r/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington, DC 20460
August 1992
Technology Transfer
905R92101
Seminar:
Operational Parameters for
Hazardous Waste
Combustion Devices
Speaker Slide Copy and
Appendices
Presentations:
August 4-5, 1992
Atlanta, GA
August 24-25, 1992
San Francisco, CA
August 27-28, 1992
Dallas, TX
September 14-15, 1992
Philadelphia, PA
September 17-18, 1992
Chicago, IL
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August 1992
SEMINAR:
OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS fOR
HAZARDOUS WASTE COMBUSTION (DEVICES
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
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Notice
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) strives to provide accurate, complete, and useful informa-
tion. However, neither EPA nor any person contributing to the preparation of this document makes any war-
ranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the usefulness or effectiveness of any information, method, or
process disclosed in this material. Nor does EPA assume any liability for the use of, or for damages arising
from the use of, any information, methods, or process disclosed in this document.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
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Table of Contents
Page
Speakers iv
Acronyms and Glossary v
Overview of RCRA Regulations for Hazardous Waste Combustion Devices 1-1
Sonya Sasseville
Operational Parameters and Permit Conditions 2-1
Leo Weitzman
Toxic Metals and Paniculate Matter 3-1
Wyman Clark
Additional Topics 4-1
Leo Weitzman
References R-1
Appendix A - Table of Contents for Preamble to BIF Regulations A-1
Appendix B - Table of Contents for BIF Regulations B-1
Appendix C - Outline of RCRA Regulations for Incinerators C-1
in
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Speakers
Wyman Clark
Wyman Clark has a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Tennessee and an M.S. in Environmental En-
gineering Science from Caltech. He has 14 years of experience as a combustion engineer and manager at Energy
and Environmental Research Corporation (EER).
Wyman Clark is employed at EER as Manager of the Engineering Analysis Department which focuses on waste com-
bustion and gas cleaning processes through activities that include state-of-the-art review and assessment of technolo-
gies, emissions assessment, database management, development and application of computer models for emissions
and combustion processes, and regulatory support and compliance. He served as a technical consultant on metals-re-
lated issues to the EPA in the development of the recently promulgated rules governing the burning of hazardous
wastes in boilers and industrial furnaces, and he has contributed to the writing of EPA hazardous waste guidance and
implementation documents for incinerators, boilers, and industrial furnaces. Mr. Clark has authored more than 20 pa-
pers on combustion-related topics.
Sonya Sasseville
Sonya Sasseville has a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh. Over the last nine years, she
has worked as a chemical engineer in both air and hazardous waste programs of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Ms. Sasseville is employed by the EPA's Office of Solid Waste, Permits and State Programs Division, as Chief of the
Alternative Technology Section. Her section is responsible for providing technical assistance and guidance to the EPA
Regional Offices on implementing the RCRA permitting program for hazardous waste combustion, treatment, and stor-
age units. She held various offices in the National Capitol Section of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Leo Weitzman, Ph.D
Dr. Weitzman is an independent consultant specializing in development, design, permitting and operation of equip-
ment and facilities treating hazardous waters and remediation debris. His main area of expertise is the treatment of
contaminated materials by incineration and chemical processes for soils contaminated with PCS and other organics.
He holds a patent on an extraction process for treating wastes and soils contaminated with organics and heavy met-
als. He has also developed a commercial mobile PCB destruction system, obtained permits for its commercial opera-
tion and converted a pilot system to commercial use.
Prior to establishing his private practice, Dr. Weitzman worked for Acurex Corporation, in Cincinnati and Research Tri-
angle Park; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati; and Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. He
holds a B.S. in Engineering from the Cooper Union, and a M.S. and Ph.D in Chemical Engineering from Purdue Univer-
sity. He has been the technical chairman of specialty conferences and sessions blocks for AlChE and AWMA. He has
over 40 technical publications to his credit.
IV
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ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY
AAS Atomic absorption spectroscopy
ACFM Actual cubic feet per minute
Analyte The element, compound, or ion whose presence or amount is being determined
as part of a chemical analysis.
APCD Air pollution control device
APCE Air pollution control equipment
ARCS Air pollution control system
AWFSO Automatic waste feed shutoff
Btu British thermal unit. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature
of a one-pound mass of water one Farenheit degree.
C Concentration
Carcinogen A material likely to cause higher incidence of cancer in the exposed population.
CE Combustion efficiency, a measure of the efficiency of fuel utilization
C02
CE = x 100 (percent CE)
C02 + CO
CEM Continuous emission monitor
CFM Cubic feet per minute
CFS Cubic feet per second
CMS Cubic meters per second
CVAAS Cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy
-V-
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DE Destruction efficiency, a measure of the percentage of a given component which
is destroyed by the combustion process. This term is often confused with the
ORE (see below) but it is very different. The DE represents the fraction of the
organics entering a combustor which is actually destroyed. The DRE represents
the fraction of the organics entering a combustor which is emitted. The
following equation defines the DE.
"in " "out combustion chamber
DE - - x 100 (percent)
Win
where W is the weight or mass of the POHC being measured.
DRE Destruction and removal efficiency of the combustor, defined in 40 CFR
264.343(a)(l). This value does not include the POHC remaining in the ash and
captured by the APCE as part of the Wout stack term. The following equation
defines the DRE.
"in " "out stack
DRE = - x 100 (percent)
where W is the weight or mass of the POHC being measured.
dscf Dry standard cubic foot. Gas volume corrected to standard conditions (see SCF)
and excluding water vapor.
dscfm Dry standard cubic feet per minute (see SCF)
dscm Dry standard cubic meter (see dscf)
EA or %EA Excess Air or Percent Excess Air: The quantity of air above the stoichiometric
quantity needed for combustion. The value is equivalent to that for Excess
Oxygen or Percent Excess Oxygen for combustion devices using only air as a
source of combustion oxygen no oxygen enrichment, (see also Stoichiometric
Oxygen)
BCD (see GC/ECD)
ESP Electrostatic precipitator
EP Tox. Extraction Procedure, Toxicity. A test to determine whether a waste may be
classified as hazardous as per 40 CFR 261 .24 and Part 261 Appendix II. This
test has been superceded by the TCLP.
Equivalence Equivalent to the excess air ratio. An equivalence ratio of 1 is the same as an
ratio excess air ratio of 1 or 0% excess air.
-vi-
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Feedrate
FF
FID
Forced
draft
fuel
g
GC
GC/ECD
GC/FID
GC/MS
h
H
AHC
AHf
The rate of feed (Ib/hr, kg/hr, ton/hr) of a waste, or fuel stream to a combustion
device.
Fabric Filter
(see GC/FID)
A means of supplying air to a combustion chamber or APCD by placing the fan
(or other air mover) upstream (in front) of the device so that the fan forces the
air through the device. A forced draft system operates at a pressure above
atmospheric, (see also ID)
Any combustible material fed to a combustor. The term can refer to
supplemental fuel (oil, natural gas, LP-gas or a non-hazardous waste) or to a
combustible hazardous waste stream.
Gram or grams
Gas chromatograph, a laboratory device used to analyze samples for organic
constituents. It must be equipped with a detector such as an FID, ECD, or MS.
GC equipped with an electron capture detector. The ECD is commonly used to
quantitate halogen-organic and sulfur-bearing compounds.
GC equipped with a flame ionization detector. The FID is commonly used to
quantitate non-halogenated organic compounds.
Gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer detector. The MS is
used to identify as well as quantitate the organic constituents present.
Hour(s)
Virtual stack height
Heat of combustion
Heat of formation
Enthalpy or sensible heat of a stream. It is the heat contained by a material
which manifests itself as a temperature. It is defined as:
H = / c,, dT
where the integral is performed between a reference temperature Tฐ and the
temperature at which the enthalpy is required.
Vll
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HL or A Latent heat. The heat or energy that is released by a phase change such as
evaporation, boiling, or freezing. For example, the latent heat of evaporation
of water is approximately 950 Btu/lb which is the energy required to convert
one pound of liquid water to one pound of vapor or steam.
HC1 Hydrochloric acid emissions regulated under RCRA 40 CFR ง264.343(b) to 99
percent removal efficiency, 1.8 kg/h (4 Ib/h) maximum emission rate, or a risk-
based level.
HHV Higher heating value. The heat of combustion of a fuel or waste which includes
the latent heat of condensation of the water formed in the process. While this
value is the one measured by calorimetric means, the LHV is more appropriate
for combustor determinations. (See LHV)
HSWA Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1986. The law which reauthorized
RCRA with a number of changes and expansions.
ID Induced draft. A means of supplying air to a combustion chamber or APCD by
placing the fan (or other air mover) downstream of (after) the device so that the
fan pulls the air through the device. An induced draft system operates at a
pressure below atmospheric, (see also Forced Draft)
I&M Inspection and maintenance
IS Interim Status
IWS Ionizing wet scrubber. An air pollution control device which combines the
performance of a scrubber for HC1 control and an ESP for particulate control.
kV Kilovolts, 103 Volts
kVA Kilovolt-amperes (product of voltage and current) is a measure of the power
usage of an electrical device. It is one of the parameters that is used to
describe the operating performance of an ESP or IWS. kVA is dimensionally
analogous to kW although they actually measure somewhat different
parameters.
kW Kilowatts, 103 watts. A measure of the power input into an electical device such
as a motor. For DC systems, the power input in kW is equivalent to the kVA.
For AC systems the power input is equivalent to kVA times the phase angle shift
due to inductance in the circuit.
L Liquid flow rate
Ib(s) pound(s), avoirdupois (avdp.)
Vlll
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L/C
LHV
m
M
MEI
MS
MM5
NPDES
Orsat
Overfire
air
Oxidizing
AP
PCC
Liquid-to-gas ratio. This is a ratio commonly used in the design and operation
of wet scrubbers.
Lower heating value. The heat of combustion of a fuel or waste which does not
take into account the latent heat of water. This is usually the more appropriate
value to use for most combustor calculations.
LHV = HHV -
AHW = Latent heat of vaporization of the water produced by the
combustion process
Minute of time (60 seconds)
Meter - length of measure
Maximum exposed individual
(see GC/MS)
EPA Modified Method 5. The basis for SW-846 Method 0010 which measures
organic compounds whose boiling points are greater than 100ฐC (212ฐF).
Sometimes referred to as "semi-VOST."
National pollutant discharge elimination system. The permitting and regulatory
program under the Clean Water Act which restricts discharges to waterways.
A type of apparatus used to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide,
oxygen, and carbon monoxide in a gas. It operates on the principle of
sequential absorption of the target gases in a solution.
Air fed to a furnace above the flame. This air may be fed at a high velocity to
improve turbulence in the combustion chamber. It may be aimed at the flame
or simply into the post-flame combustion zone to increase turbulence and add
oxygen.
Combustion in the presence of a stoichiometric conditions quantity, or more,
oxygen or another oxidizing agent, (see also Reducing Conditions)
Change in pressure
Primary combustion chamber. The initial chamber where combustion occurs
such as the hearth, rotary kiln or fluidized bed. (Please see SCC)
IX
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PIC
POHC
ppb. ppbv
ppm
ppmv
ppt,pptv
Primary
air
Q
QA/QC
RAG
Products of incomplete combustion. Those organic materials which are formed
during the combustion process, either as equilibrium products which escaped
combustion or as breakdown or recombinant organic compounds that do not
exist in the original waste. Under RCRA, PIC refers to RCRA Appendix VIII
organic compounds not present in the feed that result from combustion of
waste.
Principal organic hazardous constituent. The organic constituents which are
measured during a trial burn. They are selected to be representative of all of
the organic hazardous constituents in the waste and typically include those
constituents which are more difficult to destroy. POHC normally refers to RCRA
Appendix VIII, organic compounds present in the feed as either a component of
the waste or added for the tests which are selected for evaluation of ORE during
the trial burn.
Parts per billion, 10"9. The definition is completely analogous to ppm and ppmv.
Parts per million. A measure of concentration on the basis of mg of analyte per
kg of sample. Synonyms are mg/kg, jig/g. The term ppm is sometimes used to
indicate mg of analyte per liter of sample; however, this definition is incorrect
unless the sample is reasonably pure water or another material with a density
of 1 g/ml.
Parts per million by volume, 10"6. A measure of concentration on the basis of
volume such as /;!/! or ml/1000 I. This unit of measurement is normally used to
specify concentrations of gaseous contaminants in air.
Parts per trillion, 10~12. The definition is completely analogous to ppm and
ppmv
Air mixed with the fuel prior to the point of ignition. Usually through the
nozzle or as underfire air through a burning solid bed. (see also Secondary Air)
Gas flow rate in the stack (for dispersion modeling)
Quality Assurance/Quality Control. QC is the system of activities to provide a
quality product or a measurement of satisfactory quality. QA is the system of
activities to provide assurance that the quality control system is performing
adequately. From QA Handbook for Air Pollution Measurements. Vol. 1,
Principles, EPA-600/9-76-005, March, 1976.
Reference Air Concentration. The legal air concentrations to which an ME1 may
be exposed (under RCRA) of non-carcinogens. It is determined as a fraction of
the RfD, taking into account the prevalence of the regulated material in
emissions from other sources in the environment.
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 and Amendments, (see HSWA)
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RE Removal efficiency
Reducing Combustion in the absence of at least a stoichiometric quantity of oxygen.
Conditions (see also Oxidizing Conditions)
RfD Reference dose. For toxic substances not known to display carginogenic
properties, RfD is the assumed minimum exposure threshold below which
adverse health effects do not occur.
Risk The incremental probability of a person incurring cancer from a carcinogen or
being adversely affected by a non-carginogenic material. The risk to the MEI
from exposure to a particular carcinogen is calculated by multiplying the
predicted maximum annual average ground-level concentration of the substance
by its unit risk.
Risk The scientific activity of evaluating the health and environmental impact of a
Assessment chemical, device, or activity. A risk assessment ascertains the likelihood that
exposed individuals will be adversely affected by the chemical or activity and
will characterize the nature of the effects they may experience. It is a multi-
step process utilizing air dispersion calculations, groundwater modeling, and
other modeling efforts to calculate probable exposures. It also utilizes health,
toxicological, and environmental data to estimate the impact of the exposure.
RSD Risk Specific Dose. The dosage corresponding to a specific level of risk for a
carginogenic chemical, (see Unit Risk)
s Second or seconds of time
Sampling A series of equipment including filters, absorbers, impingers and adsorbers and
train gas moving and measuring devices which are used to collect samples of gases
from a stack or other ducts.
SCC Secondary combustion chamber. The second chamber in a combustion device.
The SCC normally burns the off-gases from the PCC.
SCF Standard cubic foot. Gas volume corrected to standard temperature and
pressure, usually 20ฐC, or 70ฐF and 1 atmosphere.
SCFM Standard cubic feet per minute. Gas flow rate corrected to standard
temperature and pressure, (see SCF)
SCM Standard cubic meter. Gas volume corrected to standard temperature and
pressure, (see SCF)
Secondary Air mixed with the fuel after ignition as in the combustion chamber.
Air (see also primary air)
XI
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Semi-VOST
Slo-VOST
SQB
SSU
Stoichio-
metric
oxygeon
(STP)
Target
TCD
TCLP
A synonym for MM-5 defined above.
A sampling method for hydrocarbons which uses the VOST at lower sampling
rates than specified in the original VOST procedures.
Small quantity burners
Saybolt standard unit
The amount of oxygen required to exactly react with a fuel or waste for the
combustion reaction. If the source of oxygen is air, then the term commonly
used is Stoichiometric Air. When no external source of oxygen is used other
than air (no oxygen enrichment), the two values are equivalent.
Standard Temperature and Pressure, 70ฐF (530ฐR) and 1 atmosphere (29.92" Hg)
for English Units, 20ฐC (293ฐK) 760 mmHg, 101.3kPa for metric and SI units
respectively. Other standard conditions are often used for presentation of data
in the literature. While the pressure of 1 atmosphere is virtually universal,
temperatures used may be 68 F (20ฐC) and 0ฐC. The reader is cautioned to
check the standard conditions for any thermodynamic data obtained from the
literature. The standard temperatures used in this manual for English and Metric
units (70ฐF and 68ฐC respectively) are slightly different; these were chosen as the
most common conditions (in the author's experience) encountered in practice
and the slight differences between them is negligible in the context of
incineration.
The compound or category of materials for which samples are analyzed. For
example, when determining DRE, the quantity of POHCs in the wastes and flue
gases must be determined. The POHCs are then the targets for the sampling
and analytical procedures.
Thermal Conductivity Detector. A detector used as part of a GC which relies on
changes in cooling rate of a heated filament caused by changes in the thermal
conductivity of the gas flowing past it to detect different compounds.
A test similar to the EP Toxicity test used to determine whether a waste may
be classified as hazardous as per 40 CFR 261.24 and Part 261 Appendix II. The
TCLP has many other purposes, including its use to determine whether a waste
satisfies the Land Disposal Restriction requirements. It has superceded the EP
Toxicity Test for all applications relating to the regulation and legal classification
of wastes.
Xll
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TFE
THC
Theoretical
oxygen or
air
Toxic or
Acutely
Toxic
TSDF
TSLo02
TSHi02
Turndown
Underfire
Air
Unit
Risk
v
V
Tetrafluoropolyethylene, a fluorinated polymer that is highly resistant to
chemical attack and has excellent thermal stability. It is used in applications
such as gasketing and lining material for sampling trains, sampling jars, and
equipment where inert materials of construction are necessary. Because of its
ability to withstand temperatures on the order of 400ฐF, it is sometimes used
for gaskets, seals, and filter-bag material (in fabric filters) in high-temperature
situations. It is commonly known by the trade name Teflonฎ.
Total Hydrocarbons. Total organic compound releases from a source such as
a combustor. This can be continuously monitored during operation by a
hydrocarbon analyzer.
Synonymous with stoichiometric oxygen or stoichiometric air
The material behaves as a poison which, in a relatively short period of time, has
an immediate effect on the health or well being of the person exposed to it.
Treatment, storage, and disposal facility. A facility regulated under RCRA that
is used to treat, store, or dispose of hazardous wastes.
Thermal stability at low or deficient oxygen conditions. A method for
estimating how readily a compound will be destroyed in the absence of oxygen
compared to other compounds. This ranking is being evaluated by EPA as a
method of selecting POHCs for a trial burn. It is sometimes referred to as the
University of Dayton Research Institute (or UDRI) incinerability ranking system.
Thermal stability at high or oxygen rich conditions. A method for estimating
how readily a compound will be destroyed in the presence of oxygen.
Fraction of design capacity at which a system is operating. For example, an
combustor operating at 30 MM Btu/hr at 70 percent turndown will be operating
at 30 x 0.70 = 21 MM Btu/hr.
Air fed under a bed of burning solids in a combustor
(see also, overfire air)
The incremental risk to an individual exposed to ambient air containing one
microgram per cubic meter of a chemical over a 70-year lifetime. Dividing the
acceptable level of additional risk to the MEI (which is 1 x 10"5) under the BIF
Rules by the unit risk of a substance defines the substance's RSD.
Velocity or gas velocity, ft/sec, m/sec
Volume, ft3 or m3
xin
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v Specific volume, f^/lb, ftVlb-mole, m3/g, m3/g-mole. This is the inverse of the
density of a material.
VOST Volatile organic sampling train. Sampling equipment used to capture volatile
organic emissions from a source. The captured emissions are then analyzed in
the laboratory to determine the quantity and types released from the source.
SW-846 Method 0030.
