-------
O
lO
o
O O O O 0
o o co to |0 ^- N
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N O> ID m
"8
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o o o
O o Q O _ _
g o 8 o o « »
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to «
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« *
g >£
? UJ
S I
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88880
rO
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(1)
c E •
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o c
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O X
•z. uu s-
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-O O) JQ
c J= E
fB -M 0)
Q-
O OJ
•> to
=•: cu c:
O (/) O
c: 0) 4->
•r- > C
fO fO
_
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•r- 4-> O)
+J M- -C
(O fO -M
(O
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s- o
to -a
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•— 3 O
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28
-------
Hydrocarbons are an important component of refinery emissions and spe-
cial emphasis was placed on characterizing the types and amounts of Individ-
ual compounds within the plume. Gas chromatographic analysis was used to
provide detailed identification of hydrocarbon species in the 02-05 weight
range. Selected samples were also tested for heavier hydrocarbons in the
C7~C10 ran9e«
Results from analyses of the aircraft collected hydrocarbon samples show
that there was typically a 2 to 10-fold increase in NMTHC levels within the
definable portion of the plume. Highest values were normally recorded be-
tween 300-500 feet MSL with concentrations decreasing up to the base of the
temperature inversion. As would be expected, absolute hydrocarbon levels
were highest near the refinery and decreased gradually out to eight miles.
At distances less than three miles downwind of the plant, ^-C^ hydrocarbon
levels in the plume often exceeded 120 yg/nr at 300 feet MSL. Hydrocarbon
concentrations were still elevated within the refinery effluent at eight
miles, but levels rarely exceeded 90 yg/nr*. Saturated hydrocarbons were
always the dominant compounds in the plume, especially ethane, propane,
1-butane, n-butane, i-pentane and n-pentane. The most frequently observed
heavier hydrocarbons included 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2,3-dimethylpentane,
3-methylheptane and toluene. Unsaturated hydrocarbon species normally
accounted for less than eight percent of the total, with acetylene levels
typically less than 3 yg/nr*.
Table 5 summarizes light hydrocarbon data collected by the aircraft on
the morning of September 9th approximately three miles downwind of the refin-
ery. All of the in-plume samples were taken at approximately the same time,
altitude and distance downwind as the plume traverses listed previously in
Figure 6. The values presented are similar to other samples collected at
comparable altitudes and distances during the course of the monitoring pro-
gram. The data clearly indicate that the highest Cg-Cg hydrocarbon concen-
tration was measured at 300 feet MSL, with values decreasing up to the top of
the mixing layer. The sample at 1600 feet MSL is above the Exxon plume yet
still within the deep temperature inversion. The 6000 foot sample is well
above the temperature discontinuity and represents a situation relatively
29
-------
TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF LIGHT HYDROCARBON DATA 3 MILES DOWNWIND OF THE REFINERY
ON SEPTEMBER 9, 1975
o
Concentration (yg/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
^paraffins
Total ug/m3
Total ppmC
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
6000'
4.0
*
*
3.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
-
-
—
0
7.0
7.0
0.01
.
-
-
—
1600'
4.5
1.0
*
2.0
*
1.0
1.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
2.0
1.0
*
*
-
-
"•
2.0
12.0
14.0
0.02
1.7
0.4
-
—
1100'
5.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
*
1.5
2.5
*
0.5
*
*
*
3.5
1.5
*
*
-
-
~
2.0
17.5
21.0
0.03
1.6
0.5
-
—
900'
19.0
3.0
2.0
12.0
1.0
5.5
8.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
9.0
3.5
*
*
-
-
~
5.0
57.5
64.5
0.10
1.7
0.6
-
—
650'
26.5
3.0
1.5
21.0
1.5
8.5
13.0
*
0.5
*
*
*
13.5
5.5
*
*
-
-
"•
4.0
89.0
94.5
0.15
1.9
0.6
-
—
300'
41.5
5.5
2.0
32.0
1.5
11.0
17.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
20.0
7.5
*
*
-
-
~
6.5
130.5
139.0
0.22
2.0
0.7
-
—
* < 0.5 yg/m3
- missing data
30
-------
free from boundary layer effects. From the information presented it is
apparent that in-plume samples exhibit substantially higher light hydro-
carbon levels than those collected above the base of the temperature inver-
sion. The 140 yg/nr measured at 300 feet MSL is a 10-fold increase over the
1600 foot sample and a 20-fold increase over the sample at 6000 feet. Satu-
rated hydrocarbons are definitely the dominant compounds with olefinic species
accounting for less than six percent of the total in each case.
Ground-level hydrocarbon measurements also showed marked differences
between in-plume and out-of-plume samples. Light hydrocarbon (C2-C6) levels
within Exxon plume boundaries at 0.5 miles downwind typically showed a 5 to
15-fold increase over ambient background concentrations. At distances less
than a mile from the refinery C2~Cg hydrocarbon values in the plume ranged
from 102 to 446 yg/nr (avg. 225), while samples collected out of the plume
near the WSU trailer ranged between 10 and 69 yg/m3 (avg. 39). As with
aircraft collected samples, the bulk of ground-level hydrocarbon emissions
from the Exxon plant were composed of saturated compounds (ethane, propane,
i-butane, n-butane, i-pentane and n-pentane). Often times n-butane and
i-pentane alone accounted for over fifty percent of the total light hydrocar-
bon burden in samples near the refinery at ground level. Samples representa-
tive of background ambient air in this same vicinity, although containing
much lower hydrocarbon concentrations were also comprised primarily of these
same saturated species.
Table 6 presents the results of ground-level hydrocarbon measurements on
September 19, 1975. In addition to the usual in-plume and ambient air sam-
ples normally collected, three samples were taken near the refinery fence-
line and two samples were obtained from a parking lot and a garage in down-
town Benicia. These latter two samples were collected in areas where auto
exhaust was the primary source of hydrocarbon emissions. The data clearly
show elevated light hydrocarbon levels associated with emissions from the
Exxon refinery. Highest concentrations were measured at the west and east
end of the refinery complex, while the sample taken approximately 0.5 miles
downwind compares closely to that taken on the south edge of the the plant.
Analyses of the auto exhaust samples show substantially higher levels of
31
-------
TABLE 6. SUMMARY OF GROUND-LEVEL LIGHT HYDROCARBON MEASUREMENTS ON
SEPTEMBER 19. 1975
Q
Concentration (yg/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
z paraffins
Total yg/m
Total ppmC
6-1
4.0
1.0
*
1.0
*
0.5
1.5
*
0.5
*
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.5
8.5
10.0
0.02
G-2
3.5
1.0
*
3.5
*
8.0
36.0
*
1.5
*
*
*
43.5
12.5
1.5
*
8.0
4.5
5.0
2.5
126.0
128.5
0.20
G-3
6.0
1.0
*
36.0
0.5
31.0
44.0
1.0
2.0
2.5
*
*
67.5
18.5
2.5
*
18.5
11.5
10.0
7.0
245.5
252.5
0.39
G-4
8.5
1.5
1.0
12.5
1.0
9.0
12.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
*
*
45.0
9.0
1.5
*
10.0
6.0
3.0
6.5
117.0
124.5
0.19
G-5
3.0
*
*
6.0
*
16.5
105.0
*
1.0
1.0
*
*
115.5
32.0
4.0
*
21.0
12.5
12.0
2.0
327.5
329.5
0.50
G-6
10.0
25.0
28.5
7.0
13.0
18.0
49.5
3.5
6.0
8.5
*
*
117.0
36.5
3.5
*
40.5
24.5
29.0
56.0
335.5
420.0
0.64
G-7
10.5
25.5
16.5
5.0
9.0
22.0
50.0
2.5
7.0
8.5
*
*
129.5
43.0
18.0
*
48.0
29.5
3.0
52.5
358.5
427.5
0.65
SAMPLE LOCATION
G-l WSU trailer site at 1000 PDT
G-2 0.5 mile downwind of Exxon at 0930 PDT
G-3 West end of Exxon Refinery
G-4 South edge of Exxon Refinery
G-5 East end of Exxon Refinery
G-6 Parking Garage
G-7 Parking Lot
0.5 yg/m3
- missing data
32
-------
oleflns and acetylene than were observed in either the background or refinery
plume samples.
PLUME CHEMISTRY
Because petroleum refineries emit significant quantities of non-methane
hydrocarbons (NMTHC) and lesser amounts of NOX, it has been suggested that
under certain conditions refinery emissions might generate photochemical
ozone in excess of ambient background levels. Little research has been done
on this possibility and a major portion of the WSU monitoring program was
directed towards studying plume chemistry. Natural sunlight bag irradiation
experiments were used to examine the potential of refinery emissions to par-
ticipate in photochemical reactions resulting in net ozone production. In
addition, specially designed flight paths were flown periodically in order to
investigate in-plume ozone concentrations and compare these values with
ambient background levels in the vicinity of the refinery. During the 8-22
September sampling period, captive air irradiations were performed on eight
days and a total of eight flights aimed specifically at monitoring plume
related ozone were flown on six separate days.
Bag irradiation studies were used to assess the potential of Exxon
refinery emissions to produce photochemical ozone. This technique has been
employed previously to determine the photochemical potential for various
types of air masses. *4»15 The procedure employed during the WSU field study
involved collecting three separate samples in 400-liter Teflon or Tedlar bags.
Normally, two samples were collected in the Exxon plume approximately 0.5
miles downwind and a third, out of the plume, was taken near the WSU field
laboratory. One of the in-plume samples was usually "spiked" with additional
NO in order to investigate the effect on ozone formation of varying NMTHC/NOX
ratios. The bags were irradiated with natural sunlight for six to eight
hours with changes in NOX, Og and NMTHC levels monitored periodically.
All irradiation experiments were conducted between September 14-21 and
the results are summarized in Table 7. Results from these studies suggest
that little ozone forming potential existed in ambient background air. With
33
-------
TABLE 7. SUMMARY OF ALL NATURAL SUNLIGHT BAG IRRADIATION EXPERIMENTS
PERFORMED DURING THE SEPTEMBER 8-22. 1975 SAMPLING PERIOD
Date
9/14/75
9/15/75
9/16/75
9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
Type of
sampl e
Plume
Non-pi ume
Non-plume
Plume
Plume
Non-plume
Plume
Plumed
Non-plume
Plume
Plume
Non-plume
PI ume
Plumed
Non-plume
Plume
PI umed
Non-pi umed
Plume
Non-plume
Non-pi umed
PI umed
Non-plume .
Non-pi umed
NO*
(ppb)
22
7
11
7
12
13
23
126
21
35
39
31
32
46
12
14
40
13
50
42
69
24
18
45
NMHC5
(ppbC)
320
320
480
480
740
740
220
900
900
60
315
315
720
i max
(ppb)
4-48
17-21
16 - 17
19 - 33
12 - 30
13 - 33
0-30
2-27
3-39
0-38
1 - 48
1 - 23
4-42
2-63
12 - 28
10 - 23
3-45
18 - 26
2-81
1 - 48
0-53
4-84
9-33
4-35
NMTHC/NOX
46
27
21
4
21
19
7
28
19
5
22
8
14
J Initial
b Initial
C Dan/iA Ki
NOX concentration
HC concentration.
a +1.1 A on T n n + 1 a 1 a n r!
•
mavimiim 1
ft_ rnnran + r;
>ti nr»
d Additional NO added.
34
-------
the exception of the non-plume samples on September 20, maximum ozone forma-
tion outside the plume ranged between 1-33 ppb. Samples collected in the
Exxon plume, however, consistently exhibited substantial photochemical ozone
production with maximum ozone increases varying between 15 and 80 ppb.
Figure 8 portrays the data obtained from captive air irradiations on
September 18, 1975. The in-plume samples definitely generated ozone levels in
IOO
PLUME SAMPLE
(SPIKEDWITH NO)
Ao3
(ppb)
PLUME SAMPLE
UPWIND SAMPLE
TIME (MRS)
Figure 8. Data obtained from natural sunlight bag irradiation on
September 18, 1975.
excess of the approximately 15 ppb increase observed in the background sample.
In this case, the unaltered refinery emissions generated a maximum of approx-
imately 40 ppb ozone while the plume sample spiked with additional NO
resulted in a maximum of approximately 60 ppb. On two occasions irradiation
of in-plume samples generated peak ozone levels in excess of 80 ppb, one on
September 20 in a sample spiked with NO and again on the 21st in an unaltered
plume sample.
