United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 277 11
EPA-600, 4-79-030
May 1979
Research and Development
Gridded Annual Air
Pollutant Emissions
East of the Rocky
Mountains
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are.
1 Environmental Health Effects Research
2 Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7 Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series.
This series describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods
and instrumentation for the identification and quantification of environmental
pollutants at the lowest conceivably significant concentrations. It also includes
studies to determine the ambient concentrations of pollutants in the environment
and/or the variance of pollutants as a function of time or meteorological factors.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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GRIDDED ANNUAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSIONS EAST OF THE ROCKIES
EPA-600/4-79-030
ERRATA
In the captions of Figurerl2-21, change
"20-Km grid" to "40-Km grid"
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EPA-600/4-79=030
May 1979
GRIDDED ANNUAL POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
by
Terry L. Clark
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and ap-
proved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial pro-
ducts does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
AUTHORS' AFFILIATION
The author is on assignment with the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Department of Commerce.
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ABSTRACT
Annual pollutant emissions of particulates, sulfur dioxide, ni-
trogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide from point and area
sources are apportioned to 80-km grid squares on a 35 by 30 grid net-
work. The grid network is a polar stereographic projection true at
60 N. The domain of the network includes southern Canada and much of the
United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Southern Texas and northern
New England are omitted.
In addition, the emissions of the five pollutants are apportioned
to 20-km grid squares on a 40 by 40 grid network, which is a subset of
the previously mentioned grid network. The domain of the 40 by 40 grid
network encompasses the area roughly from Columbus, Ohio to Portland,
Maine and from Richmond, Virginia to Ottawa, Ontario.
The emissions data were obtained from the 1977 Environmental Pro-
tection Agency National Emissions Data System (NEDS) file as well as from
data compiled by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Environment
Canada. These emission inventories, the design of the gridding procedures,
and the major source classifications responsible for much of the emissions
are discussed. The emission grids are presented in both figure and tabular
forms.
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CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures vi
Acknowledgments viii
1. Introduction 1
2. Pollutant Emission Inventories 3
United States National Emissions Data System (NEDS).. 3
Ontario Pollutant Inventory System (OPIS) 6
Saskatchewan and Manitoba Emission Inventories 8
3. Annual Emission Grid Maps 9
Annual Emission Grids For Long-Range Air
Quality Simulation Studies 10
Annual Emission Grids For Regional-Scale Air Quality
Simulations in the Northeastern United States 27
References 45
Appendices
A. Years of NEDS Point Source Emission Records 47
B. Computer Code to Convert Pollutant Source Coordinates
to the 80-km Grid Coordinates 49
C. Summary of Inadequate Coordinates in the NEDS Point
Source Inventory 52
D. Annual Emission Grids For Long-Range Air Quality
Simulation Studies 55
E. Annual Emission Grids For Regional Air Quality
Simulation Studies in the Northeast 105
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FIGURES
Number Page
*
1 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
particulates for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 15
2 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
sulfur dioxide for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 16
3 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
nitrogen oxides for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 18
4 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
hydrocarbons for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 19
5 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
carbon monoxide for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 20
6 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
particulates for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 22
7 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
sulfur dioxide for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 23
8 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
nitrogen oxides for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 25
9 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
hydrocarbons for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 26
10 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
carbon monoxide for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid) 28
11 Orientation of single grid squares from the 80-km and 20-km
grid networks superimposed on the entire 40-km grid network
of the Northeast 29
12 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
particulates for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 33
13 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
sulfur dioxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 34
-------
14 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
nitrogen oxides for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 35
15 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
hydrocarbons for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 36
16 Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
carbon monoxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 38
17 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
particulates for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 39
18 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
sulfur dioxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 41
19 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
nitrogen oxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 42
20 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
hydrocarbons for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 43
21 Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
carbon monoxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid) 44
vn
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to acknowledge Drs. William Shaffer and Paul
Long of the Techniques Development Laboratory of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration for providing information regarding the TDL
Planetary Boundary Layer Model grid network used in this report. The
technique to convert UTM coordinated to degrees latitude and longitude
was appreciated also.
Mr. Chuck Mann of the EPA Monitoring and Data Analysis Division pro-
vided answers to the many questions which arose concerning the EPA
National Emissions Data System (NEDS). Mr Harold Barkhau provided updated
(1979) emissions data for all large point sources east of the Rocky Moun-
tains. Messrs. John Courcier, Mike Davis, Sandor Kovac, Zack Snyder,
Steve Goronson, Oscar Cabra, and Seymour Shuster, respectively, provided
source locations and most recent emissions data pertaining to questionable
NEDS point source records. The services provided by these EPA personnel
are greatly appreciated.
The author would also like to acknowledge the cooperation of Dr.
George Nagy of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Dr. P.O. Cho-
quette of Environment Canada. Without their effort, the inclusion of
Canadian pollutant emissions in this report would not have been possible.
The typing of the draft and the final report by Ms. Barbara Hinton
was appreciated. She is to commended for her cooperation and patience.
The figures were drawn by Mr. Cecil Winstead.
vm
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
The desire to study the effects of long-range transport of pollutants
in the United States on local air quality and to identify source regions
contributing to deterioated air quality created the need for long-range
and regional-scale air quality simulation models. This in turn brings
about the need for gridded pollutant emissions. The models and gridded
pollutant emissions are essential tools in studying transport and trans-
formation of pollutants as well as surface deposition.
Numerous modeling efforts incorporating gridded pollutant emissions
have been compiled in Europe and the United States. Johnson, et al.
used the annual sulfur dioxide emissions inventory compiled by Rystad,
9
et al. to create gridded emission maps with grid dimensions of 0.5
degree latitude and 1.0 degree longitude. They developed a model to
assess the impact of emissions from individual nations in western and
3
central Europe. Bolin and Persson developed a regional sulfur dispersion
and deposition model for western Europe using a non-uniform emissions
4
grid created from the same inventory. Sheih used the sulfur dioxide
emissions inventory for power plants compiled by the Federal Power
Commission to model sulfur pollution over the northeastern United States.
Other modeling efforts utilizing gridded emission are summarized by Liu
and Durran .
To provide emissions data for air quality studies, the United
States Environmental Protection Agency maintains a comprehensive inventory
of annual anthropogenic emissions (from hereon, referred to as annual
emissions) of five pollutants - particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. In addition, the Ontario
Ministry of the Environment and the Canadian counterpart of the EPA,
Environment Canada, maintain similar emission inventories.
-------
From these emission inventories, gridded emission maps were created
for the United States and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. For large-
scale air quality studies, the five pollutants were apportioned onto a
uniform grid network with an 80-km grid spacing. (From here on, this
network will be referred to as the 80-km grid network). For regional-
scale modeling of the northeastern United States, the five pollutants were
apportioned onto uniform grid networks with a 20-km grid spacing. (From
here on, this grid network will be referred to as the 20-km grid network).
These emission grids were designed as input data to specific air quality
simulation studies, but it is hoped the gridded emissions presented here
will be beneficial for other studies.
The pollutant emission inventories for the United States and Canada
will be discussed in Section 2. The 80-km emission grids for the United
States and southern Canada east of 105 degrees West and 20-km emissions
grids for the northeastern United States and southeastern Ontario will be
presented and discussed in Section 3. Data helpful to air quality simulation
modelers are contained in the numerous appendices.
