EPA-650/2-75-036
ASBESTOS FIBER ATLAS
by
Peter K. Mueller, Arthur E. Alcocer,
Ronald L. Stanley, and Glenn R. Smith
State of California Department of Health
Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory
Laboratory Services Program
2151 Berkeley Way
Berkeley, California 94704
Research Grant 801336
Program Element No. 1AA010
EPA Project Officer: Jack Wagman
National Environmental Research Center
Chemistry and Physics Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460
April 1975
-------
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This grant report has been reviewed by the National Environmental Research
Center - Research Triangle Park, Office of Research and Development,
EPA, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, have been grouped into series. These broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and applica-
tion of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was
consciously planned to foster technology transfer and maximum interface
in related fields. These series are:
1. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH
2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY
3. ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
4. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
5. SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
6. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS
9. MISCELLANEOUS
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to
develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and methodology
to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-
point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources
to meet environmental quality standards.
This report is available to the public from Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402
Publication No. EPA-650/2-75-036
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PREFACE
Asbestos or asbestiform minerals include several types or groups
of fibrous crystalline substances with special thermal and electrical
properties that have long encouraged their use in the manufacture of such
products as roofing, insulation, brake linings, fireproof curtains, etc.
Their occurrence as pollutants in the ambient air and in supplies of food
and drinking water has caused considerable concern because occupational
exposures to asbestos have been found to induce mesothelioma of the pleura
and peritoneum, as well as cancer of the lung, esophagus, and stomach,
after latent periods of about 20 to 40 years.
Transmission electron microscopy, often together with selected area
electron diffraction, has been the principal technique used to identify
and characterize asbestos fibers in ambient air and water samples. Because
of the poor sensitivity of other analytical methods, electron microscopy is
also being used for routine measurement of airborne or waterborne asbestos
concentrations, although it is ill-suited for this purpose. Even with the
future development of more appropriate quantitative procedures, however,
electron microscopy in combination with electron diffraction will continue
to be valuable as a reference method and particularly for research applica-
tions, e.g., in support of health effects studies where maximal information
on fiber counts and size distributions are needed.
In publishing this asbestos fiber atlas consisting of transmission
electron micrographs and electron diffraction patterns obtained during a
study supported by Research Grant 801336, the Environmental Protection Agency
seeks to provide microscopists and others involved in the analysis of
asbestos with a convenient guide to fiber identification.
Jack Wagman
Grant Project Officer
in
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CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT v
GLOSSARY vi
TABLE, REFERENCE NUMBERS TO ASTM FILE OR X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS. . 5
ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS AND CORRESPONDING DIFFRACTION PATTERNS 6
Antigorite 7
Chrysotile 9
Lizardite 16
Amosite 19
Anthophyllite 24
Crocidolite 27
Tremolite 31
Br-'-ite 35
Calcite 38
Magnesite 40
Quartz 43
Gold 45
Asbestos Isolated from Ambient Air Samples 47
REFERENCES 50
IV
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ABSTRACT
Transmission electron micrographs and corresponding selected area
electron diffraction patterns of standard specimens of serpentine and
amphibole asbestos are presented for use by analysts as an aid in
identification. Micrographs and diffraction patterns of typical ambient
air samples and of certain minerals that often occur with airborne
asbestos are also included. Specimens were uniformly prepared and
examined in a single electron microscope.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank those who made mineral specimens
available, and to thank R. J. Amouroux, L. Carpenter, J. Murchio, and
S. C. Tocchini for their assistance in the preparation of this atlas.
-------
GLOSSARY
Amosite
Amphibole
Anthophyllite
Antigorite
Asbestos
Crocidolite
Chrysotile
Lizardite
Serpentine
Tremolite
An amphibole mineral that is an iron-rich variety of
anthophyllite, occurring in long fibers.
Fe5Kg2Si8022(OH)2
A mineral variety belonging to a group of minerals with
essentially like crystal structures involving a silicate
chain and generally containing three groups of metal ions,
the large ions being sodium and calcium, the intermediate
being chiefly bivalent iron, magnesium, and manganese,
and the small ions chiefly silicon with some aluminum
and, rarely, ferric iron.
