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Increasing cloudiness occurred on August 12 with light afternoon showers
and thunder showers at the Corral Gulch site. An intensifying cold front
across southern Wyoming the afternoon of the 12th became stalled over north-
west Colorado on August 13 and 14. Considerable cloudiness and cooler
weather with afternoon showers and thunder showers occurred both days with
this frontal system.
2.3 Instrumentation
2.3.1 Mobile Van Instrumentation
The surface-based field experiments were conducted from a mobile van
parked near tract C-a's Meteorological Station 3 in Corral Gulch. The site
was chosen for its location relative to the tracer experiments, its accessi-
bility, and its 110 VAC power supply. The two basic types of data collected
from the mobile van site included upper air data and surface energy budget
data.
The upper air data were obtained using a commercial balloon-borne
sounding system.* The system uses expendable sondes that are towed aloft
by a 50-gm helium-filled balloon. The time-multiplexed radio frequency
data transmitted at 403.5 Mhz from the rising sonde is received by a ground
receiving station and decoded into time, pressure, temperature, and wet
bulb temperature information. The decoding is accomplished by a micropro-
cessor in the ground station using sonde calibration information keyed into
the ground station before the sonde is released. The processed data are
printed out on a Hewlett Packard HP-97 printer/calculator as the sonde
ascends, and is also recorded in a digital form on an audio cassette
recorder. The microprocessor in the ground station has been programmed so
that this digital data can be played back into the ground station at a
later time and transferred directly into a computer data file.
The multiplexing rate of the sonde (approximately one full scan of
data in six seconds) and the nominal ascent rates utilized (200-m min"1)
* Airsonde® Data Collection System, Model TS-2A, Atmospheric Instrumentation
Research Co., Boulder, CO 80301.
13
-------
allowed vertical data resolution of about 20 meters. The sondes could gen-
erally be tracked to about the 430 millibar pressure level or the 6500-m MSL
(21,000 ft MSL) level before signals became weak and data quality became a
problem. Since data quality was consistently good up to 6000-m MSL, the
sonde data are plotted only to this height. Airsonde system specifications
are summarized in Table 1. For further information on system characteristics
and performance, the reader is referred to an article by the manufacturer of
the Airsonde system, (Call and Morris 1979), and to independent tests of the
Airsonde system conducted by Whiteman (1980). Actual data collected with
the system are presented in later sections.
Upper air winds were obtained for the Airsonde ascents by merging the
Airsonde-derived height data with data obtained with an optical theodolite.
The procedure for theodolite tracking was to record the position (azmiuth
and elevation) of the sonde at 30-second intervals from the release time.
Upper air winds and the trajectory of the sonde1s subpoint were then calcu-
lated using the well-known single theodolite wind reduction equations. It
is important to note that the equations used do not rely on the sonde
ascending through the atmosphere at a fixed, estimated rate of rise, but
depends, instead, on derived heights as calculated hydrostatically from
sonde-measured pressure and temperature data. The vertical resolution of
wind data, determined by balloon ascent rates and the 30-second theodolite
observation interval, is approximately 100-m.
Energy budget data constitute the second type of data obtained at the
mobile van. These data were collected at a site just north of the mobile
van in a small area where the natural surface of the valley floor was undis-
turbed. The surface characteristics of this site were representative of
the valley floor in general, having a sparse cover of sagebrush, bare soil,
and natural grasses. At this site solar and net radiation instruments were
mounted at the one-meter level on booms that extended out one meter from a
guyed mast. Nearby was a small plot of ground in which soil temperature
sensors were inserted into undisturbed soil from the walls of a 20-cm deep
excavated pit at depths of 2-, 5-, and 20-cm. All sensors were connected
through signal conditioning electronics to a multichannel recording system.
14
-------
TABLE 1. Specifications of Airsonde Data Collection System
Parameter
Dry and wet bulb
temperature
Barometric
pressure
Sensor
aspirated bead
thermistor
temperature
compensated
aneroid
capacitance
Range
-70°C to
+50°C
1050 to
300 mb
Precision
+ 0.5°C
+ 3.0 mb
Time
Resolution Constant
o.rc
0.1 mb
3 sec
dry bulb
12 sec
wet bulb
Radiation instruments were calibrated before and after the field experiment,
and field data were corrected using this calibration information. The types
of sensors and their characteristics are listed below in Table 2.
TABLE 2. Radiation and Soil Temperature Sensors
Sensor
net radiometer
downward- and
upward-looking
pyranometers
soil thermometers
Description
temperature compensated
miniature net radiometer
(Fritschen), Model No. MNR
Li Cor cosine corrected
silicon cell pyranometer,
Model LI-200S with rotating
shadow band
YSI 10K thermistors with
linearizing bridge
Manufacturer
Microtnet Instruments,
Bothell, Washington
Lambda Instruments Corp.
Lincoln, Nebraska
Yellow Springs Instrument Co.,
Inc., Yellow Springs, Ohio
2.3.2 Aircraft Instrumentation
The primary objective of the aircraft sampling program was to provide
a means of intercomparing air temperature profile data from the geographical
region of the Green River Oil Shale Formation with those obtained on a
regular basis at Grand Junction (rawinsonde soundings) and those obtained
during the intensive experimental period at the tract C-a site (Airsonde
15
-------
soundings). In addition, the DC-3 aircraft provided a platform for measur-
ing various air quality parameters, including ozone and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations, aerosol concentrations, and light scattering coefficients, as
well as aerosol size distributions and elemental compositions. Vertical
profiles were made over the oil shale region at altitudes generally between
2300- and 4300-m MSL.
Several aircraft flight patterns were adopted in order to meet the
objectives of the experimental program. These patterns include a descending
spiral, a modified ascending spiral, and a fixed heading flight. Descent
profiles of 2000-m in height were in the form of a spiral and were made in
about 20 minutes. These profiles were coordinated, where possible, with
rawinsonde and Airsonde releases. Ascent profiles required about 40 minutes
to complete because of the relatively high altitudes and slow climb rate of
the DC-3. The flight pattern in this case was modified to include a straight
and level flight leg at discrete altitudes in order to obtain wind speed and
direction data from the aircraft navigation system. Finally, fixed heading
flights were sometimes utilized to obtain vertical profile data on ascent or
descent or to obtain data at discrete flight levels.
A typical flight began with departure from the airport at Grand Junction,
Colorado, and a modified spiral ascent profile over the Grand Junction area
or a direct ascending flight profile to tract C-a. A descending spiral
pattern was then flown over tract C-a. The aircraft then moved to a location
upwind of the site (in this case to the west of the Cathedral Bluffs) where
a modified spiral ascent was made. After the upwind profile was completed,
a second descent over tract C-a was carried out. The aircraft then ascended
along a line due east toward the Flat Tops Primitive Area. Once past the
Flat Tops, a descending spiral was made over the Yampa Valley (to the north
of Flat Tops) or over the Glenwood Springs area (to the south of Flat Tops).
Upon completion of this spiral the DC-3 ascended to a convenient VFR flight
altitude for return to base. On one occasion a descending spiral from
4200- to 2300-m MSL was made prior to landing at Grand Junction (August 8,
1980). A summary of flight information is given in Table 3.
16
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Instrumentation on board the DC-3 aircraft during the August 1980 field
experiment is listed in Table 4. Atmospheric state parameters which were
measured included air temperature, relative humidity, pressure altitude and,
when possible, wind speed and direction from the aircraft navigation system.
The latter system also provided geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude).
Real-time air quality parameters were limited to total aerosol concentrations
(Aitken nuclei or condensation nuclei concentrations), aerosol light scattering
coefficients and ozone concentrations. The remaining air quality measurements
required integrated samples; these included $62 concentration (by means of
bubbler samples using a tetrachloro mercurate solution) and aerosol chemical
composition (by means of various high volume filter samples). The integrated
samples were analyzed later in the laboratory. Aerosol size distributions in
the diameter range 0.01- to 5-ym were determined by combining data collected
with an electrical aerosol analyzer (EAA) and an optical particle counter
(OPC). Finally, measurements of incident short wave and ultraviolet radiation
were made. Data from all instruments, including the high volume filter flow-
rate, were recorded on magnetic tape with selected outputs displayed on multi-
channel strip chart recorders.
Several laboratory procedures were followed in the analysis of the
integrated samples. Bubbler samples were analyzed by a modified West-Gaeke
method to determine S02 concentration. The high volume filter samples
(mostly IPC but also a few Teflon® * coated glass fiber filters) were split
in half with one half used for x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and neutron activa-
tion analysis (NAA) and the other half rinsed and analyzed by the ion chroma-
tographic (1C) techniques. The XRF and NAA analyses provided data on elemen-
tal abundances while the 1C analysis provided data on soluble ionic species
such as sulfates, nitrates, etc.
2.3.3 Tracer Instrumentation
Atmospheric transport and plume depletion investigations were conducted
with dual tracers released from federal oil shale lease trace C-a. The
tracers, simultaneously released from adjacent release points (Figure 6)
* Trademark of E. I. duPont de Nemours, Wilmington, DE 19898.
18
-------
TABLE 4. Aircraft Instrumentation
Parameter
Atmospheric State
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Pressure Altitude
Wind Speed, Direction
Air Quality
Aitken Nuclei Concentration
Aerosol Light Scattering
Coefficient
Particle Size Distribution
Particle Composition
Instrument
Rosemont
ERC, Model BR Lyman-Alpha
Humidiometer
Metrodata M8
Omega Global Navigation
System
General Electric CNC-II
Condensation Nuclei Counter
MRI Integrating Nephelometer
Model 1560
Thermo Systems Electrical
Aerosol Analyzer, Model 3030
Royco Optical Particle
Counter, Model 220
High volume filter samples
Comment
Calibration approximately
set with sling psychrometer
Manual aircraft alti-
meter used as a backup
Winds valid only when
aircraft moving with a
fixed heading
Total aerosol concentration
Total integrated aerosol
light scattering; periodic
clean air checks
Size distributions in the
diameter range 0.01 to 0.5 pm
by electrical mobility method
Pulse height analysis of
light scattering from individual
particles interfaceo with a
15-channel data system:
range 0.5 to 5 um.
IPC, Teflon® coated glass
fiber filters. Analyses by
XRF, NAA, and 1C. Elemental
and ionic anlayses.
Ozone Concentration
Concentration
Bendix Ozone
Analyzer, Model 8002
Spectrex Bubbler
Sampler, Model PAS-3000
Integrated sample.
