2340           288            12
                   1000            1950           217             8
                                   2340           281            12
                   1030            1950           211             9
                                   2340           276            16
                   1100            1950           210             6
                                   2340           293             8
                   1130            1950           223             7
                                   2340           285            10
                   120Q            1950           219             4
                   1230            1950           265             3
                                   2340           288             9
                   1300            1950           301             3
                                   2340           300             9
                                     114

-------
                                         /—SPIRALS
                         11/20     1     2     3    4
Figure A-73.   Sampling  Locations, November 4, 1976.
                       115

-------
Figure A-74.   Plume,  November  4,  1976.
                  116

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-------
November 5, 1976                     1230-1312  MST

     Neutral atmospheric conditions  were initially  observed.  These were
replaced by near-isothermal  conditions  as  katabatic flow  produced  downwash
conditions (Figures A-78 and A-79).   The portable S0? monitor was  placed
2.9 km northeast of the stack (Figure A-77).  Two cross sections were
developed in this area.

                                 TABLE  A-20
                    SUMMARY  OF MISSION, NOVEMBER 5,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0950   120   SCT   HI    OVC    CLM
                     1350   120   SCT   HI    OVC    CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   1130-1230  12.9 X 109 yg/s
                            1230-1330  13.4 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  1805 m/2.9 km/10.5 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:     279 m/132 m/12 cases/2.9 km
5.   Three-minute a . Br ,.:   241 m/86  m/8  cases/2.9 km
                   y   SCOT;
6.   az, Cross Section, SO^:    95 m/61  min/2.9  km
7.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height  (m MSL)   Direction  (°)   Speed  (m/s)
                     1130           1950             234             5
                     1200           1950             267             6
                     1230           1950             305             6
                     1300           1950             285             9
                                     119

-------
                                   TRANSPORTABLE
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                                 /  . ''  / «,L
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                        11/20    1     2    3    4
                                   NM
Figure A-77.  Sampling Locations, November 5,  1976.
                      120

-------
Figure A-78.  Plume, November 5,  1976.
                 121

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-------
November 8, 1976                    1230-1350 MST

     Neutral conditions were observed during  the mission.   Cross  sections
were developed 0.8 km northeast and 1.7 km southeast  of  the stack.

                                TABLE A-21
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER 8,  1976
1.   Butte Weather:   55   BRKN   120   BRKN   340/05
2.   Plant Emissions,  S02:   1030-1130   6.7 X  109  ug/s
                            1130-1230  10.8 X  TO9
                            1230-1330   8.1  X 109 yg/s
                            1330-1430   6.0  X 109 pg/s
3.   Center! ine Height/ Direction/ Concentration:  2073  m/6.8  km/  11.8  ppm
4.   Three-minute a ,  SO,,:     186 m/ 59 m/ 6 cases/ 0.8  km
                              141 m/ 12 m/ 5 cases/ 1.7  km
     Three-minute a ,  Bc   •   189 m/ 70 m/ 6 cases/ 0.8  km
                   y   scat
                              131 m/ 22 m/ 5 cases/ 1.7  km
5.   a ,  Cross Section, SO^:    67 m/ 20 min/ 0.8 km
                               54 m/ 15 min/ 1 .7 km
6.   Winds Aloft:
Time (MST)
0930

1000

1030

1100

1130

1200

Height (m MSL)
1950
2070
1950
2070
1950
2070
1950
2070
1950
2070
1950
2070
Direction ( )
314
310
305
296
287
289
296
299
296
310
289
304
Speed (m/s)
4
5
3
5
4
4
4
5
5
3
3
2
                                      123

-------
Figure A-80.   Sampling  Locations,  November  8,  1976.
                        124

-------
   '
Figure A-81.   Plume,  November  8,  1976.
                   125

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-------
November 9, 1976                   1208-1310  MST

     Neutral stability was observed throughout  the mission  (Figures A-85
and A-86).  Cross sections were developed  at  0.8  and  1.7  km.  Low emissions
and moderate winds made sampling difficult.

                                TABLE A-22
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION,  NOVEMBER  9, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:   1150 MST    30 SCT   200 THN BRKN  330/06
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:  1030-1130   4.1 X 109 yg/s
                            1130-1230   1.7 X 109 yg/s
                            1230-1330   4.8 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  1973 m/ 1.7 km/ 2.0 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:    213 m/ 86  m/ 2  cases/ 0.8 km
     Three-minute a , B0^,.:   163 m/ 65  m/ 4  cases/ 0.8 km
                   y   scat
5.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)    Height (m  MSL)    Direction  (u)   Speed  (m/s)
                     1200           1950             230            2
                                    1980             238            2
                     1230           1950             265            4
                                    1980             269            4
                     1300           1950             207            1
                                    1980             227            1
                                     127

-------
                                   ACROSS SECTIONS
                         1  1/2  0
Figure A-83.  Sampling Locations,  November 9, 1976.
                       128

-------
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Figure A-84.   Plume,  November 9,  1976.
                   129

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-------
November 10, 1976                0918-1055 MST

     The plume was observed impacting upon elevated terrain approximately
6.7 km southwest of the stack.   At the beginning of the mission,  near
isothermal conditions existed at and above stack height and lapse conditions
below (Figure A-90).   By the end of the mission, neutral  conditions existed
both above and below the top of the stack and the plume was no longer at
the surface (Figure A-91).  At the start of the mission,  the portable S02
monitor had been placed on the hillside in the area of impaction.  A series
of traverses was made over the monitor by the helicopter at altitudes
ranging from 21 to 37 m AGL.  Next, a cross section was developed 1.6 km
from the stack.  A cross section was then made over the transportable
monitor.  The plume was no longer hitting the hill  at this time.   Table A-23
summarizes the mission.

                                TABLE A-23
                  SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER 10,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0850   10 SCT   28 SCT   40 OVC   CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:  0800-0900  11.8 X 109 ug/s
                            0900-1000   8.8 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2134 m/ 1.6 km/ 28.4 ppm
     Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2160 m/  6.7 km/ 3.5 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , SO,,:     159 m/ 26 m/ 6 cases/ 1.6 km
                               834 m/ 225 m/ 7 cases/ 6.7 km
     Three-minute cr , B „,.:   152 m/ 23 m/ 8 cases/ 1.6 km
                   y   scai
5.   a , Cross Section, S02:    75 m/ 19 min/ 1.6 km
     a , Cross Section, EJ   .:  85 m/ 19 min/ 1.6 km
      z                  scat
6.   Winds Aloft: Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/s)
                    0930          1950              014            6
                                  2130              008            5
                    1000          1950              014            7
                                  2130              014            5
                    1030          1950              Oil            5
                                  2130              012            3

                                     132

-------
Winds Aloft:   Time (MST)    Height (m MSL)    Direction  (°)    Speed  (m/s)
                1100          1950              037            4
                                 133

-------
Figure A-87.   Sampling  Locations,  November  10,  1976.
                          134

-------
Figure A-88.   Plume,  November 10,  1976.
Figure A-89.   Plume,  November  10,  1976.
                   135

-------
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November 11, 1976                   0700-0955  MST

     Stable conditions (Figure A-95)  coupled with  low wind  speeds  resulted in
the plume impacting upon elevated  terrain  approximately  11  km  southwest of
the stack.   A series of low-level  traverses were made at altitudes  ranging
from 2256 to 2454 m MSL along the  windward side of the hill.   The  large
values of a  that were observed were because the low momentum  plume was
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splitting and going around either  side of  the  hill.  A maximum SOp  value of
12.5 ppm was observed between 30 and 18 m  AGL.  At approximately 0815 MST,
the wind shifted and the plume began to travel  in  a northwesterly  direction.
A cross section was developed 1.9  km from  the  stack.