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SECTION 2
POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORIES
UNITED STATES NATIONAL EMISSIONS DATA SYSTEM (NEDS)
In 1970 an amendment to the Clean Air Act passed by Congress required
the individual state governments to compile, maintain, update, and submit
to the Federal Government an annual pollutant emission inventory of point
sources. Point sources are defined as stationary sources with the potent-
ial of emitting at least 100 tons per year of any of five primary criteria
pollutants. The five criteria pollutants are particulates, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Potential emissions
are defined to be the emissions from a source after the air pollution con-
trol equipment was removed or deactivated. The data were intended to be
used to assess, at the local and state levels, the impact of source emis-
sions on an area's air quality.
Emissions data from those sources not classified as point sources are
contained in the NEDS area source inventory. These sources include mobile
sources and stationary sources individually emitting less than 100 tons per
year, but collectively, emitting a significant amount. Miscellaneous sources,
such as, forest fires and agricultural burning are also included in the
area source file.
United States Point Source Inventory
Since 1971 the National Air Data Branch (NADB) of the EPA Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), via the ten EPA Regional Offices,
has maintained and analyzed point source emissions data compiled by the
state air pollution agencies. Originally, the data submitted by the states
were converted to a uniform format by EPA internal and contractual efforts
and stored into the newly created National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Now, however, much of the data have been submitted in a uniform format.
-------
As of December 1977, NEDS contained approximately 200,000 United
States point source records. Data in these records include, but are not
limited to, the following:
a. Location of source (state, county, air quality control
region, UTM coordinates)
b. Stack parameters (stack height, stack diameter, flow rate,
temperature of the exhaust)
c. Normal operating schedule (seasonal, days per week, hours
per day)
d. Annual emissions of the five primary pollutants
e. Pollutant control information
f. Pollutant control efficiency estimates.
Details of the contents of NEDS are furnished in "Guide For Compiling a
Comprehensive Emissions Inventory" .
The annual emissions from point sources have been determined from a
method employing one of the following:
a. Stack test results or other emission measurements
b. Material balance using engineering knowledge and expertise
of process
c. Emission factors from "Compilation of Air Pollution
Emission Factors"
d. Guess.
It is required that some of these point source emission rates be updated
semi-annually by the state agencies. The update requirement applies to the
following point sources:
a. Those achieving final compliance with a state implementation
plan, emission limitation regulation, or strategy
b. New or modified sources receiving approval to begin con-
struction or operation
c. Those terminating operations during a reporting period.
-------
More details concerning emission estimation procedures and reporting re-
o
quirements can be found in "AEROS Manual Series", Vol. 1 .
United States Area Source Inventory
Since the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments did not require the states to
compile and submit an area source inventory, the EPA and EPA contractors
compiled area source inventories for each state. Due to the large number
of area sources, the compilation and storage of data pertaining to indivi-
dual area sources would not be practical. As an alternative, annual emissions
from these sources in each of the approximately 3100 United States counties
or county-equivalents are summed and stored in NEDS county-wide records.
Each area source record includes, but not limited to, the following:
a. Location (state and county only)
b. Estimated annual emissions from county sources
c. Quantity of fuels burned for residential, commercial,
and industrial heating and transportation
d. Number of vehicle-miles traveled
e. Population data
No coordinates whatsoever were included in the area source records.
Emissions from area sources were estimated from emission factors and
data compiled by county, state, and fereral agencies. The compiled data
included vehicle-miles traveled, fuel retail sales records, fuel evaporative
losses, population statistics, acreage of forests burned, etc. For details,
see "Guide For Compiling a Comprehensive Emissions Inventory" .
Every year the EPA-NADB updates the NEDS area source emissions inven-
tory either by estimating area source emissions from updated information
gathered from various governmental agencies or accepting emissions estimates
voluntarily submitted to EPA by the state agencies. These state-submitted
data are reviewed by EPA for accuracy and completeness. Care is taken to
avoid duplicating emissions data reported in the point source inventory.
Upon final acceptance, the data are included in the NEDS area source emis-
sions file.
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ONTARIO POLLUTANT INVENTORY SYSTEM (OPIS)
As early as 1969 the Ontario Ministry of the Environment began to con-
q
duct detailed emission surveys in large urban areas in the province .
First, a comprehensive inventory was compiled for the city of Toronto. The
compilation of comprehensive inventories for Hamilton and the Niagra
Peninsula followed. In addition to area source data, these inventories in-
cluded data from point sources, which were defined as stationary sources
emitting at least 100 pounds per day of any of the five criteria pollutants.
Prior to the delivery of the inventories to EPA, industrial emissions
data for the southeastern, northeastern, and western regions of Ontario
were added to the inventory. Plans for the future included the completion
of the inventory in these areas.
Since the annual emissions of pollutants from the industrial areas of
Ontario north of Lakes Superior and Huron were not furnished in this in-
ventory, total annual emission estimates were obtained for 1973 from the
Wawa, Sudbury, Thunder Bay, and Sault Ste. Marie areas from another data
source . The pollutants from this data source only included particulates,
sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, however. These total emissions were
assumed to be point source emissions and added to the Ontario point source
emission file.
Ontario Point Source Inventory
The OPIS point source inventory basically contains the same type of
information in each of the 800 source as the records in the NEDS point
source file. However, the Ontario inventory includes more detailed infor-
mation concerning normal plant operations. The specific days of the week
and diurnal variations of normal plant operations are included.
Essential plant operations data first were gathered by inspectors and
engineers from the Regional Offices via personal contacts with plant mana-
gers. The basic data collected in the surveys were reviewed for accuracy
and validity. Upon acceptance of the data, realistic emission estimates
were derived by applying engineering knowledge and judgement to the type
of technology, fuel, and operating and maintenance conditions of the source.
Emission factors detailed in "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors"
6
-------
were used when needed. Field-measured emissions and not emissions estimates
were recorded when available.
Emissions data for new sources or modifications of existing sources
are supplied to emissions inventory personnel from completed construction
or modification approval applications. Other changes, such as, fuel
switches and modification of manufacturing processes are updated by periodic
source surveys conducted by Regional Officers. The periodic surveys are
conducted every one or two years for each source depending upon the amount
of emissions released from the source.
Ontario Area Source Inventory
In contrast to the similarities of the Ontario and United States
point source inventories, the contents of the Ontario area source inven-
tories are much different than the contents of the United States area source
inventory. The records in the Ontario area source inventory contain emis-
sion estimates from all area sources within 1-km grid squares, where emis-
sions from the United States area sources are summed for each county. Geo-
graphical coordinates, accurate to 1.0 km, are included in the 16000 On-
tario area source records, while none are given in the United States area
source records.
Another difference lies in the contents of the records of each inven-
tory. Only the emissions estimates, normal diurnal emissions pattern,
source location, and source description are supplied in OPIS. The NEDS
area source records contain more information, however, over a much larger
area.
In OPIS, the emissions from area sources were estimated in a similar
fashion to those in NEDS. Automobile emissions were estimated by applying
emission factors to fuel sales records and traffic flow records compiled
by the Ministry of Transportation and Communication. Similarly, emissions
from small industrial and commercial complexes were estimated from fuel
consumption rates obtained from individual telephone contacts.
Emissions resulting from residential heating were estimated from
fuel-sales records. Land-use and population distribution information
were used to apportion the emissions to 1-km grid squares.
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SASKATCHEWAN AND MANITOBA EMISSIONS INVENTORIES
In late 1976, annual emissions estimates for sources in Saskatchewan
and Manitoba were obtained from Environment Canada. At the time the emis-
sions data were requested, Environment Canada was in the process of accumu-
lating, processing, and storing emissions data in the computerized National
Emissions Inventory System . As a result, such details as stack data and
normal plant operation schedules for point sources were not available.