XIV
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Overview of RCRA Regulations for Hazardous Waste Combustion Devices
Sonya Sasseville
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC
INTRODUCTION
INCINERATOR REQUIREMENTS
A. Performance Standards
B. Metals and PIC "Omnibus" Controls
C. Operating Conditions
III. BIF REGULATIONS
A. Performance Standards
B. Waste Feeding Restrictions
C. Special Requirements for Industrial Furnaces
D. Operating Conditions
E. Interim Status Controls
F. Exemptions
G. Direct Transfer Controls
H. Bevill Exclusion
IV. PERMIT PROCESS FOR INCINERATORS AND BIFs
1-1
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OVERVIEW OF
EPA REGULATIONS
APPLICABLE TO
HAZARDOUS WASTE
INCINERATORS, BOILERS, AND
INDUSTRIAL FURNACES
RCRA REGULATIONS B
Hazardous Waste Treatment,
Storage, and Disposal (TSD)
Facilities Must Have Permit to
Construct
Existing Facilities Granted "Interim
Status" until Permit Decisions Are
Made
PRIMARY RCRA REGULATIONS
FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE
COMBUSTION DEVICES
40 CFR Part 264, Subpart O -
Permitted Incinerator Standards
40 CFR Part 265, Subpart O -
Interim Status Incinerator Standards
40 CFR Part 266, Subpart H -
Permitted and Interim Status BIF Standards
40 CFR Part 270 -
Permitting Requirements
1-3
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INCINERATOR PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS (ง264.343)
99.99% DRE (Destruction and Removal
Efficiency) of Organic Constituents;
99.9999% for Dioxin - Listed Wastes
99% Removal Efficiency for HCI or
4 Ib/hr, Whichever Is Greater
0.08 gr/dscf Paniculate, Corrected to
7% 02
PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS
Control of Fugitive Emissions Is
Required Also
Compliance With Operating
Conditions Deemed Compliance
With Performance Standards
B
ง264.345(d)
ง264.343(d)
INCINERATOR
AMENDMENTS
> EPA Proposed Amendments to Add
Controls for Metals and Products of
Incomplete Combustion (PICs) in April
1990
Metals - Site-Specific, Risk-Based
Emissions Limits
PICs - Limits on CO and HC in Stack
Gas
1-4
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INCINERATOR
AMENDMENTS (Con,.,
1 Incinerator Amendments on Hold Due to
Resource Constraints
> Metals and PIC Controls Have Been
Implemented Since Mid-1988 under
"Omnibus" Provision (Section 3005 (c) (3))
< Permit Writers Can Add Permit Conditions
Necessary to Protect Human Health and
the Environment
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
CO Level in Exhaust
Waste Feed Rate and Composition
Combustion Temperature
Combustion Gas Velocity Indicator
Other Requirements Necessary to
Meet Performance Standards
B
ง264.345(b)
OTHER
REQUIREMENTS
Automatic Waste Feed Cutoff
Inspections and Monitoring
Remove Hazardous Waste and
Residues upon Closure
ง264.345(e)
ง264.347
ง264.351
1-5
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BIF REGULATIONS
Published 2/21/91; Effective
8/21/91
Perfomance Standards
99.99% (or 99.9999% for Dioxin
Listed Wastes) ORE
PICs: Limits on CO and HC in
Stack Gas
ง266.104(a)
BIF REGULATIONS
Performance Standards (Cont.)
Metals, Hd, and Cl 2
Site-Specific, Risk-Based Umits
Paniculate Matter: 0.08 gr/dscf
Fugitive Emissions Must Be Controlled
Testing and Risk Assessment for
Dioxins and Furans When Emissions
Potential Is High
B
ง264.106, ง264.107
ง266.105
ง266.102(eX7Xi)
ง266.104(e)
PICS: LIMITS ON CO AND
HC IN STACK GAS
CO -100 ppmv
or
HC -20 ppmv and Alternative CO
Limit
ง266.104(b)
ง266.104(c)
1-6
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PICS: LIMITS ON CO AND
HC IN STACK GAS
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SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
FOR INDUSTRIAL FURNACES
Restrictions on Waste Feeding during IS
Alternative HC Limit for Furnaces with
Organic Matter in Raw Materials
Alternative Approaches to Implement the
Metals Standards
RESTRICTIONS ON WASTE
FEEDING DURING IS OOFs)
Apply When HW Is Fed at a Location
Other Than the "Hot End"
Unless HW Fed Solely as an Ingredient
Not a Fuel (< 5,000 Btu/lb)
Contains Less than a Total of 500 ppm
of Appendix VIII, Part 261, Nonmetals
WASTE FEEDING
RESTRICTIONS (2 OF s)
"Hot End"
Where Fuels Are Normally Fired
Where Products Are Normally
Discharged
1-8
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WASTE FEEDING
RESTRICTIONS o OF s)
Restrictions
Combustion Gas Temperature Must Be
> 1800ฐ F Where Waste Is "Fed"
"Fed" Means Where Waste Sees the
Combustion Gas
If Containers Are Used, the Point at
Which the Containers May Rupture Is
Considered, Rather Than the Point at
Which the Container is Fed
WASTE FEEDING R
RESTRICTIONS (4 OF 5)
Restrictions
O/O Must Determine That Adequate O ^
Present to Combust Organic Compounds
O/O Must Retain Documentation in Operating
Record
For Cement Kilns, HW Must Be Fed into
the Kiln Itself
HW Cannot Be Fed into the Precalciner or
Preheater during IS
WASTE FEEDING
RESTRICTIONS (SOPS)
Restrictions
O/O Must Comply with the 20 ppmv HC
Limit upon Certification of Compliance
Irrespective of Whether CO < 100 ppmv
For Furnaces That Cannot Meet the
20 ppmv HC Limit Because of Organic
Matter in Raw Material
O/O Must Comply with the Interim HC Limit
Established under ง266.103(c)(7)(ii)
1-9
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SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
FOR INDUSTRIAL FURNACES
Restrictions on Waste Feeding during IS
Alternative HC Limit for Furnaces with
Organic Matter in Raw Materials
Alternative Approaches to Implement the
Metals Standards
ALTERNATIVE B
HCUMIT(ioF6)
Some Furnaces (e.g., Cement Kilns)
Cannot Meet the 20 ppmv HC Limit
Because Organic Matter in Raw Material
Generates HC
Rule Allows the Director to Establish
under the Permit Process an Alternative
HC Limit That Ensures That HC Levels
When Burning HW Are Not Greater Than
Baseline Levels
ALTERNATIVE
HC LIMIT (2 OF6)
Eligible Devices:
Furnaces That Cannot Meet the 20 ppmv
HC Limit Due to Organic Matter in Raw
Material
Device Must Be Designed and Operated
to Minimize HC Emissions from all Sources
Fuels, Raw Materials, Cement Kiln Slurry
Water
1-10
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ALTERNATIVE
HC LIMIT o OF6)
Key Features
Device Must Be Designed and Operated
To Minimize HC Emissions from All Sources
Fuels, Raw Materials, Slurry Water
O/O Must Submit Complete Part B
Application with Request for Time
Extension
ALTERNATIVE
HC LIMIT (4 OF6)
Key Features (Cont.)
Part B Application Must Include
"Proposed" Baseline HC Level Based
on Testing
Time Extension Approval Will Include
Interim HC Limit
ALTERNATIVE
HCLIMIT(50F6)
Key Features (Cont.)
O/O Must Certify Compliance with Other
Emission Standards
Interim HC Limit Cannot Be Exceeded
During Compliance Test
1-11
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ALTERNATIVE
HC LIMIT (6 OF6)
Permitting Process
Demonstrate Baseline HC Level
Demonstrate HC s. Baseline When
Burning Hazardous Waste
Demonstrate Risk from HC Emissions
Is OK
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR
ORGANIC EMISSIONS
Stack S&A Procedures to Be Specified by
Director
Dispersion Modeling to Predict MEI Levels
Carcinogens (Including Dioxins/Furans):
Summed Risk Must be < 10"5
RSDs in Appendix V, Part 266
Noncarcinogens: Cannot Exceed RACs
(Appendix IV, Part 266)
B
OPERATING CONDITIONS IN BIF
REGULATIONS ARE MORE SPECIFIC
THAN THOSE FOR INCINERATORS
For Example:
Overall and Component (e.g., Metals,
Chlorine) Feed Rates
Maximum Production Rate
Combustion Gas Velocity Indicator
Minimum and Maximum Temperature
Air Pollution Control System Parameters
(Sw Tabto 10-3, Next Pปge)
ง266.102(e)-Pennits
ง266.103(bX3>-LS.
1-12
-------
Table 10-3
Operating Parameters For Which limits Are Established
Daring Precompliance, Compliance, and Permit Periods
,,,--,,,;:,, , ' ' ' '
Parameter ' ' "' " " ' ' "'
nuiuwwr
Total feed rate of hazardous waste
Total feed rate of pumpable hazardous waste
Feed rate of each of the 10 BIF-iegulated metals in:
- Total feed streams
Total hazardous waste feed streams
Total pumpable hazardous waste feed stream
Total feed rate of chlorine and chloride in total feed streams
Total feed rate of ash in total feed streams0
Maximum production rate when producing normal product
CO concentration in stack gas
HC concentration in stack gas, if necessary
Maximum combustion chamber temperature
Maximum flue gas temperature entering the PM control device
Various APCS-spedfic operating parameters*
Minimum production rate when producing normal product, if applicable
Minimum combustion gas temperature*
Maximum emission rate for each metal J
Maximum emission rate for HQ and for O,j
Feed rate of other fuels
Appropriate controls of the hazardous waste firing system
Appropriate indicator of combustion gas velocity
Allowable variation in boiler and industrial furnace system design or
operating procedures
Other operating requirements as are necessary to ensure that DUE is met
;,-> :-. :;X:
' : -'-, ' :" <>.. _* _
iBtcnn
T*MiuuMMtfianjซ*
/
s
s
s
s
/
s
/
Operating limits
. State*' V
/
s
s
s
s
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
i Permit*
/
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
J
'See ง266.102(e) for complete listing and description of permit operating requirements.
Not applicable if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits.
^Not applicable during compliance or permit period if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits.
TMot applicable during precompliance or permit period if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits.
ฐNot applicable for cement and light-weight aggregate loins.
HC limit necessary if operating under Tier n controls for PICs or if feeding waste at locations other than the hot end.
"Parameters are specified in ง266.103(c)(2)(ix-xiii).
fLimits not applicable if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I for metals and total chlorine and chloride.
'During compliance, minimum combustion chamber need only be maintained following a waste feed cutoff, for the duration that the waste
remains in the chamber.
JNot applicable if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I total chloride and chlorine feed rate screening limits.
TT>e final BIF Rule specifies that facilities complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits must establish limits for
these parameters during interim status (precompliance or compliance, as noted). EPA is considering amending the rule to rescind the
requirements for facilities complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits to establish limits on these parameters.
1-13
-------
CONTROLS DURING
INTERIM STATUS
Certification of Compliance (ง266.103(c))
By 8/21/92,0/O Must Conduct Emissions Testing
to Document Compliance with Emissions
Standards for PM, Metals, HCI/CI 2, and CO (and
HC and Dioxins/Furans If Applicable)
Waste Feeding Restrictions
Feed Rates of Metals, Chlorine, and Ash, and Other
Operating Parameters are Limited to Levels During
the Compliance Test
CONTROLS DURING B
INTERIM STATUS (Cont.)
Extensions of Time May be Granted by the Director
Standards Are Self-Implementing
Owners/Operators Must Establish Operating
Limits That Are Enforceable
O/O's Must Recertify Compliance Every 3
Years, or When Change of Operating
Conditions Is Desired
EXEMPT
FACILITIES
Small-Quantity Burners
Smelters
Coke Ovens
Precious Metals Recovery
Furnaces
1-14
-------
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
FOR BIFs
ORE Trial Burn Exemption for
Boilers
ORE Trial Burn and Particulate
Standard Exemption for Low Risk
Waste
Exclusion of Bevill Residues
ORE EXEMPTION B
QUALIFICATION (BOILERS)
ง266.110 (a)(1):
Minimum 50 Percent of the Primary Fuel Is Fossil
Fuel Based or Tall Oil
Other Fuels Possible on a Case-by-Case Basis
Percentage of Primary Fuel is the Lesser Waste
Feed Rate Per:
Heat Input (te. BTU/hr from the Primary Versus the
Waste Fuels)
The Mass Feedrate (i.e., Ib/hr of the Primary Versus
the Waste Fuels)
ORE EXEMPTION
QUALIFICATION (BOILERS)
ง266.110 (a)(1)
Minimum Heating Value of 8,000 BTU/lb
(Fuels and Waste)
Blending OK But Fuel Used for
Blending Waste Is Not Included in the
50%
Boiler Load >40%
1-15
-------
ORE EXEMPTION
QUALIFICATION (BOILERS)
ง266.110(3X1)
Hazardous Waste Fired Directly into
Primary Fuel Flame
CO 5100 ppm, Dry, 7% O2, Hourly
Rolling Average
Not Eligible for the Alternative HC
Standards
ORE EXEMPTION
QUALIFICATION (BOILERS)
ง266.110(8X1)
No Dioxin-Listed Wastes
F020, F021, F022, F023, F026, F027
Must Be a Non-Stoker, Watertube
Boiler
Suspension or Fluidized Bed
ORE EXEMPTION
QUALIFICATION (BOILERS)
ง266.110(3X1)
Waste Viscosity < 300 SSU
Wastes Must Be Atomized:
Steam, Air, 70 < 200 Mesh Screen
Mechanical (74 Microns)
Rotary Cup 70 < 100 Mesh Screen
(150 Microns)
1-16
-------
LOW RISK WASTE (LRW)
ORE Standard Waived If Waste Poses
Low Risk with Respect to Organics
No ORE Trial Burn
PM Standard Also Waived If O/O
Complies with Tier I or Adjusted Tier I
Metals Controls
No PM Compliance Test
No Ash Feedrate Limits
LOW RISK WASTE (com-.) B
Operating Requirements
Primary Fuel:
Must Be > 50% of Fuel on Heat or
Mass Basis, Whichever Results in
Larger Amount of Primary Fuel Fired
Must Be (or Derived from) Fossil Fuel,
Tall Oil, or Other Fuel Approved by the
Director
Must Have > 8,000 Btu/lb
LRW OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS
HW Must Have > 8,000 Btu/lb, As-Fired
HW Must Be Fired Directly into Flame
Zone of Combustion Chamber
CO Must Be ฃ 100 ppmv on Hourly
Rolling Average
1-17
-------
LRW DEMONSTRATION
Determine Feedrate of Appendix VIII,
Part 261, Nonmetal Compounds That
Could Reasonably Be Expected to Be in
the Waste
Calculate Reasonable, Worst-Case
Emission Rate Assuming 99.9% ORE
Conduct Dispersion Modeling to Predict
MEI (Maximum Annual Average Ground
Level) Ambient Concentrations
LRW DEMONSTRATION 10 *
Sum of the Ratios for All Compounds of
the Predicted Levels Divided by the 10 "5
RSD (Appendix V, Part 266) Must Be < 1.0
DIRECT TRANSFER
OPERATIONS
Transfer of Hazardous Waste from Transport
Vehicle Directly to Burner without Use of a
Storage Unit
Requirements Apply on Effective Date, and
Apply Equally to Interim Status and Permitted
Facilities (ง266.1 11)
Direct Transfer is Part of the Waste Firing
System, Not Storage; Exempt Facilities Are Not
Subject to Direct Transfer Requirements
1-18
-------
DIRECT TRANSFER
OPERATIONS (cont.)
Requirements:
Area Where Transport Vehicles Are
Located Are Subject to Containment
Requirements Like Those for Container
Storage Areas
DIRECT TRANSFER
OPERATIONS (cont.)
Requirements:
Ancillary Equipment Subject to Secondary
Containment Requirements Like Those for
Tank Systems
K Applicable, Existing Facilities Must
Install by 2 Years from the Effective Date
EPA Encourages "Direct Transfer"
Facilities to Switch to Storage (Requires
Approval)
BEVILL RESIDUES
Treatment Residues Are Hazardous Waste
Bevil! Amendment to RCRA Excluded
Specific Residues Pending EPA Study
Cement Kiln Dust
Waste from Processing Ores and Minerals
(e.g., from Primary, But Not Secondary,
Smelters)
Waste Generated Primarily from Coal and
Other Fossil Fuels (e.g., from Boilers)
1-19
-------
BEVILL RESIDUES (cent,
BIF Rule Establishes Site-Specific
Procedures Required to Determine If
Bevill Exclusion Continues to Apply
When the Device Burns Hazardous
Waste (ง266.112)
Principle: Has Waste Affected the
Character of the Residue?
Most Residues Likely to Retain
Exclusion
BEVILL DEVICES
Must Be a Device Identified by RCRA
Boiler Burning >. 50% Coal
Industrial Furnace Processing ^50%
Ores or Minerals
Cement Kiln Processing ฃ50% Normal
Raw Materials
TWO-PART TEST
Waste-Derived Residue Retains the
Exclusion If Either:
Part One: It Does Not Have Significantly
Higher Levels of Toxic Constituents
Than the Normal Residue, or
Part Two: It Does Not Contain Toxic
Constituents at Levels of Health
Significance
1-20
-------
PERMIT PROCESS
FOR NEW UNIT
Submit Parts A and B
Review of Application
Preparation of Draft Permit
(or Denial)
PERMIT PROCESS B
FOR NEW UNIT (cent)
Public Comment
Four-Phase Permit
Start-Up/Shake-Down
Trial Burn
Post-Trial Burn
Final Operations
PERMIT PROCESS
FOR EXISTING UNIT
Submit Part B
(Part A Already Submitted)
Trial Bum Plan or Trial Burn Data
Review of Application
Trial Burn Analysis and Review
1-21
-------
PERMIT PROCESS
FOR EXISTING UNIT (cont.)
Preparation of Draft Permit
(or Denial)
Public Comment
Permit (One Phase)
1-22
-------
Notes from Region/State Overview
-------
Operational Parameters for Hazardous Waste Combustion Devices
Leo Weitzman
LVW Associates, Inc.
West Lafayette, IN
Day1
OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS AND PERMIT CONDITIONS
A. Regulatory and Technical Basis
B. Control Parameters and Permit Conditions
C. Mechanics of POHC Destruction
D. Paniculate and Metals (Introduction)
E. HCI/CIs Formation
F. Setting Limits on Operating Parameters for Combustors
G. Setting Limits on Operating Parameters for Different Types of Air Pollution Control Systems
H. Setting Levels of Operating Parameters for the Trial Burn or Compliance Test (introduction)
2-1
-------
OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
EQUAL
PERMIT CONDITIONS
ON CONTROL PARAMETERS
CONTROL PARAMETERS B
System Parameters
Cannot Be Changed without
Reconstruction
Operating Parameters
Permit Conditions
PRESENTATION GOAL
Realistic, Enforceable, and
Protective Permit
Conditions
Trial Burn Protocol
2-3
-------
PERMIT CONDITIONS BASED
ON ASSUMPTIONS
Impossible to Monitor All Emissions
Continuously
Show Acceptable Performance under
Worst-Case Conditions - Trial Burn
Assume Acceptable Performance under
Less-Severe Operating Conditions
PERMIT CONDITIONS B
Required by Specific Regulations
i.e., Limits on:
Temperature
Indicator of Combustion Gas
Flowrate
Waste Feedrates
Set by Permit Writer on
Site-Specific Basis
PERMITTING APPROACHES
1. Single Waste/One Operating Condition
(Single Point)
2. Multiple Waste/Multiple Operating Conditions
(Multiple Point or Campaign Burning)
3. Multiple Waste/Single Operating Condition
(Universal)
2-4
-------
CLEAN AIR ACT
Amended Section 112 Potentially
Addresses BIFs
MACT (Maximum Achievable Control
Technology) Standards for BIFs
Possible
Must Meet Most Stringent of Each
Applicable Standard
PERFORMANCE LIMITS B
Organic Constituents
POHCsViaDRE
PICs Via CO or HC and APCD Temperature
Certain Boilers Via Operational Limits
Particulate
Metals
HCI/Ch
PARTICULATE MATTER
0.08 Grains/dscf @7% 02
More Stringent CAA Standard
May Apply
2-5
-------
PARTICULATE FORMATION
AND CONTROL
Sources of Paniculate
1. Ash in the Waste and Supplemental
Fuel
2. Volatilization of Metals and Salts
3. Abrasion and Corrosion of the Waste
Particles and the Incinerator
Hardware, Refractory, Etc.
PARTICULATE FORMATION
AND CONTROL
Sources of Paniculate (Cont.)
4. Suspended and Dissolved Solids in
the Quench and Scrubber Water
5. Transient Mechanisms, i.e., Rapping
of an ESP or the Cleaning of the
Bags in a Fabric Filter
6. Dissolved and Suspended Solids in
Quench Water
METALS STANDARD
Carcinogenic Metals
As, Be, Cd, Cr**, Risk Specific Dose (RSD)
Non-Carcinogenic Metals
Sb, Ba, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, Ag, Ti
Reference Air Concentration
(RAC)
SEE VALUES IN ATTACHED TABLE
2-6
-------
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
AND CHLORINE (HCI/CI2)
1.8 kg/hr (4 Ib/hr) or 99% RE
Risk Based Limit (RAC)
2-7
-------
Risk Specific Doses (RSDs) for Carcinogenic Metals
and Reference Air Concentrations (RACs) for Noncarcinogenic Metals,
HCl and CI2
BIF-Regtilateef 0arcino^ehic Metals
^r . . . . , , *. . . ...
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium (Hexavalent)
: ; ..; .;/:;; ;BlF-Hec|;Uljated : :
Non-carcinogenis iGonstituent
Antimony
Barium
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Hydrogen Chloride
Chlorine Gas
:-.- ,; :.:*; .iRSD:^iig^3)-:::,'-:::::-:;--:::.::
... . . , . . . *^ . . . - .