                                TABLE A-24
                  SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER 11, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0656   CLR   CLM
                     1050   200 SCT   310/4
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:  0600-0700   16.3 X 109 yg/s
                            0700-0800   18.8 X 109 yg/s
                            0800-0900   15.6 X 109 yg/s
                            0900-1000   15.6 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/  Concentration:   2195 m/ 1.9  km/  45.3 ppm
     Center!ine Height/ Distance/  Concentration:   2316 m/ 10.8 km/  13.9 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:      222 m/ 120 m/  5 cases/ 1.9  km
                                691 m/ 70  m/ 7 cases/ 10.8  km
5.   a , Cross Section, SO^:    60 m/ 20  min/ 1.9 km
     a , Cross Section, B   .:  58 m/ 20  min/ 1.9 km
6.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height (m  MSL)  Direction  (°)  Speed  (m/s)
                     0722           1950             136            2
                                    2190             121            2
                                    2310             099            1
                     0752           1950             165            2
                                    2190             160            2
                                     138

-------
Winds Aloft:   Time  (MSL)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)    Speed (m/s)
                0822          1950               183            3
                             2190               156            5
                             2310               162            2
                0852          1950               177            3
                             2190               163            4
                             2310               163            3
                0922          1950               182            2
                             2190               192            3
                             2310               179            3
                0952          1950               174            2
                             2190               188            2
                             2310               177            2
                                139

-------
Figure A-92.   Sampling  Locations, November 11, 1976.
                          140

-------

     Figure A-93.   Plume, November 11, 1976.
Figure A-94.   Plume Impaction,  November  11,  1976.
                       141

-------
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November 12, 1976                  0719-0955 MST

     The plume was observed impacting upon elevated  terrain  approximately
8.7 km south-southwest of the stack (Figure A-98).   Stable conditions,  near
isothermal, (Figures A-99 and A-100)  and light winds were observed.   Two
cross sections were developed over the portable S02  monitor  at  approximately
8.7 km and at 1.2 km.  Traverses were also made at 31  km.  Center!ine
concentrations as high as 4.8 ppm S02 were observed  at 31 km.   The nephelometer
data were questionable.

                                TABLE A-25
                 SUMMARY OF MISSION,  NOVEMBER 12, 1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0651   CLR   CLM
                     1050   CLR  330/4
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   0600-0700   15.3 X 109 yg/s
                            0700-0800   11.9 X 109 yg/s
                            0800-0900   19.4 X 109 yg/s
                            0900-1000   16.7 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2347 m/ 1.2 km/  37.9  ppm
     Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2408 m/ 8.7 km/  14.6  ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:     202 m/  67 m/ 8 cases/  1.2 km
                              505 m/  155 m/ 11 cases/  8.7 km
                              758 m/  359 m/ 2 cases/ 31.0 km
5.   a , Cross Section, SO^:    60 m/  55 min/ 1.2 km
                              100 m/  22 min/ 8.7 km
6.   CTZ, Spiral, S02:          43 m/  4.4 min/ 7.5 km
                                    143

-------
7.
Winds Aloft: Time (MST) Height (m MSL)
0720 1950
2340
2400
0751 1950
2340
2400
0820 1950
2340
2400
0850 1950
2340
2400
0920 1950
2340
2400
0950 1950
2340
2400
Direction (°)
140
031
041
169
034
032
163
044
055
160
053
063
173
075
088
147
067
082
Speed (m/s)
3
3
3
2
3
3
1
2
2
0
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
                                    144

-------
                                  CROSS SECTION
Figure A-96.  Sampling Locations,  November 12, 1976.
                         145

-------
   Figure A-97.   Plume,  November  12,  1976.
Figure A-98.
Plume Under Stable Conditions,
November 12, 1976.
                      146

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-------
November 13, 1976                  0716-0930 MST

     Stable conditions were observed during a flight (Figure  A-103).   Multiple
traverses and spirals were made 9.6 km northeast of the  stack.   In  addition,
a zigzag pattern was flown up the plume at approximately the  height of the
plume center! ine, 2073 m MSL.  Beginning at 1.6 km from  the stack,  the
helicopter flew through the plume at an angle 45° to the axis.   As  soon as
the aircraft left the plume, it executed a 270° turn and re-entered the
plume at the same location.  This was done until  a distance of  32 km was
reached.

                                 TABLE A-26
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER 13,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0652   CLR   160/05
                     1052   CLR   040/03
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:  0600-0700   11.3 X 109 yg/s
                            0700-0800   10.3 X 109
                            0800-0900   14.1  X  109  yg/s
                            0900-1000   18.1  X  109  yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2069 m/  9.6  km/  16.7  ppm
4.   Three-minute a ,  SO,,:   528 m/ 6^ m/ 7  cases/ 9.6  km
5.   az, Spiral, S02:         28 m/ 3.1 min/ 9.6 km
     az, Spiral, S02:         32 m/ 3.3 min/ 9.6 km
     oz, Spiral, S02:         36 m/ 3.8 min/ 9.6 km
     az, Spiral, S02:         39 m/ 3.3 min/ 9.6 km
6.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed  (m/s)
                     0800          1950             219             8
                                   2070             227             10
                     0830          1950             193             14
                                   2070             208             9
                     0900          1950             207             6
                                   2070             215             9
                     0930          1950             212             12
                                   2070             215             7

                                     149

-------
Winds Aloft:    Time (MST)    Height  (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/s)
                 1000          1950              222             9
                               2070              223            13
                 1030          1950              225             7
                               2070              224            11
                                150

-------
                                                   SPIRALS
                                                   TRANSECTS
Figure A-101.  Sampling Locations, November 13,  1976.
                         151

-------
     Tables A-27 and A-28 summarize the zig zag flight down the plume.
Values for CTy were determined by the relationship that 2.15 a is the
distance from centerline to 1/10 of center!ine.  The results were then
adjusted using a simple cosine relationship.   At distances greater than
5.5 km the plume was fragmented and an exact determination of a  was
difficult.                                                     Y
                     * *• *.»*>»>
                  Figure  A-102.   Plume,  November  13,  1976.
                                     152

-------
                            TABLE A-27
                  DISTANCE  VS. OBSERVED S02 MAXIMUM
Distance (km)
    0.7
    1.8
    3.0
    4.2
    5.5
   11.1
   13.1
   17.1
   25.8
S02 Maximum (ppm)
       15.6
       42.0
       11.5
       3.27
       4.80
       2.65
       1.70
       3.06
       2.46
Distance (km)
    0.7
    1.8
    3.0
    4.2
    5.5
   11.1
   17.1
   25.8
                           TABLE A-28
                 DISTANCE  VS.  a  (SOg), TRANSECT (m)
                                153

-------
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-------
November 15, 1976                   0727-0918 MST

     Strong winds caused a bentover plume (Figure  A-105).   Vortices  occasionally
formed on the lee side of the stack causing  impaction  in  the  smelter area
(Figure A-106).   An attempt was made to  construct  cross sections  in  the vicinity
of the impaction area over the tailings  pond immediately  to the east of the
smelter and over the transportable SO^ monitor 3 km  northeast of  the stack.
The temperature probe was not operational.   In addition,  high background
levels of particulates made the interpretation of  the  nephelometer data
questionable.  Table A-29 summarizes the mission.  No determination of az
was possible.