Moreover, the annual emissions estimates were manually tabulated.
Because of the incompleteness of the system, no specific location of
the source was furnished as in the data received from the Ontario Ministry
of the Environment. Instead, the total emissions from point sources in
each major urban area, as well as, the general coordinates of the urban
area were furnished.
Area source emissions from sources in the area of interest, defined
later, were estimated by Environment Canada to be 20% of the total area
source emissions in each of the two provinces. In some cases, emissions
from sources classically defined as point sources were included in the
area source emissions table when site location information was unavailable.
-------
SECTION 3
ANNUAL EMISSION GRID MAPS
In order to simulate air quality, emissions input data must be avail-
able and utilized. Emission rates apportioned to a uniform grid would be
the most suitable form of emissions data input for numerical modeling pur-
poses. The dimension of these grid squares would, of course, be dependent
upon the particular horizontal scale of interest.
Since emission rates from sources fluctuate seasonally and annually,
ideally the time period when the emissions were estimated should correspond
to the time period the modeler chooses to simulate air quality. Unfortun-
ately, comprehensive emission inventories for widespread time periods and
extenisve areas do not exist. The maintenance requirements would be im-
practical. Updated information constantly replaces emissions data stored
in the inventories.
Much of the point source emissions data in NEDS for some states has
not been updated since 1973, however. Appendix A indicates by state the per-
centage of point source records entered or updated in NEDS for each year.
The years range from 1969 to 1977. Most of the point source records were
entered in NEDS around 1973.
Two sets of annual emission grids of particulates, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide are presented in this
section. Ten uniform emission grids are contained in each set—five point
and five area source emission grids. In addition, the grid configurations
and gridding procedures are discussed.
The first set of emission grids presented have a grid spacing of 80-km
and a domain covering a large portion of the United States and southern
Canada east of 105 degrees west longitude. These emission grids would be
optimal for large-scale air quality simulations.
-------
The source emission grids in the second set have a grid spacing of
20-km. The domain of the grid network in this set extends from Columbus,
Ohio to Portland, Maine and Richmond, Virginia to Ottawa, Ontario. These
emission grids would be useful for regional-scale air quality simulations in
the northeastern United States.
The two emission grid configurations and the figures and appendices in
which they appear are summarized in Table 1.
ANNUAL EMISSION GRIDS FOR LONG-RANGE AIR QUALITY SIMULATION STUDIES
Configuration of the United States-Canadian Grid Network
For the study of long-range transport, transformation, and deposition
of pollutants, emission grids with a grid spacing of approximately 80-km
were created for point and area sources. The domain includes southern
Canada and the United States east of 105 degrees with the exception of
southern Texas and much of northern New England. The southeastern corner
of Saskatchewan and the southern portions of Manitoba and Ontario have been
included also. These areas contain the majority of both Canadian population
and industrial areas.
The 35 by 30 grid network with an 80-km spacing is identical to that
utilized by the prognostic Planetary Boundary Layer Model developed by
12
Schaffer and Long . The map is based upon a polar stereographic projec-
tion true at 60 degrees North and parallel to 105 degrees West.
Procedure for Gridding Emissions Onto the 80-km Grid Network
Annual Point Source Emissions--
The design of the emissions gridding procedure was dictated by the
data content of each emission inventory utilized. The apportionment to
grid squares of annual emissions from Ontario point and area sources and
most of the United States point sources was rather straightforward. Every
source documented in OPIS included a complete set of UTM coordinates (UTM
zone, UTM-east, and UTM-north) identifying the location. A computer program,
listed in Appendix B, was written and used to convert the UTM coordinates
to latitude and longitude (UTMC), while another (CONVB) was written to
convert latitude and longitude to grid coordinates. Total annual emissions
10
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from Ontario point and area sources were allocated to the grid squares in
which the sources were located.
Problems surfaced during the apportionment of United States point
source emissions to grid squares. First of all, as of late 1977, 19.3%
of the NEDS records of point sources within the grid domain contained in-
complete sets of UTM coordinates. Nearly all the point source records for
Kansas did not include coordinates. Furthermore, an additional 2.3% of
these point source records contained UTM coordinates with significant errors.
Appendix C summarizes by state the number and percentage of point source
records with site coordinates missing or in error.
For these point source records, the gridding procedure was designed to
specify the location of the source at the geographical center of the county
in which it was located. With this specification and an 80-km grid spacing,
it is possible that the emissions from these point sources actually, but
unknowingly, located within one grid square could be apportioned to an ad-
jacent grid square.
Annual Area Source Emissions—
A similar procedure was adopted to allocate United States area source
emissions. Since the NEDS data records for area sources contained total
emissions for entire counties, these emissions were allocated to the grid
square containing the approximate geographical center point of the respec-
tive county. The emissions from any given county were always allocated to
one grid square. This resulted in a few grid squares showing no area
source emissions, unfortunately. Another drawback was the fact that the
emissions from primarily large urban areas (Chicago, Detroit, and New
Orleans) could be allocated to the adjacent grid square containing the geo-
graphical center of the county. In these three cases, the area source emis-
sions were allocated to the grid squares containing the urban area.
The procedure for apportioning annual emissions from point sources in
Saskatchewan and Manitoba involved allocating the emissions to grid squares
containing the urban centers in which the sources were located. Emissions
from area sources in the two provinces, on the other hand, were apportioned
to grid squares based upon the assumption that emissions from area sources
are proportional to population density. The population in each grid
12
-------
square in Saskatchewan and Manitoba was estimated using an international
Atlas. The emissions apportioned to each grid square depended upon the per-
centage of population in the grid square.
Discussion of 80-km Emission Grids
The annual emissions for the 80-km grid are presented in two formats.
First, the actual annual emissions from sources within each grid square are
listed in Appendix D. These values are intended for direct input to air
quality simulation models. The emission rates in the appendix are listed
first for the grid square in the lower-left corner of the grid network (1,1).
The emission rates from sources in the remaining grid squares in the bottom
row follow. The rates from sources in the remaining rows are listed from
the bottom to the top of the grid network.
Secondly, Figures 1-10 illustrate the relative magnitude of the annual
point and area source emissions of the five criteria pollutants in each grid
square. From the figures, high emission areas of the two countries are
readily identified.
The areas of the United States and Canada where emissions are greatest
are indicated by the presence of single-digit numbers in the grid squares.
As indicated by the key in each figure, the higher the single-digit number,
the greater the emissions from the sources within the grid square. Those
grid squares with no numbers indicate the annual emissions of the pollutant
from sources within the grid square are less than the minimum rate indica-
ted in the key. Except for the 60,000 tons per year rate for the area
source emissions map for carbon monoxide, the minimal value is 20,000 tons
per year.
Point Source Emission Maps--
In the ensuing discussion, areas of Canada and the United States emit-
ting the largest quantities of pollutants within the grid domain will be
identified. The estimated annual emissions from individual point sources,
as well as, the source classification (see Appendix A of "Guide for Compiling
a Comprehensive Emission Inventory" for a complete list) have been obtained
directly from the emission inventories. The annual national emissions, as
well as, information concerning source classifications of area sources in
13
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the United States were obtained from "1973 National Emissions Report" .