2.3 x 10'3
4.1 x 10"3
5.5 x 10"3
8.3 x10'4
.' ' :-.: ': ' '.' ' -.' :-. ,. .': : ':: . '. >/ :' ;': ' '-. ::
RAC fiicj/m -> ;
0.3
50
0.09
0.08
20
4
3
0.3
7
0.4
2-8
-------
ALLOWABLE EMISSION
EACH NON-CARCINOGEN
Allowable Emission = (RAC) / Dispersion Factor
Where: Allowable Emission = g/hr
RAC = pg/m'
Dispersion Factor = \iglm* at MEI
per 1 g/hr emission
SEE SAMPLE TABLE IN NOTES
2-9
-------
; ; x - Allowable Emission Rates for Non^Carcthcientc Metals
: v::x:. '^' ^- . '': '' : ,' ':; .: USJllg: AtfjlJSted Tl
' ..:: ': -.-. '.: .- . ' ::: : . : FY-A-A/W fZ'.-F*A1T
. . . . . . . . .-. : . . .-.-: . .CAf\lvl"l-C-:-\isnLAi.
METAL
Antimony
Barium
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Hydrogen Chloride
Chlorine Gas
RAC (jig/m3)
0.3
50
0.09
0.08
20
4
3
0.3
7
0.4
sr- 1 Analysis
WLATIQM
Maximum Emission Rate (Ib/hr)
Based on RAC
Assurned Annual :Averape ;
Dispersion f^ctot j& ;1 g/s :
"- ',.:.'''': %hissibriCrate: '';: .;; ; ;
P,05:ijo^m3
47.6
7,940
14.3
12.7
3,174
635
476
47.6
1,111
63.5
SS^3^;:;
4.76
794
1.43
1.27
317
63.5
47.6
4.76
111
6.35
2-10
-------
PERMITS AND
PERMIT CONDITIONS
Permit Conditions Specify the Limits
for the Operating Parameters
to Assure Legal and Safe Operation
GUIDANCE FOR SETTING B
PERMIT CONDITIONS
"Guidance on Setting Permit
Conditions and Reporting Trial Burn
Results"
'Technical Implementation Document
for EPA's BIF Regulations" p. 5-6
Give Different Methods for Setting
Control Parameters Based on HRA
DEFINITION OF A
TRIAL BURN
A Minimum of Three Successful Runs at
One Set of Operating Conditions = A Test
All Control Parameters Set to Satisfy a
Given Purpose Must Come from One Test
For Example:
DRE
Metals Emissions
All Runs Must Be Successful
2-11
-------
NOTE ON WASTE
FEED CUTOFF
Fully Automatic
Meter or Strip Chart Output
Checked by Operator is NOT
Acceptable
Alarm at Approach of Limit Highly
Desirable
SETTING PERMIT B
CONDITIONS
Group A: Determined from the Trial Bum,
Continuously Monitored and
Interlocked
Group B: Determined from the Trial Burn
but Not Continuously Monitored
and Interlocked
Group C: Set Independent of the Trial Bum
from Either Manufacturers' or
Design Specifications
2-12
-------
Table 2-1. Control Parameters
GROUP PARAMETER
Group A
Continuously monitored
parameters are interlocked with
the automatic waste feed
cutoff. Interruption of waste
feed is automatic when the
specified limits are exceeded.
The parameters are applicable
to all facilities
Group B
Parameters do not require
continuous monitoring and are
thus not interlocked with the
waste feed cutoff systems.
Operating records are
nevertheless required to ensure
that trial burn worst-case
conditions are not exceeded.
Group C
Limits on these parameters are
set independently of triaJ burn
test conditions. Instead, limits
are based on equipment
manufacturers' design and
operating specifications and are
thus considered good operating
practices. Selected parameters
do noi require continuous
monitoring and are not
interlocked with the waste feed
cutoff.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Minimum temperature measured at each combustion
chamber exit
Maximum CO emissions measured at the stack or other
appropriate location facilities.
Maximum flue gas flowrate or velocity measured at the
stack or other appropriate location
Maximum pressure in PCC and SCC
Maximum feed rate of each waste type to each combustion
chamber
The following as applicable to the facility:
Minimum differential pressure across participate venturi
scrubber
Minimum liquid-to-gas ratio and pH to wet scrubber
Minimum caustic feed to dry scrubber
Minimum kVA settings to ESP (wet/dry) and kV for
ionizing wet scrubber (IWS)
Minimum pressure differential across baghouse
Minimum liquid flowrate to IWS
POHC incinerability limits
Maximum total halides and ash feed rate to the incinerator
system
Maximum size of batches or containerized waste
Minimum participate scrubber blowdown or total solids
content of the scrubber liquid
14.
Minimum/maximum nozzle pressure to scrubber
Maximum total heat input (capacity) for each chamber
Liquid injection chamber burner settings:
Maximum viscosity of pumped waste
Maximum burner turndown
Minimum atomization fluid pressure
Minimum waste heating value (only applicable when a
given waste provides 100% heat input to a given
combustion chamber)
APCE inlet gas temperature
2-13
-------
Table 10-3
Operating Parameters For Which Limits Are Established
During Precompliance, Compliance, and Permit Periods
' :': -:' '': .''! : .
. Parameter- . . .' '':. '
Total feed rate of hazardous waste
Total feed rate of pumpable hazardous waste
Feed rate of each of the 10 BIF-regulated metals in:
Total feed streams
Total hazardous waste feed streams
Total pumpable hazardous -waste feed stream *
Total feed rate of chlorine and chloride in total feed streams
Total feed rate of ash in total feed streams'
Maximum production rate when producing normal product
CO concentration in stack gas
HC concentration in stack gas, if necessary
Maximum combustion chamber temperature
Maximum flue gas temperature entering the PM control device
Various APCS-spedfic operating parameters8
Minimum production rate when producing normal product, if applicable
Minimum combustion gas temperature1
Maximum emission rate for each metal
Maximum emission rate for HO and for CLJ
Feed rate of other fuels
Appropriate controls of the hazardous waste firing system
Appropriate indicator of combustion gas velocity
Allowable variation in boiler and industrial furnace system design or
operating procedures
Other operating requirements as are necessary to ensure that DRE is met
:-.--.-:;:...... :.:: :- .. _ ._ ,- . .-..-..... - - ; ...
'":' \ ;.. . ';- Operfltiug:'TซiiiN
'-.- utenu! Status "-:v
-PrgconniliaiiP.6."
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
Compliance
/
/
/ -V
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
S
/
'^ปl II,- ซ*
- .ftftDXL
s
s
V
J
J
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
/
/
/
s
s
s
s
J
*See ง266.102(e) for complete listing and description of permit operating requirements.
Not applicable if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits.
ฐNot applicable during compliance or permit period if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits.
Vot applicable during precompliance or permit period if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits.
!Not applicable for cement and light-weight aggregate kilns.
HC limit necessary if operating under Tier H controls for PICs or if feeding waste at locations other than the hot end.
^Parameters are specified in ง266.103(c)(2)(ix-oii).
!xLunits not applicable if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I for metals and total chlorine and chloride.
During compliance, minimum combustion chamber need only be maintained following a waste feed cutoff, for the duration that the waste
remains in the chamber.
JNot applicable if complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I total chloride and chlorine feed rate screening limits.
iM final BIF Rule specifies that facilities complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits must establish limits for
these parameters during interim status (precompliance or compliance, as noted). EPA is considering amending the rule to rescind the
requirements for facilities complying with Tier I or adjusted Tier I metals feed rate screening limits to establish limits on these parameters.
2-14
-------
OTHER PARAMETERS
CONSIDERED BUT NOT
SELECTED AS CONTROL
PARAMETERS (i OF 3)
Minimum Oxygen Concentration
Maximum Gas Volumetric
Flowrate, Maximum Velocity, or
Minimum Residence Time in Each
Combustion Chamber
OTHER PARAMETERS
CONSIDERED BUT NOT
SELECTED AS CONTROL
PARAMETERS (2 OF 3)
Maximum Volatile Content of
Containerized Waste
Minimum Total Heat Input to Each
Combustion Chamber
Maximum Kiln Slope
OTHER PARAMETERS
CONSIDERED BUT NOT
SELECTED AS CONTROL
PARAMETERS (3 OF 3)
Maximum Kiln Rotational Speed
Minimum Liquid Flow to the
Venturi Scrubber
2-15
-------
PERMIT CONDITIONS
BASED ON THE PREMISES
impossible to Monitor All Emissions
Continuously
Combustor Performed Properly under
Worst-Case Conditions of Trial Burn
K Will Perform Properly under Less Stringent
Conditions During Operation
Permit Sets Conditions on Control Parameters
to Define Worst-Case Limits
OPERATING PARAMETERS B
Serve Five General Purposes
Destruction of Organics, POHCs,
PICs
Limitation of HCI/CI
Limitation of Paniculate and Metals
Emissions
Minimization of Fugitive Emissions
and System Upsets
Maintenance of APCE Performance
ORGANIC COMPOUND
DESTRUCTION
A Multi-Step Process
Compound Is Vaporized
Kiln, Fluidized Bed, Moving Bed
Nozzle
Vaporized Material Exposed to Flame
Vast Majority of Organics Destroyed
2-16
-------
ORGANIC COMPOUND
DESTRUCTION (CONT.)
A Multi-Step Process
Small Fraction of Organics that Escape Flame
Require Extended Residence Time
(Seconds)
at Elevated Temperature { =1,000 t)
Oz can Reduce Requirements, Turbulence
MECHANICS OF POHC
DESTRUCTION SINGLE CHAMBER
LIQUID INJECTION INCINERATOR
Liquid Waste
Storage Tank
B
l| LJ I]
Atomizing
Medium
(Air, __,
Nitrogen,
or Steam)
tTI
Combustion Air
i'>r.'. Combustion
Chamber
1 To Air
*- ^ Pollution
'"*" Control
I Device
MECHANICS OF POHC
DESTRUCTION MULTIPLE
CHAMBER INCINERATOR
Fuel
(hiBTO)
(toBTU)
PCC
;Fuel
(hi BTU)
SCC
2-17
-------
PARAMETERS RELATED
TO ORGANICS DESTRUCTION
Minimum Combustion Chamber Temperature
CO
Maximum Combustion Gas Flowrates
(Minimum Residence Time)
Burner Atomization Settings
Waste and Fuel Types - Incinerability
Waste Feedrates Regulated But Do Not Affect
Level of Destruction
MAXIMUM/MINIMUM B
TEMPERATURE
Minimum Temperature for Worst-Case
Organics Destruction - ORE Test
Maximum Temperature for Worst-Case
Metal Fume Formation - Metals Test
Set for Each Combustion Chamber
MAXIMUM / MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT LOCATION
Outlet of Combustion Chamber
Must Reflect Temperature of Combustion
System
Incorrect Readings Can Result from
Heat Transfer Surfaces
Radiation from Flame
Radiation from Walls
2-18
-------
MAXIMUM / MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
HOW TO SET
Absolute Limit
Hourly Rolling Average (HRA)
Limit
Basis
Mean of Test
Average of Lowest HRA Per Run
MAXIMUM / MINIMUM B
TEMPERATURE HRA LIMIT
May Also Want to Set an Absolute
Minimum Temperature Equal to the
Minimum Temperature for the Test
Safety Factor for Catastrophic Failure
MAXIMUM/MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE ILLUSTRATION
TEMP.
TRACE
*V^ rr*^*VJTMl/l/*AAr^>*LU-VA^^-Main
MVhbw * "* F"* flrWBII
Trial Burn
Test Period
TIME
2-19
-------
SETTING TEMPERATURE
LIMITS
Minimum Combustion Chamber Temperature
(from ORE Test)
By BIF Guidance:
Absolute Limit
HRA Limit
Time Weighted
Average T for Test
Mean of Lowest
HRA from Each
Run
By Incin. Guidance:
Absolute Limit
HRA Limit
Average of Mean T
for Each Run
i.e., { ฃT
mean
Maximum Combustion Chamber Temperature
(from Metals Test)
By BIF Guidance:
Absolute Limit
HRA Limit
Time Weighted
Average T for Test
Mean of Highest
HRA from Each
Run
By Incin. Guidance:
No Guidance Limit Given
2-20
-------
EXAMPLE
PCC TEMPERATURE (ฐF)
Run^ 1 2 3 AVG
Highest 1,460 1,480 1,530 1,490-C
HRA
Lowest 1,410 1,420 1,430 1,420-B
HRA
Mean 1,430 1,450 1,470 1,450-A
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
Gas Temperature
Below Minimum in
SCC Only
PCC Only
SCC and PCC
Waste Feed
Shutoff to:
Both PCC and SCC
PCC Only
Both PCC and SCC
Does Not Apply to Maximum Temperature
MAINTAINING CONDITIONS
AFTER SHUTOFF
Policy: Must Maintain All Control
Parameters While Hazardous Wastes Are
in Combustor
Temperature in Secondary Combustion
Chamber
In Both Chambers at Discretion of
Permit Writer
2-21
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE - CO
Regulated under a Two-Tiered Approach Proposed and
Implemented under BIFRegulations and the Omnibus
Provision of ROM
Based on the Premise:
When CO < 100ppmv - Always Few PICs
When CO > 100ppmv - Sometimes High
PICs
SET CO PERMIT LIMIT AS B
1. HRAof lOOppmv Dry,7% Oxygen
OR
2. If > 10Oppmv - Base on Trial Burn
and Limit THC < 20 ppmv
3. Alternative HC Limit for Some BIFs
MAXIMUM COMBUSTION
GAS FLOWRATE
40 CFR 264.234(6)4 Requires that
'The Permit Will Specify Acceptable
Operating Limits..." for
"An Appropriate Indicator of
Combustion Gas Velocity."
2-22
-------
COMBUSTION GAS FLOWRATE
MONITORING METHODS
Where to Monitor
Preferred
Direct method, Outlet of SCO - Impractical
Alternative
In Duct, After APCE
COMBUSTION GAS FLOWRATE
MONITORING METHODS (CONT.)
How to Monitor
Preferred - Direct method
Pilot
Sonic Flow Indicator
Nutating Disc
Pressure Drop Across Orifice, Bend or Constriction
Alternative
Fan Power Curve
B
EXAMPLE FAN
POWER CURVE
FAN
POWER
(HPorkW)
Backward Curved
Fan Blade
Straight or Forward
Curved Fan Blade
GAS FLOW RATE (CFM)
2-23
-------
MAXIMUM FLUE
GAS FLOWRATE
i Flue Gas Velocity Is (Approximately)
Inversely Proportional to Gas Residence
Time
i Strongly Interactive With:
1. Temperature
2. Excess Air or Oxygen
3. Waste Types
4. Waste and Fuel Feed Rates
PERMIT LIMIT ON B
MAXIMUM GAS VELOCITY
Maximum Value from ORE
Test
Must Come from Test which
Includes Minimum
Temperature Limit
NOTE FOR OPERATION
Gas Flowrate Should Be at
or Below Average for Test
or Frequent AWFSO
Possible
2-24
-------
POHC SELECTION CRITERIA
POHCs Must Be at Least as Difficult
to Destroy as any Hazardous
Organic Compound (Appendix VIII)
that Will Be Found in the Waste
POHCs Should Represent
Categories of Organic Compounds,
i.e., Aromatic Chlorinated, etc.
POHC SELECTION CRITERIA B
Should Consider
Quantity in Waste
Chemical Classification
Measurability
Potential PICs
HAZARDOUS ORGANICS
INCINERABILITY RANKING
Heat of Combustion
TSLo02
Auto Ignition Temperature (Cudahy and Troxler)
Flame Destruction Efficiencies under Various
Modes of Flame Failure (Seeker)
Shock-Tube-Determined Ignition Delay Times
(Miller)
Kinetics of Flame Mode Degradation (Tsang and
Schaub)
2-25
-------
POHC SELECTION
TSLOO2 HIERARCHY
Choose Compound for Which
Experimental Data Exists
Be Sure There Are No Sampling or
Analytical Problems with Compound
Selected
POHC SELECTION B
TSL002 HIERARCHY (Cong
The Rankings and Interpretation of
this Listing May Change as Data
Becomes Available.
Check with EPA Before Finalizing
Your Proposed Choices.
SET PERMIT LIMIT ON
ALLOWABLE ORGANICS
Those Appendix VIII Organics
Which Are Lower on
Incinerability Scale than
POHCs of ORE Test
2-26
-------
OPERATING PARAMETERS
Serve Five General Purposes
Destruction of Organics, POHCs,
PICs
Limitation of HCI/CI t
Limitation of Paniculate and Metals
Emissions
Minimization of Fugitive Emissions
and System Upsets
Maintenance of APCE Performance
MAXIMUM WASTE FEEDRATE B
Required by 40 CFR 264.345(b)
Total Quantity of Each Type of Waste to
Each Chamber
Mean Total Waste Feedrate from ORE Test
Maximum Instantaneous Feedrate from
ORE Test "Maximum Size and Feed
Frequency of Containers or Batches"
MAXIMUM FEEDRATE
Liquid Waste to SCC
Liquid Waste to PCC
Solid Waste to PCC
2-27
-------
MAXIMUM BATCH
AND CONTAINER SIZE
Mean Total Waste Feedrate
from Trial Burn
Maximum Instantaneous
Waste Feedrate from Trial
Burn
MAXIMUM BATCH AND B
CONTAINER SIZE (COMT.)
For Example:
No More Than 1,000 Ib/hr Total
Waste Feed and No More Than One
55-Gallon Container in Each 15
Minute Period
CONTROL PARAMETER LIMITS
TO CONTROL HCI / CI2EMISSIONS
Total Organic Chloride Fed to the
Combuster
Limits on Acid Gas Scrubber
Limits on Acid Gas Emissions as per HCI
Monitor
Alternative to Other Control Parameters
2-28
-------
ACID GAS FORMATION
AND CONTROL
HCI/CI2
Forms By Combustion of Organic Chlorides
R-Cln+H20 ->nHCI+CO2
R - Any Organic Group
Clz/HCI r Equilibrium Limiting
MAXIMUM FEEDRATE OF
CHLORIDES, METALS AND ASH
Total Amount of Chlorine
Average for ORE or Metals Test
Total Amount of Ash
Average for ORE or Metals Test
Total Amount of Metals
Average for Metals Test
B
CAUSES OF UPSET CONDITIONS
AND FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
SottdlSkidgi
Onmw
2-29
-------
CONTROL PARAMETER LIMITS
TO MINIMIZE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
AND SYSTEM UPSETS
Maximum Size of Containerized Waste
Maximum Waste Feedrate
Maximum System Pressure
More Difficult to Regulate but
Less of Problem for BIFs
NOTE ON PRESSURE
AND PUFFING
During Trial Burn and Operation
Check Seals for Signs of Puffing
B
LIMITS ON SYSTEM PRESSURE
Primary
Chamber
Secondary
Chamber
Forced Draft
(Positive Pressure)
Time-Averaged
Pressure from
Trial Burn
Time-Averaged
Pressure from
Trial Burn
Induced Draft
(Negative Pressure)
Slightly Below
Atmospheric
Always Below PCC
2-30
-------
MAXIMUM APCE INLET
TEMPERATURE
Assures Metal Fumes Are
Condensed Before Entering
Particulate APCE
Set from Metals Test
APPLICABLE APCE B
PARAMETERS
Many Different Types of APCD in Use
Each Type Operates on a Different
Principle
Permit Condition Must Reflect the
APCD's Basic Principle of Operation
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
EQUIPMENT
Particulate
HCI
2-31
-------
APCE SCHEMATIC
Stack
Incinerator
Slowdown
TYPES OF ARC DEVICES
Packed Bed Absorber
Venturi Scrubber
Electrostatic Prccipitator
Ionizing Wet Scrubber
Condensing Scrubber
Ejector Scrubber
Fabric Rlter
Dry Scrubber
HCI
X
X
X
X
X
X
Paniculate
X
X
X
X
X
X
B
NEED TO SET LIMITS ON:
APCE SPECIFIC CONTROL PARAMETERS OR
DIRECTLY ON HCI EMISSIONS
HCI Monitor
Stack Condensate Acidity
Other Stack Parameters
Need to Validate Monitoring Method
Monitor Eliminates Need to Set
Conditions on HCI Control Device(s)
2-32
-------
PACKED
COLUMN
Rue Gas Out
Flue Gas In ~^
pH Controller
Caustic
Storage
Metering
Pump
Makeup
Water
Sludge Removal
PACKED COLUMN
PACKED BED ABSORBER
MAIN CONTROL PARAMETERS
Minimum UG Ratio
Minimum pH of Incoming Liquid
Pressure Drop Across Column and Demister
Identifies Plugging or
pH of Outflowing Liquid
Should Monitor, Not Interlocked
Can't be Controlled
Indicative of Acid Loading
Nozzle Pressure
Should Monitor
B
SCHEMATIC OF
VENTURI SCRUBBER
2-33
-------
VENTURI SCRUBBER
MAIN CONTROL PARAMETERS
Minimum L/G Ratio
Minimum pH of Incoming Liquid - for HCI Only
Pressure Drop Across Venturi and Demister
Nozzle Pressure - If Nozzle Atomizes Liquid
pH of Outflowing Liquid for HCI Only
Should Monitor, Not Interlocked
Can't Be Controlled
Indicative of Acid Loading
Corona Wires
Collecting
Plates
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
(ESP)
B
Hopper Baffles
Gas Inlet
Hoppers
Wire-Tensioning Weights
ESPs
Efficiency
Plate Area
Per Unit Gas Flow
Paniculate Size
(Microns)
17
2-34
-------
ELECTROSTATIC
PREC1PITATOR
MAIN CONTROL PARAMETERS
Minimum Current (mA)
Minimum Power Consumption (kVA)
In Theory, Current Consumption Could Go to
Zero When Particulate Loading Goes to Zero
Possible Not a Probable
Need to Negotiate Alternative If a Problem
Possibly Maintain Minimum V, Suspend Minimum
Current
ELECTROSTATICALLY B
ENHANCED WET SCRUBBER
(IONIZING WET SCRUBBER)
Similar in Appearance to an ESP
Followed by a Packed-Bed
Scrubber
ELECTROSTATICALLY
ENHANCED WET SCRUBBER
(MAIN CONTROL PARAMETERS)
Power Usage (kVA) Will Vary with Gas
Composition - Can't Use as Permit Condition
Set Permit Conditions On
Minimum Liquid Flowrate
Minimum Voltage
Minimum pH of incoming Liquid - for HCI
Only
2-35
-------
CONDENSING EJECTOR SCRUBBER
(HYDRO-SONICS)
Tandem Nozzle Fan Drive
/Water Injected
_ Turbulent Mixing
Paniculate Wetted
. . Agglomeration
Subsonic \ \ ....