TCM solution used to
fix SO-
Other
Aircraft Location
UV Radiation
Solar Radiation
High Volume Flow
Selected Output
Display
Omega Global
Navigation System
Eppley UV Radiometer,
Model TUVR
Lambda Silicon Cell
Pyranometer, Model LI-200S
Cox Turbine Flowmeters
Brush Chart Recorder,
Model 260,
Houston Omni-Scribe Recorder
Geographic coordinates
(latitude, longitude)
Incident UV radiation
Incident solar (short-
wave) radiation
6-channel
2-channel
19
-------
were non-depositing SFg gas and depositing lithium-traced particles. The
SFs tracer was released from tanks in which the SFs was in the gas phase.
The lithium-traced particles were generated from a 10 g/£ lithium carbonate
water solution sprayed from four sonic nozzles* mounted on the back of a
pick-up truck. The truck, water solution tank, spray nozzles, and air com-
pressor are shown in the foreground of Figure 8.
Airborne tracer concentrations downwind of the release point were
measured using one of three methods:
• Samples of SFg and lithium-traced particles were collected and detected
in real time at the tract C-a Visitor's Center and at Meteorological Site 3
using commercial instrumentation.
• Samples of SF6 were collected using bag samplers that were distributed along
four radio-controlled sampling lines oriented perpendicular to the valley
axis at distances of 1.6-, 2.5-, 4.6-, and 5.6-km downvalley from the
release point. SFs concentrations were determined from these samples
after collection.
• Samples of S?Q were collected in syringes at various points along a road
which runs perpendicular to the valley axis approximately 6.8-km below
the release point. Concentrations were determined from these samples
after collection.
The real-time measurements of SFs and lithium particle concentrations
were made using the instrumentation shown in Figure 9. Shown in the figure
are two laboratory carts holding identical detection equipment. Actually,
three such laboratory carts were located at each of the two real-time measure-
ment sites. When operated in the real-time mode, the three sets of instru-
ments at each site were operated in sequence, with the sequencing speed
dependent on the rapidity with which the detectors returned to baseline.
Each of the carts holds both lithium particle detectors and SFg detectors.
The gas cylinders necessary to operate the equipment are located nearby.
* Spray Nozzle Model 900-3, Heat Systems-Ultrasonics, Inc.,
Plainview, NY 11803.
20
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Gases include 99.95% purity hydrogen for burning in the lithium detector,
oxygen-free nitrogen for the carrier gas in the gas chromatograph SFg
detector, and SFg gas in ultra-pure air for calibration of the SFg detector.
The instrument placed directly on the laboratory cart in Figure 9 is
a real-time lithium-traced particle monitor* which uses a flame ionization
detector. The particle detector response is particle size dependent and
counts are accumulated for each particle sensed. Lithium-traced particles
generated from lithium carbonate solution are detected in the narrow size
range from about 0.5- to 1.5-ym diameter. Particles below 0.5-ym contain
insufficient lithium for detection, while particles larger than 1.5-ym are
not detected due either to sampling line losses or burning characteristics.
For detection, ambient air is sampled at an air flow rate of 50 cc/min and
subsequently burned in a hydrogen flame. Light from the flame is focused
by a lens onto the face of a red-sensitive photomultiplier tube. An optical
o
interference filter passes only the lithium spectrum (6708 A strong emission)
Sensed light pulses are automatically recorded. Airborne lithium-traced
particle concentrations were measured for air sampling intervals of one
minute or longer. The gas chromatograph** used to detect SFg tracer gas
is located on top of the particle detector in Figure 9. Detection is by
electron capture. The upper-most instrument is a strip chart recorder for
the SFg detector.
Bag samples were collected at sampling stations along the four radio-
controlled sampling lines previously mentioned. Each of the lines consisted
of 7 or 8 sampling stations, three or four on the valley floor and two on
each sidewall. Each station had three sampling bags***, each attached to
* Lithium Particle Monitor, Environment One, Schenectady, NY 12309
** Field-Portable Tracer Gas Monitor, Model 215AUP, Systems, Science
and Software, LaJolla, CA 92038
*** Industry Bag, 10 by 15 inches, 2.5 mil, flow meter fully inserted,
no tubes. B Bar B, Suite 34, 121 West Whittier Blvd., LaHabra, CA 90631.
23
-------
its own separate air pump. On sampling lines 1 and 3, tubing inlets for
the air pumps were secured at the 1.7-m level. On these sampling lines the
pumps could be activated sequentially to collect three consecutive air
samples from the same height level. Thus, airborne SFg concentrations
could be investigated as a function of time at a given point. On sampling
lines 2 and 4, on the other hand, the tubing inlets for the air pumps were
secured at the 0.3-, 1.3-, and 5-m levels. These sampling lines were
activated by radio control so that all pumps were turned on simultaneously,
allowing the determination of SFg concentration profiles as a function of
height for a single time interval.
A photograph of a sequential sampling station is presented as Figure 10.
At this sampling site an antenna is attached to a bamboo pole, 5.2-m in
height, taped to a steel fence post. The antenna is attached to a battery-
powered radio signal decoder, seen in the foreground on the cement block.
Electrical wires run upward from the decoder to the three pumps taped to
the bamboo pole above an open cardboard box. Inlet tubing is connected to
sampling bags housed in the cardboard box, which can be closed to hinder
bag exposure to sunlight and the elements. Experimental procedure called
for the tubing to be flushed with ambient air before each experiment to
remove residual SFg from the prior experiment. Samples were collected
after each experiment and, within the constraints of time and personnel,
selected samples were analyzed in the field for SFg concentration using the
real-time gas chromatographic equipment previously described.
After tracer generation had ended, syringe* samples of ambient air
were collected from a vehicle driven along roads which crossed the valley
approximately 6.8-km below the SFg release point. These samples were
analyzed using the real-time gas chromatographic equipment previously
described. The lower detection limits of the tracer analysis equipment
-12 -2 3
were 10 parts by volume for SFg and 2x10 particles/cm for lithium
particulates.
* Plastipak Single-Use Syringe, BD-5663, Becton-Dickinson,
Rutherford, NO 07070.
24
-------
FIGURE 10. Radio-Control led SF6 Bag Sampling Station. Air Samples at This
Sequential Sampling Station are Drawn Through Tubes Located at
the 1.7-m Level.
25
Neg. 80G653-3CN
-------
3.0 DATA SUMMARY
In this section, data collected in the field experiments will be sum-
marized by means of tables, composite figures, or data samples. Detailed
individual soundings or data sets will be found in Appendices at the end
of the data report. For ease in presentation, the data summaries are broken
into three sections. The first deals with surface and background meteoro-
logical observations, while the second deals with data collected in the air-
craft flight program, and the third deals with data taken in the tracer
experiments.
3.1 Surface and Background Meteorological Measurements
3.1.1 Grand Junction. Colorado Upper Air Data
A general description of the weather conditions encountered during the
field program has been provided in an earlier section. For completeness
Tables 5 and 6 are given, listing the surface, 700-mb and 500-mb Grand
Junction, Colorado wind and temperature observations obtained from rawin-
sondes launched twice per day by the National Weather Service (NWS). The
Grand Junction rawinsonde site, located at an elevation of 1474-m MSL,
120-km (75 miles) south-southwest of the field measurement site, is the
closest rawinsonde site to the experimental area. The site is located in
the broad SE-NW oriented Grand Valley of the Colorado River. The nominal
release time for rawinsondes at NWS sites is 0000 and 1200 Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT). In the United States, however, the general practice of the
National Weather Service is to begin rawinsonde ascents at 1115 and 2315
GMT, respectively. Times in this report are given in Mountain Daylight
Time (MDT) in hours and minutes using a 24-hr clock. The time relation-
ship with Greenwich (England) Mean Time was MDT=GMT-6 hrs. Thus, a nominal
rawinsonde release time of 0000 GMT on August 8, 1980 actually indicates a
release at 2315 GMT on August 7 or 1715 MDT on August 7. A nominal release
time of 1200 GMT on August 8, 1980 indicates an actual release time of
0515 MDT.
26
-------
A summary of rawinsonde data follows. Table 5 lists the winds at the
surface, 700-mb and 500-mb levels at the rawinsonde release times. The
morning surface winds are drainage winds, flowing parallel to the valley
axis. The winds are generally from 110° to 130° at 2- to 6-m sec~l. The
afternoon surface winds are stronger and, while generally flowing up the
valley, are more variable in direction. Upper level (700 and 500-mb) winds
during the experimental period were generally blowing from the western
quadrants. 500-mb wind speeds averaged about 8-m sec" .
Due to the fine weather during the experimental periods and the lack
of traveling weather disturbances, ambient air temperatures at the surface
and other levels remained remarkably constant over Grand Junction from day
to day (Table 6). Diurnal temperature oscillations (between 0000 GMT and
1200 GMT soundings) were readily apparent at the surface and at 700-mb
with amplitudes of 13.3"C and 2.2°C, respectively.
3.1.2 Balloon-Borne Sonde Data
Table 7 provides a summary of the 33 upper air soundings taken from
the Corral Creek field site over a period of 9 days. Included in this
table are the sounding number, release time, number of theodolite observa-
tions, pressure level attained, cloud conditions at Airsonde release time,
and special comments on the data. A special intensive 30-hr observational
period was begun with the 0837 MDT sounding of August 9. Observations to
complete the 30-hr series during the evening of August 9 and early morning
of August 10 were collected by the Los Alamos personnel and are presented
in their data report, previously referenced. •
Upper air soundings from the balloon-borne sondes were processed, and
plotted by computer in two forms. The first form (Figure 11) includes
plots of dry bulb temperature (°C), wet bulb temperature (°C), mixing
ratio (gm kg ), relative humidity (percent), wind speed and wind direction,
as functions of height. Special symbols, indicated for every 10th frame
of data, identify the wet bulb temperature and relative humidity profiles.
27
-------
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TABLE 7. Summary of Corral Creek Upper Air Soundings
Date
August 5
August 7
August 8
August 9
August 10
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Release1
Time
1157
1503
1541
1854
1231
1511
0912
1201
1455
0837
1152
1721
1943
2200
0618
0735
0859
1125
1411
Theodolite2
Readings
38
36
9
—
41
48
53
69
58
39
69
—
--
—
—
—
--
--
._
Pressure3
Attained
494
705
689
757
<440
430
480
300
500 •
479
351'
350
318
505
335
429
444
469
369
Cloud Conditions
and Comments
3/10 Cu. Line overhead
E-W. Bad signal mid-flight.
3/10 Cu + 1/10 Ci.
Slow rising balloon.
3/10 Cu + 1/10 Ci W.