                                  TABLE  A-29
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER 15,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0652     100 SCT    CLM
                     0950     60 BRKN    030/5
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:   0630-0730    16.9 X 109 yg/s
                             0730-0830    12.2 X 109 yg/s
                             0830-0930    16.0 X 109 yg/s
                             0930-1030    17.4 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:   1798 m/  1.8 km/ 22.6 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , SO,,:  240 m/ 117 m/ 10 cases/  1.8 km
     Three-minute a , S02:  255 m/ 95 m/ 4 cases/  3.0  km
5.   Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)   Height (m MSL)  Direction  (°)   Speed  (m/s)
                     073°          1800              236              9
                                   1950              258              3
                     0803          1800              235            10
                                   1950              249              6
                     0833          1800              233            14
                                   1950              240            14
                     0903          1800              251              9
                                   1950              265            10
                     0933          1800              237              8
                                   1950              250            14
                                      155

-------
                                          CROSS SECTION
                                              SECTIONS'
Figure A-104.  Sampling Locations, November 15,  1976.
                         156

-------
Figure A-105.   Plume,  November  15,  1976.
Figure A-106.   Plume,  November 15,  1976.
                    157

-------
November 16, 1976
                              0723-0843  MST
     Stable conditions below stack height coupled  with  neutral  conditions
above (Figure A-110),  initially produced a lofted  plume (Figure A-108).  By  the
end of the mission (Figure A-lll), stable conditions  observed  at stack height
coupled with a superadiabatic layer below produced fumigation  through  the
layer.  The surface was insulated from the plume by a stable  layer throughout
the flight.  Moderate  to strong turbulence was  experienced  at  the juncture of
the stable and unstable layers.  Higher wind speeds were measured below stack
height than near stack height.

                                  TABLE A-30
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER 16, 1976
1,

2,
3.
4.
Butte Weather:
Plant Emissions
0650
0953
S02:




55 BRKN
45 SCT
0600-0700
0700-0800
0800-0900
0900-1000
1000-1100
100 BRKN 350/08
100 BRKN 350/08
13.9 X 109 yg/s
13.4 X 109 yg/s
18.1 X 109 yg/s
18.5 X 109 yg/s
15.6 X 109 yg/s
Center!ine Height/ Distance/ Concentration:   1798 m/ 1.5 km/ 37.4 ppm
Three-minute a ,  SOo:
Three-minute a ,  B   t:
Three-minute a ,  $02:
Three-minute a.  B,.,, .:
              y   SCa L
Three-minute a ,  S02:
Three-minute a ,  B   .:
Three-minute a ,  $02'.
              */
Three-minute a ,  B   t:
Three-minute a ,  S02:
Three-minute a ,  B   .:
144 m/ 68 m/ 3 cases/ 1.3 km
190 m/ 109 m/ 4 cases/ 1.3 km
141 m/ 17 m/ 7 cases/ 1.5 km
130 m/ 39 m/ 8 cases/ 1.5 km
133 m/ 28 m/ 6 cases/ 2.6 km
149 m/ 80 m/ 7 cases/ 2.6 km
260 m/ 87 m/ 6 cases/ 6.4 km
324 m/ 54 m/ 6 cases 6.4 km
279 m/ 	/ 1 case/ 9.7 km
267 m/ 	/ 1 case/ 9.7 km
                                     158

-------
a , Cross Section, SCL:    61 m/ 14 min/ 1.5 km
az, Cross Section, SO^,:    53 m/ 19 min/ 2.6 km
a , Cross Section, B   .:   65 m/ 19 min/ 2.6 km
Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)    Height (m MSL)    Direction  (°)    Speed  (m/s)
                0726          1800              242              16
                              1950              249              16
                0756          1800              248              12
                              1950              267              6
                0830          1800              247              7
                              1950              252              6
                0900          1800              236              15
                              1950              239              10
                                 159

-------
                                       TRANSECTS
Figure A-107.  Sampltng Locations, November 16,  1976.
                         160

-------
Figure A-108.   Plume,  November  16,  1976.
Figure A-109.   Plume,  November  16,  1976.
                    161

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November 17, 1976                 0718-0912  MST

     At the beginning of the mission,  stable conditions  existed  below  stack
height with neutral  conditions above (Figure A-115).   By the  end of  the
mission, stable conditions existed both above and  below  stack height
Figure A-116).   Strong winds were observed with  downwash conditions
(Figures A-113  and A-114).  Cross sections were  developed at  2.5 and
6.0 km.

                                  TABLE A-31
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, NOVEMBER  17,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:   0653   50 SCT    120 SCT    200 SCT   170/04
                     0950  100 SCT    250 BRKN    CLM
2.   Plant Emissions, S02:  0600-0700    19.3 X  109  yg/s
                            0700-0800    17.2 X  109  yg/s
                            0800-0900    18.4 X  109  yg/s
                            0900-1000    20.1 X  109  yg/s
                            1000-1100    15.7 X  109  yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  1737 m/ 2.5 km 2.4 ppm
4.   Three-minute a , S02:      287 m/ 87 m/ 11  cases/ 2.5 km
     Three-minute a, Bc^..:    340 m/ 160 m/ 13 cases/  2.5 km
                   y   scat
     Three-minute a , SO,,:      481 m/ 96 m/ 14  cases/ 6.0 km
     Three-minute a , B   .:    446 m/ 121 m/ 14 cases/  6.0 km
5.   az, Cross  Section, SO,,:    113 m/ 34 min/ 2.5 km
     az, Cross  Section, Bscat:  142 m/ 34 min/ 2.5 km
     a , Cross  Section, SO^:    133 m /50 min/ 6.0 km
     a , Cross  Section, B   .:  121 m/ 50 min/ 6.0 km
                                    164

-------
6.    Winds Aloft:  Time (MST)    Height  (m MSL)   Direction (°)   Speed (m/s)
                     0726          1740             232            15
                                   1950             239             6
                     0756          1740             229            11
                                   1950             226            31
                     0826          1740             224            16
                                   1950             221            16
                     0926          1740             229             8
                                   1950             242             3
                     0956          1740             228            18
                                   1950             222            17
                     1026          1740             225             6
                                   1950             233            28
                     1156          1740             234            15
                                   1950             248            22
                                    165

-------
                           1 1/2 0
                                     1     2
                                       NM
Figure A-112.  Sampling Locations, November 17, 1976.
                          166

-------


 Figure A-113.   Plume,  November 17,  1976.
Figure A-114.   plume,  November  17,  1976.
                    167

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-------
December 3, 1976                    0740-1010 MST

     Stable conditions due to subsiding air tFtgures  A-119  and  A-120)  coupled
with strong flow produced downwash conditions (Figure A-118)  and  occasional
plume impaction within 2.0 km of the stack.  A cross  section  was  developed
1.7 km east-southeast of the stack.   In addition,  multiple  spirals  and traverses
were made 6.3 east-southeast of the stack.