Figure 1 illustrates the grid map of particulates emissions from point
sources. Most of the point source emissions of this pollutant in the United
States result from the burning of bituminous coal for electric generation
(55% of the annual national total). Nearly 20% is attributed to the mineral
products industry and 16% to the primary metals industry.
The areas where the largest quantities are emitted annually include the
extreme northeastern corner of Alabama, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio,
and southeastern Indiana where electric generating plants burn bituminous
coal. Industrial boilers in eastern Pennsylvania also burn large quantities
of bituminous coal and emit large quantities of particulates each year.
Aluminum production near New Orleans, mineral production in southeastern
Kentucky, and stone excavation in northern Kentucky are reportedly respon-
sible for the high particulates emission in those areas.
The sulfur dioxide emission map illustrated in Figure 2 shows areas
where large quantities of fossil fuels are burned from point sources. The
point source class emitting the greatest amount of this pollutant annually-
nearly 57% of the national total - is the bituminous coal-fired electric
generating plant. The primary metals industry emits nearly 12%, while
nearly 7% of the total annual emissions of the pollutant result from the
burning of bituminous coal for industrial fuel. The petroleum industry
emits about 4% of the national total each year.
The largest single emitter of sulfur dioxide is a smelter in Sudbury,
Ontario where the estimated point source emissions exceed one million tons.
The large emissions observed in southwestern Pennsylvania are attributed to
coal-fired electric generating plants.
In the Midwest, point source emissions of sulfur dioxide are high near
the cities of Gary, Toledo, Detroit, and Cleveland. The emissions are also
high along the Mississippi River from St. Louis to Cairo, Illinois and
along much of the Illinois and Ohio Rivers. The highest emission rates in
the East are attributed to coal-fired electric generating plants in south-
eastern Pennsylvania and the petroleum industry in northern Delaware.
14
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EMISSION RATE,tons/yr
1 20,000 TO < 60,000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 150,000
4 150,000 TO < 300,000
V
Figure 1. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
particulates for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
15
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1 20,000 TO < 60,000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 300,000
4 300,000 TO < 800,000
5 800,000 TO < 2,000,000
Figure 2. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
sulfur dioxide for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
16
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Figure 3 depicts the nitrogen oxides emissions from point sources.
These emissions result primarily from the burning of bituminous coal,
residual oil, and to a lesser extent, natural gas east of the Mississippi
River. On the other side of the river, the emissions primarily are
caused by the burning of natural gas and bituminous coal. Nationally,
nearly 70% of the point source emissions of nitrogen oxides result from
the process of generating electricity (about 45% from burning bituminous
coal, 12% from natural gas and 10% from residual oil). Another 20% is
attributed to the burning of fuel for industrial use.
Point sources in the grid square containing the Gary, Indiana metropo-
litan area emit more nitrogen oxides (approximately 430,000 tons/year) than
the point sources in any other grid square. These emissions result largely
from the generation of electricity for industrial use. Other areas where
point source emissions are high are west central Illinois and the Pittsburgh
and New York metropolitan areas.
Figure 4 illustrates areas where annual point source emissions of
hydrocarbons are greatest. These emissions primarily result from evapora-
tive losses of solvents used in industrial processes and petroleum products
during the manufacturing, storing, and transporting processes. Nearly 50%
of the annual national point source emissions of hydrocarbons is due to
evaporative losses, while 25% is attributed to chemical manufacturing pro-
cesses.
The greatest emissions of the pollutant are from sources located in
or near large metropolitan areas where the refining and consumption of
the products are greatest. Southwestern New Jersey, extreme southeastern
Texas, and the Houston areas contain the largest point sources.
The final point source emission map, illustrated in Figure 5, shows
the areas where annual carbon monoxide emissions are the greatest. The re-
lease of carbon monoxide results in the incomplete burning of fossil fuels
and other materials containing carbon. Nationally, about 30% of the total
annual point source emissions of the pollutant is attributed to the petro-
leum industry, 25% to the chemical manufacturing industry (largely from the
production of carbon black), 17% to the primary metal industry, and 8% to
the secondary metals industry.
17
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EMISSION RATES, tons/yr
L —^ 1 20,000 TO < 60,000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 150,000
4 150,000 TO < 400,000
5 400,000 TO < 800,000
Figure 3. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
nitrogen oxides for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
18
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EMISSION RATE,tons/yr
1 20,000 TO < 60,000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 150,000
4 150,000 TO < 300,000
Figure 4. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
hydrocarbons for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
19
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1 20,000 TO < 60.000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 150,000
4 150,000 TO < 500,000
5 500,000 TO < 1,200,000
Figure 5. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
carbon monoxide for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
20
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The point sources in Gary, Indiana emit over one million tons of
carbon monoxide each year. Much of this is emitted by the primary metals
and petroleum industries. Meanwhile, the chemical manufacturing and petro-
leum industries annually emit nearly 700,000 and 100,000 tons of carbon
monoxide, respectively, in the Amarillo, Texas area.
Area Source Emission Maps—
Figure 6 shows areas where annual area source emissions of particulates
are greatest. These sources, concentrated around large metropolitan areas,
include mobile sources and small stationary sources collectively, but not
individually, emitting relatively large amounts of the pollutant. It can
be seen from the comparison of Figures 1 and 6 most of the particulates
emissions result from point sources.
The "1973 National Emissions Report" can be used to identify the types
of area sources responsible for the majority of the pollutant emissions.
For instance, in the Cleveland-Akron area, 79% of the area source emissions
of particulates result from the burning of bituminous coal for industrial
fuel and another 8% from land vehicle exhaust. In the Gary, Indiana area,
43% of the area source emissions of the pollutant result from the burning
of bituminous coal for industrial fuel, while 25% is attributed to land
vehicle exhaust and another 16% to solid waste disposal.
In New York City the largest single contributor to the area source
emissions is the burning of residual oil for residential, industrial, and
commercial space heating (32%). Meanwhile, 26% is attributed to land ve-
hicle exhaust and 16% to solid waste disposal.
In nearby northern New Jersey almost 40% of the area source emissions
of the pollutant is attributed to land vehicle exhaust. In addition, 22%
is attributed to solid waste disposal and 22% to the burning of distillate
oil for residential, industrial, and commercial fuel.
Figure 7 illustrates the area source emissions of sulfur dioxide. Like
the emissions of particulates, the sulfur dioxide is emitted largely from
point sources. Area sources of sulfur dioxide are concentrated in the
highly industrialized and populated Midwest and Northeast. This includes
Gary, Indiana, the Cleveland-Akron-Youngstown area, northern New Jersey,
and New York City.
21
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EMISSION RATE.tons/yr
1 20,000 TO < 60,000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 150,000
Figure 6. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
particulates for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
22
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EMISSION RATE,tons/yr
1 20,000 TO < 60,000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 150,000
Figure 7. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
sulfur dioxide for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
23
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In Gary, the burning of bituminous coal for residential and industrial
fuel accounts for nearly 60% of the area source emissions. The burning of
residual oil for commercial fuel accounts for 11% and land vehicle exhaust
accounts for 11% of the area source emissions.
Nearly 55% of the area source emissions of the pollutant in northern
New Jersey is emitted by burning residual oil for commercial and industrial
fuel. Another 29% results from the burning of distillate oil for residen-
tial, industrial, and commercial fuel. In nearby New York City, 60% of the
area source emissions of the pollutant is due to the burning of residual oil
and 24% to the burning of distillate oil for residential, industrial, and
commercial fuel.