Interference with No. 2.
Equipment failure.
Clear, few Cu. Two
balloons. Early burst.
Clear, few Cu mostly E.
Clear, few Sc distant E.
Clear, few Cu and Feu •*
0.1 to 0.2 Cu. 30 sec +
1 min.
65 sctd Cu. Slow rise.
30 sec •*! min.
65 sctd Sc.
65 sctd Cu and swelling
Cu. Cu increasing.
0.5 to 0.6 Cu with virga
0.4 Cu.
0.2 Cu, virga SE.
Sunset 1953.
0.2 Cu mostly SW-SE.
0.1 Ac, mostly NE-SE.
Clear, few Ac E.
Clear.
Clear.
Clear, few Cu distant E.
Strong surface winds.
Winds picked up suddenly
at 1310.
30
-------
TABLE 7. (continued)
Date
August 11
August 12
No.
20
21
22
23
24
Release1
Time
0823
1150
1453
1744
0911
Theodolite2
Readings
56
58
46
56
44
Pressure3
Attained
396
366
422
386
384
Cloud Conditions
and Comments
Clear.
Clear.
Clear.
Clear, 3 Cb dis
Clear, few Ac a
August 13
August 14
25
26
33
1207
1516
1349
52
23
60
351
480
27
28
29
30
31
32
0850
1146
1430
1450
0835
1140
39
66
8
25
39
23
511
410
681
400
494
583
348
virga.
0.1 Ac, few swelling Cu E,
few heavy Cu distant E.
65 sctd 80 ovcst RW--,
virga and RWU SW-W-N.
BINOVC S, mammatus W
and overhead. Conditions
changing rapidly.
E 90 sctd Ac, few Ci.
Clear, few Cu and TCU E
and SE. Few Ac.
E 65 brkn. Cs horizon NW,
TCU, Cb. RWU E and W.
E 70 brkn T. Cs horizon
NW, TCU and Cb all
quadrants, RWU E and W.
100 sctd 250 sctd, few Sc.
E 90 ovcst, BINOVC ENE-N-
WSW near horizon. Few Cu
and TCU distant ENE.
70 sctd 120 sctd 220 sctd.
RWU ENE. TCU and Cb in
vicinity.
1. Mountain Daylight Time
2. Number of theodolite observations at 30 sec intervals (unless noted).
3. Millibars
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Since some frames of data were discarded in the editing process before plot-
ting due to reception problems, one should not attempt to determine sonde
ascent rates from symbols on the figures. Humidity data (wet bulb tempera-
ture, relative humidity and mixing ratios) above a certain height are
affected by the freezing of the water covered wick on the wet bulb thermis-
tor. The height at which freezing occurs varies from sounding to sounding
depending on the height of the atmospheric freezing level and the degree
of supercooling attained by the wick before nucleation of ice occurs. The
freezing of the wick occurs at a temperature of 0°C. After the wick has
frozen, the existence of solid ice on the wet bulb increases the time
constant of the wet bulb sensor. Thus, it takes a period of time after
freezing before the wet bulb temperature approaches an equilibrium with the
ambient temperature. As a result, the humidity data are erroneously high
during, and for a time after, the freezing of the water on the wet bulb
thermistor.
The fact that the water on the wet bulb freezes at 0°C allows an inde-
pendent check of the Airsonde manufacturer's temperature calibration of the
sonde. If freezing occurred at an indicated temperature other than 0°C,
the temperature data could be assumed in error by the temperature differen-
tial, and the data could be corrected by this differential. This procedure
has been applied to all Airsonde temperature data (wet bulb and dry bulb)
collected in the field experiments. The procedure was applied to the dry
bulb temperatures, as well as to the wet bulb temperatures, since tempera-
ture sensors were identical, carefully-matched, thermistors that underwent
identical pre-launch calibrations (in which the wet bulb was left dry) by
the Airsonde manufacturer.
Temperature differential checks at the freezing point for 28 sondes
indicated that the average sonde indicated freezing at -0.05°C. The stan-
dard deviation of the temperature discrepancies was 0.09°C. The largest
error was 0.38°C. We conclude from these tests that the sondes seem to be
giving quite accurate indications of temperature, although as previously
mentioned, wet bulb temperatures are seriously in error for a period of
time after the wet bulb freezes.
33
-------
On the right margin of Figure 11 are theodolite-derived wind vector
profiles. A vector pointing straight up toward the top of the figure would
be a wind blowing toward the north (in meteorological parlance, a south wind),
while a vector oriented toward the right of the figure would be a west wind.
Wind speeds in meters per second can be determined by referring to the wind
speed scale. For ease in conversion, 1 m sec" = 2.24 miles hr" = 1.94 kts
equals 3.6 km hr" . The winds, derived from single theodolite angular
measurements, and heights as calculated hydrostatically from Airsonde tem-
perature and pressure measurements, are averages over 30 second intervals.
Figure 11 is merely an example of one Airsonde profile. The remaining pro-
files are presented in Appendix A. Airsonde subpoint trajectories for the
profiles are presented in Appendix B. These trajectory plots on a 1 km x
1 km grid provide information on the plan position of the Airsonde during
its profile. Most sondes drifted east of the site toward the center of
the basin during their ascents. No major topographic features that could
be expected to affect Airsonde-measured parameters are present in that
direction within 30 to 45 minutes of Airsonde travel time.
The second form of Airsonde data presentation (see, e.g., Figure 12)
is a daily composite plot of potential temperature (e) soundings, where
Q = J ( p--) ' and P is the atmospheric pressure in millibars. This
form of plot is very useful for analysis of layer stability and boundary
layer dynamics. In particular, layers having constant potential temperature
as a function of height can be identified as mixed layers in which the dry
adiabatic temperature lapse rate is achieved. Airsonde release times (LT)
are plotted on the figure. On the right margin of the figure the rawin-
sonde-derived upper air winds at Grand Junction are given for reference as
vectors at the approximate height of the 700- and 500-mb surfaces. A
complete set of plots for the individual days of the experiments is given
in Appendix C.
3.1.3 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Data
Solar and terrestrial radiation data were obtained using the instru-
ments listed in Table 2. An example of the results is given in Figure 13
where the radiation measurements are plotted against time for the clear
34
-------
in
\
1 5
3
o
o
O)
01
o
s.
o
o
0)
^rv
h— _1
to <
l-LJ
Q£
cc
(X
8
CM 3
^ CO
(1SWW)1HOI3H
s
o
0.
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Q.
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S-
0)
Q.
O)
c •
0) O
4-> 00
o
QL. (/)
E 3
fO 0>
X 3
LU
-------
s
X
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
-20tl
AUGUST 11, 1980
CORRAL CREEK COLORADO
10
12 14
TIME (MDT)
16
18
20
22
FIGURE 13. Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Taken at
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 11, 1980. Kext
is Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation, K4- is
Incoming Solar Radiation, Kt is Outgoing Solar
Radiation, Q* is Net Radiation, and D is Diffuse
Solar Radiation.
36
-------
day of August 11, 1980. Also plotted on the figure is the solar radiation
that would be received at the location of the field site if the site's
horizon were unobstructed by mountains and the earth had no atmosphere.
This theoretical solar radiation, calculated by a computer model, is termed
the extraterrestrial radiation and is given the symbol Kext. Listings of
the solar and extraterrestrial data collected in the field experiment are
provided in Appendix D.
3.1.4 Soil Temperature Data
Using equipment as described in Table 2, soil temperatures were
measured at depths of 2-, 5-, and 20-cm. An example of the results for a
clear day are shown in Figure 14. Data for the entire period of the field
experiment are presented in data tables in Appendix D.
3.2 Aircraft Measurements
A summary of aircraft atmospheric state and air quality measurements
is given in the following sections. Detailed summaries are given in
Appendix E. Several general observations about the results are appropriate,
however, before addressing the various measurements. First, the atmosphere
above the oil shale region during the August 1980 period was well mixed
up to some level above the highest altitude attained by the aircraft. This
conclusion is based on observations of the measured temperature profiles
(both Airsonde and aircraft soundings), which essentially followed a dry-
adiabatic lapse rate for all flight days except August 14, and the measured
aerosol and ozone profiles, which showed either uniform concentrations with
altitude or concentrations decreasing in proportion with air density.
Second, the air was relatively clean and was near continental background
levels. This result is primarily based on the very low aerosol mass and
S02 concentrations which were observed. Apparently, the vigorous vertical
mixing of materials released near the surface to heights in excess of
2-km diluted these emissions to near background conditions. Finally, inspec-
tion of the elemental composition of the aerosol and the measured size
distributions suggests that crustal components are probably responsible
37
-------
60
Of
AUGUST 11. 1980
CORRAL CREEK COLORADO
I
i
10
12 14
TIME (MDT)
16
18
20
22
FIGURE 14. Soil Temperature Measurements Taken at
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 11, 1980.
38
-------
for more than half of the aerosol mass, with emissions from local vehicular
traffic accounting for the remainder.
3.2.1 Temperature and Wind Profiles
Temperature profiles for the flights listed in Table 3 are shown in
Figures 15 through 20. The temperature data are plotted as 30-second aver-
ages. Except for some structural detail near 3000-m MSL during the morning
profiles between 0830 and 1000 MDT, the soundings obtained on August 5,
August 8, and August 9 are very similar in lapse rate and approximate that
of a dry adiabat. The August 14 flight day followed several days of vigorous
thunderstorm activity; on this day the profiles showed lapse rates which
were less than the dry adiabat.
The mid-day flight of August 5 (Figure 15) showed a significant warming
of the air in the CBL during a one-hour interval. A similar observation is
apparent in the profile data for August 9 (Figure 17 and 18) especially in
the near surface layers. By late afternoon (1700 MDT) the air temperature
had increased by 1 to 2°C with hardly any of the structure observed in the
morning hours. Smaller changes in the atmospheric heating rate are observed
in the early morning flight of August 14 (Figures 19 and 20). The night
flight of August 8 (2100 to 2400) (Figure 16) shows little change in the tem-
perature profile above 2800-m MSL, but a noticeable cooling in the near
surface layer over Grand Junction. Generally, the profiles shown in
Figures 15 to 20 tend to promote good vertical mixing.
Wind profile measurements were more difficult to obtain with the air-
craft because of the requirement of straight-line flight for valid wind
computations by the aircraft navigation system. A summary of wind data for
constant altitude straight-line legs is given in Table 8. Some caution
should be exercised in using the results of this table since the accuracy
of the navigation system for wind determination has not been established.