                                 TABLE A-32
                   SUMMARY OF MISSION, DECEMBER 3,  1976

1.   Butte Weather:  0651     120 SCT   250 SCT    CLM
     Plant Emissions, S02:   0630-0730   21.3 X 109 yg/s
                             0730-0830   13.9 X 109 yg/s
                             0830-0930   16.8 X 109 yg/s
                             0930-1030   12.6 X 109 yg/s
3.   Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:  2042 m/ 1.7 km/ 23.0 ppm
4.   Three-minute 0 , S02:      185 m/ 33 m/ 12 cases/ 1.7  km
     Three-minute o , Bscgt:    227 m/ 95 m/ 11 cases/ 1.7  km
     Three-minute a , S02:      400 m/ 75 m/ 11 cases/ 6.3  km
     Three-minute a , B   .:    389 m/ 49 m/ 11 cases/ 6.3  km
5.   a,, Cross Section, B „,.:  114 m/ 34 min/ 1.7 km
      Z                  SCal,
6.   az, Spiral, S02:           115 m/ 3.1  min/ 6.3 km
     a , Spiral, S02:           107 m/ 3.4 min/ 6.3 km
     a , Sprial, S02:           108 m/ 4.0 min/ 6.3 km
     az, Spiral, S02:           115 m/ 4.8 min/ 6.3 km
     a , Spiral, B   .:         117 m/ 3.1  min/ 6.3 km
     a , Spiral, Bscat:         114 m/ 3.4 min/ 6.3 km
     a , Spiral, Bc  .:          76 m/ 2.4 min/ 6.3 km
      Z           SCa t
     az, Spiral, B$cat:         134 m/ 4.8 min/ 6.3 km
7.   Winds Aloft:   NOT AVAILABLE
                                     170

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Figure A-117.   Sampling Locations,  December 3,  1976.
                           171

-------

                     V
Figure A-118.   Plume,  December 3,  1976.
                   172

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December 8, 1976
                             0744-0945 MST
     Near neutral conditions were initially observed up to approximately
2000 m MSL with stable conditions attributed to subsidence above.   By the
end of the mission, the layer of subsiding air had built down to near the
surface (Figures A-122 and A-123).   Strong southwesterly flow was  observed
throughout the flight.  Downwash conditions were noted.  Cross sections  were
attempted at 2.6 km near the area of impaction and at 7.4 km over  the
portable S02 monitor.

                                  TABLE A-33
                    SUMMARY OF MISSION, DECEMBER 8, 1976
1,

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Butte Weather:    0750    HI SCT
                  1054    HI SCT
Plant Emissions, S02:  0630-0730
                       0730-0830
                       0830-0930
                       0930-1030
                                    340/04
                                    300/03
                                    20.8 X 109 yg/s
                                    15.9 X 109 yg/s
                                     9.9 X 109 yg/s
                                     9.7 X 109 yg/s
Centerline Height/ Distance/ Concentration:   1860 m/2.6 km/  4.6 ppm
Three-minute 0 , S02:
              J
Three-minute a , B   .:
Three-minute a , S00:
              y    2
Three-minute a , B   .:
                         550 m/ 204 m/ 8 cases/ 2.6 km
                         461 m/ 90 m/ 5 cases/ 2.6 km
                         674 m/ 174 m/ 18 cases/ 7.4 km
                         537 m/ 124 m/ 10 cases/ 7.4 km
No determination of a  possible.
Winds Aloft:  Time (MSL)   Height (m MSL)    Direction (°)
                0820          1860              238
                              1950              241
                                                            Speed (m/s)
                                                              15
                                                              14
                                     175

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Figure A-121.   Sampling  Locations,  December 8, 1976.
                          176

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                     APPENDIX B.  DATA ADJUSTMENT
     In addition to the routine adjustments that are applied to output
data based on pre- and post-flight calibration and pre-, and post- and
in-flight zero and span, instrument time response and averaging time
were considered when processing these data.
     Instrument response adjustments are applied in the following manner:
Testing has determined that the nephelometer has a first-order linear
response.  Figure B-l is an example of such a response to a step function.
                                     INPUT
                    TIME LAGS  TIME
         Figure B-l.  Example of First-Order Linear Response.

     The TECO-43 instrument was tested and was found to have second-order
linear response characteristics.  Figure B-2 is an example of the response of
such an instrument to a step function input.
                         t
                                   -INPUT
                       TIME LAG'*'  TIME-
         Figure B-2.  Example of Second-Order Linear Response.
                                       179

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     In general, when neglecting time lag, the relationship between input
concentration, x,-n» and output concentration, xOU4. is:
xin = xout + ^=1 ai
For a first order system:
                                dt1
          xin = xout + T
                           dx
                             out
                        1   dt
and for a second-order linear system:
                                   X
xin - xout
                             T2)
                                    OUt
where T, and i~ are time constants.
                                                  dt'
                                                                     (1)
                                                           (2)
(3)
     Figure B-3 is an example of the response that a first-order
instrument would have to a Gaussian input.
                    Xmax-
                                        GAUSSIAN INPUT
                                                    OUTPUT
 Figure B-3.  Response of a First-Order Instrument to a Gaussian Input.
                                     180

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For a Gaussian input,
          xin - *max e
                                                          (4)
and
          xout   xo e
                        1 + erf
                                     2?.
                                     Tl
                       2a
                                                          (5)
where
          X0 = f (xmax> a, TJ), a constant.
Note:  Referring to Figure B-3 for a linear first-order system and a
Gaussian input,
     A  =  Inflection point in output corresponding to xmax»
     B  =  Maximum output value where xOU4. = x,-n» ancl
     C  =  Exit point from plume.  The output is an exponential fall
from this point, and from this point onward.
out
                                    for t>tc.
                                                          (6)
     In order to determine input concentrations from output concentrations,
we must:
     A.   Determine T,
     B.   Compute Derivatives, dxol|t/dt
                                      181

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     1.   To determine TJ, we plot in xout (after subtracting background)
vs. time and consider the linear portion of output decay (See Figure B-4).
                           B
                                      LINEAR PORTION
                                                NOISE
                                 TIME (t)

Figure B-4.  Example of Exponential Decay for First-Order Linear System.

