Survey Of American Indian Environmental Protection Needs On Reservations Lands 1986

United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Federal Activities Washington, DC 20460 September 1986 Survey of American Indian Environmental Protection Needs on Reservation Lands:1986 ------- ------- 100R86103 SURVEY OF AMERICAN INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION NEEDS ON RESERVATION LANDS 1986 Submitted to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY By AMERICANS FOR INDIAN OPPORTUNITY September 1986 Protect/on 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604 ------- ,£. 'tntfraflmental rvc'ectton ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Environmental Survey Introduction i. Executive Summary , v. I. Purpose, Scope and Methods Page 1 A. Purpose 8. Scope C. Methods D. Unexpected Outcomes II. Reservation Setting Page 3 XI. The Sample 8. Tribal Government C. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure D. Tribal Natural Resource Use III. Findings Page 6 A. Air Quality B. Water Quality 1. General Water Quality 2. Drinking Water Quality 3. Community Water Supply 4. Individual Water Supply 5. Water Usage C. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) 1. Community Waste Disposal Systems 2. Individual Waste Disposal Systems D. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal E. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal F. Nuclear Waste/Radiation IV. Tribal Priorities "... Page 14 A. Environmental Concerns B. Institutional Concerns ------- Table of Contents Page 2 V. Figures Page 23 VI. Survey VII. Narrative Profiles VIII. Additional Surveys and Other Data Received After June, 1986 IX. Resource List ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY i. Introduction ------- INTRODUCTION Americans for Indian Opportunity has been working to implement a comprehensive program for the exploration and identification of strategies and methodologies for the strengthening of American Indian tribal governments. The "Governance Project", while empha- sizing internal tribal strategies, such as institutional review processes and structural reform where appropriate, seeks to address the broad spectrum of external factors which influence and impact upon tribal governance. Moreover, the project was designed to allow for expansion and flexibility in order to absorb elements which emerge in an ever changing environment. Flexibility has long been essential in the realm of Indian Affairs because of the special relationship between the Federal and tribal governments. Shifts in Federal policy, the enactment of new legislation, Federal and Supreme Court rulings all have a major impact upon the ability of tribal governments to govern effectively and efficiently. Add to this, changing economic trends and market demands, and it becomes readily apparent that tribal structures must have the institutional strength and cap- ability to absorb an ever widening scope of responsibility within the framework of tribal governing structures. At the same time internal and external pressures to develop stronger tribal economies have increased. This necessitates the development of tribal regulatory mechanisms which can enhance commercial and/or industrial development while simultaneously allowing for controlled growth. This requires tribal governmental attention to health and safety codes, zoning ordinances, labor relations, commercial codes, and environmental ordinances. Increased economic activity will also place greater stress on existing infrastructures, requiring expenditures for police and fire protection, waste and sewer systems, housing and more. Tribal governmental sophistication increased markedly throughout the 1960's and 1970's as the Federal commitment to tribal self- determination grew. Many of the Johnson Administration's "War on Poverty" programs provided tribal governments the first oppor- tunity to administer social service programs at the local level. This trend continued throughout the seventies culminating in the passage of the American Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 which allowed tribal governments the option of assuming the administration of all Bureau of Indian Affairs', programs via contract. As other Federal agencies became involved in Indian affairs, they too looked to the Self- Determination model in program design and administration. ------- 11 President Reagan's 1983 policy of Indian self-government and a Federal/Indian relationship based on the principle of government- to-government relations encourages decision-making at the tribal level and the intensification of tribal economic development acti- vities. Simultaneously, tribal leaders are taking advantage of the opportunity to strengthen their infrastructures in order to assert their powers responsibly and effectively. In November 1984, Mr. William Ruckelshaus, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), signed the Agency's official American Indian policy. Strongly supportive of the President's theme of tribal "self-government", the EPA policy represents a most positive step forward in the movement toward more cooperative and productive working relations between the Federal and tribal governments. It signifies that a Federal/ tribal partnership is a realizable goal, and that the Federal/ tribal relationship is steadily moving toward greater parity. In the two years that AID has been working with tribal leaders throughout the United States via the "Governance Project", it has had opportunity to review and discuss the language of EPA's policy statement on numerous occasions. The response has been over- whelmingly favorable. EPA's Indian policy reflects principles in accordance with the goals and objectives of Americans for Indian Opportunity, par- ticularly those addressed in the Governance Project, as well as, those of the Administration for Native Americans. It speaks for itself: 1. THE AGENCY STANDS READY TO WORK DIRECTLY WITH INDIAN GOVERNMENTS ON A GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT BASIS, RATHER THAN AS SUB-DIVISIONS OF OTHER GOVERNMENTS. 2. THE AGENCY WILL RECOGNIZE TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS AS THE PRIMARY PARTIES FOR SETTING STANDARDS, MAKING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY DECISIONS AND MANAGING PROGRAMS FOR RESERVATIONS, CON- SISTENT WITH AGENCY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS. 3. THE AGENCY WILL TAKE AFFIRMATIVE STEPS TO ENCOURAGE AND ASSIST TRIBES IN ASSUMING REGULATORY AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES FOR RESERVATION LANDS. 4. THE AGENCY WILL TAKE APPROPRIATE STEPS TO REMOVE EXISTING LEGAL AND PROCEDURAL IMPEDIMENTS TO WORKING DIRECTLY AND EFFECTIVELY WITH TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS IN RESERVATION PROGRAMS. ------- 111. Objectives (continued) 5. THE AGENCY, IN RECOGNITION OF ITS FEDERAL TRUST RESPON- SIBLITY, WILL ASSURE THAT TRIBAL CONCERNS AND INTERESTS ARE FULLY CONSIDERED WHENEVER EPA'S ACTIONS AND/OR DECISIONS MAY IMPACT RESERVATION ENVIRONMENTS. 6. THE AGENCY WILL ENCOURAGE COOPERATION BETWEEN TRIBAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS TO RESOLVE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF MUTUAL CONCERN. 7. THE AGENCY WILL WORK WITH OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES WITH RELATED RESONSIBILITIES ON INDIAN LANDS TO ENLIST THEIR INTEREST AND SUPPORT IN COOPERATIVE EFFORTS TO HELP TRIBES ASSUME ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM RESPONSIBILITIES FOR RESER- VATIONS. 8. THE AGENCY WILL STRIVE TO ASSURE COMPLIANCE WITH ENVIRON- MENTAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS. 9. THE AGENCY WILL INCORPORATE THESE INDIAN POLICY GOALS INTO ITS PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING ITS BUDGET, OPERATING GUIDANCE, LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES, MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEM AND ONGOING POLICY DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES. In setting forth these goals, the Agency has accepted a most challenging mission. To date, the Agency's interaction with tri- bal govenments has been limited and sporadic. The Agency is, however, quite cognizant of this fact, stating so in the introduc- tion of its policy statement: "It is important to emphasize that the implementation of regulatory programs which will realize these prin- ciples on Indian reservations cannot be accomplished immediately. Effective implementation will take care- ful and conscientious work by EPA, the tribes, and many others." The Environmental Protection Agency is to be commended for its concern about and attention to environmental issues relative to reservation areas. The EPA Indian Policy Statement is an excellent model for other Federal Agencies which must interact with American Indian Tribal Governments and holds much promise for mutually satisfactory relations between tribal governments and the Agency. ------- iv. Because of our work in the past on the control of natural resources and the environment, we have come to know that there are no compre- hensive informational resources within the government that have suf- ficient data for any government agency to make good policy decisions regarding these areas. Aid and EPA began to recognize this as well, and collectively, we felt that more data were necessary for the tribes and the agency to make good policy decisions. That was why, after working with the national and regional EPft staff and tribal governments, we developed a survey instrument which was sent out to 74 different tribes* The tribes completed their surveys, and we analyzed the data. Then we sent the information back to the tribes, as well as to EPA regional offices, for their review and for any additional information/ corrections that they may have had. After each tribe had the oppor- tunity to, respond to our analysis of their data (18 tribes criti- cally edited our initial analysis), we compiled the data for EPA's national office. This is our final report. We are very proud of the tribes that participated because we feel that they gained much from filling out the survey since it allowed them to see their strengths and needs and to see that those needs could be transmitted to the regional and national offices of EPA and hopefully to Congress as well. AIO feels environmental regulation and control is the key to tri- bal growth, particularly in light of growing emphasis on tribal industry and business development. We hope that our efforts in developing the survey instrument and initially collecting the data contribute to tribal growth and development by assisting the tribes, EPA, the Indian Health Service, and other responsible federal agen- cies in making sound human and financial resource decisions and enlighten Congress in carrying out its responsibility for the pro- tection of the tribal environment. Thank you all for your patience, and for returning phone calls. Special thanks to the Council of Energy Resource Tribes, to the Indian Health Service, and to the staff of EPA, in both national and regional offices, and mostly to the tribal governments, their chairmen and the tribal staffs who worked so hard to get the infor- mation together to make this a meaningful project. I look forward to working with you in the future and to putting this information to use so that we will create stronger governments for our people. Warmest Personal Regards, /' LaDonna Harris ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY v. Executive Summary ------- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. Description of Study ft. In order to gather information on the environmental conditions on reservation lands and the institutional response of tribal governments, EPA requested and partially funded Americans for Indian Opportunity, Inc., to perform a survey of a number of reservations. B. Questionnaires were sent to 74 reservations; 51, or 69%, of the questionnaires were returned. This report is based upon the 48 that were returned in time to be included in the analysis. (This information is the first step in the creation of a data base of environmental information on Indian lands to be developed by EPA; all returned questionnaires will be included in this information management system. ) C. Using the questionnaires, AID developed narrative profiles for each reservation which were sent to the tribes, EPA and IHS for review (Appendix II). The summary report is based on the narra- tive profiles. Limited supplemental compliance and funding needs information from EPA and the Indian Health Service (IHS) are included in this summary. D. The survey covers a wide range of reservations, from Berry Creek Rancheria with a population of ten on JJ acres to the Navajo Nation with a population of 149,000 on approximately 16 million acres. The total population covered was 369,500, or a little over half of the current population living on reservations. Acreage covered was about 42 million acres, or 79% of total trust acreage. II. Survey Results A. Environmental Priorities 0 Based on the perceptions of the tribes as reflected in their responses to the questionnaire, the most significant environ- mental problems identified were water quality, solid waste management and disposal, hazardous waste management and disposal, and sewage treatment. Also identified, but cited less frequently, were land use, air quality management, ero- sion, and nuclear waste/radiation. ------- VI . Executive Summary B. Water Quality Eight reservations have tribal water quality standards, and standards are currently being drafted for two additional reservations. Violations have been reported on four reser- vations. (None of the standards have been promulgated by EPA and are therefore enforceable only under tribal law, not under the federal Clean Water Act. ) Lakes and reservoirs have been reported to be suffering from eutrophication on fifteen reservations and from sedimentation on twenty-two reservations. The most common source of water pollution reported were from sewage, either individual/no systems or municipal systems, and from agricultural runoff (pesticides, nutrients, animal wastes, soils). Other non-point sources of pollution names were construction, mining, and timber harvesting. Sixty-five percent (65%) of the reservations reporting depend upon groundwater as their sole source of water supply, with 31% reporting a combination of groundwater and surface water. Only 6% or (3 reservations) depended solely on surface water for their drinking water supplies. Data concerning the number of individual wells and community systems vary among tribes reporting, IMS, and EPA, partially due to inconsistent definitions used by the various agencies, tribal and federal. Tribes reported violations of drinking water standards on 17 reservations, and outbreaks of water-borne diseases on nine reservations. EPA compliance data indicate that 25% of Indian systems are persistent violators of monitoring report requirements, although those systems that do comply with reporting have a lower than national average percentage of persistent violations (less than 1%). According to IMS, $291 million is needed to assure adequate water supplies for on- reservation populations. Needs surveys for sewage treatment and disposal need to be and are being updated; the survey did not directly address this problem. It is clear that individual septic tanks pro- vide the treatment, if available in most rural areas. Many homes are without any facilities. According to IHS, $170.0 million is needed to meet the sewer/wastewater treatement needs on Indian reservations. ------- vii. Executive Summary C. Solid, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Management 0 Thirty-six, or 75%, of the questionnaires returned listed solid waste storage and disposal as an issue, 44% citing it as a major problem and 40% citing it as a growing problem (some cited it as both). Community dumps were reported for 24 reservations (50%); community landfills on 18 (38%). Ten reservations have their solid waste disposal off-reservation through contracts with municipal or privately owned land- fills. According to IHS $37 million would be needed to meet the solid waste management needs of Indian reservations. 0 Hazardous wastes were reported as generated on six reser- vations and stored on nine; abandoned hazardous waste sites were reported on seven. Hazardous waste storage and disposal plans were reported for four reservations, with a plan under development on a fifth. One source of hazardous waste that was cited on many of the agricultural reservations was pesti- cides - storage, use and abandoned containers. 0 Six reservations have uranium deposits. Uranium tailings were reported at six sites on three reservations; five of these are currently in some stage of reclamation (data development, planning or actual reclamation). Nuclear materials were reported to be transported across ten reservations, with fif- teen reporting "not known." D. Institutional Concerns 0 Also identified as critical issues were funding availability for baseline data gathering and program development, the need for technical assistance in developing standards and monitoring capability, and the jurisdictional conflicts and lack of coordination that occur among federal, state, tribal and local environmental agencies. 0 IHS has identified a need for about $17.5 million to address operation and maintenance (O&M) needs for tribal water supply, sewer, and solid waste programs nation-wide. ------- van Executive Summary E. Existing Programs 0 Environmental programs, broadly defined, are currently being implemented on twenty-eight, or 58%, of the reservations reporting. Others have cooperative agreements with federal, state, or local agencies to implement various aspects of environmental programs, fill but four, or 92%, were involved in at least one environmental activity. III. CONCLUSIONS 0 Most tribal governments have recognized the need to address one or more areas of environmental importance on their reser- vations and have done so either directly or through coopera- tive agreements with other entities. There are many environmental problems that still need to be addressed. 0 Direct program funding to tribal governments to develop and implement programs, as well as technical assistance and data gathering/inventory development, have been identified as major needs by the tribes. Services to assist in these areas could be provided by EPA and/or IMS, depending on the need, were there sufficient resources within the agencies to do so. 0 This study should be followed by a continuing effort to gather existing data and generate relevant additional data, using this data as the basis of an information management system for environmental conditions on reservation lands. This system would be valuable to both tribal leaders and federal program managers in developing program priorities and resource needs in future years. 0 While absolute resource needs cannot yet be identified, there is sufficient information to support increased technical assitance, monitoring, and financial program support on a number of reservations. 0 Additional direct federal program implementation and net- working to increase the number of programs implemented by cooperative agreements where tribes cannot or choose not to implement environmental programs should also be considered. ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY I. Purpose, Scope & Methods ------- Page 1 I. Purpose, Scope and Methods ft. Purpose The purpose of this survey was to ascertain environmental quality on federally recognized reservation land from the perspective of tribal author!tes. This was an initial attempt to develop a data base on which more cogent decisions regarding environmental pro- tection could be made by both tribal authorities and authorities in other jurisdictions, local, state and federal. The initial selection of reservations to be sampled included all those with the largest land bases. Other reservations were added to include at least one reservation from each EPA region having federally recognized tribes and land, reservations in varying environmental situations, some of the smaller reservations and any other reservation which wanted to participate out of its own interest. The survey questionnaire was sent out to a total of 74 tribes in all (see Figure I). Much of the information gathered in the survey was done so in response to open-ended questions. These responses in effect began to demarcate appropriate environmental categories for future reser- vation surveys to update this initial data base. C. Methods AID and EPA staff jointly developed the survey instrument. The survey instrument was sent out to the tribes with a cover letter explaining the purpose of the survey. When the completed survey was received at AID, a narrative profile of the reservation was written based on the completed questionnaire. This narrative was then sent back out to the reservations for editorial comment. Such comments were then integrated into the final draft of the narra- tive. Meanwhile the survey data was being collated and analyzed for the final overview report. The overview was circulated at EPA (national and regional offices), and at CERT. All this input was integrated into this report. A code book is being generated to assist computer data base develop- ment personnel both in EPA and CERT to design an accessible com- puterized data base. ------- Page 2 D. Unexpected Outcomes One major contribution of this survey is the participative edi- torial process for producing the tribal narrative profiles and the final report which have made it a necessity for environmental staff, both Indian and non-Indian, in many programs at all juris- dictional levels, to communicate with each other, thus, strengthening the environmental network concerned with Indian lands. Eleven reservations (Colville, Fort Berthold, Fort Peck, Menominee, Mississippi Choctaw, Northern Cheyenne, Navajo, Pyramid Lake, Sault Ste. Marie, Southern Ute, Warm Springs, and White Earth) reedited their initial draft of their narrative in time to be included in this overview, and seven reservations (Cabazon Rancheria, Pueblo de Acoma, Seneca, Ely Shoshone Colony, Rocky Boy's, Colusa Rancheria and San Carlos) sent in editorial comments which, although they arrived too late for the overview, were integrated into the narratives presented in Section VI. ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY II. Reservation Setting III. Findings IV. Tribal Priorities ------- Page 3 EPA ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY FINAL REPORT - SURVEY II. Reservation Setting A. The Sample This report presents tribal perceptions of environmental quality on reservation lands and is based on survey questionnaire responses from 48 tribes in the nine EPA regions which include Indian lands (Regions I, II, IV, V, VI, VIII, IX, X). Fifty-one reservations responded in all, but three surveys were received too late to be included in the analysis which follows. This represents 69% of the total of 74 tribes contacted during the survey. Various environmental situations and various sized reservations with vastly differing resources are represented in the responses. (See Figure I.) A range of from 1 to 14 tribes or bands live together on each of the reservations sampled, with 35 of the reservations having only one tribe occupying them. The oldest reservation in the sample, Zia Pueblo, was established in the 17th century, 2 reservations were established in the 18th century, 30 in the 19th century, and 12 in the 20th century. Thus, the reservation system is largely a result of the Euro-American conquest of Indian lands in the 19th century. Reservations are anywhere from immediately adjacent to urban areas of over 25,000 population (Cabazon) to 250 miles distant from such areas (Berry Creek Rancheria). Seven reservations have no highway running through them. The rest have at least one major highway with most having two. One each have 8 and 12 highways running through them. Some reservations, especially along the Canadian border, have international dimensions to their environmental con- cerns. The Indian population on the reservation lands surveyed range from 10 (Berry Creek Rancheria) to 149,000 (Navajo). Total population on the reservation lands surveyed amounts to approximately 369,470, although totally accurate figures as to number of of enrolled members, other Indians and non-Indians living on each reservation, are still unavail- able. This population lives on a land base of from 33 1/3 acres (Berry Creek) to Navajo's 16,193,358.07 acres. The Ely Shoshone live in what amounts to three neighborhoods in the town of Ely, Nevada, and do not lead the separate existence from dominant society that many Navajo, for instance, lead in the middle of their reservation, which is larger than some states. Total acreage surveyed amounts to approximately 41,892,032 acres, of which 25,534,609 acres are tribally Region III has no federally recognized tribes. ------- Page 4 owned (Hop! did not give figures for this question and Rincon did not have data to answer this question). Seventeen reservations in the sample, some of which are small and/or composed of non-contiguous units, are completely tribally owned. Both Fort Belknap's and Navajo's survey responses give the greatest insight into the jurisdictional intricacies regarding land status with which reservation leadership has to deal when planning, implementing and/or participating in various programs. Many reservations are in the process of buying back land that went out of tribal hands during the allotment era at the turn of the century. 8. Tribal Government Twenty-seven tribal governing bodies are called tribal councils, but such governing bodies are also termed community councils, business councils and committees, executive boards and councils, boards of directors and trustees, and tribal legislatures, and one governing body calls itself a nation. Among the tribal councils, four are general councils which include either all adult males or all members of the tribe. Two of these have separate tribal coun- cils for day to day governance. These governing bodies consist of anywhere from 3 fSt. Regis) to 88 (Navajo) elected members as well as the four non-elected, ascrip- tive membership general councils mentioned above. Some councils combine elected members with representation by traditional chiefs or clan/band elders (Warm Springs). Twenty governing bodies have between 10 and 20 members. Thirty-six of 49 tribal chief executives, most commonly called chairmen, are elected by tribal membership, most often at at large. Some, however, are appointed by the tribal council or elected from the council ranks, and others are appointed by religious leaders with concurrence by the people. Councils meet as often as three times a week and as rarely as quarterly. Most councils (28) meet monthly. Tribal officials are chosen in a variety of different ways: appointed for life in the traditional manner, appointed by religious leaders, appointed by council, elected by geographic region/district/village, or elected at large, although Americans for Indian Opportunity's work in tribal governance indicates that geographic representation gives different sections of tribal communities a more effective voice in tribal government. ------- Page 5 Tribal government enabling documents range from no document at all (where governance is based on tribal custom) to constitutions and by- laws and includes charters, corporate and non-corporate, resolutions and executive orders. Some tribes have more than one enabling docu- ment. Most (29) have constitutions and by-laws. Present tribal governmental systems date from time immemorial to 1986, with the bulk of the present governmental systems dating from the Indian Reorganization Act era of 1934-38, with the intro- duction of constitutional government into tribal communities. Figure II outlines the various regulatory functions performed by tribal governments in terms of the frequency with which the governments in our sample performed their functions. Nineteen tribes have adopted an administrative procedures act which establishes adminstrative guidelines for all reservation residents whether they are tribal mem- bers or not. C. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure Twenty-eight tribes are currently implementing their own environmental protection programs. In addition, three programs are not' as yet comprehensive or are in the planning stages, and some tribes are par- ticipating in environmental protection programs under another agency's auspices rather than as a part of a tribal governmental ini- tiative. Figure III gives the types of environmental programs currently being conducted in Indian country and the number of reser- vations participating in such programs. The number of staff employed by the reservations to work on environ- mental programs ranges from 0 to 40 with 22 reservations employing 1 to 5 staff members for such programs. Reservations reporting 0 staff often have people working on environmental programs employed by other agencies rather than the tribal government and/or employ no regular full-time staff for such programs, although some regular staff may devote part of their time to environmental programs. In addition, 26 tribal governments have committees within the tribal government structure which address environmental issues. In the absence of a tight definition for environmental programs we believe the term here should be considered in its broadest sense to include natural resource management programs, etc. ------- Page 6 Even the tribes which do not administer their own environmental program participate in cooperative agreements with other agencies involved in environmental work, so that all but A reservations surveyed (all small rancherias) were involved in at least one environmental activity. Figure IV lists different kinds of cooperative environmental protection programs, the jurisdictional level at which cooperation occurs and the names of the agencies/ organizational entities so involved with the tribes. Leech Lake listed the most cooperative agreements: 13 at state and federal levels, 3 at the local level and one with regional impact, the Mississippi Headwaters Board. D. Tribal Natural Resource Use Reservations range from those abundant in natural resources of all kinds to those whose only resource is people, from reservations that are completely arid to those like Leech Lake with 30,000 acres of water (292 lakes plus 68 miles of the Mississippi River). Soil analysis and classification has been completed for 29 reservations and partially completed for 5 more. Figure V shows the general con- figuration of implemented and planned land and water resource usage on the 48 reservations surveyed. The Bureau of Indian Affairs' Branch of Natural Resources has enabled some of the tribes to make highly detailed resource use plans. The management of natural resources is also determined by land status. On Navajo, for instance, reservation land is not only tribally owned but is also categorized as Trust Lands, Navajo Tribe Fee Lands, Bureau of Land Management Lands and State Lands, as well as allot- ments. Fort Belknap has an equally complicated array of land sta- tuses. III. Findings A. Air Quality Only 6 tribes have designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act. Four additional tribes have plans to do so. Unless otherwise designated all reservation air is categorized as Class II. Only 8 tribes indicated knowing this. Two tribes have air quality designated as Class I; one is Northern Cheyenne and the other is Fort Peck, which in 1982 had its air redesignated as Class I (see Fort Peck Tribe's Air Quality Redesignation Report by Larry ------- Page 7 Allen and John Doyle, Fort Peck Tribe's Office of Environmental Protection, June, 1982) because among other things such pristine air is associated with the kind of environment necessary for the mainten- ance of traditional cultural integrity. Another tribe suggested the establishment of a Class I standard with Class II as a fallback ceiling to control development. Air quality is monitored on 15 reservations. It is monitored con- tinuously on 7 reservations, on a special study basis on 7 reser- vations and on a specific occasion, at the time of slash burning, on 1 reservation. Nine of these tribes do their own monitoring; the Minnesota Chippewa have their own research lab. There are various other agencies and organizations which do air quality monitoring on the reservations including: the Peabody Coal Company, the Indian Health Service, the Office of Surface Mining, EPA, the United States Geological Survey's Water Resource Division and state departments of environmental quality and conservation. Rosebud has submitted its air quality proposal to the EPA Region VIII Office, but due to lack of federal funds this proposal cannot be considered until 1988. Figure VI gives the number of surveyed reservations collecting air monitoring data for different parameters. Six reservations have had measured violations of national ambient air quality standards. Violations have included: fugitive dust and dust storms, total suspended particulates violations (secondary & primary) by arithmetic and annual means, incomplete stack tests for mineral processing plants, excessive fluoride emissions asso- ciated with aluminum processing, elevated levels of suspended par- ticles, and seasonal violations caused by uranium mine tailings. Figure VII shows major air pollution sources on or near reservations and the frequency with which each type of source occurs. Major air pollution sources are 0 to 200 miles away from the reservation. B. Water Quality 1. General Water Quality: Only 8 reservations have their own water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes, and in one case this is a very recently adopted water code. Two reservations are in the process of drafting such standards. None of these standards have been promulgated by the federal government as federally enforceable under the Clean Water Act. ------- Page 8 There have been violations of these standards on 4 reservations, involving dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform bacteria, pH levels, as well as turbidity (including algae concentrations) and temperature levels. Causes have included a leaking sewage lagoon and malfunc- tioning on-site waste water disposal system on a lake shore. Degradation of riparian vegetation and stream beds have also been reported as a problem. On 13 reservations, lakes and reservoirs are suffering from eutrophi- cation, on 2 reservations only some of the lakes and reservoirs are so affected, and on 1 reservation eutrophication is very minor. On 21 reservations lakes and reservoirs suffer from sedimentation, and on 1 reservation only some of the lakes and reservoirs are so affected. In four cases it was unknown whether eutrophication and sedimentation were problems, and in some cases tribes did not respond to this survey question. Figure VIII gives actual and potential sources of water pollution affecting the reservations. It is interesting to note that both Yakima and the Mississippi Choctaw reported erosion and waterflow from the two reservations as impacting off-reservation communities. 2. Drinking Water duality: There have been violations of drinking water quality on 17 reservations in the past five years. These violations have included: radionuclides, fluoride, selenium and nitrates, turbidity problems in surface water, elevated bacteria (total coliform in ground water and fecal coliform in streams and lakes), elevated barium, total dissolved solids levels and arsenic in a ground water well. Secondary and some primary standards for sulfate, total suspended particulates and other mineral constituents were also exceeded. There have been reported outbreaks of water borne diseases on 9 reservations in the last five years. These included 5 cases of giardia (mostly in children), including an outbreak in a system which was subsequently abandoned, an outbreak of gastroenteritis, giardia and amoebic dysentry, an outbreak of "minor illnesses" due to ele- vated bacteria levels in private wells, an outbreak of shigellosis from surface water contaminated with fecal coliform, an outbreak of giardia also from contaminated surface water, and a case of hepati- tis. These events might be severely under reported because most private/ individual wells on the reservations are not monitored at all (see section on Individual Water Supply). ------- Page 9 3. Community Water Supply: Having accurate data for community water supply systems is somewhat problematical. Some Indian Health Service documents (e.g. Community Profiles) define a community water supply system as having 25 or more connections. Meanwhile, Indian Health Service Safe Drinking Water Act compliance data on community water supply systems for 1985 define such a system as having 5 or more homes on the system, and still other Indian Health Service sur- veys collect data on community water supply systems on the basis of 2 or more homes served by a single well (Jager, personal communication). When the tribes responded to the present EPA survey all of the above definitions could have been operational. Thus, 48 tribes report the existence of 410 community water supply systems. The Indian Health Service compliance data reports 359 systems with- 32 tribes reporting (Figure IX). However, the data does not match at all well. For instance, the Mississippi Choctaw survey response reports 8 systems, and the Indian Health Service data reports Mississippi Choctaw as having 70. Navajo, on the other hand, reports 215 systems on the survey while the Indian Health Service data reports only 111. Two reservations use city water. The source of most reservation drinking water is ground water. Thirty-one of the surveyed reservations count on ground water sources for 100% of their drinking water. Surface water sources, however, count for 100* of drinking water on only 3 reservations, although 15 reservations depend on surface water for some of their drinking water (between 1% and 91.5% with an average dependence of approximately 38%). However, on one (Warm Springs) reservation where only 33% of the water sources are surface water sources, nearly the total volume of water consumed on the reservation is surface water. Figure X shows, according to the survey data, the number of reser- vations which monitor some to all of their community water supplies for different parameters and at different frequencies. Figure XI gives the 1985 Indian Health Service SDWA compliance rates for community water supplies for three parameters. According to the survey data 35 reservations treat some to all of their community water supplies with fluoride, chlorine and/or alum, etc., for water quality including turbidity. 4. Individual Water Supply: Again, with individual water supply data there seem to be a number of reporting discrepancies between tribal self reports on the survey and Indian Health Service summary documents. This is because different tribal and federal agencies ------- Page 20 define individual and community systems differently, and when we did the survey we neglected to provide a standard definition. For example, Southern Ute reports 85 individual wells, the Indian Health Service 120. St. Regis reports 1,000 homes with individual wells, the Indian Health Service 400. Acoma reports 30% of its homes with individual wells, the Indian Health Service only 5 homes out of 627 homes served, or only approximately .8%. Navajo, on the other hand, reported that the data on number of homes served by individual wells did not apply to Navajo because water was hauled from windmills and developed springs, but the Indian Health Service reports 8 individual water systems which apparently serve 1801 households (see Figure XII). According to the survey data 33 reservations have some of their homes served by individual wells, between .5% and 98% with an average of approximately 43% so served. Two reservations have 100% of their homes served by individual wells, and 9 reservations have none of their homes so served or no data is available. Figure XIII gives, according to the survey data, the number of reser- vations which monitor some/all of their individual family wells for different parameters at different frequencies. In the survey data numbers of homes and percentage of population served by individual wells were often equated as identical when in fact they most often probably are not. What is needed is a complete house-to-house, baseline survey of total homes, average household size, and types of services available (community and individual) with well-defined parameters for what constitutes a community water system and categories developed for particular Indian situations like the developed springs which serve semi-nomadic families on Navajo. A step in meeting this need will be the forthcoming Water Supply Needs Survey conducted by EPA pursuant to the recently re-authorized Safe Drinking Water Act. 5. Water Usage: The effort to survey the reservations for average annual wat ?r consumption in acre feet for different purposes was not all that successful. First, most of the reservations were not able to fill in the water usage table. Thirty tribes (40% of the sample) did not respond at all. Four, Isleta, Navajo, Umatilla and Rosebud gave rather complete responses (.07% of the sample), and the rest made attempted or partial responses. Even with these rather complete responses the data given for percent of total annual con- sumption were invalid since they were often left blank or else the totals for all purposes tended to equal more than 100%. A revised ------- Page 11 water usage table (see Appendix I: Survey Questionnaire p. 17 for original water usage table) should also include under Purposes: recreational water usage, lake/reservoir/stock pond evaporation, livestock watering, fisheries (habitat & hatchery), and commercial purposes. Umatilla currently has a list of 17 beneficial uses of water, both consumptive and non-consumptive, and suggests that it might be easier to identify tribal uses of water if all tribes had the duty of assigning water, as appropriate, to all these uses. There appeared to be three major reasons for the difficulties in filling in the usage table: 1) the lack of the technical expertise to do so, 2) unavailability of the data (in some cases, like Yakima, studies are currently under way), and 3) the tribe was currently negotiating water rights and water consumption information is con- fidential until negotiations are completed. In another case, water was part of a larger municipal or regional water system and estimates for tribal use were impossible to break out of the larger system. C. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) As with community and individual water supply systems, the baseline data for community and individual domestic waste disposal systems are quite incomplete. Even where such data exist (e.g., the Indian Health Service Community Profiles and Summary Data), they are difficult to obtain, are not current (the IHS data are not part of a computerized system), and/or are, as Colville stated, based on approximate guesses, not exhaustive door to door surveys. The next Indian Health Service survey of sewage systems is sche- duled for the summer of 1986 and the data so gathered will be part of the 1987 Reservation Environmental Health Profiles. Unfortunately, this area of domestic waste disposal was neglected in the original questionnaire. However, one reservation included domestic waste data in its original survey responses, and twelve tribes added data about domestic waste disposal to the second draft of their narrative profiles in time to be included in this final overview. These data can be summarized as follows. 