The greater Cleveland-Akron-Youngstown area of Ohio emits approximately
160,000 tons annually of sulfur dioxide from area sources. Nearly 75% of
this rate is emitted from industrial burning of bituminous coal for fuel.
Figure 8 illustrates the nitrogen oxides emissions map for area sources.
More nitrogen oxides are emitted by weight from land vehicle exhaust than
sulfur dioxide or particulates from all area sources. Nationally, it is
estimated that land vehicles emit nearly 9.3 million tons on nitrogen oxides
annually (80% of the national total from area sources), while only 3.5 and
3.0 million tons of particulates and sulfur dioxide, respectively, are
emitted annually from all area sources.
The vehicular emissions are pronounced in the Washington-Boston corri-
dor. Similarly, the large volume of traffic in the Houston and Chicago-Gary
areas and the northeastern Ohio area are responsible for the high emissions
of nitrogen oxides. The lesser populated areas of Dallas, New Orleans,
Miami, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Louisville, Detroit, and Pittsburgh emit lower
amounts of the pollutant annually. However, the amounts are substantial -
between 60,000 and 100,000 tons annually.
Figure 9 shows those areas where hydrocarbons are emitted in large
quantities each year by area sources. Of the estimated 17.5 million tons
of hydrocarbons emitted annually across the nation, 70% are attributed to
land vehicle exhaust.
24
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EMISSION RATES, tons/yr
1 20,000 TO < 60,000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 150,000
4 150,000 TO < 300,000
Figure 8. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
nitrogen oxides for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
25
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EMISSION RATES, tons/yr 'J _
1 20,000 TO < 60,000
2 60,000 TO < 100,000
3 100,000 TO < 150,000
4 150,000 TO < 300.000
5 300,000 TO < 500,000
Figure 9. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
hydrocarbons for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
26
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The greatest quantities are emitted in the New York, Chicago, and
Detroit metropolitan areas. Once again, the Washington-Boston corridor
and metropolitan Cleveland are high emission areas. As expected, the less
populated areas emit less hydrocarbons annually.
The last figure in this series. Figure 10, shows the areas where carbon
monoxide is emitted in large quantities each year by area sources. Again,
land vehicle exhaust is primarily responsible for the United States each
year. Nearly 91% of the emissions is due to the exhaust, while almost 3%
results from the burning of solid waste.
Those areas where nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons emissions are high are
also areas where carbon monoxide emissions are high. In Figure 10 many areas
not identified in the previous emission maps as high emission areas show up
as high emission areas, even though the minimum annual emission rate in the
key was raised from 20,000 to 60,000 tons. This dramatizes how much more
carbon monoxide is emitted by land vehicles than the other four pollutants
considered here.
Less populated areas emit less carbon monoxide than the rates included
in the highest category (800,000 to 1,600,000 tons), but the rates are sub-
stantial (300,000 to 800,000). These metropolitan areas include Miami,
Atlanta, New Orleans, Houston, Dallas, Denver, Oklahoma City, St. Louis,
Memphis, Charlotte, and numerous areas of the Midwest and Northeast. The
Winnipeg, Manitoba and Regina, Saskatchewan metropolitan areas emit from
150,000 to 300,000 tons of carbon monoxide each year.
ANNUAL EMISSION GRIDS FOR REGIONAL-SCALE AIR QUALITY SIMULATIONS IN THE
NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
Configuration of the Northeastern Emission Grid Network
To serve as input to air quality simulation models for the northeastern
United States, higher resolution emission grids of annual area and point
source emissions were created. The annual emission grid network for the
Northeast is a 40 by 40 grid with a grid spacing of approximately 20 km.
Figure 11 illustrates the relationship of this grid network with the
80-km grid network discussed earlier. In the figure, the largest grid
square corresponds to grid square (30,26) on the 80-km grid network.
27
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EMISSION RATE, tons/yr
1 60,000 TO < 100,000
2 100,000 TO < 150,000
3 150,000 TO < 300,000
4 300,000 TO < 800,000
5 800,000 TO < 1,600,000
Figure 10. Gridded annual area source emission (tons/year) of
carbon monoxide for the U.S. and Canada (80-km grid).
28
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Figure 11. Orientation of single grid squares from the 80-km and
20-km grid networks superimposed on the entire 40-km
grid network of the Northeast.
29
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The smallest grid square in Figure 11 corresponds to grid square (27,21)
on the 20-km grid network.
Procedure for Gridding Annual Emissions Onto the Northeast Grid Network
Annual Point Source Emissions—
The northeastern United States and southeastern Ontario point source
emissions were apportioned to the 20-km grid network simply on the basis of
source location. After the grid square containing each point source was
identified, the emissions from the source were allocated to the appropriate
grid squares. Point source emissions from United States sources with mis-
sing coordinates in NEDS were allocated to the grid square containing the
geographical center of the county in which the source was located.
Annual Area Source Emissions--
Since the Ontario area source emissions file contained emission rates
from sources within 1-km squares, the gridding procedure for the Ontario
area source emissions was similar to the procedure used for the point source
emissions. The area source emissions were simply allocated to the 20-km
grid squares containing the centers of the 1-km squares.
Since no coordinates were furnished for the area sources in NEDS and
the emissions were reported in NEDS as county-wide emissions, the gridding
procedure for the United States area source emissions was markedly differ-
ent. Because a 20-km grid spacing was chosen and the counties in the North-
east extend into several 20-km grid squares, the gridding procedure was
designed to apportion the county-wide emissions to all grid squares con-
taining portions of the individual counties.
Based upon the assumption that area source emissions in a given area
are proportional to population density, the gridding procedure was designed
to apportion the county-wide emissions to grid squares according to the
percentage of the county population residing within the grid squares.
Population distributions in each county were determined from 1970 United
States Census Bureau Data, which included population and latitude and
longitude of individual enumeration districts (towns and cities).
The gridding procedure involved converting the coordinates of each
enumeration district to grid coordinates for each county. The population
30
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of each enumeration district was allocated to the grid square containing
the district. The percentage of the county population residing in the grid
squares was then calculated.
Finally, the county-wide area source emissions were apportioned to the
grid squares according to the percentage of population in each grid square.
If 30% of the population of a county resided within the confines of a grid
square, 30% of each of the annual rates of the five pollutants would be
allocated to that grid square.
Discussion of the Northeastern Emission Grids
Annual Point Source Emission Grids--
The annual gridded emissions from point sources are presented in two
formats. First, the actual point source emissions of the five criteria
pollutants gridded onto the 20-km network are provided in tabular form in
Appendix E. The emission rates in the appendix are listed first for the
grid square in the lower left corner of the 20-km grid network (1,1). The
point source emission rates from the remaining grid squares in that row
follow. The point souce emissions from the grid squares in the remaining
rows are listed in similar fashion.
The second format presents the relative magnitudes of the annual point
source emissions on 20 by 20 grid maps with a grid spacinq of 40 km. The
40-km grid maps were used in the figures to prevent clutter. The annual
point source emissions of particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are depicted in Figures 12-16, respectively.
Since the source classifications of the major sources in the highest-emit-
ting grid squares were discussed earlier (see Discussion of 80-km Emission
Grids) discussion of the 20-km point source emission maps is limited to the
highlighting of the emission rates in the highest-emitting grid squares.
As the figures illustrating the gridded emissions on the 80-km network,
Figures 12-16 identify those grid squares containing point sources which
emit large amounts of any of the five pollutants. A number from 1 to 5
appears in these grid squares and denotes the relative emission rate in
tons/year. The range of each of the emission classes appears in the lower
right corner of the figures.