An orthorhombic mineral of the amphibole group that is
often clove brown in color and lamellar or fibrous, and is
essentially a magnesium ferrous silicate.
(Mg,Fe)7Si8022(OH)2
A brownish green lamellar variety of the mineral
serpentine.
A mineral that readily separates into long flexible fibers
suitable for uses where incombustible, nonconducting, or
chemically resistant material is required.
A lavender-blue or leek-green mineral of the amphibole
group that is a variety of riebeckite and occurs in silky
fibers and in massive and earthy form.
Na20'Fe203-8 Si02-H20
A fibrous, silky variety of the mineral serpentine.
Mg3Si205(OH)4
A variety of the mineral serpentine.
A rock composed of chrysotile and antigorite often in
layers with or without other minerals, having usually a
dull green color often with a mottled appearance or a
red or brownish hue; occurring in masses (as antigorite)
or in fibrous form (as chrysotile).
A mineral of the amphibole group that is white or gray
calcium magnesium silicate and occurs in long blade-shaped
or short stout crystals and also in columnar, fibrous, or
granular masses.
VI
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ASBESTOS FIBER ATLAS
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
This atlas consists of transmission electron micrographs (TEM) and
corresponding selected area diffraction patterns of serpentine and
amphibole asbestos to be used by the analyst as an aid in identifi-
cation. Micrographs of certain minerals known to occur with asbestos
in the air and some typical ambient air samples are also included.
Sources of Standards
Mineral specimens were collected through the offices of three
individuals. Dr. LeRoy Balzer, Department of Environmental Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley,
kindly supplied amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotiles, and crocidolite.
Dr. Norman Page supplied specimens of antigorite and clinochrysotiles
from the collection of the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park,
California, and lizardites from the Department of Geology and Geophysics,
University of California, Berkeley. Mr. H. L. Weber of Fiberboard
Paper Products Corporation, Emeryville, California, kindly supplied the
amosite-Penge. Tremolite was purchased from Baker and Adamson, calcite
and magnesite from J. T. Baker, brucite from Matheson, Coleman and Bell,
and quartz from Research Organic/Inorganic Chemical Co., Sun Valley,
California. In all cases, the identity of these compounds was confirmed
using X-ray diffraction.
-------
Preparation and Arrangement of Micrographs
Most of the asbestos standards were received already ground.
However, three samples of lizardite were received as small pieces
of rock. It was therefore necessary to grind a small piece of each
of these samples in a small agate mortar and pestle. A portion of
each ground sample was transferred to a glass microscope slide which
had been placed into a covered plastic Petri dish.
Electron microscope grids of 300-mesh nickel were covered with a
thin layer of collodion. The asbestos specimens were mounted by
lightly touching the collodion-covered grid to the sample in the Petri
dish. An amount sufficient for electron microscopy adhered to the
collodion after the excess had been removed by tapping the grid held
with forceps.
The electron microscope used was the Siemens I with selected area
diffraction capability. Most transmission micrographs were obtained
at a magnification of 20,000. Two prints taken at 40,000 magnification
show the characteristic internal capillary of chrysotile. The selected
area diffraction micrographs represent a circular area 1 vim in diameter
centered in the corresponding transmission micrographs.
The serpentines are described before the amphiboles, followed by
the associated minerals, gold, and ambient air samples. Within each
class the minerals are sequenced in alphabetical order. The micrographs,
which are contact prints of the plates, are numbered consecutively in
order of appearance. A description of important morphologic and
diffraction pattern characteristics of the standard asbestos samples
precedes each group of plates. Additional detail has been published
elsewhere.
-------
The air samples were collected at several sites (see p. 47).
In all cases, after collection of particulate matter, the
filters were ashed, and the residue was dispersed in water and deposited
on a polycarbonate (Nuclepore) disc by filtration. The disc was
transferred to a microscope grid, the polycarbonate was dissolved; and
the fibers were counted, identified, and sized as described in
AIHL Method 38.
Discussion
Asbestos is identified by ascertaining the fiber morphology and
diffraction pattern. Characteristically, chrysotile exhibits a
central channel running longitudinally through the fibril. Identi-
fication of asbestos by morphology alone is possible only for
chrysotile. To avoid confusion with similar non-asbestos fibers,
substantial information about the source of the sample should be
available. Confirmation should be made by electron diffraction
techniques.