3.2.2 Ozone Profiles and SQz Concentrations
Ambient S02 levels were below the minimum detection level of 0.3
by the West-Gaeke method for the range of sampling times used during the
study (between 70 and 200 minutes). This detection limit implies that the
average S02 concentration over the oil shale area was <1.0 ppbv during
August 1980 sampling flights.
39
-------
4000
3500
UJ
O
g
5
= 3000
2500
2000
AUGUSTS, 1980
1228-1241 TRACT C-a SPIRAL
1245-1302 TRACT C-a TO FLAT TOPS
1307-1314 FLATTOPS
1330-1346 GLENWOOD SPRINGS SPIRAL
10
TEMPERATURE, °C
20
30
FIGURE 15. Aircraft-Measured Temperature Profiles, August 5, 1980,
1228 to 1346 MDT. The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (rd) is
Given For Reference.
40
-------
4000
3500
LU
o
3000
2500
2000
AUGUST 8, 1980
2102-2121 GJT TO DOUGLAS CREEK
2132-2147 DOUGLAS CREEK TO RANGELYi
2208-2227 TRACT C-a SPIRAL
V-\ 2228-2243 TRACT C-a TO FLAT TOPS
k 2340-2357 GJT SPIRAL
i i i i 1
i i i
10
TEMPERATURE,°C
20
30
FIGURE 16. Aircraft-Measured Temperature Profiles, August 8, 1980,
2102 to 2357 MDT.
41
-------
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
: \
AUGUST 9, 1980
0832-0848 GJT TOWARD TRACT C-a
0905-0923 TRACT C-a SPIRAL
0933-1009 UPWIND PROFILE
1023-1040 TRACT C-a SPIRAL
I I i I I I
10
TEMPERATURE, °C
20
J I
30
FIGURE 17. Aircraft-Measured Temperature Profiles, August 9, 1980,
0832 to 1040 MDT.
42
-------
4000
3500
LU
a
E= 3000
2500
2000
AUGUST 9, 1980
1040-1102 TRACT C-a TO FLAT TOPS
1111-1140 YAMPA SPIRAL
1140-1150 YAMPA CLIMB
\ \ 1208-1215 PARACHUTE TOWARD GJT
—1712-1759 GJT PROFILE
10
TEMPERATURE, °C
20
30
FIGURE 18. Aircraft-Measured Temperature Profiles, August 9, 1980,
1040 to 1759 MDT.
43
-------
4000
3500
00
UJ
3000
2500
2000
AUGUST 14, 1980
0528-0548 CJT TO TRACT C-a
0548-0606 TRACT C-a SPIRAL
0622-0655 UPWIND PROFILE
i I i i I i
10
TEMPERATURE, °C
20
30
FIGURE 19. Aircraft-Measured Temperature Profiles, August 14, 1980,
0528 to 0655 MDT.
44
-------
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
AUGUST 14, 1980
0713-0729 TRACT C-a SPIRAL
0729-0750 TRACT C-a TO FLAT TOPS
0809-0828 YAMPA SPIRAL
1
i i I i i i i
10
TEMPERATURE, °C
20
30
FIGURE 20. Aircraft-Measured Temperature Profiles, August 14, 1980.
0713 to 0828 MOT.
45
-------
TABLE 8. Aircraft-Measured Winds From Selected
Constant-Altitude,Straight-Line Flight Legs
Date
August 5
August 8
August 9
August 14
Time
1112-1122
1127-1133
1140-1151
1156-1204
1204-1226
1302-1308
1312-1330
1312-1317
1318-1330
1344-1410
2147-2209
2242-2326
2326-2338
0833-0906
0822-0934
0934-0939
0944-0950
0955-1003
1008-1015
1017-1026
1152-1208
1701-1712
1717-1726
1728-1737
1748-1757
0627-0637
0655-0705
0706-0713
0749-0758
0759-0810
Altitude
( m-MSL)
1810
2431
3211
3972
3970
3969
4255
4244
4259
2435
4241
4236
4236
4224
2374
2233
2968
3607
4237
4183
3301
1841
2594
3370
4310
2998
4235
4237
4231
4233
Average
Temperature
(°C)
—
12.8
5.3
5.4
6.0
3.3
3.6
3.15
22.0
6.1
6.1
6.1
4.4
19.9
21.6
14.4
9.6
4.2
4.8
12.7
30.3
22.0
14.5
4.5
11.7
1.9
1.95
1.4
1.3
Wind
Speed
Ws)
7.3
2.0
8.0
3.7
8.7
10.7
7.6
11.3
5.9
4.6
8.1
9.9
5.9
6.6
6.2
4.7
4.7
8.2
8.6
11.2
12.1
5.5
6.1
7.3
7.6
4.3
4.5
3.7
13.2
8.1 +
Wind
Direction
111
171
79
201
250
239
296
257
257
259
225
249
282
279
267
266
242
244
257 + 15
263 + 10
254
290
279
250
292
275
258
246
269
218
3.8 116 + 40
Flight
Direction
WNW
ESE
WNW
ESE
N
E
WNW to S
WNW
S
w
ESE
E, WSW
WSW
N
WNW
S
N
S
N
ESE
WSW
WNW
ESE
WNW
ESE
N
S
ESE
E
NNW
46
-------
Ozone profiles are shown in Figures 21 and 22. Except for the single
ascent in the late afternoon of August 9 (shown in Figure 22), the profiles
are shown as the range of ozone concentrations encountered during each
flight. Individual profiles are shown in Appendix E. Horizontal bars in
the figures indicate the range of data values encountered in horizontal
flights at selected altitudes. Ozone concentration generally decreases
with altitude with values ranging between 62 and 78 ppbv at 2500-m MSL
and between 54 and 71 ppbv at 4000-m MSL. The surface values are somewhat
higher than average values reported at tract C-a during August 1975 (Singh
et al. 1978). Day to day variations are noticeable in present data.
3.2.3 Aerosol Light Scattering and Aitken Nuclei Profiles
Light scattering coefficients and Aitken or condensation nuclei concen-
trations are also shown in Figures 21 and 22 as a function of elevation.
Aerosol light scattering varied from about 0.5 to 1.5 times Rayleigh or
clean air scattering. Visual ranges based on these light scattering values
lie between about 250- and 150-km, respectively. The vertical dependence
of total light scattering closely follows that for clean air, indicating
that aerosol light scattering is roughly constant with altitude, i.e.,
the aerosol is well mixed vertically.
Aitken nulcei concentration, on the other hand, appeared to increase
slightly with altitude. If, in fact, this observed increase with altitude
is real, then very fine particles were being produced in elevated layers.
This effect needs to be examined in more detail in future field work.
3.2.4 Aerosol Physical and Chemical Properties
Average aerosol volume size distributions determined from each flight
are shown in Figures 23 to 27. The fine particle mode between 0.1 and
1.0 ym was quite similar from flight to flight while the coarse particle
mode varied by more than a factor of 2. With an assumed particle density
of 1.5 g/cm3, the fine particle mode contributed about 1.7 ug/m3 to the
total aerosol mass, while the coarse mode contributed about 2 to 4 ug/m3.
The fine particle mode provided the greater contribution to aerosol light
scattering.
47
-------
4500
4000 -
3500
3000
2500
2000
AUGUST 5, 1980
1227-1346
AUGUSTS, 1980
2125-2358
RAYLEIGH
50 70
OZONE (ppb)
0.10 020
bscat(10~V1)
0.30 0
10K
CNC(Hem
20K
3,
30K
FIGURE 21. Envelopes of Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentrations, Light
Scattering Coefficients (bscat), and Condensation Nuclei
Concentrations (CNC) for Aircraft Flights of August 5 and
August 8, 1980. Rayleigh Scattering Coefficients for Clean
Air are Plotted for Reference.
48
-------
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
RAYLEIGH
,/
AUGUST 9, 1980, 0900-1150
_ AUGUST 9, 1980, 1701-1759
AUGUST 14, 1980, 0551-0837
I i I I
I
50 70
OZONE (ppb)
0.10
020
0.30 0
10K 2i
CNC (I/cm3
FIGURE 22. Envelopes of Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentrations, Light
Scattering Coefficients (bscat)> and Condensation Nuclei
Concentrations (CNC) for Aircraft Flights of August 9 and
August 14, 1980.
49
-------
AUGUST 8, 1980, 2135-2357
AUGUST 9, 1980, 0842-1215 —
AUGUST 9, 1980, 1710-1759
AUGUST 14, 1980, 0545-0831 ••••
a
I
I
PARTICLE DIAMETER (urn)
FIGURE 23 Average Particle Size Distributions Obtained From Four
Aircraft Flights in August, 1980.
50
-------
AUGUSTS, 1980
2135-2209
2209-2236
2236-2325
2325-2357
0.1 1.0
PARTICLE DIAMETER (urn)
FIGURE 24. Particle Size Distributions Obtained From Aircraft
on August 8, 1980, 2135 to 2357 MDT.
51
-------
AUGUST 9, 1980
0842-0910
0910-0933 -
0933-1028
1028-1044
1044-1114
0.1 1.0
PARTICLE DIAMETER (urn)
FIGURE 25. Particle Size Distributions Obtained From Aircraft
on August 9, 1980, 0842 to 1114 MDT.
52
-------
AUGUST 9, 1980
1114-1150
1150-1215
1710-1759
0.1 1.0
PARTI CUE DIAMETER (jim)
FIGURE 26. Particle Size Distributions Obtained From Aircraft
on August 9, 1980, 1114 to 1759 MDT.
53
-------
Q
8
1 I I
AUGUST 14, 1980
0545-0620 •
0620-0705
0705-0759
0759-0831
0.1 1.0
PARTICLE DIAMETER (urn)
10.0
FIGURE 27. Particle Size Distributions Obtained From Aircraft
on August 14, 1980, 0545 to 0831 MDT.
54
-------
Elemental and ionic composition of aerosol collected on filters and
analyzed by xray fluorescence (XRF), neutron activation (NAA), and ion
chromatography (1C) are summarized in Tables 9 and 11. Standard deviations
are given for reference, when available. Table 9 lists the element, the
average crystal concentration (Bowen, 1966), minimum/maximum and average air
concentration and the enrichment factor referenced to aluminum (Al) deter-
mined by XRF. Except for S, Br, and Pb (As, Se, Cd were very near the
detection limit of XRF and are probably quite uncertain), all elements have
no enrichment with respect to crustal materials. Enhanced concentrations of
S, Br, and Pb indicate that automotive exhaust, presumably of local origin,
contributed to the observed aerosol loadings. Table 10 lists the average
ionic composition of the ambient aerosol as determined by 1C. Only sulfate
and perhaps nitrate were present in significant amounts. A comparison
between XRF and 1C methods is possible for sulfur. The average air con-
centration of S0^~ by 1C was 0.71 +_ 0.09 yg/m while the value obtained from
XRF (assuming that all sulfur is present as S0^~) was 1.10 +_ 0.48 ug/m3.