1. Community Waste Disposal Systems: There are 227 community systems reported for the 13 reservations. Five, however, are not functional. There are from 1 to 168 community systems on each reser- vation, serving (where the numbers were reported) from 50 to 570 homes or (where reported) as much as 70% of the reservation popu- lation. ------- Page 12 2. Individual Waste Disposal Systems; On Navajo 5,300 homes have no sanitation facilities. Although at Leech Lake 82% of the housing does have individual systems, 10% does not. Ten percent of the housing on the Mississippi Choctaw reservation also have no sanitation facilities. Most rural housing on twelve reservations have septic tanks and drainfields (anywhere from 47 to 9,500 where specific numbers were reported). One reservation (Forest County Potawatomi) has a septic system pick-up service. At Fort Peck there is a general upgrading underway of the waste disposal systems at all older homesites. On this reservation the unmet needs list for water and sewage amounts to $596,000 worth of projects for 1986. This list is reprioritized each year by the Fort Peck Tribes' Health, Education and Welfare Committee. D. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal In the responses to this section there was some tendency to confuse solid waste with sewage. Thus, in the continued development of the environmental data base it will be important to unconfound these two issues. Although 25 reservations stated they did have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, two thought their plans were inadequate or ineffec- tive and one said codes and regulations were still being developed. Of the 21 other tribes which stated they had no plan, three were working on plans and proposals (one with the Council of Energy Resource Tribes) and one indicated that although it was not in writing, there was a plan. However, 21 tribes indicated solid wastes as a major problem on the reservation, 19 as a growing problem (some tribes double checked it as a major and growing problem), 12 stated such wastes were not a problem on the reser- vation, and for one reservation it was presently unknown whether solid wastes were or were not a problem. Of the reservations where solid wastes are not a problem, some have arrangements with surrounding localities or with private contractors. Warm Springs, Southern Ute, Zia Pueblo, Sault St. Marie, Yakima and Colusa indi- cated they did not have solid waste management problems on their reservations. Colville has also developed a tribal solid waste transfer system to off reservation sites. Figure XIV shows how solid wastes are currently disposed of on the reservations. As indicated under "Other," illegal, open, surface dumping is still very much a problem. The present sizes of community waste disposal sites on the 36 reservations reporting data for this section range from 0 to 250 acres with 18 reservations having 1 to 10 ------- Page 13 acres of dump site and an average size of approximately 29 acres. This acreage is often distributed among several sites. Some of it is past capacity. The problem, of course, is how best to organize solid waste management for communities scattered over a large territory. Disposal for rural homesites can amount to $120 annually (see White Earth narrative). Forty-two reservations have no tribally sponsored recycling programs. Eight tribes, including Leech Lake, Cabazon, Uta Uta Gwaitu and to a limited extent, Hoopa, recycle aluminum. One reservation (Rocky Boy's - Chippewa Cree) recycles eyeglasses. Leech Lake also recycles copper, and Hoopa recycles paper to a limited extent as does Yakima. E. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Only 4 tribes have plans for the disposal of hazardous wastes and 1 is in the process of developing a plan. Yet hazardous wastes are generated on 6 of the reservations surveyed, stored on 9, and 7 have known abandoned hazardous waste sites. In only 6 cases were the wastes stored in accordance with tribal regulations and federal law, and the wastes have been stored from less than a year to over 50. In one case (St. Regis) the hazardous waste site (CM Central Foundry) is adjacent to the reservation, but toxic wastes are leaching onto reservation lands. Figure XV outlines the nature of the wastes generated and stored on the reservations and the identification of known abandoned storage sites. ft hazardous waste problem on all reservations with an agricultural resource base is the storage of pesticides, their use, and the dispo- sal of pesticide cannisters. One reservation (Mississippi Choctaw) put aside a small amount of funding for an agricultural extension program for a certified pesticide applicator. The Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation was the only tribe surveyed to report their own regulations for the storage and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. F. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Out of the 48 reservations surveyed there are uranium deposits on 6 reservations, with deposits of other radioactive materials (phosphate mining residue which is used for roads) on 1 reservation. There is no uranium mining presently underway, although there are two stand-by or abandoned uranium mines on the reservations sur- veyed. One is the Kerr-McGee Mine at Churchrock (Navajo) presently ------- Page 14 on stand-by due to the depressed uranium market. The other site was unidentified. Uranium tailings are present at 6 sites on 3 reservations: 1 site at Hilltop (San Carlos Apache), A sites asso- ciated with Kerr McGee (Hopi and Navajo), and one at Tuba City (Hopi and Navajo). There is a set of reclamation activities underway on the Hopi & Navajo reservations as part of the UMTRA (Uranium Mine Tailings Remediation Act) Project: two reclamation efforts are actually underway, one is in planning, and two are in the data collection stage. Within a fifty mile radius 7 reservations currently have uranium processing mills (with Hopi potentially having 3 within a 50 mile radius), 4 have nuclear power generation facilities, and 5 have nuclear waste storage sites. Two reservations do not know if such wastes are stored nearby, and one reservation will soon have such wastes stored within a fifty mile radius. In addition, 5 reservations, including Menominee and an area selected by the Department of Energy within the Leech Lake Watershed, indi- cated having been selected as potential areas for permanent nuclear waste disposal sites. However, as of August 1986, because of changes in the nuclear repository program only three tribes (Umatilla, Nez Perce, Yakima) remain on the affected tribes list. All of these tri- bes are in the area of the candidate repository site near Hanford, Washington. As for nuclear materials being transported through the reservation, 10 reservations responded yes (with one adding that statistically one of the highways passing through the reservation was one of the most dangerous in the state, and the tribe did not have an emergency preparedness plan in case there was an accident involving nuclear materials). Eighteen reservations reponded np_ (with one stating that nuclear materials were transported on the interstate 12 miles south of the reservation), and 15 responded don't know (with one stating that "maybe" such transit occurred, but it was "unauthorized."). IV. Tribal Priorities The reservations listed two areas of concern, environmental and institutional. ------- Page 15 A. Environmental Concerns The survey requested the tribes to identify and prioritize their most pressing environmental problems. What follows is, thus, the tribes' perceived needs. Not all tribes listed the same number of problems (ten was the highest number listed). Sometimes more than one problem was given equal priority. In addition, the list does not reflect the priority order in which problems were cited by individual tribes. It was, thus proposed to rank the areas of concern according to four criteria: 1) frequency of mention; 2) average ranking (the sum of all rankings divided by the total number of mentions); JJ modal ranking (the most frequent ranking for the item); and 4) median ranking (the midpoint in the rankings). Figure XVI prioritizes the tribal environmental problems according to the above rankings, prioritizing them first according to frequency of mention. In effect, frequency of mention established the item's rank. The item's average ranking, modal ranking and median ranking are also shown simply to give a better idea of the distribution of rankings for that item within the frequency. Although this list and the rankings are not statistically significant, it does constitute a first attempt to exhaustively identify and prioritze tribal environmental needs from a tribal perspective, and the list is useful in generally pointing to the most serious perceived problems: water quality, water supply and solid and hazardous waste management. This certainly supports our intuitive sense of tribal priorities. In addition, each of the priorities was made up of a number of con- cerns. The following is the prioritized list of problem areas and the sub-issues included under each priority area. These sub-issues were taken directly from the survey questionnaire responses. ------- 1. Water Quality; Safe drinking water Water quality preservation Water quality control Surface & ground water protection Surface & ground water protection re: non-point pollution Surface water pollution by sewage, chemicals, erosion Non-point surface pollution into reservation stream, e.g., upstream, urban & local, surface run-off Ground water protection of surficial aquifers susceptible to potential contaminants Organic water quality of community systems High bacteria in ground water Hydrogen sulfide from natural gas in ground water River water quality & quantity River sedimentation from logging Stream sedimentation due to roads, logging, other development Degradation of riparian zones Acid rain 2. Solid Waste Disposal: Abandoned cars Garbage in yards Lack of sufficient sanitary landfill Solid waste disposal - alternative methods 50-80 open dumps on one reservation 3. Hazardous Waste Management: Lack of an emergency response plan for hazardous waste accident Impact of surrounding industries on environmental quality Chemical and oil contaminants from asphalt companies Need for a study of PCB's in fish tissue and the location of the PCB source Regulation of chemical use on or near reservation Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, other chemicals Pesticide certification and enforcement mechanisms on and near reservations. ------- Page 17 Hazardous Waste Management (cont.) Underground storage tanks as potential problems Abandoned hazardous waste and other industrial sites Transit of hazardous materials Asbestos Acid rain Chemigation Continued monitoring of sites 4. Domestic Waste (Sewage) Treatment and Disposal: Waste water & sewage treatment Control on-site waste disposal systems at rural lakes/lore & river sites Effluent discharge Surface and groundwater pollution by upstream urban sewage effluent Liquid waste lagoons Septic tanks Septic system failure Lack of percolation in soil requiring sewage lines rather than septic tanks Water and sewer line maintenance 5. Conservation and Land Use: Public attitude and education - take everything now - not concerned with future Retention of balance within naturally occurring ecosystems Disturbance of traditional use of culturally significant resources Unsuitable development and loss of sensitive lands Improper land use, e.g. converting wildlife habitat Disturbing wetlands Forest damage Over grazing range deterioration Submarginal crop use Importation of noxious weeds, leafy spurge, club moss infestation, etc. Lack of reforestation Overharvest of resources Extensive roads in mountain zones ------- Page 18 6. Air Quality: Preserving air quality Impact of surrounding industries on air quality Exhaust from cars and other vehicles Dust control 7. Animal Control: Stray dogs Rodent and insect control Fish and wildlife management 8. Erosion: Agricultural erosion Soil erosion/conservation Stream bank erosion Slides, slope failure 9. Public Health: Community injury control Injuries/safety Environmental hazards contributing to injury and death Institutions and food services surveys Food regulations Reservation public health and sanitary code 10. Nuclear Waste/Radiation: Radioactive waste Nuclear repository Possible radioactivity from federal laboratory Possibility of nuclear waste siting 11, Mining/Drilling: Open pit mining Coal mining and associated problems Oil and gas company depletion of water in oil and gas operations Brine water disposal from oil and gas production Injection wells ------- Page 19 12. Housing: Extreme substandard housing 13. No Resource Recovery (Recycling) Program B. Institutional Concerns In addition, on their returned questionnaires the tribes listed institutional factors like funding, jurisdictional and policy issues and information/assistance needs as often being their chief environ- mental problems, that is problems with the organizational rather than the physical environment. These institutional factors included the following concerns: 1. Funding Issues: Funding for the adoption, implementation and enforcement of tribal EPA plans Federal regulations and laws, including those governing archeological artifacts, which do not include funding to implement them (Fort Berthold complained, for instance, that development of tribal air quality standards was not provided for in the Clean Air Act.) Federal agencies unwilling to finance tribal programs 2. Jurisdictional Issues: States attempted assertion of jurisdiction re: reservation environmental issues Land use control Conflicts between state and tribal resource management Lack of coordination by federal, state and private sector 3. Policy Issues: Lack of implementable land use, zoning, building and other development control measures and plans ------- Page 20 4. Information and Assistance Needs: Lack of technical assistance in developing tribal air/water quality systems and monitoring capacity Inadequate baseline data Lack of a comprehensive plant and soil inventory. C. Excerpted Tribal Comments The last part of the survey questionnaire provided space for any open ended comments/questions/criticisms on the tribes' part, find again, funding, jurisdictional and policy issues and information/assistance needs emerged, communicating an overall sense of general frustration. for example, Umatilla wrote: "The states have poorly administered the Clean Water fict with federal money. Tribes can and should utilize Section 208 of the fict to implement provisions of this section on the Reservation. EPfi is apparently unwilling to finance Indian projects even though policy requires it. Federal and state efforts to reduce non-point sources of pollution continue to be fragmented and very poorly coordinated." Thus, Pine Ridge sees that: "1) Indian Policy Amendments should be approved by Congress and added to EPfi policy; 2) Tribes would then be able to apply for and receive funding for these programs, and 3) EPfi programs on reservations could then be implemented by tribes for tribal members." Colville, in its amendments to the first draft of its narrative profile, was particularly adamant about the need for funding for tribal governments to do comprehensive baseline surveys to identify existing conditions and unmet needs: ------- Page 21 "I realize there are a lot of DNA's (data not available] appearing throughout the survey and feel that this illustrates the need for funding to be channeled to tribes as they have the greatest interest in resource protection and are the only entity with the jurisdiction to implement and enforce protective legislation. States and federal agencies do not have complete and up to date data regarding environmental protection within reservation boundaries...." This concern for the establishment of a resource base, both financial and technical, to enable tribal control and implementation of reser- vation programs was pervasive and expressed in many ways. One tribal environmental officer, as he was collecting the survey data, ran into the following comments which he passed on to us: "1) That's all we need, another federal agency running around telling us what to do. 2) What EPA services are we not getting? Jj How will this benefit us?" It is a new voice in Indian country, the voice of self-determination. Tribes no longer want to project themselves to the larger community in terms of needs but in terms of the capacities necessary to accomplish tribal community goals. "The Yankton Sioux Tribe at present has no environmental programs in operation, but the need to implement such programs is essential as regards protecting the environment and the Native American living on the Yankton Sioux Reservation." /Again, the Confederated tribes of Umatilla Reservation say: "These tribes (the Cayuse, Walla Walla, and umatillaj have been ready to save our soils and improve the quality of our waters since 1981 but have not been successful in obtaining needed finance for our projects. ------- Page 22 Other environmental programs and projects are available to the tribes as well, but there is not enough time or manpower to address other environmental projects." It cannot be emphasized enough that the tribes making these critical funding, jurisdictional, policy and technical comments are the tribes which are most energized and organized towards accomplishing their communities' goals. ### ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY V. Figures ------- Page 23 Figures Figure I: Figure II: Figure III: Figure IV: Figure V: Figure VI: Figure VII: Figure VIII: Figure IX: Figure X: Figure XI: Figure XII: Figure XIII: Figure XIV: Figure XV: List of Tribes Included in the AID Environmental Survey and EPA Regional Indian Work Group Coordinators Regulatory Functions Performed by Tribal Governments Environmental Protection Programs Currently Underway in Indian Country Cooperative Environmental Protection Agreements Land & Water Resource Usage-Implemented & Planned Programs Air Quality Monitoring Parameters/Data Major Air Pollution Sources On/Near Reservation Existing & Potential Sources of Water Pollution IHS Community Water Supply Systems, 1985 Number of Reservations Which Monitor Some/All of Their Community Water Supplies: Frequency & Parameters IHS Safe Drinking Water Act Compliance Data, 1985 IHS Summary Data on Individual & Community Water Supply & Total Homes Served, 1985 Number of Reservations Which Monitor Some/All of Their Individual Wells: Frequency & Parameters Current Solid Waste Disposal On the Reservations Hazardous Wastes on Reservations: Generated, Stored & Abandoned Figure XVI: Ranking of Tribal Environmental Priorities As Reflected By Tribal Responses to Questionnaire ------- Page 24 Appendices Appendix I: EPA/AIO Reservation Environmental Profile Questionnaire Appendix II: Reservation Narrative Profiles (with maps) Appendix III: Additional Surveys Received After Cut-Off Date To Be Included in Data Base. ------- Page 25 FIGURE I: List of Reservations Included in the AID Environmental Surrey and of EPA Regional Indian Work Group Coordinators * Indicates a response; 69% of the sample responded ** Indicates a response received too late to be included in the analysis TRIBE STATE Region II: Charles Tenerella, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator 1. 5eneca New York 2. St. Regis-Mohawk New York Region IV: Arthur Linton, EPA Indian Work Croup Coordinator 1. Choctaw . Mississippi Region V: Casey Ambutas, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator 1. Leech Lake Minnesota 2. Red Lake Minnesota 3. White Earth Minnesota 4. Nett Lake Minnesota 5. Menominee Wisconsin 6. *0neida Wisconsin 7. Stockbridge-Munsee Wisconsin 8. Forest County Potawatomi Wisconsin 9. Sault Ste Marie Michigan 10. Isabella & Saganing Michigan Region VI: Ernest floods, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator 1. Acoma Pueblo New Mexico 2. Jicarilla Apache New Mexico 3. Laguna Pueblo New Mexico 4. Isleta Pueblo New Mexico 5. Jemez Pueblo New Mexico 6. Mescalero Apache New Mexico 7. Taos Pueblo New Mexico 8. Zuni Peublo New Mexico 9. Zia Pueblo New Mexico 10.Cherokee Oklahoma Region VII: Edward Vest, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator 1. Winnebago Nebraska ------- Page 26 List of Reservations Included in AID Environmental Survey TRIBE STATE Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator 1. ^Southern Ute Colorado 2. Ute Mountain Utah 3. Black feet Montana 4. Fort Belknap Montana 5. Fort Peck Montana 6. Northern Cheyenne Montana 7. Rocky Boy's Montana 8. Fort Berthold North Dakota 9. Devils Lake Sioux North Dakota 10. Standing Rock Sioux North Dakota 11. Cheyenne River Sioux South Dakota 12. Crow Creek Sioux South Dakota JJ. Pine Ridge South Dakota 14. Yankton Sioux South Dakota 15. Lower Brule South Dakota 16. Rosebud Sioux South Dakota 17. Lake Traverse South Dakota 18. Uintah & Ouray Utah 19. Goshute Utah Region IX: Mike Monroe, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator 1. White Mountain Arizona 2. Gil a River Arizona J. Hopi Arizona 4. Navajo Arizona 5. Papago Arizona 6. San Carlos Arizona 7.Colorado River Arizona 8. Hualapai Arizona 9. Kaibab-Paiute Arizona 10. Shoshone-Pauite Nevada 11. Pyramid Lake-Paiute Nevada 12. Walker River Nevada 13. Ely Colony Shosone Nevada 14. Tule River California 15. Hoopa Valley California 16. Benton Paiute California 17. Cabazon Rancheria California 18. Colusa Rancheria California 19. Rincon Rancheria California 20. Santa Rosa Rancheria California 21. Berry Creek Rancheria California 22. Susanville Rancheria California ------- Page 27 List of Reservations Included in AIO Environmental Survey TRIBE STATE Region X: Rick Seaborne, EPft Indian Work Group Coordinator 1. Fort Hall Idaho 2. Nez Perce Idaho 3. Umatilla Oregon 4. Warm Springs Oregon 5. Colville Washington 6. Quinault Washington 7. Spokane Washington 8. Yakima Washington 9. Tulalip Washington ------- co 0) O) to s o to D ce 03 to 10 c o> o o -~i c 40 CO CO (0 C •-) CO •-{ 3 n -o oj O tn 0) O O CC iO\C\j CD co I <\ IO t-i —I •8-8 S SSS !-, g -S -Q TJ (-1 o (U Q. (O O O I C? o Ol § Cfl 10 0) 0) Ol 1-3 C tn I-H CD 40 o »-H C t-, c O 40 o . C • •-< 0) CD 'r-1 >^ t-\| 4O CJ f—• —I 40 0) CJ C CD "S to CO CD O "H C —< " CS CD O -1 3 C_) p t-i tn C3" O CD T) 0) CU •—I 1/1 C 40 40 t-< -H X CD CD CD H O CD OD CJ Q UJ U. £ Ol CD CD cj t/> 4o CD U_ O O O t/) Ol 4J 40 D 01 c •-H CD CD c c -~t CD 0.40 •f~( »^ 40 C 3 'H IO C C —I O C 3 O 3 C O fD 03 N 3: =1: o to o 3: H ' ------- Ol £ —I fX 10 g SI 0) Qc CM CM O - C - CO in c 0) -H TO "Q O tn cj o -s (N In t\i CM -s CL (H •8 £ 1-1 CD Ol CO c o o I & (O C O 0) i-, D Ol u. CD O l-i O <0 CU o: -H 2 rs -u § 5 (-, cu -Q t"H k. 1 Ol tH CU OlLU IH 1 V> 03 C M C O CD Uj 2 tn ^; 0) to c * * •H a U. S 1 1 CO 0} * J CD CD i-H C3 ~J CD c °« O CL CD •3 Ol ------- Page 30 FIGURE III: Environmental Protection Programs Currently Underway In Indian Country Type of Program Number of Reservations A. Air Quality Monitoring 19 B. Water Quality Monitoring 27 C. Soil Analysis 18 D. Developing Tribal Environmental Standards 21 E. Enforcing Tribal Environmental Standards 18 F. Animal Control 19 G. Protection of Endangered Species 19 H. Sanitation & Waste Disposal 21 I. Environmental Rehabilitation/ Reclamation 13 J. Emergency Preparedness/Evacuation 14 K. Other * Pesticide/Insecticide Regulation/ Certification/Enforcement 6 * Fungicide Monitoring 1 * Radiation Monitoring 1 * Hazardous Waste Inventory 1 * Noise Control 1 * Mining Regulation 2 * Developing Codes to Control Future Development 1 * Injury Control 1 * Archaeological Protection 2 * Mississippi Headwaters Conservation Plan 1 ------- Page 31 Figure IV: Cooperative Environmental Protection Agreements Number of Agreements At Each Jurisdictional Level Local (Including Tribal) County State Region Federal 10 54 Type of Program Number of Programs Organizational Entities In wived A. Air Quality Monitoring 11 B. Air Quality Standards Enforcement C. Water Quality Monitoring 28 BIA EPA USGS USPHS State Departments of Energy, Health, & Air BIA EPA USGS State Departments of Energy, Health, & Air BIA EPA Region IX USGS IHS USPHS State Departments of Health, Natural Resources County Departments City Department Local Soil & Water Conservation Districts for Ground Water ------- Figure IV - Cooperative Agreements Page 32 0. Type of Program Water Quality Standards Enforcement Number of Programs 18 E. Sanitation & Waste Disposal 20 F. Environmental Rehabilitation/ Reclamation G. Soil Analysis 17 Organizational Entities Involved BIA EPA IMS USPHS State Departments of Health City Departments Local Sanitary Districts BIA EPA IHS USPHS State Agencies County Agencies Local Agencies BIA EPA DOE Office of Surface Mining Bureau of Reclamation Bureau of Land Management Corps of Engineers State Health Services BIA IHS USPHS USDA Soil Conservation Services State Department of Energy ------- Figure IV - Cooperative Agreements Page 33 Type of Program H. Animal Control Number of Programs 10 I. Protection of Endangered Species J. Emergency Preparedness/ Evacuation 11 K. Other Restaurant Inspections Injury Control Natural Resource Management Mining Regulations Pesticide Certification/ Enforcement Regulation of Non-Point Source Pollution Culturally Significant Issues Organizational Entities Involved IHS USPHS County Authorities City Authorities Game Fish & Parks Departments Tribal Veterinary Services BIA U.S. Forest and Fish & Wildlife Services BIA DOE IHS USPHS FEMA State Agencies County Agencies Local Fire & Police Departments BIA EPA USPHS USDA U.S. Forest Service U.S. Department of Interior/State Historic Preservation Officer State Departments of Natural Resources & Agriculture ------- Page 34 Figure V: Land & Water Resource Usage - Implemented and Planned Programs Land Resource Usage Implemented Planned A. Agriculture (commercial/ agribusiness) 30 14 B. Forestry/Timber 19 12 C. Mining 10 4 D. Industry/Manufacturing 14 19 E. Recreation 23 19 F. Commerce 21 22 G. Grazing 28 2 H. Other 16 12 Housing/Homesi tes/'Apartments Small Farming Traditional Foods/Agricultural Urban/Incorporated Rural Semi-rural Suburban Solid Waste Disposal Wood Hauling for Local Stoves Conservation/Habitat Hunting Historial/Archeological Resources Oil & Gas Public Use ------- Page J5 Figure V: Land & Water Resource Usage -Implemented & Planned Programs Water Resource Usage Implemented Planned A. Power Generation 6 12 B. Irrigation 29 5 C. Fisheries 20 14 D. Tourism/Recreation 24 17 E. Transporation 9 8 F. Other 20 4 Rural Water Systems Residential Wells Ground Water Water Supplies Geothermal Industrial Domestic Waterfowl Hunting Fishing Livestock Watering Road Projects Flood Control for Off-Reservation Downstream Area Wild Rice Production ------- Page 36 Figure VI: Air Quality Monitoring Paramenters/Data Number of Data Collected Reservations Collecting A. Total Suspended Particulates JJ B. Sulphur Dioxide 11 C. Nitrogen Dioxide 7 D. Carbon Monoxide 6 E. Ozone J F. Lead 5 G. Air Toxics 4 H. Visibility 8 I. Hydrogen Sulfide 1 J. Acid Rain 1 ------- Page 37 Figure VII: Significant Air Pollution Sources On/Near the Reservations* Number of Times Cited Source of Air Pollution As A Source Cities/Nearby Urban Areas 3 Coal-Fired Generator 1 Fossil Fuel Fired Power Plants 10 Nuclear Power Plants 5 Thermoelectric Power Plant 1 Mining 6 Surface Mining 1 Coal Mines 2 Copper Mine 1 Uranium Mine 1 Uranium Mill Tailings Project 1 Gas & Oil Companies 3 Petroleum Refinery 3 Northwest Pipeline Processing Plant 1 Oil Wells Flaring Sour Gas 1 Synthetic Gas Plant 1 C02 Processing Plant 1 Landfills/Dumps 6 Open Burning/Incinerators 5 Wild Fires 1 Waste Wood Incinerators 1 Wood Fired Industrial Heating 1 Residential Heating 8 Wood Stoves 1 Coal Stoves 2 Prescribed Burning 2 Timber Slash Grass Agriculture Field Burning 1 Wild Burning 1 Agricultural Spraying 1 Dust From Agricultural Cropland 3 Road & Other Construction Projects 2 Unpaved Roads 2 Highways 4 Vehicle Emissions 2 ------- Page 38 Figure VII: Major Air Pollution Sources On/Near the Reservations* Numer of Times Cited Source of Air Pollution As A Source Chemical Companies 1 PCB Plant 1 Chemical Waste Dumps 1 Steel Mill 1 Aluminium Plant 1 Minerals Processing 5 Foundry 1 Sand & Gravel Mines 3 Rock Crusher l Cement Plant 1 Laguna Jackpile 1 Lumber/Saw Mills 6 Paper Mill 2 Pulp Mill 1 Small Industry 1 There are no significant sources of air pollution on/near Rosebud and Zuni ------- Page 39 Figure VIII: Existing & Potential Sources of Water Pollution Number of Times Cited As A Source Source of Water Pollution A. Sewage Treatment Plants B. Water Treatment Plants C. Oxidation Ponds D. Municipal Discharges E. Industrial Discharges F. Domestic Wastes (Sewage) G. Oil Spills H. Hazardous Materials Spills I. Landfill Leachate J. Urban Run-off (overland & storm sewer) K. Agricultural Run-off (cropland run-off, animal waste, streambank erosion) L. Sediment Run-off (construction) M. Sediment Run-off (mining) N. Sediment Run-off (timber production & harvesting) 0. Pesticide/Herbicide/Nutrient Run-off P. Toxicant Build-up (pesticide usage) Actual 10 1 6 10 4 12 3 3 6 8 Potential 20 14 17 13 14 22 12 20 24 14 18 8 8 8 13 5 11 12 10 8 15 16 ------- Page 40 Figure VIII: Existing & Potential Sources of Water Pollution Number of Times Cited Cited As A Source Source of Water Pollution Actual Potential Q. On-Lot Disposal 1 8 R. Other Salt H^t Disposal 1 Drilling Fluids 1 Gas 1 Hazardous Waste Disposal 1 Open Solid Waste Dumps 1 Nuclear Waste 1 Acid Rain 1 ------- Page 41 Figure IX: IHS Community Water Supply Systems, 1985 # CWS Systems Surface Ground Reservation With >5 Homes** Water Source Water Source +* Seneca * St. Regis 110 * Choctaw 70 64 6 * Cherokee 28 2 26 Red Lake 404 * White Earth 606 + Nett Lake * Menominee 606 * Oneida 606 * Acoma Pueblo 202 Jicarilia Apache & Mescalero Apache 514 Laguna Pueblo 211 * Isleta Pueblo 303 Jemez Peublo 101 Taos Peublo 101 * Zuni Pueblo 202 * Zia Pueblo 101 * Winnebago 505 * Southern Ute 1 1 0 + Ute Mountain Blackfeet 918 * Fort Belknap 615 * Fort Peck 505 * Northern Cheyenne 606 +* Chippewa-Cree * Fort Berthold 615 Devils Lake Sioux 57 57 0 * Standing Rock 808 * Cheyenne River Sioux 15 0 15 Crow Creek Sioux 12 7 5 +* Oglala Sioux * Yankton Sioux 505 * Lower Brule 101 * Rosebud Sioux 25 0 25 * Sisseton-Wah 13 6 7 Uintah & Ouray 404 Goshute 101 White Mountain 202 Gila River 11 0 11 * Hopi 909 * Navajo 111 20 91 Papago 49 0 49 * San Carlos 11 0 11 ------- Page 42 Figure IX: IH5 Community Water Supply Systems, 1985 # CWS Systems Surface Ground Reservation With >5 Homes** Water Source Water Source * Colorado River 303 * Hualapai 101 Kaibab-Pauite 101 + Shoshone-Pauite * Pyramid Lake 3 0 3 Walker River 101 * Fort Hall 202 Nez Perce 817 * Umatilla 101 * Warm Springs 312 * Colville 15 0 15 * Quinalt 633 Spokane 303 * Yakima 202 Tulalip 101 * Indicates reservation replied to survey ** There is no indication of the total number of homes that possibly could be served + No IHS data avail -ible. ------- CD 01 03 a. co x co i—\ e -c •r-l -W - h- C ' Cj CN CD t-i CD a. o S I CD —t Uj Uj CD "3-b CD 3 'O't) s o CD 3 o- I -to CO "O t-i CD - CO C -" CD co § QJ ------- Page 44 Figure XI: IMS SDWA Compliance Data, 1985 Reservation Bacterial Quality Inorganics Radionuclides +* Seneca * St. Regis * Choctaw * Cherokee Red Lake * White Earth + Nett Lake * Menominee * Oneida * Acoma Pueblo Jicarilla Apache & Mescalero Apache Laguna Pueblo * Isleta Pueblo Jemez Peublo faos Pueblo * Zuni Pueblo * Zia Peublo * Winnebago * Southern Ute + Ute Mountain Blackfeet * Fort Bel knap * Fort Peck * Northern Cheyenne * Chippewa-Cree * Fort Bert hold Devils Lake Sioux * Standing Rock * Cheyenne River Sioux Crow Creek Sioux +* Oglala Sioux * Yank ton Sioux * Lower Brule * Rosebud Sioux * Sisseton-Wah Uintah & Ouray Goshute 100% 98% - 2% 42% 25% 32% 100% 100% 100% 100% 50% 100% 50% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 55% 100% 100% 16% 85% 50% 50% 100% 95% - 5% 100% - 100% 100% - 100% - 83% 17% 50% - 50% 100% - 100% - 100% - 100% - 100% 100% - 100% - 100% - 100% 100% 92% 3% 75% 67% 100% 100% 33% 100% 100% 45% 84% 15% 33% 66% 100% 88% - 12% - 100% 100% 20% - 80% 100% 76% 4% 20% 46% - 54% 100% 88% 100% 100% 100% 100% 60% 98% 88% 91% 20% 100% 72% 46% 12% 45% 33% 80% 100% 100% 33% 66% 2% 100% 12% 88% 100% 9% 91% 80% 100% 28% 80% 54% 46% - 100% 8% - 97% - 25% - 33% - 100% - 100% 0 1 - 67% - 100% - 100% - 100% - 100% - 55% - 66% - 20% - 33% - 12% - 100% 9% - 100% - 20% - 54% - 100% ------- Page 45 Figure XI: IHS SDWfi Compliance Data, 1985 Bacterial Quality Inorganics Radionuclides Reservation White Mountain 100% - - 100% - - 50% - 50% Gila River 100% - - 100% - - 100% * Hopi 100% - - 100% - - 91% 9% * Navajo 89% .9% 9.9% 89% 3.6% 7.2% 86% 2.7% 10.8% Papago 44.5* 55* - 73.4% 26.5% - 100% * San Carlos 90.9% - .9% 90.9% - .9% 90.9% - .9% * Colorado River 100% - - * Hualapai 100% - - 100% - - 100% Kaibab-Pauite - - 100% 100% - - - - 100% + Shoshone-Pauite * Pyramid Lake 100% - - 100% - - 100% Walker River 100% - - 100% - - 100% * Fort Hall 100% - - 100% - - 100% Nez Perce 75% - 25% 75% - 25% 50% - 50% * Umatilla 100% - - 100% - - 100% * Warm Springs 100% - - 100% - - 100% * Colville 66% 6% 26% 53% - 47% 60% - 40% * Quinalt 83% - 17% 29% - 71% 73% - 17% Spokane 66% - 34% 66% - 34% 34% - 66% * Yakima 100% - - 100% - - 50% 50% Tulalip 100% - - 100% - - 100% * Indicates reservation replied to survey + No IHS data available. ------- Page 46 Figure XII: IHS Sun/nary Data on Individual & Community Water Supply & Total Homes Served, 1985 # Reservation +* Seneca * St. Regis * Choctaw * Cherokee Red Lake * White Earth + Nett Lake * Menominee * Oneida * A coma Pueblo Jicarilla Apache & Me sealer o ftpache Laguna Pueblo * Isleta Pueblo Jemez Peublo Taos Peublo * Zuni Pueblo * Zia Pueblo * Winnebago * Southern Ute + Ute Mountain Blackfeet * Fort Belknap * Fort Peck * Northern Cheyenne * Chippewa-Cree * Fort Berthold Devils Lake Sioux * Standing Rock * Cheyenne River Sioux Crow Creek Sioux +* Oglala Sioux * Yankton Sioux * Lower Brule * Rosebud Sioux * Sisseton-Hteh Uintah & Our ay Goshute White Mountain Gila River * Hopi * Navajo Papago * San Carlos Individual Systems 400 1172 0 261 233 130 80 5 30 5 0 0 60 0 0 400 120 1320 674 248 314 265 391 689 135 352 233 42 48 436 0 14 17 0 0 11 8 12 0 # Homes on Community System With >5 Homes 250 2896 695 364 242 734 198 622 1256 803 840 390 200 1537 130 165 115 1546 364 1261 605 146 487 2031 839 781 563 241 259 1390 426 594 15 138 1747 1036 14713 2196 1353 Total Homes Ser ved 650 4153 785 625 479 864 278 627 1292 808 840 390 360 1557 130 565 237 2871 1058 1519 919 415 878 2743 974 1133 880 283 307 1856 454 608 36 138 1747 1496 16514 2221 1358 ------- Page 47 Figure XII: IMS Summary Data on Individual & Community Water Supply & Total Homes Served, 1985 # Homes on # Individual Community System Total Homes Reservation Systems With >5 Homes Served * Colorado River 154 611 765 * Hualapai 0 250 250 Kaibab-Pauite 0 62 62 + Shoshone-Pauite * Pyramid Lake 15 357 372 Walker River 5 225 230 * Fort Hall 807 151 965 Nez Perce 60 398 463 * Umatilla 196 161 357 * Warm Springs 105 720 825 * Col nil e 500 837 1356 * Quinalt 0 322 332 Spokane 280 190 470 * Yakima 2347 134 2481 Tulalip 0 135 135 * Indicates reservation replied to survey + No 1HS data available. ------- CD Ol s. * CO (H CD I CD CD Q. is O g CD IH U. CD 4J tn § O' ------- Page 49 Figure XIV: Current Solid Waste Disposal On the Reservation Type of Disposal Number of Reservations A. Community Dump Site 24 B. Community Landfill 18 C. Incineration - Community (e.g. PHS hospital, 10 schools) - Individual 17 D. Other - People make own dump sites within 1 their own land use areas (Navajo) - Illegal/unauthorized open dumps/ 8 roadside dumps/isolated vacant lots/ surface dumping - County contract 1 - Off-reservation landfill in 7 neighboring community - Tribal transfer system to off- 1 reservation disposal - Privately owned landfill and 1 contractor ------- Page 50 Figure XV: Hazardous Wastes on Reservations: Generated, Stored & Abandoned* Generated Toxic wastes leaking onto reservation from foundry Pesticides Penta from post & pole plant Oil, natural gas Hydrogen sulfide (from natural gas wells) Reactive sulfides from oil refining operation Trivalent chronium from aluminium forming operation Waste from electronics plant Styrene PCP & CM used in wood treatment plant Domestic light industry & small businesses (not yet significant generators) Stored Trichronium waste water sludge from metal plating <10 gallons from electronics plant Old pesticides/insecticides/fungicides Aldrite 4 Sodium arsenate Old transformers Asbestos panels Industrial solvents Chemicals PCP & CAA from wood treatment plant Contaminated sludges & soils from wood treatment plant & small volume of waste oils and solvents PCB's & other organo chloride compounds leaching onto reservation from foundry Gas stations Uranium/uranium mine/mill tailings Abandoned Asbestos Uranium/uranium mines/tailings Pesticide containers Industrial wastes in sewage lagoon Barrels of old pesticides, industrial wastes, asbestos panels Celtor Chemical Works Copper Bluffs Mine Masonite Mill CM Central Foundry Reynolds Aluminium Seaway Dredging Deposits Old dump Individual listings as presented in responses to questionnaire, ------- Ol CD I ur £ \o V) ir\ C\J C\\| Vo C\\| H CD Q r-\ f-H 5 3 \| 5 3; M i. X UJ Priority Water duality •-H CD ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY VI. Survey ------- RESERVATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILES I. TRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Name of reservation 2. Number of Tribes occupying reservation 3. Name(s) of Tribe(s) 4. Name & address of Tribal governing body: 5. Reservation was established by: A. Treaty B. Executive Order C. Statute D. Land Grant E. Other(please specify) 6. Date reservation was established, 7. State(s) bordering reservation: 8. County/counties bordering reservation: ------- 9. City/Cities bordering the reservation: (Population over 25,000) ±0. Name of city nearest the reservation: (Population over 25,000) 11. Distance in m i/ e s : 12. Population of reservation: 13. Land basefin square acres): 14. Land statusCin square acres): A. Tribally owned B. Allotted 15. Please list all interstate and state highways through reservation. -2- ------- II. TRIBAL GOVERNMENT CHARACTERISTICS I. Name of Tribal governing body: 2. Number of council members: 3. Title of Chief Executive: A. Chairman B. President C. Governor D. Principal Chief E. Other (please specify) 4. The Chief Executive is: A. Elected by tribal membership B. Appointed by Council C. Other (please specify) 5. Term of Office: A. 1 year B. 2 years C. 3 years D. 4 years E. Other (please specify) 6. Regular Council meetings are held: A. Weekly B. Bi-weekly C. Monthly D. Other (please specify) -3- ------- 7. Tribal officials are elected: A. At-large B. By district/geographic region C. Other (please specify) 8. Tribal Government enabling document: A. Executive B. Re so Iution C. Charter D. Other (please specify) 9. Date of adoption: 10. Mhat functions are authorized by this document? A. Executive (Please check all that apply) B. Legislative C. Judicial 0. Business Enterprise E. Other (please specify) II, Is/are the Tribe(s) operating a Tribal court system: A. Yes B. No 12. If yes, are tribal court officials: A. Appointed by Chief Executive B. Appointed by Council C, Elected by Tribal membership D. Other (please specify) -4- ------- 13. What regulatory functions are performed by the Tribal Government? (Please leave categories blanfc if Tribe is not currently implementing regulatory activities in subject area.) Function is controlled by: A. Land Use Pfenning B. Water Resource Planning C. Water Quality Control D. Air Quality Control £. So iI Conservat ion F. Tax Collection & Liscensing Fees Severance Tax on Minerals Income Tax Liscensing Fees on Business Sa I e s Tax Other (Please Specify) G. Business/Commercial Development ti. Zoning I. Hunting/Fishing/Game Management J. Animal Control K. Occupational Health &. Safety L . San i ta t i on .W. Natural Resource Development Timber - Fish Minerals * Energy * Non-Energy tf. Civil law O. Criminal law Code Ord inance Regula t ion Reso lut ion -5- ------- 14. Has the tribe adopted an administrative procedures act? A. Yes B. No 15. Is Tribe currently implementing an environmental protection program? A. Yes B. ,Vo 16. If yes. the Tribal environmental program is responsible for: A. Air quality monitoring B. Water quality monitoring C. Soils analysis 0. Developing Tribal environmental standards E. Enforcing Tribal environmental standards F. AnimaI controI G. Protection of endangered species H. Sanitation &. waste disposal I. Environmental rehabilitation/ reclamation J. Emergency preparedness/ evacuation K. Other (please specify) 17. Name(s) of Tribal office(s) which conduct environmental programs: -6- ------- 18. Number of staff employed by Tribe t wor< on environmental programs 19. Is there a committee within the Tribal government which addresses environmental issues? A. Yes B. No If yes, name 20. Does the Tribal Government have cooperative agreements with other governmental entities (ie: state, local. Federal govt.) for the pur- pose of : Yes No A. Air quality monitoring B. Air quality standards enforcement C. Aater quality monitoring D. Mater quality standards enforcement E. Sanitation &. waste disposal F. Environmental rehabilitation/ reclamation G. Soi i ana Zys i s H. Animal control I. Protection of endangered species J. Emergency preparedness/ e vaculat i on K. Other (please specify) Name of entity -7- ------- ///. RfiSERVAf/OiV ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS I. Climate: A. Average annual precipitation (in inches) -SnowfalI -Rainfal I B. Average Annual Temperature C. Temperature extremes - High - Low D. Average freeze free period (in days) E. Average annual wind speed F. Prevailing wind direction pattern G. Elevationdn feet) 2. Reservation may be affected by: (Check appropriate box) to I ow high A. Tornados B. Hurricanes C. Duststorms D. Extremely high winds E. Blizzards F. Fog G. Earthquakes H. Flooding -Flashfloads -SnowmeIt I. Other Frequent ly Occas fonal ly Rarely Never -8- ------- 3. Reservation climate is characterized as A. Arid/Hot B. Arid/Coot C. Temperate/Miid D. Humid/riot E. Humid/Cool F. Wet G. Sub-Tropical 6. 