This atlas enables the microscopist to differentiate between
chrysotile and amphiboles. However, it is difficult
to differentiate specific amphiboles by the use of the atlas alone.
In using this atlas for identification, a preliminary selection
should be made by comparison of the specimen with the bright field
TEM plates shown for each asbestos type at the specified magnifi-
cation.
Confirmation is then made by selected area electron diffraction
utilizing techniques described in References 5, 7, and 8. Crystal
lattice parameters aid in the identification of various asbestos
-------
types when compared with standard ASTM X-ray diffraction data ref-
erenced in the Table.
When the selected area includes many fibers or very large fibers,
the diffraction pattern consists of a series of continuous rings
resulting from the polycrystalline nature of the diffracted area.
Interplanar spacings may be easily calculated for polycrystalline
diffraction rings as follows:
The average instrument factor (K) is calculated by the formula
K=D*d, where D is the ring diameter (mm) in the diffraction pattern
and d is a known interplanar space in A. Gold is normally used in
determining the instrument factor K, which for this atlas is 38.8
mmA, based on Figure 131. The actual interplanar spacing is then
Tr
determined from the diffraction pattern where d = ^, and compared with
standard ASTM diffraction data.
Diffraction of a single fiber produces a spot pattern, rather
than the ring pattern produced by many randomly oriented crystals.
The single crystal pattern is interpreted by use of reciprocal
lattices as described in Reference 5 or by diffraction pattern
measurement and pattern recognition as described in Reference 7.
-------
Table
REFERENCE NUMBERS TO ASTM FILES
ON X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS
Asbestos type
Serpentines
Antigorite, Mg3Si205(OH)4
(Non-asbestiform)
Chrysotile (Clino) Mg3Si205(OH)4
Lizardite, Mg3Si205(OH)4
(Non-asbestiform)
Amphiboles
Amosite, Fe5Mg2Si8022(OH)2
Anthophyllite (Mg.Fe^SigO^COH^
Crocidolite, Na20-Fe203'8 Si02'H20
Tremolite, Ca2Mg5Si8022(OH)2
Associated minerals
Brucite, Mg(OH)2
Calcite, CaC03
Magnesite, MgC03
a-Quartz, Si02
Gold, Au
File No.
9-444
10-402
7-417
10-380
10-381
18-779
none
9-455
none
13-437
7-239
5-586
8-479
5-490
4-784
Fiche No.
I-33-F1
I-37-B11
I-26-F1
I-37-B3
1-95 -D5
none
I-33-F6
none
I-54-E12
I-25-D10
I-18-E4
I-30-B10
I-18-C2
I-16-E11
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ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS
AND
CORRESPONDING DIFFRACTION PATTERNS
-------
ANTIGORITE
Electron Micrographs
The morphology is plate-like with some pointed material (Fig. 3).
Some large fibers occur. The plate-like and fiber types seem to be
made up of sheets and exhibit undulating striations. The fibers
never consist of bundles of smaller fibrils, but have a sheet-like
appearance.
Electron.Diffraction Patterns
The diffraction patterns of antigorite are in hexagonal array
with multiple spots of 3 at each diffraction point (Fig. 2, 4). Some
patterns exhibit irregular parallel streaks (Fig. 6).
-------
r
r
f
tit'
%
ANTIGORITE, 38-NA-62 USGS
20,OOOX
-------
CHRYSOTILE (ASBESTOS)
Electron Micrographs
Chrysotile, as the bright-field micrographs show, consists of
single fibrils of small diameter and various lengths (Figs. 7, 9)
and bundles of fibers of various diameters and lengths (Figs. 9,11).
Occasionally a mass of fibers occurs in a single structure (Figs.
23, 25). Large tangles of single fibers also occur (Fig. 19).