     The slope of the linear portion is equal to -!/T,.
     An analysis of 99 transects and 17 spirals that were randomly selected
and plotted gave the following time constants for the nephelometer (Bscat)
for each maneuver:  T$ . gl = 3.74s ± 0.60s and Ttransect = 4.11 ± 1.43s.
     2.   To compute the derivative, dxout/dt, we note that:
  dln>
x~Ht
and
                                                                     (7)

                                                                     (8)
The expected form of In xOU4. from a Gaussian input as shown in equation  (5)
can be transformed into a polynomial in time by converting exp and erf
into their respective infinite series representations.
          In
             
-------
     Plume parameters are also presented based on SOo measurements.  The
TECO-43 SOo monitor was found to have a response that is  linear and second
order.  Therefore,
                                                d2x
              = x
                 out


and using the log  transformation,

                       jl  +  tTj + T2)

                  lnx
                                                    out,
                                                          do)
                                                 dtc
                                       d Inx
xin ~ xotit
                                            out
                                         dt
          T1T2
(d 1nxout\
V  dt    )
                                   d2lnx
                                        out
                                     dt
                                                          (11)
     This equation requires knowledge of both  the  slope  and  the curvature of
the output.  The in-flight testing of the instrument  accomplished on October
12, 1976, established that TJ = 1.60s and T,> = 10.5s.  These results were
based on 16 tests.  It is recognized that the  use  of  the second derivative
increases the probably error by a factor of approximately two.  The
numerical technique used for computer processing of the  data to solve
the differential equations for x is the "Method of Milne," (Wylie, 1958).
In general terms:  y. = f (t.) and t« - t-,  = t3 -  t«  = At.   For a fit
involving N data points, if n is the point at  which we want  to compute
ar'
          For n=l
                   = T2SF" ('25yl + 48y2 '  36y3  +  16y4  -  3y5}
         .For n=2
          For 2
-------
                          APPENDIX C.   SAMPLING TIME

     The measured peak concentrations  downwind from the source increased with
a decrease in sampling time because the apparent plume width, as measured for
short time periods, was not affected by plume meander.  To place centerline
concentrations, xmav> onto a common time basis for comparison with other
                 max
literature tabulations, we have adjusted our values.  The maximum concen-
tration for an elevated release with no reflections is xma   =  Q/2ira o IT,
                                                        IltClX       	  Jr *~
where o-  and o_ are functions of distance, x, and averaging time, t, and Q is
the emission rate.  The rate that xm,^ decreases with averaging time is
                                   max
assumed to be proportional to t~p, where -p is a constant.  If we
assume:    ay     gz
          6t  >> fit
for stable and neutral cases, then o-  must increase with averaging time as tp
for short averaging times.  Turner (1969) has suggested that p should be be-
tween 0.17 and 0.20 for sampling times less than two hours.  We have used
0.165 as used by Turner in his workbook example and adjusted the measured
values of cr  to a base time of 3 minutes.
     The helicopter traverse measurements correspond more closely to an in-
stantaneous plume (real time measurement) than the time average usually con-
sidered.
     For example, considering a Gaussian plume and a helicopter air speed of
60 knots (.30.9 m/s), the mean sampling time within the plume may be estimated
aS:              _         4.64ay
                 t (s)  =  2(30.9)  =  °'075cTy (s)

where 4.64 is the number of standard deviations which contain 98% of the area
under the Gaussian curve.  Since the Gaussian plume has bilateral symmetry, a
flight through half of the plume completely defines its width.  A factor of
two appears in the denominator to account for the fact that a transect through
the plume represents two independent measurements of the  half plume.  In
                                      184

-------
keeping with the assumption that
               at     9t
no adjustments for sampling time have been made for az.  The times given for
values of az represent either the time required to spiral down through the
plume or the total time required to construct a cross section of the plume by
making a series of transects through the plume at various altitudes.
                                      185

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                APPENDIX D.   DETERMINATION OF  PLUME  PARAMETERS

     Software was developed  to determine plume parameters  by  application  of
the method of moments (Pasquill,  19).   Given a set of corrected  outputs,
input  =  f (time),  the area under a curve of  concentration vs.  time,
          A  =
xindt                                                    (1)
                  x_.  tdt     First total  moment
          4.  _  j  in _  _  _
          u  "       A             Total  area                               (2)
The variance of the distribution is:
           2  =  J  in(t-t) dt  _  Second total  moment
          0            A                 total  area(3)
           2     Jxin t2dt
          a   -  	n	
The centerline concentration, xm,^>  was determined by relation:
                               max
                    A
          xmax  ~   TK—                                                    IA\
                   V2 TO                                                   (4)

Numerical integration was accomplished by Simpon's rule, (Wylie,  1960).
     When reflection either from a stable "lid" aloft or at the  surface occurs,
it is necessary to make the assumption that we may draw a smooth  curve through
the adjusted data.  We then select equal vertical  intervals and  input values
                                                                         2
of height and concentration into our computer program to determine Zo, a£ ,
xm* > ancl A-  The same technique is  used for spirals and cross sections.
 max
Graphically, with one reflection at the surface CFigure D-l), we can see the
problem as transferring the area under the curve due to surface  reflection to
a Gaussian curve having equal area and the proper configuration.

                                      186

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                           -TANGENTAL
                                                   X  SURFACE
                     Figure D-l.   Example of a Surface Reflection.
Considering the equation for Gaussian distribution, while neglecting the hor-
izontal displacement term,
                            A /L-n 2
                   Q
          x  =
We may write:
                                        1
          x  =  —IT
                                      1-K
                                        e
                                          2  ^
and
                               2HZ
                               0.
          X  =
                          1 + e
                                                                          (5)
                                                                          (6)
(7)
We may now replot as normal distribution, x1
                 1+e-2HZ/a2
                                                                          (8)
                                     187

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In order to replot, we choose values of Z ,  centerline height,  and a  that
will give equal areas as compared with our original  adjusted  output curve.
     The complete process used to adjust our plume with a reflection is  as
follows:
     1.   Draw a smooth curve through our adjusted data.
     2.   Choose equa> intervals of height and input to our computer program
                2
to obtain ZQ, CTZ ,  xmax> and A.
     3.   Replot data.
     4.   Assume ZQ and az that will give us a Gaussian plume having the same
area as our plume in step 3.
     5.   Choose values of x' and Z and input to our computer program to
obtain Z  and a .  If Z  and a  are similar to step  4, stop.   If not, repeat
step 4.
     Plume parameters are once again determined by the method of moments.   A
second method of determining xmau for S0~ is to assume that the S00 and  B,.,.
                              max       f.                         f-      scat
plumes have identical shapes.  Then if Acn  and AR     are the respective
                                        iU2      Bscat
areas under the output curves of SOp and B   ,:

A                                A
                  rQ            "D
                    2     _       scat                                   (12)
               xmax S00       xmax scat
or
                    cn         SO, xmax scat
                    S02   B   _2	
                                  B
                                   scat
                                     188