35
-------
Examination of all irradiation experiments conducted during the study for
which hydrocarbon data is available indicates that the NMTHC/NOX ratio is a
critical factor affecting ozone production. Figure 9 is a plot of peak ozone
production for all in-piume samples versus NMTHC/NOX ratios. These data sug-
gest that a NMTHC/NOX ratio of approximately 15 is the optimum condition for
maximum ozone formation. This result agrees closely with a subsequent study
100
80
60
Ao3
(ppb) 40
20
10 20 30
HC/NOv
40
50
Figure 9. Observed effect of HC/NOX ratios on ozone formation in captive
air irradiation experiments.
by Washington State University examining the effect of NMTHC/NOX ratios on
ozone generation in power plant plumes.16 The difference in maximum ozone
production noted previously in Figure 8 between the two samples representa-
tive of Exxon emissions appears to be caused primarily by the lowering of the
NMTHC/NOY ratio in the bag spiked with NO from approximately 28 (for the
J\
unspiked sample) to 19.
The bag irradiation studies also suggest that the concentration of NMTHC
affects peak ozone production, although to a lesser degree. For example, at
a constant NMTHC/NOX ratio of 21 increasing hydrocarbon levels from 480 ppb
36
-------
(9/16/75) to 740 ppb (9/17/75) caused an 8 ppb increase in measured maximum
ozone values. Similarity, going from 740 ppb (9/17/75) to 900 ppb (9/18/75)
NMTHC at a constant NMTHC/NOX ratio of 19 resulted in a 14 ppb increase in
peak ozone levels (see Table 7). The observed dependence of in-plume ozone
production on NMTHC/NOX ratios and NMTHC concentrations is consistent with
indoor smog chamber experiments conducted by several investigators.17'18
In addition to the effects of NMTHC/NOX ratios and absolute hydrocarbon
levels on ozone generation, the bag irradiation studies also suggest that
ozone levels in excess of 70 ppb can, under certain conditions, be produced
solely from atmospheric refinery emissions. The data indicate that even
though Exxon emissions consist primarily of saturated hydrocarbons, ozone
levels substantially above those expected from typical ambient background air
can be generated during irradiation times characteristic of one day (6 to 8
hours). This is not to imply that violations of the National Ambient Air
Quality Standard (NAAQS) for oxidants would necessarily result from the Exxon
plume alone, but rather that the airborne discharges arising from the Exxon
refinery have the potential to produce photochemical ozone. The amount of
ozone actually generated within the plume boundaries, if any, would depend on
a great number of intervening variables, including complex interactions
between meteorological and topographical factors.
In point of fact, no plume related ozone concentrations in excess of
ambient background levels were observed during the course of this monitoring
program. Indeed, for the most part ozone concentrations within the Exxon
plume boundaries were found to be lower than surrounding background levels
due to scavenging by nitric oxide. This apparent contradiction with the
aforementioned photochemical potential indicated by the irradiation studies
has several possible explanations. The importance of NMTHC/NOX ratios and
NMTHC concentrations has already been discussed and it is possible that one or
both of these act as inhibiting factors. It is also possible that persis-
tently high wind speeds through the Carquinez Strait and into the delta region
did not permit sufficient time for measurable ozone production. Typical wind
speeds in this area (15 mph) meant that only about 30 minutes were required
for an air parcel to be transported eight miles, the maximum distance it was
possible to track the Exxon plume. WSU captive air irradiation studies and
37
-------
smog chamber experiments by other researchers have shown that very little
photochemical ozone is produced during a 30-minute irradiation period when
primarily saturated hydrocarbons are involved. Results of the on site bag
irradiation experiments indicate a minimum of one hour was required for peak
ozone production.
Although no plume related ozone was observed during the Exxon monitoring
program, definite ozone buildup did occur between 15 to 30 miles downwind of
the Exxon refinery in the delta region of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.
Ozone formation and transport were examined using a two-stage flight path.
First, a short upwind segment was flown to establish the pollutant burden of
the incoming air mass, and then a longer downwind portion was accomplished in
order to measure ozone concentrations at varying distances from the refinery.
Figure 10 depicts ozone values measured on this type of flight during the after-
noon on September 14, 1975 (1305 - 1505 PDT). A strong temperature inversion
between 2000 and 3000 feet AGL was evident throughout the afternoon and pibal
observations indicated a distinct wind shear above this stable layer. All
available evidence suggests that observed ozone levels resulted from photo-
chemical processes confined to the mixing layer.
As was the case throughout the September 8-22 sampling period, relatively
clean air was observed upwind of Benicia in the general area of San Pablo Bay.
Hydrocarbon concentrations in the C2~Cg weight range were consistently below
20 vig/nr over San Pablo Bay and ozone levels were normally between 35-45 ppb.
As shown in Figure 10, ozone concentrations increased gradually as the air-
craft moved inland reaching a high of 88 ppb north of Stockton. This ozone
buildup in the delta region to the east of Benicia was routinely observed on
all flights into the region. More detailed ozone values as the plane moved
downwind from the Exxon refinery into the delta region on the 14th are pre-
sented in Figure 11.
Hydrocarbon measurements made during the flights on September 14 also
illustrate the pollutant buildup eastward from San Pablo Bay along the
Carquinez Strait - Suisun Bay channel. Individual C2-C6 hydrocarbon ident-
ification for selected samples is given in Table 8. Light hydrocarbon levels
38
-------
Figure 10. Ozone concentrations measured during the flights on September 14,
1975.
39
-------
100
90
80
70
60
°3
(ppb) 50
40
30
20
10
0 2.3 46 7 9.3 11.6 14 16.3 18-6 21 23.3 26.6 28
MILES DOWNWIND
Figure 11. Ozone concentrations downwind of the Exxon refinery on
September 14, 1975.
40
-------
o
obviously increase from less than 10 yg/nr near Napa and over the coastal
mountains to almost 60 yg/m3 near Pittsburgh in the river delta region.
Similar values were recorded for all flights of this type on which hydrocar-
bon samples were collected.
The observed increase of hydrocarbon concentrations inland along the
channel suggests the cumulative contribution of the many refineries and other
industrial plants located between Richmond and Antioch. This conclusion is
supported by sulfur hexafluoride (SFg) tracer studies performed in this
portion of the San Francisco Bay Area by Lamb and Shair of the California
Institute of Technology. ^ Their research showed that pollutants can be
transported from as far west as Pinole (just east of Richmond) inland through
the Carquinez Strait and across the delta region. Therefore, it seems likely
that the ozone buildup characteristically measured in the delta region west
of Antioch results from precursor emissions originating upwind along the
heavily industrialized channel between Richmond and Antioch. Although the
effluent from the Exxon refinery at Benicia undoubtedly contributes to the
airborne pollutants transported into the delta region, interferences from
other anthropogenic emission sources precluded attempts to isolate the Exxon
plume and quantify its effect on observed photochemical ozone production.
41
-------
TABLE 8. SELECTED LIGHT HYDROCARBON MEASUREMENTS DURING FLIGHTS ON
SEPTEMBER 14, 1975
Concentration (yg/nr)
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
Total yg/m3
Total ppm C
A-l
3.5
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5.0
0.01
A-2
4.0
*
*
2.0
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
1.0
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
9.0
0.01
A-3
3.5
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5.0
0.01
A-4
4.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
*
0.5
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
2.5
1.0
*
*
-
-
*"*
14.0
0.02
A-5
5.5
1.0
1.0
4.5
1.0
0.3
5.0
*
*
*
*
*
5.0
2.5
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
32.0
0.05
A-6
6.0
1.0
1.0
7.5
*
4.0
6.0
*
*
*
*
*
7.5
3.0
*
*
-
-
-
36.0
0.06
A-7
6.5
1.5
1.0
5.5
1.0
6.5
15.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
9.0
5.5
*
*
2.0
1.5
2.0
58.0
0.09
SAMPLE LOCATION
A-l Over WSU trailer at 11,000 ft. MSL.
A-2 Over radio towers near Napa VOR at 1,200 ft. MSL.
A-3 Over coastal mountains NW of San Francisco at 1,700 ft. MSL
A-4 Over San Pablo Bay at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-5 Just downwind of Standard Oil Refinery (Richmond) at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-6 Over Carquinez Strait approximately 3 miles west of Benicia at
1,000 ft. MSL.
A-7 Near Pittsburgh at 1,000 ft. MSL.
* < 0.5 yg/m3 - missing data
42
-------
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Pollution: A Review. Environ. Sci. Techno!. 5: 39, 1971.
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3. Hecht, T. A. and J. H. Seinfeld. Further Development of Generalized
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Plume. Science. 194: 187, 1976.
8. Ogren, J. A., D. L. Blumenthal, and W. H. White. Study of Ozone Forma-
tion in Power Plant Plumes. In the Proc. Ozone/Oxidants Interactions
with the Total Environment Speciality Conference, - Air Pollution Control!
Association. Dallas, TX, March, 1976.
9. Davis, D. D., G. Smith, and G. Klauber. Trace Gas Analysis of Power
Plant Plumes Via Aircraft Measurements: Oo, NOX, and SOo Chemistry.
Science. 18: 733, 1974.
10. Wolff, G. T., P. J. Lioy, G. D. Wight, R. E. Pasceri. Aerial Investiga-
tion of the Ozone Plume Phenomenon. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc., 27: 460,
1977.
11. Decker, C. E., L. A. Ripperton, J. J. B. Worth, F. M. Vukovich, W. D.
Boch, J. B. Tommerdahl, F. Smith, and D. E. Wagoner. Formation and
Transport of Oxidants Along Gulf Coast and in Northern U.S. Report No.
EPA-450/3-76-033, prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
August 1976.
43
-------
12. Westberg, H. H., K. L. Allwine, and E. Robinson. Ambient Hydrocarbon
and Ozone Concentrations Near a Refinery: Lawrenceville, Illinois -
1974. Report No. EPA-600/7-77-049, prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, May 1977.
13. Bay Area Air Pollution Control District. Emissions Inventory Summary
Report - Base Year 1975. August 18, 1976.
14. Jeffries, H., D. Fox and R. Kamens. Outdoor Smog Chamber Studies: Light
Effects Relative to Indoor Chamber. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10: 1006,
1976.
15. Ripperton, L. A., H. Jeffries and J. J. B. Worth. Natural Synthesis of
Ozone in the Troposphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5: 246, 1971.
16. Allwine, K. J. and H. Westberg. Potential Impact of Coal-Fired Power
Plants on Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations in Wisconsin. Report for
Contract 8110 (8-76) prepared for Wisconsin Public Service Commission,
1976.
17. Smog Chamber Conference Proceedings. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA-600/3-76-029, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, April
1976.
18. Dimitriades, B. Effect of Hydrocarbon and Nitrogen Oxides on Photochem-
ical Smog Formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6: 253, 1972.
19. Lamb, B. K., F. H. Shair. Atmospheric Tracer Studies to Characterize
the Transport and Dispersion of Pollutants in the California Delta
Region: Executive Summary. Contract No. ARB-A5-065-87, prepared for
State of California, Air Resources Board by California Institute of
Technology, June 15, 1977.
44
-------
rf*'
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^
rt V /.(
-------
r
-------
APPENDIX A
This section presents pollutant concentrations and meteorological para-
meters recorded at the WSU field laboratory for the entire September 8-22
monitoring program. All of the pibal observations made during the study are
also included. Hourly averages for 03, NO, N02, NMTHC, CO, Cfy, C^CCls,
wind speed, wind direction, gustiness (an indicator of turbulence intensity),
temperature, and solar radiation are given in tabular form. In addition,
hourly plots of NO, N02, CO, CC14, CFC13, 03 and wind direction are provided
for each day. A summary of upper level winds to approximately 6000 feet MSL
is included for each of the pilot balloon releases.
45
-------
NO
a
N02
(ppm)
CO
(ppm)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.5
1.0
.5
60
20
WIND
CMR.
(itogrm) 250 024 68 101214161620220 246 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
HOURS
9/8 9/9
Figure Al. Plot of selected data from the WSU trailer on September 8 & 9, 1975.