Nozzle -* ^ Free-Jet Mixing
CONDENSING EJECTOR SCRUBBER
(HYDRO-SONICS) B
Ejector Drive
Steam or
Compressed water Turbulent Mixing
Air / ^ Paniculate Wetted
1; Subsonic
Nozzle
J f> V^i' '''^'".''v A99'ornel'at'on
/ Water Injected
Small Elector Nozzle \- Free-Jet Mixing
(Supersonic)
CONDENSING EJECTOR
SCRUBBER (HYDRO-SONICS)
MAIN CONTROL PARAMETERS
P Across Scrubber May Not Affect Removal
Efficiency
May Be Positive
Set Permit Conditions On
Minimum Steam or Air Rowrate or Pressure
Minimum Liquid Rowrate
Minimum pH of Incoming Liquid HCI Only
2-36
-------
Top Access Hatches
FABRIC
FILTER
Fan
Diaphragm
Valves
Air
Manifold
Hoppers
Shaker
Mechanism
Outlet
Pipe
SCHEMATIC
OF A FABRIC
FILTER
B
Hopper
FABRIC FILTER
MAIN CONTROL PARAMETERS
Collection Efficiency Function of
Fabric Type and Weave
Face Velocity
Set Permit Conditions On
Minimum Pressure Drop or Triboelectric
Particulate Indicator
Maximum Gas Flowrate
2-37
-------
FABRIC FILTER
MAIN CONTROL PARAMETERS (CONT.)
Other Parameters Which Could Be
Considered But Not Normally
Necessary
Frequency of Cleaning
Upper Pressure Drop Across Bags
DRY SCRUBBER SCHEMATIC
B
Final Collector
F (BaghouM of
Beeirosniie
I Pradplator)
Solids
DRY SCRUBBER
MAIN CONTROL PARAMETERS
Possibly Lime: Chlorine Feed Ratio
Hard to Accurately Monitor Dry
Feeds
Consider Monitoring HCI or Stack
Acidity
2-38
-------
OTHER TYPES OF APCE
Determine Its Method of Operation
Establish the Control Parameters That
Govern Its Performance
Permit Conditions Are Set on the Key
Parameters
MINIMUM SCRUBBER ,,
SLOWDOWN d OFs)
Controls the Quality of the Scrubber
Water by Varying the Fraction of the
Water Leaving the Scrubber That Is
Recycled Back to It and the Fraction
Being "Blown Down" or Discharged
The Larger the "Slowdown," the
Cleaner the Scrubber and Quench
Water Tend to Be
MINIMUM SCRUBBER
SLOWDOWN (2 OFs)
The Permit Limits the Degree of
Contamination of the Scrubber
and Quench Water By Specifying
the Minimum Amount of
Slowdown During Operation
2-39
-------
MINIMUM SCRUBBER
SLOWDOWN OOFS)
Slowdown Is Only an Issue
When the Quench Uses
Recycled Water
Hard to Determine from Trial
Burn
MINIMUM SCRUBBER B
SLOWDOWN (4 OF5)
Specify the Blow-Down Rate to Be Such
That the Combined Dissolved and
Suspended Solids in the Scrubber and
Quench Water Pond or Sump Do Not
Exceed the Mean Determined during the
Successful Trial Burn with the Highest
Solids in the Quench and Scrubber
Water
MINIMUM SCRUBBER
SLOWDOWN (5OPS)
May Have to Require a
Conditioning Period for the
Trial Burn
2-40
-------
GROUP C PARAMETERS
(INDEPENDENT OF TRIAL BURN, NOT INTERLOCKED)
Atomizing Fluid Pressure or Flowrate
Maximum Total Heat Input to Each
Chamber
Maximum Viscosity of Atomized Waste
Maximum Burner Turndown
Minimum High BTU Waste Heating
Value
2-41
-------
INCINERATORS
Rotary Kiln
Liquid Injector
Controlled (Starved) Air
> Multiple Hearth
> Fluidized Bed
> Infrared Incinerator
CONTROLLED
(STARVED)
AIR
INCINERATOR
B
MULTIPLE HEARTH
INCINERATOR
Bu.
GMH Out \
Cooling Air Dtochirge
'Floating Damper
Sludge Inlet
.CDONflgAlrFM
2-42
-------
FLUIDIZED
BED
INCINERATOR
ExhtuMMd Art
PmnuraTap
Sunup Preheat
Burner for Hot
Wlndbox
, , B
INFRARED
^^ Conveyor
Li
Weigh
Hopper
>
Jr
">f!
Lq
^
\
t
INCINERATOR
T r-r
r i 1 i * , *-
Primary Combustion
H Chamber j
l^P D D jD O D T}--
B<>lt Convpyor -
D
Secondary Combustion
* Chamber
To
APC
1
Ji
E
WATER-TUBE BOILER
Mud
Drum
2-43
-------
FIRE-TUBE BOILER
Bridge Wall _ ' .
v Fuel Grate
CEMENT KILN
Precipitator
Precipitator
Dust
Screw
B
CEMENT KILN WITH SUSPENSION
PREHEATER
-O-0 -S Clinker
2-44
-------
Emissions
toAPCE
4-Stage Cyclone
Preheater
Solid Hazardous
Wastes
PRECALCINER
CONRGURATION
Precalciner
Coal/Petroleum Coke
Tertiary Air
By-Pass Combustion Air -
Out to Air/H2O Quench then
to By-Pass ESP
WASTE ACID
RECOVERY FURNACE
(SULFURIC ACID AND HALOGEN ACID)
Waste
1
Fuel _
RCI
Combustor
HCI
Absorbers
Tf
Recovered Acid
B
-el-fin ~t
L L APCE J
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
FORBIFs
ORE Trial Burn Exemption for
Boilers
ORE Trial Burn and Particulate
Standard Exemption for Low Risk
Waste
Exclusion of Beviil Residues
2-45
-------
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
FOR INDUSTRIAL FURNACES
Restrictions on Waste Feeding during IS
Alternative HC Limit for Furnaces with
Organic Matter in Raw Materials
Alternative Approaches to Implement the
Metals Standards
2-46
-------
Toxic Metals and Paniculate Matter
Wyman Clark
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation
Irvine, CA
I. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF METALS PARTITIONING
A. Definition of Metals Partitioning
B. Principles of Metals Partitioning
C. Parameters That Influence Metals Behavior
II. TECHNOLOGIES AND OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
A. Combustors
1. Rotary Kilns
2. Liquid Injection
3. Controlled Air
4. Fluidized Bed
5. Boilers
6. Cement Kilns
B. APC Devices
1. Typical APCE Efficiencies
2. APCE Selection
C. Sampling and Monitoring
1. Waste Sampling and Analysis
2. Gas Sampling and Analysis
3-1
-------
Toxic Metals and Paniculate Matter (Cont.)
Wyman Clark
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation
Irvine, CA
III. TEST DESIGN
A. Test Design Considerations
B. Permit Parameters
C. Metals Tiers
D. Operating Modes and Conflict Parameters
E. Metals Spiking
F. Alternatives for Facilities Which Recycle Collected PM
G. Test Design Example
H. Case Studies
IV. SETTING PERMIT CONDITIONS
A. Averaging
B. Extrapolation
C. Use of Surrogate Metals
V. UNCERTAINTIES/RESEARCH TOPICS
3-2
-------
Toxic Metals and
Particulate Matter
B
Presentation Outline
Fundamental Principles of Metals Partitioning
Technologies and Operational Parameters
Test Design
Setting Permit Conditions
Uncertainties/Research Topics
Metals Partitioning
Metals are not destroyed, must "partition" to exit streams
Particulate
Combuator Scrubber Control
3-3
-------
Principles of Metals Partitioning
Parameters that Influence Metals Behavior
Metals emissions most influenced by parameters
which affect formation and control of fine particles
Waste Parameters
Type of Metals
Physical and Chemical Form of Metals
Feedrate of Metals
Particle Size Distribution of Metals
Propensity to Fragment
Concentration of Chlorine and Other Halogens
B
Parameters that Influence Metals Behavior
Metals emissions most influenced by parameters
which affect formation and control of fine particles
Combustion System Parameters
Burning Zone Temperature
Air Pollution Control Device Parameters
Parameters that Control Fine Particle Capture -
Specific to Type of Device
Temperature at APC
3-4
-------
Parameters of Secondary Importance
Combustion Gas Velocity
Oxygen Concentration
Sulfur Concentration
Kiln RPM
B
Presentation Outline
Fundamental Principles of Metals Partitioning
Technologies and Operational Parameters
Test Design
Setting Permit Conditions
Uncertainties/Research Topics
Technologies and Operational Parameters
Combustors
APC Devices
Sampling and Monitoring
3-5
-------
Rotary Kilns
Combustion
Air
Rang* of Temperatures
Variety of Wastes
High Entrainmanl
Discrete Charges...
Highly cyclical behavior
Long solids residence time
B
Liquid Injection
Range of Temperatures
100%Entrainment
Entrained particle size
depends on spray nozzle
droplet size
Controlled Air
Primtry Burner \
WattFtfd
StcondfryAir
FltnaPort
Low temperature
Low entrainment
Air starved primary -
requires afterburner
Primtry Air
3-6
-------
Fluidized Bed
ExlMMt
Sunup
Low temperature
High antrainmant
> Long solids residence time
Long response time to change
In metal feedrate
Bed material can act as sorbent
Boilers
High temperature
Sootblcwing
considerations
B
Cement
Kilns
Very high temperatures
Metals In raw materials , a
Matrix effects
Preh
sater fv/ 1
Recycled paniculate matter *Sf^
j$
fปT7
KHn . fifJ
Clinker f=
Cooler J|
\^
A
t
-r _
Codec
Stack
J 'T.
tLuJ
tor
?
"
3-7
-------
Cement Kilns
Recirculationand
partitioning of volatile , wn
metal (Lead) to various
exit streams
ESP ซ^
i Eml*tlonซ
ESPDUrt
fiปlซ
Wa*to
. -ivxjv V ..
3yyyxx^> U \ Bctonwl
yyrxxyy' v ^ . Ttoc(rculaUon
ofAPCSDuct
Cllntor
Mrnioi RcdrcukMion
B
Cement Kilns
Transient Behavior Due to Recycled PM
ง100-,
Typical APCE Efficiencies
s-
i
ui
99.89
99.9
99
95
90
80
o
U
SO
Fabric Fitter
Venturi
Scrubber
(20 in HzO)
0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10
Particle Diameter (microns)
3-8
-------
APCE Selection
f
I
ฃ
|
Metsl
H0
As
Sb
Tl
Cd
Pb
Ag
Bs
Be
Cr
Likely Form
tAPCD
p Vซpcr
Coirae Pirtleln
1
MOM Effective
APCD
Adsorber,
Scrubber
Filter,
ESP
Any APCD
(or PM Control
Waste Sampling and Analysis
> Acid digestion to dissolve metals and remove organics
Analysis by SW-846 series 7000 methods
Inductive coupled argon plasma emission spactroscopy
(ICAP)
Atomic absorption spactroscopy (AAS)
Cold vapor atomic absorption spactroscopy (CVAAS) for
mercury
B
Gas Sampling and Analysis
PM isokinetically by Method 5 filter/impinger train
Metals by multiple metals train, similar to MS train with
impingers filled with acid and oxidizer solutions.
Analysis by ICAP or AAS (Cold vapor AAS for Hg)
Cr>* by recirculating impinger train with KOH solution.
Analysis by ion chromatograph/post column reactor
3-9
-------
Presentation Outline
Fundamental Principles of Metals Partitioning
Technologies and Operational Parameters
Test Design
Setting Permit Conditions
Uncertainties/Research Topics
B
Test Design Considerations
Definition of desired permit conditions:
Operating ranges
Waste feed variations
Selection of appropriate metals tier
Operation at simultaneous worst case conditions
Number, quantity, and form of metals to spike
Consideration of delisting/Bevill issues
Preparation of test plan
Permit Parameters
Box hi Box In Box
ItoMs FMdrate Limits
Pufnpobw
Waste
AN Haz Watte
Alt FeMMrwms
3-10
-------
Metals Tiers
Ttacll: &.(ซ<<ป>
Triซl bum nquirad
Concwuhr* gmral
Tat I: fmtd
AMUMM ซtt
No*Mlwnrai|iliract
D CT
TtorH: Dhperaion
Trial bum required
No trial bum mqulrad
E
Operating Modes
Operating modes are different modes of operation,
each with its own independent set of operating limits
Separate tests required for each mode
Examples:
Solid Wast* vs Liquid Waste Modes
High Arsenic vs High Cadmium Modes (Two Different
Carcinogens)
Conflict Parameters
Conflict parameters are those which cannot be
simultaneously operated at worst case conditions
Examples:
Maximum waste feed and maximum temperature
Maximum temperature and minimum temperature
3-11
-------
Conflict Parameters
Procedure:
Sat limits for as many parameters as possible at on* sat of
operating conditions
Sat limits for conflicting parameters at different sat of
operating conditions varying only the conflicting parameters
Constraints:
Faadrata* of metals, chlorine .and ash may not be reduced at
conflict conditions
Other parameters should be varied as little as possible
B
Metals Spiking
Guideline: Spike metals in form similar to that in waste
Solids:
Spike in particle size as fine as that of waste
Mixed with waste or in discrete packets
Liquids:
Aqueous wastes with aqueous solutions or suspensions
Organic wastes with organic solutions
Continuous metering/inline mixing whan spiking solution is
immiscible in waste
Chromium Spiking
From BIF Guidance Document
Crซ* Limit Based on Cr*6 Feedrate
CrcroM) Limit Based on Crtf""* Feedrate
3-12
-------
Metals Forms
Chlorides and nitrates often used in aqueous solutions
Oxides often used as solids or in suspensions
Organo metallic* often used in organic solutions
Some compounds are soluble in mineral spirits or
other organic solvents
B
Recycled PM
EmlMlom
Fuel, Waste
Product
Itaclwg* Kiln Dust
KNn Dint
Alternate Metals Approaches for Facilities
Which Recycle Collected PM
Daily Monitoring of metals concentration in collected
PM with initial and quarterly verification by stack
sampling
Daily stack sampling for metals emissions
Maintain maximum metals feedrates prior to
compliance testftrial burn long enough to reach steady
state equilibrium
3-13
-------
Establishing Equilibrium
Must operate at test conditions (including metals
feed) prior to test until equilibrium is reached
Determine time required immediately before test or
in advance
Based on metal concentration in stack or in APCS
dust
May begin test when 90% of equilibrium is reached
based on least squares curve fit to time-resolved
data
B
Test Design Example
Waste characterization shows only lead feedrate
above Tier 1 limit
Dispersion modeling shows lead feedrate above
adjusted Tier 1 limit
Must spike and measure lead in test burn
Pretest (with no spiking) to estimate system removal
efficiency (SRE) for lead and to determine lead
teachability in ash
Based on SRE, lead teachability, determine how
much lead can be spiked and not exceed Tier 3
emissions limit or TCLP limit
Test Design Example
System characterization shows that maximum
temperature conflicts with maximum combustion gas
velocity and with minimum temperature
Plan test at two conditions:
Maximum temperature (worst case tor metals) to set
metals-related permit limits
Minimum temperature and maximum combustion gas velocity
(worst case for organic) to set argantes-related permit limits
3-14
-------
Case Study 1
FluidizedBed With Low Bed Recharge Rate
CS1: Recommended Metals Permit Limits
Maximum Temperature
Maximum Fluidizing Air Flow
Venturi Settings
Maximum Metals Feedrates
Maximum Bed Metals Concentrations
B
Case Study 2
Rotary Kiln
Venturi
Scrubber
3-15
-------
CS 2: Issues of Concern
How to Select/Eliminate Metals for Testing
Use/Selection of Surrogate Metals
Determination of Safe Metals Feedrate for Trial Burn
Details of Metals Spiking Plan
B
Case Study 3
Liquid Injection Incinerator Where Only
Volatile Metals are of Concern
CS 3: Issues of Concern
Maximum Temperature Limit Required?
Maximum Combustion Gas Velocity Limit Required?
Maximum Chlorine Feedrate Limit Required?
Can Carcinogenic Metals Emissions Limits be Traded?
Extrapolation of Trial Burn Results Allowable?
3-16
-------
Presentation Outline
Fundamental Principles of Metals Partitioning
Technologies and Operational Parameters
Test Design
Sitting Permit Condition*
Uncertainties/Research Topics
B
Setting Permit Conditions
Averaging
Extrapolation
Surrogate Metals
Averaging
Data sampling every 15 seconds
Data averaging/recording every minute
Most limits based on hourly rolling average (HRA)
Permit limits are average of highest (or lowest) HRA*
3-17
-------
Averaging Example
Bun*
Bun 2
uo o to uo
TlnM(irinutM)
flu/73
ซ 110
Thru (rrtnoU.)
B
Extrapolation
Based on guidance in BIF Implementation Document
Useful as engineering judgement to set
precompliance limits and justify test conditions
beyond present limits
Not allowed for setting BIF compliance limits
Permit writer may allow extrapolation for setting
BIF permit limits
Upward Extrapolation
GC
ง
111
~i
Actual Metals
Emissions Curve
Trial Bum
Emission Limit
Metal Feed Rat*
Theoretically conservative
Recommended for
Justifying teat condWon* to
MtafaUsh mw limits outside of
pnsant permit Umtts
Situation* whan estimated
emissions ejt extrapoiejsd
permit Imltซ risk-based
emissions limit
3-18
-------
Downward Extrapolation/Interpolation
TTM Bum Point
Elrtufen Unit
Not theoretically
conservative
Not recommended
5 }
Metal Feed Rate
Surrogate Metals
Metals used as conservative indicators of
emissions of other metals
Requires a reliable ranking of metals in terms of
emission potential (volatility)
Surrogate Metals
Arguments in favor:
Save on spiking costs
Reduced environmental/health impact of testing
Development of standardized "metals soup"
Arguments against:
Insufficient data to justify assumptions
Difficult to gain permit writer acceptance
B
3-19
-------
Presentation Outline
Fundamental Principles of Metals Partitioning
Technologies and Operational Parameters
Test Design
Setting Permit Conditions
Uncertainties/Research Topics
B
Uncertainties / Research Topics
Kinetics of metals transformation
Hexavalent chromium chemistry
Arsenic volatilization chemistry
Binding of metals by "Earth elements" (Ca, Al, Si)
Uncertainties / Research Topics
Impacts of physical/chemical form of metals in waste
Continuous metals emissions monitoring
Waste sampling and analysis procedures
Use of surrogate metals
3-20
-------
Operational Parameters for Hazardous Waste Combustion Devices (Cont.)
Leo Weitzman
LVW Associates, Inc.