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                        APPENDIX E.   DISCUSSION OF DATA
     The following statistical analysis has been made in order to test the
validity of our data:  In the absence of loss of SOp by scavenging or chemical
transformation, the maximum SO- concentration, x> at the plume center! ine is:
          X  =
                                                                           (1)
          X
          Q
          z
          u
where:
                center!ine concentration
                emission rate (yg/s)
                horizontal dispersion coefficient (m)
                vertical dispersion coefficient (m)
                wind speed (m/s).
The equation can be written as:
          R  =
                                                                           (2)
where R is the ratio of measured emission to estimated emission when x.
                                                                        ? >
a ,  u, and Q are accurate and have random measurement errors,  the measurements
should scatter about unity.   On 17 occasions,  all  of the parameters  were
available to determine R.  Values of R are tabulated and presented in Table  E-l
     The following statistics have been calculated:
     the mean of R, R" = 2.11
     the standard deviation of R, CTR = 2.35
     the geometric mean of R, M = 1.87
     the geometric standard deviation of R,  CVR ~ 1.92.
                                      189

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                         TABLE E-l
                        VALUES OF R

Rank                                    Ratio (R)

  1                                       0.70
  2                                       0.92
  3                                       1.13
  4                                       1.20
  5                                       1.24
  6                                       1.46
  7                                       1.60
  8                                       1.72
  9                                       1.88
 10                                       1.89
 11                                       2.30
 12                                       2.30
 13                                       2.93
 14                                       3.46
 15                                       3.46
 16                                       3.63
 17                                       4.05
                             190

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     Since the  five parameters of equation  (1) are  independent, the values of
R may be  lognormally distributed.  A test for  lognormality is the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov  (KS)  Test.  Plotting the values  of R on log probability
paper at  frequencies, f  = rank/N + 1, where N  is  the  total number of samples,
17, the data  are  fit by  a lognormal distribution  with the experimental geo-
metric mean,  GR",  and the standard deviation, CTQR  (Figure E-l).  The maximum
deviation in  terms  of frequency between the data  and  the line is 0.06 (0.945
- 0.885)  which  is the KS statistic.  As can be seen from Table E-2 of KS
statistics, the statistics are significant at a level  much higher than 20% and
the distribution  cannot  be rejected as a fit.
     The  geometric  mean  of 1.87, as opposed to 1.00,  indicates that there may
be a large bias in  one of the five measurements.  Since the ratio R is the
product of five measurements, the geometric standard  deviation should be the
square root of  the  sum of the squares of the standard deviation of the five
measured  quantities.
   CM
         7.0-
         6.0_
         5.0 _
         4.0 _
        3.0-

        2.0 _
GR = 1.87
CTR  = e 650e = 1.917
                         *KS
                                                  MAX
 SN(x) - 0.885

= (0.945 - 0.885) = 0.06
                                           F*(X) = 0.945
          0.02   0.05   0.10 0.150.20  0.30  0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
                                  FREQUENCY = RANK/N+1
                              0.800.85 0.90   0.95   0.98
                   Figure E-l.   Equation (1) vs. Frequency.
                                       191

-------
                                  TABLE E-2
                       TABLE OF CRITICAL VALUES  OF KS
Sample
Size
N

Level of Significance in KS =
0.20 0.15 0.10
0.169 0.177 0.189
|F*(x) - SN
0.05
0.200
I "w \ I
\ A, / \
0.01
0.235
          *The values of KS given in the table are critical  values as-
           sociated with selected values of KS.   Any value of KS which
           is greater than or equal  to the tabulated value is signifi-
           cant at the indicated level of significance.   These values
           were obtained as a result of Monte Carlo calculations, using
           1000 or more samples for  each value of KS.   F*(x) is the
           model value and S,.(x) is  the observed value.

     If there were no errors in any  of the measurements,  the geometric  stan-
dard deviation would be 1.0.  The difference between the  actual standard
deviation and 1.0 gives the total error in the measured quantities and  equals
the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual  errors.  Of the
five quantities making up R, only the errors for the emission rates cannot be
estimated.  However, these may be calculated.  The following errors are es-
timated for the other parameters:
     u is measured by double theodolite and should be on  the order of ±20%.
     a  is measured from transects and should be on the order of ±20%.
     o  is determined from a complex analysis of spiral or transect data and
should be on the order of ±35%.
     X is determined by another complex analysis and should be on the order of
±35%.
     If we assign the remaining error to Q scatter, then

     a2  =  (0.917)2 - (0.2)2 - (0.2)2 - (0.35)2 - (0.35)2, or aQ  =  0.72.

     The apparent lognormal distribution of these data tends to indicate that
the experiemental errors are random.  The geometric mean  of 1.87, as opposed
to 1.00, indicates that there may be a large bias in one  of the five measure-
ments.  The parameters x» a, a , and u are estimated to  have a precision on

                                      192

-------
the order of 25%.  The analysis of the raw data which produces these para-
meters would underpredict and overpredict equally often and therefore would
not cause a significant btas of the geometric mean of R from 1.00.   The
emissions, Q, could have a btas since they are estimated for an hourly period
and large upward excursions for shorter periods are possible during periods of
charging or blowing.  Although the analysis shows an unexpectedly large
deviation from unity, the lognormality of these data indicate that the es-
timated uncertainties of ± 25% for the plume parameters are not unreasonable.
     An inspection of the vertical and horizontal dispersion coefficients
(Figures E-2, E-3, and E-4) obtained from helicopter measurements immediately
points out two facts:  the rapid dilution near the source (The Pasquill-
Gifford curves are included for comparison] and the large amount of scatter of
the data.  The large amount of scatter points out the problem of calculating
dispersion in complex terrain.  An attempt has been made to stratify these
data by categorizing the data to various parameters.  The first involved
identifying the coefficients as to atmospheric stability near stack height
from helicopter-obtained soundings (Figures E-2, E-3, and E-4).  Both measure-
ments from the nephelometer and S02 instrument are included.  It is evident
that due to the complexity of the terrain such a stratification had little
meaning.  In fact, the average rate of horizontal diffusion associated with
stable conditions was more rapid than for the neutral cases.  An attempt to
stratify the data by wind speed was unsuccessful as was the height-of-plume
rise.
     We next investigated the physical processes that produced thermal sta-
bility.  To facilitate data processing, the average a  and a  values obtained
from the two instruments, if both were operational, were used in subsequent
analyses.  In addition, the average a  values at a given distance for a given
mission were used.
     Three types of thermally stable conditions were identified.  The first
was a result of the fact that the smelter is on the eastern slope of the
continental divide.  Westerly flow (a preferred direction) frequently results
in the formation of a subsidence inversion at stack height.   The flight of
October 7, 1976 is one of the many examples of this type of flow.  The second
and rather rare type is associated with a strong nocturnal inversion coupled
                                      193

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                                                    STABLE
                                                  • NEUTRAL
                                                                  30.0
                    2.0     3.0       5.0    7.0  9.0
                         DOWNWIND DISTANCE (km)
15.0
25.0
Figure E-2   Horizontal Dispersion  Coefficients vs. Downwind Distance.