46
-------
NO
a
N02
(ppm)
CO
(ppm)
F-ll
(ppt)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.0
.5
200
100
(PP6) 40
20
WIND 300
D1R. 250
0 246 8 OI2WWW2O22024 6 810 12 14 16 W 20 222
HOURS
9/10 9/11
Figure A2. Plot of selected data from the WSU trailer on September 10 & 11, 1975,
47
-------
NO
a
N02
(ppm)
CO
(ppm)
F-ll
(ppt)
°
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
5
300
200
100
40
20
N02
WIND
OR. 280
((togrMt) ° 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 2 46 8 1012141616202224
HOURS
9/12 9/13
Figure A3. Plot of selected data from the WSU trailer on September 12 & 13, 1975,
48
-------
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.0
5
300
2OO
100
60
20
WIND ^
WR. **>
(dcgrw) 290
NO
a
N02
(ppm)
CO
(ppm)
F-ll
(PP«)
/S
N02
NO
02 4 6 8 1012141616202202 4 6 8 K>EK«B202224
HOURS
9/14 9/13
Figure A4. Plot of selected data from the WSU trailer on September 14 & 15, 1975,
49
-------
NO
a
N02
CO
(ppm)
F-ll
03
(ppb)
WIND
DIR.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.5
1.0
.5
3OO
200
100
80
20
300
25O
NO
24 6 8 1012*41618202202 4 6 8 012141618202224
HOURS
9/16 9/17
Figure A5. Plot of selected data from the WSU trailer on September 16 & 17, 1975,
50
-------
NO
a
N02
(ppm)
CO
F-ll
(ppt)
(ppb)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.0
.5
20
10
60
40
20
WIND ,.-
DIR. 30°
250
NO
9/18 9/19
Figure A6. Plot of selected data from the WSU trailer on September 18 & 19, 1975,
51
-------
¥
N02
(ppm)
CO
(ppm)
F-ll
(ppt)
(ppb)
WIND
DIR.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.0
.5
300
200
100
SO
60
40
20
300
200
NO,
NO
0 24 68 101214161820 22 0246 610121416 18 20 22 24
HOURS
9/20
9/21
Figure A7. Plot of selected data from the WSU trailer on September 20 & 21, 1975,
52
-------
NO
a
N02
(ppm)
F-ll
(PPO
(ppm)
WIND
OIR.
30
23
20
15
10
5
0
1.5
1.0
.5
300
200
100
40
20
300
250
N05
NO
0 2
468
HOURS
9/22
10
Figure A8.
Plot of selected data
from the WSU trailer
on September 22, 1975.
53
-------
f ^OAKLAND
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Figure A9 Location of pibal releases during the monitoring program, September
8 - 22, 1975.
A-WSU trailer
B-Antioch #1
C-Antioch #2
D-Emmaton
E-Brentwood
F-Pittsburg
G-Port Chicago
H-Hood
I-Poverty Rd.
J-Dozier & Hwy 113
K-Collinsville
L-Rockville
M-Crockett
N-Intersection #23/#12
0-Rutherford
P-Sonoma
Q-Grizzly Island
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-------
TABLE A16. UPPER LEVEL WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED RECORDED ON SEPTEMBER 9, 1975
Height(ft)
350
710
1030
1360
1680
2010
2320
2630
2940
3250
3540
3840
4130
4430
4720
5020
5320
5610
5900
WSU Trailer
(1130)
279/21
281/21
257/19
223/19
227/16
241/09
284/07
290/06
339/08
335/12
337/16
329/19
320/19
317/19
318/20
313/21
319/21
323/19
325/18
Wind Di
Antioch #1
(1240)
283/11
282/05
266/06
259/10
250/11
247/13
263/11
258/09
278/11
305/10
318/13
326/15
325/17
324/18
321/20
312/22
307/22
298/18
285/14
rection 8 Speed*
Antioch #2
(1320)
303/18
301/13
275/07
282/04
246/04
250/08
245/12
245/12
261/11
263/08
295/08
313/10
323/13
330/14
326/15
314/18
303/19
297/17
291/15
Pittsburgh
(1410)
291/17
288/16
258/19
244/23
238/18
256/10
285/09
279/08
283/10
281/05
036/04
336/06
326/07
309/10
310/14
312/17
312/19
303/19
297/18
*Wind direction in degrees and speed in miles per hour
70
-------
TABLE A17. UPPER LEVEL WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED RECORDED ON SEPTEMBER 10, 1975
Height (ft)
350
710
1030
1360
1680
2010
2320
2630
2940
3250
3540
3840
4130
4430
4720
5020
5320
5610
5900
Emmaton
(1015)
272/32
270/27
259/19
275/12
295/05
347/03
085/08
081/09
079/07
058/07
076/05
035/04
011/04
342/05
340/07
303/12
293/13
291/15
285/13
Antioch
(1100)
295/25
266/25
256/18
257/11
267/05
161/04
107/08
099/08
094/07
085/07
082/06
058/04
040/03
005/03
355/05
328/07
314/09
301/11
285/13
Wind
Brentwood
(1135)
149/02
275/03
266/03
262/09
246/11
233/05
160/06
124/07
130/05
140/04
063/04
056/03
361/04
344/06
326/07
300/08
289/10
286/11
283/11
Direction &
Pittsburgh
(1220)
247/20
244/19
232/18
233/14
232/08
205/05
170/05
138/06
152/06
092/07
093/05
089/04
061/03
025/03
345/04
305/06
286/09
268/11
263/10
Speed*
Port Chicago
(1255)
297/10
280/06
253/05
227/07
207/09
200/08
159/07
143/07
126/06
134/06
095/04
107/02
011/02
006/03
314/04
273/06
301/07
275/08
268/09
WSU Trailer
(1325)
263/18
259/16
270/17
268/20
263/14
257/05
195/02
049/02
077/04
142/07
120/06
129/04
119/03
252/01
022/02
015/03
294/03
299/05
301/06
*Wind direction in degrees and speed in miles per hour
71
-------
TABLE A18. UPPER LEVEL WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED RECORDED ON SEPTEMBER 11, 1975
Height (ft)
350
710
1030
1360
1680
2010
2320
2630
2940
3250
3540
3840
4130
4430
4720
5020
5320
5610
5900
Hood
(1525)
242/12
242/13
243/14
241/15
248/14
260/13
271/11
290/10
307/11
305/11
332/11
318/10
297/08
285/07
276/04
256/06
259/07
107/04
135/02
Poverty Rd
(1620)
257/23
260/25
257/27
258/28
259/23
259/16
259/13
273/12
275/12
270/09
298/08
302/07
294/08
280/09
280/10
280/09
289/08
285/08
282/07
Wind Direction
Dozier & Hwy 1
(1705)
229/16
239/20
247/23
249/24
249/20
248/14
239/11
239/08
235/06
255/04
295/06
324/08
328/07
330/06
327/04
298/05
306/04
304/02
CALM
& Speed*
13 Collinsville
(1745)
266/20
256/20
256/21
265/23
262/23
263/21
271/17
277/15
275/15
268/14
272/11
277/09
284/05
319/05
323/06
297/07
282/07
281/06
254/06
Antioch
(1900)
281/23
270/26
267/23
269/26
271/26
270/18
276/15
283/13
282/09
277/07
278/06
304/05
312/04
321/03
327/03
316/05
304/06
286/06
288/07
*Wind direction in degrees and speed in miles per hour
72
-------
TABLE A19. UPPER LEVEL WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED RECORDED ON SEPTEMBER 12, 1975
— > -»--* _- — .-— _- _ - — , _, _ . . .,.,. . — . ., ._ _.. _ _, , — ......
Height (ft)
350
710
1030
1360
1680
2010
2320
2630
2940
3250
3540
3840
4130
4430
4720
5020
5320
5610
5900
WSU Trailer (1730)
275/23
271/35
271/38
265/21
249/16
256/13
270/09
276/07
270/06
258/05
263/05
280/06
271/06
243/06
217/04
254/03
261/03
256/03
272/03
Wind Direction & Speed *
Rockville (1810) Port
270/25
280/27
280/24
268/18
268/10
280/06
270/05
261/06
260/07
256/07
257/07
258/06
260/02
267/01
284/02
288/02
270/03
262/03
266/04
Chicago (1930)
250/09
236/10
234/11
245/15
258/18
259/20
258/20
251/17
235/15
234/14
241/14
249/10
253/08
265/05
276/02
331/01
216/01
185/01
159/03
*Wind direction in degrees and speed in miles per hour
73
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TABLE A20. UPPER LEVEL WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED RECORDED ON SEPTEMBER 13, 1975
Hght.
(ft)
177
500
863
1188
1500
1840
2153
2500
2775
3000
3382
3678
4000
4270
4500
5000
5500
6000
WSU Trailer
(1220)
266/31
265/32
257/31
259/29
248/21
247/18
203/04
218/07
205/07
203/08
161/08
182/08
161/07
180/08
172/09
199/11
199/10
— "»•••
Wi
Crockett
(1305)
267/18
237/07
233/09
260/11
243/09
216/08
187/06
198/07
197/07
197/09
189/09
191/12
197/12
203/13
198/12
—
—
•»•»«•
nd Direction & Speed*
Intersection Hwys 23/12
(1400)
246/16
263/15
280/10
275/11
286/12
290/14
267/08
242/10
212/10
219/09
215/08
208/09
193/10
193/11
195/11
205/12
193/11
189/12
Rutherford
(1500)
150/06
153/08
162/06
189/05
288/02
254/02
275/05
268/07
269/08
261/09
225/13
219/13
208/10
202/10
200/10
207/11
212/15
200/11
Sonoma
(1640)
253/11
267/08
314/08
315/11
270/08
336/09
253/07
232/09
212/07
230/08
205/08
221/12
210/10
209/11
207/11
205/11
194/11
188/11
*Wind direction in degrees and speed in miles per hour
74
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TABLE A21. UPPER LEVEL WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED RECORDED ON SEPTEMBER 14, 1975
Height (ft.)
177
500
863
1188
1500
1840
2153
2500
2775
3000
3382
3678
4000
4270
4500
5000
5500
6000
Wind Direction J
WSU Trailer (1440)
248/15
254/15
256/13
268/16
260/15
256/14
284/04
222/02
120/04
131/05
135/06
153/07
167/09
128/08
154/08
172/11
172/15
173/18
» Speed*
Grizzly Island (1610)
263/17
259/19
254/20
254/22
265/18
282/12
298/05
317/02
067/02
191/02
214/03
228/05
194/05
196/06
174/07
171/12
167/13
173/17
*Wind direction in degrees and speed in miles per hour
75
-------
APPENDIX B
Data from each aircraft flight is summarized in Appendix B. Infor-
mation on flight paths, traverses of the Exxon plume and vertical spirals
is given for each individual flight. When flights were aimed specifically
at investigating downwind ozone buildup, ozone concentrations are marked
along the route. Where possible, plots of ozone concentrations from the
Exxon refinery inland to the delta region have also been provided.
76
-------
LEGEND
/\ Refinery
Power Plant
Trailer
VALLEJO
^SG f 0
\_. \ A .
Figure Bl . Flight path on September 8, 1975.
TIME: 11:10 AM - 12:40 PM
LEG A- Buchanan field, climb to 1,500 feet
B- Napa 094/11, spiral up to 7,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- 2% mile arc of refinery at 1,000 feet
D- End arc
E- Reverse track in line with plume
F- 8 mile arc of refinery
G- 2 mile upwind of refinery
77
-------
ALT
(x!03ftMSL)
~T 1 1
68 70 7^2 7"4 76 7*8 80 8'2
TEMP (F°)
60
70
80
90
100
110
(ppb)
Figure B2. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral over the USD trailer on September
8, 1975.
78
-------
.6 mi.
CN
(ppb)
7000
6000
5000
40
20
NOX
(ppb)
120
90
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIME (sec)
Figure B3. Plot of aircraft data
recorded on September
8 during traverse of
refinery plume 2 miles
downwind at 800 ft. AGL.
79
-------
.4 mi.
CN
NOX
(ppb)
9000
7000
5000
3000
1000
40
20
0
150
120
90
60
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIME (sec)
Figure B4. Plot of aircraft data
recorded on September
8 during traverse of
refinery plume 2 miles
downwind at 850 ft. AGL.
80
-------
LEGEND
A Refinery
0 Power Plant
• Trailer
Figure B5 . Flight path on September 8, 1975.