West Lafayette, IN
Day 2
II. ADDITIONAL TOPICS
A. Compliance Test and Trial Burn Design
B. Monitoring Systems for Combustion Devices
C. Recordkeeping and Compliance Reporting
D. Dispersion Modeling
E. Emergency Vent Stacks
III. QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION
4-1
-------
COMPLIANCE TEST AND
TRIAL BURN DESIGN
Incinerators - Just Trial Bum
Interim Status (Existing) BIFs
1. Compliance Test
Metals, HCI, CO, Partleulate
2. H BIF Must Comply with ORE Standard,
Trial Bum
POHCs
TRIAL BURN OBJECTIVES B
Show Compliance
Establish Functional Operating
Conditions for the Permit
Trial Burn Wastes Often Synthetic
How Does One Establish the Major
Characteristics for the "Wastes"?
4-3
-------
Table 10-2
Contents of a Trial Bum Man
Trial Born Plan
Detailed engineering description of the boiler or industrial furnace:
Manufacturer's name, model number.
- Type.
Maximum design capacity.
- Description of the feed system for the hazardous waste, fuel, and other feedstocks.
- Capacity of hazardous waste feed systems.
- Description of automatic waste feed cutoff system(s).
- Description of stack gas monitoring and any pollution control monitoring systems.
Description of each feed stream and waste that will be burned during the trial burn and a discussion of how
they represent the worst-case conditions for the BIF:
- Heating value.
Source, composition, and chemical analysis, if possible.
Levels of antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, silver, rhallium)
total chlorine/chloride, and ash.
- Viscosity or description of physical form.
- Identification of organic to 40 CFR Part 261, Appendix VH hazardous constituents present in the feed
stream.
An approximate quantification of 40 CFR Pan 261, Appendix Vm hazardous constituents in the
hazardous waste.
Description of blending procedures, if applicable, prior to firing.
Operating conditions during the trial burn, a discussion of how they represent the worst-case conditions for
the BIF, proposed permit operating conditions, and anticipated results from these conditions.
Description of the air pollution control system, its operating conditions, and a discussion of how the test
conditions represent the worst-case conditions for the BIF.
Test protocol:
Operating conditions for emission control equipment.
- Sampling and monitoring procedures, equipment, frequency, analytical procedures, and proof that they
will satisfy the requirements of the tests.
- Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Plan.
- Test schedule.
- Shutdown procedures in the event of equipment malfunction, including hazardous waste feed cutoffs
and emissions controls.
- Identification of ranges of hazardous waste feed, feed rates of other fuels and feedstocks, and other
parameters affecting the ability of the BIF to meet emissions standards.
- Other necessary 'information.
4-4
-------
Example Target Permit Limits on Operating Parameters
Operating Mode -
Parameter 1 Parameter Group 1
la. Min. PCC temp. ( ' F) (A)
Ib. Max. PCC temp. ( ' F)b (A)
la. Min. SCC temp. ( ' F) (A)
Ib. Max. SCC temp. ( ' F)b (A)
2. CO cone. (A)
3. Max. flue gas flowrate (acfm) (A)
4. Max. pressure in PCC (A)
5. Max. waste feed rates (Ib/hr): (A)
Pumpable Waste to PCC
Non-Pumpable Waste to PCC
Pumpable Waste to SCC
6. Applicable APCE parameters: (A)
Fabric Filter/Baghouse
Minimum Ap across baghouse (in. WC)
Maximum baghouse inlet temperature ( * F)
Packed Tower
Minimum L/G (gal/1, 000 ft3)d
* Minimum pH of scrubbing liquid
7. Allowed POHCsf (B)
8. Max. halides feed rate (B)
8. Max. ash feed rate (Ib/hr) (B)
9. Max. size of batches or containerized waste. (B)
10. Max. scrubber liquid solids content (B)
11. Min. /max. liquid pressure to scrubber nozzles (C)
12a. Max. total heat input to PCC (BTU/hr) (C)
12b. Max. total heat input to SCC (BTU/hr) (C)
13. SCC burner settings: (C)
Max, waste viscosity. (SSU)
Min. waste higher heating value. (BTU/lb)
Min. atomization steam pressure
Max. burner turndown (%)
Mode-1
Value From Test
DRE-1
Metals
DRE-1
Metals
100 ppm guidance8
DRE-1
-------
NOTES FOR TABLE
NOTE 1: Numbers correspond (where applicable) to those of Table 2-1 of the Guidance1.
NOTE 2: All values are targets based on design calculations, actual values for the limit will
be those obtained during the specified tests of the trial burn.
a. lOOppm CO, dry basis, corrected to 7%O2, 1-hour rolling average. This
parameter is no longer a true Group A parameter as its value is not set
from the trial burn. It is interlocked to the waste feed. The alternate limit
on hydrocarbons may be used instead if CO emissions are found to exceed
this level during shakedown tests or during the trial burn.
b. Needed to maintain acceptable metals emissions.
c. The "Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions" specifies that the value
should be set at less than atmospheric for a negative draft system and that
the trial burn should verify that the system is capable of maintaining a
negative draft under maximum gas flow conditions.
d. The liquid flow for the L/G ratio is set on the basis of minimum liquid to
gas flow ratio, the actual parameter that is interlocked with the automatic
waste feed shutoff is liquid flow.
e. The "Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions" specifies this to be a Group
C parameter; however, recent information on metals and on dioxin and
dibenzofuran formation in the APCE indicates that this parameter needs
to be continuously monitored and interlocked with the AWFSO. It is,
hence, treated as a Group A parameter herein. The value will be set at the
highest of the three average temperature of the three trial burns.
f. Based on the trial burn having been performed using worst case POHCs
under both the Thermal Stability (UDRI) and heat of combustion ranking
schemes.
The symbols (A), (B), or (C) shown to the right of the parameter names (ie. Min. PCC Temp.)
refer to the type of parameter.
Group A: Determined from the trial burn, continuously monitored, and interlocked with the
automatic waste feed shutoff. Interruption of waste feed is automatic when the
specified limits are exceeded. The parameters are applicable to all facilities.
Group B: Determined from the trial burn but do not require continuous monitoring and are
thus not interlocked with the waste feed shutoff systems. Operating records are
nevertheless required to ensure that trial burn or worst-case conditions are not
exceeded.
Group C: Limits on these parameters are set independent of the trial burn from either
manufacturers' or design specifications.
Reference: (1) "Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions and Reporting Trial Burn Results"
EPA/625/6-89/019
4-6
-------
TRIAL BURN WORST CASE
CONDITIONS
Temperature, ORE - Win.
Temperature, Metals - Max.
Combustion Gas Flow - Max.
Waste Feedrates - Max
Uquid Waste, PCC, SCO
Solid Waste
Waste Compositions
TEMPERATURE
Fixed by Operating Considerations
Lower for ORE Trial Burn Than for
Operation
Rarely a Dependent Variable
Unlike Most Incinerator Combustion
Models
B
COMBUSTION GAS
FLOW RATE
Limited by Equipment and Performance
Requirements
Trial Burn Must Maximize
Flow Rate Increased by Increasing
Excess Air, Add Water
Will Lower Temperature
4-7
-------
GOAL OF THE
TRIAL BURN DESIGN
Develop a Combination of Waste
Streams That Will Produce
Maximum Gas Flow Rate
Maximum Feedrate for Each Category of
Waste
Minimize T in Each Chamber for ORE
Test(s)
Maximize T in Each Chamber for Metals
Test(s)
GOAL OF THE B
TRIAL BURN DESIGN
Develop a Combination of Waste
Streams That Will Produce (Cont.)
Worst-Case for All Other Parameters
Maximum Chlorine Feedrate
Maximum Ash Feedrate
Possibly Minimize 02
TO DESIGN THE TRIAL BURN
COMBUSTION MODELING APPROACH
Set Targets For:
Operating Temperatures
Combustion Gas Flow Rate
Liquid Waste Stream Compositions
and Feed rates
Essential Solid Waste Composition
4-8
-------
TO DESIGN THE TRIAL BURN
COMBUSTION MODELING APPROACH (CQNT.)
Then Adjust:
Water Content
Ash Content
Organic Content
Fuel Oil
Oxygenated Organlcs (i.e., Methanol,
Acetone)
4-9
-------
13405-32
FJWPLE OKUS CNflUni
C D
J I
II P
X Z
AD Af
AH
EIH2.K1 Spreadsheet 1. Haste feed rates and exposition
Heat of Fonation (cal/g-nle
Streai Ib/hr
Solid Haste (PCC) 1,500
High BTU Liq.(PCC) 800
LwBTULiq. (PCC) 2,000
High BTU Liq.(SCC) 1,200
Suppl. Fuel - gas 1
Stea 0
Total (lb/hr)--> 5,501
i Ib/hr
ULTMATEC 12 1,461
ANALYSIS H 1 324
0 16 867
VET BASIS It 14 6
Cl 36 337
S 32 1
F 19 IB
P 31 0
H20 18 243
Ash 204
Notalar Heigiit
3,461
total nles
per hour
Forola C 121.73
or nle H 350.92
fraction 0 67.70
(wterjs II 0.46
elects) Cl 9.50
S 0.03
F 0.94
P 0.00
LOHER Mm VALUE (BTU/Tb)
(cal/g-nle)
HIGHER HEATING VALUE (BTII/lb)
P/lb-nle)
CI13
24,200;
1 Ib/hr
8.B 120.0
3.B 24.0
O.B 0.0
3.B 36.0
O.B 0.0
0.0
180
10.04! 18
0.84! 2
0.00! 0
O.OB 0
89.121 160
0.00! 0
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
0 0
0 0
119.5
tetter nles
nles perhr
1 1.51
1 1.51
0 0.00
0 0.00
3 4.52
0 0.00
0 0.00
0 0.00
1.51
1,179
140,837
78,243
1,179
140,837
1,1-DICtORO-
ETHANE
C2H4C12
31,050 .
I Ib/hr
8.B 120.0
4.B 32.0
O.B 0.0
4.B 48.0
0.0
0.0
200
24.24! 48
4.04! 8
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
71.721 143
O.OB 0
O.DB 0
O.OB 0
0 0
0 0
99
toner nles
Dies perhr
2 4.04
4 8.08
0 0.00
0 0.00
2 4.04
0 O.OD
0 0.00
0 0.00
2.02
4709
466160
258978
4901
485240
FC-1I3
C2F3C13
188,370 ;
1 Ib/hr
1.B 15.0
l.B 8.0
0.0! 0.0
3.B 36.0
0.0
0.0
59
12.8B 8
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
0,001 0
56.8B 34
O.OB 0
30.4B 18
O.OB 0
0 0
0 0
187.5
hner nles
nles per hr
2 0.63
0 0.00
0 0.00
0 0.00
3 0.94
D 0.00
3 0.94
0 0.00
0.31
844
158,308
87,949
844
158,308
KM
m
57,036
1 Ib/hr
16.B 240.0
54.B 432.0
0.01 0.0
54.B 648.0
0.0
0.0
1,320
37.5B 495
12.5B 165
50.0B 660
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
0.00! 0
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
0 0
0 0
32
toner nles
nles perhr
1 41.25
4 165.00
1 41.25
0 0.00
0 0.00
0 O.OD
0 0.00
0 0.00
41.25
8,584
274,702
152,612
9,777
312,862
nater
H20
I Ib/hr
3.B 45.0
0.0
O.B 0.0
0.0
0.0
100.01 0.0
45
O.OB 0
0.00! 0
0.00! 0
0.00! 0
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
100.001 45
O.OB 0
18
drier nles
nles per hr
0 0.00
2 5.00
1 2.50
0 0.00
0 0.00
0 0.00
0 0.00
0 0.00
2.50
| IjWWj
(19,080),
(10,600)
0
0
n Fuel Oil
I Ib/hr
4.B 60.0
33.B 264.0
O.B 0.0
36.B 432.0
O.B 0.0
O.B 0.0
756
0.8(70 640
0.1530 116
0.0000 0
0.0000 0
0.0000 0
0.0000 0
0.0000 0
0.0000 0
0.0000 0
0.0000 0
nle nles
fraction per hr
31.571 53.36
68.43! 115.67
O.OB 0.00
O.OB 0.00
0.00! 0.00
O.OB 0.00
Q.OB 0.00
O.OB 0.00
18,450
19,910
Fuel
Natural Gas
1 Ib/hr
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.B 1.5
0.0
1
71.9B 1
22.95! 0
0.001 0
5.15! 0
O.OB 0
0.001 0
O.OB 0
O.DB 0
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
iavgj 19.115
nle nles
fraction perhr
20.44! 0.09
78.3B 0.34
O.OB 0.00
1.261 0.01
O.OB 0.00
O.OB 0.00
0.00! 0.00
O.OB 0.00
' 950 BTU/scf
1,050 BTIi/scf
me SOLIDS
1 Ib/hr
60.B 900.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
900
27.8B 250
3.7B 33
23.0B 207
0.7B 6
O.OB 0
0.1B 1
O.OB 0
O.OB 0
22.0B 198
22.7B 204
nle nles
fraction per hr
18.69! 20.85
49.57! 55.30
21.46S 23.94
0.4B 0.45
O.OB 0.00
0.03 0.03
9.86! 0.00
O.OB 0.00
(585)
1
4-10
-------
13-Aug-92
EWLE CWTIOfl CALCULATION
VI AP AR AT AY
3 EINI2.I
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 CQ2
12 H20
13 ffil
14 N2
15 02
16 $02
17 HF
18 P205
19 02 req'd
20
21
22
n
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Cl :
Kl
P 01 excess air
noles/hr Die I
121.73 12.81
170.69 17.8
9.50 1.B
651.75 68.31
0 O.OI
0.028125 0.01
0.94 0.1J
0 O.OI
173.25 -
953.68
AX AZ BB BO BF BH BJ BN
Spreadsheet 2. Flue Gas Properties
Exit from Combustion Chanter i Heat Exchanger
? I excess
SCFH
785
1,101
61
7,213
800
0
6
0
air--> 721
45,807
moles/hr I net Jdry Ib/hr
121.73 7.91 8.91 5,356
170.69 11.B O.OI 3,072
9.50 0.61 0.71 347
1,118.28 72.41 81.41 31,312
124.01 8.01 9.011 3,968
0.03 O.OI O.OI 2
0.94 0.11 0.11 0
0.00 O.OI O.OI 0
297.26
9,966,45 1,545.19 0.99 44,057
MOLECULAR HEIGHT = 28.5 HET
CdUSTOR OPERATING COilTIONS INPU1
ENTER OPERATING COMMONS
IN THIS TABLE
* trwihhor FffiHanrv- -
JUUWuCf Lit IvlCffvj
Solid iaste (PCC)
HighBTULiq.(PCC)
LiwBTIJLiq. (PCC)
High BTU Liq.(SCC)
Suppl. Fuel gas
Stean
I oxygen in SCC exit (t
Cost. Chanter Temp. oF
Heat Exch, Thermal Out]
t Heat loss or Boiler
Total input to incin.((
IfCl 8 UT hit
Whr)
Ib/hr)
Whr)
lh/Kr)
erf ml.
Ib/hr) ,
ntl
fit)
(BTU/hr)-
Ijifu ....
.xcl losses)
_
nun ? Jlrl LA 11
ENTH. BOTH KAYS (10**3BTU/hr)
Teip. $ Heat Exch. Out
Ten) $ quench outlet (
Hater Evaporated in (jut
Gas f Ion rate leaving
Gas flw rate leaving i
Jsoisture
I moisture ? saturation
et (oF) '
F)
nch
jtiench (ACFM,
uench (SOU,
[/OUTPUT TABLE *INCINTR2 J*
IRPUT CALCULATED
99.5Jk
> 1,500 <
> 80fl<
> 2,000 < 2,000
1,200 <
0.5 <
0<
71.5Bk 71.581
8.0IJ
1,930 < 1,930
10.00K
Ib/hr
45,807 IN i
23343.99
800 <
180 < 160
8,829 Ib/hr
wet)
net
3.31E+06 BTU/hr)
8.77E*06 (BTU/hr)
O.OOE+00 (BTU/hr)
1.3b07 (BWhr)
2.85E+04 BTU/hr)
O.flflErtfl (BTU/hr)
by teoperature
1,328 oC
0.flflE4flfl
2.59E+06 (BTU/hr)
2.59E407 (BTU/hr)
OUT HIHHII
23344.01 |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 M 1 1 M
700 oK
356 oK
1,059 gal/hr
15,855
13,130
32.51
51.91
Exit of quench
SCFH I net
785 6.01
4,265 32.51
61 0.51
7,213 54.ซ
800 6.11
0 O.OI
6 O.OI
0 O.OI
13,130.11
KU = 26.0
Exit of scrubber
SCFN Suet Ib/hr
785 6.01 5,356
4,265 32.51 11,901
0.31 * O.OI 2
7,213 54.91 31,312
800 6.11 3,968
0 O.Ot 2
0.03 * O.OI 0
O.flfl * O.OI 0
13,063.07
tt= 25.8
* Based on scrubber efficiency input
iini Mini
Lnl Hill
(BTU/lb) (BTU/lb)
2,208 2,856
10,956 12,090
0 0
11,527 12,704
950BTU/scf 1,050 BTU/scf
0 1,060
AV - By feed (including losses), Spreadsheet 4A
AX by gas flw, fnn spreadsheet 3
990 BTU/lb latent of heat wter* quench T
4-11
-------
TEST PROTOCOL DESIGN
Define All Elements By Iterative
Process
Decide on Number of Test Operating
Conditions
Identify Duration of Test Runs
Develop Width of Operating Envelope
Be Aware of Allowable Emission
Limits
CONFLICTING B
PARAMETERS
Defined as Two or More
Parameters that Cannot Be
Simultaneously Operated at
Worst-Case Conditions
Requires Two or More Test
Conditions for Flexible Limits
CONFLICTING
PARAMETERS (cent)
Requires Discussion in Test Plan
of Reason(s) and Resolution(s)
Example:
Minimum Venturi AP Conflicts
with Maximum Gas Flow and
Maximum Production Rate
4-12
-------
CONFLICTING
PARAMETERS
Example:
Maximum Combustion
Temperatures with Maximum
Feedrate of Low BTU Waste
Minimum Combustion Chamber
Temperature and Maximum
Steam Production
RESOLVING CONFLICTING
PARAMETERS
First Set of Operating Conditions
Without the Conflicting Parameter
Additional Set(s) of Operating
Conditions with Change in
Conflicting Parameter(s)
RESOLVING CONFLICTING
PARAMETERS (cont.,
All Feed Rates the Same
All Other Parameters
Maintained at First Set of
Conditions
4-13
-------
RESOLVING APPARENT
APCS-RELATED
CONFLICTING PARAMETERS
Example: Venturi AP Level
Pretest to Determine Minimum
Venturi AP
Normal AP: 40 in. w.c.
Normal PM Emission: 0.05 gr/dscf
RESOLVING APPARENT
APCS-RELATED CONFLICTING
PARAMETERS (Cent.)
Increase Throat Area with Maximum
Operating Level for AP = 35 in. w.c.
Pretest PM Results: 0.07 gr/dscf
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
FLUE GAS ENTERING
PM CONTROL DEVICE
Limit to Control Volatile Metals
Emissions
Controlled by:
Maximizing Heat Input
Minimizing Heat Recovery or Quench
Minimizing Air Feed or In leakage
4-14
-------
PERIODS OF UNUSUAL EMISSIONS
(Paniculate, Metals, HCI, CL 2)
Example
Soot Blowing - Example
ESP Rapping
Hysteresis Effects
Test Design
TB Must Include One Run During
High Emissions
Use Correction Equations P. 5-14 of
BIF Implementation Document
MONITORING SYSTEMS
Temperature
Pressure
Production Rate for BIF
Combustion Gas Flow
Waste Feedrates
Oxygen
CO
HC (if Applicable)
HCI (if Applicable)
TEMPERATURE
(THERMOCOUPLES, OPTICAL PYROMETER)
In Gas Stream, Combustion Chamber Exit
Extends 3-6" from Wall
Not in Direct Line of Sight of Flame or Hot
Surfaces
Type Must Match
Temperature/Atmosphere
Minimum Thermal Inertia
4-15
-------
PRESSURE
(TRANSDUCER)
Pressure Tap Must Measure Static,
Rather than Dynamic, Pressure
Minimize Risk of Fouling, Plugging
Provisions for Cleaning
Sized Properly to Minimize Damping of
Transients
PRODUCTION RATE B
FOR BIFs
Steam Production Rate for
Boilers
Raw Material for Cement
Kilns
WASTE FEEDRATE
Liquids - Flowmeter
Coriolus
Orifice Meter
Nutating Disc
Positive Displacement
Solids
Continuous Weighing Conveyors
Auger Rotational Speed
Weigher on Clamshell
4-16
-------
HCI EMISSIONS
> HCI Meter
i pH of Stack Condensate?