31
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The lowest class of emission rates in this series of figures begins.
with 10,000 tons/year as opposed to the 20,000 tons/year in most of the
80-ktn emission maps. The maximum rate in the lowest range, as well as the
rates in the remaining classes, were selected according to the range of
emission rates across the grid network.
The point sources emitting large quantities of particulates (see
Figure 12) are concentrated along the eastern Ohio River Valley and the
Delaware River Valley. The grid squares where these emissions are greatest
include the northern West Virginia panhandle (146,000 tons/year), the
Trenton, New Jersey area (115,000 tons/year), the Cleveland area (94,000
tons/year), a portion of southern Ohio (78,000 tons/year), and a portion of
northern New York (71,500 tons/year).
The major point sources of sulfur dioxide in the Northeast are located
in the higher populated areas (see Figure 13). The largest sources are
concentrated in the eastern Ohio-western Pennsylvania and the southeastern
Pennsylvania areas. The emissions from the two grid squares encompassing
Indiana, Pennsylvania (in western Pennsylvania), each designated with a "4",
total 890,000 tons/year. Other large sources are located in grid squares
encompassing the Marietta, Ohio area (444,000 tons/year), the Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania area (406,000 tons/year), the area to the northeast of Marietta
(371,000 tons/year), the Wilmington, Delaware area (336,000 tons/year),
and the Zanesville, Ohio area (303,000 tons/year).
Most of the nitrogen oxides in the Northeast are emitted from sources
in the Ohio and Delaware River Valleys and the New York metropolitan area
(see Figure 14). The largest sources are located in grid squares encom-
passing New York City (169,000 tons/year), Clarksburg, West Virginia
(123,000 tons/year), Indiana, Pennsylvania (104,000 tons/year), Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania (98,000 tons/year), Wheeling, West Virginia (90,000 tons/year),
the New Jersey portion of the New York metropolitan area (86,000 tons/year),
and a portion of southeastern Ohio (77,000 tons/year).
Similar to the sources of sulfur dioxide emissions, the point sources
of hydrocarbons are concentrated in the highly populated areas of the
Northeast (see Figure 15). The grid square encompassing the Philadelphia
area contains sources which emit 153,000 tons/year. Other high emission
32
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10,000 TO < 30,000
30,000 TO < 60,000
60,000 TO < 120,000
4 120000TO<180,000
Figure 12. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
particulates for the northeastern U.S. and south east-
ern Ontario (20-km grid).
33
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Figure 13. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of
sulfur dioxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeast-
ern Ontario (20-km grid).
34
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Figure 14. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of nitrogen
oxides for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Ontario
(20-km grid).
35
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EMISSION RATE, tons/yr
1 10,000 TO < 30,000
2 30,008 TO < 50,000
3 50,000 TO < 75,000
4 75,000 TO < 120.000
5 120,000 TO < 175,000
Figure 15. Gn'dded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of hydro-
carbons for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Ontario
(20-km grid).
36
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grid squares include those encompassing East Baltimore (86,000 tons/year),
northeastern New Jersey (84,000 tons/year), and east-central Ohio (55,000
tons/year).
Figure 16 illustrates the location of large point sources of carbon
monoxide in the Ohio and Delaware River Valleys and the Buffalo, New York
area. The sources in the grid square containing the Philadedphia area emit
more carbon monoxide (228,000 tons/year) than those in any other grid
square. Other high emission grid squares contain sources in the Baltimore
area (104,000 tons/year), Buffalo area (78,000 tons/year), and the New Jersey
portion of the New York metropolitan area (76,000 tons/year).
Annual Area Source Emission Grids--
As mentioned previously, Northeastern annual area source emissions were
gridded onto a network with a 20-km grid spacing. These area source emissions,
like the point source emissions, are presented in two formats. First, the
actual gridded emissions are provided in Appendix F in the same format as the
gridded Northeastern point sorce emissions. Secondly, 40-km grid maps of
area source emissions were created by summing the area source emissions
from sets of four 20-km grid squares. Figures 17-21 illustrate the relative
magnitude of the area source emissions of particulates, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, respectively, for the
40-km grid network.
Since the area source emissions of particulates and sulfur dioxide are
much less than the point source emissions, the minimal emission rate in the
lowest emission class (class 1) was reduced from 10,000 to 5,000 tons/year
in Figures 17 and 18. These two figures are quite similar in that the major
area source emissions of the two pollutants are concentrated in the Boston
to Washington, D. C. corridor and the northeastern Ohio area.
The grid square where the area source emissions of particulates are
greatest (see Figure 17) is the one containing the Cleveland area where
90,596 tons/year are emitted. An annual total of 87,101 tons/year is
emitted from area sources within the New York City grid square, while 44,168
tons/year are emitted from the grid square below the Cleveland grid square.
The annual area source emissions in each of the remaining grid squares fall
below 40,000 tons.
37
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EMISSION RATE,tons/yr
1 10,000 TO < 30,000
2 30,000 TO < 50,000
\3 50,000 TO < 75,000
4 75,000 TO < 125,000
5 125,000 TO < 200,000
Figure 16. Gridded annual point source emissions (tons/year) of carbon
monoxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Ontario
(20-km grid).
38
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EMISSION RATE,tons/yr
1 5,000 TO < 15,000
2 15,000 TO < 25,000
i 3 25,000 TO <40,000
4 40,000 TO < 75,000
5 75,000 TO <150,000
Figure 17. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/Year) of par-
ticulates for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern
Ontario (20-km grid).
39
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As seen from Figure 18, the area sources in the New York City grid
square emit much more sulfur dioxide than any other grid square - 158,185
tons/year. The next highest annual total is the 80,697 tons emitted from
the area sources within the Cleveland grid square. The area sources in
the Philadelphia area grid square emit 47,463 tons/year, while those in
each of the remaining grid squares emit less than 40,000 tons/year.
The annual emissions of nitrogen oxides (see Figure 19) from area
sources are appreciable higher than the particulates and sulfur dioxide
emissions. The area sources in the New York City grid square emit 325,673
tons/year, while 143,382 tons/year are emitted from area sources in the
Philadelphia area grid square. The next highest emission grid squares, in
order, are Cleveland (78,823 tons/year), Washington, D. C.-Maryland suburbs
(75,726 tons/year), and Baltimore (63,622 tons/year). The area sources in
each of the remaining grid squares emit less than 50,000 tons/year.
The major area sources of hydrocarbons (see Figure 20) are concentrated
in the Boston to Washington, D. C., the Pittsburgh to Cleveland, and to a
lesser extent, the Rochester to Toronto corridors. The area source emis-
sions of hydrocarbons are greatest in the New York City grid square where
475,048 tons/year are emitted annually. The area sources in the Philadelphia
area grid square emit 193,491 tons/year, while those in the Cleveland grid
square emit 154,749 tons/year. Those in the Washington, D. C.-Maryland su-
burbs emit 110,663 tons/year, while the area sources in each of the remain-
ing grid squares emit less than 100,000 tons/year.
Figure 21 shows the areas of high carbon monoxide emissions are also
areas of high hydrocarbons emissions. Once again, area sources within the
New York City grid square emit the greatest amount 1,893,482 tons/year. The
area sources with the Philadelphia-area grid square emit 1,093,002 tons/year
while those in the Cleveland grid square emit 593,726 tons/year. The area
sources in the Washington, D. C.-Maryland suburbs emit 574,083 tons/year,
while those in each of the remaining grid squares emit less than 500,000
tons/year.