Elemental concentrations determined by XRF and NAA are compared in Table 11
for several elements. In general, the two methods agree within the variance
of the measurements.
3.2.5 Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation
The average solar and ultraviolet radiation measured by aircraft on
constant altitude, fixed heading flight legs is presented in Table 12. The
time intervals over which the measurements were taken, the flight altitudes,
and the standard deviations of the measurements are given in the table.
3.3 Tracer Experiment Measurements
Dual tracers were used to investigate air motion and plume depletion by
dry deposition. Plume depletion could be determined from the decrease in the
SFfi concentration/particle concentration ratio between the two real-time
tracer measurement sites, i.e., between the Visitor's Center and Meteorologi-
cal Site 3. In this section tracer concentration data will be presented in
graphical form. Subsequent reports will also consider calibration factors to
adjust measured responses for each lithium detector and the estimated tracer
particle release rate. At that time both the SFg gas and lithium-traced
55
-------
TABLE 9. Parti oil ate Elemental Composition as Determined by
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Filter Samples
Element
Al
Si
S
Cl
K
Ca
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se
Br
Cd
Ba
Pb
Crustal1
Concentration
(ppm)
71,000
330,000
700
~
14,000
13,700
5,000
100
100
850
38,000
40
20
50
6
0.2
5
0.06
500
10
Mi n i mum-Max i mum
Air Concentration
(ng/m3)
110 -
830 -
90 -
20 -
60 -
10 -
10 -
7 -
1 -
3 -
130 -
0.5 -
2 -
6 -
<1 -
<0.5 -
2 -
4 -
<19 -
4 -
1910
6090
540
360
520
1430
120
80
8
20
1230
6
6
15
4
2
3
21
80
13
Average Air2
Concentration
(ng/m3)
550 ± 16
1665 ± 640
383 ± 122
105 ± 52
172 ± 73
430 ± 200
37 ± 16
2.5 ± 1.0
2.5 ± 1.4
6.8 ±2.6
310 ± 144
2.2 ± 1.5
2.8 ± 1.2
9 ±3
<2 ±1
<1.0 ±0.6
2.7 ±0.4
<10 ±4
50 ± 17
7 ± 3
Enrichment3
Factor
E
1
0.65+0.25
71 ±23
—
1.6 ±0.7
4 ±2
1.0 ± 0.4
3.2 ± 1.3
.3.2 ± 1.8
1.0 ± 0.4
1.1 ±0.5
7 ±5
18 ±8
23 ±8
<43 ± 22
<210 ± 130
70 ± 10
7
13 ± 4
90 ± 40
1. From Bowen (1966).
2. Minimum/maximum values not included in average.
3- r -'-' "-1 /r crust /v crust] Y
ref J ' * ref
f x -yx £]/[x
AT.
56
-------
TABLE 10. Ionic Composition of Atmospheric Participates
Derived From Aircraft Filter Samples by
Ion Chromatography
Minimum-Maximum Average Air
Air Concentration Concentration
Ion (yg/m3) (yg/m3)
SOT" 0.61 - 0.82 0.71 + 0.091
NO" 0.01 - 0.42 0.26 +.0.14
o
NHj 0.06 - 0.15 0.10 +0.03
Na+ 0.05 - 0.30 0.13 +_ 0.08
K+ 0.03 - 0.16 0.06 + 0.04
TABLE 11. Ratio of Elemental Composition Results From X-Ray
Fluorescence Analysis and Neutron Activation For
Four Filter Samples
Element Ratio1
Al 0.83+0.38
Cl 1.00+0.20
Mn 0.91+0.33
Ti 0.94 + 0.29
Br 1.00 + 0.34
(XXRF/XNAA)
57
-------
TABLE 12. Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation Over
Date
August 5
August 9
August 9
August 14
the
Time
(MPT)
1113- - 1122
1127 -
1141 -
1156 -
1204 -
1320 -
1350 -
0926 -
0934 -
0945 -
0955 -
1008 -
1017 -
1042 -
1050 -
1057 -
1107 -
1141 -
1148 -
1204 -
1704 -
1718 -
1729 -
1748 -
0752 -
0803 -
1133
1150
1204
1226
1326
1407
0930
0940
0950
1003
1015
1023
1050
1057
1105
1113
1148
1204
1214
1711
1725
1736
1755
0756
0808
Oil Shale Area
Al ti tude
m-MSL
1810
2430
3200
3970
3970
4257
2433
2490
2230
2970
3610
4240
4230
2820
3540
4080
4200
3050
3300
3250
1835
2590
3380
4290
4240
4230
During August
1980
Solar1
(W/m2)
841 +
791 +
870 +
851 +
923 +
941 +
920 +
563 +
542 +
615 +
630 +
703 +
652 +_
718 +
754 +.
777 +
876 +
868 +
878 +,
897 +
521 +
550 +
472 ±
476 +
216 +
284 +
7
9
10
12
12
10
9
12
9
10
23
16
11
12
9
13
15
19
11
12
12
15
14
23
3
13
11
11
12
13
13
13
13
6
7
7
8
9
9
9
10
10
12
12
12
12
6
6
6
6
2
3
i
UV1
(W/m2
•1 ±
.5 +
.8 +
•1 ±
•9 ±
.9 +
.0 +
.9 +
.0 +
.8 +
.6 +
.5 +
.3 +
•7 ±
.3 +
•9 ±
.2 +
.0 ±
•3 ±
.6 +
.8 +
.7 +
.4 +_
.2 +
•9 ±
.5 +
)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1. Averaged over constant altitude fixed heading flight legs.
58
-------
particle concentrations will be normalized to their respective release rates
and related to meteorological measurements.
A summary of the five tracer experiments is presented in Table 13. The
first four experiments were conducted in nocturnal drainage flows, while the
fifth was a daytime release. Tracer results for the four nighttime releases
are summarized in the following sections. Insufficient data were obtained
for the daytime release since air bag samplers were not operated and airflow
only occasionally delivered SFg tracer to the real-time sampling sites.
Supporting meteorological data for the tracer experiments were collected by
the Los Alamos National Laboratory and by the Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company.
These data, collected from a minisonde sounding system, pilot balloons, a
tethered balloon sounding system and a network of towers, have been pre-
viously published by Clements et al. (1981).
Before discussing the data, it will be useful to summarize the experi-
mental design of the radio-controlled bag sampling lines to clarify the
relationship between sampling intervals on the different lines. Two radio-
controlled signal tones were used to activate air pumps for bag sampling.
The first signal tone activated (or deactivated) all air pumps on sampling
lines 1 and 2. The second signal tone controlled pumps on lines 3 and 4.
Sampling lines 1 and 3 consisted of sequential sampler stations, while
lines 2 and 4 consisted of profile sampling stations. Thus, profile samples
on lines 2 and 4 were collected during the same time intervals as the first
sample in the sequential series on lines 1 and 3, respectively.
Tracer concentration data were obtained at the sampling sites and times
given in Table 14. The table shows the figures in which the data can be
found. As shown in the table, some data are missing. This is because:
0 all equipment was not operational for the first experiments,
0 some bag samples were contaminated due to delays in analysis, and
0 some equipment was not operated during certain experiments.
The four nighttime experiments are summarized in the following sections.
59
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3.3.1 Run 1, August 5 to 6
Real-time SFg gas and 1ithium-traced participate concentrations are
shown in Figure 28 for the Visitor's Center and Meteorological Site 3
sampling stations. Tracers were released from 0001 to 0102 MDT. For
SFg tracer gas, measured concentrations are shown at each sampling time.
Data points are connected by straight lines. For lithium-traced parti-
culates, instrument counts were accumulated for 10-minute sampling intervals.
Each time interval is indicated by a horizontal line with time limit bars.
Straight lines are connected between mid-points of the time intervals.
Sequential sampling data for airborne SFg concentrations measured along
sampling line 1 are shown in Figure 29. The data are shown in the upper
sub-figure as a function of sampling time (0032 to 0042, 0050 to 0059, and
0017 to 0125 MDT) and distance from the Corral Gulch center!ine. The ground
contours and station locations are shown in the lower sub-figure. As indi-
cated by the vertical lines on the valley cross section, three sampling
stations were on the valley floor and two stations were located on each
sidewall. Drainage flow is from the reader into the figure. North is to
the left and south to the right.
Vertical profiles of SFg concentrations were taken on sampling
lines 2 and 4. These data are presented in Figures 30 and 31, respectively.
The Meteorological Site 3 sampling station is a real-time tracer measurement
station and is directly upwind of sampling line 2. The location of this
site's projection onto sampling line 2 is indicated in Figure 30 and in
subsequent figures showing concentrations along line 2. Comparison of
Figures 30 and 31 shows that the tracer plume initially traveled along the
northern hillside of the valley, but diffused horizontally across the valley
as it traveled between tracer lines 2 and 4.
3.3.2 Run 2. August 7 to 8
SFg concentrations for August 7 to 8 are shown in Figures 32 through 35.
Due to a malfunction of the air compressor, lithium-traced particulates were
not released in this experiment. Airborne SFg concentrations for the two
real-time stations are shown in Figure 32. Concentrations measured as a
63
-------
10
10
g 10
-10
o
NO
1/1 uf»
o
o
O
g
io'12
6900
6800
6700
6600
0.5
SAMPLING HEIGHT, 1.7m
TIMES
RELEASE: 0001 to 0102
SAMPLING:* • 0032 to 0042
A- A 0050 to 0059
• • 0117 to 0125
0.5
CROSS GULCH DISTANCE, km
FIGURE 29. SF6 Concentrations at 1.7-m as a Function of
Cross-Valley Position on Sampling Line 1 for
Three Sampling Time Intervals, Night of
August 5 to 6, 1980.