MAJOR POINTS REGARDING B
MONITORING EQUIPMENT
Calibration
Maintenance
Confirmation
Recalibration
Especially for
"Unorthodox" Monitoring Methods
RECORDKEEPING
Records Need to Reflect:
Operation as Related to
Compliance with Permit Conditions
Waste Tracking
Waste Property Confirmation
4-17
-------
RECORDS RELATED TO
COMPLIANCE WITH
PERMIT CONDITIONS
Recordings of Group A Parameters
Combustion Chamber Temperatures
Combustion Gas How Rate
CO, Qz Monitor Outputs
APCE Inlet Temperature
APCE Parameters*, AP, L, Steam Flow, Steam
Pressure, etc.
As Applicable
RECORDS RELATED TO B
COMPLIANCE WITH
PERMIT CONDITIONS
Group B Parameters
Amounts and Types of Waste Burned
Amount of Chlorine Burned
Amount of Ash Feed
Metal Types and Feedrates
Baseline Testing Results for BIFs
Scrubbing Liquid Solids Content
Etc.
RECORDS RELATED TO
COMPLIANCE WITH
PERMIT CONDITIONS
Group C Parameters
Nozzle Pressures
Changes in Burner Settings
Heating Value of Primary Wastes
Used as Primary Fuel
Etc.
4-18
-------
OTHER RECORDS
Waste Type, Quantity, Dates Received,
Burned
Waste Storage
Waste Analysis
CEM and Monitoring Systems
Calibration and Maintenance Data
OTHER RECORDS B
Dates, Times, Reasons for AWFSOs and Vent
Stack Openings
Summary Reports of All Incidents
Record Affecting Time Limitations
(i.e., 720 Hours Limit)
Any Unusual Facility Conditions Related to Waste
Management
Leaks
Spills
Observed Puffing
DATA FORMAT
AND AVAILABILITY
Multiple Waste Feed Streams Must Be Clearly
Identified
Data Must Be Readily Retrievable
Computer Data Management System
Recommended
Compliance for Carcinogenic Metals, Data Is
Averaged on a 24-Hour Basis
Units of Measurement Must Be "Readily
Convertible" to Permit Conditions
4-19
-------
DATA FORMAT
AND AVAILABILITY (com.)
Records Must Be Available for
Inspection
Records Must Be Kept to Closure
Except for:
Exempt Facilities (i.e., Smelters, SQBs) -
3 Years
Inspection Records and Results 3 Years
MAXIMUM EXPOSED
INDIVIDUAL (MEI)
Lives 70 Years
At Off-Site Point of Maximum
Contaminant Concentration
Annual Average
Off-Site Includes a Public Road or
R.R. Track
B
SINGLE SOURCE
DISPERSION
Xt-y.0
4-20
-------
EXAMPLE MEI
(SINGLE SOURCE)
R.R. Track
EXAMPLE MEI
(MULTIPLE SOURCES)
B
MEU
Road
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Risk BIF Regulations/Technical
Assessment Implementation Document
for EPA's BIF Regulations"
Dispersion Air Dispersion Modeling as
Modeling Applied to Hazardous Waste
Incinerator Evaluations
"Screen" Model Can Be Copied
from EPA's SCRAM Bulletin Board
(919) 541-5742
4-21
-------
DISPERSION EQUATION
r ,2
X (x,y,z;H) - - exp - J f*-'
A v /. 2n ov o2 u ^^ 2 ay
* L V '
,
>
FACTORS AFFECTING R
DISPERSION
Local Meteorology
Stack Temperature, Exit Velocity -
Apparent Stack Height
Local Topography
Bodies of Water, Hills
Urban or Rural
Buildings
Downwash
EMERGENCY VENT STACKS
Emergency Vent Stack Opening Is
Automatically Considered a Violation
Operation of Combustor Must Minimize
Opening
Analogous and Related to Waste Feed
Shu toffs and Puffing
4-22
-------
INCINERATOR WITH
EMERGENCY VENT STACK
Venturi Scrubber
Recycled
Waste Water
Water
Waซte
Blower
Combustion Air
Blower
R
Induced Draft Fan
Blower
Water
Water Eliminator
ASSUME 70 LB OF HIGH BTU
LIQUID FLASHES IN 10 SEC
Starved Conditions - No Excess Air
Produces Local Temp ~ 3,350ฐF
Produces = 1,200 ft3 Gas
Corresponds to Instantaneous
7,200 acfm Surge
B
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS
CAUSES OF VENT STACK
OPENING (EXAMPLE)
Unexpectedly High Volatile Waste Content
Operate at Lower Than Maximum
Combustible Waste Feedrate
Upgrade Waste Analysis Procedures
Unexpected Reactive or Explosive Materials in Waste
Identify Waste Generators, Potential Source
Institute a Program to Reduce Likelihood
Operate at Gas Flow-Rate That Can Absorb
Sudden, Small Explosion
4-23
-------
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS
CAUSES OF VENT STACK
OPENING (CONT.) (EXAMPLE)
Explosion in APCE
Operate at Higher O2 Concentration In
SCC
Maintain Tight CO Control
Replace with Wet APCD - Extreme
Solution
EMERGENCY VENT B
STACK OPENINGS
(MINIMIZING FREQUENCY)
Fault Tree Analysis Methodology
Systematically Identify Possible Causes
of Openings
Incorporate Redundancies
Then Maintain Operation So As to
Minimize Occurrence of Each Cause
4-24
-------
References
R-l
-------
REFERENCES FOR OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS FOR COMBUSTION DEVICES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. March 1992. Technical Implementation
Document for EPA's Boiler and Industrial Furnace Regulations. U.S. EPA Document no. EPA/530-R-92-011,
NTIS Document No. PB92-154 947.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. January 1989. Handbook. Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions
and Reporting Trial Burn Results:Volume II of the Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series. Available
from EPA, ORD, Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI), Cincinnati, OH 45269, Telephone
# 513-569-7562. U.S. EPA Document no. EPA/625/6-89/019.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. January 1989. Hazardous Waste Incineration Measurement
Guidance Manual; Volume III of the Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series. Available from EPA,
ORD, Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI), Cincinnati, OH 45269, Telephone # 513-569-
7562. U.S. EPA Document no. EPA/625/6-89/021.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. 1989. Guidance On Metals and HC1
Controls For Hazardous Waste Incinerators: Volume IV of Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series.
Out of date Refer to BIF Rule.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. November 1989. Proposed Methods for Stack Emissions
Measurement of CO. O2. THC. HC1 and Metals at Hazardous Waste Incinerators; Volume VI of the
Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series. Out of date Superceded by Reference #8, listed below.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 1989. Trial Burn Observation Guide. Includes general
guidance on preparation, on-site activities, and reporting aspects of observing a trial burn test.
U.S. EPA Document no. EPA/530-SW/89-027, NTIS Document no. PB89-179 543.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 1983. Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Incinerator
Permits. Final Report. U.S. EPA Document no. EPA/SW-966, NTIS Document no. PB86100 577.
Document is scheduled for revision.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 1990. Methods Manual for Compliance with the BIF
Regulations. Burning Hazardous Waste in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces. U.S. EPA Document no.
EPA/530-SW-91-010, December, 1990, NTIS Document no. PB-91-120-006. Also published as Appendix IX
of the BIF Regulations.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. June 1992. Catalogue of Hazardous and Solid Waste
Publications: Sixth Edition. Lists hazardous and solid waste documents released by the U.S. EPA's Office
of Solid Waste (OSW). Select list of publications that are frequently requested and is not a comprehensive
list of all documents available. In print.
To order documents published by EPA, OSW, please contact the:
RCRA Information Center (RIC)
Office of Solid Waste (OS-305)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street
Washington, DC 20460
Or call the RCRA/Superfund Hotline: 800-424-9346 between 8:30 a.m. - 7:30 p.m.
For documents published by NTIS, please call: 703-487-4650 between 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.
R-3
-------
References for Toxic Metals and Particulate Matter Presentation
Barton, Robert G., W.D. Clark, and W.R. Seeker. Fate of Metals in Waste Combustion Systems.
Combustion. Science, and Technology. Vol. 74, 00. 327-342 (1990).
Clark, W.D., R.G. Rizeq, G.P. Franklin, and R.H. Simmons. Spiking Time Required for Metals
Emissions to Approach Steady State in Cement Kilns Burning Hazardous Waste, Presented at
the 2nd International Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproducts: Formation and Control,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City (1991).
Engineering-Science. Background Information Document for the Development of Regulations
to Control the Burning of Hazardous Wastes in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces - Volume I.
Industrial Boilers. PB87-173829 (1987).
Engineering-Science. Background Information Document for the Development of Regulations
to Control the Burning of Hazardous Wastes in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces - Volume II.
Industrial Furnaces. PB87-173837 (1987).
International Atomic Energy Agency. Treatment of Off-Gas from Radioactive Waste
Incinerators. Technical Reports Series No. 302, Vienna (1989).
Sprung, S. Technological Problems in Pyroprocessing Cement Clinker: Cause and Solution.
Translation by T.V. Broderick. Beton-Verlag. Dusseldorf (1985).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste -
Physical/Chemical Methods. SW-846 (1986).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions and Reporting
Trial Burn Results. Volume IT of the Hazardous Waste Incineration Guidance Series.
EPA/625/6-89/019 (1989).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on Metals and Hydrogen Chloride Controls
for Hazardous Waste Incinerators. Office of Solid Waste, Washington D.C. (1989).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods Manual for Compliance with the BIF
Regulations. PB-91-120-006 (1990).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Implementation Document for EPA's Boiler
and Industrial Furnace Regulations. PB92-154 947 (1992)
R-4
-------
Appendix A
Table of Contents for Preamble to BIF Regulations and to BIF Regulations
A-l
-------
PREAMBLE OUTLINE
Page
PART ONE: BACKGROUND
I. Legal Authority 7135
H. Overview of the Final Rule 7135
A. Controls for Emissions of Organic Compounds 7135
B. Controls for Emissions of Toxic Metals 7136
C. Controls for Emissions of Hydrogen Chloride and
Chlorine Gas 7136
D. Emission Standard for Paniculate Matter 7136
E. Permitting Procedures 7136
F. Controls During Interim Status 7136
G. Units Exempt From Air Emissions Standards 7136
H. Pollution Prevention Impacts 7137
III. Relationship to Other Rules 7137
A, Regulations to be Promulgated Under the New
Clean Air Act 7137
B. April 27, 1990 Proposed Incinerator Amendments 7137
C. July 18, 1990 Proposed Amendment to Definition of
Wastewater Treatment Unit to Exempt Sludge Dryers 7137
D. Land Disposal Restriction Standards 7137
PART TWO: DEVICES SUBJECT TO REGULATION
I. Boilers 7138
U. Industrial Furnaces 7138
A. Cement Kilns 7138
B. Light-Weight Aggregate Kilns 7139
C Halogen Acid Furnaces 7139
1. Current Practices 7139
2. Designation of HAFs as Industrial Furnaces 7140
D. Smelting, Melting, and Refining Furnaces Burning
Hazardous Waste to Recover Metals 7142
COMBUST
Preamble.toc A-3
-------
PREAMBLE OUTLINE (Continued)
PART THREE: STANDARDS FOR BOILERS AND INDUSTRIAL FURNACES
BURNING HAZARDOUS WASTE
Page
I. Emission Standard for Paniculate Matter 7144
A Basis for Final Rule 7145
1. Alternatives Considered 7145
2. Basis for Standard 7145
B. Interim Status Compliance Procedures 7145
C. Implementation 7146
n. Controls for Emissions of Toxic Organic Compounds 7146
A. DRE Standard 7147
1. Selection of POHCs for DRE Testing 7147
2. Use of POHC Surrogates 7147
3. Waiver of DRE Trial Bum for Boilers Operating
Under the Special Operating Requirements 7147
B. PIC Controls 7149
1. Use of a CO Limit to Control PICs 7150
2. Tier I PIC Controls: 100 ppmv CO limit 7150
3. Tier H PIC Controls: Limits on CO and HC 7153
4. Special Requirements for Furnaces 7155
5. Special Considerations for Cement Kilns 7159
C. Automatic Waste Feed Cutoff Requirements 7159
D. CEM Requirements for PIC Controls 7161
E. Control of Dioxin and Furan Emissions 7162
HI. Risk Assessment Procedures 7164
A. Health Effects Data 7164
1. Carcinogens 7164
2. Noncarcinogens 7166
B. Air Dispersion Modeling 7167
1. Option for Site-Specific Modeling 7167
2. Terrain-Adjusted Effective Stack Height 7167
3. Conservatism in Screening Limits 7168
4. GEP Stack Height 7168
5. Plume Rise Table 7168
6. Compliance by Manipulating Effective Stack Height 7168
7. Effect of HC1 Emissions on Acid Rain 7168
8. Building Wake Effects 7169
COMBUST
Preambie.toc A-4
-------
PREAMBLE OUTLINE (Continued)
Page
C. Consideration of Indirect Exposure and Environmental
Impacts 7169
1. Indirect Exposure 7169
2. Non-human Health Related Environmental Impacts 7169
D. Acceptable Risk Level for Carcinogens 7169
E. Use of MEI/Consideration of Aggregate Risk 7170
F. Risk Assessment Assumptions 7170
IV. Controls for Emissions of Toxic Metals 7171
A. Background Information 7172
1. Metals Standards under Other Statutes 7172
2. 1987 Proposed Rule 7172
3. 1989 Supplement to Proposed Rule 7172
B. How the Standards Work 7173
1. Tier HI Standards 7173
2. Tier H Standards 7174
3. Tier I Standards 7175
C. Implementation 7175
1. Tier I Implementation 7175
2. Tier n Implementation 7176
3. Tier ffl Implementation 7176
4. Special Requirements for Furnaces that Recycle
Collected Paniculate Matter 7176
5. Trial Burns 7178
6. Monitoring and Analysis Requirements 7179
D. Interim Status Compliance Requirements 7179
V. Controls for Emissions of Hydrogen Chloride and Chlorine Gas 7179
A. Background Information 7179
B. Response to Comments 7179
1. Short-Term HC1 RAC 7179
2. Need for C12 Controls 7179
3. HC1 Emission Test Procedures 7180
4. Technology-Based HC1 Controls 7180
C. Implementation 7180
1. Emissions Testing 7180
2. Waste Analysis 7180
3. Interim Status Compliance Requirements 7180
COMBUST
Prcamble.toc A-5
-------
PREAMBLE OUTLINE (Continued)
Page
VI. Nontechnical Requirements 7180
VH. Interim Status Standards 7180
A. Certification Schedule 7181
1. Certification of Precompliance 7181
2. Certification of Compliance 7181
3. Recertification 7182
4. Failure to Comply with the Certification Schedule 7182
5. Development of the Certification Schedule 7182
B. Limits on Operating Parameters 7182
C. Automatic Waste Feed Cutoff 7183
D. Sham Recycling Policy 7183
E. Submittal of Part B Applications 7184
F. DRE Testing 7184
G. Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans 7184
H. Special Requirements for Furnaces 7184
I. Special Metals Controls for Furnaces that Recycle
Collected Particulate Matter 7185
J. Recordkeeping 7186
VIII. Implementation of Today's Rule 7186
A. Newly Regulated Facilities 7186
1. Definition of "In Existence" 7186
2. Section 3010 Notification 7186
3. Part A Permit Application 7186
B. Interim Status Facilities 7186
C. Permitted Facilities 7187
1. Amendment to ง270.42(g) 7187
2. Procedures to Modify Permits 7187
D. Addition of Storage Units at Direct Transfer
Facilities that Obtain Interim Status 7188
1. Unauthorized States 7188
2. Authorized States 7188
E. Compliance with the BIF versus Incinerator Rules 7188
COMBUST
Preamble.toc A-6
-------
PREAMBLE OUTLINE (Continued)
Page
DC Permit Procedures 7189
A Part B Information 7189
B. Special Forms of Permits 7189
1. Permits for New Boilers and Industrial Furnaces 7189
2. Permit Procedures for Interim Status Facilities 7189
X. Exemption of Small Quantity Burners 7189
A. Response to Comments 7190
B. Basis for Today's Rule 7190
1. Composition of Hazardous Waste Stream 7191
2. Toxicity of Hazardous Constituents 7191
3. Destruction Efficiency 7191
4. Assumptions Regarding Metals and Chlorine in
Waste Fuels 7191
C. How the Exemption is Implemented 7192
1. Use of Terrain Adjusted Effective Stack Height 7192
2. Multiple Stacks 7192
D. Wastes Ineligible for Exemption 7192
E. Exemption of Associated Storage 7192
F. Notification and Recordkeeping Requirements 7192
XL Exemption of Low Risk Waste from DRE Standard and
Paniculate Matter Emissions Standard 7193
A Exemption from Compliance with the DRE Standard 7193
B. Exemption from Compliance with the Particulate
Standard 7193
C. Eligibility Requirements 7193
D. How the Low-Risk Waste Exemption Works 7193
1. Constituents of Concern 7193
2. Estimation of Worst-Case Emissions 7193
3. Dispersion Modeling 7194
4. Acceptable Ambient Levels 7194
5. Constituents with Inadequate Health Effects Data 7194
XH. Storage Standards 7194
A Permit Standards for Storage 7194
B. Consideration of Requirement for Liquid Waste
Fuel Blending Tanks 7194
COMBUST
Preamble,toc A-7
-------
PREAMBLE OUTLINE (Continued)
Page
C. Standards for Direct Transfer Operations 7195
1. General Operating Requirements 7195
2. Inspections and Recordkeeping 7196
3. Equipment Integrity 7196
4. Containment and Detection of Releases 7196
5. Response to Leaks and Spills 7196
6. Design and Installation of New Equipment 7196
7. Closure 7196
Xin. Applicability of the Bevill Exclusion to Combustion
Residues When Burning Hazardous Waste 7196
A. Basis' for Applying the Bevill Exclusion to
Derived-From Residue 7197
B. Evolution of Interpretations 7197
C. Case-by-Case Determinations 7198
1. Eligible Devices 7198
2. Two-Part Test 7198
D. Recordkeeping 7199
E. Other Considerations 7199
1. Generic Determinations 7199
2. Burning for Destruction 7199
PART FOUR: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
I. Regulation of Carbon Regeneration Units 7200
A. Basis for Regulating Carbon Regenerating Units as
Thermal Treatment Units 7200
B. Definition of Carbon Regeneration Unit and
Revised Definition of Incinerator 7200
C. Units in Existence on the Effective Date are
Eligible for Interim Status 7200
H. Sludge Dryers 7201
A July 1990 Proposal 7201
B. Summary of Public Comments 7202
COMBUST
Preamble.toc A-8
-------
PREAMBLE OUTLINE (Continued)
Page
ffl. Classification of Coke and By-Product Coal Tar 7202
A. AISI Petition 7202
B. Process Description 7203
C. Basis for Approval of the AISI Petition 7203
IV. Regulation of Landfill Gas 7203
V. Definitions of Infrared and Plasma Arc Incinerators 7204
PART FIVE: ADMINISTRATIVE, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS, AND LIST OF SUBJECTS
L State Authority 7204
A. Applicability of Rules in Authorized States 7204
B. Effect on State Authorizations 7204
II. Regulatory Impacts 7205
A. Cost Analysis 7205
1. Background 7205
2. Revised Cost Analysis 7205
B. Regulatory Flexibility Act 7206
C. Paperwork Reduction Act 7206
m. List of Subjects 7206
COMBUST
Preamble.toc
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Appendix B
Table of Contents for BIF Regulations
B-l
-------
OUTLINE OF THE RULE
Page
PART 260- HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: GENERAL
1. The authority citation for Part 260 continues to read 7206
2. Section 260.10 is amended by: (1) revising the introductory 7206
260.10 Definitions
(1) Uses controlled flame combustion and neither meets the 7206
(2) Meets the definition of infrared incinerator or plasma arc 7206
(12) Halogen acid furnaces (HAFs) for the production of acid 7206
3. Paragraph (a) of Section 260.11 is amended by adding to 7206
(a) ' *
260.11 References
PART 261 - IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
1. The authority citation for Part 261 continues to read 7206
2. Section 261.2 is amended by redesignating paragraph (d)(2) as 7206
2612 Definition of solid waste
(d) * * *
(2) Secondary materials fed to a halogen acid furnace 7206
3. Section 261.4 is amended by adding paragraph (a)(10) 7206
261.4 Exclusions
(a) * * '
(10) When used as a fuel, coke and coal tar from the iron 7206
(b)
(4) Fly ash waste, bottom ash waste, slag waste, and flue gas 7206
(7) Solid waste from the extraction, beneficiation 7207
(8) Cement kiln dust waste, except as provided by ง266.112 7207
COMBUST
RuleoutLmlm B-3
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OUTLINE OF THE RULE (Continued)
Page
PART 264 - STANDARDS FOR OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES
1. The authority citation for Part 264 continues to read 7207
2. Section 264.112 is amended by revising paragraph (d)(l) 7207
264.112 Closure of plan; amendment of plan
(d) Notification of partial closure and final closure 7207
3. Section 264.340 is amended by revising paragraph (a) 7207
264340 Applicability
(a) The regulations of this subpart apply to owners and operators of 7207
PART 265 - INTERIM STATUS STANDARDS FOR OWNERS AND OPERATORS
OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES
1. The authority citation for Part 265 continues to read 7207
2. Section 265.112 is amended by revising paragraphs (a),(d),(l) 7207
265.112 Closure plan; amendment of plan
(a) Written plan 7207
(d) Notification of partial closure and final closure 7207
(1) The owner or operator must submit the closure plan to the 7207
(2) Except for boilers and industrial furnaces that operate 7207
3. Section 265.113 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) 7207
265.113 Closure; time allowed for closure
(a) Within 90 days after receiving the final volume of hazardous 7207
(b) The owner or operator must complete partial and final closure 7208
3. Section 265.113 is amended by revising paragraph (a) 7208
265340 APPLICABILITY
(a) The regulations of this subpart apply to owners and operators of 7208
COMBUST
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OUTLINE OF THE RULE (Continued)
Page
PART 266 - STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC
HAZARDOUS WASTES AND SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT FACILITIES
1. The authority citation for Part 266 continues to read as 7208
2. Subpart D is hereby removed and reserved and Subpart H 7208
Subpart H Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces
266.100 Applicability
(a) The regulations of this subpart apply to hazardous waste burned 7208
(b) The following hazardous wastes and faculties are not subject 7208
(1) Used oil burned for energy recovery that is also 7208
(2) Gas recovered from hazardous or solid waste landfills 7208
(3) Hazardous wastes that are exempt from regulation 7208
(4) Coke ovens, if the only hazardous waste burned is EPA K087 7208
(c) Owners and operators of smelting, melting, and refining furnaces 7208
(1) To be exempt from งง266.102 through 266.111 7208
(i) Provide a one-time written notice to the Director 7208
(A) The owner or operator claims exemption under 7208
(B) The hazardous waste is burned solely for metal 7208
(C) The hazardous waste contains recoverable 7208
(D) The owner or operator will comply with 7208
(ii) Sample and analyze the hazardous waste and other 7208
(iii) Maintain at the facility for at least three years 7208
(2) A hazardous waste meeting either of the following criteria 7208
(i) The hazardous waste has a total concentration of 7208
(ii) The hazardous waste has a heating value of 5,000 Btu/lb 7208
(d) The standards for direct transfer operations under ง266.11 apply 7208
(e) The management standards for residues under ง266.112 apply to 7208
266.101 Management prior to burning
(a) Generators 7208
(b) Transporters 7208
(c) Storage facilities 7209
(1) Owners and operators of facilities that store hazardous 7209
(2) Owners and operators of facilities that bum, in an on-site 7209
COMBUST
RuleouU.mlm B-5
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OUTLINE OF THE RULE (Continued)
Page
266.102 Permit standards for burners
(a) Applicability 7209
(1) General 7209
(2) Applicability of Part 264 standards 7209
(i) In Subpart A (General) 7209
(ii) In Subpart B (General facility standards) 7209
(iii) In Subpart C (Preparedness and prevention) 7209
(iv) In Subpart D (Contingency plan and emergency
procedures) 7209
(v) In Subpart E (Manifest system, recordkeeping,
reporting) 7209
(vi) In Subpart F (Corrective action) 7209
(vii) In Subpart G (Closure and post-closure) 7209
(viii) In Subpart H (Financial requirements) 7209
(ix) Subpart BB (Air emission standards for equipment leaks) ... 7209
(b) Hazardous waste analysis 7209
(1) The owner or operator must provide an analysis of 7209
(2) Throughout normal operation, the owner or operator must 7209
(c) Emissions standards 7209
(d) Permits 7209
(1) The owner or operator may burn only hazardous wastes 7209
(2) Hazardous wastes not specified in the permit may not be 7209
(3) Boilers and industrial furnaces operating under the interim 7209
(4) A permit for a new boiler or industrial furnace 7209
(i) For the period beginning with initial introduction of 7209
(ii) For the duration of the trial burn, the operating 7209
(iii) For the period immediately following completion of 7209
(D) For the remaining duration of the permit 7210
(e) Operating requirements 7210
(1) General 7210
(2) Requirements to ensure compliance with the organic emissions .... 7210
(i) DRE standard 7210
(A) Feed rate of hazardous waste and other fuels 7210
(B) Minimum and maximum device production rate 7210
(C) Appropriate controls of the hazardous waste 7210
(D) Allowable variation in boiler and industrial 7210
(E) Minimum combustion gas temperature measured at .. 7210
t (F) An appropriate indicator of combustion gas 7210
COMBUST
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OUTLINE OF THE RULE (Continued)
Page
(G) Such other operating requirements as are 7210
(ii) Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon standards 7210
(A) When complying with the CO standard of ง266.104 ... 7210
(B) When complying with the alternative CO standard ... 7210
(C) When complying with the alternative HC limit 7210
(iii) Start-up and shut-down 7210
(3) Requirements to ensure conformance with the particulate 7210
(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (iii) 7210
(A) Total ash feed rate to the device from 7210
(B) Maximum device production rate when producing .... 7210
(C) Appropriate controls on operation and maintenance .. 7210
(D) Allowable variation in boiler and industrial 7210
(E) Such other operating requirements 7210
(ii) Permit conditions to ensure conformance with 7210
(iii) For cement kilns and light-weight aggregate kirns 7210
(4) Requirements to ensure conformance with the metals emissions .... 7210
(i) For conformance with the Tier I (or adjusted Tier I) 7210
(A) Total feed rate of each metal in hazardous waste .... 7210
(B) Total feed rate of hazardous waste measured 7210
(C) A sampling and metals analysis program 7210
(ii) For conformance with the Tier n metals emission rate 7210
(A) Maximum emission rate for each metal specified 7210
(B) Feed rate of total hazardous waste and pumpable .... 7210
(C) Feed rate of each metal in the following 7210
(1) Total feed streams 7210
(2) Total hazardous waste feed 7210
(3) Total pumpable hazardous waste feed 7210
(D) Total feed rate of chlorine and chloride in 7211
(E) Maximum combustion gas temperature measured at .. 7211
(F) Maximum flue gas temperature at the inlet to 7211
(G) Maximum device production rate when producing .... 7211
(H) Appropriate controls on operation and maintenance . . 7211
(I) Allowable variation in boiler and industrial 7211
(J) Such other operating requirements 7211
(iii) For conformance with an alternative implementation 7211
(A) Maximum emission rate for each metal specified as ... 7211
(B) Feed rate of total hazardous waste and pumpable .... 7211
COMBUST
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OUTLINE OF THE RULE (Continued)
Page
(C) Feed rate of each metal in the following 7211
(1) Total hazardous waste feed; and 7211
(2) Total pumpable hazardous waste feed 7211
(D) Total feed rate of chlorine and chloride in total 7211
(E) Maximum combustion gas temperature measured .... 7211
(F) Maximum flue gas temperature at the inlet to 7211
(G) Maximum device production rate when producing .... 7211
(H) Appropriate controls on operation and maintenance .. 7211
(I) Allowable variation in boiler and industrial 7211
(J) Such other operating requirements as are 7211
(5) Requirements to ensure confonnance with the hydrogen chloride ... 7211
(i) For confonnance with the Tier I total chlorine 7211
(A) Feed rate of total chloride and chlorine in 7211
(B) Feed rate of total hazardous waste measured 7211
(C) A sampling and analysis program for total
chloride 7211
(ii) For confonnance with the Tier n HC1 and C12 emission 7211
(A) Maximum emission rate for HCI and for C12 7211
(B) Feed rate of total hazardous waste measured 7211
(C) Total feed rate of chlorine and chloride in total 7211
(D) Maximum device production rate when producing .... 7211
(E) Appropriate controls on operation and maintenance .. 7211
(F) Allowable variation in boiler and industrial 7211
(G) Such other operating requirements as are 7211
(6) Measuring parameters and establishing limits based on trial 7211
(i) General requirements 7211
(A) Instantaneous limits 7211
(B) Hourly rolling average 7211
(1) The limit for a parameter may be
established 7211
(i) A continuous monitor is one which 7211
(ii) An hourly rolling average is the 7211
(2) The permit limit for the parameter 7211
(ii) Rolling average limits for 7211
(A) The feed rate of each metal shall be limited 7211
(B) The continuous monitor shall meet the following 7211
(1) A continuous monitor is one which 7211
(2) The rolling average for the selected 7211
(C) The permit limit for the feed rate of each metal 7212
COMBUST
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OUTLINE OF THE RULE (Continued)
Page
(iii) Feed rate limits for metals, total chloride and
chlorine 7212
(iv) Conduct of trial burn testing 7212
(A) If compliance with all applicable emissions 7212
(B) Prior to obtaining test data for purposes of 7212
(C) Trial burn data on the level of an operating 7212
(7) General requirements 7212
(i) Fugitive emissions 7212
(A) Keeping the combustion zone totally sealed 7212
(B) Maintaining the combustion zone pressure lower 7212
(C) An alternate means of control demonstrated 7212
(ii) Automatic waste feed cutoff 7212
(A) The permit limit for (the indicator of) minimum 7212
(B) Exhaust gases must be ducted to the air 7213
(C) Operating parameters for which permit limits 7212
(iii) Changes 7212
(8) Monitoring and Inspections 7212
(i) The owner or operator must monitor and record 7212
(A) If specified by the permit, feed rates 7212
(B) If specified by the permit, carbon monoxide 7212
(C) Upon the request of the Director, sampling 7212
(ii) All monitors shall record data in units corresponding 7212
(iii) The boiler or industrial furnace and associated 7212
(iv) The automatic hazardous waste feed cutoff system 7212
(v) These monitoring and inspection data must be recorded .... 7212
(9) Direct transfer to the burner 7212
(10) Recordkeeping 7212
(11) Closure 7212
266.103 Interim status standards for burners
(a) Purpose, scope, applicability 7212
(1) General 7212
(i) The purpose of this section is to establish minimum 7212
(ii) Existing or in existence means a boiler or industrial 7212
(A) A continuous on-site, physical construction 7212
(B) The owner or operator has entered in to
contractual 7212
(iii) If a boiler or furnace is located 7212
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(2) Exemptions 7212
(3) Prohibition on burning dioxin-listed wastes 7212
(4) Applicability of Part 265 standards 7212
(i) In Subpart A (General) 7212
(ii) In Subpart B (General Facility Standards) 7212
(iii) In Subpart C (Preparedness and Prevention) 7212
(iv) In Subpart D (Contingency plan and emergency procedures .. 7212
(v) In Subpart E (Manifest systems) 7212
(vi) In Subpart G (Closure and post-closure) 7212
(vii) In Subpart H (Financial Requirements) 7212
(viii)In Subpart BB (Air emission standards for equipment
leaks) 7212
(5) Special requirements for furnaces 7212
(i) Controls 7212
(A) The hazardous waste shall be fed at a location 7212
(B) The owner or operator must determine that 7212
(C) For cement kiln systems, the hazardous waste 7212
(D) The hydrocarbon controls of Section 266.104 7212
(ii) Burning hazardous waste solely as an ingredient 7212
(A) The hazardous waste has a total concentration 7212
(B) The hazardous waste has a heating value 7212
(6) Restrictions on burning hazardous waste that is not a fuel 7212
(7) Direct transfer to the burner 7212
(b) Certification of precompliance 7212
(1) General 7212
(2) Information required 7212
(i) General facility information 7212
(A) EPA facility ID number 7212
(B) Facility name 7212
(C) Description of boilers and 7212
(D) A scaled plot plan 7212
(E) A description of the air pollution 7212
(ii) Except for facilities complying with Tier I 7213
(A) The feed rate of ash, chlorine 7214
(B) The estimated partitioning factor 7214
(C) For industrial furnaces that recycle 7214
(D) If best engineering judgement 7214
(iii) For facilities complying with Tier I 7214
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(iv) For facilities complying with Tier n or Tier ffl 7214
(A) The estimated air pollution 7214
(B) To estimate APCS removal 7214
(C) If best engineering judgement is used 7214
(v) Determination of allowable emissions rates for HC1 7214
(A) For all facilities 7214
(1) Physical stack height 7214
(2) Good engineering practice stack 7214
(3) Maximum flue gas flow rate 7214
(4) Maximum flue gas temperature 7214
(5) Attach a US Geological Service topographic . .. 7214
(6) Identify terrain type 7214
(7) Identify land use: urban or rural 7214
(B) For owners and operators using Tier HI site 7214
(1) Dispersion model and version used 7214
(2) Source of meteorological data 7214
(3) The dilution factor in micrograms per 7214
(4) Indicate the MEI location on the map 7214
(vi) For facilities complying with the Tier n or HI 7214
(vii) For facilities complying with the Tier I 7214
(viii) For industrial furnaces that feed hazardous waste 7214
(ix) For industrial furnaces that recycle 7214
(A) The applicable particulate matter 7214
(B) The precompliance limit on the concentration 7214
(3) Limits on operating conditions 7214
(i) Feed rate of total hazardous waste 7214
(ii) Feed rate of each metal in the following feed 7214
(A) Total feed streams 7214
(B) Total hazardous waste feed 7214
(C) Total pumpable hazardous waste feed 7214
(iii) Total feed rate of chlorine and chloride in 7214
(iv) Total feed rate of ash in total feed streams 7214
(v) Maximum production rate of the device in 7215
(4) Operating requirements for furnaces that recycle PM 7215
(5) Measurements of feed rates and production rate 7215
(A) Instantaneous limits 7215
(B) Hourly rolling average limits 7215
(1) A continuous monitor is one which 7215
(2) An hourly rolling average is the 7215
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(ii) Rolling average limits for carcinogenic metals 7215
(A) The feed rate of each metal shall be limited 7215
(B) The continuous monitor shall meet the 7215
(1) A continuous monitor is one which 7215
(2) The rolling average for the selected 7215
(iii) Feed rate limits for metals, total chloride and 7215
(6) Public notice requirements at precompliance 7215
(i) Name and address of the owner and operator 7215
(ii) Date that the certification of precompliance is 7215
(iii) Brief description of the regulatory process 7215
(iv) Types and quantities of hazardous waste burned 7215
(v) Type of device(s) in which the hazardous waste is 7215
(vi) Types and quantities of other fuels 7215
(vii) Brief description of the basis for this 7215
(viii)Locations where the operating record for the facility 7215
(A) The Agency office where the supporting 7215
(B) The facility site where the device is located 7215
(ix) Notification of the establishment of a facility 7215
(x) Location (mailing address) of the applicable EPA 7215
(7) Monitoring other operating parameters 7215
(8) Revised certification of precompliance 7215
(i) The public notice requirements of 7215
(ii) The owner and operator must operate 7215
(9) Certification of precompliance statement 7215
(c) Certification of compliance 7215
(1) Limits on operating conditions 7216
(i) Feed rate of total hazardous waste 7216
(ii) Feed rate of each metal in the following 7216
(A) Total feedstreams 7216
(B) Total hazardous waste feed 7216
(C) Total pumpable hazardous waste feed 7216
(iii) Total feed rate of chlorine and chloride 7216
(iv) Total feed rate of ash in total feed streams 7216
(v) Carbon monoxide concentration 7216
(vi) Maximum production rate of the device 7216
(vii) Maximum combustion chamber temperature 7216
(viii) Maximum flue gas temperature entering a particulate 7216
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(ix) For systems using wet scrubbers 7216
(A) Minimum liquid to flue gas ratio 7216
(B) Minimum scrubber blowdown from the system 7216
(C) Minimum pH level of the scrubber water 7216
(x) For systems using venturi scrubbers, the minimum 7216
(xi) For systems using dry scrubbers (unless complying) 7216
(A) Minimum caustic feed rate 7216
(B) Minimum flue gas flow rate 7216
(xii) For systems using wet ionizing scrubbers or 7216
(A) Minimum electrical power in kilovolt 7216
(B) Maximum flue gas flow rate 7216
(xiii) For systems using fabric filters (baghouses) 7216
(2) Prior notice of compliance testing 7216
(i) General facility information 7216
(A) EPA facility ID number 7216
(B) Facility name, contact person, telephone 7216
(C) Person responsible for conducting a compliance 7216
(D) Planned date of the compliance test 7216
(ii) Specific information on each device 7216
(A) . Description of boiler or industrial furnace 7216
(B) A scaled plot plan showing the entire facility 7216
(C) A description of the air pollution control 7216
(D) Identification of the continuous emission 7216
(1) Carbon monoxide monitor 7216
(2) Oxygen monitor 7216
(3) Hydrocarbon monitor 7216
(E) Indication of whether the stack is shared 7217
(F) Other information useful to an understanding 7217
(iii) Information on the testing planned 7217
(A) Purpose of the test 7217
(B) Planned operating conditions 7217
(3) Compliance testing 7217
(i) General 7217
(ii) Special requirements for industrial furnaces 7217
(A) The special testing requirements prescribed 7217
(B) Stack emissions testing for a minimum of 6 hours .... 7217
(1) Feed rate of total hazardous waste 7217
(2) Total feed rate of chlorine and chloride 7217
(3) Total feed rate of ash in total feed 7217
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(4) Carbon monoxide concentration 7217
(5) Maximum production rate of the device 7217
(C) Conduct compliance testing to determine 7217
(iii) Conduct of compliance testing 7217
(A) If compliance with all applicable emission 7217
(B) Prior to obtaining test data 7217
(C) Compliance test data on the level of 7217
(4) Certification of compliance 7217
(i) General facility and testing information 7217
(A) EPA facility ID number 7217
(B) Facility name, contact person 7217
(C) Person responsible for conducting compliance 7217
(D) Date(s) of each compliance test 7217
(E) Description of boiler or industrial furnace 7217
(F) Person responsible for quality assurance 7217
(G) Description of any changes in the unit 7217
(H) Description of any changes in the planned test 7217
(I) The complete report on results of emissions 7217
(ii) Specific information on each test 7217
(A) Purpose(s) of test 7217
(B) Summary of test results for each run 7217
(1) Date of run 7217
(2) Duration of run 7217
(3) Time-weighted average and highest hourly .... 7217
(4) Highest hourly rolling average HC level 7217
(5) If dioxin and furan testing is required 7217
(6) Time-weighted average paniculate matter 7217
(7) Time-weighted average HC1 and C12 7218
(8) Time-weighted average emissions 7218
(9) QA/QC results 7218
(iii) Comparison of the actual emissions during each test 7218
(iv) Determination of operating limits 7218
(A) Instantaneous limits 7218
(B) Hourly rolling average basis 7218
(1) The limit for a parameter may be
established 7218
(i) A continuous monitor is one 7218
(ii) An hourly rolling average 7218
(2) The operating limit for the parameter 7218
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(C) Rolling average limits for carcinogenic metals 7218
(1) The feed rate of each metal shall be 7218
(2) The continuous monitor shall meet the 7218
(i) A continuous monitor is one 7218
(ii) The rolling average for the 7218
(3) The operating limit for the feed rate 7218
(D) Feed rate limits for metals, total chloride 7218
(v) Certification of compliance statement 7218
(5) Special requirements for HC monitoring systems 7218
(6) Special operating requirements for industrial furnaces 7218
(i) When complying with the requirements of paragraph 7218
(ii) When complying with the requirements of paragraph 7218
(7) Extensions of time 7218
(i) If the owner or operator does not submit 7218
(A) Stop burning hazardous waste and begin closure 7218
(B) Limit hazardous waste burning to a total period 7218
(C) Obtain a case-by-case extension of time 7218
(ii) The owner or operator may request a case-by-case 7218
(A) In granting an extension, the Director may 7218
(B) When an owner and operator request an extension ... 7218
(1) The Director shall, in considering 7219
(i) Determine whether the owner 7219
(ii) Consider whether the owner or
operator 7219
(2) If an extension is granted 7219
(8) Revised certification of compliance 7219
(i) Prior to submittal of a revised certification 7219
(ii) At least 30 days prior to first burning hazardous 7219
(A) EPA facility ID number, and facility name 7219
(B) Operating conditions that the owner or operator 7219
(C) A determination that when operating under 7219
(D) Complete emissions testing protocol for any 7219
(iii) Conduct a compliance test under the revised operating 7219
(iv) Submit a revised certification of compliance under 7219
(d) Periodic recertifications 7219
(e) Noncompliance with certification schedule 7219
(f) Start-up and shut-down 7219
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(g) Automatic waste feed cutoff 7219
(1) To minimize emissions or organic compounds, the minimum 7219
(i) If compliance with the combustion chamber temperature .... 7219
(ii) If compliance with the combustion chamber temperature .... 7219
(2) Operating parameters limited by the certification 7219
(h) Fugitive emissions 7219
(1) Keeping the combustion zone totally sealed 7219
(2) Maintaining the combustion zone pressure lower 7219
(3) An alternate means of control that the owner or operator 7219
(i) Changes 7219
(j) Monitoring and inspections 7219
(1) The owner or operator must monitor and record the following 7220
(i) Feed rates and composition of hazardous waste 7220
(ii) Carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen 7220
(iii) Upon the request of the Director, sampling 7220
(2) The boiler or industrial furnace , 7220
(3) The automatic hazardous waste feed cutoff system 7220
(4) These monitoring and inspection data must be 7220
(k) Recordkeeping 7220
(1) Closure 7220
266.104 Standards to control organic emissions
(a) DRE standard 7220
(1) General 7220
(2) Designation of POHCs 7220
(3) Dioxin-listed waste 7220
(4) Automatic waiver of DRE trial bum 7220
(5) Low risk waste 7220
(b) Carbon monoxide standard 7220
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section 7220
(2) CO and oxygen shall be continuously monitored 7220
(3) Compliance with the 100 ppmv CO limit 7220
(c) Alternative carbon monoxide standard 7220