                                194

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    400



    300

    250


    200



_ 150
^
CO
    100
£   90
co   80
g   70

°   60
bN   50
     40



     30

     25


     20


     15




     10
               LEAST
               SQUARES
               FIT (ALL DATA)
        STABLE

        NEUTRAL
i    i   i   I   i  i
          0.80.91.0       1.5    2.0   2.5  3.0    4.0   5.0  6.07.08.09.010.0

                                DOWNWIND DISTANCE (km)
Figure E-3.  Vertical Dispersion Coefficients  Determined  from Cross Sections
             vs. Downwind Distance.
                                    195

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        500


        400



        300


        250


        200



        150
     C/D 100
     ^  90

     i  80
         70
         50
         30

         25


         20



         15





         10
                             y
Z	L_
™rr
NEUTRAL
                                                            LEAST
                                                            SQUARES FIT
                                                            (ALL DATA)
 STABLE

 NEUTRAL
           1.0       1.5     2   2.5   3     4     5    6   7  8  9 10

                              DOWNWIND DISTANCE (km)

Figure E-4.  Vertical Dispersion Coefficients.

                                     196

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with nearly calm winds.  In this type of stable condition, large dispersion
coefficients are generated as the plume slowly meanders over a large area as
little downwind advection occurs.  The observations taken at 1.5 km on
November 8, 1976 are an example of this case.  The third stable type is the
classical radiation inversion with associated weak flow.  Observations taken
on November 11 and 12 are examples of this type of inversion.  Due to the fact
that over half of the sampling days had westerly winds, the data was broken
into two categories, the first being flow from the mountainous area to the
west of the stack and the second being all other flow.  This attempt was some-
what productive in that stratification of the a  data was obtained (Figures E-
5, and E-6).  However, the stratification of o  values was less than satis-
factory (Figure E-7).
     Next, the a  values associated with westerly flow were broken down as to
those cases where a subsidence inversion, as determined by temperature and
dewpoint data, was present at plume height and those cases where no such in-
version was present.  A marked stratification of a  data was now achieved.
The average case where a subsidence inversion was formed due to katabatic flow
from the Mount Hagen area exhibited diffusion rates measurably greater than
the averages of the other two cases.
     Figure E-8 is a graphical presentation of the complexity of the topo-
graphy in the immediate vicinity of the smelter.  It is apparent that flow
from any of the octants will result in adiabatic expansion or compression over
hundreds of meters and a resultant departure from stability classification
estimates based on insolation, cloud cover, and wind speed.  In addition, even
a casual inspection of the undulatory nature of the terrain will result in an
appreciation of the complexity of flow patterns in the vicinity of the smelter.
It is noted that westerly flow should result in a katabatic flow.
     In addition, other nonturbulent processes associated with airflow patterns
in complex terrain which produce divergence and stretching play an important
role in plume dispersion (Fosberg, et al. 1976).  These cannot be calculated
with our limited wind data.  The effects of wake turbulence in the lee of this
stack having an 18.3 m diameter also would enhance initial dilution.
                                      197

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            CO
200.


150.




100_
 90.
            t/t uu-
            1 70.

            b 60.

               50.


               40.


               30.
                                             *= WESTERLY FLOW, NO SUBSIDENCE
                                             • = WESTERLY FLOW. SUBSIDENCE
                                             • = OTHER FLOW
                                                        # •
                  1.0
                    I         T     I     I    I    I   I  I  I
                   2.0       3.0    4.0   5.0   6.0 7.0 8.09.010.0
                      DOWNWIND DISTANCE (km)
               Figure  E-5.
               a  Values  Stratified by Wind  Direction,  Spirals.
GO
0
»—

% 100.
i  90.
S  80_i

!  70.

b  60-

    50.
           l   II
          0.8 0.9 1.0
                                         * WESTERLY FLOW, NO SUBSIDENCE
                                         • WESTERLY FLOW, SUBSIDENCE
                                         • OTHER DATA
                   I          I       I      I    I    I   I   Ti
                   2.0        3.0     4.0    5.0  6.0 7.08.09.010.0
                DOWNWIND DISTANCE (k ml
  Figure  E-6.  a   Values Stratified by  Wind Direction, Cross  Sections.
                                            198

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                                                         GO s
                                                            co
                                                         co eo 3=
                                                         LU LU t
                                                         ^*o
                                                         II  II  II

                                                         *• •
 I        I    I
3  O  O  O   CJ
3  O  O  O   O
n  oo  r-  
                                                                                                  fC
                                                                                                  s-
                                                                                                 OO
                                                                                                  in
                                                                                                  
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           5 km   4
10123
5 km
        2000
                                                        5 km
Figure E-8.  Topographical Cross  Sections  in the Vicinity of the
             Stack.
                             200

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     The effects of increased surface roughness  and the  associated  increase  in
the rate of diffusion have been observed by McElroy and  Pooler (1968)  and
Start, et al. (1975), and calculated by Liu and  Durran  (1977).   The tendency
for more rapid dilution in complex terrain than  predicted by  Turner for flat
terrain has been reported by Bowne (1974) and Whaley and Lee  (1977).
                                      201

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                       APPENDIX F.   UPPER LEVEL  WINDS

     Double theodolite wind observations were,  in  general,  made  at 30-minute
intervals during the times when the helicopter was sampling.   Figure F-l
shows the approximate location of the three pibal  pads.   Pad  A was used
on a routine basis.   The location of the second  pad was  determined by wind
direction, i.e., the base line was selected that would be as  perpendicular
to the flow as possible.  The distance AB  - 344.34 m and  AC =  402.84  m.
The orientation of base line AB was 268.15° and  AC, 31.15°.  These directions
were based on sightings of the north star.  The data have been processed  on
a CDC-6400 computer using a program written by  NOAA personnel assigned to
ERDA-Las Vegas, Nevada, using a method by Thyer (1962).   In this report,
winds are given for each flight for 1950 m, the  stack  height  is  1934 m, and
near the height of the plume centerline.  A complete set of wind data is
on file at this office.
                                     202

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     150     1    Z    3    4    5
                 KILOMETERS
Figure  F-l.   Location  of Pibal  Pads.
                  203

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                    APPENDIX G.   PLANT EMISSION ESTIMATES

     Hourly emission estimates were made by the Technical Support Section of
Region VIII, EPA (O'Boyle, 1977).   The following formula was used in
making these estimates:  Total sulfur  = Roasting + Converter + Base
emissions - Acid plant.