Neg. 80J402-5
64
-------
10
E
D
§
10
-9
en
o
-------
10
,-8
ID''
o
-o
10-12
6700
t
2( 6600
TIMES
RELEASE: 0001 TO 0102
SAMPLING: 0104 TO 0115
SAMPLING HEIGHTS, m
• 0.3
A 1.3
• 5
o
o
i
ce.
o
6500
6400
0.5
as
CROSS GULCH DISTANCE, km
FIGURE 31. SF6 Concentrations at Three Heights as a Function
of Cross Valley Position on Sampling Line 4,
Night of August 5 to 6, 1980. Neg. 80J402-3
66
-------
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10-8
| 10-9
g
>*
.Q
.a
a
I 10-10
10-12
6900
t
§ 6800
o
o
6700
Of
o
6600
SAMPLING HEIGHT, L7m
TIMES
RELEASE: 2315 TO 0015
SAMPLING: • -• 2343 TO 2353
* A 2359 TO 0009
• • 0040 TO 0050
as
as
CROSS GULCH 01 STANCE, km
FIGURE 33. SF6 Concentrations at 1.7-m as a Function of
Cross Valley Position on Sampling Line 1 for
Three Sampling Time Intervals, Night of
August 7 to 8, 1980.
Neg. 80J402-13
68
-------
10
10
(Q
CL
S 10
H-
I
-10
10
-11
-12
10
6800
TIMES
RELEASE: 2315 TO 0015
SAMPLING: 0050 TO 0059
SAMPLING HEIGHTS, m
_ __
A 1.3
• 5
a:
o
6700
§ 6600
REAL-TIME
TRACER MEASUREMENT
SITE
s -
0.5
0
CROSS GULCH.DISTANCE, km
0.5
FIGURE 34. SF6 Concentrations at Three Heights as a Function of
Cross Valley Position on Sampling Line 2, Night of
August 7 to 8, 1980. Neg> 800402-10
69
-------
10-8
5 ID'9
o
z
o
10'
PARAMETER IS
SAMPLING TIME, MDT
•—• 0036 TO 0049
0052 TO 0101
0128 TO 0140
0144 TO 0154
SAMPLING LOCATION ALONG ROAD
i I 1
0
1 1 1 1 I
as
i , i , , ,
1.0
SCALE, km
, l • ,
1.5
, , 1
2.0
FIGURE 35. SF6 Concentrations as a Function of Cross Valley Position
as Determined From Four Mobile Traverses With Syringe
Samplers, Night of August 7 to 8, 1980. Neg. 80J402-6
70
-------
function of time along sampling line 1 are shown in Figure 33. Concentrations
measured as a function of height along sampling line 2 are shown in Figure 34.
A strong gradient in SFg concentrations across the valley is apparent in the
figure.
SFg concentrations determined from syringe samples collected along roads
approximately 6.8 km downwind of the release point are shown in Figure 35.
Vertical lines extending from the topographic sub-figure of Figure 35 to the
upper sub-figure identify the sampling locations. Samples were collected
from a single vehicle in four sample collection traverses along the roads.
The first traverse started at the left side of the figure at 0036 and ended
at the right side of the figure at 0049 MDT. The sampling time is shown
adjacent to each data symbol.
3.3.3 Run 4. August 9 to 10
Airborne tracer concentrations for August 9 to 10 are shown in Figures 36
to 40.
3.3.4 Run 4, August 11 to 12
Airborne tracer concentrations for August 11 to 12 are shown in Figures
41 and 42.
71
-------
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I
£ 10-
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1 I ' I ' I ' I
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r I ' I ' I ' I
END TRACER GENERATION
SAMPLING
SITE NEAR
LINE 1
VISITOR'S CENTER
LINE 2
MET 3 STATION
TRACER CONCENTRATIONS
PARTICULATES*
SYMBOL
KEY
INSTRUMENT
IDENTIFICATION
1S970
34395
SF. GAS
— *_
l\
10"
2300
* HORIZONTAL LIMITS INDICATE SAMPLING TIME INTERVAL
1,1,1.1,1,1,1
2330
AUGUST 9
0:30
SAMPLING TIME, hrmm
1.00
AUGUST 10
FIGURE 36. Airborne Tracer Particle and SF6 Concentrations as a
Function of Time, Night of August 9 to 10, 1980.
Neg. 80J402-9
72
-------
-8
10
01
13
1 -9
» 10
« 10
o
-10
10
-11
-12
10
6800
TIMES
RELEASE: 2315 TO 0015
SAMPLING: 0010TO 0022
SAMPLING HEIGHTS, m
• 0.3
A 1.3
• 5
o
o
o
6700
6600
REAL-TIME
TRACER-MEASUREMENT
SITE
0.5
0
CROSS GULCH DISTANCE, km
0.5
FIGURE 37. SF6 Concentrations at Three Heights as a Function of
Cross Valley Position on Sampling Line 2, Night of
August 9 to 10, 1980. Neg>
73
-------
10
10
s
3
§ 10
H-
O
§
o
o:
o
o
o
at
o
-10
-12
10
H- 6700
6600
6500
0.5
SAMPLING HEIGHT, 1.7m
TIMES
RELEASE: 23\5 to 0015
SAMPLING: •---• 2358to0008
A- * 0010 to 0022
• • 0038 to 0052
I
i . i
0
CROSS GULCH DISTANCE, km
0.5
FIGURE 38. SF6 Concentrations at 1.7-m as a Function of Cross Valley
Position on Sampling Line 3, Night of August 9 to 10, 1980,
Neg. 80J402-2
74
-------
10
10
•c
s.
10
-10
o
>O
10'11 fcr
TIMES
RELEASE:
SAMPLING:
2315 to 0015
0010 to 0022
SAMPLING HEIGHTS.
ce
O
I
6400 t
CROSS GULCH DISTANCE, km
FIGURE 39. SF6 Concentrations at Three Heights as a Function of
Cross Valley Position on Sampling Line 4, Night of
August 9 to 10, 1980. Neg. 80B935-3
75
-------
ur8
E
I
10'
,-10
0045
0143
0047
0035
r0158
0138'
0149
0148
PARAMETER IS
SAMPLING TIME, MPT
0031 TO 0047
—A 0051 TO 0101
—• 0131 TO 0143
••••-* 0148 TO 0201
SAMPLING LOCATION ALONG ROAD
0.5
1.0
SCALE, km
1.5
2.0
FIGURE 40. SF6 Concentrations as a Function of Cross Valley
Position as Determined From Four Mobile Traverses
With Syringe Samplers, Night of August 9 to 10, 1980,
Neg. 80J402-8
76
-------
1 :
1 1
V
^ J
• esi
II
li .00
1/7
(O
I/)
C
o
(O
+J •
c o
CD CO
o en
C i-H
o
o *
CM
en
cu
-NOIlVtllN33NO3 3
_
00 O
-l->
•o
C r-l
cu •+->
r- U)
O 3
•r- CD
(O
Q. M-
O
S-
OJ ^
O J=
nj en
s. -r-
O)
•r- 4-
< O
o:
CD
77
-------
10
10
-10
0126
0141
0105
PARAMETER IS
SAMPLING TIME, MPT
•—•0105 TO 0126
*--A0131T00141
• 0146
SAMPLING LOCATION ALONG ROAD
1.0
SCALE, km
1.5
2.0
FIGURE 42. SF6 Concentrations as a Function of Cross Valley
Position as Determined From Three Mobile Traverses
With Syringe Samplers, Night of August 11 to 12, 1980.
Neg. 800402-12
78
-------
4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
This report has dealt with the design and execution of a set of field
experiments conducted during a two-week period in August, 1980 in the
Piceance Basin of Northwestern Colorado. The field experiments were des-
cribed, the design and characteristics of the data collection systems were
specified, and the data were summarized in the form of figures and tables.
Experiments, rather than being focused on the collection of large quantities
of general background meteorological and air quality data, were directed at
investigating specific meteorological phenomena, including the evolution
and characteristics of atmospheric mixing layers and the dispersion cap-
abilities of nocturnal valley drainage flows. Separate work is proceeding
on the further analysis of these data as this report is being written. The
initial data reported here will constitute an important input to the develop-
ment of a mathematical model of pollutant transport and diffusion in the oil
shale region now being developed at PNL. It is important to point out, how-
ever, that further investigations of the meteorology and air quality of this
data sparse and very complicated topographic region are essential. We recom-
mend that a much more comprehensive set of experiments be initiated in the
near future to obtain a better understanding of the regional environmental
effects of the development of oil shale resources in the Piceance Basin.
Modeling work will benefit from the phenomenological approach advocated
here, but it will be necessary to observe other phenomena (e.g., the buildup
and breakdown of temperature inversions, the evolution of local wind systems,
the coupling and decoupling of synoptic and valley flows, etc.) and to expand
the scope of the observational work in both time and space.
79
-------
REFERENCES
Bowen, H.J.M. 1966. Trace Elements in Biochemistry. Academic Press, 241 pp.
Call, D.B. and A.L. Morris. 1979. Airsonde® - Versatile New Sounding
System. Atmospheric Instrumentation Research, Inc., Boulder, CO 21 pp.
Clements, W.E., S. Goff, J.A. Archuleta and S. Barr. 1981. Experimental
Design and Data of the August 1980 Corral Gulch Nocturnal Wind Experiment,
Piceance Basin, Northwestern Colorado. Los Alamos National Laboratory Report,
LA-8895-MS, July 1981, 197 pp, University of California, Los Alamos, NM 87545.
Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company. 1981. Modular Development Phase Monitoring
Report Seven. Vol. 1 of 3, Dec. 1979-Nov. 1980, Year End Report. Rio Blanco
Oil Shale Co., 2851 So. Parker Road, Aurora, CO 80014. (Available from
USGS Conservation Div., Oil Shale Office, 131 No. 6th St., Suite 300,
Grand Junction, CO 81501.)
Singh, H.B., F.L. Ludwig and W.B. Johnson. 1978. "Tropospheric Ozone:
Concentrations and Variabilities in Clean Remote Atmospheres." Atmospheric
Environment, J2., p. 2185-2196.
Whiteman, C.D. 1980. Breakup of Temperature Inversions in Colorado Mountain
Valleys. Atmospheric Science Paper No. 328, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO 80523, 250 pp.
80
-------
APPENDIX A
INDIVIDUAL AIRSONDE PLOTS
81
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cn
O
z
cn
X 1—
tr _j
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o tn
LJ —
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:D i-
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LU
_j cn
d CC
ac LU
IE _l
D LU
0 CC £
«,
V
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V
S
X
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V
\
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3 wnipi3>mio(^a
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IMM) 33NH19IO X
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o
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o
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cs
o
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1- •*
a:
ID
CD
138
-------
APPENDIX D
SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION
AND SOIL TEMPERATURE DATA
139
-------
TABLE 15. Radiation and Soil Temperature Data,
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 8, 19801
Time
MPT
0
30
100
130
200
230
300
330
400
430
500
530
600
630
700
730
800
830
900
930
1000
1030
1100
1130
1200
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1830
1900
1930
2000
2030
2ieo
2130
2200
2230
2300
2330
K+
Wm-2
9999*
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
0999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
1020
1015
«02
765
692
691
246
598
514
380
540
288
35
141
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
D
Wnr2
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9<»99
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9099
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
106
112
182
263
237
243
205
204
184
165
156
90
35
44
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kt
Mm-2
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9909
9999
0
18
46
73
91
109
119
128
147
156
166
184
203
203
206
146
164
\UI\.