TIME: 5:40 PM - 6:45 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,500 feet
B- Roe Island
C- 2% mile arc of refinery
D- Napa 102/12, spiral up to 7,000 feet and down to 500 feet
E- Turn to fly down plume
F- 14 mile arc of refinery, spiral to 2,000 feet
81
-------
ALT
7
6
5
3
2
I
0
60 64 68 72 76 80 84
TEMP(F°)
40
50
60
70
80
(ppb)
Figure B6. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer on September
8, 1975.
82
-------
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83
-------
LEGEND
/\ Refinery
Power Plant
Trailer
V JVALLEJO
A
Figure B8 . Flight path on September 9, 1975.
TIME: 9:55 AM - 12:00 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,500 feet
B- Spiral up to 6,000 feet
C- Spiral down to 1,200 feet
D- 3 mile arcs of refinery at 1,200 feet, 1,000 feet, 750 feet and 500 feet
E- 5 mile arcs of refinery at 500 feet, 750 feet, 1,000 feet, 1,200 feet,
and 2,000 feet
84
-------
ALT
60 64 66 68 70 72 74 76
TEMP(F°)
(ppb)
Figure 89. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer
on September 9, 1975.
85
-------
ALT
64 66 & 7b it 74 76 7*8
TEMP(F«)
40
50
60
70
(ppb)
Figure BIO. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral 3 miles east of Benicia on
September 9, 1975.
86
-------
ALT
(ftMSL)
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
70 72 74 76 \78 80
TEMP (F°)
45
55
65
75
(ppb)
Figure Bll. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral 5 miles east of Benicia on
September 9, 1975.
87
-------
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-------
94
OSTOCKTON
Figure B14. Flight path on September 9, 1975, with ozone concentrations (ppb)
marked along the route.
TIME: 3:05 PM - 5:35 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Spiral up to 8,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- Upwind loop at 1,200 feet
D- Rodeo, descend to 800 feet
E- Follow plume to Stockton
F- North downwind loop
G- South downwind loops
H- Diagonal cross plume track
90
-------
ALT
(x!03ftMSL)
54 58 62 66 70 74 78
TEMP(F°)
(ppb)
Figure B15. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer
on September 9, 1975.
91
-------
°3
(ppb)
0 2.3 4.6 7 93 11.6 14 163 &6 21 233 26.6
MILES DOWNWIND
Figure B16. Plot of ozone concentrations versus distance
downwind of Exxon refinery on September 9, 1975.
92
-------
LEGEND
/\ Refinery
Power Plant
Trailer
I ;VALLEJO
c
CONCORD
Figure B17. Flight path on September 10, 1975.
TIME: 10:35 AM - 12:05 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Napa 094/11, spiral up to 5,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- 1 mile west of refinery
D- 5 mile arcs at 500 feet, 750 feet, 1,000 feet, 1,200 feet, and
spiral to 1,500 feet
E- 8 mile arcs at 500 feet, 750 feet, 1,000 feet, 1,200 feet, and
spiral to 1,700 feet
93
-------
ALT
T
T
56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
TEMP (F°)
10
20
30
40
50
(ppb)
Figure B18. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer
on September 10, 1975.
94
-------
ALT
(ftMSL)
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
10
Figure B19.
20
30
(ppb)
58 &) & 64 66 68 70 72
TEMP(F«)
40
Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral 5 miles east of Benicia on
September 10, 1975.
95
-------
17
16
15
14
ALT
(xK)2ftMSL) 13
10
20
64 & 68 7b 72 74 76
TEMP (F°)
30
40
(ppb)
Figure B20. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral 8 miles east of Benicia on
September 10, 1975.
96
-------
8
§§§
S o
u> -
§§§§
S o
uj
8
I?
8 "5
8 J
O)
cu
S-
O)
03
i-
cn
a
S-
OJ
JD
d)
co
c
o •
-o
-a c
OJ.,-
-o s
i. C
O 5
u o
to
ra O)
•o E
-(-> LO
J
X
^x
\
I
I
\
1
\
8
8
§
8
9
gggo So oo
-------
~o
o
Q c
N
)
f
I
\
I
i
o U
« "o c
2 * ,'•"
* M M-
o " CU
82 ^
o iZ .c:
~ 4->
r»
8 8
S o
O)
o
10
00
\
\_
^
§8 ?S S5c
s s
a >
* o ns
o u C"
53 2 c
o *~ 1
> 0
8 8 g 8 o
• eg « »
if) •>
cvj «i
S o
.000
88 ?
* I
S 8 S
a.
a.
a
a
CU
"i
(D
o
o
CU
i. •
-a
E
O 3
ol Q.
CM
CsJ
CO
CU
s-
3
01
98
-------
Scale l"= 15 mi.
STOCKTON
RANCISCoQ
Figure B23. Flight path on September 10, 1975, with ozone concentrations (ppb)
marked along the route.
TIME: 4:25 PM - 6:55 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Spiral up to 6,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- Upwind loop at 1,200 feet
D- Rodeo, descend to 800 feet
E- Begin 360 degree arc
F- Spiral up to 4,500 feet and down to 800 feet
G- Long downwind loop
99
-------
ALT
60 64 68 72 7%
TEMP(F°)
SO
50
60
70
(ppb)
Figure B24. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer
on September 10, 1975.
100
-------
(xKTftMSL)
68 72 7*6 fi(0
TEMP (P>)
40
50
60
70
80
03
(ppb)
Figure B25. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral 45 miles east of
Benicia on September 10, 1975.
101
-------
°3
(ppb)
0
2.3 56
7 9.3 11.6 14 16.3 186 21 23.3
MILES DOWNWIND
Figure B26. Plot of ozone concentration versus
distance downwind of Benicia on
September 10, 1975.
102
-------
70
.5O STOCKTON
CONCORD
v
OAKLAND ^
'.'. •••, '
Figure B27. Flight path on September 11, 1975, with ozone concentrations (ppb)
marked along the route.
TIME: 4:35 PM - 6:55 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,00 feet
B- Spiral up to 6,700 feet and down to 500 feet
C- Upwind leg
D- Fly down plume at 1,000 feet
E- Begin 360 degree downwind arc
F- Spiral up to 6,000 feet and down to 1,000 feet
G- 10 mile arc at 1,000 feet
H- 2 mile arcs at 1,000 feet and 500 feet
I- 1 mile arcs at 500 feet and 1,000 feet
103
-------
6
5
ALT
(xlO^ftMSL) 3
10
T
T
T
60 64 68 Tfe 76 80
TEMP(F°)
20
30
40
50
60
TO
(ppb)
Figure B28. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer
on September 11, 1975.
104
-------
ALT
(xK)3ftMSL)
6
5
4
3
2
I
0
10
30
50
60 64 68 72 76 80 84
TEMP (F°)
70
°3
(ppb)
Figure B29. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer
on September 11, 1975.
105
-------
ALT
6
5
4
(xKTftMSL) 3
64 68 12 T'G &)
TEMP (F°)
30
40
50
60
(ppb)
Figure B30. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral 45 miles east of
Benicia on September 11, 1975.
106
-------
(ppb)
0 23 4.6 7 9.3 11.6 14 16.3 18.6 21 23.3
MILES DOWNWIND
Figure B31. Plot of ozone concentration versus
distance downwind of Benicia on
September 11, 1975.
107
-------
8 -
g O
m
8 8 ? 8
(0
80
9 8
2 I-
o
o
o
o
2 ?8
Z
O
"
g"!
Z Q.
S- ^H
0)
JD O)
E E
0) 3
4-> r—
CL Q.
0)
c o>
o c
-a 'T
01 ai
T3 S_
O Cll
O -C
ai -i->
S-
<+-
(T3 O
4->
(O l/l
-o ai
co
-»-> s-
i»_ a>
(O > •
s- 10 -o
o s- c
S- 4-> ••-
5
(O en c
c 2
4--^ O
4-> T3 d)
O •—
1 1—I •!-
Q. «—I E
CM
ro
CO
0)
3
CD
108
-------
Figure B33. Flight path on September 12, 1975, with ozone concentrations
(ppb) marked along the route-
TIME: 2:20 PM - 5:40 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Spiral up to 10,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- Upwind loop at 1,000 feet
D- 360 degree arc of Franks Track Recreation Area
E- Long downwind loop
F- Spiral up to 10,000 feet, slant descent to A
109
-------
ALT
(xlC^ftMSL)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
0
20
48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80
TEMP (F°)
I
30 40 50 60
°3
(ppb)
Figure B34. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer
on September 12, 1975.
110
-------
ALT
(xK)3ftMSL)
9
8
7
4
3
52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
TEMP (F°)
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(ppb)
Figure B35. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral 45 miles east of
Benicia on September 12, 1975.
Ill
-------
LEGEND
Refinery
Power Plant
Trailer
VALLEJO
^^y c
Figure B36 . Flight path on September 13, 1975.
TIME: 1:35 PM - 2:25 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- 1 mile arc of refinery
C- 2 racetrack patterns at 1,000 feet and 500 feet
112
-------
LEGEND
/\ Refinery
Power Plant
Trailer
Figure B37. Flight path on September 13, 1975.
TIME: 3:50 PM - 5:15 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet, circle refinery once to B
B- Spiral up to 6,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- 1 mile arcs of refinery, 2% loops
D- Fly downwind and return in visible plume at 1,000 feet
E- Fly down visible plume at 500 feet
F- Shell refinery, climb to 13,00 feet, fly down visible plume
G- Return to A
113
-------
ALT
(xK^ftMSL)
54 58 62 66 70 74 "fa
TEMP(F°)
Figure B38.
°3
(ppb)
Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer
on September 13, 1975.
114
-------
o e
o M
o>
8
o
* -o
«
•2-
" UJ
8
10
»o
0 8
CM
o
CM
O
ro i~ O) O
-M 0) O) E O1
-I-) >
M-Q.ro >>T3
ro Ol S- S- C
S- OO •(-> 0) •!-
O C 2
i- C ro -I- C
•r- O M- S
ro O) O) O
•O C S- "U •
4- Ol -i- _l
o -o s- o) o; o
S- 3 -C r— ct
•M O "D -M -r-
O O E •
•— O) CO M- -(->
Q. S- t—1 O i—I <*-
CO
CO
-------
SACRAMENTO
o
Scale I" = <9.6mi.
71
.•70
PACIFIC
SAN FRANCISCO
OCEAN
MOUNTAINS
_ 67
MODESTO O
SAN 40SE
Figure B40. Flight paths on September 14, 1975, with ozone concentrations
(ppb) marked along the route.
TIME: 1:05 PM - 3:05 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Spiral up to 11,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- Long upwind loop at 1,000 feet
D- Spiral up to 5,000 feet and down to 1,200 feet
TIME: 3:35 PM - 6:25 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 2,000 feet, descend to 1,000 feet
B- Fly down plume
C- 360 degree arc of Franks Track
D- Southern downwind loop
E- Northern downwind loop
F- Fly up plume
116
-------
ALT
(x!03ftMSL)
30
r
T
T
T
60 62 64 66 68 70 72
TEMP (F°)
40
50
60
70
80
Figure B41.
°3
(ppb)
Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over San Pablo Bay
on September 14, 1975.
117
-------
ALT
(x!03ftMSL)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
0
52
56 60 64 68 72 76
TEMP(F°)
30 40 50 60 70 80
°3
(ppb)
Figure B42. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer on September
14, 1975.
118
-------
5
4
ALT
(x!03ftMSL)
Q
70
80
90
68 7t> 72 7*4 76
TEMP(F°)
100
(ppb)
Figure B43. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded
during a vertical spiral over Stockton on
September 14, 1975.
119
-------
(ppt>)
0 23 4.6 7 9.3 11.6 14 16.3 18.6 21 233 26.6 28
MILES DOWNWIND
Figure B44. Plot of ozone concentration versus distance downwind
of Benicia on September 14, 1975.
120
-------
PACIFIC 34
SAN FRANCISCO Q,
OCEAN
MODESTO O
MOUNTAINS
SAN UOSE
Scale
= I9.6mi.
Figure B45. Flight paths on September 15, 1975, with ozone concentrations
(ppb) marked along the route,
TIME: 1:20 PM - 3:20 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Spiral up to 12,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- Upwind loop at 1,000 feet
D- Spiral up to 5,000 feet and down to 500 feet
TIME: 3:35 PM - 5:55 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Fly down visible plume
C- 360 degree arc of Franks Track
D- Southern downwind loop
E- Northern downwind loop
F- Fly up plume
121
-------
(ppb)
23 4.6 7 9.3 11.6 14 16.3 18.6 21 23.3 26.6
MILES DOWNWIND
Figure B46. Plot of ozone concentrations versus distance
downwind of Benicia on September 15, 1975.