     1.   Roasting:  (Ibs/hr) was calculated by multiplying the tons of
roaster charge per hour (t/hr) read from the Anaconda operating records by
the pounds of sulfur emitted per ton of charge (Ibs S/t chg), which was
estimated from the daily roasting sulfur emissions.  These in turn were
calculated from Anaconda records of daily roaster charge tonnage of sulfur
in the roaster charge and product (calcines).
     2.   Convertor Blowing:  (.Ibs/hr) was calculated by multiplying the
connector blowing minutes during the hour (min/hr) which was obtained from
company records by the average pounds of sulfur emitted per converter blowing
minute Obs/min).  This was estimated by describing the total sulfur in the
matte for the period November 1 through November 17, 1976, by the total
converter blowing minutes during that period.
     3.   Base Emissions:  The sum of average hourly sulfur emission rates
was obtained by interpolating plots of daily electric furnace emissions
and 4-day running averages of daily estimates of the reverberating furnace
emissions.  These estimates were made from reverberating and roaster charge
weights and the analyses of these charges, calcines, and mattes for sulfur.
     4.   Acid Plant:  Thr intake of the acid plant (120 Ibs/hr) was
calculated by multiplying the acid plant operating minutes during an hour
by the pounds of sulfur intake by operating minute.  This constant was
calculated from plant operating data for October, November, and December
1976 and February 1977.
                                     204

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     The results of these calculations of sulfur emissions were then used to
                               3
calculate SC^ emissions in yg/m  to make them compatible with other parameters.
                                    205

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             APPENDIX H.   COMPUTATION  OF  STABILITY  CLASSIFICATIONS

     If one desires to compare the reported  values  of  a  and a  with  the
values associated with the various stability categories  as  suggested  by
Turner (1969), Butte surface weather is provided  in the  description of each
flight.  An estimate of surface wind speeds  may be  obtained from  the  pibal
wind data.  To further assist in the determination  of  stability classifi-
cation, the following information concerning insolation  has been  obtained
from the Smithsonian Tables for Anaconda, Montana (Table H-l).

                                  TABLE H-l
                     TIMES OF DAYLIGHT AND SOLAR  ELEVATION

                       Daylight (1 hour after sunrise)

     October 1, 1976, 0636 True Solar Time (1ST)
     November 1, 1976, 0721 TST
     December 1, 1976, 0756 TST

                       Solar Elevation

     October 1, 1976, 32° at 0938 TST
     November 1, 1976, 19° at 0944 TST
     December 1, 1976, 15° at 0924 TST

Table H-2 presents Turner's stability categories  in six  classes.   Class  A
is the most unstable class, while class F is the  most stable.   Night  extends
to one hour after sunrise.  The neutral class can be assumed  for  overcast
conditions for night or day.  Slight insolation corresponds to solar
elevations from 15° to 35°.
                                      206

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                                  TABLE H-2

                         KEY TO STABILITY CATEGORIES*

Surface Wind
Speed (m/s)

<2
2-3
3-5
5-6
>6

Day

Incoming Solar Radiation
Strong

A
A-B
B
C
C
Moderate

A-B
B
C-D
D
D
Slight

B
C
C
D
D
Nu
Thin OVC
or
>4/8 Low

E
D
D
D
jht
<3/8
Cloud


F
E
D
D
*
 See page 206 for explanation of classifications,
                                      207

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              APPENDIX I.  COMPARISON OF 
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                  APPENDIX J.  QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES

     Calibration for the Sikorsky-58 helicopter instruments was organized to
ensure valid data with a minimum of loss.  Zero and span gas calibrations
were performed before and after each mission.   In addition, zero air readings
were taken during the course of each flight.  These were combined to determine
instrument drift during the sampling period.  This information was used to
determine the adjustment due to drift at any specific instance during the
flight.

     The span gases used to calibrate the REM ozone and Andros carbon monoxide
instruments were diluted through a Bendix Dynamic Calibration System.  The
source of zero grade dilution air was the Aadco pure air generator.  Span gas
used to calibrate the Teco S02 instrument was fed dtrectly into the intake
port of the instrument.  The MRI nephelometer was calibrated with Freon gas as
prescribed by the manufacturer.  The Cambridge temperature/dewpoint monitor
was calibrated using precision resistors.

     The span gases (Scott-Marrin SCL mixtures in aluminum cylinders) that
were used in the calibration of the SCL instrument were tested for concentra-
tion by the wet pararosanailine method presented by the Federal Register, 40
CFR, Part 50, Part 53, Subposts A, B, and C, Volume 38, No. 197, October 12,
1973.  All calibrations were conducted by contract personnel of the Lockheed
Electronics Corportation.
                                       209

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     Table J-l  presents  the results  of  titrations made to determine cylinder
concentrations.

                                  TABLE 0-1
                       SULFUR DIOXIDE CYLINDER HISTORIES
1.  Scott Marrin (SM),  S02 Cylinder #11394,  Used  October  1  - 12,  1976:
Date of Analysis
  04/20/77
runs)
SM Value
98.3 ppm
LEC* Value
  97.67**
% Difference
   -0.64
% Precision
 1.78 (3
2.  SM Cylinder #CC 214, Used October 13 -  November  9,  1976:
Date of Analysis     SM Value     LEC Value     % Difference      %  Precision
  10/10/76           39.1  ppm      38.5 ppm         1.60
  03/14/77           39.1  ppm      38.7 ppm**      -1.07
                                            Single Run
                                            1.56 (3 runs)
3.  Scott Marrin S02 Cylinder #CC 218,  Used November  18 -  December  9,  1976:
Date of Analysis     SM Value     LEC Value     % Difference     %  Precision
  10/10/76           39.2 ppm      38.47 ppm       -1.85
  03/18/77           39.2 ppm      40.7**ppm       -3.65     |
                                            Single Run
                                            1.90 (3 runs)
* Lockheed Electronics Corporation.
**Value used for calibration purposes.
                                      210

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing]
1. REPORT NO.
  EPA-600/4-78-054
                              2.
                                                            3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
  AIRBORNE  MEASUREMENTS OF A COPPER SMELTER PLUME  IN
  MONTANA.   The Anaconda Company,  Anaconda, Montana
  October 1  -  December 9, 1976.
               EPORT DATE
               September 1978
            6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)

  Frank G,  Johnson, David T. Mage,  and Norman J.  Cimon
                                                            8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
  Environmental  Monitoring and  Support Laboratory
  Office  of Research and Development
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  Las Vegas,  Nevada  89114
             10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

               1AD606
             11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
  U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency-Las Vegas,  NV
  Office  of  Research and Development
  Environmental  Monitoring and Support Laboratory
  Las Vegas,  Nevada  89114
             13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                 Final
             14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
               EPA/600/07
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
       A  field study was conducted during October  1  to December 8,  1976 to measure
  parameters of the effluent  plume of The Anaconda Company's copper smelter,
  Anaconda,  Montana.  Plume parameters were observed with a helicopter-borne air
  quality monitoring system.   This data report  presents plume heights,  plume
  horizontal and vertical dispersion, and plume centerline concentration,  and
  low-altitude sulfur dioxide concentrations over  areas of plume  impaction.
  Nephelometer and SO- data have been adjusted  to  account for instrument response
  times.
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                          c.  COSATI field/Group
  Copper
  Air  pollution
  Environmental surveys
  Helicopters
  Sulfur  dioxide
  Smelter
  Plumes
The Anaconda  Company
Helicopter  air quality
  measurements
Anaconda, Montana
Plume dispersion
Environmental  monitoring
04B
07B
17H
20F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
  RELEASE TO PUBLIC
                                               19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
                                                  UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                          21. NO. OF PAGES
                                230
                                                 SECURITY CLASS/'
                                                 UNCLASSIFIED
               Thti page)
                                                                          22. PRI
   CAM1
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77)    PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
                                                  *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:  1978 - 684-008/1902-M, 2025. 9-1

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