A very important characteristic of the morphology is the occur-
rence of a channel running throughout the length of the individual
fibrils (Figs. 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 27, 31, 32). The range of
the diameters of single fibrils is from 19 to 50 nm. The most
2
frequent diameter is 26 nm. The diameter of the internal channel
2
ranges from 5 to 11 nm. The most frequent diameter of the tube is 11
nm. An average fiber diameter of 37.5 nm has been reported for
Jeffrey (Canada) chrysotile asbestos and 27.5 nm for New Idria
(Coalinga, California) chrysotile asbestos . The Coalinga asbestos
fibers are described as overlapping fibrils 0.5 to 2 ym long cemented
together, while the Canadian asbestos occurs as long individual
fibrils3.
Electron Diffraction Patterns
Diffraction patterns range from parallel streaks for single fibers
(Figs. 12, 10), with or without a suggestion of concentric circles
-------
(Figs. 10, 22), to concentric circles for a mass of fibers (Figs.
20, 26). Small bundles or masses of fibers have a pattern of an
array of 2 or 3 parallel streaks at acute angles to each other
superimposed on an array of incomplete concentric circles (Figs. 14,
28, 30). A very large mass of fibers can produce a hexagonal array
superimposed on parallel streaks (Fig. 24).
10
-------
10
V
11
12
CHRYSOTILE, A UICC
1 ym
20,OOOX
11
-------
r
r
13
15
14
16
17
18
1 ym
CHRYSOTILE, B UICC
12
20,OOOX
-------
19
\
21
20
22
23
24
CLINOCHRYSOTILE UNION CARBIDE, USGS
20,OOOX
13
-------
25
\
1ft
27
26
28
29
30
CLINOCHRYSOTILE, 14-NI-63A USGS
1 ym
20.000X
-------
31
32
A
0.5
JEFFREY CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS
15
40,OOOX
-------
LIZARDITE
Electron Micrographs
Lizardite is a plate-like form of the serpentine class. It
occurs in the hard rock associated with some chrysotile asbestos.
Lizardite tends to be contaminated with chrysotile. Plates ob-
served in the electron microscope are shown in Figs. 35, 39.
Many particles are agglomerates of a jumble of small plates
(Fig. 37). Chrysotile fibers can be seen as occlusions in some
of the particles and also as single fibers and occasionally as a
small mass of chrysotile fibers.
Electron Diffraction Patterns
The diffraction patterns of most of the particles examined are
hexagonal arrays, that is, an overall pattern of points arranged in
repeating hexagons (Fig. 34). Some patterns have multiple spots at
several diffraction points (Figs. 36, 38). Parallel streaks are
not observed.
16
-------
r
r
35
37
LIZARDITE, M4421 UC
LIZARDITE, 16308 UC
LIZARDITE, 16367 UC
17
20,OOOX
-------
r
39
1 pm
LIZARDITE, 16308 UC
20.000X
-------
AMOSITE (ASBESTOS)
Electron Micrographs
Some pointed amosite fibers can be confused with the antigorite
in that they have striations (Figs. 43, 49); however the striations
are less pronounced than those of antigorite. The fibers examined
were in a diameter range of 100 to 500 nm. The fibers are not made
up of bundles of smaller diameter fibers as are found in chrysotile.
Electron Diffraction Patterns
The diffraction patterns of fibers are parallel lines with
diffraction spots much more distinct than those of chrysotile
(Figs. 42, 46, 55). An incomplete circle pattern occurs but is not
as pronounced as in chrysotile (Fig. 44). Some asymmetrical spots
occur in the parallel streaks (Fig. 46). Diffraction of crossed
fibers leads to distinctively crossed diffraction lines (Fig. 57).
19
-------
41
42
43
45
46
AMOSITE, USPHS
20,OOOX
20
-------
r
48
49
AMOSITE, USPHS
21
20.000X
-------
r
50
r
54
1 pm
AMOSITE, PENGE
22
20,OOOX
-------
-------
(ASBESIOS)
range
ysotiie-
r
eras
streaked_
is
1=
-------
58
L
60
63
ANTHOPHYLLITE, UICC
20,OOOX
25
-------
64
65
66
67
ANTHOPHYLLITE, UICC
20,OOOX
26
-------
CROCIDOLITE (ASBESTOS)
Electron Micrographs
The morphology of crocidolite has some similarity to amosite
(Figs. 68, 70, 72). The fibers are not made up of smaller diameter
fibrils and do not have a regular internal structure like chrysotile.