153
48
88
120
94
139
78
8
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q*
Wm-2
9999
9999
Q999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
T2
1C.
21.0
20.3
19.6
18.8
18.5
18.0
17.8
17.3
17.0
16.3
16.3
16.3
15.6
15.5
14.9
14.9
14.9
15.1
15.6
16.3
17.8
20.3
23.9
27.0
39.5
31. a
33.9
36.3
37.3
37.5
36.5
36.5
36.9
35.9
35.3
34.3
33.3
32.5
31.0
29.6
28.7
27.1
25.7
24.3
23.5
22.7
22.1
21.4
T5
.!£
23.2
22.8
22.3
21.7
21 .3
?0.7
20.5
20.1
19.7
19.4
19.0
18.8
18.5
18.3
18.0
17.8
17.4
17.3
17.3
17.4
17.5
18.1
18.9
?0.3
21.7
23.2
24.6
26.1
27.6
28.7
29.4
29.5
29.8
30.0
30.0
29.8
29.6
29.3
29.0
28.4
27.9
27.2
26.5
25.7
25.0
24.4
23.9
23.4
T20
^ V
°C
?3.9
23.8
23.5
23.4
23.1
?2.e
22.7
22.4
22.1
22.1
21.7
21.5
21.4
?1.2
21.0
?0.8
20.6
20.3
20.2
20.0
19.9
19.7
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.7
19.9
20.3
20.6
21.2
21.6
22.1
22.4
22.8
23.2
23.5
23.9
23.9
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.4
24.4
24.4
24.3
24.2
24.1
23.9
1. Radiation data are 5-minute averages about the half-hour indicated.
2. Missing data indicated by 9999.
140
-------
TABLE 16. Radiation and Soil Temperature Data,
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 9, 1980,
Time
MDT
Q*
Wm-2
T2
°C
T5
°C
T20
°C
0
30
100
130
POO
230
300
330
400
430
500
530
600
630
700
730
800
830
9QO
<»30
000
030
100
130
200
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1830
1900
1930
2000
2030
2100
2130
2200
2230
2300
2330
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
72
183
280
366
466
566
674
753
824
896
939
1118
251
143
108
251
168
179
609
591
287
233
97
412
251
143
36
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
36
57
61
54
61
79
65
68
72
72
72
215
222
136
104
215
154
168
161
204
233
204
97
143
79
54
36
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
2«
55
73
92
110
128
143
147
166
172
185
203
44
27
19
46
29
39
137
128
42
41
15
104
61
35
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
-45
-34
-45
-45
-45
-57
-45
-57
-54
-48
-45
-57
-57
-45
-57
23
79
102
204
328
405
452
509
554
588
649
113
50
34
136
68
90
339
29«
102
90
-34
192
79
-11
-57
-57
-57
-57
-68
-57
-57
-57
21.4
21.4
21.3
21.3
20.9
20.6
20.3
19.9
19.2
18.5
17.8
17.0
16.7
16.0
15.6
15.6
15.6
16.3
17.0
18.1
19.8
22.4
25.5
28.1
30.3
32.5
35.0
32.4
30.2
27.6
26.6
25.8
26.8
28.7
29.5
28.8
28.7
27.9
27.6
26.6
25.4
23.3
22.1
21.0
20.1
19.6
18.6
18.3
23.0
22.6
22.4
22.1
22.0
21.9
21 .6
21.4
21.0
20.6
20.3
19.9
19.6
19.2
18.8
18.4
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.3
18.6
19.2
20.3
21.4
22.8
24.3
26.0
26.8
26.8
26.5
25.7
25.2
24.9
25.0
25.5
25.7
25.7
25.7
25.6
25.4
25.1
24.3
23.9
23.2
22.6
22.1
21.3
21.0
23.7
23.5
23.2
23.1
22.8
22.8
22.6
22.4
22.4
22.3
22.1
21.9
21.7
21.6
21.4
21.3
21.0
20.8
20.6
20.5
20.3
20.3
20.1
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.6
20.9
21.3
21.7
22.1
22.3
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.5
22.7
22.8
22.8
22.8
23.0
23.0
22.9
22.8
22.8
22.4
22.4
141
-------
Time
MDT
TABLE 17. Radiation and Soil Temperature Data,
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 10, 1980.
Q* ,
Wm-2
T2
°C
T5
°C
T2o
°C
0
30
100
130
200
230
300
330
400
430
500
530
600
630
700
730
800
830
900
930
1000
1030
1100
1130
1200
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1B30
1900
1930
2000
2030
2100
2130 ,
2200
2230
2300
2330
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7fi
152
247
353
460
566
661
742
813
8*3
925
952
987
986
977
958
910
873
800
727
618
527
436
324.
215
110
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
33
36
49
47
46
52
58
60
5"
61
63
55
54
56
51
50
49
51
50
48
44
42
41
36
31
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
n
20
44
h6
85
104
113
132
142
155
161
180
183
200
200
201
202
201
186
170
167
150
128
103
84
55
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-57
-57
-57
-57
-59
-59
-59
-59
-59
-59
-54
-54
-59
-59
-57
11
88
158
226
296
373
430
475
520
563
588
611
629
620
599
577
538
475
409
351
271
204
136
57
-11
-57
-57
-57
-63
-68
-68
-68
-68
17.8
17.4
17.0
16.3
16.0
15.6
15.2
14.9
14.5
14.1
14.0
13.4
13.3
12.9
12.7
12.7
13.1
13.4
14.1
15.2
17.0
20.6
24.3
27.2
30.2
32.5
34.7
36.4
37.3
38.3
39.0
39.7
39.4
38.2
36.5
34.9
33.1
31.4
30.0
28.7
27.2
25.3
23.5
22.2
21.3
20.1
19.2
18.5
20.3
19. Q
19.6
19.2
18.8
18.7
18.3
17.9
17.7
17.4
17.1
16.9
16.6
16.3
16.0
15.8
15.6
15.6
15.6
15.8
16.1
17.0
18.1
19.6
21.4
23.0
24.6
26.1
27.6
28.7
29.6
30.3
31.0
31.2
31.0
30.6
30.1
29.5
28.7
28.0
27.4
26.5
25.7
24.8
23.9
23.2
22.4
21.7
22.3
22.1
21.7
21.7
21.4
21.3
21.1
20.9
20.6
20.6
20.3
20.3
20.0
19.9
19.6
19.5
19.3
19.2
18.8
18.8
18.6
18.5
18.4
18.4
18.5
18.8
19.1
19.4
19.9
20.3
20.9
21.4
21.9
22.4
22.8
23.2
23.5
23.8
23.9
24.0
24.1
24.1
24.1
23.9
23.9
23.5
23.5
23.2
142
-------
Time
MDT
TABLE 18. Radiation and Soil Temperature Data,
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 11, 1980.
Kt
Wm-2
Q*
Wm-2
T2
°C
T5
°C
T2o
°C
0
30
100
130
200
230
300
330
400
430
500
530
600
630
7QO
730
800
830
900
<»30
1000
1030
lion
1130
1200
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1«00
1830
1*00
19?o
2000
2030
2100
2i30
2200
2230
2300
2330
0
0
0
0
0
0<
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
64
146
257
356
467
571
669
756
834
898
95?
987
1001
1015
1000
974
931
884
819
722
635
538
423
322
232
127
23
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
35
38
41
51
54
68
54
60
60
66
62
65
65
72
64
67
70
77
B7
80
65
61
32
31
23
23
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
43
69
87
103
119
131
146
154
169
176
182
187
191
189
188
180
177
178
179
172
160
140
113
76
38
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-68
• 68
-68
-68
.68
-75
-75
-75
-75
-79
-79
-79
-79
-72
-88
-11
68
136
204
292
357
409
466
516
547
575
599
627
602
572
536
498
450
407
335
274
176
115
48
-23
-72
-77
-72
-72
-68
-68
-68
-68
17.8
17.4
16.7
16.1
15.6
14.9
1«.5
14.1
13.4
13.2
12.7
12.5
12.0
11.7
11.3
11.2
11.6
12.2
12.7
13.7
15.8
1^.3
23.?
26.7
29.7
32.4
34.4
36.4
37.9
39.0
40.0
40.7
40.7
39.7
37.5
35.2
33.3
31.4
29.8
28.2
26.5
24.5
22.8
21.5
20.4
19.3
18.8
18.1
21.2
20.8
20.2
19.7
19.2
18.8
18.3
17.9
1.7.5
17.1
16.7
16.4
16.1
15.8
15.5
15.3
15.1
15.1
15.0
15.2
15.4
16.1
17.3
18.8
20.6
22.4
24.0
25.7
27.2
28.4
29.5
30.5
31.2
31.7
31.6
31.2
30.6
29.8
29.0
?8.2
27.3
26.5
25.4
24.6
23.5
22.8
22.1
21.4
23.0
22.8
22.6
22.3
22.1
21.8
21.5
21.4
21.0
20.8
20.6
20.3
20.1
19.9
19.7
19.5
19.2
19.1
18.8
18.6
18.4
18.2
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.4
18.6
19.0
19.4
1Q. 9
20.4
21.0
21.5
22.1
22.7
23.2
23.5
23.8
23.9
24.0
24.1
24.1
24.1
23.9
23.7
23.5
23.4
23.2
143
-------
TABLE 19. Radiation and Soil Temperature Data,
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 12, 1980.
Time
MPT
0
30
100
130
200
230
300
330
400
430
500
530
600
630
700
730
800
830
900
930
1000
1030
1100
1130
1200
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1830
1900
1930
2000
2030
2100
2130 '
2200
2230
2300
2330
K4-
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
71
160
249
364
464
625
717
7?1
827
89?