122
-------
LEGEND
Refinery
Power Plant
Trailer
Figure B47. Flight path on September 16, 1975.
TIME: 11:25 PM - 12:50 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Spiral up to 8,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- 2 mile arc of refinery at 1,000 feet
D- Fly downwind with plume
E- 6 mile refinery arcs at 500 feet, 250 feet, 750 feet, and 1,000 feet
F- 3 mile refinery arcs at 750 feet, 500 feet, 1,000 feet, and 1,200 feet
123
-------
ALT
(x!03ftMSL)
8
7
6
5
3
2
60 62 64 66 68 70 i2 74 76
35 45 55 65 75 85 95
°3
(ppb)
Figure B48. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer on September
16, 1975.
124
-------
S
"j
8UJ
SK
o o
« *
o
o
CM
1
)
/
0 0
• *
8 |jj
? 2
8
S
o
1
&
S_ VO
O)
rS Q)
e E
OJ 3
C OJ
o c
-o £
OJ 0)
S-
O O)
o -c
CD 4->
s_
ro o
-(->
IT3 l/l
i+_ O) .
re > "O
S- (O C
O S- •!-
S- 4-> 2
•i- C
co en 5
c o
4— •>- T3
^3 ^_
•(-> "O tt)
i— tO ^
Q_ rH E
CT>
CO
OJ
en
125
-------
LEGEND
A Refinery
0 Power Plant
• Trailer
97-
CONCORD j*f\
: " • '•.-- •-.••'"'..'",
Figure B50. Flight path on September 16, 1975, with ozone concentrations (ppb)
marked along the route.
TIME: 4:30 PM - 6:20 PM
LEG A- Buchanan Field, climb to 1,000 feet
B- Spiral up to 8,000 feet and down to 500 feet
C- Fly down southern edge of plume
D- 14 mile cross-plume pass
E- 18 mile cross-plume pass
F- Fly up northern edge of plume
126
-------
ALT
7
6
5
3
2
I
60 64 68 72 76 80 84
TEMP(F°)
30
40
50
60
70
(ppb)
Figure B51. Plot of ozone and temperature data recorded during
a vertical spiral over the WSU trailer on September
16, 1975.
127
-------
o
o
CM
/
>
\
0 00
go 0,0
N
a
8 „
o is
* l/>
" UJ
g 2
a P
o
Q.
01
c
-a
M- C
OS -r-
s- 3:
o c
s- 3:
•i- O
-I-
O S
oo
ja
o.
Q.
C\J
LO
CO
a>
3
en
128
-------
APPENDIX C
Individual light hydrocarbon (C£-Cg) identification for all aircraft
and ground level samples is given in this portion of the report. Results
of Cfy, CO, CFC13 and CC14 analyses on selected samples are also provided.
In each case, collection locations as well as altitude and time (where
applicable) have been noted.
129
-------
TABLE Cl. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEPTEMBER 8, 1975
•3
Concentration (pg/m )
ethane
ethylene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
Eolefins
^paraffins
Total yg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
A-l
3.5
2.0
*
1.5
*
*
1.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
2.5
1.0
*
*
1.0
*
*
3.0
10.5
13.5
0.02
1.8
1.3
-
~
A-2
13.0
3.5
2.0
9.5
1.5
4.0
9.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
9.5
3.5
*
*
2.5
2.0
1.5
6.0
54.5
62.5
0.10
—
-
-
—
A-3
16.5
9.5
6.5
15.0
10.0
16.5
38.5
2.5
*
5.5
*
3.0
34.5
14.5
*
*
-
-
20.5
135.5
172.5
0.26
1.8
1.2
-
*•
A-4
4.5
1.0
1.0
2.5
4.0
1.0
2.0
*
*
*
*
*
3.0
0.5
*
*
-
-
5.0
18.5
19.5
0.03
1.7
0.5
-
••
A- 5
3.5
1.5
*
1.5
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
2.0
1.0
*
*
-
-
1.5
9.0
10.5
0.02
^
-
-
•~
A- 6
17.0
4.0
2.0
22.0
2.0
10.0
17.5
*
1.0
0.5
*
*
20.5
7.0
*
*
-
-
7.5
94.0
103.5
0.16
1.7
0.8
-
™
A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-ll A-12 A-13
11.0
2.5
2.0
11.5
1.0
5.5
13.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
10.0
3.5
*
*
1.0
-
4.5
55.5
62.0
0.10
1.7
0.7
-
~
0.5 Mg/m3
- missing data
130
-------
TABLE C2. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEMPTEMBER 9, 1975
Concentration (ug/m )
A-l A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-ll A-12 A-13
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
M-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
4.5
1.0
*
2.0
*
1.0
1.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
2.0
1.0
*
*
-
-
-
5.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
*
1.5
2.5
*
0.5
*
*
*
3.5
1.5
*
*
1.0
-
-
19.0
3.0
2.0
12.0
1.0
5.5
8.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
9.0
3.5
*
*
-
-
-
26.5
3.0
1.5
21.0
1.5
8.5
13.0
*
0.5
*
*
*
13.5
5.5
1.0
*
-
-
-
41.5
5.5
2.0
32.0
1.5
11.0
17.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
20.0
7.5
1.5
*
-
-
-
4.0
*
*
3.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
-
-
-
4.0
2.0
*
1.5
1.5
*
1.5
*
1.5
*
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
-
-
-
8.5
3.5
2.5
7.0
1.0
3.5
8.5
*
*
*
*
*
8.5
4.0
*
*
2.0
1.5
2.0
9.0
2.5
2.5
12.5
2.0
6.5
16.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
14.0
6.0
1.0
*
3.5
2.5
3.0
6
1
1
9
1
5
13
1
11
5
0
2
1
2
.5
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
*
.0
*
*
*
.0
.0
.5
*
.5
.5
.5
zolefins 2.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 0 5.0 4.5
zparaffins. 12.0 17.5 57.5 89.0 130.5 7.0 6.5 45.5
Total yg/nr* 14.0 21.0 64.5 95.5 140.5 7.0 11.5 52.5
Total ppm C 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.15 0.22 0.01 0.02 0.0
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFClo (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
1.7
0.4
1.6
0.5
1.7
0.6
1.9
0.6
2.0
0.7
5.5 3.5
74.5 57.0
82.5 61.5
08 0.13 0.09
1.7
0.7
1.7
0.6
0.5 ng/m3
- missing data
131
-------
TABLE C3. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEPTEMBER 10, 1975
Concentration (ug/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
M-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
Eolefins
zparaffins-
Total yg/m
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
A-l
11.0
4.0
2.0
15,0
2.5
8.5
18.5
1.0
1.5
*
*
*
17.5
7.0
1.0
1.0
3.5
2.5
-
10.0
84.5
96.5
0.15
1.7
0.6
-
—
A- 2
11.0
4.5
2.0
10.5
2.5
9.0
18.5
1.0
1.5
0.5
*
*
18.5
8.0
1.0
1.0
4.0
2.5
4.0
11.0
87.0
100.0
0.15
1.7
0.7
-
—
A- 3
9.0
4.0
1.5
11.0
2.0
6.5
14.5
1.0
1.5
*
*
*
16.0
5.5
1.0
0.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
8.5
71.0
81.0
0.12
1.7
0.6
-
~
A-4
10.0
4.0
1.5
12.5
2.5
8.0
15.5
1.0
1.5
0.5
*
*
13.5
7.0
*
1.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
10.5
74.5
86.5
0.13
1.7
0.6
-
"
A- 5
11.0
5.5
2.0
24.0
3.5
11.0
18.0
1.5
1.5
*
*
*
17.5
7.0
1.0
1.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
13.5
101.5
117.0
0.18
1.8
0.6
-
—
A-6
8.0
3.0
2.0
14.5
2.0
6.0
13.5
*
1.5
*
*
*
19.5
7.5
1.0
*
4.0
3.0
-
6.5
77.0
85.5
0.13
1.7
0.6
-
-
A-7
6.0
2.5
1.0
4.0
1.0
3.0
6.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
9.0
3.5
1.0
*
2.0
2.0
2.0
4.5
38.5
44.0
0.07
1.7
0.6
-
-"
A-8
3.5
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
5.0
5.0
0.01
_
-
-
—
A- 9
3.5
1.0
*
2.0
*
1.0
2.5
_
_
.
-
-
2.0
1.0
-
-
-
-
-
—
1.0
12.0
13.0
0.02
1.6
0.4
-
"•
A-10
5.5
2.0
1.0
3.0
0.5
1.5
3.5
*
0.5
*
*
*
4.5
2.0
*
*
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
23.0
27.0
0.04
1.7
0.6
-
"•
A-ll
5.0
1.5
1.0
5.0
1.0
3.0
6.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
7.5
5.5
1.0
*
2.0
1.5
2.0
3.5
38.5
43.0
0.07
.
-
-
—
A-12
6.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
*
2.0
4.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
4.5
2.0
*
*
1.0
1.5
1.0
2.5
25.0
29.5
0.05
.
-
-
—
A-l 3
6.5
1.5
1.5
5.5
*
3.0
6.0
*
0.5
*
*
*
6.0
3.0
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
34.0
37.5
0.06
_
-
-
—
* < 0.5 yg/m3
- missing data
132
-------
TABLE C4. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEPTEMBER 11, 1975
Concentration
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylen
propane
propene
i- butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
M-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane 1
A-l
/.b
1.5
1.0
8.0
*
4.5
6.5
*
*
*
*
*
9.0
4.5
-
*
2.0
1.0
,0
A-2
10.5
3.5
3.0
6.5
1.0
5.5
13.5
*
*
*
*
*
13.0
7.0
1.0
*
3.5
2.5
3.5
A- 3
4.5
*
*
2.0
*
1.0
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
•k
*
A-4
5.0
2.5
1.0
3.0
1.0
1.5
3.0
*
0.5
*
*
*
4.0
1.5
*
*
1.0
-
A-5
5.5
1.5
1.0
4.5
1.0
2.5
3.5
*
0.5
*
*
*
4.0
1.5
*
*
1.0
-
A- 6
12.0
4.5
1.5
8.0
3.5
9.0
16.5
1.5
2.0
1.5
*
*
15.0
11.0
0.5
*
4.0
2.5
4.5
A- 7
6.0
2.5
2.0
4.0
1.0
3.0
4.5
*
*
*
*
*
5.5
2.5
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
A-8
7.5
2.5
1.5
10.0
2.0
6.5
9.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
12.0
5.0
*
*
3.0
2.0
3.0
A-9
7.0
2.0
1.0
10.5
1.5
6.0
6.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
8.5
3.5
*
*
2.0
1.5
1.0
A-10 A-ll A-12 A-13
5.0
1.5
1.0
4.5
1.5
3.0
4.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
6.0
2.5
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
zolef i ns
1.5 4.5
0
4.0 3.0 13.0 3.5 5.5 4.5 4.0
iparaffins 44.5 67.5 10.5 19.0 22.5 83.0 29.5 58.5 46.5 29.5
Totalyg/nr* 47.0 75.0 10.524.0 26.5 97.5 35.0 65.5 52.034,5
Total ppm C 0.07 0.12 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.05
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
-
_
167
183
_
_
297
144
_
_
179
135
1.6
0.5
-
••
1.6
0.7
-
~
1.6
0.7
188
125
1.6
0.5
181
135
1.6
0.5
.
—
1.
0.
-
—
7
6
1.6
0.6
-
—
< 0.5 ug/nr
- missing data
133
-------
TABLE C5. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEPTEMBER 12, 1975
o
Concentration (yg/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i- butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
Eolefins
^paraffins
Total pg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
A-l
3.5
*
*
2.5
*
*
0.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
6.5
6.5
0.01
.