The diameter of the fibers is somewhat smaller than that of amosite.
The fibers fall into a range of 33 to 205 nm diameter (Figs. 74, 75,
77). This range overlaps both chrysotile and amosite.
Electron Diffraction Patterns
The electron diffraction patterns of the fibers are somewhat like
chrysotile but not as regular. Circular patterns are not seen (Figs.
69, 71, 73).
27
-------
68
L
70
CROCIDOLITE, UICC
28
20,OOOX
-------
74
76
77
78
CROCIDOLITE, UICC
20.000X
29
-------
r
83
1 ym
CROCIDOLITE, UICC
CROCIDOLITE, USPHS
CROCIDOLITE, S. AFRICAN, USPHS
30
20,OOOX
-------
TREMOLITE (ASBESTOS)
Electron Micrographs
Tremolite fibers tend to have longitudinal striations (Fig. 97).
The diameter of the fibers ranges from 100 (Fig. 69) to 1150 nm
(Fig. 87). Most of the fibers are in the 200 to 400 nm diameter
range. There are some bundles of fibers (Figs. 91, 95). It is
difficult to distinguish tremolite fibers from other araphibole as-
bestos fibers.
Electron Diffraction Patterns
The pattern of a bundle is an array of parallel, rather thick
lines made of dots (Fig. 92). Single fiber patterns have been ob-
tained that have parallel arrays of spots (Figs. 88, 90). Multiple
parallel arrays at various angles to each other (Fig. 96) and
apparent random distributions of diffraction spots occur in fields
where several fibers are irregularly oriented (Figs. 94, 98).
31
-------
r
85
88
89
90
TREMOLITE
1 ym
32
20,OOOX
-------
94
95
96
TREMOLITE
1 yrn
20,OOOX
33
-------
100
101
102
TREMOLITE
20,OOOX
-------
BRUCITE
Electron Micrographs
The particles seen in the electron micrographs are made up of
aggregates of small rods and plates somewhat circular in form (Figs.
103, 105).
Electron Diffraction Patterns
The electron diffraction patterns are circular in pattern. No
streaks or hexagonal arrays are observed (Fig. 104, 106, 108).
35
-------
r
r
103
105
104
106
107
108
BRUCITE, Mg(OH)2
20.000X
36
-------
r
no
BRUCITE, Mg(OH)2
20.000X
37
-------
CALCITE
Electron Micrographs
The particles are made up of aggregates of very small particles of
irregular shape (Fig. 113).
Electron Diffraction Patterns
The electron diffraction patterns range from a circular pattern to a
pattern of widely spaced streaks. One pattern exhibits an ill-defined
group of comet-like Kikuchi lines (Fig. 114).
38
-------
r
111
112
114
115
CALCITE, CaC03
20.000X
39
-------
MAGNESITE
Electron Micrographs
The morphology of magnesium carbonate is primarily plate-like
with the occurrence of a few irregular fibers. The plates tend to
be stacked together in an irregular pattern.
Electron Diffraction Patterns
The electron diffraction pattern for a thick mass (Fig. 120)
consists of concentric circles with a background of faint diffrac-
tion spots. A thinner stack of plates gives a well-defined streak
pattern somewhat like amosite (Fig. 122) but with visibly narrower
spacings. An irregular fiber gives a streak pattern with rela-
tively widely spaced streaks. The plates of MgC03 give a quite
different pattern from antigorite or lizardite.
-------
r
r
r
119
121
122
MAGNESITE, MgC03
1 vim
20.000X
-------
124
MAGNESITE, MgC03
1 ym
20.000X
-------
QUARTZ
Electron Micrographs
Plates. Occurs as sharply angular chips. (Figs. 125, 127, 129).
Electron Diffraction Patterns
Some patterns are circular arrays of dots, tending towards a hexa-
gonal pattern. (Fig. 128).
Overall hexagonal patterns, somewhat irregular, are also found
(Fig. 126). A few comet-like Kikuchi line patterns occur, including
black and white lines (Fig. 130).