(1) The stack gas concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) 7221
(2) HC limits must be established 7221
(3) HC shall be continuously monitored 7221
(4) The alternative CO standard is established 7221
(d) Special requirements for furnaces 7221
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(e) Controls for dioxins and furans 7221
(1) During the trial bum 7221
(2) Estimate the 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity 7221
(3) Conduct dispersion modeling using methods 7221
(4) The ratio of the predicted maximum annual 7221
(f) Alternative HC limit for furnaces with organic 7221
(1) The owner or operator must demonstrate 7221
(2) The owner or operator must develop an 7221
(3) The owner of operator must conduct 7221
(i) Determine the baseline HC (and CO) level 7221
(ii) Demonstrate that, when hazardous waste is burned 7221
(iii) Identify the types and concentrations of organic 7221
(A) Sampling and analysis of organic emissions 7221
(B) Dispersion modeling shall be conducted 7221
(iv) Demonstrate that maximum annual average ground level .... 7221
(A) For the noncarcinogenic compounds listed in 7221
(B) For the carcinogenic compounds listed in 7221
(C) For compounds not listed in Appendix IV 7221
(4) All hydrocarbon levels specified under 7222
(g) Monitoring CO an HC in the by-pass duct 7222
(1) Hazardous waste is fired only into 7222
(2) The by-pass duct diverts a minimum of 10% 7222
(h) Use of emissions test data to demonstrate 7222
(i) Enforcement 7222
266.105 Standards to control participate matter
(a) A boiler or industrial furnace burning 7222
(b) An owner or operator meeting the 7222
(c) For the purposes of permit enforcement 7222
266.106 Standards to control metals emissions
(a) General 7222
(b) Tier I feed rate screening limits 7222
(1) Noncarcinogenic metals 7222
(i) The feed rate screening limits for antimony, barium 7222
(A) An hourly rolling average as defined 7222
(B) An instantaneous limit not to be exceeded 7222
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(ii) The feed rate screening limit for lead is based on 7222
(A) An hourly rolling average as defined 7222
(B) An averaging period of 2 to 24 hours 7222
(C) An instantaneous limit not to be exceeded 7222
(2) Carcinogenic metals 7222
(i) The feed rates of arsenic, cadmium, barium 7222
(ii) The feed rate screening limits for the carcinogenic 7222
(A) An hourly rolling average 7222
(B) An averaging period of 2 to 24 hours 7222
(3) TESH 7222
(i) The terrain-adjusted effective stack height 7222
(ii) The stack height (Ha) may not exceed 7222
(iii) If the TESH for a particular facility 7222
(4) Terrain type 7222
(5) Land use 7222
(6) Multiple stacks 7223
(7) Criteria for facilities not eligible for screening limits 7223
(i) The device is located in a narrow valley 7223
(ii) The device has a stack taller than 20 meters 7223
(iii) The device has a stack taller than 20 meters 7223
(iv) The physical stack height of any stack is less than 7223
(v) The Director determines that standards based on 7223
(8) Implementation 7223
(c) Tier n emission rate screening limits 7223
(1) Noncarcinogenic metals 7223
(2) Carcinogenic metals 7223
(3) Implementation. The emission rate limits must 7223
(4J_ ^Definitions and limitations 7223
Multiple stacks 7223
(i) Owners and operators of facilities 7223
(ii) The worst-case stack is determined by 7223
(iii) For each metal, the total emissions of the metal 7223
(d) Tier HI site-specific risk assessment 7223
(1) General 7223
(2) Acceptable ambient levels 7223
(3) Carcinogenic metals 7223
(4) Noncarcinogenic metals 7223
(5) Multiple stacks 7223
(6) Implementation 7224
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(e) Adjusted Tier I feed rate screening .............................. 7224
(f) Alternative implementation approaches ........................... 7224
(1) The Director may approve ................................ 7224
(2) The emission limits provided by ............................ 7224
(i) For each noncarcinognic metal ....................... 7224
(ii) For each carcinogenic metal ......................... 7224
(A) Back-calculating form the RSD .................. 7224
(B) If more than one carcinogenic metal .............. 7224
(g) Emissions testing ............................................ 7224
(1) General ............................................ .-. 7224
(2) Hexavalent chromium ................................... 7224
(h) Dispersion modeling ......................................... 7224
(i) Enforcement ............................................... 7224
266.107 Standards to control hydrogen chloride (HC1) and Chlorine
emissions
(a) General [[[ 7224
(b) Screening limits ............................................. 7224
(1) Tier I feed rate screening limits ............................ 7224
(2) Tier II emission rate screening limits ........................ 7224
(3) Definitions and limitations ................................ 7224
(4) Multiple stacks ........................................ 7224
(i) The worst-case stack is determined by procedures ......... 7224
(ii) Under Tier I, the total feed rate of chlorine and .......... 7224
(iii) Under Tier H, the total emissions of HC1 and C12 ......... 7224
(c) Tier in site-specific risk assessment .............................. 7224
(1) General .............................................. 7224
(2) Acceptable ambient levels ........................ ........ 7224
(3) Multiple stacks ........................................ 7224
(d) Averaging periods. The HC1 and C12 controls ....................... 7225
(i) An hourly rolling average as defined in ง266.102(e)(6) ...... 7225
(ii) An instantaneous basis not to be exceeded at any time ..... 7225
(e) Adjusted Tier I feed rate screening limits .......................... 7225
(f) Emissions testing ............................................ 7225
(g) Dispersion modeling ......................................... 7225
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266.108 Small quantity on-site burner exemption
(a) Exempt quantities 7225
(1) The quantity of hazardous waste 7225
TABLE: EXEMPT QUANTITIES FOR SMALL QUANTITY
BURNER EXEMPTION 7225
(2) The maximum hazardous waste firing 7225
(3) The hazardous waste has a minimum 7225
(4) The hazardous waste fuel 7225
(b) Mixing with nonhazardous fuels 7225
(c) Multiple stacks 7225
(d) Notification Requirements 7225
(1) The combustion unit is operating as 7225
(2) The owner and operator are in 7225
(3) The maximum quantity of hazardous 7225
(e) Recordkeeping requirements 7225
266.109 Low risk waste exemption
(a) Waiver of DRE standard 7225
(1) The device shall be operated as follows 7225
(i) A minimum of 50 percent of fuel fired 7225
(ii) Primary fuels and hazardous waste fuels 7225
(iii) The hazardous waste is fired directly 7225
(iv) The device operates in conformance with 7225
(2) Procedures to demonstrate that the hazardous 7226
(i) Identify and quantify those nonmetal 7226
(ii) Calculate reasonable, worst case emission 7226
(iii) For each constituent identified 7226
(A) Dispersion modeling shall be 7226
(B) Owners and operators of facilities 7226
(iv) Ground level concentrations of 7226
(A) For the noncarcinogenic compounds 7226
(B) For the carcinogenic compounds 7226
(C) For constituents not listed 7226
(b) Waiver of particulate matter standard 7226
(1) The DRE standard is waived 7226
(2) The owner or operator complies with the Tier I 7226
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266.110 Waiver of DRE trial burn for boilers
(a) A niiTiimiim of 50 percent of fuel fired to the boiler .................. 7226
(b) Boiler load shall not be less than 40 percent ....................... 7226
(c) Primary fuels and hazardous waste fuels shall have ................... 7226
(d) The device shall operate in conformance with ...................... 7226
(e) The boiler must be a watertube type boiler ........................ 7226
(f) The hazardous waste shall be fired directly into ..................... 7226
(1) Viscosity ............................................. 7226
(2) Particle size ........................ . .................. 7226
(3) Mechanical atomization systems ............................ 7226
(4) Rotary cup atomization systems ............................ 7226
266.111 Standards for direct transfer
(a) Applicability ............................................... 7226
(b) Definitions ................................................. 7226
(1) When used in this section ................................ 7226
(2) This section references several requirements .................. 7226
(c) General operating requirements ................................. 7226
(1) No direct transfer of a pumpable hazardous waste .............. 7226
(2) Direct transfer equipment used for pumpable ................. 7226
(3) The direct transfer of hazardous waste ....................... 7226
(i) Generate extreme heat or pressure .................... 7226
(ii) Produce uncontrolled toxic mists, fumes ................. 7226
(iii) Produce uncontrolled flammable fumes or ............... 7227
(iv) Damage the structural integrity of ..................... 7227
(v) Adversely affect the capability of ...................... 7227
(vi) Threaten human health or the environment .............. 7227
(4) Hazardous waste shall not be placed in direct ................. 7227
(5) The owner or operator of the facility shall use ................. 7227
(i) Spill prevention controls ............................ 7227
(ii) Automatic waste feed cutoff ......................... 7227
(d) Areas where direct transfer vehicles (containers) are ................. 7227
(1) The containment requirements of ง264.175 ................... 7227
(2) The use and management requirements of Subpart I ............ 7227
(3) The closure requirements of ง264.178 ....................... 7227
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(e) Direct transfer equipment 7227
(1) Secondary containment 7227
(i) For all new direct transfer equipment 7227
(ii) For existing direct transfer equipment 7227
(2) Requirements prior to meeting secondary 7227
(i) For existing direct transfer equipment 7227
(ii) This assessment shall determine whether 7227
(A) Design standard(s) 7227
(B) Hazardous characteristics 7227
(C) Existing corrosion protection. 7227
(D) Documented age of the equipment 7227
(E) Results of a leak test 7227
(iii) If, as a result of the assessment 7227
(3) Inspections and recordkeeping 7227
(i) The owner or operator must inspect 7227
(A) Overfill/spill control equipment 7227
(B) The above ground portions 7227
(C) Data gathered from monitoring 7227
(ii) The owner or operator must inspect 7227
(iii) Records of inspections 7227
(4) Design and installation of new ancillary 7227
(5) Response to leaks or spills 7227
(6) Closure 7227
266.112 Regulation of residues
(a) The device meets the following criteria 7227
(1) Boilers 7227
(2) Ore or mineral furnaces 7227
(3) Cement kilns 7227
(b) The owner or operator demonstrates that the hazardous 7227
(1) Comparison of waste-derived residue 7227
(i) Normal residue 7227
(ii) Waste-derived residue 7228
(2) Comparison of waste-derived residue 7228
(i) Nonmetal constituents 7228
(ii) Metal constituents 7228
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(c) Records sufficient to document compliance 7228
(1) Levels of constituents in Appendix Vm 7228
(2) If the waste-derived residue is compared 7228
(i) The levels of constituents 7228
(ii) Data and information 7228
PART 270 EPA ADMINISTERED PERMIT PROGRAMS: THE HAZARDOUS
WASTE PERMIT PROGRAM
1. the authority citation for Part 270 continues to read 7235
2. Part 270 is amended by adding Section 270.22 7235
27022 Specific Part B information requirements for boilers and industrial
furnaces burning hazardous waste
(a) Trial burns 7235
(1) General 7235
(i) A trial bum to demonstrate conformance 7235
(ii) The owner or operator may submit data 7235
(2) Waiver of trial bum for DRE 7235
(i) Boilers operated under special operating 7235
(ii) Boilers and industrial furnaces burning 7235
(A) Documentation that the device is 7235
(B) Results of analyses of each waste 7235
(C) Documentation of hazardous waste 7235
(D) Results of emissions dispersion 7235
(E) Documentation that the maximum 7235
(3) Waiver of trial bum for metals 7235
(i) Documentation of the feed rate 7235
(ii) Documentation of the concentration 7235
(iii) Documentation of how the applicant will 7235
(iv) Documentation to support the determination 7235
(v) Documentation of compliance with 7235
(vi) Documentation that the facility does not fail 7235
(vii) Proposed sampling and metals analysis plan 7235
(4) Waiver of trial burn for particulate matter 7235
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(5) Waiver of trial burn for HC1 and C12 7236
(i) Documentation of the feed rate of hazardous waste 7236
(ii) Documentation of the levels of total chloride 7236
(iii) Documentation of how the applicant will ensure 7236
(iv) Documentation to support the determination of the 7236
(v) Documentation of compliance with 7236
(vi) Documentation that the facility does not fail 7236
(vii) Proposed sampling and analysis plan for total chloride 7236
(6) Data in lieu of a trial burn 7236
(i) For a waiver from any trial burn 7236
(A) A description and analysis 7236
(B) The design and operating conditions 7236
(C) Such supplemental information as the Director 7236
(ii) For a waiver of the DRE trial burn ,.. 7236
(b) Alternative HC limit for industrial furnaces with organic matter 7236
(1) Documentation that the furnace is designed and operated 7236
(2) Documentation of the proposed baseline flue gas HC (and CO) .... 7236
(3) Test burn protocol to confirm the baseline HC (and CO) 7236
(4) Trial burn 7236
(i) Demonstrate that flue gas HC (and CO) concentrations 7236
(ii) Identify the types and concentrations of organic 7236
(5) Implementation plan to monitor over time changes 7236
(6) Such other information as the Director finds necessary 7236
(c) Alternative metals implementation approach 7236
(d) Automatic waste feed cutoff system 7236
(e) Direct transfer 7236
(f) Residues 7236
3. In Section 270.42, paragraph (g is revised to read) 7236
270.42 Permit modifications at the request of the permittee
(g) Newly regulated wastes and units 7237
(1) The permittee is authorized to continue to manage wastes 7237
(i) The unit was in existence as a hazardous waste 7237
(ii) The permittee submits a Class 1 modification request 7237
(iii) The permittee is in compliance with the applicable 7237
(iv) In the case of Classes 2 and 3 modifications 7237
(v) In the case of land disposal units, the permittee 7237
(2) New wastes or units added to a facility's permit 7237
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4. In Section 270.42, Appendix I is amended by revising Title L 7237
APPENDIX I TO SECTION 270.42 - CLASSIFICATION OF PERMIT
MODIFICATIONS
270.66 Permits for boilers and industrial furnaces burning hazardous waste
(a) General 7237
(b) Permit operating periods for new boilers and industrial furnaces 7237
(1) Pretrial burn period 7237
(i) Applicants must submit a statement 7238
(ii) The Director will review this statement and any other 7238
(2) Trial burn period 7238
(3) Post-trial bum period 7238
(i) For the period immediately following completion 7238
(ii) Applicants must submit a statement 7238
(iii) The Director will review this statement and any other 7238
(4) Final permit period 7238
(c) Requirements for trial burn plans 7238
(1) An analysis of each feed stream, including hazardous waste 7238
(i) Heating value, levels of antimony, arsenic, barium 7238
(ii) Viscosity or description of the physical form 7238
(2) An analysis of each hazardous waste, as fired, including 7238
(i) An identification of any hazardous organic constituents 7238
(ii) An approximate quantification of the hazardous 7238
(iii) A description of blending procedures, if applicable 7238
(3) A detailed engineering description of the boiler 7238
(i) Manufacturer's name and model number of the boiler 7238
(ii) Type of boiler or industrial furnace 7238
(iii) Maximum design capacity 7238
(iv) Description of the feed system for the hazardous waste 7238
(v) Capacity of hazardous waste feed system 7238
(vi) Description of automatic hazardous waste feed cutoff 7238
(vii) Description of any air pollution control system; and 7238
(viii) Description of stack gas monitoring and any pollution 7238
(4) A detailed description of sampling and monitoring 7238
(5) A detailed test schedule for each hazardous waste 7238
(6) A detailed test protocol, including, for each hazardous waste 7238
(7) A description of, and planned operating conditions for, any 7238
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OUTLINE OF THE RULE (Continued)
(8) Procedures for rapidly stopping the hazardous waste feed 7238
(9) Such other information as the Director reasonably finds 7238
(d) Trial burn procedures 7238
(1) A trial burn must be conducted to demonstrate conformance 7238
(2) The Director shall approve a trial burn plan if 7239
(i) The trial burn is likely to determine whether the
boiler 7239
(ii) The trial bum itself will not present an imminent
hazard 7239
(iii) The trial burn will help the Director to determine 7239
(iv) The information sought in the trial burn cannot 7239
(3) The applicant must submit to the Director a certification 7239
(4) All data collected during any trial bum must be submitted 7239
(5) All submissions required by this paragraph must be certified 7239
(e) Special procedures for DRE trial burns 7239
(f) Determinations based on trial burn 7239
(1) A quantitative analysis of the levels of antimony, arsenic 7239
(2) When a DRE trial bum is required under ง266.104(a) 7239
(i) A quantitative analysis of the trial POHCs 7239
(ii) A quantitative analysis of the stack gas for the 7239
(iii) A computation of destruction and removal
efficiency (DRE) 7239
(3) When a trial burn for chlorinated dioxins and furans is 7239
(4) When a trial burn for paniculate matter, metals, or HC1/C12 7239
(5) When a trial burn for DRE, metals, or HC1/C12 is required 7239
(6) An identification of sources of fugitive emissions 7239
(7) A continuous measurement of carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen 7239
(8) Such other information as the Director may specify 7239
(g) Interim status boilers and industrial furnaces 7239
6. Section 270.72 is amended by adding paragraphs 7239
270.72 Changes during interim status
(a)
(6) Addition of newly regulated units for the treatment, storage 7239
(b) *
(7) Addition of newly regulated units under paragraph (a)(6) 7239
7. Section 270.73 is amended by revising paragraphs 7239
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270.73 Termination of interim status
(f) For owners and operators of each incinerator facility which has 7239
(g) For owners or operators of any facility (other than a land disposal 7239
PART 271 - REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION OF STATE HAZARDOUS
WASTE PROGRAMS
1. The authority citation for part 271 continues to read as follows 7240
2. Section 271.1Q is amended by adding the following entry to 7240
271.1 Purpose and scope
TABLE 1. - REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING THE HAZARDOUS AND
SOLID WASTE AMENDMENTS OF 1984 7240
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Appendix C
Outline of RCRA Regulations for Incinerators
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OUTLINE OF RCRA REGULATIONS FOR INCINERATORS
RCRA REGULATIONS INCINERATORS
ง 124 Administration Permitting Issues
ง 260 Definitions and rule-making petitions
ง 261 Identification of solid and hazardous waste:
Hazardous waste is either a listed waste or a material which fails the characteristic
tests for ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or EP toxicity.
ง 261.3 Ash and scrubber generated from the treatment, storage, or disposal of a hazardous
waste is a hazardous water with a few exceptions.
ง 264.112 Closure
ง 264.111 Performance standards for closure
ง 264.118 Post-Closure
ง 264.146 Finance for closure
ง 264.147 Finance
ง 264.200, 227, 225 Contingency plan
ง 264 Subpart O INCINERATOR PERMITTING STANDARDS
ง 264/340 Applicability
ง 264.341 Waste analysis
ง 264.342 Principle organic hazardous constituents (POHCs) selection
ง 264.343 Performance standards
(a) DRE
(a)(2) DRE for dioxin waste
(b) HC1 Limits
(c) Particulate emissions
ง 264.344 Permits
Discusses what is allowed to be burned and permit conditions for new incinerators
that have yet to be constructed.
ง 264.345 Operating Requirements
(a) Operating in accordance with the permit
(b) Permit must specify:
CO, waste feed rate, combustion temperature, and combustion gas velocity
at a minimum.
ง 264.347 Monitoring and inspection
ง 264.351 Closure of incinerator - must remove all hazardous waste and hazardous waste
residue from the site.
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ง 265 Subpart O INCINERATOR INTERIM STATUS STANDARDS
Standards for interim status incinerators
ง 270 EPA ADMINISTRATION OF PROGRAM
ง 270.3 Other federal laws apply
ง 270.11 Signatories
ง 270.13 Part A requirements
ง 270.14-29 Part B requirements
ง 270.19 Part B information for incinerators
ง 270.62 Hazardous waste incinerator permits
(a) Director establishes permit conditions
(b) New facilities Applicant proposes trial burn plan
(c) Permit operation following trial burn but before final permit modification
(d) Existing incineration trial bum
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