-
273
481
A- 2
11.0
3.0
3.5
6.5
0.5
5.0
11.5
*
*
*
*
*
10.5
4.5
0.5
1.0
2.5
1.5
2.5
4.5
56.0
64.0
0.10
—
-
154
116
A-3
4.5
1.5
0.5
2.5
*
1.0
2.0
-
_
-
-
-
2.0
1.0
-
-
-
-
1.5
13.0
15.0
0.02
1.6
0.6
-
"•
A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-ll A-l 2 A-l 3
7.5
4.0
1.5
4.5
*
1.5
3.5
*
0.5
*
*
*
4.5
2.0
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
4.5
27.0
33.5
0.05
1.7
0.7
_
—
0.5 yg/m3
- missing data
134
-------
TABLE C6. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEPTEMBER 13, 1975
Concentration (ug/m )
ethane
ethylene
acetyl ene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
1-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
Eolefins
^paraffins
Total pg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
A-l
3.5
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
5.0
5.0
0.01
.
-
118
116
A- 2
' 12.5
4.0
2.0
12.5
4.0
10.5
27.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
*
2.0
26.0
15.0
1.5
1.0
7.0
4.5
8.0
16.5
125.0
143.5
0.22
1.8
0.9
-
••
A-3
6.0
2.5
2.0
7.0
1.0
3.0
5.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
6.0
3.5
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.0
4.5
54.5
41.0
0.06
.
-
-
—
A-4
8.0
3.5
1.0
5.5
1.0
5.0
7.0
*
0.5
*
*
*
8.0
4.0
*
*
1.5
-
5.0
39.0
45.0
0.07
1.7
0.7
-
—
A-5
6.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
1.0
5.0
7.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
8.5
3.0
*
*
1.5
1.0
2.5
4.0
39.0
45.0
0.07
1.7
0.6
-
—
A- 6
12.5
3.5
1.5
15.5
2.0
13.0
15.0
*
1.0
0.5
*
*
16.5
5.5
1.0
1.0
3.5
2.5
1.5
8.0
86.5
96.0
0.15
1.8
0.5
-
—
A- 7
13.5
2.5
1.5
33.0
1.5
11.5
14.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
14.0
4.5
1.0
*
-
-
5.0
91.5
98.0
0.15
1.8
0.7
-
—
A-8
5.5
1.5
1.0
11.0
1.0
2.5
8.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
10.0
3.0
1.0
*
2.0
1.0
1.5
3.5
47.0
51.5
0.08
1.6
0.7
-
—
A- 9
5.5
1.0
1.0
4.0
*
4.0
6.0
_
-
_
-
-
5.0
2.5
-
-
-
-
1.0
27.0
29.0
0.04
.
-
144
116
A-10
8.0
1.5
1.5
7.5
1.0
5.0
6.0
_
-
_
-
-
7.5
3.0
-
-
-
-
2.5
37.0
41.0
0.06
1.7
0.5
-
"•
A-ll
8.5
2.5
1.0
8.0
1.0
5.5
6.0
*
*
*
*
*
6.0
2.0
*
*
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.5
39.0
43.5
0.07
_
-
141
116
A-l 2 A-l 3
10.5
2.0
1.0
10.5
1.5
10.0
10.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
11.5
4.0
*
*
2.0
1.5
1.5
4.5
62.0
67.5
0.10
_
-
141
116
* < 0.5
- missing data
135
-------
TABLE C7. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEPTEMBER 14,1975
3
Concentration ( yg/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
Total yg/m3
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFClo (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
A-1
3.b
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
5.0
5.0
0.01
.
-
121
124
A- 2
4.0
*
*
2.0
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
1.0
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
0
9.0
9.0
0.01
1.6
0.5
134
116
A-3
3.b
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
5.0
5.0
0.01
1.7
0.4
128
124
A-4
5.5
1.0
1.0
4.5
1.0
3.0
5.0
*
*
*
*
*
5.0
2.5
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
29.5
32.5
0.05
1.6
0.5
140
124
A- 5
6.0
1.0
1.0
7.5
*
4.0
6.0
*
*
*
*
*
7.5
3.0
*
*
-
-
1.0
34.0
36.0
0.06
1.6
0.5
150
132
A- 6
4.0
1.5
*
2.0
*
0.5
1.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
2.5
1.0
*
*
-
-
2.5
11.5
14.0
0.02
1.6
0.6
-
•"
A- 7
6.5
1.5
1.0
5.5
1.0
6.5
15.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
9.0
5.5
*
*
2.0
1.5
2.0
3.5
53.5
58.0
0.09
.
-
151
124
A-8
8.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
*
2.0
4.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
5.5
2.0
*
*
1.5
1.0
3.5
27.5
34.0
0.05
1.7
0.7
209
124
A- 9
5.0
0.5
0.5
3.0
*
3.0
8.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
5.5
3.5
*
*
1.5
*
1.0
1.5
30.5
32.5
0.05
1.7
0.6
144
124
A-10
6.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
*
1.0
2.5
*
*
*
*
*
3.5
1.5
*
*
1.0
1.0
17.5
20.0
0.03
1.7
0.6
196
149
A-ll A-1 2 A-1 3
4.5
1.0
*
2.5
*
1.0
2.0
*
*
*
*
*
2.5
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
1.0
14.0
15.0
0.02
1.8
0.5
141
125
< 0.5 yg/m3
- missing data
136
-------
TABLE C8. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEPTEMBER 15, 1975
Concentration (
ethane
ethylene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
Eolefins
iparaffins-
Total yg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
A-l
3.0
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
4.0
4.0
0.01
•
-
121
125
A-2
6.5
1.0
0.5
5.0
*
4.0
5.5
*
*
*
*
*
5.0
2.5
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
32.5
34.0
0.05
1.6
0.4
147
133
A-3
3.5
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
5.0
5.0
0.01
1.5
0.2
128
125
A-4
4.0
0.5
0.5
1.5
*
1.5
2.5
-
_
-
-
-
3.0
0.5
-
-
-
-
0.5
13.0
14.0
0.02
1.5
0.4
144
125
A- 5
5.5
1.0
1.0
5.0
*
2.0
2.5
-
-
-
-
-
3.0
1.5
-
-
-
-
1.0
19.5
21.5
0.03
1.6
0.2
147
125
A-6
7.0
3.0
2.5
7.5
1.0
9.5
21.0
-
_
-
-
-
15.0
7.5
-
-
-
-
4.0
67.5
74.0
0.11
1.7
0.7
179
124
A- 7
11.5
3.5
2.5
7.0
*
6.0
13.5
*
*
*
*
*
12.0
6.0
-
-
4.0
2.5
3.5
3.5
65.0
72.0
0.11
—
-
251
165
ug/m )
A-8
7.0
2.0
1.5
3.2
*
2.0
3.5
*
*
*
*
*
3.5
1.5
*
*
-
-
2.0
21.0
24.5
0.04
1.6
0.5
148
116
A- 9
5.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
*
3.0
4.5
*
*
*
•*
*
4.5
1.5
*
*
-
-
1.0
22.0
25.0
0.04
1.7
0.7
176
165
A-10 A-ll A-l 2 A-l 3
3.5
*
*
2.0
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
7.5
7.5
0.01
_
-
136
124
* < 0.5 yg/mw
- missing data
137
-------
TABLE C9. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN AIRCRAFT
COLLECTED SAMPLES ON SEPTEMBER 16, 1975
3
Concentration ( ug/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
aolefins
paraffins
Total Mg/mJ
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
A-l
3.0
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
4.5
4.5
0.01
1.3
0.2
124
116
A-2
9.0
3.0
2.0
7.5
1.5
4.0
7.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
8.5
4.0
*
*
2.5
1.5
3.0
5.5
47.0
54.5
0.08
1.7
0.8
-
•"
A- 3
7.5
2.5
2.0
5.5
1.0
2.5
4.5
*
*
*
*
*
5.5
2.0
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
3.5
31.5
37.0
0.06
1.5
0.6
-
~
A-4
11.0
5.5
4.5
7.0
1.5
4.5
7.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
10.0
4.0
*
*
3.5
2.0
3.0
8.0
52.0
64.5
0.10
1.6
1.0
-
••
A-5
7.0
3.0
2.0
6.5
1.0
4.0
5.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
8.5
3.0
*
*
2.5
1.5
2.0
5.0
40.5
47.5
0.07
1.6
0.7
-
—
A- 6
13.0
5.0
3.0
19.0
2.5
9.5
16.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
18.0
6.5
*
1.0
4.5
3.0
4.0
9.5
93.5
106.0
0.16
1.7
0.9
-
""
A- 7
4.0
1.0
1.5
3.0
*
1.5
3.0
*
0.5
*
*
*
4.5
2.5
*
*
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
21.5
24.5
0.04
1.5
0.6
-
—
A-8
5.5
1.5
1.0
2.5
*
1.0
2.0
*
*
*
*
*
3.0
1.0
*
*
0.5
*
*
1.5
15.5
18.0
0.03
1.4
0.4
-
~
A- 9
6.0
1.5
1.5
3.5
*
1.5
2.5
*
*
*
*
*
3.0
1.0
*
*
1.0
*
*
1.5
18.5
21.5
0.03
1.2
0.4
174
132
A-10 A-ll A-l 2 A-l 3
4.5
0.5
0.5
2.5
*
1.0
2.0
*
0.5
*
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.0
11.5
13.0
0.02
_
-
140
124
* < 0.5 ug/m3
- missing data
138
-------
TABLE CIO.
LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 10, 1975
Concentration (ug/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
1-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
zparaffins.
Total yg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFClo (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
11.5
3.5
2.0
10.0
2.5
9.0
21.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
*
*
18.5
10.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
3.0
4.5
11.0
93.5
106.5
0.16
—
-
-
—
G-2
10.0
5.5
6.5
5.5
1.5
4.5
13.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
14.0
6.5
1.5
*
4.0
3.0
3.5
8.0
66.0
80.5
0.12
_
-
251
115
G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7
10.5
7.5
6.0
3.5
2.0
2.5
7.0
*
1.5
1.0
*
*
12.5
4.5
1.5
*
4.0
4.0
4.5
12.0
54.0
72.5
0.11
_
-
308
183
0.5 ug/m3
- missing data
139
-------
TABLE Cll. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 11, 1975
Concentration (yg/m^)
G-l
G-2
G-3
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
9.5
2.5
1.5
9.0
1.5
6.0
12.5
*
1.0
*
*
*
12.0
7.0
*
*
3.0
2.0
2.5
zolefins
iparaf fins-
Total pg/nr
Total ppm C
5.0
65.5
72.0
0.11
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
186
144
0.5 wg/m3
- missing data
140
-------
TABLE C12. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 12, 1975
Concentration (Mg/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
aolefins
iparaffins
Total vg/m6
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
6.0
2.0
1.5
5.0
1.0
3.5
6.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
5.5
2.5
*
*
1.5
1.0
1.5
4.0
31.5
37.0
0.06
1.6
0.6
-
—
G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7
5.5
2.0
1.5
3.0
0.5
1.5
3.0
*
*
*
*
*
4.0
1.5
*
*
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
21.5
25.5
0.04
—
-
-
—
* < 0.5
- missing data
141
-------
TABLE C13. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 13,1975
Concentration (
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1 -pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
Eolefins
Zparaffins
Total yg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
10.5
2.5
3.0
8.0
1.5
16.5
28.0
0.5
1.0
*
*
*
26.0
12.0
1.5
*
*
*
*
5.5
102.5
111.0
0.17
_
-
221
116
G-2
4.5
1.0
1.0
2.5
*
1.5
3.5
*
*
*
*
*
5.0
2.0
*
*
*
*
*
1.0
19.0
21.0
0.03
_
-
157
116
G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7
4.0
*
1.5
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
1.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
7.5
7.5
0.01
.
-
125
116
* < 0.5 wj/m3
- missing data
142
-------
TABLE C14.
LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEMPTEMBER 14, 1975
Concentration (
ethane
ethylene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-bu,lene
1-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
^paraffins-
Total ug/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
18.5
2.0
0.5
10.0
1.0
6.5
18.5
*
0.5
*
*
*
43.0
9.5
*
2.5
8.5
4.5
*
6.0
119.0
125.5
0.19
1.6
0.6
-
—
G-2
5.0
1.5
1.0 •
3.5
1.0
3.0
5.0
*
*
*
*
*
4.5
3.5
*
*
*
*
*
2.5
24.0
28.0
0.04
1.7
0.6
-
—
G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7
7.0
1.5
1.5
5.0
0.5
4.0
4.5
*
*
*
*
*
4.5
2.5
1.0
*
*
*
*
2.0
28.5
32.0
0.05
_
-
-
—
< 0.5 ug/nr
- missing data
143
-------
TABLE C15.
LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 15, 1975
Concentration
G-l
G-2
G-3
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
5.0
*
1.0
4.0
1.5
7.5
30.5
1.0
1.0
*
*
*
34.5
7.5
3.0
2.0
5.0
3.0
3.5
zolefins
^paraffins
Total yg/nr
Total ppm C
5.5
103.5
110.0
0.17
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
* < 0.5 yg/m3
- missing data
144
-------
TABLE C16. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 16, 1975
Concentration
ethane
ethylene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
^paraffins..
Total ug/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
12.5
3.5
2.5
11.0
2.0
6.5
10.5
*
1.5
*
*
*
8.0
3.5
*
1.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
8.0
58.0
68.5
0.11
_
-
—
G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7
/.5
2.5
2.0
6.5
1.5
10.0
18.0
0.5
1.0
*
*
*
18.5
7.5
1.0
1.0
8.5
6.0
9.5
6.5
93.0
101.5
0.16
_
-
—
* < 0.5 ug/m3
- missing data
145
-------
TABLE C17. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 17, 1975
Concentration (Mg/m )
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
1-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
1-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1 -pentene
1-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
Eoleflns
zparafflns
Total yg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFClo (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
8.0
3.5
2.0
13.0
2.0
15.0
31.5
2.5
2.5
4.0
*
*
154.0
28.5
*
*
33.0
20.0
10.0
14.5
313.0
329.5
0.50
_
-
-
~
G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7
9.5
3.0
2.0
7.0
1.5
5.0
8.5
1.0
*
*
*
*
8.0
3.0
*
8.5
2.0
1.5
2.5
14.0
47.0
63.0
0.10
„
-
-
—
* < 0.5 wj/m3
- missing data
146
-------
TABLE CIS. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 18, 1975
Concentration
ethane
ethylene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
zparaffins..
Total yg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
6.5
1.5
*
18.0
1.0
16.5
43.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
*
*
231.5
31.5
5.0
*
42.0
23.0
20.5
8.5
437.5
446.0
0.68
-
-
—
G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7
4.5
1.5
7.0
3.5
*
1.0
2.0
*
1.0
*
*
*
4.0
1.0
*
*
1.0
*
*
2.5
17.0
26.5
0.04
-
_
—
* < 0.5 }ig/m3
- missing data
147
-------
TABLE C19. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 19, 1975
Concentration
ethane
ethylene
acetylene
propane
propene
i -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
i-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
Eparaffins_
total jjg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
3.5
1.0
*
3.5
*
8.0
36.0
*
1.5
*
*
*
43.5
12.5
1.5
*
8.0
4.5
5.0
2.5
126.0
128.5
0.20
—
-
-
—
G-2
4.0
1.0
*
1.0
*
0.5
1.5
*
0.5
*
*
*
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.5
8.5
10.0
0.02
«•
-
-
•"
G-3
6.0
1.0
*
36.0
0.5
31.0
44.0
1.0
2.0
2.5
*
*
67.5
18.5
2.5
6.0
18.5
11.5
10.0
13.0
245.5
258.5
0.40
—
-
-
~
G-4
8.5
1.5
1.0
12.5
1.0
9.0
12.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
*
*
45.0
9.0
1.5
6.0
10.0
6.0
3.0
12.5
117.0
130.5
0.20
—
-
-
™
G-5
3.0
*
*
6.0
*
16.5
105.0
*
1.0
1.0
*
*
115.5
32.0
4.0
*
21.0
12.5
12.0
2.0
327.5
329.5
0.50
—
-
-
••
G-6
10.0
25.0
28.5
7.0
13.0
18.0
49.5
3.5
6.0
8.5
*
*
117.0
36.5
3.5
.*
40.5
24.5
29.0
56.0
335.5
420.0
0.64
1.4
3.0
-
"•
G-7
10.5
25.5
16.5
5.0
9.0
22.0
50.0
2.5
7.0
8.5
*
*
129.5
43.0
18.0
*
48.0
29.5
3.0
52.5
358.5
427.5
0.65
1.4
2.8
-
™
* < 0.5 yig/mj
- missing data
148
-------
TABLE C20. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAMPLES COLLECTED
AT GROUND LEVEL ON SEPTEMBER 20, 1975
Concentration
ethane
ethyl ene
acetylene
propane
propene
1 -butane
n-butane
1-butene
i-butene
t-2-butene
propyne
c-2-butene
i-pentane
n-pentane
cyclopentane
1-pentene
1-hexane
3-m-pentane
n-hexane
zolefins
zparafflns
Total yg/nr
Total ppm C
CH4 (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CFC13 (ppt)
CC14 (ppt)
G-l
10.0
2.5
2.5
4.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
*
1.5
*
*
*
6.0
2.5
*
*
2.0
1.5
1.5
5.0
34.0
41.5
0.06
t—
-
-
••-
G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7
13.0
3.0
2.5
42.0
1.5
29.0
53.5
1.0
1.5
*
*
*
100.0
34.0
*
*
23.5
14.5
14.0
7.0
323.5
333.0
0.51
—
-
-
••
* < 0.5
- missing data
149
-------
TABLE C21. LOCATION OF AIRCRAFT COLLECTED HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 8, 1975
A-l Over Washington State University trailer site at 7,000 ft. MSL*
A-2 2 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-3 5 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-4 2 miles upwind of the Exxon refinery at 1,500 ft. MSL.
A-5 Over Washington State University trailer at 7,000 ft. MSL.
A-6 20 miles downwind of the Exxon refinery in suspected area of plume
drift at 500 ft. MSL.
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-ll
A-12
A-l 3
* above mean sea level
150
-------
TABLE C22. LOCATION OF AIRCRAFT COLLECTED HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 9, 1975
A-l 3 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 1,600 ft. MSL.
A-2 3 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 1,100 ft. MSL.
A-3 3 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 900 ft. MSL.
A-4 3 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 650 ft. MSL.
A-5 3 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 300 ft. MSL.
A-6 Over the Washington State University trailer at 6,000 ft. MSL.
A-7 Over San Pablo Bay at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-8 40 miles downwind of the Exxon refinery, NE of Tracy at 700 ft. MSL.
A-9 32 miles downwind of the Exxon refinery, NE of Brentwood at 600 ft. MSL.
A-10 14 miles downwind of the Exxon refinery, West of Pittsburgh at 600 ft. MSL.
A-ll
A-l 2
A-13
151
-------
TABLE C23. LOCATION OF AIRCRAFT COLLECTED HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 10, 1975
A-l Between Benicia and the Exxon refinery at 800 ft. MSL.
A-2 5 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 600 ft. MSL.
A-3 5 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 800 ft. MSL.
A-4 5 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-5 8 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 500 ft. MSL.
A-6 8 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 800 ft. MSL
A-7 8 miles downwind across the Exxon plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-8 Over the Washington State University trailer at 5,000 ft. MSL.
A-9 Over San Pablo Bay at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-10 East of Nichols at 800 ft. MSL.
/
A-ll East of Antioch at 900 ft. MSL.
A-12 Over Iselton at 900 ft. MSL.
A-13 Over 1-5 approximately 10 miles south of Sacramento at 600 ft. MSL,
152
-------
TABLt C24. LOCATION OF AIRCRAFT COLUCTID HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 11, 197b
A-l Over the Carquinez Strait, approximately 3 miles upwind of the Exxon
refinery at 400 ft. MSL.
A-2 Near Tracy at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-3 Near Lodi at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-4 Approximately 10 miles downwind along the north shore of channel
at 900 ft. MSL.
A-5 Approximately 10 miles downwind in middle of channel at 900 ft. MSL.
A-6 Approximately 10 miles downwind along the south shore of channel at 900
ft. MSL.
A-7 2 miles downwind along south shore of channel at 500 ft. MSL.
A-8 1 mile downwind of Exxon refinery, 2 passes through the plume at
500 ft. MSL.
A-9 1 mile downwind across the Exxon plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-10 2 miles downwind along south shore of channel at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-ll
A-12
A-13
153
-------
TABLE C25. LOCATION OF AIRCRAFT COLLECTED HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 12, 1975
A-l West of Petaluna at 1,200 ft. MSL.
A-2 15 miles SE of Antioch at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-3 15 miles NE of Antioch at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-4 5 miles north of Modesto at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-ll
A-12
A-l 3
154
-------
TABLE C26. LOCATION OF AIRCRAFT COLLECTED HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 13, 1975
A-l Over the Washington State University trailer at 8,000 ft. MSL.
A-2 1 mile downwind of Phillips refinery at Avon in plume at 700 ft. MSL.
A-3 1 mile upwind of the Exxon refinery at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-4 1 mile downwind of the Exxon refinery at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-5 1 mile downwind of the Exxon refinery at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-6 Between 0-3 miles downwind shooting the Exxon plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-7 Between 0-3 miles downwind shooting the Exxon plume at 500 ft. MSL.
A-8 In plume along south shore of channel, (probably emissions from Avon
and Martinez) at 500 ft. MSL.
A-9 1 mile upwind of Exxon refinery at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-10 1 mile downwind of refinery in plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-ll Between 0-3 miles downwind shooting the Exxon plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-l2 Between 0-3 miles downwind of the Phillips refinery at Avon shooting the
plume at 1,300 ft. MSL.
A-l 3
155
-------
TABLE C27. LOCATION CF AIRCRAFT COLLECTED HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 14, 1975
A-l Over the Washington State University trailer at 11,000 ft. MSL.
A-2 Over radio towers near Napa VOR at 1,200 ft. MSL.
A-3 Over the mountains NW of San Francisco at 1,700 ft. MSL.
A-4 Over the SE shore of San Pablo Bay, downwind of Standard Oil refinery
at Richmond at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-5 Over Carquinez Strait approximately 3 miles upwind of the Exxon refinery,
A-6 Over San Pablo Bay, downwind of Standard Oil refinery at Richmond at
1,000 ft. MSL.
A-7 Near Pittsburgh at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-8 15 miles SE of Antioch at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-9 15 mile NE of Antioch at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-10 Approximately 5 miles north of Modesto at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-ll NW of cooling towers near Clay at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-12
A-l 3
156
-------
TABLE C28. LOCATION OF AIRCRAFT COLLECTED HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 15, 1975
A-l Over the Washington State University trailer at 1,200 ft. MSL.
A-2 Over Napa VOR at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-3 Along Pacific coast NW of San Francisco at 1,500 ft. MSL.
A-4 West of Standard Oil refinery at Richmond at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-5 Over Carquinez Strait along south shore, approximately 3 miles upwind
of Exxon refinery at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-6 Near Pittsburgh at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-7 Over Discovery Bay, east of Antioch at 1,100 ft. MSL.
A-8 Near Terminous at 1,100 ft. MSL.
A-9 Approximately 10 miles north of Modesto at 1,100 ft. MSL.
A-10 Over the cooling towers at Clay at 1,300 ft. MSL.
A-ll
A-l 2
A-13
157
-------
TABLE C29. LOCATION OF AIRCRAFT COLLECTED HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 16, 1975
A-l Over the Washington State University trailer at 8,000 ft. MSL.
A-2 2 miles upwind of Exxon refinery at 1,100 ft. MSL.
A-3 6 miles downwind across Exxon plume at 500 ft. MSL.
A-4 6 miles downwind across Exxon plume at 800 ft. MSL.
A-5 3 miles downwind across Exxon plume at 800 ft. MSL.
A-6 3 miles downwind across Exxon plume at 500 ft. MSL.
A-7 3 miles downwind across Exxon plume at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-8 3 miles downwind across Exxon plume at 1,200 ft. MSL.
A-9 3 miles west of Reo Vista at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-10 2 miles downwind of Exxon refinery at 1,000 ft. MSL.