40
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EMISSION RATE, tons/yr
1 5,000 TO < 20,000
2 20,000 TO < 40,000
3 40,000 TO < 70,000
4 70,000 TO < 110,000
5 110.000TO <180000
Figure 18. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of
sulfur dioxide for the northeastern U.S. and south-
eastern Ontario (20-km grid).
41
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EMISSION RATE, tons/yr
1 10,000 TO < 30,000
4 150,000 TO < 250,000
5 250,000 TO < 400,000
Figure 19. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of nitrogen
oxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Ontario
(20-km grid).
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EMISSION RATE, tons/yr
1 10,000 TO < 30,000
2 30,000 TO < 80,000
3 80,000 TO < 150,000
4 150,000 TO < 300,000
5 300,000 TO <500,000
Figure 20. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of hydro-
carbons for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Ontario
(20-km grid).
43
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EMISSION RATE,tons/yr
60,000 TO < 100,000
100,000 TO: 200,000
3 200,000 TO < 500,000
4 500,000 TO < 1,000,000
1,000,000 TO < 2,000,000
Figure 21. Gridded annual area source emissions (tons/year) of carbon
monoxide for the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Ontario
(20-km grid).
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Patterns and Transfrontier Exchanges of Airborne Sulfur Pollution
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Emission Survey. Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway,
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12. Shaffer, W. and P. Long. The State of the Techniques Development
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436 pp.
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APPENDIX A
YEARS OF NEDS POINT SOURCE EMISSION RECORDS
The following table shows for each state east of the Rocky Moun-
tains the percentage of NEDS point source emission records created for
each of the years in the period 1969-1977. There is one record for
every type of fuel burned at each point source. In addition, the ex-
treme righthand column contains the number of point source emission
records for each state.
For each state in the table, there is a pair of numbers in adjacent
columns enclosed by parentheses. The years at the top of the adjacent
columns represent roughly the period in which most of the point source
emission records for that state were created.
From the table, it is readily seen that these periods vary from
state to state. This is a drawback inherent in the NEDS data base.
However, since it is not known if the data from the earlier point source
emission records have changed drastically over the years, it is imposs-
ible to estimate just how serious this drawback is from the table alone.
47
-------
TABLE A-l YEAR OF POINT SOURCE RECORDS IN NEDS (%)
State
<69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76
77 Total number
of records
Alabama
Arkansas
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D. C.
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
1
13
5
0
1
0
4
2
0
0
7
1
1
3
6
3
14
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
18
1
2
1
0
0
4
6
0
0
13
16
0
(75
0
0
1
0
11
15
5
23
16
0
12
5
11
0
15
1
3
0
9
1
0
2
(28
0
23
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
2
(100)
1
0
(29
0
4)
0
0
11
2
11
(39
(42
3
0
2
(15
0
0
0
0
0
(43
1
(37
0
0
16
20)
0
17
4
0
0
0
0
(78
15
(40
1
6
0
(64
0
18)
1
17
2
15
12
14
19
24)
17)
(30
2
0
42)
0
(32
0
(42
0
40)
, 0
26)
(79
0
23
2
0
(22
14
0
2
(92
0
8)
5
6)
3
22
0
1)
3
10
2
3
1
26
(2
7
5
7
19
15)
2
1
0
(20
33)
7
D
0
1
0
19
1)
0
(10
13
(82
21)
14
(94
0
0)
0
7
2
5
(63
(25
0
2
4
7
10
1
38
(3
68)
(0
(34
6
12
14
(1
(36
7
72)
14
(22
17
37
10
2
6
5
0
31)
1
17)
13
(20
1)
(0
6
(0
1
(32
24
13)
24)
0
1
(75
15
(57
0
3
48)
1
76)
17)
3
0
0
78)
61)
11
1
7
69)
22
(3
2
21
2
8
(45
10
36
0
4
30)
0
79)
1
98)
1
46)
13
1
9
0
27
5)
1
28)
0
(20
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
0
3
0
2
59)
1
(25
0
5
46)
8
0
0
1
16
0
0
0
3
3
0
8
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
34)
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
40)
0
2
7
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3861
1760
744
516
771
101
4376
1890
3552
6488
6237
7238
7792
2787
1982
1974
2523
3384
1944
5482
2438
535
4351
692
5081
1531
32182
6012
2571
5897
1908
5273
913
2077
8716
10398
782
2948
1146
1373
465
48
-------
APPENDIX B
COMPUTER CODE TO CONVERT POLLUTANT SOURCE COORDINATES
TO THE 80-GRID COORDINATES
The following computer code was used to convert pollutant source
coordinates to grid coordinates on the 80-km grid. Subroutine UTMC
converts the UTM coordinates of the sources ('NZ' is the UTM-zone,
'UTMN1 is the UTM-north coordinate, while 'UTME' is the UTM-east coor-
dinate) to latitide and longitude (DLAT and DLON, respectively). Sub-
routine CONVB, when 'KEY1 is equal to one, converts to latitude and
longitude to the 80-km grid coordinates f'X' is the row and 'Y' the
column).
The grid network is a 35 by 30 array of uniform grid squares with
an approximate dimension of 80 km. The grid network is a polar stereo-
graphic projection true at 60°N. The coordinates of the center of grid
square (1,1) at the lower left corner of the grid are 29.675°fo and
105.000°W.
49
-------
1 SUBROUTINE UTMC(NZ,UTMN,UTME,DLAT,DLON)
2 RAD = 3-14159265 / 180.0
3 DLAT = UTMN / 111.
4 DDLON = (UTME - 500.) / ((111.226 + 0.0053*DLAT)*COS(DLAT»RAD))
5 DUTMN = (3187.*SIN(2«DLAT»RAD))*(1. - COS(DDLON«RAD))
6 UTMNMP = UTMN - DUTMN
7 DLAT = (UTMNMP - 2.41 - 0.00903*DLAT**2) / 110.27
8 DDLON = (UTME - 500.) / ((111.226 + 0.0053»DLAT)*COS(DLAT*RAD))
9 DLONMP = 180. - 6.*NZ + 3
10 DLON = DLONMP - DDLON
11 RETURN
12 END
1 SUBROUTINE COMVB(X,Y,DLAT,DLON,KEY)
2 C MAP/EARTH SPACE CONVERSION FOR POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC TRUE AT 60
3 C DEGREES NORTH. GRID SPACING IS ASSUMED TO BE 1/4 STANDARD NMC.
4 C BOUNDARY LAYER GRID WITH POLE POINT (1.,75.),REFERENCE
5 C LONGITUDE ALONG Y AXIS IS 105 DEGREES TrfEST. GRID ORIGIN
6 C POINT (X=1.,Y=1.) IS AT 28.675 DEG NORTH AND 105 DEGREES
7 C WEST LONGITUDE.
8 C KEY=1 CONVERTS LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IN DEGREES TO MAP
9 C X,Y COORDINATES. LONGITUDE CAN BE IN 0-360 DEGREE
10 C SYSTEM OR 0-90 DEGREE EAST OF GREENWICH AND NEGATIVE
11 C 0-90 DEGREES WEST OF GREENWICH SYSTEM.
12 C KEY=2 CONVERTS MAP X,Y TO LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IN DEGREES.
13 C LONGITUDE IS IN STANDARD 0-360 DEGREE EAST OF GREENWICH
14 C FORM.
15 C PARAMETERS...RA=MAP REFERENCE ANGLE. LONGITUDE LINE PARALLEL
16 C TO X AXIS... NOTE,THAT IS THE X AXIS,NOT Y AXIS
17 C XP,YP=POLE POINTS IN MAP SPACE
18 C C=GRID UNITS FROM POLE TO EQUATOR ON MAP.
19 C (C=31.204359 FOR STANDARD NMC GRID)
20 C C2=C*C
21 DATA XP/1./,YP/75./,C/124.8174361 /.C2/15579.39235/,RA/-15./
22 PI = 3.14159
23 R=PI/180.
24 D=180./PI
25 GO TO(5,20),KEY
26 5 PS=DLAT*R
27 AL=(360. - DLON-RA)»R
28 IF(PS .LT. 0. .OR. PS .GT. PI/2.) GO TO 10
29 SP=SIN(PS)
30 CP=COS(PS)
31 CL=COS(AL)
32 SL=SIN(AL)
33 AA=C«CP/(1.-t-SP)
34 X=XP+AA«CL
50
-------
35 Y=YP+AA*SL
36 RETURN
37 10 X=9999.