927
1142
245
998
532
130
212
710
279
207
63
260
124
44
51
98
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
D
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35
35
34
48
73
105
140
93
86
71
117
264
174
138
352
119
137
298
226
171
63
239
102
44
51
62
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kt
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
20
44
66
85
104
131
132
133
148
153
172
226
50
210
123
41
51
206
60
39
5
59
23
5
9
28
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q*
Wm-2
• 68
-68
-68
-57
-57
-57
-57
-57
-57
-57
-59
-54
-57
-59
-54
23
102
158
224
339
464
477
532
566
579
701
124
645
407
68
113
611
158
113
11
152
57
2
11
23
-25
-45
-34
-41
-32
-34
-23
-23
T2
!SL
17.7
17.0
16.7
16.0
15.3
14.7
1 3.9
13.3
12.7
12.9
12.0
1 1.6
11.2
10.9
10.9
10.9
11.6
12.3
13.4
15.2
18.1
22.1
25.7
29.1
31.0
33.3
33.7
34.5
36.5
36.1
33.3
31.5
31.7
31.0
30.2
28.7
27.9
27.6
26.6
25.7
25.0
27.6
22.8
21.4
20.6
19.9
19.8
19.6
T5
!i
21.0
20.5
19.9
19.5
19.0
18.5
18.1
17.6
17.1
16.7
16.3
16.0
15.6
15.5
15.2
14.9
14.7
14.7
14.0
14.9
15.6
16.7
18.3
20.1
21.5
23.2
25.0
25.7
26.9
?7.9
28.3
27.9
27.6
27.3
27.1
26.6
26.4
25.9
25.6
25.1
24.6
24.3
23.7
23.2
22.4
21.9
21.4
21.0
T20
°C
22.8
22.6
22.3
22.1
21.9
21.6
21.4
21.1
20.9
20.6
20.3
20.2
19.9
19.7
19.5
19.2
18.9
18.8
18.5
18.4
18.1
18.0
17.9
18.1
18.1
18.5
18.8
19.2
19.6
?0.1
20.6
21.2
21.5
21.8
22.1
22.3
22.4
22.4
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.5
22.6
22.6
22.4
22.4
22.1
22.1
144
-------
TABLE 20. Radiation and Soil Temperature Data,
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 13, 1980.
Time
MPT
0
30
100
130
200
230
300
330
400
430
500
530
600
630
700
730
8QO
830
900
930
1000
1030
1100
1130
1200
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1730
1800
1830
1900
1930
2000
2030
2100
2130 .
2200
2230
2300
2330
K4-
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54
143
251
287
430
538
645
143
824
860
932
950
681
645
932
466
233
168
430
627
287
1?5
54
36
36
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
D
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
36
54
54
54
72
72
108
97
82
115
00
115
161
197
233
204
143
358
305
233
97
54
36
36
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kf
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
42
61
62
99
118
137
14
157
158
177
196
145
128
165
104
47
36
91
145
58
15
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q*
Wm-2
-23
-23
-38
-34
-23
-25
-34
-34
-34
-29
-29
-34
-34
-29
-34
34
111
136
233
339
407
57
520
543
599
622
498
362
588
283
124
79
283
407
170
79
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
-5
0
-7
0
0
T2
1C.
19.2
18.7
18.1
17.4
17.0
16.3
16.0
15.6
14.9
14.5
14.1
13.8 •
13.4
13.3
12.8
12.9
13.4
14.1
14.9
16.3
18.5
20.2
20.4
25.0
28.7
31.7
34.1
36.1
37.3
37.3
36.5
34.5
32.1
32.9
32.5
31.7
30.2
28.7
27.2
25.7
24.5
23.5
22.8
21.9
21.4
20.6
19.9
19.9
T5
IP.
20.7
20.5
20.2
19.8
19.4
19.0
18.7
18.4
17.9
17.6
17.2
17.0
16.7
16.3
16.1
16.0
15.8
15.8
15.8
16.1
16.5
17.4
18.1
18.7
20.3
21.9
23.6
25.4
26.8
27.9
28.7
29.1
28.7
28.1
28.1
27.9
27.7
27.2
26.5
25.9
25.2
24.6
23.9
23.4
22.8
22.4
22.0
2U5
T20
°C
21.8
21.7
21.5
21.4
21.4
21.0
21.0
20.8
20.6
20.5
20.3
20.0
19.9
19.7
19.6
19.3
19.2
18.9
18.8
18.6
18.5
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.5
18.7
19.0
19. a
19.9
20.4
21.0
21.4
21.7
22.1
22.4
22.4
22.8
22.8
22.8
23.0
23.0
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.6
22.4
22.3
145
-------
TABLE 21. Radiation and Soil Temperature Data,
Corral Creek, Colorado, August 14, 1980.
Time
MDT
0
30
100
130
200
230
300
330
400
430
500
530
600
630
700
730
BOO
830
900
930
1000
1030
1100
1130
1200
1230
1300
1330
1400
1430
K*
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 '
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54
190
115
90
556
412
509
340
287
591
573
538
860
484
842
1021
D
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
ft
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
90
90
72
143
90
143
287
240
412
441
376
358
394
394
197
Kt
Wm-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
55
32
23
129
85
129
64
50
94
103
94
173
85
16S
209
Q*
Wm-2
-5
-5
-5
-5
-11
0
-23
-23
-11
-11
-23
-?4
-34
-23
-23
90
45
11
323
260
385
215
181
385
385
362
464
328
543
9999
T2
°C
19.6
19.2
19.1
18.6
18.5
18.3
17.8
17.6
17.0
16.8
16.3
16.0
15.2
14.5
14.1
14.5
15.5
16.1
16.5
17.4
19.2
21.4
22.1
22.8
25.0
26.5
28.3
30.2
31 .0
33.3
T5
°C
21.2
20.9
20.6
20.3
20.1
19.9
19.6
19.4
19.2
18.8
18.7
18.4
18.1
17.7
17.3
17.0
16.9
17.0
17.1
17.4
17.7
18.3
10.1
19.7
20.3
21.2
22.1
23.2
24.1
25.0
T2o
°C
22.1
22.0
21.7
21.7
21.5
21.4
21.3
21.0
21 .0
20.8
20.6
20.5
20.3
20.3
20.1
19.9
19.7
19.6
19.4
19.2
19.1
19.1
19.0
19.1
19.1
19.2
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.9
146
-------
APPENDIX E
AIRCRAFT-MEASURED PROFILES OF AIR QUALITY
147
-------
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
AUGUST 5, 1980
1146-1226
1227-1244
—-1245-1317
1330-1346
i I i u
CLEAN AIR,
RAYLEIGH
J I
i
7
U2i22^^3
50
70 0
0.10 0.20 0.30 0
OZONE (ppb)
40K 80K
CNC (#/cm3)
FIGURE 109.
Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentration, Light Scattering
Coefficient, and Condensation Nuclei Concentration for
Aircraft Flights of August 5, 1980. Rayleigh Scattering
Coefficients for Clean Air are Plotted for Reference.
148
-------
UJ
o
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
I i i i
CLEAN AIR,
RAYLEIGH
i i i i i.
AUGUSTS, 1980
2125-2207
2208-2227
2228-2255
2340-2358
i i i
50 70 0
OZONE (ppb)
0.10 0.20
W10"4"1'1'
0 5K 10K
CNC (#/cm3)
15K
FIGURE 110. Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentration, Light Scattering
Coefficient, and Condensation Nuclei Concentration for
Aircraft Flights of August 8, 1980.
149
-------
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
T
1
J I
CLEAN AIR
'RAYLEIGH
i i i i i
AUGUST 9, 1980
0900-0933
0934-1016
1017-1040
1041-1108
1108-1140
1141-1150
i i i i
50 70 0
OZONE (ppb)
0.10 0.20
W10"4"1"1'
20K 40K
CNC (#/cm3)
60K
FIGURE ill. Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentration, Light Scattering
Coefficient, and Condensation Nuclei Concentration for
Aircraft Flights of August 9, 1980.
150
-------
4000
3500
E
Lbl
o
3000
2500
2000
RAYLEIGH
AUGUST 9, 1980
1701-1759
J I
J I
I
_L
50 70
OZONE (ppb)
0.10 0.20
40K 80K
CNC (#/cm3)
120K
FIGURE 112. Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentration, Light Scattering
Coefficient, and Condensation Nuclei Concentration for
Aircraft Flights of August 9, 1980.
151
-------
4000 —
3500-
UJ
Q
3000
2500 -
2000
CLEAN AIR,
RAYLEIGH
_ AUGUST 14, 1980
0528-0551
|- 0551-0607
0619-0655
0.10 0.20 0 20K 40K 60K
lO^4 m"1) CNC (#/cm3)
FIGURE 113.
50 70
OZONE (ppb)
Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentration, Light Scattering
Coefficient, and Condensation Nuclei Concentration for
Aircraft Flights of August 14, 1980, 0528 - 0655 MDT.
152
-------
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
- AUGUST 14, 1980
0713-0729
0729-0753
_ 0810-0828
........0828-0837
CLEAN AIR,
RAYLEIGH
[i
I
I
- J
50 70 0
OZONE (ppb)
0.10 0.20 0 10K 20K 30K
i"1) CNC (#/cm3)
FIGURE 114. Vertical Profiles of Ozone Concentration, Light Scattering
Coefficient, and Condensation Nuclei Concentration for
Aircraft Flights of August 14, 1980, 0713 - 0837 MDT.
153
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
GREEN RIVER AIR QUALITY MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Meteorological Data - August 1980 Field Study in the
Piceance Creek Basin Oil Shale Resources Area
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
C. D. Whiteman, N. S. Laulainen, G. A. Sehmel, and
J. M. Thorp
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Richland, Washington 99532
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
CDAN1A/03-0726 (FY-82)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
AD-89-F-0-097-0
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This study was jointly funded with the U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC 20545
16. ABSTRACT
Special meteorological and air quality studies were conducted during August 1980
in the Piceance Creek Basin oil shale resource area of Northwestern Colorado as part
of the EPA-sponsored Green River Ambient. Model Assessment program. The objective of
the limited field program was to collect initial data to aid in the development,
calibration, and validation of a mesoscale air quality model. The specific goals of
the program were to investigate the growth and characteristics of convective boundary
layers that form over the area during the daytime, to characterize background pol-
lutant levels, visibility, and atmospheric structure over the area, and to investi-
gate, by means of tracer experiments, the dispersion and dry deposition of pollutants
released in nocturnal valley drainage flows.
An instrumented DC-3 aircraft was the primary means of collecting background air
quality and visibility data. A balloon-borne upper air sounding system was used to
monitor temporal changes in convective boundary layer structure. Dual tracer experi-
ments were conducted on four occasions in the shallow Corral Gulch near tract C-a
using non-depositing SF6 gas and depositing lithium-traced particles collected on two
to five sampling arcs during well-defined drainage flow events.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLAS
Report)
21. NO. OF PAGES
172
20. SECURITY CLASSJThis page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
154
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