-------
r
125
127
126
128
129
130
a-QUARTZ
20,OOOX
-------
GOLD DIFFRACTION PATTERN
High purity gold wire was used to form a thin deposit on 300-mesh
stainless steel collodion-coated grids at vertical incidence in a vac-
uum evaporator. The diffraction (Fig. 131) was performed with the
identical microscope parameter settings that were used to obtain the
diffraction patterns for the other specimens in the atlas.
GOLD DIFFRACTION PATTERN
1 urn . 20.000X
45
-------
ASBESTOS ISOLATED FROM AIR SAMPLES
Figures 132, 134 and 136 are micrographs of asbestos isolated
from air samples. Figures 133, 135, and 137 are the corresponding
diffraction patterns. Figure 132 shows chrysotile fibers collected
from about 50 wr of air drawn through a nitrocellulose membrane
(Millipore) filter in Berkeley, California, downwind from an office
building under construction in April 1970. Figure 134 shows chryso-
o
tile isolated from 1500 mj of air filtered through a polystyrene
(Microsorban) filter in San Diego, California, near ship insulation
work in July 1969. Figure 136 shows chrysotile found in about 2000
m^ of air filtered through a polystyrene filter in the rural commu-
nity of San Martin, California, in September 1969.
A typical bundle of chrysotile fibrils was isolated from a sample
taken in San Francisco (Figs. 138, 139) in 1969.
Figures 140 and 141 show amosite and its diffraction pattern
isolated from a sample of ambient air from Newark, New Jersey, filtered
through a Nylon microweb filter (Millipore) in 1969.
-------
r
k
r
132
134
Berkeley
San Diego
133
136
San Martin
137
CHRYSOTILE FOUND IN CALIFORNIA AIR SAMPLES
1969-1970
1 ym
20.000X
-------
138
139
CHRYSOTILE FROM AIR SAMPLE
TAKEN IN SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., 1969
I 1 ym -
20.000X
-------
BBjj^BlEitoiMB,*
140
141
AMOSITE FROM AIR SAMPLE
TAKEN IN NEWARK, N.J., 1969
1 ym
20,OOOX
-------
REFERENCES
1. Zussman, J., G.W. Brindley, and J.J. Comer. Electron Diffraction Studies
of Serpentine Minerals. Amer. Min. 42:133, 1957.
2. Deer, W.A., R.A. Howie, and J. Zussman. Rock Forming Minerals, Vol. 3.
London, Longmans, 1965. 174p.
3. Speil, S. and J.P. Leinweber. Asbestos Minerals in Modern Technology.
Environ. Res. 1:166, 1969.
4. Andrews, K.W., D.J. Dyson, and S.R. Kewan. Interpretation of Electron
Diffraction Patterns. The United Steel Companies Ltd, Rotherham, UK.
New York, Plenum Press, 1967. p. 15 and 24.
5. McCrone, W.C., and J.G. Delly. The Particle Atlas. 2nd Ed. Ann Arbor,
Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc, 1973.
6. Asbestos in Air (AIHL Method 38). Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory,
California State Department of Health, Berkely, Calif. 1971.
7. Skikne, M.I., J.H. Talbot, and R.E.G, Rendall. Electron Diffraction
Patterns of UICC Asbestos Samples. Environ. Res. 4_:141, 1971.
8. Smith, G.R., G.A. Stone, R.L. Stanley, et al. Identification of Air-
borne Asbestos by Selected Area Electron Diffraction. Presented at
31st Annual EMSA Meeting, 1973.
50
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-650/2-75-036
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Asbestos Fiber Atlas
5. REPORT DATE
April 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Peter K. Mueller, Arthur E. Alcocer
Ronald L. Stanley, and Glenn R. Smith
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
AIHL Report No. 98
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory
Laboratory Services Program
State of California Department of Health
2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010 (26AAN)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
801336
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Chemistry and Physics Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
FINAL
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Transmission electron micrographs and corresponding selected area electron diffraction
patterns of standard specimens of serpentine and amphibole asbestos are presented for
use by analysts as an aid in identification. Micrographs and diffraction patterns of
typical ambient air samples and of certain minerals that often occur with airborne
asbestos are also included. Specimens were uniformly prepared and examined in a
single electron microscope.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Asbestos
Electron microscopy
Electron diffraction
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
58
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
51
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE- 1975-640-884
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