38 Y=9999.
39 RETURN
40 20 CP=X-XP
41 SP=Y-YP
42 IF(CP)25,21,25
43 21 IF(SP)23,22,24
44 22 DLOrj=0.
45 DLAT=90.
46 RETURN
47 23 DLON=3.*PI/2.
48 GO TO 35
49 24 DLON=PI/2.
50 GO TO 35
51 25 ALI=ATAN(ABS(SP/CP))
52 IF(CP)26,21,29
53 26 IF(SP)27,27,28
54 27 DLON=ALI+PI
55 GO TO 35
56 28 DLOH=PI-ALI
57 GO TO 35
53 29 IF(SP) 30,31,31
59 30 DLON=2.*PI-ALI
60 GO TO 35
61 31 DLON=ALI
62 35 AA=CP*CP+SP*SP
63 AA=(C2-AA)/(C2+AA)
64 C . LATITUDE,LONGITUDE IN DEGREES
65 DLAT=ASIN(AA)«D
56 DLON=DLON*D+RA
b7 IFCDLON .LT. 0.) DLON=DLON+360.
68 IF(DLON .GT. 360.) DLOM=DLON-360.
69 RETURN
70 END
-------
APPENDIX C
SUMMARY OF INADEQUATE COORDINATES IN THE NEDS POINT SOURCE INVENTORY
Much time and effort were taken to ensure the coordinates of the
NEDS point sources were reasonable prior to the execution of the grid-
ding procedure. No attempt was made to identify coordinate errors of
small magnitude (less than 40 km). Instead, the more obvious errors
(typically greater than 40 km) were identified and the coordinates
replaced with the coordinates of the geographical center of the county
in which the source was located. Since these coordinates were grossly
in error and the true coordinates unknown, using the geographical center
of the county for the location of the point source reduced the error in
the gridding procedure.
The gross errors in the coordinates in the NEDS point source records
resulted either from an incorrect UTM zone of an incorrect UTM-north
coordinate and/or UTM-east coordinate. The procedure of error identifi-
ation was simplified by quickly scanning the 80-km grid coordinates
instead of the actual UTM coordinates directly. This made the procedure
more efficient as well, since errors in the grid coordinates were more
readily noticed than errors in the eleven-digit UTM coordinates.
The following table lists for each state east of the Rocky Mountains
the number of NEDS point source records and the actual number and per-
centage of point source records with UTM coordinates in error. At least
10% of the Oklahoma and Georgia point source records contained UTM
coordinates in error.
Also included in the table are the number and percentage of NEDS
point source records with incomplete coordinates (no reported UTM zone
and/or UTM-north and UTM-east coordinates). Almost all the Kansas point
source records contained no UTM coordinates at all. Over two-thirds of
the records for Nebraska and Michigan contained imcomplete coordinates.
52
-------
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-------
APPENDIX D
ANNUAL EMISSION GRIDS FOR LONG-RANGE AIR QUALITY SIMULATION STUDIES
Annual emissions expressed in tons of participates, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide from point and area
sources were apportioned to 80-km grid squares on a 35 by 30 grid net-
work encompassing much of the United States and Southern Canada east of
the Rocky Mountains. Section D-l contains the gridded point source
emissions, Section D-2 the gridded area source emissions, while Section
D-3 contains the gridded point and area source emissions fo the five
pollutants,
The first grid square listed in each section (1,1) refers to the
grid square in the lower-left corner of the grid network depicted in
Figures 1-10 of the text. Figure D-l identifies the X and Y coordinates
of the center of each of the 1050 grid squares. Each page of data in
this appendix contains the annual emissions from sources within the grid
squares of two adjacent rows (X varies from 1 to 35).
55
-------
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Figure D-l. The grid coordinates of the 35 by 30 grid network
with an 80-km grid spacing.
56
-------
SECTION D-l
GRIDDED POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR) ON THE 80-KM GRID NETWORK
57
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APPENDIX E
ANNUAL EMISSION GRIDS FOR REGIONAL AIR QUALITY SIMULATION STUDIES
IN THE NORTHEAST
Annual emissions expressed in tons of participates, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide from point and area
sources were apportioned to 20-km grid squares on a 40 by 40 grid net-
work emcompassing roughly the area from Columbus, Ohio to Portland,
Maine and Richmond, Virginia to Ottawa, Ontario. Section E-l contains
the gridded point source emissions, Section E-2 the gridded area source
emissions, while Section E-3 the gridded point and area source emissions
of the five pollutants.
The first grid square listed in each section (1,1) refers to the
grid square in the lower-left corner of the grid network depicted in
Figures 12-21 of the text. Figure E-l identifies the X and Y coordi-
nates of the center of each of the 1600 grid squares. Each page of data
in the appendix contains the annual emissions from sources within the
grid squares in two adjacent rows (X varies from 1 to 40).
105
-------
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 26 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 46
Figure E-l. The grid coordinates of the 40 by 40 grid network
with a 20-km grid spacing.
106
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SECTION E-l
GRIDDED POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS (TONS/YEAR) ON THE 20-KM GRID NETWORK
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-79-Q30
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOONO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
GRIDDED ANNUAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
5. REPORT DATE
Mav 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Terry L. Clark
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603A AB-021 fY-79)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory—RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Annual pollutant emissions of particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide from point and area sources are apportioned to
80-km grid squares on a 35 by 30 grid network. The grid network is a polar stereo-
graphic projection true to 60°N. The domain of the ne^twork includes southern Canada
and much of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Southern Texas and
northern New England are omitted.
In addition, the emissions of the five pollutants are apportioned to 20-km grid
squares on a 40 by 40 grid network, which is a subset of the previously mentioned
grid network. The domain of the 40 by 40 grid network encompasses the area roughly
from Columbus, Ohio to Portland, Maine and from Richmond Virginia to Ottawa, Ontario.
The emission data were obtained from the 1977 Environmental Protection Agency
National Emissions Data System (NEDS) file as well as from data compiled by the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Environment Canada. These emission inven-
tories, the design of the gridding procedures, and the major source classifications
responsible for much of the emissions are discussed. The emission grids are pre-
sented in both figure and tabular forms.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
* Air pollution
* Sulfur dioxide
* Nitrogen oxides
* Hydrocarbons
* Carbon monoxide
Maps
Grids
(coordinates)
13B
07B
07C
08B
Particles
Emissions
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
IINr.lASSTFTFD
21. NO. Of PAGES
178
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
170
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