A-ll
A-12
A-13
158
-------
TABLE C30. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 12, 1975
G-l Along highway 160 @ 10:15
G-2 Brentwood, Calif. @ 11:50
G-3 Western side of Pittsburgh, Calif. @ 12:30
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-l 2
G-13
159
-------
TABLE C31. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 11, 1975
G-l Sherman Island @ 1855
G-2
G-3
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-11
G-l 2
G-13
160
-------
TABLE C32. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 12, 1975
G-l Rockville, Calif. 0 1830
G-2 Washington State University trailer site @ 1430
G-3
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-l 2
G-13
161
-------
TABLE C33. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 13,1975
G-l Rodeo, Calif. 0 1330
G-2 Rutherford, Calif. 0 1515
G-3 Sonoma, Calif. 8 1700
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-l 2
G-l 3
162
-------
TABLE C34. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 14, 1975
G-1 Along Frontage Road just downwind of the refinery in the Exxon plume @ 0830
G-2 Main Grizzly Island @ 1625
G-3 Middle Grizzly Island 0 1700
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-12
G-13
163
-------
TABLE C35. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 15, 1975
G-l '^0.5 mile downwind of the refinery in the Exxon plume @ 0830
G-2
G-3
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-l 2
G-13
164
-------
TABLE C36. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 16, 1975
G-l Washington State University trailer site @ 1000
G-2 ^0.5 mile downwind of the refinery in the Exxon plume @ 9000
6-3
G-4
G-5
6-6
6-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-l 2
G-13
165
-------
TABLE C37. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 17, 1975
G-l ^ 0.5 mile downwind of refinery in the Exxon plume @ 0830
G-2 Washington State University trailer site @ 0930
G-3
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-12
G-13
166
-------
TABLE C38. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 18, 1975
G-l % 0.5 mile downwind of refinery in the Exxon plume
G-2 Washington State University trailer site @ 1030
G-3
6-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-12
G-13
167
-------
TABLE C39. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 19, 1975
G-l "" 0.5 mile downwind of refinery in the Exxon plume @ 0930
G-2 Washington State University trailer site @ 1000
G-3 West end of Exxon refinery
G-4 Middle of Exxon refinery
G-5 East end of Exxon refinery
G-6 Parking Garage
G-7 Parking Lot
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-l 2
G-13
168
-------
TABLE C40. LOCATION OF GROUND LEVEL HYDROCARBON SAMPLES
ON SEPTEMBER 20, 1975
G-l Washington State University trailer site @ 0900
G-2 ^0.5 mile downwind of refinery in the Exxon plume @ 0930
G-3
G-4
G-5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G-9
G-10
G-ll
G-12
G-13
169
-------
APPENDIX D
This section summarizes results from all natural sunlight bag irradi-
ation experiments conducted during the field study. Individual plots of
variations in 03, NO and N02 versus irradiation time are provided for each
experiment.
170
-------
(ppb)
(Ppb)
(ppb)
90
80
70
60
50
30
20
10
0
80
TO
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Out of Plume
(near WSU trailer site)
NO
Refinery Plume
Out of Plume
(near WSU traitor site)
0900
16 1700
Figure Dl. Plot of 63, N02 and NO versus
irradiation time for captive
air irradiation experiments on
September 14, 1975.
171
-------
(ppb)
(PP6)
(ppb)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Refinery Plume
Refinery Plume
"0-7
Out of Plume
(near WSU traitor «!)•)
1000 II 12 13
TIME
IS 16 (TOO
Figure D2. Plot of 03, N02 and NO versus
irradiation time for captive
air irradiation experiments on
September 15, 1975.
172
-------
(ppb)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
(ppb) 40
30
20
10
0
Refinery Plume
(spiked with NO)
1000
Refinery Plume
Out of Plume
(near WSU trailer site)
17 1600
Figure D3.
Plot of 03, N02 and NO versus
irradiation time for captive
air irradiation experiments on
September 16, 1975.
173
-------
(ppb)
(Ppb)
(ppb)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Refinery Plume
Refinery Plume
Out of Plume
(neor WSU trailer site)
IOO 12 13 14 15 16 I7OO
TIME (hr«.)
Figure D4. Plot of 03, N02 and NO versus
irradiation time for captive
air irradiation experiments on
September 17, 1975.
174
-------
(ppbj
(ppb)
(ppW
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Refinery Plume
(spiked with NO)
Refinery Plume
Out of Plume
(near WSU trailer site)
1100 12 13 14 15 16 17
TIME Or».)
Figure D5. Plot of 03, N02 and NO versus
irradiation time for captive
air irradiation experiments on
September 18, 1975.
2200
175
-------
(ppb)
(ppb)
(ppb)
90
60
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Refinery PJume
(spiked with NO)
Refinery Plume
Out of Plume
(near WSU trailer site)
1100 12 13 14 15 1600
TIME (hrt.)
Figure D6. Plot of 03, N02 and NO versus
irradiation time for captive
air irradiation experiments on
September 19, 1975.
176
-------
(ppb)
(ppb)
(ppb)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SO
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Refinery Plume
Upwind of Exxon Refinery
(spiked with NO)
N02
Upwind of Exxon Refinery
KXX) II
12 IS
TIME (hrr)
14 1500
Figure D7. Plot of 03, N02 and NO versus
irradiation time for captive
air irradiation experiments on
September 20, 1975.
177
-------
(ppb)
(ppb)
(PPW
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Refinery Plume
(spiKed with NO)
Upwind of Exxon Refinery
Upiked with NO)
Upwind of Exxon Refinery
1100 12
13 14 19
TIME (hr».)
16 1700
Figure D8. Plot of 03, N02 and NO versus
irradiation time for captive
air irradiation experiments on
September 21, 1975.
178
-------
APPENDIX E
Acoustical sounder traces recorded between 9/5/75 and 9/21/75 are
contained in this section. The acoustical radar was located adjacent to
the WSU field laboratory, approximately 1.5 miles east of the Exxon
refinery.
179
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500
400
£300
LU
200
100
0
500
400
300
cc
LJ
UJ
200
100
I
_L
I
I L
500
400
300
200
100
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
9/6/75
_L
_L
I
I
I L
I
I
500
400
300
200
100
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500
9/6/75 9/7/75
Figure El. Acoustical Sounder tracers recorded on 9/6/75 and 9/7/75.
180
-------
500
400
$300
UJ
200
100
I
I
500
400
300
200
100
0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100
9/7/75
1200 1300
tr
UJ
500
400
300
200
100
1
500
400
300
200
100
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
9/ 7/ 75
Figure E2. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/7/75.
181
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500
400
$300
UJ
200
100
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
500
400
300
200
100
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500
9/7/75 9/8/75
(T
UJ
»-
UJ
500
400
300
200
100
500
400
300
200
100
0
0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900
9/8/75
1000 1100 1200
Figure E3. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/7/75 and 9/8/75.
182
-------
500
400
£300
UJ
200
100
I
I
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
9/8/75
5OO
400
300
200
100
0
1000
UJ
h-
LU
500
1000
I
50O
1600
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
9/8/75
Figure E4. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/8/75,
183
-------
1000
a:
UJ
h-
LJ
500
_L
1
I
1000
500
2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0700
9/8/75 9/9/75
1000 i-
on
u
hsoo
J_
I
I
I
I
I
1000
500
0
0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
9/9/75
Figure E 5. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/8 /75 and 9/g 775.
184
-------
1000 i-
co
LU
-I 1000
I
I
I
I
I
I
500
0
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
9/9/75
1000
CO
a:
LU
hsoo
I
I
I
I
I
1000
500
0
2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600
9/9/75 9/10/75
Figure E6. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/9/75 and 9/10/75.
185
-------
1000
CO
CC
^500
UJ
1000
500
0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
9/10/75
1000
tn
cr
UJ
H
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
9/10/75
1000
500
Figure E7. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/10/75.
186
-------
1000 I-
tr
UJ
H
UJ
500
1000
500
2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600
9/10/75 9/11/75
1000
tr
UJ
hsoo
I
I
I
I
1000
500
0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
9/11/75
Figure E8. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/10/75 and 9/11/75.
187
-------
1000 r
cr
£500
UJ
0
-i 1000
I
I
I
I
I
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
9/11/75
500
2300
1000 |-
tr
UJ
H
ui
500
I
I
I
J_
1000
500
2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600
9/11/75 9/12/75
Figure E9. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/11/75 and 9/12/75.
188
-------
1000
CC
LJ
K
LU
500
1000
I
I
1
I
I
I
0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000
9/12/75
500
1100 1200 1300 1400
1000
UJ
.^500
-I 1000
500
I
I
I
I
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
9/12/75
Figure E10. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/12/75.
189
-------
1000
CO
oc
1^500
UJ
1000
500
0
2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600
9/12/75 9/13/75
1000 i-
co
cr
UJ
^500
-I 1000
_L
I I
I I
I
1
500
0
0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
9/13/75
Figure Ell, Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/12/75 and 9/13/75.
190
-------
1000 r-
a:
UJ
UJ
500
-i 1000
I
I
I
500
1000
en
(T
UJ
t500
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
9/13/75
I
I
I
I I
I
I I
1000
500
0
2)00 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600
9/13/75 9/14/75
Figure E12. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/13/75 and 9/14/75.
191
-------
1000
CO
tr
£500
UJ
1000
500
0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100
9/14/75
1200 1300 1400
1000
CO
ir
UJ
t500
2
-l 1000
500
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
9/14/75
Figure E13. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/14/7b.
0
192
-------
1000
co
tr
^500
UJ
I
I
I
1
1
I I
1000
500
0
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500
9/14/75 9/15/75
1000 r-
C/>
tr
UJ
i-
UJ
500 I-
0 I-
-I 1000
500
H 0
0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000
9/15/75
Figure E14. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/14/75 and 9/15/75.
193
-------
1000
cr
^500
u
0
1000
500
0
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
9/15/75
1000
a:
UJ
H
0
-1 1000
Iff f*
500
I
I I
I I I I
0
I
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
9/15/75
Figure E15. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/15/75.
194
-------
1000
oc
£500
UJ
-I 1000
2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700
9/15/75 9/16/75
500
0
1000 i-
co
EC
UJ
UJ
500
I
I
I
i j i j
i
I
0700 0800 0900 1000 I 100 1200 1300
9/16/75
1400 1500
1000
500
Figure E16. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/15/75 and 9/16/75.
195
-------
1000
CO
-------
1000
1000
UJ
500 -
0 -
I
I I
1000
500
0
0500 0600 0700 0800 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
9/17/75
-1 1000
- 500
— 0
1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300
9/17/75 9/18/75
Figure £.18. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/17/75 and 9/18/75.
197
-------
1000
ir
^500
LJ
1000
500
0
I I
I I
0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100
9/18/75
1000
(f)
oc.
UJ
£500
1000
500
0
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
9/18/75
Figure E19. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/18/75.
198
-------
1000
CO
-------
1000
LU
0
-1 1000
500
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
9/20/75
1000 i-
-I 1000
- 500
- 0
2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700
9/20/75 9/21/75
Figure E23. Acoustical Sounder traces recorded on 9/20/75 and 9/21/75.
202
-------
1000
£500
UJ
l
1
I
I
l
I
i
0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200
9/21/75
1000
500
1000
cc
UJ
£500
1000
500
Figure E24. Acoustical Souhder traces recorded on 9/21/75.
203
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing]
1 REPORT NO |2.
EPA-600/7-80-028 |
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
AMBIENT HYDROCARBONS AND OZONE CONCENTRATIONS NEAR A
REFINERY
Benicia, California 1975
7 AUTHOR(S)
K. Sexton and H. Westberg
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Resources Section
Chemical Engineering Department
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington 99164
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5 REPORT DATE
February 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE 625 EA-01 FY-77
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2239
13. TYPE OF REPORT AMD PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
As part of an effort to characterize airborne emissions from petroleum
refineries, an ambient air monitoring study was conducted near the Exxon
refinery at Benicia, California, during September 8-22, 1975. Ground-level
sampling facilities and an airplane equipped with air pollutant monitoring
instruments provided an integrated, three dimensional monitoring network.
Measurements included ozone, oxides of nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide,
individual C_ - C, hydrocarbons, halocarbons, condensation. Increased con-
centrations of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, condensation nuclei and nitrogen
oxides, as well as decreased ozone levels were observed less than five miles
from the refinery. At distances greater than 5 miles, elevated condensation
nuclei and hydrocarbons were still observed but no discernible differences
from background could be detected in NO , 0_, and CO. High ozone levels,
greater than 100 ppb, were observed in r!he river delta region downwind of
the refinery east of Antioch. However, all the available data suggest that
the ozone buildup is a result of emissions upwind along the heavily industrialize?)
area between Richmond and Antioch. The Exxon refinery could not be singled out
as contributing significantly to the ozone buildup.
1
17.
a.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS '
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Hydrocarbons
* Nitrogen oxides
* Ozone
* Photochemical reactions
* Refineries
13.
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Benicia, CA
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report;
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
07C
07B
07E
131
21. NO, OF PAGES
212
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
204
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