4. Summers are generally. A. Hot/Dry B. Hot/Rainy C. Hot/Humid 0. Mi Id/Dry £. Mild/Rainy F. Mild/Humid G. Coo I/Dry H. Coo I/Rainy I. Cool/Humid 5. Winters are generally. A. Cold/Dry B. Cold/Rainy C. Cold/Humid D. Mi Id/Dry £. Mi Id/Rainy F. Mild/Humid G. Coo I/Dry H. Coo I/Rainy I. Cool/Humid Highest percentage of annual precipitation falls (Check all that apply) in the : A. Spring B. Summer C. Fall D. Winter -9- ------- 7. Land (please check all that apply): A. Mountains B. Plateaus C. Prairies D. Desert £. Wooded F. Forested - Coniferous - Deciduous G. Coastal H. Inland 8. Please identify mountain range(s) and elevations on reservation 9. Water (please check all that apply) A. Lakes - Natural - Reservoir B. Ri vers C. Creeks/Streams D. Ocean - Open Coast - Enclosed Bays - Lagoons - Estuaries E. -Wetlands - Marshes - Swamps - Bogs -10- ------- 10. Please list alf significant river(s) flowing through reservation II. Please list all significant lake(s)/reservoir(s) on reservation: 12. Soil analysis and classification has been compfeted for reservation A. Ves B. No 13. Land Resource Usage: A. Agricultural Development B. Forestry/Timber C. Mining D. Industry/Manufacturing E. Recreat ion F. Commercial Development G. Gra zing H. Otherfplease specify) Use of Resource is being: Implemented Planned -II- ------- 14. Water Resource Usage: A. Power Generation B. Irr igat ion C. Fisheries D. Tourism/Recreation E. Transportat ion F. Other(please specify) Use of Resourc Implemented e is being: Planned -12- ------- IV. AIR QUALITY: I. Has Tribe designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act ? A. yes B. A/o 2. If yes, is air quality designated under: A. Class I 6. Class II C. Class III 3. Air quality is monitored: A. Continuously B. Special Study Basis C. Not Monitored 4. Air Quality Monitoring is conducted by: A. Tribe B. State C. Federal Government D. Privately 5. If monitored by Federal Government or privately, please cite agency, company or organization: Name : Address: Phone : Contact person: 6. Air quality monitoring includes data for: Yes iVo A. Total suspended particulates B. Sulphur Dioxide C. Nitrogen Dioxide _ D. Carbon Monoxide £. Ozone F. Lead G. Air Toxics H. Visibility -13- ------- 7. Have there been any measured violations of national ambient air quality standards? A. Yes B. No 8. //' yes, please describe below, including what violation(s) occured, when and where: Major Air Pollution Sources On/Near Reservation (Within a fifty mile radius): Please include mining and milling operations, wood burning and incineration, industrial development, fossil-fuel fired power generation facilities, petroleum refineries, urban areas, etc. £ype_ Proximity to reservation (where appl i cable) in mi les -14- ------- V. WATER QUALITY Community /Voter Supp I y 1. How many community drinking water supply systems are on the reservation? 2. What is the source of these community drinking water supply systems? (Please indicate percentage of total drinking water sources) A. Surface % B. Groundwater % 3. What percentage of the community water supply system is monitored for the following parameters and how frequently does this monitor- ing occur? Never Annual Quarterly Monthly A. Bacteriological Quality % % % % B. Inorganics % __% % % C. Pesticides % % % % D. Radionuclides % % % % 4. What percentage of the community water supply systems are treated for water qua I i ty? I^nd ividua I Ma te r Supp I y 5. How many homes on the reservation are served by individual wells? 6. What is the percentage of the total population on the reservation that uses individual wells for drinking water? -15- ------- 7. Mat percentage of individual family wells is monitored for the following parameters and how frequently does this monitoring occur? Never Annual Quarterly Monthly A. Bacteriological Quality % % % % B. Inorganics % % % % C. Pesticides % % % % 0. RadionucZides % % % % General Water Qualify 8. Have there been any water quality violations of the reservation's drinking water in the past five years? A. Ves B. No 9. If yes, please describe below including what the violation was, when it occurred and whether it occurred in surface or ground water. 10. Have there been any water borne diseases or outbreaks? A. Yes B. No II. If yes, please describe: 12. Are there tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes? A. Yes B. No 13. Have there been any violations of these standards? A. Ves B. No 14. If yes, for what parameter(s) (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH. etc.)? -16- ------- 15. Water Usage Table Purpose A. Domestic B . Mun i c i pa I C. / rr igat ion 0. Industrial £. Minerals deve lopment F. Kec reat ion G. Other (please spec i f y) Average annual consumption (in acre feet ) Surface Water Ground Water Percent of total Annual Consumption Surface Water Ground Water 16. Total Annual Water Consumption A. Surface B. Ground per acre feet per acre feet -I 7- ------- 17. Are lakes/reservoirs suffering from: Yes tfo A. Eutrophicat ion B. Sedimentation 18. Actual and potential sources of water pollution affecting the reservation include: ActuaI Potent iaI A. Sewage treatment plants B. vVater treatment plants C. Oxidation ponds D. tVtunicipal discharges E. Industrial discharges F. Domestic wastes (sewage) G. Oil spills ti. Hazardous materials spills /. Landfill leachate J. Urban run-off (overland &. storm sewer) K. Agricultural run-off (cropland run-off, animal waste, streambank erosion) L. Sediment run-off (construction) M. Sediment run-off (mining) N. Sediment run-off (timber production &. harvest ing) O. Pesticides/herbicides/nutrient run-off P. Toxicant build-up (pesticide usage) Q. On-lot disposaI R. Other (please specify) -18- ------- VI. Sojjd Waste Storage &. Disposal !. Does the Tribal Government have a plan for disposal of solid waste(s)? A. Yes B. No 2. Solid waste disposal (please check one): A. Is a major problem on the reservation B. Is not a problem on the reservation C. Is a growing problem on the reservation 3. rfow are solid wastes disposed of on the reservation? A. Community dampsite B. Community Landfill C. Inc in erat ion - Community - Individual D. Other (please specify) 4. Present size (in acres) of community waste disposal site(s)? 5. Does the Tribal Government sponsor or participate in recycling activities for: Yes No A. Metals - AI um i n urn - Steel - Copper - Other (please specify) B, Paper C. Glass -19- ------- VII. Ha zardoas tVas t_g__St_qrage•__& 0 i sposa I 1. Does the Tribal Government have a plan for disposal of hazardous waste(s)? A. Yes B. No 2. Are hazardous wastes generated on the reservation? A. Yes B. No 3. If yes, please specify the nature of the waste(s): 4. Are hazarous wastes stored on the reservation? A. Yes B. No 5. If yes, please specify the nature of the waste(s): 6. How long (in years) has the hazardous waste(s) been stored on the reservation? 7. Mas the hazardous wastes stored in accordance with applicable tribal and federal law? A. Yes B. No 8. Are there any abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation? A. Yes B. No 9. If yes, please identify the site(s): Please include information on the storage of pesticides and the disposal of pesticide cannisters and attach any additional rele- vant informal ion. -20- ------- VIII. Nuclear vVas_te/Rad iat ion : I. Are there uranium deposits on reservation? A. Yes B. No 2. // yes, is uranium mining presently underway? A. Yes B. No 3. Are there any abandoned or stand-by uranium mines on reservation? A. Yes B. No 4. If yes, please identify site(s): 5. Are there uranium tailings present on reservation? A. Yes B. No If yes, please identify site(s): 6. Are reclamation activities presently underway? A. Yes B. No 7. If yes, please elaborate 8. Is there a uranium processing mill within 50 miles of the reservation? A. Yes B. No 9. If yes, please identify sites(s): -21- ------- 10. Are there any other radioactive materials mined on the reservation other than uranium? A. Yes B. No II. If yes, please identify the materials: 12. Is there a nuclear power generation facility within 50 miles of the reservat ion? A. 7es B. No 13. If yes, please identify site and its proximity to reservation in miles 14. Is nuclear waste stored within 50 miles of reservation? A. Yes B. No 15. If yes, please identify site and its proximity to reservation in miles 16. Has reservation been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site? A. Yes B. No 17. Are nuclear materials transported through reservation? A. Yes B. No -22- ------- IX. Please identify in order of priority the most pressing environmental problems on your reservation: I . 2 . 3. 4. _ 5. 6 . 7. 9. 10. Please attach any additional relevant information X. Please identify all species found on your reservation which have been designated as threatened or endangered: I . 2. 3 . 4. 5. If space provided is not sufficient, please attach additional infor- mation on separate sheet. -23- ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY VII. Narrative Profiles ------- REGION II Indian Work Group Coordinator: Charles Teneralla Seneca Nation of Indians St. Regis Mohawk ------- Seneca Nation of Indians, New York (Cattaraugas, Allegany and Oil Springs Reservations) Environmental Contact: Ronald W. Patterson EDA Planning Director Tribal Planning Office Seneca Nation of Indians 1490 Route 438 Irving, New York, 14081 (716) 532-4900 ext. 135 EPA Region II: Charles Teneralla, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Seneca Nation of Indians occupy three reservations, the Cattaraugas Reservation consisting of 21,680 acres, the Allegany Reservation of 21,264 acres and the Oil Springs Reservation consisting of 642 acres, totaling 43,586 acres in all. The land is wholly tribally owned. The population of all three reservations combined (although Oil Springs has no population) is 5740, consisting of 3163 enrolled Senecas and 2577 Tuscarona, Oneida, Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, other Indians and non-Indians. ------- Tribal Government The sixteen member Council of the Seneca Nation of Indians, established by their Constitution in 1898, is the legislative governing body for all three of the reservations. Council members, as well as the Council Executives (President, Treasurer, Clerk) and the Judicial Branch, are elected at large by tribal members. The Council is elected biannually in staggered terms (8 members per election). The Council meets monthly. The Executives and Judicial Branch are elected biannually. The Judicial Branch consists of a Peacemakers Court (6 judges) and Surrogates Court (2 judges) and 2 Chief Marshalls. The following regulatory functions are performed by the Council: hunting/fishing/game management, timber and non-energy mineral resource development, and civil law. The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analysis, enforcing ------- tribal environmental standards and animal control. The office which conducts this program is The Seneca Nation Environmental Health Office which employs 4 technicians. There is no committee in The Council of The Seneca Nation which addresses environmental issues. Neither does the tribe have cooperative agreements for environmental protection with other local, state or federal governmental entities. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reservations. The development of agricultural, forestry/timber, recreational and commercial resources is currently being planned. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation and for tourism/recreation. Air Quality The tribes have not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act, nor is reservation air quality monitored by any other authority. Water Quality Community Water Supply; There is one EPA standard community water supply (11 acres) which serves a development site for HUD houses. The tribes also monitor the water supply at the Irving Industrial Park site and the old Thomas Indian ------- School site which is currently the site of seven administrative and community buildings. These are not, however, considered community systems. The community systems use 100 percent ground water, and they are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and annually for inorganics/ pesticides and radionuclides. All are treated for water quality. Individual Vvater Supply; Eighty percent of the population of the reservation is served by individual wells. Wells are monitored only upon request. General Water Quality; There are no water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes, and it is unknown whether reservation lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication and/or sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage), oil spills, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off, on-lot disposal and gas. Potential sources of pollution include sewage and water treatment plants, municipal and industrial discharges, hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, urban and agricultural run-off, sediment run-off from construction, mining and timber production and toxicant build-up from pesticide usage. ------- Drinking Water Quality; There have been some drinking water quality violations in the past five years. Barium and bacteria appeared in the ground water. There were also outbreaks of water borne diseases like gastro-enteritis, giardia, and amoebic dysentry. Water Usage There is no information available about the average annual consumption in acre feet of surface and ground water for different purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. No additional information was received in time to include in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The Council has not adopted a plan for the disposal of solid wastes although solid wastes are a growing problem on the reservations. There is a project proposal to purchase and operate a nation-owned truck for curb pick-up. Solid wastes are currently disposed of via private businesses whose services are contracted and by individual incineration. There is also much illegal dumping on the Cattaraugas Reservation. The Council sponsors no recycling program for solid wastes. ------- Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The Council has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. None are presently generated or stored on the reservations. There are, however, some abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservations which have been identified by the Seneca Nation Health Department (Contact John Hanley [(716)] 945-1790). Some wastes were removed using an outside disposal service. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. There are no uranium processing mills or nuclear power generation facilities within fifty miles of the reservations, but nuclear waste is stored 25 miles southeast of the reservation area at the West Valley Demonstration Project, and there may be unauthorized transportation of nuclear materials through the reservations. None of the reservations have, however, been selected as a potential permanent nuclear waste disposal site. Tribal Priorities The following in order of priority are the most pressing environmental problems on the three reservations of The Seneca Nation: water quality, solid waste disposal, domestic sewage, community injury control, housing, animal control (especially of rabid animals) and rodent control. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, New York Environmental Contact: Randy Hart, Environmental Health Technician St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Tribal Community Building Hogansburg, New York 13655 (518) 358-2272 and (315) 769-9242 EPA Region II: Charles Teneralla, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The St. Regis Mohawk Reservation consists of 14,000 acres, all of which is tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 8,200. Tribal Government The three member St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Council is the tribal governing body. Council members, the head chief and other tribal government officers are elected at large by tribal membership for three year staggered terms. The Council meets monthly. There was no information available on the regulatory functions per- formed by the tribal government. However, the Environmental Health staff has developed codes for Food Service Establishments, Water Quality Control, and Oil Spill Prevention and Control. The tribe has not yet passed these codes, but the Environmental Health staff is using these codes as guidelines. The tribe has not adopted an adminstrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe, however, is currently implementing an environmental protec- tion program which is responsible for air and water quality moni- toring, soil analysis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, and emergency preparedness/evacuation. This program is conducted through the St. Regis Mohawk Environmental Health Office. Two staff are employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs. There is no committee within the tribal government which specifically addresses environmental issues, but the tribal government does have cooperative agreements with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation for air quality moni- toring and standards enforcement and for soil analysis, with the New York State Department of Health for water quality monitoring and stan- dards enforcement, with the Indian Health Service for sanitation and waste disposal, and with the Franklin County Office of Emergency Prepare/ness for emergency preparedness and evacuation. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. The development of agricultural resources is currently being implemented, and the development of recreational resources is currently being planned. Water resources are currently being used for power generation (by non-tribal authorities), fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act, but air quality is monitored on a special study basis by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (contact person: David Prosser [305] 785-2238). This air quality monitoring includes data for total suspended particulates, sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, air toxics and visibility. There have been measured violations of national ambient air quality standards. Reynolds filuminum of Massena, New York, had excessive fluoride emissions in 1980 and Minerals Processing, also of Massena, New York, had incomplete stack tests in 1985. These two sources of air pollution are 1/2 and 1/4 mile from the reservation respectively. Other major sources of air pollution are the GM Central Foundry and Alcoa both also of Massena, New York, and the Howard Smith Paper Mill in Ontario, Canada. These sources are 1/2 to 6 miles from the reser- vation boundary. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. No information was available on eutrophication and sedimentation in reservation lakes/reservoirs. Actual sources of water pollution include municipal and indivi- dual discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, urban and agricultural run-off, sedimient run-off due to construction and pesticide/herbicide/ nutrient and toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage. Potential sources of pollution include sewage treatment plants and oil spills. Drinking Water Quality: There have been water quality violations of the reservation's drinking water quality in the last five years. PCB's were detected in 2 groundwater wells in 1982, and 7 wells tested positive for petroleum products in 1986. There have also been some outbreaks of minor illness as a consequence of elevated bacteria levels in private wells. ------- Community ^ater Supply: There are two community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. One hundred percent of the water for these systems comes from surface water sources. Surface water sources are moni- tored monthly for bacteriological quality, annually for inorganics and every three years for pesticides and radionuclides. No other monitoring is done. Water sources are also treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Four hundred fifty homes on the reservation are served by individual wells, or about 75% of the population. Six percent of the wells are monitored for inorganics. No monitoring is done for pesticides or radionuclides. Water Usage Data for average annual surface and ground water consumption in acre feet for different purposes was unavailable. However, 100% of the water used for domestic purposes is ground water, and 100% of the water used for municipal purposes is surface water. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes which are a major problem on the reservation, currently most tribal members must utilize a landfill in the neighboring community of Bombay, New York. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Although no hazardous wastes are generated on the reservation, toxic wastes are leaching onto it from GM Central Foundry's toxic landfill located directly adjacent to the reservation, and although hazardous wastes are not stored on the reservation, they have been improperly stored, some at abandoned sites, adjacent to the reservation for the last 25 years. These wastes include PCB's and other organochlorine compounds from the GM Central Foundry, Reynolds Aluminum and Seaway Dredging Deposit sites. ------- Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits and, therefore, no mining of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. There are no uranium processing mills or nuclear power generation facilities within 50 miles of the reservation, and nuclear waste is not stored within 50 miles of the reservation. However, the reservation has been selected as a poten- tial area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, but nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems in order of priority on the St. Regis Reservation are extremely substandard housing, the contamina- tion of individual ground water wells, and the impact of surrounding industries on environmental and air quality. In addition, the Environ- mental Health staff has limited resources available to investigate the effects of industrial pollution on the Reservation. They are looking for technical and financial assistance to help them in their investiga- tion. ------- REGION IV Indian Work Group Coordinator: Arthur Linton Choctaw Reservation ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Choctaw Reservation, Mississippi Environmental Contact: Bernadette Villacorta c/o Tribal Council Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Route 7, Box 21 Philadelphia, Mississippi 39350 EPA Region IV: Arthur Linton, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Choctaw Reservation consists of 18,000 acres, all of it tribally owned. The population of the reservation is about 4,600 people. Tribal Government The sixteen member Tribal Council, established by the adoption of a constitution and bylaws in 1945 (revised in 1975), is the tribal governing body. Council members are elected by district by tribal members for four year terms, as is the Chief. A Vice-Chief and Secretary-Teasurer are elected from the Council members by the Council members for two year terms each July of odd-numbered years. The Council meets quarterly. The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: land use planning, business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, occupational health and safety, timber development, civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. The Environmental Protection Infrastucture The tribe is not currently implementing its own environmental pro- tection program, but the Environmental Health Services of the Choctaw Health Department do water quality monitoring (in cooperation with the IHS) and there is a committee within the Tribal Council, the Community Development Committee, which addresses environmental issues. There are five staff employed by the tribe in the above efforts. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed. Agricultural, forestry/timber, industry/manufacturing, commercial and grazing resources are currently being used, and the development of recreational resources is being planned. The tribe is planning to use water resources for power generation and tourism/recreation. It is also engaging in flood control activities on behalf of downstream areas, although the reservation itself does not flood. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designed its own air quality standards as desig- nated in the Clear Air Act, nor is the reservation air monitored by any other authority. There are no major air pollution sources within fifty miles of the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. There are no actual water pollution sources affecting the reservation, although there is a potential source of pollution in sewage treatment lagoons and plants. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no water quality violations of the reserva- tion's drinking water in the last five years, but in 1985 there were four cases of Giardia Lamblia, mostly in children. Community Water Supply: There are eight community drinking water supply systems on the reservation which use 100% ground water. All systems are monitored for bacteriological quality and for inorganics (CL~ and Fl~) monthly. There is no monitoring for pesticides and radionuclides. Ninety percent of the community water systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Five percent of the homes and 3% of the population on the reservation are served by individual wells. No monitoring of the wells is done. Water Usage There are no statistics available on water usage in acre feet. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) The reservation has 13 community waste disposal systems, 47 individual systems and 25 sanitation facilities installed since the inactment of Public Law 86-121. There are 3 sewage treatment plants and 11 oxidation ponds or lagoons on the reservation. All of their systems discharge their effluent to nearby creeks after proper secondary treatment. The effluent is monitored for bacteriological quality monthly. ------- Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, but it is a growing porblem on the reservation. There is a community land fill off the reservation, and hospitals and schools incinerate their solid wastes, but isolated vacant lots are also used for trash disposal. The tribal government has no recycling program for the reservation. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem, and a small amount of money was set aside in the agricultural extension program for a certified pesticide applicator. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or any other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor is there a uranium processing mill, a nuclear power generation facility, or a nuclear waste storage site within fifty miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential permanent nuclear waste storage site. It is unknown if nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Mississippi Choctaw Tribal Council has identified the following environmental problems in order of priority: solid waste disposal from residences, lack of percolation in the soil which requires sewage lines rather than septic tanks, soil erosion, stray dogs and water quality. ------- Region V Indian Work Group Coordinator: Casey Ambutas Forest County Potawatomi Reservation Isabella and Saginaw Reservation Leech Lake Reservation Menominee Reservation Oneida Reservation Sault Sainte Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Reservation Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Reservation White Earth Reservation ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Forest County Potawatomi Reservation, Wisconsin Environmental Contact: Ken George Forest County Potawatomi Executive Council P.O. Box 346 Crane/on, Wisconsin 55520 (715) 478-2903 EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Forest County Potawatomi Reservation consists of 11,766 acres, all tribally owned but 400 acres ivhich are in allotment. The population of the reservation is 499, Forest County Potawatomis, Menominees, Prairie Band Potawatomis, Sokagoan Chippewa, Cherokee, Winnebago. Tribal Government The six member Forest County Potowatomi Executive Council is the governing body of the reservation. The Chairman and Council members are elected by tribal membership at large for two year terms. The Council meets monthly. This government was established by charter and constitu- tion and by-laws in 1934 (revised 1982). The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the following areas: land use and water resource planning, water and air quality control, sales tax, business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/ fishing/game management, animal control, occupational health and safety, sanitation, and the development of timber, fish and non-energy mineral resources. The tribes have adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environment Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analysis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, the protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, emergency preparedness/evacuation, noise control and mining. This program is conducted by the tribal Mining Impact Office. There is also a committee within the tribal government, The Mining Impact Committee, which addresses environmental issues. The tribe employs a staff of two to work on environmental programs. The tribe has cooperative agreements with the United States Geological Survey for air quality monitoring and standards enforcement and for water quality monitoring and with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Natural Resources for mining. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have not been completed. Forestry/ timber resources are currently being developed with further develop- ment in this sector being planned as well as recreational and commercial development. Water is used for tourism/recreation and transportation. Air Quality The tribe has designated air quality standards as provided in The Clean Air /Act. Reservation air is designated Class II. Air quality is monitored continuously by the federal government through the United States Geological Survey's Water Resources Division. Air quality monitoring includes data for total suspended participates and sulphur dioxide. There have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality standards. However, from 1972 to 1978 Exxon entered tribal air space without securing consent from the tribe for exploration of tribal lands. Major air pollution sources are a paper mill, the new city dump and a lumber mill. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. There have been no violations of these standards, but reservation lakes/streams are suffering from sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include oil spills and acid rain. Potential sources of water pollution include oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, sediment run-off from mining and on-lot disposal. Drinking Water Quality There have been no water quality violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. Community Water Supply: There are 72 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. They use 100% ground water. All systems are tested quarterly for bacteriological quality, and 60% of the systems are treated for water quality Individual Water Supply: Seventy-five per cent of the homes and 85% of the population on the reservation are served by individual wells. All wells are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality. ------- Water Usage No information is available on average annual consumption of water for different purposed in acre feet. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) The reservation has a system of septic pick-ups to service individual systems. Solid Waste Storage Disposal Solid wastes are a major problem on the reservation, and the tribal government does have apian for their disposal. Presently, solid wastes are disposed of at community dimp sites and landfills of about 1/2 acre each. The tribal government spnsors an aluminum recycling project. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but such wastes are neither generated nor stored on the reservation. It is unknown if there are any abondoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Although there are uranium deposits on the reservation, there is no uranium mining presently underway. Nor are there uranium tailings on the reservation. There are no other radioactive materials mined on the reservation. Within fifty miles of the reservation there are neither uranium procesing mills or nuclear power generation facilities. There is, however, low level nuclear waste stored seven miles away. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, but low level waste is transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems in order of priority on the Forest County Potawatomi Reservation are: surface water, air quality, acid rain, sewage, and the damage of plants and especially the forest. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Isabella and Saginaw Reservation, Michigan Environmental Contact: Arnold Sowmick, Chairman Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council 7070 East Broadway Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 (517) 772-5700 EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Isabella and Saginaw Chippewa Reservation consists of 1,372 acres 570 of which are tribally owned and 82 of which are in allotment. The population of the reservation is approximately 550 (500 in Isabella and 50 in Saginaw). Tribal Government The ten member Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council, established by an IRA Constitution and By-Laws in 1937, is the governing body for the reser- vation. The Council members are elected at large for two year term. The Chairman is appointed by the Council. The Council meets monthly. The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the areas of land use planning, licensing fees business, business/commerical deve- lopment, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management animal control, occupational health and safety, sanitation, the development of fish and mineral (energy and non-energy resources) and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an adminstrative procedures act. Tribal Environment Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not curiintly implementing an environmental protection program per se, but the tribal offices of Planning and Economic Development, Building Grounds and Maintenance and Housing Authority do deal with environmental issues. In addition, the tribe has coopera- tive agreements with the Indian Health Service for water quality moni- toring and standards enforcement, sanitation and waste disposal, soil analysis and animal control, with the Bureau of Indian Afafirs for soil analysis and with Isabella County for animal control, and emergency preparadness/evacuation. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has not been completed for the reser- vation. Agricultural, forestry/timber and recreational resources are currently being developed. The development of industrial/manufacturing and commercial resources is in the plannign stages. Water is used for tourism/recreation. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored. Major air pollution souces on or near the reservation are the petroleum refineries in ftlma 20 miles away, small industry in Mount Plasant, Clare and Alma 3.19 and 20 miels away respectively, and Dow Chemical and Dow Corning in Midland 25 miles away. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for the reservation's streams, rivers and lakes, and it is unknown if reservation lakes/ reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication and/or sedimentation. There are no actual sources of water pollution. Potential sources include sewage treatment plants, oxidation ponds, industrial dis- charges, domestic wastes (sewage), oil spills, urban and agri- cultural run-off, sediment run-off due to construction and pesti- cides/herbicides/nutrient run-off. Drinking Water Quality: It is unknown if there have been any water quality violations of the reservation's drinking water in the last five years, but there have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There is one community drinking water supply system on the reser- vation which uses 100% ground water. Half of the system is moni- tored annually for bacteriological quality and treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Ten percent of the homes and 10% of the population of the reser- vation use individual wells for drinking water. These wells are monitored by the Indian Health Service annually. Water Usage No data was available or at the tribe's disposal for average annual water consumption rates in acre feet for different purposes. ------- Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not receiveed in time be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe does not have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and it is unknown if solid wastes are a problem within the community. Most such wastes are disposed of off the reservation. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, no are such wastes generated or stored on the reservation. It is unkonw, however, if there are any abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation. No is information available on the storage and disposal of pesticides and pesticide cannisters. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no uranium deposits on the reservation, but it is unknown if there are deposits of other radioactive materials on the reservation. There are no uranium processing mills or nuclear power generation facilities within 50 miles of the reservation. However, it is not known if nuclear waste is stored anywhere in the area. The resevation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, and it is unknown if nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Saginaw Chippewas have identified in order of priority water and sewage as their most pressing environmental problems. ------- Leech Lake Reservation, Minnesota Environmental Contact: Mr. Hartley White, Chairman Mr. Myron Ellis, Executive Director Mr. Richard Turner, Sanitarian Mr. Joe Shepherd, Resource Management Mr. John Persell, Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Research Lab Leech Lake Reservation Business Committee Rt. 3 Box 100 Cass Lake, Minnesota 56633 (218) 335-2207 EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian VJork Group Coordinator Introduction Leech Lake Reservation consists of 589,000 acres, approximately 35,000 acres of which is tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 5100 (5384 in the Indian Health Service Environmental Health Profile). Tribal Government The five member Leech Lake Reservation Business Committee is the tribal governing body. Three members are elected, one from each of the reservation districts, for four year terms. The Chairman and the Secretary/Treasurer are elected at large by tribal membership, also for four year terms. An Executive Director and an Administrative Assistant provide direct consultation to the Reservation Business Committee, guide reservation programs and handle Have already included their 1HS profile data ------- day-to-day business dealings affecting the reservation. The Reservation Business Committee meets weekly. This government was established by charter in 1934. The Reservation Business Committee performs regulatory functions as regards land use .and water resource planning, water quality control, licensing fees on liquor businesses, hunting/fishing/ricing permits, off road vehicle licenses, business and commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, occupational health and safety, sanitation, timber, fish and non-energy mineral development, civil law (Public Law 280) and criminal law (especially as regards hunting, fishing and ricing). The Business Committee also has agreements with the State of Minnesota on severance tax on minerals and on sales taxes. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for water quality monitoring, soil analysis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, emergency preparedness, community injury control, and ------- issues associated with the Mississippi Headwaters Conservation Plan. The tribal offices which conduct the environmental programs are the Office of Environmental Health and the Division of Resource Management (especially as regards regulatory issues). The tribe employs a staff of four to work on environmental programs, and the Reservation Business Committee as a whole also addresses environmental issues. The Reservation Business Committee also has cooperative agreements with the United States Geological Survey, the Minnesota Department of National Resources, and local sanitation and waste commission districts (SWCD's) for water quality monitoring (the latter especially as regards ground water), with the Indian Health Service and the MFCS for water quality standards enforcement, with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Mississippi Headwaters Board for environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, with the United States Forestry and Wildlife Service for the protection of endangered species and with the Indian Health Service, the State of Minnesota and with local governments for emergency preparedness/evacuation. This amounts to one of the highest participation rates in cooperative environmental programs for a tribal government, particularly at the local level (for groundwater, sanitation and waste disposal, and emergency preparedness) ------- and including regional (Mississippi Headwaters Board) and state cooperation. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the reservation. Of the 589,000 acres of reservation land 23,000 acres are classified as forest land and the rest as agricultural and other land. Presently, agricultural, forestry/timber, recreational, and commercial resources are being developed. Land is also being used for new housing and for solid waste disposal. In the future plans are in place for industrial/manufacturing resource development and for further development of agricultural and commercial resources as well as further development of housing. There are also plans to set aside land for conservation purposes and habitat preservation and for the preservation of archaeological and historical resources. Water is a major reservation resource and includes not only 68 miles of the Mississippi River but 232 lakes (approximately 300,000 acres), 195 with names, the largest of which are Winnibigoshish, Leech and Cass. Presently, water resources are used for irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation, water fowl management, wild rice production, and water supplies. Plans are in place for further development of fisheries, tourism/recreation, wild rice production and water supplies. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. However, air quality is monitored on a special study basis by both the tribe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Research Lab) and the state. It was not known what parameters are monitored. There have been no known measured violations of national ambient air quality standards. Major air pollution sources within a 50 mile radius of the reservation include a coal fired generator (about 8 miles away), a wood fired industrial heating system (2 miles away) and residential wood heat (throughout the reservation). Water Quality General Water Quality; There are tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes, and there have been violations of these standards in the form of fecal coliform due to the malfunctioning of inadequate on-site waste water disposal systems (on lakeshores only). Some of the lakes are suffering from eutrophication, and all are suffering from sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants, municipal and industrial discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous waste disposal sites and open solid waste dumps. Potential sources of water ------- pollution include oil and hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, sediment run-off due to construction and timber production and harvesting and pollution due to the further proliferation of open solid waste dumps. Community Water Supply: There are 12 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation (13 in the Indian Health Service Environmental Health Profile -- also the IHS definition of "community water supply" is one serving 25 or more connections). All of the systems use ground water. All systems are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality, 25 percent are monitored monthly and 50 percent annually for inorganics, and there is no monitoring for radionuclides. There is also no periodic monitoring for pesticides, but all systems are V.O.C.'d once by The Environmental Protection Agency for pesticides. Twenty-five percent of the systems are treated for water quality (both chlorine and flouride). Individual Water Supply: Approximately 10 percent of the homes on the reservation have no water supply at all. Approximately 69 percent of the homes on the reservation are served by individual wells which also amounts to about 69 percent of the population. Approximately 20 percent of the wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality and 10 ------- percent annually for inorganics. There is no monitoring for pesticides and radionuclides. However, an accurate survey of the number of reservation wells serving individual homes has not been done since 1977. Such a survey will be done in the summer of 1986 and will be included in the 1987 Environmental Health Profile for the Indian Health Service. Non-Community Water Systems; There are also four non-community water systems which serve a school, a community center and two Headstart programs. Five deep wells are involved. Two are monitored quarterly by the Environmental Protection Agency and three are monitored annually all for bacteriological quality. Drinking Water Quality; There was one false positive on a community water supply system in the last five years. Two rechecks proved the reading to be negative. There have been no outbreaks of any water borne diseases. Water Usage No information was given on average annual water consumption for different purposes in acre feet per year. The tribal environmental officers did not feel that the water usage question applied to Leech Lake except to state that the consumption of surface water for domestic purposes was negligible. ------- 8 Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewagej Community Waste Disposal System: There is one community system with 85 service connections which has a lift station to the Cass Lake lagoons. Individual Waste Disposal Systems; Approximately 10 percent of the homes on the reservation are without an individual waste system. Approximately 82 percent of the homes and 82 percent of the population on the reservation are served by individual liquid waste systems. However, an accurate survey of individual liquid waste systems has not been carried out since 1977. Such a survey will be conducted during the summer of 1986 and included in the reservation's Environmental Health Profile for 1987. 121 Projects; Sanitation facilities have been installed throughout the Leech Lake Reservation at various communities and scattered locations under Public Law 86-121. There have been 30 such projects in 12 communities and 16 scattered locations installing 825 units (including second service and renovations). These facilities will be included in the summer 1986 survey. Solid. Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has a plan developed by the Tribal Department of Natural Resources, the General ------- Business Administration, Environmental Health, and the Reservation Business Committee Executive Director for the disposal of solid wastes, but they remain a major problem on the reservation. Solid wastes are currently disposed of in an 18 acre community landfill (with 20 acres in reserve) and in illegal open dumps. The majority of the communities, programs and businesses on the reservation are supplied with cannisters for the temporary storage of solid wastes. Pick-up is at least weekly by the tribally owned two-truck sanitation company. The tribal government participates in recycling activities for aluminum and copper. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The1 tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. There are domestic, light industry and small business generators of hazardous wastes but no significant generators. t'or the past two years contaminated sludges and soils from wood treating plants and small volumes of waste oils and solvents have been stored on the reservation but not in accordance with tribal and federal law. There are no abandoned hazardous waste storage sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. There are no ------- 10 uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities, or nuclear waste storage facilities within 50 miles of the reservation. An area, however, within the Leech Lake Reservation watershed has been selected as a potential permanent nuclear waste disposal site, and nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities Leech Lake Reservation's most pressing environmental problems in order of priority are to develop a comprehensive solid waste management plan for the reservation, to implement the underground storage tank program, to control on-site ivaste disposal systems at rural lakeshore and river sites, to ascertain groundwater protection of surficial aquifers susceptible to potential contamination, to identify environmental hazards contributing to injury and deaths, to continue monitoring progress on Champion Corporation's Wheeler Wood-Treatment Superfund site, to develop a total public health and sanitation code for the reservation, to implement a fish tissue study for PCB's and the location of the PCB source affecting fish in Cass Lake, and to investigate the organic water quality of the community water supply systems. In brief, groundwater protection and alternative methods of solid waste disposal are major concerns and top priorities. ------- Menominee Reservation, Wisconsin Environmental Contact: Brian Cooke Menominee Indian Tribe P.O. Box 397 Keshena, Wisconsin 54135 715-799-3101 EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Menominee Reservation consists of 234,934 acres, all tribally owned trustland. The population of the reservation is 3943 (Menominee and other Indian) and 400 non-Indian for a total population of 4343. Tribal Government The 9 member Menominee Tribal Legislature is the tribal governing body. Legislators are elected at large for staggered three year terms. The Chairman is appointed by the Legislature for a one year term. The Legislature meets twice monthly. This government was established by Constitution in 1976 after termination was revoked. The Legislature performs regulatory functions in land use planning, licensing fees on business, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, timber development and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. ------- Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for animal control and sanitation and waste disposal. The tribal Environmental Health Office conducts this program with a staff of five. There is also a committee within the tribal government, the Health Committee, which addresses environmental issues. The tribal government also has cooperative agreements with the United States Geological Survey for water quality monitoring and with Menominee County for emergency preparedness/evacuation. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis has not yet been completed for the reservation. Agricultural, forestry/timber, industrial/manufacturing, recreational, and commercial resources are currently being developed with more development planned for both industrial/manufacturing and commercial resources. Water resources are currently being used for tourism/recreation and will be used in the future for additional tourism/recreation development and for power generation. Air Quality The tribe has no air quality standards as designated in The Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored. Major air pollution sources are the paper ------- mills and the coal-fired power plant at Green Bay 40 miles away. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes, but neither are the lakes/reservoirs suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. There are no actual sources of water pollution. Potential sources include landfill leachate and sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting. Drinking Water Quality; There have been no water quality violations of reservation drinking water for the past five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply; There are six community drinking water supply systems on the reservation using 100 percent ground water. These systems are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality, every three years for inorganics and pesticides and every four years for radionuclides. Four of the systems are treated for water quality (both chlorination and fluoridation). Individual Water Supply; Individual wells on the reservation are monitored on request for the parameters indicated in the survey. ------- There are an estimated 360 individual wells on the reservation, and an estimated 490 individual wells around Legend and Moshawquit Lakes, many of which are on non-trust land. Water Usage No information is available on average annual consumption in acre feet except that 100 percent of all domestic and municipal water usage is ground water. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Community Systems; Community sewage systems serve the villages of Neopit and Keshena. The Keshena system serves 269 houses with 5 lift stations and 7 lagoon treatment ponds. The sewage system for Neopit serves 215 housing units, and has 2 lift stations and 5 stabilization ponds. The sewage systems in both villages are operating near maximum capacity. Individual Systems; There are an estimated 360 individual sewage disposal systems (septic tanks) on the reservation. There are also an estimated 490 individual systems around Legend and Moshawquit Lakes, many of which are on non-trust land. ------- 121-Projects: Project 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. BE-60-12E BE-61-122 BE-63-139 BE-67-167 BE-75-633 BE-76-648 BE-77-674 BE-77-203 BE-77-677 BE-77-688 BE-79-718 BE-80-748 BE-80-514 BE-81-785 BE-81-794 BE-82-834 BE-82-812 BE-83-519 BE-83-226 BE-84-871 # Homes Served -- 51 375 275 25 476 Lagoon Lagoon 31 20 21 Watertank 3 25 Pine Ridge Not Complete 34 Community Well-Neopit Not Complete Red Wing * $ * $ $ $ * $ * i t $ * $ * * $ * Not Cost 5,000 116,311 438,000 450,000 90,000 223,000 329,000 350,000 132,000 48,000 114,000 428,000 2,250 133,000 41,000 177,000 177,000 36,000 Complet ------- Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government is currently in the process of developing management regulations for the disposal of solid wastes; it is a major problem on the reservation. Presently, solid wastes are disposed of in three community dump sites consisting of five acres in aggregate. The tribe has no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government is also in the process of developing a regulatory package for hazardous waste management. On-reservation disposal of hazardous wastes will be prohibited and stringent regulations will apply to off-reservation hazardous waste transporters entering the reservation. Styrene is generated on the reservation, has been stored there less than a year and is stored in accordance with federal law. There are no abandoned hazardous waste storage sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within fifty miles of the reservation. The reservation has, however, been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear ------- waste disposal site. No nuclear materials, however, are presently being transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems on the Menominee Reservation in order of priority are solid waste, ground water quality, nuclear waste, sewage, hazardous waste, animal control, surface water quality, rodent/insect control, community injury control, air quality and asbestos disposal. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Oneida Reservation, Wisconsin Environmental Contact: Pur cell Fowl ess Oneida Executive Committee Oneida Business Committee P.O. Box 165 Oneida, Wisconsin 54155 (414) 869-2771 EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Oneida Reservation consists of 65,000 acres, 3022.5 of which are tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 7264, of which 1765 are tribal members. Tribal Government The 9 member Oneida Business Committee, established by charter in 1934, is the tribal governing body. The chairman and Committee mem- bers are elected by tribal membership at large for three year terms. The committee meets two times per week. The regulatory functions performed by the Committee consists of land use planning. The tribe has adopted an administrative proce- dures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, sanita- tion and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, emergency preparedness/evacuation and hunting and fishing regulations. The tribal offices which conduct their programs are the Conversation Department, the Well and Septic Program and the Utility Program. Four staff are employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs, and there are two committees within the tribal government, the Land Committee and the Conservation Committee, which address environmental issues. The tribal government also has cooperative agreements with the Council of Energy Resource Tribes to do air quality monitoring and with the State of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Indian Affairs for water quality monitoring. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has oeen completed for the reser- vation. Land resource use is being planned in agricultural deve- lopment, industry/manufacturing and recreation. Water resources are currently used for transportation. Planning is being done for water resource use in fisheries and tourism/recreation. Air Quality The tribe has no designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is, however, monitored on a special study basis by the state for total suspended particulates, sulphur dioxide and air toxics. It is uncertain whether there have been any violations of national ambient air quality standards on the reservation, but there have been sulphur dioxide violations in Green Bay. Major air pollution sources are: W.P.S. power genera- tion facility (5miles away), several paper pulp mills (5-10 miles away), Green Bay (5 miles away), and the Fox Valley communities (10-15 miles away). Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants, industrial discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, urban and agri- cultural run-off, sediment run-off due to construction, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off, toxicant build-up due to pesticide use and on-lot disposal. Potential sources of water pollution include oil and hazardous materials spills and sedi- ment run-off due to timber production and harvesting. Drinking Water Quality: There was excess coliform bacteria in one community water system in November 1984, but no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are 7 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. They use 100% ground water. All of them are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality, every three years for inorganics and every five years for radionuclides. There is no monitoring for pesticides. Forty-five percent of the systems are monitored for water quality. ------- Individual Water Supply: Approximately 50% of the homes and 50% of the population of the reservation are served by individual wells. Twenty-five percent of the wells are monitored for bacteriological quality and inorganics annually. No monitoring is done for pesticides and radionuclides. Water Usage Eighteen thousand gallons or 49.7 acre feet of ground water are used on an average annually for domestic purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey; no additional information was received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the diposal of solid wastes, and they are a major problem on the reservation. They are presently disposed of in community landfills and through individual incinera- tion. The tribe has no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Such wastes generated on the reservation include wastes from a print shop, from automobile repair, from a school, a health center and from indi- vidual households. It is unknown whether hazardous wastes are stored on the reservation. None are stored by the tribe, but other industrial and commercial enterprises probably store some hazardous materials. There are three abandoned hazardous waste sites currently under investigation: the old Oneida landfill, Appslems garage and the Old Inn of Ashnabena's landfill. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on Oneida except for the presence of a nuclear power generation facility and a nuclear waste storage site at Two Rivers (Manitowoc, Wisconsin) about 40 miles away. Tribal Priorities Oneida's most pressing environmental problems in order of priority are: Fort Howard Paper Company sludge ponds, the old Oneida land- fill, agricultural run-off and erosion into Duck and Trout Creeks, individual well water quality and failing septic systems. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Sault Sainte Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Reservation, Michigan Environmental Contact: Bob Nygard Sault Sainte Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Environmental Review Branch of Planning and Management Division 206 Greenough Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 48783 (906) 635-6050 EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Sault Sainte Marie Reservation consists of 425 acres wholly tribally owned, scattered over a seven-county service area in the eastern counties of the upper pennisula of Michigan. Reservation lands exclusively house HUD rental developments. These developments are located in Sault St. Marie (101 units), Hessel (25 units), St. Ignace (25 units), Manistique (38 units) and Wetmore (14 units). A total of 7,213 enrolled members of the tribe reside "on or near" these reservation lands within the seven-county area. Tribal Government The thirteen member Board of Directors, established by charter in 1972, is the governing body for the reservation. The Board members are elected by tribal membership according to district/geographic region for two year staggered terms. The Chairman is elected for a four year term by tribal membership at large. The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the following areas: land use planning, water and air quality control, sales tax, fishing fees and licenses, business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, the development of fish resources and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental program which is responsible for water quality monitoring and is conducted through the Sault Sainte Marie Tribal Housing Authority. A staff of two is employed by the tribe to work on this program. The tribe has coopera- tive agreements with the City of Sault Sainte Marie for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement and for animal control, with private contractors for sanitation and waste disposal and with the Indian Health Service for soil analysis. ------- Jribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reserva- tion. Industrial/manufacturing, recreational, commercial and housing resources are currently being developed. Water resources are used for fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in The Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored. Major air pollution sources include The Algoma Steel Plant and a papermill, both in Sault, Ontario, 10 miles north of the reservation in Canada. Water Supply General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. Reservation lakes/reservoirs do not suffer from eutrophication or sedimentation. There are no actual sources of water pollution, and potential sources are restricted to domestic wastes (sewage). Drinking Water Quality There have been no water quality violations of the tribe's drinking water nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. Community Water Supply: There are four drinking water supply systems on the reservation which use 100% ground water. All the systems are tested monthly for bacteriological quality and inorganics, and all are treated for water quality and treated with fluoride and chlorine. Individual Water Supply: There are no individual wells on the reservation. Water Usage No data are currently available for annual average water consumption for different purposes in acre feet. However, four of the reservation communities are each served by community wells "8 in size. The fifth community, the Skunk Road community in Sault St. Marie, is served by a water system run by the City of Sault St. Marie, Michigan. ------- Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage) One community is provided city sewer service. The four remaining com- munities have individual septic systems for each of the 98 houses, plus the 10 additional units currently being built. There are no P.L. 86-121 projects currently being implemented on the reservation. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and Sault Sainte Marie is one of the few reservations where solid wastes are not a problem. Solid wastes are disposed of by private contractors in off-reservation private and county operated landfills. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but hazardous wastes are neither generated or stored on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste stored within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, and nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities Sault Sainte Marie's most pressing environmental problems in order of priority include the preservation of ground water quality and the preservation of air quality. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin Environmental Contact: Molly Shawano, EPA Planner Stockbridge-Munsee Community, Inc. Route One Bowler, Wisconsin 54416 (715) 793-4111 EPA Region IV: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Reservation consists of 15,326 acres all tribally owned. The Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohicans live on the reservation, and the population of the reservation is 948. Tribal Government The 7 member Stockbridge Munsee Tribal Council, established by the Constitution of 1937, is the tribal governing body. The Chairman and Council members are elected at large by tribal members for two year terms. The Council meets bi-weekly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribe consists of business/ commercial development, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, timber and fish resource development and civil and criminal law under Public Law 280 of the State of Wisconsin. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection program, but such prorams are run through the Emergency Government and the Conservation Department. There is a committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues, the ad hoc Environmental Protection Committee. The tribal government does have cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have not been completed for the reservation. Land resources are currently being used for agricultural development and for forestry/timber. Planning is underway to use them also for industry/manufacturing, recreation and commercial deve- lopment. Water resources are currently used for transportation by the local elderly. It is planned to use them also for power generation, fisheries and tourism/recreation. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored by any authority. No information was available on major sources of air pollution. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. No information was available on eutrophicaton and sedimentation in reservation lakes/reservoirs. Potential sources of water pollution include municipal discharges, domestic wastes (sewage) and hazardous materials spills (especially those involving nuclear wastes) and sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no violations of the reservation's drinking water in the past five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are 3 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation which use 100% ground water. Sixty-six percent of the systems are checked annually for bacteriological quality. No information was available for water quality treatment. Individual Water Supply: Seventy-five percent of the homes and 75% of the population on the reservation are served by individual wells. No information was available on the monitoring of these individual wells. Water Usage No information was available on average annual consumption in acre feet of ground and surface water for different purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. No additional information was received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] ------- Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, they are a growing problem on the reservation. Solid wastes are currently disposed of in a one acre community landfill and through community and individual incineration. The tribal government doesn not sponsor a recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation except that the reservation has been selected as a possible second repository for the permanent disposal of nuclear wastes. Tribal Priorities The Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohicans has identified in order of priority the possibility of being a nuclear repository and acid rain as the most pressing environmental problems for the reservation. They also identified, along with eagles, wood violets and trees, the human Stockbridge-Munsee Indians as an endangered species. ------- White Earth Reservation, Minnesota Environmental Contact: Dwight Wilcox Tribal Biologist Conservation Department White Earth Tribal Council Box 418 White Earth, Minnesota 56591 (218) 983-3285 EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The White Earth Reservation consists of 704,000 acres, 57,000 of which is tribally owned and 300,000 acres of which is in allotment. Thirteen percent of the land is state owned, 10% federally owned, 13% county owned and 64^ privately owned. The population of the reservation is 10,000: 4,000.tribal and 6,000 non-tribal. The White Earth Band of Chippewa is also related to The Chippewa people at Cass Lake, Minnesota. Tribal Government The five member White Earth Tribal Council (called The Reservation Business Committee in some of the original documents), established in 1934 with the creation of an IRA constitution, is the tribal governing body. Three Council members are elected by district/geographic region, and the Chairman and the Secretary/Treasurer are ------- elected by the tribal membership at large, both for four year terms. The Council is required to meet quarterly, but generally meets more often, usually on an irregular bi-weekly schedule. The Council exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: licensing fees on business and taxes on natural resources and in criminal law, especially as regards fish and game laws. Staff policy, with approval of The Council, governs regulatory functions assumed by the tribal Conservation Department in the following areas: land use planning, water quality control, air quality control, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, occupational health and safety, sanitation, and natural resource development (especially of timber and fish). The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analysis, protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal and emergency preparedness/evacuation. This program is conducted by the tribal Conservation Office, Air Quality Program and Environmental Health Program. Fifteen staff are employed by the tribe to work on the environmental program, but there is no committee within ------- the tribal government which addresses environmental issues, and the tribal government does not have any cooperative agreements with other governmental entities (local, state and Federal) for environmental protection. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil classification is completed for tribal lands, and Becher County will be conducting a complete survey in 1989. All lands will be completed within five years. Agricultural, forestry/timber and industrial/manufacturing resources are currently being developed, with more development being planned for industrial/manufacturing resources. White Earth is extremely rich in water resources, with 55 major lakes (40-200 acres) and 65 minor lakes (10-100 acres). The water resource currently being developed is fisheries, with even more development being planned for this resource. Air Quality Although the tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act, air quality is monitored continuously by the tribe for total suspended particulates, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead and air toxics. There have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality ------- standards, and currently, there are no major sources of air pollution. However, two incinerator facilities are being considered both adjacent to and within 40 miles of the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality; The tribe does not have tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. Lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. There appears to be some contamination by heavy metals in waters. We assume this is air borne. About 1/4 of the reservation area may be susceptible to acid precipitation. Actual sources of water pollution affecting the reservation include sewage treatment plants, landfill leachate and agricultural and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient build run-off. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no drinking water quality violations in the past five years, nor have there been any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply; There are five community drinking water supply systems on the reservation, all of which use ground ------- water. They are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality and annually for inorganics and pesticides. No monitoring for radionuclides is done, and none of the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply; Approximately 40 percent of the homes and 40 percent of the population of the reservation is served by individual wells. Wells are monitored only upon request or because of special circumstances. Water Usage Water is not yet a limiting resource on this reservation so data showing average annual water consumption in acre feet have not been collected. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Community Systems: There are 8 villages with lagoon disposal. Individual Systems; There are about 2000 private septic drain fields, Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, even though this is a major problem on this reservation which has between 50 and 80 small, open dumpsites. The cost of disposal in rural areas will approach $120/home annually. The reservation has no recycling program. ------- Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem on this reservation either currently or historically. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Neither are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. Nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation, but the reservation has been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site. Tribal Priorities White Earth's most pressing environmental problems in order of priority are: changing public attitudes through education so people do not take everything now leaving nothing for the future, solid waste disposal, the question of the reservation's selection as a nuclear repository, the over harvesting of resources and conflicts between state and tribal resource management authorities. ------- REGION VI Indian Work Group Coordinator: Ernest Woods Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma Isleta Pueblo Pueblo de Acoma Zia Pueblo Pueblo of Zuni ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma Environmental Con tact: Oklahoma State Health Department's Division of Solid Management and the Industrial Waste Division and other State Agencies and The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma P.O. Box 948 Tahlequah, OK 74465 EPA Region VI Ernest Woods Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma consists of 110,124 acres, 59,656 of which is tribally owned and 50,468 of which is in allotment. The population of the reservation is 885,029, 71,128 of which or 8% is Indian (approximatley 60,000+ Cherokee and 11,000 other Indian). "It must be noted that with the Tribe of the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, there is not a reservation type land base as one would think of a reservation, i.e., Navajo's. The Cherokee Nation has what werefer to as our historic jurisdictional boun- daries. This encompasses an area of 14 counties (all of 9, parts of 5) in Eastern and Northeastern Oklahoma. These coun- ties include: Adair, Cherokee, Craig, Delaware, Mayes, Nowata, Rogers, Seqyoyah, Washington, and parts of Mclntosh, Muskogee, Tulsa, Wagoner and Ottawa. The Cherokee Nation serves tribal members of the Cherokee Nation as well as other Indian tribes who reside within these jurisdictional boundaries. Responses were based upon this entire area since the Tribe has a vested interest in the 60,000+ Cherokee tribal members alone that live in this area. There are over 40 towns/cities with many more small communities in this area, therefore, the responses were made with this in mind." Tribal Government The 15 member Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, established by the 1976 Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, is the tribal governing body. The Principal Chief and members of the tribal governing body are elected at large by tribal members for 4 years. The governing body meets monthly. No information was available on the tribal government's regulatory functions. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. ------- Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently implementing an environemntal protection program, and there is no committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues. The tribe does have a cooperative agreement with the City of Stilwell, Oklahoma, for sanitation and waste disposal. Tribal Natural Resource Use No information was available on the status of soil analysis and classification. Land resources are currently being used for agri- cultural development, forestry/timber, industry/manufacturing, recreation, and grazing. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation, fisheries, and tourism/recreation with plans to develop power generation. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is, however, monitored continuously by the state (Environmental Health Service, OSDH, Oklahoma City, [405] 271-5220). Air quality monitoring includes data for total suspended particulates, sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, air toxics, and visibility. There have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality. Major sources of air pollution include par- ticulates, 502, N02> HC and co within the historic boundaries of the reservation, aluminum alloy from an asphalt company at Checotah, Oklahoma, incinerators in all counties and coal mines, rock crushes and a fertilizer company in Rogers County. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. Reservation lakes/reservoirs suffer from eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution consist of oil and hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, urban run-off, and sedi- ment run-off due to construction and mining. Potential sources of water pollution consists of sewage and waste treatment plants, oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), agricultural run-off, sediment run- off due to timber production, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run- off, toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage and on-lot disposal. ------- Drinking Water Quality: There have been no drinking water quality violations in the last five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are 462 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. Sixty percent use surface water and 40% use ground water, fill are monitored annually for inorganics. Ninety per- cent are monitored every four years for radionuclides. All are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Nine percent of the homes and 18% of the population of the reservation are served by individual wells. These wells are not monitored unless monitoring is specifically requested by the owner. Water Usage Municipal and industrial purposes consume 50,747 acre feet of surface water and 5,912 acre feet of ground water annually. This amounts to 78% of all surface water and 58% of all ground water consumption annually. Irrigation uses 13,042 acre feet of surface water (20% of all surface water consumption) and 4,341 acre feet of ground water (42% of all ground water consumption) annually and recreation uses 908 acre feet of surface water (1% of all surface water consumption) annually. Thus, total annual water consumption amounts to 64,697 acre feet of surface water and 10,253 acre feet of ground water. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Sludge is treated so it can be applied as a fertilizer. Untreated sludge is buried in landfills. The tribe is currently working on making a contract with the Indian Health Service's Office of Environmental Health. It is possible this contract will begin in October 1986. The Community Development Department is in the beginning stages of adopting a water and sewer code for this purpose. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and illegal dumping is a major problem. Solid wastes are currently disposed of in community landfills and dump sites throughout the 14 county area as well as through individual and community incineration. The size of the disposal site varies depending on the population of the city or town (any of 40) it serves. The Cherokee Nation's own landfill near Stilwell, Oklahoma, in fidair County consists of three pits on 160 acres. There is no tribal recycling program. ------- Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the diposal of hazardous wastes. The following hazardous wastes are generated and stored on the reservation: Pastes from vehicle maintenance, the metal industry, print shops, photography, dry cleaners, construction, laboratories, small paint manufacturers and from a boron plant. In addition, waste oil is stored on the reservation. These wastes have been stored over approximately 15 years, and generally they have been stored in accordance with federal and tribal regulations. These are no known abandoned hazardous waste sites. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation concerns focus on the Blackfox Nuclear Power Plant at Inold, Oklahoma, and the Sequoyah Fuels Facility which produces radioactive waste at Gore, Oklahoma, both within reservation boundaries. Nuclear materials are also transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities "Referring to land that is actual tribal land or trust land, the Cherokee Nation does own a stretch of the Arkansas Riverbed. Part of this river flows through the counties of Sequoyah and Muskogee. It is in this portion that the Cherokee Nation has ownership. A concern of our tribal members who live in this area is an environmental one. fit the tip of these' counties where the river flows is a uranium conversion facility which currently disposes of some of its waste into the Arkansas Riber. Currently, the Tribe does not have the authority to give permits that allow the facility to dispose of the waste there. The current authorizing agency is the Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Hopefully, this will clarify the responses to the Nuclear Waste and Radiation sec- tion of the survey. Another concern is from the harmful effects of other methods employed to dispose of waste, fin example of this is where the facility treats raffinate and uses it as fertilizer on its own land. There is concern for the wind blowing and the possibility of wildlife picking up this waste which would ultimately end up in the fooc1 chain. Tribal members eat many wild foods grown in the area without being aware of possible harmful effects. Many herbs are alsc found in the woods, alongside roads, etc., which are cures for dif- ferent ailments. It is sad to think of the possiblity of risks upon the sick who look for treatment this way if the herbs were contaminated." ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Isleta Pueblo Reservation, New Mexico Environmental Contact: Alvino Lucero Go vernor Pueblo of Isleta P.O. 8ox 317 Isleta, New Mexico 87022 (505) 869-3111 or 6333 EPA Region VI: Ernest Woods, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Isleta Pueblo Reservation consists of 211,026.316 acres, all of it trioally owned. (The original 1858 land grant consisted of 108,464.490 acres.). The population of the reservation is 3405. Tribal Government The government of the pueblo consists of two branches, Executive and Legislative. The Executive Branch consists of the Governor, first and second lieutenant Governors, a Sheriff and Undersheriff. The Legislative Branch consists of a President, Vice-President, Secretary and twelve Council members. Both the officers and Council members are elected at large by tribal membership for two year terms. The Council usually meets weekly, but sometimes bi-weekly. This form of government was established by resolution in 1947. The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the areas of land use planning, soil conservation, licensing fees on business, cigarette taxes, business/commercial development, hunting/fishing/ game management, animal control, timber, fish and energy mineral resource development and civil and criminal law. The pueblo has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The pueblo is currently implementing an environmental protection protection program which is responsible for water quality monitoring and sanitation and waste disposal. This program is conducted through the Governor's Office where a staff of two is employed to work exclusively on environmental programs. The pueblo has cooperative agreements with The Indian Health Service on water quality monitoring and standards enforcement and on sanitation and waste disposal. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has not been completed for the reservation. The use of agricultural, recreational and grazing resources is currently being implemented, and the use of forestry/ timber and commercial resources are in the planning stages. Water resources are used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation. Air Quality The pueblo has not designated air quality standards as provided in The Clean Air Act. Nor is air quality monitored. The major source of air pollution within a fifty mile radius is the city of Albuquer- que. Water Supply General Water Quality; There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. The man-made lake suffers from eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate and on-lot disposal. Potential sources of water pollution include sewage and water treatment plants, municipal and industrial discharges, oil and hazardous materials spills, urban run-off and further on-lot disposal. Drinking Water Quality: There was one drinking water quality violation in November, 1985. Ground water was contaminated by a private well connected to one of the community systems. An announcement was made, signs posted and the deficiences were corrected. There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are five community drinking water supply systems on the reservation, all of which use 100% ground water. All the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and inorganics, and all are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: One half of one per cent of the homes and .1% of the total population on the reservation are served by individual wells. None of the wells are monitored. ------- Usage Three hundred nine and five tenths acre feet of ground water (95.2% of total ground water used) are used for domestic purposes, 8.4 (2.6%) for municipal purposes, 5.5 (1.7%) for industrial purposes and 1.6 (0.5%) for recreational purposes. One hundred eighty-eight and three tenths acre feet of surface water is used annually (1985 data) for irrigation. This amounts to 100% of surface water consumption. Total consumption annually equals 188.3 acre feet of surface water and 325 acre feet of ground water. Domestic Waste DisposaK Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Solid waste disposal is a major problem on the reservation, and although the pueblo has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, it is considered to be inadequate, and improvements are proposed. Presently solid wastes are disposed of in a community dump site and landfill (6 acres in all) and through community and individual incineration. There is no tribal government sponsored recycling program on the reservation, although individuals do recycle aluminum. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The pueblo has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but such wastes are neither generated nor stored on the reservation. Nor are there any abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste /Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. There was, however, a uranium processing mill 50 miles due west of the reservation at Laguna Pueblo, and although there are no nuclear power generation facilities within 50 miles of the reservation, there is a nuclear waste storage site within 50 miles of the reservation at Sandia National Laboratories. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, but it is unknown whether or not nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. ------- Tribal Priorities The Pueblo of Isleta's most pressing environmental problems in order of priority are sewage waste, solid waste, effluent occasionally discharged from the City of Albuquerque into the Rio Grande River north of the reservation boundary, possible radio activity from Sandia National Laboratories also north of the reservation and chemical or oil contaminants from asphalt companies. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Pueblo de Acoma, New Mexico Environmental Contact: Dennis Felipe, Tribal Secretary Pueblo de Acoma Tribal Council Pueblo de Acoma P.O. Sox 309 Acomita, New Mexico 87034 (505) 552-6604 EPA Region VI: Ernest Woods, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction According to Acoma legend, the original home of their ancestors was not old Acorna, but a village some two miles to the east, atop the much higher Enchanted Mesa. But one day, eons ago, when most of the Indians were at work in the field below, a violent earthquake destroyed the only access to, and escape from, the top. Those who were trapped in the village were doomed, while the survivors, it is said moved to the present traditional - and ceremonial - home. Though unsupported by archeological research and, even more so, by the obvious absence of a water supply at Enchanted Mesa, the presence of which at Old Acoma was a vital element in the defense of that location, the story has been handed down as a basic part of the charming lore of the Acoma people. Acomas first contact with people other than their historic and frequently hostile neighbors was in 1540 when the Spanish expedition headed by Captain Hernado de Alvarado, visited Acoma Valley and were eventually welcomed by the confident, but friendly and trusting inhabitants. The next half century saw other peaceful visits, but in 1598, Don Juan de Onate, first Spanish Colonizer of New Mexico, fearful of the Acomas' well-deserved reputation as brave fighters and of the threat their independence might hold for the Spanish domination of most other Pueblo tribes, planned a take-over of Acoma. Initial efforts to accomplish .this through diplomacy failed and resulted in the deaths of 12 Conquistadores when the small delegation made outra- geous demands upon chief Zutucapan, great leader of the Acomas. But Onate retaliated swiftly, for in January, 1599, despite a valiant and fierce three-day defense of their beloved village, the Acomas were all but decimated by the modern weaponry of Onate's men. Old Acoma was destroyed with a great loss of life and with many prisoners taken. ------- Thirty years later, however, the surviving Acomas were won over by one man, Father Ramirez, who through an incident in which he saved the life of a small Acoma child, started the Tribe into a new era characterized by generally peaceful co-existence between Catholicism and their native religion. During the next decade, the village was restored and with it, the beautiful and impressive church of St. Stephen, with accompanying convent and cemetery, were built. The Acoma Reservation itself consists of 263,760 acres, all of it (Tribal Trust and Fee lands) owned by the Pueblo. It is primarily semi-arid country accentuated by several high mesas, in the north- west corner of Valencia County, New Mexico. The eastern boundary of Acoma land is about 60 miles directly west of Albuquerque and lies in a generally rectangular shape to the south of U.S. Interstate 40. Principal communities are Acomita and McCarthys, midway between which are the new Acoma Community Center (the seat of the tribal government), the new school, a commercial complex now under construction and a large concentration of older and newly built residences, with more homes yet to be built. The population of the Pueblo is 3,800 (all Pueblo people). Tribal Government The Acoma Tribal Council, headed by the Governor and other top exec- utive officials, constitutes the governing body of the Pueblo of Acoma. There is no formal or officially approved constitution. Council membership and appointment to the top executive positions is determined by the traditional, religious leaders of the Tribe, called caciques. Leadership in the past has largely been vested in the older men of the Pueblo, although younger and more educated and experienced tribal members have recently moved into key roles. Women participate actively in many tribal decisions but only rarely have they become tribal officials or tribal spokesmen. The Council meets weekly. All tribal officers in the past have served without pay, but in very recent years a few of the key personnel have been paid modest salaries, part of which have been provided by Federal sources such as the Emergency Employment Act, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, etc. The Tribal Government, however, faced now with the growing task of managing substantial tribal funds which have resulted from land claim judgment awards, recognizes the necessity of assuring the continuance of capable, responsible officials who can direct and manage tribal affairs for the benefit of all the Acoma people. In addition to the governing body of the Tribe, there are several administrative branches, traditionally established to protect tribal land and water resources, and the historic and cultural shrine of the Acomas, "Sky City." ------- The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: land use planning, tax collection and licensing (especially licensing fees on businesses), business and commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control and civil law. The tribe has not adoped an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribal government is not currently implementing its own environ- mental protection program, and there is no committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues. However, the tribe does engage in cooperative programs on water quality monitoring with the Indian Health Service, on water quality stan- dards enforcement with the state and federal governments, on natural resource management with the BIA/Southern Pueblos Agency and on emergency preparedness with local Acoma-Canonico-Laguna (ACL) health facility. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been partially completed. Grazing, small farming and wood hauling for local stoves are currently being developed. The further development of agricultural and forestry/timber resources is being planned as well as of industrial/ manufacturing, recreational and commerical possibilities. The Pueblo uses its water resources for irrigation, livestock watering and tourism/recreation. The Pueblo also recognizes that it has an immense amount of solar radiation available as part of its environmental characteristics and potential resources. Air Quality The tribe has not designated its own air quality standards as provided in The Clean Air Act, nor is the air monitored by any other authority. However, there are six major air pollution sources within 20-30 miles of the reservation: The Plains Electric Power Generating Plant, The Anaconda, Homestake and Kerr-Megee Mills fall uranium processing plants), The Gulf Oil Company and Laguna Jackpile. Water Supply General Water Quality: The Pueblo uses New Mexico water quality standards for reserva- tion streams, rivers and lakes, and there have been some viola- tions of these standards as regards dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, turbidity, fecal coliform, bacteria and algae concentrations. Lakes and reservoirs in the Pueblo suffer from both eutrophication and sedimentation. ------- Actual sources of water pollution include sewaue treatment plants, oxidation ponds, municipal discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, urban and agricultural run-off, sediment run- off from construction, mining and timber production and harvesting and on-lot disposal. Potential sources of water pollution include water pollution include water treatment plants, industrial dis- charges, oil and other hazardous materials spills, pesticide/ herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage. Drinking Water Quality There have been no drinking water quality violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. Community Water Supply There are two community drinking water supplies in the Pueblo which use 100% ground water. Both systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and annually for inorganics, pesticides and radionucludes. One of the systems is fluoridated. Individual Water Supply: Four percent of the homes and less than 1% of the population are served by individual wells. Wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality and never for inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides. Water Usage Two hundred acre feet of ground water is used each year entirely for domestic purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage) There are three community systems in the Pueblo (McCarthys Lagoon, Skyline Lagoon and Acomita Lagoon) and 129 individual systems. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The Pueblo has no official plan for the disposal of solid wastes. Solid wastes are a major and growing problem for the Pueblo. There is a 1.5 acre community dumpsite for the disposal of solid wastes, but both community and individual incineration is also used as well as surface dumping. The Tribal Council sponsors no recycling program for the Pueblo. ------- Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The Tribal Council has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. However, neither in the present or in the past have hazardous wastes been generated or stored in the Pueblo. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are uranium deposits in the Pueblo, but none have ever been exploited. However, within 20-30 miles of the Pueblo are three uranium processing mills (Anaconda, United Nuclear-Homestake, and Kerr-Megee). These mills are now closed. However, mill tailing ponds are now a major environmental problem. No other radioactive materials are mined in the Pueblo, and there are no nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within fifty miles of the Pueblo. Nor has the Pueblo been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site. Nuclear materials are, however, transported through the pueblo. Tribal Priorities The Pueblo de Acoma Tribal Council has identified the following environmental problems in order of priority: surface and ground water pollution by upstream urban sewage effluent, wastewater and solid waste treatment, and non-point surface pollution into the reservation stream, e.g. upstream urban run-off and local surface run-off. Highlight of Known Significant Issues The big challenge facing Acoma today is its water problems. Large upstream usages have seriously eroded tribal water rights and have damaged the water quality of its small and only perennial stream. Results have harmed the people and their land. Fewer Acomas farm today and many fields now lay fallow. The main reasons given for this are: 1) not enough irrigation water and 2) upstream wastewater effluent has harmed the soil. The Tribe has inititiated lawsuits for its water rights and over damage to its water. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Zia Pueblo Reservation, New Mexico Environmental Contact: Manuel Sal as Chairman Pueblo of Zia General Delivery San Ysidro, New Mexico 87053 (505) 867-3304 EPA Region VI: Ernest Woods, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction Zia Pueblo consists of 117,702 acres wholly tribally owned. The population of Zia is 650. Tribal Government The Zia Tribal Council consists of all male tribal members over the age of 18. The governor and other tribal officials are appointed by the religious leaders of the Pueblo for one year terms. Regular Council meetings are held monthly. This form of government regulated by tribal custom dates from before the Pueblo's 1689 land grant from the King of Spain. This tribal, traditional, customary form of government performs regulatory functions in the following areas: land use planning, animal control, fish resource development, and civil and criminal law. The Pueblo has not adopted an admin-istrative proce- dures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The Pueblo is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for water quality monitoring and sanitation and waste disposal. The Pueblo of Zia Administration and the Bureau of Indian Affairs conducts this program. The Pueblo directly employs a single staff person to work on this program. The Pueblo also has cooperative agreements with the Bureau of Indian Affairs to do water quality monitoring and standards enforcement, sanitation and waste disposal and soil analysis. Tribal Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. Agricultural, recreational, commercial and grazing resources are currently being developed. Oil and gas exploration is being planned. Water resources are being used for irrigation and tourism/ recreation. ------- Air Quality The Pueblo has not designated air quality standards as provided in The Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored at all. No major air pollution sources were listed. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for the Pueblo's river and reservoir. Both are suffering from sedimentation. Actual water pollution stems from agricultural run-off. Potential water pollution is expected from oxidation ponds. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no violations of the Pueblo's drinking water quality in the last five years and no outbreaks of any water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are two community drinking water supply systems in the Pueblo. They use 100% ground water and are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. Both systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: One per cent of the homes in the Pueblo are served by indivi- dual wells which amounts to .5% of the population. No information was listed about monitoring individual wells. Water Usage No information was available on average annual water consumption for different purposes in acre feet per year. Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information ws not received in time to include in the final narrative.] ------- Solid Waste _S tor age and Disposal The Pueblo has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and it is one of the few reservations where solid wastes are not a major problem. Solid wastes are disposed of in a two acre community dump site. The Pueblo has no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The Pueblo has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. No harzardous wastes are generated or stored in the Pueblo, nor are there any abandoned hazardous waste sites there. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are deposits of uranium, but no other radioactive material deposits in the Pueblo. There has, however, never been any uranium mining activity on Pueblo lands. There are no uranium processing mills within 50 miles of the Pueblo, but there are nuclear power generation facilities within 50 miles of the Pueblo at Los Alamos and Albuquerque. The Pueblo has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site. It is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the Pueblo. Tribal Priorities The Pueblo of Zia's top environmental priority is soil erosion. ------- NARRATIVE JROFILE Pueblo of Zuni, New Mexico Environmental Con tact: Sefferino Eriaibo, Sr. Acting Governor Pueblo of Zuni P.O. Sox 339 Zuni, New Mexico 87327 (505) 782-4481, Ext. Ill EPA Region VI: Ernest Woods, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Zuni Reservation consists of 408,483.81 acres of which 406,969.37 acres are tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 8,600. Tribal Government The eight member Zuni Tribal Council established by the Constitution of 1970, is the tribal governing body. The Governor, other executive officers and Council members are elected at large by tribal members for four year terms. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include licensing fees on business, sales tax, business/commercial develop- ment, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, timber resource development and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe does not implement a comprehensive environmental protec- tion program, but it does do activities in animal control, sanitation and waste disposal and emergency preparedness/evacuation. The tribe employs a staff of three to work on solid waste management and has unwritten cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs and the State of New Mexico. The Zuni Fish and Wildlife Program and the Indian Health Service coordinate animal control efforts. Zuni Utilities coordinate efforts with other governmental entities on sanitation and waste disposal as does the Zuni Disaster Committee on emergency preparedness/evacuation. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification nas been completed for the reservation. A detailed land and water resource usage report has been compiled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs Branch of Natural Resources (contact James Enote [505] 782-4458, extension 165 and 168). Generally speaking, however, land resources are currently being used for agricultural, forestry/timber, recreational, com- mercial and grazing development while mining, industrial/commercial and further forestry/ timber development is in the planning sta- ges. Water resources are currently being used for power genera- tion, irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation with further development in power generation and transportation being planned. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored. There are no major sources of air pollution within a fifty mile radius of the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, risers and lakes. Lakes/reserviors suffer from eutrophication and sedimentation. There are no actual sources of water pollution, but potential sources include oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, agricultural run-off and on-lot disposal. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no drinking water quality violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases in five years. Community Water Supply There are two community drinking water supply systems on the reservation which use 100% ground water. Both systms are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. One of the systems is monitored annually for inorganics and one for radionuclides. No monitoring is done for pesticides. Neither of the systems are treated for water quality. ------- Individual Water Supply: Both 5% of the homes and 5% of the population of the reser- vation are served by individual wells. None of the wells are monitored, Water Usage Average annual consumption of ground water for domestic purposes is 23 acre feet for 40% of total annual consumption). Consumption of ground water for municipal purposes is 514 acre feet annually (or 60% of total annual water consumption). Thus, total annual average water consumption amounts to no surface water consumption and to the consumption of 540 acre feet of ground water per year. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, solid waste disposal is a growing problem on the reser- vation. Currently, such wastes are disposed of in a three acre com- munity landfill. There is no tribally sponsored recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the Zuni Reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the Zuni Reservation. However, it is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The tribe did not identify any pressing environmental problems. ------- REGION VII Indian Work Group Coordinator: Edward Vest Winnebago Reservation ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Winnebago Reservation, Nebraska Environmental Contact: Rueben Snake Winnebago Tribal Council P.O. Box 687 Winnebago, Nebraska 68071 (402) 878-2272 with copy to: Winnebago Tribal Health Department P.O. Box C Winnebago, Nebraska 68071 (402) 878-2294 EPA Region VII: Edward Vest, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Winnebago Reservation consist of 27,537.8 acres, 3,308.6 acres of which are tribally owned, 24,214.9 of which are in allotment and 243.9 of which are owned by the BIA. The population of the reservation is 1,444, 1108 Winnebagos and 336 non-Indians. Tribal Government The nine member Winnebago Tribal Council, established by charter in 1934, is the governing body for the tribe. Council members are elected at large by the tribal membership for three year terms. The Chairman and other officers are appointed by Council for a one year term. Council meettings are held monthly. The Council exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: hunting/fishing/game management, natural resource development (especially timber and fish) and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for water quality monitoring, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, sanitation and waste disposal and emergency preparedness and evacuation. The Winnebago Tribal Health Department in cooperation with the U.S. Public Health Service (Indian Health Services, Sioux City, Iowa) conducts most of the environmental programs, including air and water quality monitoring, sanitation ------- and waste disposal, animal control, emergency preparedness and injury control. In cooperation with the BIA environmental rehabilita- tion/reclamation and soil analysis is carried out. One staff member is employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs, and there is no special committee within the tribal government which deals especially with environmental issues. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. The use of agricultural, industrial/manufacturing, commercial and grazing resources is currently being implemented. The further development of agricultural, industrial/manufacturing and commercial resources is being planned as well as the development of forestry/ timber and recreational resources. Water is presently used for irri- gation, but there are plans to use it for power generation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and transporation as well. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as designated by The Clean Air Act. Nor is the air monitored by any other authority. The major air pollution source within fifty miles of the reservation is a fossil fuel fired power generation plant ten miles away. Water duality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes, nor do reservation lakes and reservoirs suffer from eutrophication and sedimentation. An actual source of water pollution is agricultural run-off. Potential sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, pesticide herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build up due to pesticide usage. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no water quality violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases during the last five years. ------- Community Water Supply; There are four community drinking water supply systems on the reservation, which use 100% ground water. All of the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. They are sampled every three years for inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides. fill of the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Twelve per cent of the homes and five per cent of the population are served by individual wells. The wells are never monitored. Water Usage No information is available on surface and ground water usage in acre feet per year except that no surface water is used for either industrial or recreation purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage) [This area was neglected in the orignial survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, their disposal is a major problem on the reservation. There is however, a four-acre community dumpsite and the Public Health Service Hospital incinerates its solid waste. There is no recylcing program for the reservation. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. However, hazardous wastes have never been generated or stored on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation, and no radioactive materials are stored on the reservation. The nearest nuclear power generation facility is Fort Calhoun, 75 miles away between Blair and Omaha, Nebraska. The reservation has not been selected as a potential permanent nuclear waste disposal site. However, it is possible that nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. ------- Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems on the Winnebago reservation in order of priority are: injury control, solid waste, vector and animal control, water quality and institutions and food service surveys. ------- REGION VIII Indian Work Group Coordinator: Chuck Gomez Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation Fort Belknap Fort Berthold Fort Peck Lake Traverse Lower Brule Sioux Reservation Northern Cheyenne Reservation Pine Ridge Reservation Rocky Boy's Reservation Rosebud Sioux Reservation Southern Ute Reservation Standing Rock Sioux Reservation Yankton Siuoux Reservation ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation, South Dakota Environmental Contact: Morgan Garreau, Chairman Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe P.O. 8ox 590 Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625 (605) 964-4155 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation consists of 2,804,090 acres (43.6 square miles), 954,397.57 acres of which are tribally owned and 441,332 acres of which are in allotment. The population of tne reser- vation is 5150. Tribal Government The 15 member Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Council, established through a Constitution and By-laws in 1935, is the tribal governing body. Council members, the chairman and other officers are all elected by district/geographic region by tribal members for four year terms. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include water resource planning, licensing fees on business, sales, cigarette, contractors' excise and Tribal Employment Rights Office taxes, hunting fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, fish resource development and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for pesticide, insecticide and fungicide monitoring. This program is conducted through the office of the tri- bal Pesticide Enforcement Program which employs one person. There is also a committee within the tribal government which addresses environ- mental issues, the Land and Natural Resources Committee. The tribal government also has cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs for sanitation and waste disposal, with the Office of Surface Mining for environmental rehabi- litation/reclamation, with the State of South Dakota Game Fish and Parks Department for animal control, and with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have been partially completed for the reservation. The development of agricultural and grazing resources is currently being implemented, and the development of industrial/manufacturing, recreational and commercial resources is in the planning stages. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation, and the use of water resources for power generation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation is currently being planned. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored on the reservation. The closest monitoring is done at Lemmon and Pollack, South Dakota, by the State. This monitoring includes data for the total suspended par- ticulates and an annual measurement for lead. Monitoring for sulphur and nitrogen dioxide has not been done for two years. There have been measured violations of national ambient air quality standards for total suspended patriculates. Secondary standards were exceeded once in 1983, 1984 and 1985 at Lemmon, South Dakota, and once in 1983 and twice in 1984 at Pollock, South Dakota. Water duality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. No lakes/reservoirs suffer from eutrophication, but some suffer from sedimentation. There are no actual sources of water pollution, but potential sources run the whole gamut and include sewage and water treatment plants, oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), oil and hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, urban and agricultural run-off, sediment run-off due to cnstruction, mining and timber production and harvesting, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off, toxicant h'jild-up due to pesticide usage and on-lot disposal. Drinking Water Quality There have been no water quality violations of the reservations drinking water or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. ------- Community Water Supply: There is one major community water supply system, the Tri- County Water Supply System, which pumps water from the Missouri River to all communities in three counties through 9000 miles of piping. 91.5% of the water in this system is surface water and 8.5% ground water. The system is checked six times per month for bacteriological quality, annually for inorganics and every three years for pesticides and radionuclides. The system is also chlorinated, filtered, fluoridated daily and from April through December alum and lime polymer are added to the system to reduce turbidity. Individual Water Supply: 8.3% of the homes and 8.5% of the population on the reservation are served by individual wells. These wells are never monitored. Water Usage Monthly average water consumption in the Tri-County System is 21,500,000 gallons, of which 3,000 acre feet are used yearly for irrigation on the reservation. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes. This is a growing problem on the reservation. Solid wastes are currently disposed of in a 40 acre community landfill. There is no tribally sponsored recycling program on the reservation. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Although hazardous wastes are not generated on the reser- vation, pesticides, insecticides and fungicides are stored on the reservation. These are stored and disposed of in accordance with a tribal regulation governing the storage and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. There are no abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation. ------- A/ucIear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been chosen as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, nor are nuclear materials transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation in order of priority are solid waste disposal, liquid waste (lagoons), water quality, recycling, animal control, food regulations, erosion and pesticides. ------- Fort Belknap Reservation, Montana Environmental Contact: (Name?) Fort Belknap Community Council Fort Belknap Agency P.O. Box 249 Harlem, Montana 59526 (406) 353-2205 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Fort Belknap Reservation consists of 652,593.61 acres, of which 223,305.98 acres (39%) are tribally owned and 398,337.83 acres (58%) are in allotment. Of the tribally owned land 29,277.55 acres are original tribal land, 3,079.77 acres are from the I.R.A. purchase, 138,581.66 acres have been purchased by the tribes, 26,831.00 acres are timber reserve and 25,536.00 are sub-marginal land. Of the alloted land approximately 22,448.00 acres make up each allotment (TUDI). The remainder of the reservation is made up of 10,124.25 acres (1.6%) of fee patent land, 1,205.00 acres (.002%) controlled by the Bureau of Reclamation and 19,620.55 acres (2.398%) controlled by the State. The population of the reservation is 2,042 and is made up of the resident ------- members of two tribes, the Assiniboine (Nakoda) and the Gros Ventre (Atsina). Tribal Government The twelve member Fort Belknap Community Council is the tribal governing body. The President, Vice-President and Secretary/Treasurer are elected by the Council from within the Council for two year terms of office. The council members themselves are elected by tribal members at large from within districts for four year terms. Six council members are elected every two years. Regular Council meetings are held monthly, although special meetings may be called at any time. This government was established by the adoption of an IRA constitution and by-laws in 1935 and the adoption of a corporate charter in 1937. The Council performs regulatory functions in the areas of land use and water resource planning, water quality, air quality control, soil conservation, licensing fees on business, cigarette taxes, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, timber and mineral {both energy and non-energy) resource development and civil and criminal law. The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection program responsible for air and ------- water quality monitoring. This program is being conducted through the tribal offices of Air Quality Control, Water Resources and Land Services. There are one full-time staff member and three part-time staff employed by the tribes to work on these environmental programs. There is also a committee within the tribal government, the Land Committee, which addresses environmental issues. The council also has cooperative agreements with the State of Montana for air quality monitoring and with federal agencies (IHS? EPA?) for water quality monitoring. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reservation. Currently, agricultural (both dry crop land and irrigated land) and grazing resources are being developed. Forestry/timber, industrial manufacturing and commercial resource ------- development is being planned. Current land usage on Fort Belknap is as follows: Grazing (77%): 25,536.00 acres 3,079.00 acres 27,757.00 acres 100,044.26 acres 156,417.58 acres Dry Crop Land (15%): 880.00 (TO) 20,800.00 (TP) 21,680.00 submarginal (SM) IRA purchase (IRA) tribal original (TO) tribal purchase (TP) 156,417.58 Tribal 318,944.23 Allotted 19,080.55 State 6,604.25 Fee 1,205.00 Bur. Rec. 502,251.61 Irrigated (3%) (10,321 Federal) (7,944 Private) Forests (5%): 21,680.00 Tribal 70,289.00 Allotted 540.00 State 3,520.00 Fee 96,029.00 1,800.00 Tribal 16,465.00 Allotted 18,265.00 28,098.00 Tribal 5,5^6.00 Allotted 33,694.00 Fee 96,029.00 Other (cemeteries, housing, schools, churches, administration, industrial, etc.) (nominal): 1,000.00 Tribal 1,354.00 Alloted 2,354.00 Water resources are used for irrigation and stock watering with fisheries and tourism/recreation being planned for the future. ------- Air Quality The tribes themselves have not designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act, but air quality is designated as Class II and is monitored for total suspended particulates on a special study basis by the tribes. During the summer months the Hays monitoring site exceeds national ambient air quality limits for fugitive dust. Major air pollution sources within a fifty mile radius of the reservation include the coal fired generator at Hays School (within reservation boundaries), wood burning by 90% of the residences in the Hays Area (on the reservation), three landfill sites (two on the reservation and one off the reservation), 15% of the dry crop land (on the reservation) and the Zortman/Landusky Mining Company (one mile off the reservation). Water Quality General Water Quality; There are tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes, none of which are suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include domestic wastes (sewage), sediment run-off due to mining and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off. Potential sources of water pollution include sewage and water treatment plants, oxidation ponds, municipal discharges, hazardous ------- materials spills, landfill leachale, and urban ;>nd agricultural run-off. Drinking Vvater Quality; There have been no water quality violations of the reservations drinking water in the past five years. Nor have there been any outbreaks of water borne diseases, Community Water Supply: There are five community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. Of these 20% use surface water and 80% use ground water. All of the systems are monitored annually. Sixty percent of the community watei supply systems are treated for water quality (chlorineV fluoride?). Individual Water Supply; 374 homes are served by individual wells or about 61% of the population. All of the wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality. Water Usage; No information is available on average annual water consumption for different purposes in acre feet per year. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey, and Fort Belknap was not able to respond in time to our t tor additional information.] ------- Solid Was.e Storage and Disposal Although the tribal government does have a. pi. .n for the disposal of solid wastes, it is still a growing problem on the reservation. Solid wastes are disposed of at one community dumpsite, three community landfills (one off the reservation and two on the reservation and by individual incineration. The tribes do not have a recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but no hazardous wastes are generated or currently stored on the reservation. Nor are there any abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities, or nuclear waste storage facilities within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, but it is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Fort Belknap Reservation's primary environmental problem is water quality. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota Environmental Contact: Rich Schiff, Environmental Quality Coordinator Texx Lone Bear, Pesticides Kyle Baker, Air Quality Natural Resources Department Environmental Quality Division Tribal Business Council of the Fort Berthold Reservation P.O. Box 220 New Town, North Dakota 58763 (701) 627-3627 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Fort Berthold Reservation consists of 981,000 acres of which 59,493 are tribally owned and 358,899 are in allotment. The reserva- tion is occupied by three tribes, the Hidatsa, Mandan and Arikara. 1980 U.S. Census figures and IHS figures do not agree on the popula- tion of the reservation. U.S. Census figures put the total population at 5,610 (2,662 Indians and 2,948 non-Indians) while IHS figures put the total population at 6,897 (3,143 Indian and 3,754 non-Indian). Tribal Government The eleven member Tribal Business Council, established by constitution in 1936 (amended in 1983), is the governing body of the reservation. The Council members and the chairman are both elected at large by the tribal membership for four year terms. The Council meets monthly. The Council exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: tax collection and licensing (1% tax on certain contracts, TERO taxes, farm lease tax), hunting/fishing/game management, the develop- ment of natural resources (fish, gravel and energy and non-energy minerals), and civil and criminal law. The Council is working on regulations for land use planning, water resource plannning, water quality control, air quality control, soil conservation, business and commercial development, zoning and sanitation (solid waste manage- ment plan). The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act, but they have adopted a pesticide hearing procedure which is similiar to 40 CFR DART 22. ------- Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribal government is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, environmental rehabilitation and reclamation and pesticide enforcement. The Council is also developing a sanitation and waste disposal project. The tribal offices which conduct the environmental program are The Natural Resources Department, Environmental Quality Division, Environmental Quality Coordinator, Pesticides Officer and Air Quality Officer. The Natural Resources Committee of the Tribal Business Council also addresses envornmental issues. Two and a half persons are employed by the tribe to work exclusively on environmental programs. The tribes also have agreements with The North Dakota State Department of Health for air quality monitoring and with The North Dakota State Agricultural Department for pesticide control. They are working on agreements for sanitation and waste disposal with the 81/1, for environmental rehabilitation/reclamation with the Bureau of Land Management and for the protection of endangered species with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, BIA and the Bureau of Land Management. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has not been completed, although the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Soil Conversation Survey has done analyses and classifications for most counties in North Dakota. Currently, agricultural, grazing and oil and gas resources are being developed. Development is being planned for industrial/manufacturing, recreational, and commercial resources. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation, and for power generation off the reservation. Air Quality The tribes are in the process of developing their own air quality management plan (which they argue is not provided for in the Clean Air Act). The State of North Dakota's SIP has designated reser- vation air quality under Class II. Air quality will eventually be monitored continuously by the tribe. It is presently monitored for total suspended particles, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and atmospheric depositia (acid rain). There have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality standards. ------- Afejor air pollution sources between 10 and 40 miles from the reserva- tion include six coal fired power plants, one synthetic gas plant and four natural gas refineries. Sources of air pollution also include oil wells flaring sour gas, thermoelectric power, motor vehicles and fugitive dust from agricultural crop lands. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. Some of the reservation's lakes/ reservoirs suffer from eutrophication and/or sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution are sewage and water treatment plants, domestic waste (sewage), agricultural and pesticide/ herbicide/nutrient run-off, and sediment run-off from construction. Potential sources of pollution include oil and other hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, toxicant build-up from pesticide usage, salt water disposal and the disposal of drilling fluids. Drinking Water Quality There have been no reported water quality violations of drinking water in the last five years and no outbreaks of water borne diseases. However, background levels for certain parameters in ground water often exceed IMS and EPA standards. Community Water Supply: There are six community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. The source of 33% of the systems is surface water and of 66% of the systems, ground water. All the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. Special studies are being done for pesticides. No monitoring is done for inorganics or radionuclides. All the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Twenty-one per cent of the homes and 35% of the population of the reservation are served by individual wells. None of the wells are ever monitored. Water Usage No information is presently available for the average annual con- sumption of surface and ground water in acre feet for different purposes. ------- Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage) The following table describes domestic liquid waste disposal on the Reservation: Table 1. Fort Berthold Liquid Waste Disposal Common Name of System Community Served Number of Home Type of Treatment Community Systems White Shield Sewage System Foru Bears Sewage System Lagoon Dragswolf Mandaree Twin Suites City of Parshall City of New Town White Shield White Shield Four Bears Park Dragswolf Village Mandaree Twin Buttes School District Parshall* New Town * Only Includes Housing Authority Homes Rural Private Indian Systems West Segment East Segment South Segment North Segment North East Segment TOTAL 51 3-cell Lagoon 22 1-cell Lagoon 94 J-cell 50 94 26 19 74 140 2-cell Lagoon 3-ceil Lagoon 2-cell Lagoon 1-cell Lagoon J-cell Lagoon 3-cell Lagoon 66 1 43 21 38 3 ~742~ Septic Tank Cesspool Septic Tank Septic Tank Septic Tank Septic Tank Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Solid waste disposal is a major problem on the reservation, and the tribes are in the process of developing a solid waste disposal plan with CERT. Presently, along with individual dumps, there are three community dump sites and two community landfill sites of about 3-5 acres each. There is no recycling program, although occasionally a can crusher is brought in. ------- Hazaraous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. There is a very small quantity of three types of hazardous waste generated by electronics plants, and a very small quantity (less than 10 gallons) from this source is stored on the reservation, These wastes nave been stored on the reservation for the past twenty years in accordance with federal law. Two other abandoned hazardous waste sites were cleaned up in 1985. Each site contained large numbers of pesticide containers. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of nuclear or other radioactive materials on the reservation, nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, nor are nuclear materials transported through the reservation Tribal Priorities The tribes' most pressing environmental problems in order of priority are: ground water quality protection, the preservation of ambient air quality, indoor air pollution, underground storage tanks, solid waste disposal and surface water quality protection. The tribes are currently working on a tribal air quality management plan with a goal of protecting air quality while allowing for development. The intent is to adopt Class I 050 standards as the tribal base stan- dards and then allow an incremental adjustment to a Class II ceiling. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Fort Peck Reservation, Montana Environmental Contact: Jackie Miller, Director Office of Environmental Protection Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes P.O. Box 506 Poplar, Montana 59255 (406) 768-5155 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Fort Peck Reservation consists of 2,093,300 acres, 353,450 acres of which is tribally owned and 559,206 acres of which is in allotment. In addition, 1,140,044 acres is fee land, and 600 acres is U.S. government land. The population of the reservation is made up of two tribes, the Assiniboine and the Sioux (4,429 tribal members from enrollment records by peace of residence), 600 other Indians (from a 1981 house to house survey) which with a non-Indian population of 5,417 (1980 census) equals a total population of 10,446. Tribal Government The fifteen member Fort Peck Tribal Executive Board, established by the adoption of a constitution in 1960, is the governing body for the reservation. Board members and the Chairman are elected at-large by tribal membership for two year terms every two years. The Board meets bi-weekly. The Board exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: water resource planning, tax collection and licensing fees (severance tax on minerals and licensing fees on businesses), hunting/ fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, the development of energy mineral resources, and civil and criminal law. The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air quality monitoring, water quality monitoring, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation and emergency preparedness/ evacuation. The tribal offices which conduct the environmental program are The Fort Peck Tribal Office of Environmental Protection and the Fort Peck Tribal Health Systems Office. There are two 'ommittees within the tribal government, the Land and Resource ------- Committee and the Health, Education and Welfare Committee, which address environmental issues. The tribe employs five staff to work on environmental programs and cooperates with the cities of Wolf Point and Poplar on animal control. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. The use of agricultural, mining, industrial/manufacturing, commercial and grazing resources is currently being implemented. The development of recreational resources is being planned for the future. Water is currently used for irrigation, and there are plans being made to use it for fisheries and geothermal development. Air Quality The tribes have designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act. The air has a Class I designation and is monitored continuously by the tribes for total suspended participates, sulphur dioxide and visibility. The tribes successfully achieved redesignation of their air quality in 1982. (See Fort Peck Tribe's Air Quality Redesignation Report prepared by Larry Allen & John Doyle for Fort Peck Tribe's Office of Environmental Protection, June 1982.) There have been some measured violations of national ambient air quality standards, two violations of federal primary TSP standards at the Give Out Morgan site in 1981 and two violations of federal secondary TSP standards at the Wolf Point site in 1984 and five in 1985. All these events were caused by dust storms. Major air pollution sources near the reservation are 35 to 40 miles away in Canada, the Saskatchewan Power Corporation's Electric Generation Plant (35 miles north of the reservation border), and their Coal Mine and Power Plant (both 40 miles north of the reservation). Water Quality General Water Quality: The tribes have developed draft standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes, but they are not yet in effect. Reservation reservoirs suffer from both eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants, municipal discharges, and urban, agricultural and pesticide/ herbicide/nutrient run-off. Potential sources of water pollution include water treatment plants, oxidation ponds, industrial discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), oil and hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, sediment run-off from construction, mining and timber production and harvesting, toxicant build up due to pesticide use and on-lot disposal. ------- Drinking Water Quality There have been no drinking water quality violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years but wells on older homesites are producing sandy waters or have quite pro- ducing sandy waters or have quit producing althogether. Community Water Supply: There are five community drinking water supply systems on the reservation using 100% ground-water, fill the systems are monitored for bacteriological quality monthly, but no monitoring for inorganics, pesticides, or radionuclides is done. Forty per cent of the systems are treated for water quality. (See also Domestic Waste Disposal below). Individual Water Supply: Two hundred Indian homes (17% of the homes) or about 16% of the population is served by individual wells. Thirty per cent of the wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality. None are ever checked for inorganics, pesticides or radionuclides. (See also Domestic Waste Disposal below). Water Usage Three hundred seventy acre feet of ground water are used each year for domestic purposes, 800 for municipal purposes, 35,00 for irrigation and more than 10 for industrial purposes. In addition, 70,000 acre feet of surface water is used for irrigation. Therefore, 100% of the water used for domestic, municipal and industrial purposes is ground water, while 67% of the water used for irrigation is surface water and only 33% ground water. Total annual water consumption is 36,180 acre feet of surface water and 70,000 acre feet of ground water per year. Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage) The Tribal Health, Education and Welfare Committee have prioritized reservation water and sewage needs for 1986. The following is the listing prepared by the Tribal Health System Field Engineer. "The Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation are approaching an ever growing need for s'anitary facilities construction for individual developments throughout the reservation, as well as assistance to communities as the demand for services increase through growth of populated areas. ------- Families today are searching for independence. They have developed a desire and need for independent living quarters separate from that of other family group members. In the past a young couple may move into the household of one or the others parents. It has become possible through tribal programs to assist these individuals in development of their own residence. This pursuit is supported by the Fort Peck Tribal Executive Board under the usual general consensus vote of approval by the Tribal Board committe mebers of home leases on Tribal lands. It is almost always possible for any tribal member to lease a homesite (generally 2 1/2 acres) on which to build a home. Few homes are without some type of sanitary facilities, but yet still exist in some cases. Some also are older installations that were constructed by the individuals and need upgrading. These sanitary facilities generally do not meet current stan- dards for construction as well as proper distances between wells and sewage disposal facilities. fls funds become available, the Fort Peck Tribes under memorandum of agreement with the Indian Health Sevice, have initiated programs to provide technical and financial assistance for the completion of these needed facilities. The engineering and construction department of the Fort Peck Tribal Indian Health Project also works with other tribal departments and city governments in providing sanitary facilities for larger development sites within the com- munities of the reservation. These projects are planned and construction under memorandum of agreement with the Indian Health Service. Projects The unmet needs list for the reservation is reassessed each year by the H.E.W. committee of the Fort Peck Tribes. The following is the current unmet needs list for consideration during 1986. Estimated Project Projected Costs 1. Frazer Water Storage $125,000.00 tank and pump house repairs on electrial systems. 2. Fort Kipp Community Water $ 25,000.00 system upgrading pump house replacement and additional water supply ------- Estimated Project Projected Costs 3. Individual water system $210,000.00 treatment facilities - 125 sites upgrading wells and sanitary facilities on 25 sites. 75,000.00 4. Wolf Point celebration grounds Water 5,000.00 Sewer 10,000.00 5. Brockton celebration grounds Heater 5,000.00 Sewer 10,000.00 6. Individual water supply 70,000.00 & waste disposal facilities on 40 sites 7. Brockton Sewage system upgrading Lagoon repair & construction of a new cell 80,000.00 Replace sewer lines 20,000.00 8. Fort Kipp Sewage System upgrading Replace lagoon inlet 15,000.00 9. Frazer Sewage System upgrading Replace plumbing for controls of lagoon levels 15,000.00 10. Max Martell Sewage 10,000.00 upgrading for expansion of existing lagoon 11. Wolf Point - additional lagoon $596,000.00 Tribal resolution number 434-86-1 has prioritized the above unmet needs in accorance with H.E.W. committee recommendations. However, it is not uncommon to complete a lower priority project prior to higher priority itmes as funds become available on existing projects. ------- Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has just completed and begun to implement an official plan for the disposal of solid wastes on the reservation. Solid wastes are a major problem. Solid wastes are up until now have been disposed of in community dump and landfill sites amounting to about 50 acres in all. The community and individuals also incin- erate their solid waste. There is no recycling program on the reservation. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous waste. Reactive sulfides in excess of 500 ppm from an oil refining operation and trivalent chromium from an aluminum forming operation are currently generated on the reservation. Also, trichromium waste water and sludge from metal plating activities and waste from oil refining activities twenty years ago have been stored in the reservation in temporary storage ever since. These wastes are not stored in accordance with applicable tribal, local, state and/or federal laws. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear/radioactive wastes are neither generated nor stored on the reservation. A/or are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. However, nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Tribal Executive Board has identified the following environmental problems in order of priority: soil erosion, water quality degradation from soil and gas development, solid waste management, pesticide certification and enforcement mechanisms, wildlife management for the protection and enforcement of wildlife resources, leafy spurge and club moss infestation, comprehensive plant and soil inventory, hazardous waste management and emergency response plan. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota Environmental Contact: Michael I. Selvage Tribal Planner Tribal Planning and Development Department Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe Lake Traverse Reservation P.O. Box 509 Agency Village, South Dakota 57262 (605) 698-3911 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Lake Traverse Reservation of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux consists of 108,135.22 acres, of which 17,544.45 acres are tribally owned and 90,579.26 acres are in allotment. This represents only approximately 10% tribal ownership. 71.51% of the reservation is owned by the federal government. The population of the reservation is 3,462. Tribal Government The 15 member Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribal Council and 3 executive officers (including the Chairman) constitute the tribal governing body. This form of government was established by Constitution and By-Laws in 1946. Council members and officers are elected by tribal members at large for two year terms. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include land use planning, soil conservation, licensing fees on business, sales tax, business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/ game management, fish resource development and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection program itself. There are, however, two committees within the tribal government which address environmental issues: the Human Services Board and the Reservation Planning Commission. The tribal government also has cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service for sanitation and waste disposal and with the Soil Conservation Service for soil analysis. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the reserva- tion. The development of agricultural, commercial, grazing, hunting and fishing resources is currently being implemented as is the deve- lopment of improved homesites. The development of forestry/timber and recreational resources is currently being planned. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clear Air Act. Air quality is not monitored. The only major source of air pollution within a 50 mile radius is the Big Stone Power Plant 40 miles from the reservation. Water duality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. None of the lakes/reservoirs suffer from eutrophication, but some suffer from sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include agricultural and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage. Drinking Water duality: There have been no water quality violations of the reservation's drinking water nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. Community Water Supply: There are six community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. They all use ground water as a water source. All of the systems are monitored monthly for bac- teriological quality, every three years for inorganics and every four years for radionuclides. All of the systems are treated for water quality. ------- Individual Water Supply: Ninety-eight homes on the reservation, or 35% of the popula- tion of the reservation, are served by individual wells. When wells are dug and approved, they are monitored once for bacteri- ological quality, inorganics and radionuclides. In adition, 2-3% of the wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality. No monitoring is done for pesticides. Water Usage Data is unavailable for specific uses of surface and ground water in terms of average annual consumption, but total annual water consmption amounts to no surface water and 111.1 acre feet of ground water per year. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Solid waste disposal is a major and growing problem on the reservation Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, such wastes are currently disposed of in a Roberts County landfill which is not on trust land and through individual incinera- tion. There is no tribally sponsored recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Although hazardous wastes in general are not considered a problem on the reservation, the pollution of reservation lakes and streams by chemicals and the proper disposal of chemical containers are problems. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation. However, it is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems for the Lake Traverse Reservation in order of priority are the pollution of lakes and streams by sewage, chemicals and erosion, the lack of proper disposal of chemical containers, the importation of noxious weed, leafy spurge, etc., improper land use such as converting wildlife habitat to other uses, an insufficient number of sani- tary landfills and submarginal crop use. ------- Water Usage The tribe uses approximately 137 acre feet of ivater per year through the community water system. This figure does not include wells. Domestic Waste Disposal System [No response was given to this section.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Solid waste disposal is a growing problem on the reservation, and the tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes which includes a five acre community land fill. The tribal government does not sponsor a recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but no hazardous wastes were generated or stored on the reser- vation either in the past or in the present. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. A/or are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste stored within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for permanent nuclear waste disposal. Neither are nuclear materials transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems in order of priority on the Lower Brule Reservation are: solid waste disposal, exhaust from cars and other vehicles, retention of a balance within the naturally occurring ecosystem and the regulation of chemical use on or near the reservation. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Lower Brule Sioux Reservation, South Dakota Cr> viromentaJ Contact: Scott Jones, Pesticide Control Officer Lower Brule Tribal Council Box 187 Lower Brule, South Dakota 57548 (605) 473-5561 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Lower Brule Sioux Reservation consists of 130,239.44 acres of which 104,243.60 acres are tribally owned and 25,995.84 are in allotment. The population of the reservation is 1,182 (724 Lower Brule Sioux, 260 other Indians including other bands of Sioux, and 135 non-Indians). Tribal Government The seven member Lower Brule Tribal Council, established by charter in 1936 (revised 1960), is the tribal governing body. Council members are elected at large for two year terms, and the Council chairman is appointed by Council for a two year term as well. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions peformed by the tribal government include the following: land use planning, water quality control, soil conservation, licensing fees on businesses, sales tax, business/commercial develop- ment, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanita- tion, the development of fish and mineral resources and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is resonsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analy- sis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste dispo- sal and environmental rehabilitation/reclamation. This program is implemented through the tribal Department of Sewage and Water, through the Tribal Council's Land Committee and through the Tribal Council itself. The tribe hires a Pesticide Control Officer under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The lead agency '•'or the pesticide control program is the Lower Brule Land Committee. ------- The tribal government has an on-going cooperative agreement with the EPA for the Pesticide Control Office. It also cooperates with other governmental entities if the need arises. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reservation. The development of agricultural, recreational and grazing resources is currently being implemented. Water resources are currently being used for power generation (by the Big Bend Dam which is a Corps of Engineers project), irrigation, fisheries, and tourism/recreation. The use of water resources for transportation is currently being planned. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clear Air Act. Nor is the air monitored by any other authority. Air pollution sources consist of four highways 8-18 miles away, and the exhaust fumes from vehicles within the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: The Council has just adopted a Water Code. Some of the reservation lakes/reserviors are suffering from sedimentation. There are no current sources of water pollution. Potential sources include domestic wastes (sewage), agricultural and pesticide/ herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up due to the use of pesticides. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no drinking water quality violations in the last five years, nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There is one community drinking water supply system which uses 100% surface water. This system is monitored monthly for bacteriological quality, inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides. The system is also treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Sixteen percent of the homes on the reservation are served by individual wells. After initial testing wells are monitored only at the request of the home owner. ------- Northern Cheyenne Reservation, Montana Environmental Contact: William C. Sullivan, Director Northern Cheyenne Environmental Affairs Department Northern Cheyenne Tribe P.O. Box 128 Lame Deer, Montana 59034 406-665-2220 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Northern Cheyenne Reservation consists of 446,784 acres, 99 percent of which is tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 4000 (3000 Cheyenne, 500 other Indian, and 500 non-Indian). Tribal Government The 16 member (including the President) Northern Cheyenne Tribal Council is the tribal governing body. Council members and the President are elected by tribal members by district/geographic region. Council members are elected for a two year term of office, the President for a four year term. The council is scheduled to meet monthly but sometimes meets more often. This government was established by an IRA constitution in 1936 which was amended in 1962. The Council performs regulatory ------- functions in land use planning, air quality control/ licensing fees on business, business/commercial development, and natural resource development. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, the protection of endangered species, environmental rehabilitation/ reclamation, making a hazardous waste inventory, and for pesticide enforcement/certification. The tribal Environmental Affairs Office is responsible for the conduct of these programs, and the Northern Cheyenne Environmental Commission is the committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues. The tribe has hired five staff people to work on environmental programs: a director, office manager, air specialist, hydrologist, and pesticide officer. The tribal government has cooperative agreements with the State of Montana and the Environmental Protection Agency for air quality monitoring and standards enforcement, with the United States Geological Survey for water quality monitoring, with the state level United States Department of Agriculture office and the Environmental Protection ------- Agency for pesticide certification and enforcement and with Big Horn County for sanitation and waste disposal. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reservation. The development of agricultural, forestry/timber, industry/manufacturing, recreation and grazing resources is currently being implemented and additional agricultural development is being planned. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and for livestock. Further development of water resources for tourism/recreation is being planned. There is no possibility of developing water resources for power generation. Air Quality The tribe has designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act. Air quality is designated under Class I. Air quality is monitored continuously by the tribe, state and privately (GeoResearch, Inc., Mr. Douglas Richardson, President (406) 248-6771) including data for total suspended particulates, sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, air toxics and visibility. There has been one measured TSP violation by arithmetic and geometric annual means of Class I ambient air quality standards at the Lame Deer townsite. Current and ------- 4 potential major air pollution sources are the Colstrip I-IV fossil fuel fired power generation facility 15 miles away and the not yet operational MontCo coal mine half a mile away from the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality; Standards have been drafted for water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. These standards have been violated for fecal coliform, the breaching of a sewage lagoon into Lame Deer Creek, and the leaking of another lagoon. Reservation lakes/reservoirs suffer from both eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants, domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials spills, urban and agricultural run-off (especially from cattle waste), sediment run-off from construction and timber production and harvesting, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up due to pestic., de usage. Potential sources of water pollution include future sewage treatment plants, industrial discharges, hazardous materials spills and landfill leachate. Drinking Water Quality; There have been continuous water quality violations in the last five years when water quality did ------- not meet secondary and some primary standards for sulphate and TSP levels. This occurred in individual home sites only. There have also been raised levels of fecal coliform, almost continuously in Lame Deer Creek. Community Water Supply; There are five community drinking water supply systems on the reservation using 100 percent ground water sources. All of the systems are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality. No other monitoring is done. All of the systems were just recently treated for water quality (chlorination). These systems are only for schools, hospitals etc., not for individual homesites and are located in townsites (Lame Deer, Birney, Busby, Muddy Cluster, and Ashland). Individual Water Supply; All of the 620 homesites on the reservation are served by individual wells. This covers 100 percent of the population. One percent of these wells are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality and for inorganics. Water Usage The tribe is currently negotiating its water rights with the state so average annual consumption information in acre feet per year is confidential until negotiations are finalized. ------- Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Lame Deer Townsite, Muddy Cluster, Ashland, Busby, and Birney all have community waste disposal systems. All these sites and improvement. Ashland and Birney sites are not functional, and Lame Deer needs to be expanded and improved. Individual homesites utilize septic fields and 121-projects have put in sanitation facilities using septic drainage fields. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribe has a plan for solid waste disposal, the plan is not effective, and the disposal of solid wastes is a major and growing problem on the reservation. Solid wastes are currently disposed of in a community dumpsite off the reservation (colstrip dump in Rosebud County) and by individual incineration. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe does not have a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Although no hazardous wastes are generated on the reservation, old pesticides used by the BIA or CC programs, aldrite 4, sodium arsenate, old transformers, asbestos panels, industrial solvents and chemicals are stored on the reservation, some for over 50 years. None of lese wastes has been stored in accordance with applicable .^ :-al and/or federal law. Two abandoned ------- storage sites are at St. Labre School where industrial wastes are buried in an old sewage lagoon in The Tongue River flood plain and at Dull Knife College where barrels of old pesticides, transformers, asbestos panels and other industrial wastes are stored. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are these uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. Neither has the reservation been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste storage site. However, nuclear materials are transported through the reservation, and statistically highway 212, which runs east/west through the reservation, is one of the most dangerous roads in the state as far as car accidents are concerned. Presently, the tribe has no emergency preparedness program to deal with a spill of nuclear materials caused by a highway accident. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems on the Northern Cheyenne Reservation in order of priority are: solid waste, sewage, safe drinking water, fish and wildlife management, hazardous waste storage, surface and ground water protection, air quality and pesticide enforcement. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota Environmental Contact: Wayne M. Iteska, Coordinator Natural Resources Regulatory Agency Oglala Sioux Tribe Box 468 Pine Ridge, South Dakota 57770 (605) 867-5821 #235 (605) 867-5624 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Pine Ridge Reservation of the Oglala Sioux consists of 2.7 million acres, approximately 706,000 acres of which are tribally owned and 1,078,000 of which are in allotment. The population of the reserva- tion is 14,699. Tribal Government The 16 member Oglala Sioux Tribal Council is headed by a president elected to a two year term of office by tribal members. Council members are elected by district or region. The Council meets monthly. This governmental system was established with the adoption of an IRA Constitution in 1936. The Council performs regulatory functions in regard to water quality control, air quality control, tax collection (severance tax on minerals and sales tax) and licensing (for businesses), hunting/ fishing/game management, mineral resource deve- lopment and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The Land Committee within the tribal government addresses environmental issues. The tribe employs a staff of eight to work on environmental programs, and the tribes' environmental protection program is currently implemented through the following tribal offices: Natural Resources Regulatory Agency, Air Quality Office, and Pesticides Office. The tribal enviromental program is responsible for air and water quality moni- toring, soil analysis (which has been completed), sanitation and water disposal, protection of endangered species and for developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards. The tribe also has coopera- tive agreements with the State of South Dakota Air Program and (for air quality standards enforcement) with the South Dakota Air Program on Standards. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reservation. The use of agricultural, mining, industrial/manufacturing, recreation, commercial and grazing resources are being implemented. Water is currently used for irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation, and road projects. Air Quality The tribe has designated air quality standards which are monitored con- tinuously by the tribe in conjunction with EPA Region VIII's Special Studies Program. Data is collected for total suspended particulates, sulphur and nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. There have never been any measured violations of the national ambient air standards, but there are some potential sources of pollution: the proposed uranium mining at Crawford, Nebraska (75 milies away), the proposed sand and gravel mining on Pine Ridge itself and pollutants from agricultural pesticides in Bennett County, South Dakota (20 miles away). Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes, even though lakes and reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual water pollution stems from municipal discharges and sewage. Potential pollution might emanate from oxidation ponds, landfill leachate, urban and agriculatural run-off, sediment run-off from construc- tion and mining and from pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no water quality violations of the reservations drinking water in the past five years and no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are 15 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation, 99% using ground water. 25 % are treated for water quality, but none are monitored. Individual Water Supply: 90% of the houses and population on the reservation depend on individual wells for drinking water. None are monitored. ------- Water Usage There was no information available on total annual water usage and consumption in acre feet. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Solid waste management is the tribe's primary concern at the moment. It has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, although it does have a 20 acre community waste disposal site. Incineration is also used both by the community and by individuals. The tribe has no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribe has a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, none are either generated or stored on the reservation. Nor are there any abandoned storage sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation The nearest source of nuclear/radioactive waste pollution is the pro- posed uranium mining operation 75 miles away at Crawford, Nebraska. Tribal Priorities Solid waste management is the most pressing environmental problem for tribal memebers. The tribe is also particularly anxious that the pro- posed Indian Policy Amendments to Environmental Protection Agency policy in all areas (Clean Air Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Act, Toxics, and Water Quality Projects) be approved by Congress so tribes can apply for and receive funding for the establishment of complete environmental protection programs on reserva- tions implemented by tribes for tribal members. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana Environmental Contact: Tom Weist Tribal Grantsperson The Chippewa Cree Tribe Rocky Boy's Reservation Rocky Boy Route Box Elder, Montana 59521 (406) 395-4421 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Rocky Boy's Reservation consists of 108,015 acres, all tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 2,169 (2,030 Chippewa Cree and 139 other Indian). No figures are available on the non-Indian population. Tribal Government The nine member Chippewa Cree Business Committee, established by the Constitution and By-Laws of 1935, is the tribal governing body. Committee members and executive officers are elected at large by tribal members for four year staggered terms. The Committee meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include land use and water resource planning, hunting/fishing/game manage- ment, animal control, occupational health and safety, sanitation, the development of timber, fish and energy and non-energy mineral resources and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an adminstrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection program. Although the Chippewa Cree Department of Natural Resources can conduct environmental programs, there is presently no staff so employed. There is also a committee within the tribal government, the Natural Resource Committee, which addresses environmental issues.- The tribe also has cooperative agreements with the United States Geological Survey for water quality monitoring, with the Indian Health Service for sanitation and waste disposal and with the Soil Conservation Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs for soil analysis. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the reser- vation. The development of agricultural, recreational and grazing resources is currently being implemented with the development of forestry/timber, mining, industrial/manufacturing and commercial resources in the planning stages. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards- as provided in the Clean Air Act. However, air quality is monitored on a special study basis by the federal government through the Indian Health Service Center at Elder, Montana (Contact Henry Gardipee [406] 395-4404). The monitoring is only for carbon monoxide. Major sources of air pollution are limited to wood stoves, the Indian Health Service incinerator and the community dumps at Box Elder and Sangrey. Water Quality General Water Quality There are no tribal water quality standards for reser- vation streams, rivers and lakes. Reservation lakes/ reservoirs do not suffer from eutrophication but some do from sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include municipal dis- charges, domestic wastes (sewage) and sediment run-off due to construction. Potential sources include oxidation ponds, hazardous materials spills (from the post and pole plant), landfill leachate, agricultural run-off, sediment run-off due to mining and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off due to the noxious weed program. Drinking Water Quality There have been violations of drinking water quality and outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. Mineral constituents or the constituent indicators have not met primary or secondary drinking water standards, and there have been outbreaks of giaridiasis from surface water sources. ------- Community Water Supply: There are eight community water suppy systems on the reser- vation, all of which use ground water. All of the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality, every three years for inorganics, and quarterly during the first year for radionuclides. No monitoring is done for pesticides. None of the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply^: Fifty-eight percent of the homes and 57% of the population of the reservation are served by individual wells, fill new wells are tested for bacteria and inorganics upon completion However, about 30% of existing wells have never been tested for bacteria and about 10% have never been tested for inorganics. Water Usage There is no available data on the average annual consumption in acre feet of surface and ground water for different purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Figure I provides domestic waste disposal system information from Rocky Boy's IHS Environmental Health Profile and Priority Projection for FY-86. (See Figure I.) Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, although this is a major-problem on the reservation. Solid wastes are currently disposed of in four community waste disposal sites (7 acres altogether) and by individual incineration. There is no tribal recycling program except for one involving the collection of aluminum cans to help provide costs for eye glasses. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal There is no tribal plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes even though such wastes are generated on the reservation: penta from a post and pole plant, as well as oil and natural gas and hydrogen sulfide from natural gas wells. For the last 15 years hazardous material in the form of gasoline has been stored at several gasoline stations on the reservation, but in accordance with tribal and federal regulations. There are no abandoned storage sites on the reservation. ------- a V ~< CO 1 £ o -H U 0) "1 1 o ft 4J •H 8 •rH S-l P- Ti £ fd QJ I i ^-* •H >. 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O 73 •. tn —i 41 C 73 ^ VO (T3 C ^ f^ (N .* 41 4> kj U j£ 0 3 C ^ 4J U 3 j 01 C O 0 iu 4> ID c: 3 03 4J 01 3 O x: s 41 C kj CJ o fe. «-H 10 73 C 3 C •rH 73 <0 10 •'H Vw > 01 73 '"-H 4J • 73 E W 73 C O C C •-( n O 10 O •^" rn Ol 01 f-i (0 >: ^- pi rt C C /O 41 *H i— i jj C > (0 O U 3 O 4) 73 4J • > Oj W C '»H V 73 O 73 01 r-l O C r^- H to l/> MJ ^H CN o t£ \J* o 10 01 ^, £ i •0 tn wwto w •» > TD TJ U ^ o CO •!••* »-H H t— H r-4 i— ( T3 T3 d) dJQ> K r— t >i C •1- •>-» -iH -r-( -^-* I JJ JJ iJ-H JJ .rHCO-D1 O, ^ Oj O, 0, > Qj 4J 4J C TJ C'-'H 4) 41 4).- 4} DjEOf"* tO>H 0] 01 01U 01 4)OO p! p, W £ 0^ ^ o TJ- ^r m M ns W »^>-H CN I-H PO.-H ro 001/1^3 f-H ^* ^J* ^ m ^f sr CN PH n n rn 73 13 5^ O 4J K -H c u 3 4) e C 73 E O ^H O 5s ta u c 10 X U U C O 41 ^ ffi 73 u ij >i O r-l 4> 4) O EH U U .: Ji C 4> LJ k4 4J i ^ X (0 IO DI 4) O O a. a, tt. z j m ------- Nuclear Waste/Radiation Even though there are uranium deposits on the reservation they have never mined, nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on Rocky Boy or within a fifty mile radius of the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems on Rocky Boy's in order of priority are solid waste disposal, hydrogen sulfide from natural gas in ground water sources and soil erosion. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota Environmental Con tact: Mr. Syed Y. Huq Director Water Resources Tribal Water Resource Office Rosebud Sioux Tribe Rosebud Indian Reservation Rosebud, South Dakota 57570 (605) 747-2559 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Rosebud Sioux Reservation consists of 957,000 acres of which 522,559 acres are tribally owned and 434,441 acres are in allotment. The population of the reservation is 11,744. Tribal Government The 33 member Rosebud Sioux Tribal Council, established by charter as a federal corporation in 1934, is the tribal governing body. The Chairman and Vice-Chairman are elected by tribal members at large. Council members are elected by their respective communities and the tribal Secretary and Treasurer are elected by Council members. All serve four year terms. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include water resource planning, water and air quality control, soil conser- vation, severance tax on minerals, licensing fees on business, sales and excise tax, business/commercial development, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, timber and fish resource deve- lopment, the development of energy and non-energy mineral resources and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an adminstrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastracture The tribe is currently planning the imlementation of a comprehensive environmental protection program. This program will be responsible for air and water quality monitoring, for developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, for animal control, the protection of endangered species and emergency preparedness/evacuation. The tribal offices involved with the planning, development and implementation of tribal environmental programs are the Office of Water Resources and ------- Pesticide Enforcement (Syed Y. Huq), the Office of Natural Resources (Tom Frederick) and the Water and Sewer Commission (Louis Schmidt). Sixteen staff are currently employed by the tribe to work on environ- mental programs, and the Land and Natural Resources Committee of the tribal government also addresses environmental issues. In addition, the tribal government has cooperative agreements with federal govern- mental entities for air quality standards enforcement, for soil analy- sis, animal control and the protection of endangered species, with state governmental entities for emergency preparedness/evacuation, and with combined state-federal programs for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement. In addition, the tribe has a proposal sub- mitted to the Region VIII Environmental Protection Agency office for air quality monitoring. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. Agricultural, forestry/timber, mining, recreational, and grazing resources are currently being developed, and the development of industrial/manufacturing, commercial and oil and gas resources is in the planning stages. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation, fisheries, and tourism/recreation. The further develop- ment of ground water resources and of the rural water system is being planned as is the use of water resources for power generation and transportation. Air Quality The tribe is planning the designation of air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act, but no monitoring is currently being done. A proposal has been submitted to the Region VIII Environmental Protection Agency Office in Denver, but for lack of funds the earliest the proposal can possibly be considered is 1988 (Mr. DeWitt Baulch, Air Programs Indian Coordinator). Unless the tribe has the proposed monitoring program implemented there is no way of knowing if national ambient air quality standards are being violated. There are no major sources of air pollution within a 50 mile radius of the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes which have been violated by dissolved oxygen levels in Chases Woman Lake and high fecal coliform counts in another lake and a stream. Reservation lakes/reservoir are also suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. ------- Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants oxidation ponds and municipal discharges. Potential sources of water pollution include domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, and urban and agricultural run-off. Drinking Water Quality There have been both water quality violations of the reser- vations drinking water and outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years which have included high total coliform in some wells pumping ground water, high fecal coliform in stream and lake water, fecal coliform contamination of other surface water and shigellosis. Community Water Supply: There are 21 community water supply systems on Rosebud. Of these 5% use surface water, and 95% use ground water. Seventy-five percent of the systems are monitored quarterly and 25% annually for bacteriological quality, 100% annually for inorganics and pesticides and 25% annually for radio- nuclides. All of the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Three hundred fifteen homes or 15% of the population of the reservation are served by individual wells for drinking water. Twenty-five percent of these wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality, inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides. Water Usage Average annual consumption of water for domestic purposes is 3.31 acre feet of surface water'(0.07% of total annual consumption) and 505.83 acre feet of ground water (8.72% of total annual consumption). For irrigation annual consumption is 4,500 acre feet of surface water (99.93% of total annual consumption) and 5,200 acre feet of ground water (89.64% of total annual consumption). For industrial purposes average consumption is 95.44 acre feet of ground water annually (1.64% of total annual consumption). Total average annual consumption is, thus, 4,503.31 acre feet of surface water and 5,801.27 acre feet of ground water. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] ------- Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes although such wastes are a major problem on the reservation. Most solid wastes are currently disposed of in a 40 acre community dump site and by individual incineration. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous waste storage and disposal is not a problem on Rosebud. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on Rosebud or within a 50 mile radius of the reservation, although it is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems on Rosebud in order of priority are the need for waste water treatment facilities, solid waste disposal, surface water quality, particularly in the northern parts of the reservation, and the funds, as outlined in the tribe's proposal to the Environmental Protection Agency, to implement air quality monitoring on the reservation. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Southern Ute Indian Tribe Reservation, Colorado Environmental Contact: Michael Frost, Air Quality Specialist Sennet Thompson, Solid Waste Specialist Southern Ute Indian Tribe Tribal Affairs Building P.O. Sox 737 Ignacio, Colorado 81137 (303) 563-4525 EPA Region VI11 Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction Within the exterior boundries of the Southern Ute Indian Reservation there are approximately 671,834 acres. 304,168 acres are tribally owned, and 6,790 acres are in allotment lands. The Southern Ute Indian Reservation also consists of 48,860 acres of National Forest and 312,124 acres are private lands. The population of the reser- vation in 11,050; 1050 Ute, 10,000 nonlndian, and no information is available for other Indians. Tribal Government The seven member Southern Ute Indian Tribal Council (including the tribal Chairman) is elected by tribal members at large for three year terms. There are staggered terms. The Council meets weekly. This government was established by corporate charter on November 1, 1938. The Council performs regulatory functions as regards land use planning, tax collection and licensing fees (severance tax on minerals, income tax and sales tax), hunting/fishing/game manage- ment and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted a Constitution which was approved by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs on October 1, 1975. The tribe has no adopted an administration proce- dures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air quality monitoring, the development of tribal environmental standards and sanitation and waste disposal. Two staff people, an air quality specialist and a solid waste specialist, are employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs. The Council has cooperative agreements with the Environmental Protection Agency for air quality monitoring and sanitation and waste disposal and with the Indian Health Service for water quality monitoring. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use f\ soil analysis was completed by the Soil Conservation Service for the entire reservation. An irrigation, range and soil inventory was completed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This study concluded that irrigation and land capabilities were best utilized along the Pine River. Agricultural, forestry/timber, recreational, and grazing resources are currently being developed. Mining resource development is being planned. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation and tourism/ recreation. These are no current plans for future water resources development. Air Quality The tribe has designated air quality standards as provided in The Clean Air Act, and reservation air quality is designated under Class II by the Clean Air Act which so categorizes those lands other than wilderness and National Parks. Air quality is monitored continuously by the tribe and includes data for total suspended particulates, sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, ozone and visibility. There have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality stan- dards. Major air pollution sources within a 50 miles radius of the reservation are The Four Corners Power Plant, The San Juan Power Plant and the Northwest Pipeline Processing Plant (which is located within the exterior boundries of the reservationJ. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. They are not suffering from either eutrophication or sedimentation. There are no actual sources of water pollution. Potential sources include sewage and water treatment plants, domestic wastes (sewage), agricultural run- off and sediment run-off due to construction. Drinking Water Quality: There were drinking water quality violations in August and December of 1985 due to TDS levels being too high in the surface water, also some bacteriological samples were positive for coliform bacteria. No otehr violations have occurred since September 1985. ------- Community Water Supply: There is one community drinking water supply system on the reservation and it uses 100% surface water. This system is monitored annually for inorganics, pesticides, and a cummulative sample taken over a one year period for radionucludes. Bacter- iological quality is monitored monthly. The community water supply is treated for water quality at a filtration plant owned and operated by the tribe. This system supplies the Ignacio area and is treated for water quality one hundred percent. Individual Water Supply: There are 85 individual wells looted around the Ignacio area, with 11 wells located within the limits of Igancio. fin estimated thirty precent of population use individual wells for drinking water in this area. No information is available for the entire reservation. Routine bacteriological and chemical tests are completed when the well is originally drilled. No further moni- toring is done, unless there is a problem which requires more testing. Water Usage Domestic water usage consumes about 576 acre feet per year of surface water and 26 acre feet per year of ground water. No other informa- tion available as to acre feet per year for irrigation and recreation. Other purposes of water usage were found to be inapplicable. Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage) Community Systems: There are two liquid waste disposal systems that service the Ignacio area. Approximately 300 non-tribal facilities and homes and approximately 225 tribal facilities and homes are served by the community sewer system. This system is under the juris- diction of the Ignacio Sanitation District and is periodically inspected by the Colorado State Health Department. The second system services seven Tribal Mutual Help homes. This system is ownded by the Southern Ute public Housing Authority and is main- tained by the Southern Ute Tribe, constructed with plans and specifications by the Indian Health Service. No other information available for the entire reservation. Individual Systems: Forty-nine septic tank drainfield and two septic tank lagoon liquid waste disposal systems are located on the reservation. ------- 121-Projects: Through Public Law 86-121 the Indian Health Service provides a Sanitation Facilities Program for the Southern Ute Reservation. Through P.L. 86-121 tribal members receive water facilities and sewage disposal systems for their homes. Future P.L. 121 projects will vary depending upon available funding and community needs. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes and the Southern Ute Reservation is one of the few reservations where the disposal of solid wastes is not a problem. Wastes are disposed of in a two acre tribal landfill and in two 2 acre county landfills. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but hazardous wastes are not now nor ever have been generated or stored on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or any other radioactive materials on the reservation. There is, however, a uranium processing mill and uranium mill tailings 24 miles northwest of the reservation. There are no uranium power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site. Nor are nuclear materials transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities Brine Water Waste Disposal: With the production of oil and gas on the reservation and the amounts of water that are being produced a need for monitoring the disposal of waste water has become a major topic among tribal officials, as well as neighbors of the tribe living within the boundaries of the reservation. /) need for enforcement of viola- tions which occur need to be addressed by the tribe, state and EPA as to the responsibility of each. These disposal pits which are currently being used for storage of brine water need to be monitored, especialy those located near individual water supplies. Other: Water Quality, Air Quality, Solid Waste Management are not major priorities at this time, but these are concerns at the local level. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, North Dakota Environmental Contact: Charles W. Murphy Chairman Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Standing Rock Sioux Reservation P.O. Box D Fort Yates, North Dakota 58538 (701) 854-7231 EPft Region VIII: Charles Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Standing Rock Sioux Reservation consists of 2.3 million acres in combined ownership. The population of the reservation is 10f463 including Indian and non-Indians. Tribal Government The 18 member Standing Rock Sioux Tribal Council, established by Constitution in 1889, is the governing body for the reservation. Tribal officials are elected by tribal membership for four year terms. Ten council members are elected at large and eight by district/geographic region. The Council meets monthly. The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the following areas: land use and water resource planning, soil conservation, land use taxes and fees, hunting/fishing/game management, the development of fish resources and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently conducting an environmental protection program. There are, however, two committees within the tribal govern- ment which address environmental issues: the Economics and the Health, Education and Welfare Committees. The tribe has a cooperative agree- ment with the Soil Conservation Service for soil analysis. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the reserva- tion. Agricultural and grazing resources are currently being deve- loped with plans for the development of mining, industrial/manufacturing, recreational and commercial resources. Water is currently used for irrigation with plans to use water resources for power generation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. The tribe has no air quality program and did not identify any major sources of air pollution within a fifty mile radius of the reservation. Water Supply General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. Some of the lakes/reservoirs are suf- fering from sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include municipal discharges and domestic wastes (sewage), and potential sources include sewage and water treatment plants, oxi- dation ponds, urban run-off and toxicant build up due to pesti- cide use. Drinking Water Quality: There have been some drinking water quality violations in the last five years but no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are 8 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. The water source for 65% of the systems is surface water and for 35% of the systems, ground water. Systems are checked quarterly for bacteriological quality and annually for inorganics and pesticides. Thirty percent of the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Thirty-eight percent of the homes and of the population on the reservation use individual wells for drinking water. These wells are checked annually for bacteriological quality and inorganics. Water Usage Information on average annual water consumption rates in acre feet for different purposes has not yet been compiled. Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] ------- Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes which are a major problem on the reservation. Presently, they are disposed of in a community dump site of approximately twelve acres. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. They are neither generated nor stored on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear wastes stored within 50 miles of the reservation. No information was given as to whether the reservation has been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, nor on whether nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Standing Rock Sioux have indentified their most pressing environ- mental problems as water quality control and land use control. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Yankton Sioux Reservation, South Dakota Environmental Contact: Joe Abdo, Jr. Tribal Planner Yankton Sioux Business & Claims Committee P.O. 8ox 248 Marty, South Dakota 57361 (605) 384-3804 EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Yankton Sioux Reservation consists of 41,000 acres, 24,900 acres of which is tribally owned and 17,000 acres of which is in allotment. The Indian population of the reservation is 5,200. Tribal Government The 9 member Yankton Sioux Tribe Business and Claims Committee, established by the Constitution of 1963, is the tribal governing body. The Chairman and Committee members are elected at large by tribal members for 2 year terms. The Committee meets weekly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include land use planning, soil conservation, business/commercial development, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, occupational health and safety, sanitation, timber development and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not yet adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Government Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection program. There is no committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues. The tribe does, however, have some cooperative agreements: with the Public Health Service for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement, sanitation and waste disposal, soil analysis and animal control and with the Fish and Wildlife Department for the protection of endangered species. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have been completed. Land resources are currently being used for agricultural development, industry/ manufacturing, recreation, commercial development and grazing. Water resources are currently used for irrigation with planned usage for fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air /let. Air quality is not monitored. Major air pollution sources, all on-reservation, are incineration, weed burning, and herb- icides and pesticides. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. The lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include agricultural run-off and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off. Potential sources include sewage and water treatment plants, oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, urban run-off and toxicant build-up due to pesticide use. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no drinking water violations in the last five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are 4 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. Seventy-five precent use surface water and 25% ground water. They are monitored annually for bacteriological quality and inorganics. Seventy-five percent of the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Sixty-five percent of the homes and 30% of the population on the Yankton Sioux Reservation are served by individual family wells. No monitoring is being done. Water Usage Data for the average annual consumption in acre feet of ground water and surface water for different purposes are not yet available. ------- Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey, and additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes which are a growing problem on the reservation. They are currently disposed of in a community landfill (40 acres but past capacity) and by community and individual incineration. The tribe does not sponsor a recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, nor are they a problem on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation are not a problem on the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Yankton Sioux have identified their most pressing environmental problems in order of priority as water quality, air quality, sanitation and waste disposal and potential pesticide/herbicide pollution. Additional Comments The Yankton Sioux at present have no environmental program in operation. The need to implement such programs is essential in order "to protect the environment and the Native American living on the Yankton Sioux Reservation." ------- REGION IX Indian Work Group Coordinator: Mike Monroe Benton Paiute Reservation Berry Creek Rancheria Cabazon Indian Reservation Colorado River Indian Reservation Colusa Indian Reservation Ely Shoshone Colony Hopi Reservation Hoopa Valley Reservation Hualapai Reservation The Navajo Nation Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation Rincon Indian Reservation San Carlos Apache Reservation Santa Rosa Rancheria Susanville Rancheria ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Benton Paiute Reservation, California Environmental Contact: Joseph C. Saulque Manager/Planner Uta Uta Gwaitu Paiute Tribe Benton Paiute Reservation Star Route 4 Box 56-A Benton, California 93512 (619) 933-2321 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Benton Paiute Reservation consists of 160 acres all of which are tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 90 Uta Uta Gwaitu Paiute. Tribal Government The five member Uta Uta Gwaitu Paiute Tribal Council, etablished by the Constitution of 1986, is the tribal governing body. The Council members and Chairman are elected at large by tribal members for two year terms. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include land use and water resource planning, water quality control, business/ commercial development, animal control and civil law. Ordinances for tax collection and licensing fees are in the development stage. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe does not yet have an environmental protection program. Studies have been done regarding soil analysis and the protection of endangered species, and ordinances are being developed regarding ani- mal control. There are only two tribal offices, the Office of the Manager/Planner and the Fiscal Office. Part of the Manager/Planner's current responsibilities is to work on environmental programs. There is no committee within the tribal government which addresses environ- mental issues, but the tribal government has cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service regarding water quality monitoring and standards enforcement as well as sanitation and waste disposal. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. Land resources are used for residential purposes only, and water resources are used for wells (two in all). Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is monitored by the state, but it is not known for what parameters. It is unknown if national ambient air quality standards have been violated. Air pollution sources on/near the reservation (within a fifty mile radius) are limited to wood burning stoves on the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no actual sources of water pollution. Potential sources include domestic waste (sewage) and sediment run- off due to construction. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no drinking water violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the past five years. Community Water Supply: There is one community water supply system on the reservation using 100% ground water. This system is not monitored, nor is it treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: There are no individual wells on the reservation. Water Usage: Figures are not available for average annual water const/motion in acre feet. Water, however, is used only for domestic and munici- pal purposes, and no surface water is consumed. Ninety-five per- cent of all ground water consumption is for domestic purposes and 5% for municipal purposes. ------- Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, but this is not a problem on the reservation. Tribal members use a dump site controlled by Mono County and a two acre Bureau of Land Management site. The tribe sponsors the recycling of aluminum but nothing else as yet. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Uta Uta Gwaitu Paiute Tribe did not identify any pressing environ- mental problems. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Berry Creek Rancheria, California Environmental Contact: Berry Creek Rancheria 1779 Mitchell Avenue Urville, California 95966 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The isolated Berry Creek Rancheria consists of 33 1/3 acres, all of which are tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 10 Tyme Maidu Indians. Tribal Government The four member Berry Creek Rancheria General Council, established by Articles of Association in 1977, is the tribal governing body. Council members/tribal officers are elected at large by tribal members for two year terms. The Council meets monthly. No information was available on the regulatory functions performed by the tribal govern- ment. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection program. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the rancheria. The development of forestry/timber resources is currently being planned as is the development of power generation capacities and irrigation. Air Quality The rancheria has no air quality program. Water Quality General and Drinking Water Quality: There have been no water quality violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. No information was avail- able on either current or potential sources of water pollution. ------- Community Water Supply: There is one community water supply system on the reser- vation which uses 100% ground water. It is not monitored at this time. Individual Water Supply: There are no individual wells on the rancheria. Water Usage: No average annual water consumption figures in acre feet are available. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Each house has its own septic tank. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal No information was available on the management of solid wastes. The tribe has no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal There is no problem with hazardous wastes on the rancheria. Nuclear Waste Storage and Disposal There is no problem with nuclear wastes on the rancheria. Tribal Priorities The ftencheria did not identify its environmental priorities. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Cabazon Indian Reservation, California Environmental Contact: Arthur Welmas Tribal Chairman Cabazon Band of Mission Indians Cabazon Indian Reservation 84-245 Indio Springs Drive Indio, California 92201 (619) 342-5155 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Cabazon Indian Reservation consists of 1,460 acres in three separate parcels miles from each other. Approximately 100 acres are tribally owned, and 460 acres are in allotment. The total population of the reservation is 56 (25 Cabazon Band, 8 other Indians and 23 non-Indians). Tribal Government The 18 member General Tribal Council consists of all adult members of the band. The five member Tribal Business Committee (including the chairman and other executive officers) is the governing body of the tribe. The Committee members and Chairman are elected at large by tribal members for four year terms. General Council meetings are held bi-weekly. This form of government was established by Articles of Association in 1965. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include land use and water resource planning, soil conservation, tax collec- tion and licensing fees including licensing fees on business, sales tax, gross income tax and a hunting tax, business/commercial develop- ment, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, occupa- tional health and safety, sanitation and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an adminstrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental program which is responsible for soil analysis, developing tribal environmental stan- dards, animal control, protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal, emergency preparedness/evacuation and the development of ordinances and codes for environmental issues and the control of future development. The tribal offices which conduct environmental programs are the Tribal Health and Safety Office and the Tribal Adminstration. ------- Two staff are employed to work on environment?! programs, ancf the Business Comimttee addresses environmental issues as well. In set1' tion, the tribal government has cooperative agreements with the Vculey Sanitary District for sanitation and waste disposal, with the United States Department of Agriculture for soil analysis, with the Fringr: Toed Lizard Habitat Area for the protection of endangered species, wio/' the county of Riverside Health & Sanitation Department for restaurant inspections, and informal agreements with local fire and police depart ments for emergency preparedness and evacuation. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for some sections but not for ail of the reservation. Land resources are currently being used for recreational and commercial development. Industrial/ manufacturing, recreational and commercial development and the deve- lopment of housing and apartments is being planned. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored by the tribe. Water Quality General Water Quality There are no actual sources of water pollution. Potential sources include sewage treatment plants and domestic wastes (sewage). Drinking Water Quality There have been violations of the State of California's bacteriological standards for drinking water in April 1984 and May 1985. This occurred in the ground water. There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: Water on the reservation is presently supplied by the City of Jndio on a fee basis. This is 100% ground water which is monitored four times a month for bacteriological quality and every four years for inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides. The system is not treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: There are no individual wells on the reservation. ------- Water Usage No figures are available for a breakdown of average annual water con- sumption in acre feet for different purposes. But total average, annual water consumption consists of 300-350 acre feet of ground water. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Community Systems: Section 19 (191 acres) of the Cabazon Indian Reservation is tied into Valley Sanitary District Sewage. Individual Systems: Four household septic tank systems are installed on the reservation. 121-Projects: N/fl. ft tribal ordinance exists controlling who and where septic tanks or district sewage exists. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and they are not a problem on the reservation. A dump site in an adjacent county is used. The tribe sponsors an aluminum recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribe has a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, and they are not a problem on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation except for the transportation of nuclear materials on the 1-10 Interstate. Tribal Priorities The Cabazon Reservation's environmental priorities are (1) the need for technical assistance in the development of air and water quality systems and monitoring capacity and (2) dust control. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Colorado River Indian Reservation, Arizona Environmental Contact: Colorado River Indian Tribal Council Route #1, Sox 23-8 Parker, Arizona 85344 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Colorado River Indian Reservation consists of 268,691 acres, of which 261,842 are tribally owned and 6,850 are in allotment. The enrolled members of the reservation are of Mohave, Chemehuevi, Hopi and Navajo descent, but they are all enrolled only as Colorado River Indian Tribes. The population of the reservation is 4,800. Tribal Government The 9 member Colorado River Indian Tribal Council, established by the Constitution of 1937 (revised 1975), is the tribal governing body. The Chairman and Council members are elected at large by tribal membership for four year terms. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include land use planning, licensing fees on business, business/commerical development, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sani- tation, natural resource development and civil and criminal law. The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analysis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, pesticide control, hazar- dous waste control and fish and game regulations. The tribal offices which conduct this program are the C.R.I.T. (Colorado River Indian Tribes) Environmental Protection Office, the C.R.I.T. Museum and the C.R.I.T. Fish and Game Department. The tribes directly employ a staff of two to work on environmental programs, and there are two committees within the tribal government, Environmental Protection and Agriculture, which address environmental issues. The tribes also have cooperative agreements with La Paz County for sanitation and waste disposal, with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and with the California Fish and Game Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the protection of endangered species. There is also a program for Pesticide Use Control. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Land resources are currently being used for agricultural development, mining, industry, manufacturing, recreation, tourism, commercial development and grazing. Planning is currently going on for the use of land resources for forestry /timber and for additional industry/ manufacturing. Water resources are used for power generation, irriga- tion, fisheries, tourism/recreation, and transportation. Planning is underway for the use of water resources for the production of industrial grade gypsum. The tribes have not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Nor is the air monitored by any non-tribal agency. There are no major sources of air pollution within a fifty mile radius of the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. The reservation lakes /reservoirs are not suffering from either eutrophication or sedimentation. There are no actual sources of water pollution, but potential sources include sewage and water treatment plants, oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, urban and agricultural run-off, sediment run-off from mining, pesticide /herbicide /nutrient run-of, toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage and on-lot disposal. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no drinking water quality violations in the past five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are 3 community drinking water supply systems on the reser- vation. They use 100% ground water and are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. All the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: There are no individual wells on the reservation. ------- Water Usage Data were not available for the average annual use in acre feet of ground water and surface water for different purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information did not arrive in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribe has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, they are still a major problem on the reservation. Such wastes are currently disposed of in a 160 acre community landfill. The tribes have no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribes do have a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Although no hazardous wastes are generated on the reservation, some are stored there. PCB's and transformer oils have been stored on the reservation for 15 years but not in accordance with tribal or federal law. They are now in the process of being cleaned up. There are no abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation are not problems on the Colorado River reservation, although it is not known whether or not nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems on Colorado River in order of priority are water quality, air quality maintenance, pesticide control maintenance, and unauthorized solid waste dump sites. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Colusa Indian Community, California Environmental Contact: Michael E. Mitchum, Chairman Colusa Indian Community Council P.O. Box 8 Colusa, California 95932 (916) 458-8231 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction: The Colusa Indian Community consists of 227 acres, all tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 24 (19 Wintum, 3 other Indian and 2 non-Indian). Tribal Government The twenty-four member Colusa Indian Community Council consists of all members of the community. The Chairman is elected at large by tribal members for a one year term. The Council has special meetings as needed. This form of government was established by the Charter and Constitution of 1934. The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the areas of land use planning, business/commercial development, zoning and hunting/fishing/game management. The tribe has not adopted an admin- istrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection program. Nor is there even a committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has not been completed for the reservation. Land resources are currently used for agricultural development with recreational and commercial development planned for the future. Water resources are currently used for irrigation with the development of tourism and recreation planned for the future. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act, as the tribe does not monitor air quality. ------- h/ater Quality General Water Quality: The tribe has no water quality standards for the reservation river. There are no actual sources of water pollution,but potential sources include pesticide/ herbicide/nutrient run-off. Drinking Water duality: There nave been water quality violations of the community's drinking water in the past five years due to high bacterial levels. There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There is one community pump for the reservation. It uses 100% ground water and is monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: See above. Water Usage There is no data available for average annual water consump- tion in acre feet for different purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Each of the houses has its own septic tank. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Solid wastes are not a problem in the community. Some are disposed of in the community through individual incineration. The tribe has no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem in the community. ------- Mvciear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem in the community. Tribal Priorities The Colusa Indian Community has identified two environmental problems: high bacteria levels in ground water and run-off from pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers due to farming. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Ely Shoshone Colony, Nevada Environmental Contact: Sally Marques, Chairperson Ely Colony Council Ely Shoshone Colony 16 Shoshone Circle Ely, Nevada 89301 (702) 289-3013 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Ely Colony consists of 111 acres, of which 100 acres are tribally owned. This reservation is actually three neighborhoods in the town of Ely, Nevada. The population of the Colony is 366: 242 Shoshone tribal members; 97 other Indian; and 27 non-Indian. Tribal Government The five member Ely Colony Council, established by the Constitution of 1967, is the tribal governing body. Council members are elected at large for two year terms, and the Council appoints from their member- ship a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and a Secretary-Treasurer, also for tivo-year terms. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include land use planning, business/commercial development, zoning, animal control and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection program. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification is not yet completed for the colony. Land resource usage is currently restricted to domestic housing and commercial development. Further commercial development as well as recreational and industrial/manufacturing development are in the planning stages. Air Quality The Colony has no air quality program. Kennecott Copper, the major air pollution source, is currently shut down. ------- Water Quality Ely Colony uses City of Ely water. There are no actual sources of water pollution. Potential sources are limited to hazardous materials spills. Water Usage No information is available on the Colony's average annual water con- sumption isolated from the town of Ely's water consumption. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Ely Colony uses City of Ely Sewer, which is a five-cell ftirated Lagoon, serving 1,000 homes. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Tribal members use the Municipal landfill, and solid wastes are not a problem for the Colony. The Colony does not sponsor a recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are no problem for the community, but an old County dump on land granted to the Colony in 1977 has to be analyzed and cleaned up. Nuclear Waste/Radiation fls far as Colony members know, nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem except for the transportation of nuclear materials through the reservation. Tribal Priorities Ely Colony's major environmental problem is animal control. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Hopi Reservation, Arizona Environmental Contact: Wayne Taylor, Jr. Staff Assistant Office of the Vice Chairman The Hopi Tribe P.O. Box 123 Kykotsmovi, Arizona 86039 (602) 734-2441, Extension 111 Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Hopi Reservation consists of 1,561,054 acres. The population of the reservation is 9,000. Tribal Government The 16 member Hopi Tribal Council, including the Chairman and Vice-Chairman, which was established by the adoption of a constitu- tion and by by-laws in 1936, is the tribal governing body. The chairman and Vice Chairman are elected by tribal membership for four year terms. The rest of the Council members are elected by villages, also for four year terms. The Council meets quarterly with special sessions monthly. The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the following areas: land use planning, licensing fees on business, sales tax, peddlers permits, business/commercial development, the development of both energy and non-energy minerals and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analy- sis, animal control, the protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, emergency preparedness/evacuation and the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement for the Black Mesa Coal Operation. The tribal offices which conduct the environmental programs are the Division of Economic and Natural Resources (Donald Ami, Division Director), the Office of Mining and Reclamation Enforcement (Nat Nutongla), and the Hopi Veterinary Services. There is also a committee within the tribal government, the Resources Committee, which addresses environmental issues. A staff of approximately ten is employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs. The tribe also has cooperative agreements with the Indian ------- Health Service's Office or Environmental healtn ror wsier tonng and standards enforcement and for sanitation dnd waste OISDJ. The Indian Health Service and the Hopi Veterinarian Service do a Cooperative animal control program, and the tribe has additional ^ooosrative agreements with the Office of Surface Mining for soil ana- lysis with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the protection opt ,i'jdf>qered species, with the Department of Energy for emergency preparedness/evacuation and with the Department of the Interior/SHPO 'or historic and cultural preservation. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. The development of mining, industrial/manufacturing (limited), commercial, grazing and traditional agricultural resources is eurrcntii being implemented. The development of commercial, agricultural and recreational resources is currently being planned. Water resources -TV? currently being used for power generation, irrigation, fisheries an-1 the tranportation of coal slurry. The use of water resources for tourism/recreation is being planned. Air Quaility The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act, but air quality is monitored on a special study basis both by the federal government and privately, by the Office of Surface Mining (Rade Orell, Albuquerque Field Office) and by the Peabodie Coal Company (Gary Melvin, Arizona Divison). Tribal officials did not know what parameters were -being monitored. However, national ambient air quality standards have been violated. Both 24-hour primary & secondary TSP standards were violated at Black Mesa in 1985, and there are seaso- nal violations of national standards at the Tuba City Uranium Mine tailings site. Major air pollution sources are mining at Black Mesa 20 miles away, road construction reservaton wide and village residential coal/wood burning on the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: Actual sources of water pollution are oxidation ponds, industrial discharges (uranium tailings), landfill leachate, and sediment run-off due to mining. Potential sources of water pollution include both oxidation ponds and municipal discharges and hazar- dous materials spills. ------- Drinking Water Quality: There have been drinking water quality violations: Polucca well exceeded the maximum contaminant level for nitrates and, there- fore, a new well is being developed. Lower Moenkopi has had periodic bacteriological violations, and that water source is currently being redeveloped. There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply: There are 12 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. One (8%) uses surface water; 11 (92%) use ground water. The systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and every three years for inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides. Seventeen percent of the systems are treated with chlorine and 42% with fluoride. Individual Water Supply: Three homes, or less than 1% of the homes and population on the reservation, are served by individual wells. The Indian Health Service does not monitor individual wells. Water Usage Data on average annual consumption of ground and surface water for different purposes in acre feet was not available. Solid Waste Storage & Disposal The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes which are a major problem on the reservation. Currently, solid wastes are disposed of in approximately 30 dumps totaling about 100 acres and through community and individual incineration. There is no tribally sponsored recycling program although some indi- viduals recycle aluminum. Hazardous Waste Storage & Disposal There is no tribal plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. No hazardous wastes are generated or stored on the reservation and there are no abandoned hazardous waste sites. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Thre are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor is there presently any mining underway or any abandoned or stand by uranium mines on the reservation. However, at ------- Tuba City is an abandoned uranium mine tailing site which has been in existence nearly 30 years. Reclamation activities are currently underway under the Uranuim Mine Tailings Remediation Act (UMTRA) requirements. There are also potentially three uranium processing mills within 50 miles of the reservation (at Tusuan, Arizona, near the Grand Canyon). Hopi has not, however, been selected as a poten- tial area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site. Nor are nuclear materials transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities Hopi has identified the following environmental problems as the most pressing in order of priority: water depletion (ground/surface); soil conservation; waste disposal, both sewage and solid, and range deterioration due to overgrazing. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Hoopa Valley Reservation, California Environmental Contact: George Kalistik, Director Environmental Protection Department Hoopa Valley Business Council P.O. Box 727 Hoopa, California 95546 (916) 625-4269 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction Hoopa Valley Reservation consists of approximately 90,000 acres, 80,000 acres of which is tribally owned and 10,000 acres of which is in allotment. The population of the reservation is 3,000 and is made up of these tribes: Hoopa, Yurok and Karok. Tribal Government The eight member Hoopa Valley Business Council is the reservation governing body. The Council members and the chairman are elected by tribal members by district/geographic region for two year terms of office. The Council meets bi-weekly. This government was established by the Constitution and By-Laws adopted in 1950 and revised in 1972. The Council currently performs regulatory functions in the areas of land use planning, water resource planning, business/commercial development, sanitation, timber and fish resources development. Draft codes are in the process of being developed for water and energy) development. Additional codes are being drafted for sanitation and timber resources development. The tribes have adopted an administra- tion procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, protecting endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation and for cultural and archaeological site protection. They have partial responsibility for air and water quality monitoring and for soil analysis. The tribal office which conducts the environmental programs is the Environmental Protection Department. Two and one third staff people are employed by the tribes to carry out the environmental programs. There are cooperative agreements with the State Water Quality Board for water quality monitoring, with the Environmental Protection Agency and California Health Services for environmental rehabilitation and reclamation and with the United States Forestry Service on culturally significant issues. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. Forestry/timber, gravel mining, recreational, commercial and grazing resources are currently being developed, and there are plans for agricultural development. Water resources are used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation. There are plans for the use of water resources for power generation. Air Quality The tribes have not designated air quality standards as provided in The Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored. Major air pollution sources on or near the reservation include a timber mill, wood burning for heat, incineration of trash and debris in con- tainers, open pit burning of trash and debris and controlled burning for timber stand treatment, all occurring on or within 12 miles of the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. Actual sources of water pollution affecting the reservation include domestic wastes (sewage), agricultural run-off, and sediment run-off from construction, mining and timber production and harvesting. Potential sources include sewage treatment plants, landfill leachate, urban run- off and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off. Drinking Water Quality: Two years ago there was a violation of the drinking water bacteriological quality in both ground and surface water, but there have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. Community Water Supply: There are three community drinking water supply systems on the servation. Seventy-five percent use surface water as a source and 25% use ground water as a source. All of the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality, one system is monitored annually for inorganics, one is monitored annually for pesticides and 25% of the systems are monitored annually for radionuclides. Ninety percent of the community water supply systems are treated for water quality. ------- individual Water Supply: Seventy-five percent of the homes on the reservation are served by individual wells. This covers about 25% of the population. Ten percent of the wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality. No other monitoring is done. Water Usage Total annual average water consumption amounts to 2498 acre feet of surface water and 294 acre feet of ground water for domestic municipal, and industrial purposes and for fisheries and irrigation. Irrigation (1529 acre feet of surface water and 15'acre feet of ground water) and domestic uses (830 acre feet of surface water and 270 acre feet of ground water) account for the bulk of the consumption. Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to include in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes even though this is a major and growing problem on the reservation. Presently, solid wastes are disposed of in community dump sites and landfills (6 acres total) and in roadside dumps and through in- dividual incineration. The tribes engage in limited recycling of aluminum and paper. Hoopa is one of the only reservations to have any recycling activity at all. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. /Although hazardous wastes are not generated on the reservation, they are stored on the reservation in a small way (brush killer and rodent poisons for home use and the underground storage tanks of the reser- vations' three gas stations). There are also abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation (Celtor Chemical Works, Copper Bluffs Mine, and Masonite Mill). ------- Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent waste disposal site, but although nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation, they are transported 12 miles to the south. Tribal Priorities Hoopa Valley Reservation's most pressing environmental problems in order of priority are abandoned hazardous waste and other indus- trial sites, solid waste disposal, the lack of implementable land use, zoning, building and other development control measures and plans, slides, slope failure and stream sedimentation due to roads, logging and other development, septic system failure, loss of quality of old growth forest and other sensitive habitat, potential threat of extensive pesticide use on and near the reservation, disturbance of traditional use and culturally significant resources and the absence of a comprehensive resource recovery (recycling) program. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Hualapai Reservation, Arizona Environmental Contact: Hualapai Tribal Council P.O. Box 168 Peach Springs, Arizona 86434 (602) 769-2216 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Hualapai Reservation consists of 933,083 acres, approximately 992,434 acres of which are tribally owned and 640 of which are in allotment. The population of the reservation is 1200. Tribal Government The nine member Hualapai Tribal Council, established by executive order in 1955, is the tribal governing body. Council members are elected at large for two year terms, as is the tribal chairman. The Council meets monthly. The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: water resource planning, water quality control, hunting/fishing/ game management, animal control, natural resource development (especially as regards fishing), and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for water quality monitoring, developing tribal environmental standards, and animal control. The Hualapai Tribal Health Department conducts the environmental program with a paid staff of one. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analyses and classification has been completed for the reservation. Forestry/timber and grazing resources are currently being used, and agricultural development is being planned. Water is currently used for tourism/recreation and for transportation. Air Quality The tribe has no air quality program. ------- tofeter Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes, but there is some problem with entrophication and sedimentation. There are no present sources of water pollution, but oxidation ponds, hazardous material spills and landfill leachate constitute potential sources of water pollution. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no water quality violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. Community Water Supply: There are two community drinking water supply systems, fen percent of the water is surface water and 90% is ground water. Both systems are monitored for bacteriological quality monthly, for inorgnaics every three years, and for radionuclides every four years. There is no monitoring for pesticides. Both systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: There are no individual family wells on the reservation. Water Usage There is no information on water usage in acre feet. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no written plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and solid wastes are a growing probelm on the reservation. There is a one acre community dumpsite. There is no reservation recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage & Disposal The tribal govenment has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, nor are hazardous wastes generated or stored on the reservation either currently or in the past. ------- Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are, however, uranium deposits on the reservation, but none are currently being mined, nor have they been mined in the past. There are no other radioative materials mined on the reservation, nor has the reservation been selected as a potential permanent nuclear waste dispo- sal site. Within fifty miles of the reservation there are no uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites. No nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Hualapai Tribal Council has identified the following environmental problems in order of priority: personal injury and safety, solid waste disposal, animal control, water and sewage system maintenance and home sanitation. ------- HftRRATlVT PROFILE /a.i; /\-.«t.ion, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah '/:• ;;..•/ ,•., i-v, LCQJ.L Counsel 'If ice or .he ir. drman a..;?:' r,,;u( "; ,;o r, .v/rjtiv/ Office ..'- Ppginns VI and VTIJ: Mike Monroe, • i OL' v;.oc/r,ir o)' i6;19),J58.0/ acres fas of •',,'•, ':•/; i4 ,,cres of Trust Lane/, 508,000 acres •' •. -''"''. - '", 265.13 acres of bureau of Land ;-,,' •:•' -.6 .;rres in allotments and 109,249.24 i .;...- nr fni" 14,769,221.14 acres are trioally / ; ;.'..;•;...' i'^ vi in -no' other Indians and 5,465 non-Indians. . :•" ,'Lri:-,-iru 4,3,000 Neva jo on the allotted and fee -. • : r~"fir-r<, '.) the reservation. / , .n\r.' cf the ree:i i"if ion, Council mp c.:.'..,-i/. r ,..,,'?rir:'i hj' district./geographic region for „!. LuUinLl meetings art held quarterly. .n .-julicy docuit:i~:nt, only rrioal resolutions. ------- The tribal government performs regulatory fun-iion'? iy •- energy) development and civil and criminal :~>y. /•••_ '-•'•-•• adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastrucruir The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analysis, the development and enforcement of tribal environmen- tal standards, animal control, the protection of endangered 5pecir sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/ied we* ~ tion and the control of pesticides and radiation. The tribal organizations which conduct these programs include the Air o.(r''?f; Program, Archaeology, The Pesticide Regulatory Program, Project Review, UMTRA, The Nava.jo Coal and Reclamation Program, the D^p^.it^'-' of Water Management and the Navajo Environmental Protection Adminis- tration. There is also a committee within the tribal council whiui addresses environmental issues, The Resources Committee. The 1iib:j employs 40 staff to work on environmental programs: UMTRA, &; Novajo Coal Commission, Environmental Quality, 14; Archaeology, 79: the w?U' Quality Section of the Department of Water Management, 2, and The Water Regulation Section of the same department, 2. The tribe has cooperative agreements with the national EPA office for air quality monitoring and air quality standards enforcement, with the EPA, rteaio' IX office for water quality monitoring and with the Office of 5urf'9'?v Mining and Department of Energy for environmental rehabilitation/reclamation. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification are partially (30%} completed reservation. The use of agricultural, forestry/timber, mining - industrial /manufacturing, recreational, commercial and gra?i--q is currently being implemented with further agricultural goo1 re tional development in the planning stages. Grazing, h wevert i uncontrolled. Water is used for irrigation, fisheries and recreation. The use of water resources for power qe^e-.'^in the further development of irrigation, fjshpn'h-; pnr' •(•/--•/" is in the planning stages. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in The Clean air Act. However, the Navajo Air Quality Control Program is currently working on gathering air quality data and designing an air quality program with the anticipated completion date of the end of FY 1987. Meanwhile, air quality is monitored on a special study basis by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Region IX. The monitoring includes data for total suspended particulates, sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and visibility. Although there have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality standards, major air pollution sources on and within a fifty mile radius of the reservation include 6 fossil fuel power plants (Four Corners, San Juan Power, Cholla Power, Page Power, Plains Electric and Dineh Power-proposed), 4 areas of surface mining (Peabody-two leases, Pittsburgh and Midway and Utah International), one petroleum refinery (Ciniza), numerous oil and gas companies and CO-2 processing plants (El Paso, Gallup, Four Corners, Aneth, Utah), 1 sawmill-NFPI (Navajo, New Mexico), 4 uranium mill tailings projects (Shiprock, Monument Valley, Mexican Hat, and Tuba City), numerous landfills and open burning, unpaved roads, vehicle emissions, and road and other construction projects. Water Quality General Water Quality: The tribe has no water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. No lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication; some are suffering from sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants, oil spills, agricultural run-off, and sediment run-off from construction and mining. Potential sources of water pollution include oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial discharges, dosmestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage. Drinking Water Quality In the past five years there have been primary drinking water quality violations with radionuclides and a small number of violations with fluoride, selenium, arsenic and nitrates. There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases. ------- Community Water Supply: There are 215 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. Three per cent use surface water, and 97% use ground water. All the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality, every three years for inorganics and every four years for radionuclides. The systems were monitored for pesticides the first time screening was done in 1979-80. Thirty-two per cent of the systems are treated for water quality (fluoride and chlorine). Individual Water Supply: Approximately 35% of the reservation population haul their water from windmills and developed springs. None of these water sources are monitored. Water Usage The average annual consumption of water for various purposes is as follows: 600 acre feet of surface water (0.2% of total surface water consumption) and 300 acre feet of ground water (0.8% of total ground water consumption) for domestic purposes, 700 acre feet (0.2%) of surface water and 9300 acre feet (23.5%) of ground water for municipal purposes, 290,000 acre feet (92.4%) of surface water and 10,000 acre feet (25.3%) of ground water for irrigation, 3000 acre feet (7.6%) of ground water for industrial purposes, 5000 acre feet (1.6%) of surface water and 14,00 acre feet (35.4%) of ground water for mineral development, 10,000 acre feet (3.2%) of surface water for recreational purposes and lake evaporation, 3,000 acre feet (7.6%) of ground water for livestock and 7500 acre feet (2.4%) of surface water for stock pond evaporation. Total Navajo average water consumption is 313,800 acre feet of surface water and 39,600 acre feet of ground water annually. Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage) Community Systems: Navajo has 168 community systems. Individual Systems: Navajo has 9,500 individual systems. I21-Projects: Navajo has 577 121~Projects for water, water and sewer, and just sewer. Meanwhile 9,300 homes on Navajo lack any kind of sanitation facil ities (Indian Health Service Navajo Area Profile). ------- Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Solid waste disposal is a major and growing problem on Navajo. The tribe does have a plan for solid waste disposal and is currently developing codes and regulations for the implementation of the plan. Presently, solid wastes are disposed of in community dump sites and landfills. The usual withdrawn dump site is 5 - 10 acres. People also make their own dump sites within their own land use areas. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage ,and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are uranium deposits on the reservation but no deposits of other radioactive materials. There is no uranium mining currently underway on the reservation, but there is the Kerr McGee mine at Churchrock which is currently on stand-by due to the depressed uranium market. There are four piles of uranium tailings on the reservation (at Shiprock, New Mexico,and Monument Valley, and Mexican Hat, Utah, and Tuba City, Arizona). Some of these tailings have been stored on the reservation for J5 years and not in accordance with applicable tribal and federal law. Reclamation activities are presently underway through the UMTRA (Uranium Mine Tailings Remediation Act) Project. The Shiprock site is presently being stabilized; the Tuba City site is in the planning stages}and the Monument Valley and Mexican Hat sites are in the data collection stages. There are also two uranium pro- cessing mills within fifty miles of the reservation, one at Grants, New Mexico (Ambrosia Lake) and an inactive mill at Blanding, Utah. There are no nuclear power generation facilities or current waste storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. Nor has Navajo been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site. Nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities Navajo has identified the following environmental problems in order of priority: the management of radioactive wastes (tailings, abandoned mines, the contamination of the Rio Puerco and the Little Colorado by uranium waste), coal mining and its associated problems (reclamation, leaching, coal dust, coal slurry pipeline problems), oil and gas company depletion of water in oil & gas operations because of injection wells, domestic wastes (septic tanks), over grazing, lack of refores- tation and the potential problem of underground storage tanks for hazardous wastes. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation, Nevada Environmental Contact: Joe H. Ely, Tribal Chairman Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribal Council P.O. Box 256 Nixon, Nevada 89424 (702) 574-0140 EPA Region IX, Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation consists of 475,086 acres, all tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 1,285 Indians, the lion's share Paiute and 566 non-Indians, for a total population of 1,851 within the reservation boundaries. (This includes fee patent/squatter lands.) Tribal Government The ten member Tribal Council, established by charter in 1936, is the tribal governing body. Council members are elected at large, for two year terms, as is the Tribal Chairman. The council meets monthly. The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following area: land use planning, water resource planning, water quality control, soil control, tax collection and licensing (on businesses, for sales tax, and on utilities), business and commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, development of fish and mineral resources, and civil and criminal law. The tribe also has an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental proctection pro- gram, which is responsible for air quality and water quality monitoring, developing tribal environmental standards and protecting endangered species of animals. The program is conducted through the Pyramid Lake Fisheries and Fisheries Board. The latter is a committee of the tribal government. There are three staff employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs. The tribe has cooperative agreements with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service for work in environmental rehabilitation and reclamation and for the protection of endangered species. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed. Recreational, commercial and grazing resources are currently being developed with the development of agriculture resources in the planning stages for the future. Water is used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/ recreation. Air Quality The tribe has no air quality program, nor is the reservation air monitored by ayone else. The two sources of off-reservation air pollution (within a radius of fifty miles are the Fernely Cement Plant fJ miles away) and the Reno/Sparks area (30 miles away). Water Quality General Water Quality: Some reservation lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutro- phication. fictual sources of pollution are sewage treatment plants, municipal discharges, domestic wastes fsewage), urban run-off, and agricultural and pesticide/herbivore/nutrient run- off, while potential sources of water pollution include indus- trial discharges, hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate and sediment run-off. Community Water Supply: There are three community drinking water supply systems on the reservation all of which use groundwater. All systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and annually for inorganics and radionuclides. No monitoring is done for pesticides. One hundred per cent of the community water supply systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Thirty per cent of the homes and thirty per cent of the population on the reservation are served by individual wells. No monitoring of the wells is done. Water Usage: One thousand six hundred seventy-five (1675) acre feet of groundwatei (19% of all the ground water used on the reservation) is used for domestic purposes; 7000 acre feet (81%) are used for irrigation. ------- Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Community Systems: Fifty (50) homes in Sutcliffe are served by a lagoon. Individual Systems: Septic/Leachfield systems are generally located in fast draining soils and may promote pollution to the lower Truckee River. 121-Projects: There are no Public Law 86-121 Projects currently being implemented at Pyramid Lake. The tribe seemed to be unfamiliar with this program. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, but it is a growing problem on the reservation. There are three four-acre community waste disposal sites (12 acres in all) and no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no uranium deposits or deposits of any other radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor is there a uranium processing mill, a nuclear power generation facility or a nuclear waste storage site within fifty miles of the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Pyramid Lake Pauite Tribal Council has identified the following environmental problems in order of priority: Truckee River water quality and guantity, the Sutcliffe Community domestic water system and community solid waste disposal sites. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Rincon Indian Reservation, California Environmental Contact : Dennis Smith Tribal Administrator Rincon, San Luiseno Band of Mission Indians Business Committee P.O. Sox 68 Valley Center, California 92082 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction: The Rincon Indian Reservation of the San Luiseno Band of Mission Indians consists of 3,960 acres. It is unknown how much is tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 427. Tribal Government The five member Rincon Band of Mission Indians Business Committee, established by the Articles of Association of 1960, is the tribal governing body. The Committee members, Chairman and other executive officers are elected by tribal membership through general membership balloting for two year terms. The Committee meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include hunting/fishing/game management. The band has not adopted an admin- istrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The band is not currently implementing an environmental protection program. There is no committee within the band government which exclusively addresses environmental issues. However, the band has cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have not been completed for the reservation. Land resources are used for agricultural and commer- cial development. Water resources are used /\.r power generation. ------- Air Quality The band has not designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored by the band. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for the reservation river. There are no current water pollution sources. A potential source is landifll leachate. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no violations of drinking water quality or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years. Community Water Supply: There are two drinking water supply systems on the reservation. They use 100% ground water. They are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides but not treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Ten percent of the houses and 15% of the population of the reservation are served by individual wells. These wells are never monitored. Water Usage Data is not available for average annual water consumption in acre feet for different purposes. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglectd in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The band government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, but they are not a problem on the reservation. Currently, such wastes are disposed of in a 10 acre community dump site. The band has no recycling program. ------- Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Rincon Reservation's major environmental priority is a community dump site. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona Environmental Contact: Ned Anderson, Chairman San Carlos Apache Tribe P.O. Box 0 San Carlos, Arizona 85500 (602) 475-2361 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The San Carlos Reservation consists of 2,854 square miles. 1,826,541 acres of which is tribally owned and 825 acres of which is in allotment. The population of the reservation is 8,976. Tribal Government The nine member San Carlos Apache Tribal Council is the tribal governing body. Council members and the Chairman are elected by tribal membership by district/geographic region for four year terms. The Council meets monthly. This government was established by Charter in 1841. The Council performs regulatory functions in land use planning, tax collection and licensing fees (severance tax on minerals, licensing fees on business and grazing fees), business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/ game management, animal control, sanitation, and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adapted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe as a whole is not currently implementing an environmental protection program although there is a committee, The San Carlos Tribal Health, Education and Welfare Committee, within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues. Also, 20 people (more than in most other tribes) are currently employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs such as the tribe's cooperative program with IHS for water quality monitoring and with FEMA for emergency preparedness. Tribal Natural Resource Use No information was available on soil analysis and classification or on land resource usage. The use of water resources for irrigation is currently being planned. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in The Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored. The major sources of air pollution are four mines about 25 miles away from the reser- vation. Water Quality General Water Quality There are no tribal -water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. The lakes/reservoirs are suffering from sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution are industrial discharges, landfill leachate, agricultural run-off and on-lot disposal. Potential sources include sewage treat- ment plants, municipal discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), oil and hazardous materials, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run- off and toxicant build-up due to pesticide use. Drinking Water Quality There have been some ground water sampling technique problems in the last five years but no actual water quality violations There have, however, been some outbreaks of water borne diseases but not in the community water systems. Community Water Supply: There are 10 community drinking water supply systems on the rerservation all of which use ground water. Half of the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. No other monitoring is done. Half of the systems are also treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Only 1% of the homes on the reservation are served by indivi- dual wells which amounts to about .5% of the reservation popula- tion. Eighty percent of these wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality. Water Usage No information was available on average annual water consumption in acre feet. ------- Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. No additional information was received in time to include it in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government is in the process of making a plan for the disposal of solid wastes which is a major problem on the reservation. Presently, solid wastes are disposed of at the 15-16 acre, community dumpsite and by individual incineration. There is no tribal recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of hazar- dous wastes. Although no hazardous wastes are generated on the reservation, such wastes, mostly asbestos, have been stored there for a year and not in accordance with federal law. There are also abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Although there are no remaining deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation, there are abandoned uranium mines and uranium tailings on the reservation. The abandoned mines and tailings are at the Hilltop site, and no reclamation activities are presently underway. Although there is an inoperative uranium processing mill within fifty miles of the reservation, there are no nuclear power generation facilities or other nuclear waste storage sites within fifty miles of the reservation. Nor has the reservation been selected as a potential area for a permanent waste disposal site. It is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the reserva- tion. Tribal Priorities The overwhelming environmental priority for The San Carlos Apache Reservation is solid waste management. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Santa Rosa Rancheria, California Environmental Contact: Santa Rosa Rancheria Tribal Council 16835 Alkali Drive Lemoore, California 93245 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Santa Rosa Rancheria of the Tachi Indians consists of 170 acres of which 160 acres are tribally owned and 10 are in allotment. The population of the rancheria is 325. Tribal Government The four member Santa Rosa Tribal Council,established by Constitution and By-Laws in 1963, is the tribal governing body. Council members and other officials are elected by tribal members at large for two year terms. The Council meets monthly. The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include land use and water resource planning, water and air quality control, soil conservation, tax collection and licensing fees, business/ commerical development,, occupational health and safety and civil law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is not yet implementing an environmental protection program but is developing a comprehensive one with the Region IX Environmental Protection Agency. The Tribal Business Council will conduct the program. The tribe already employs one staff person to work on environmental issues. As yet the tribal government has no committee which addresses specifically environmental issues. The tribe does have cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement and for soil analysis, with Sunset Waste Disposal Company for sanitation and waste disposal, and with Rings County for animal control. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. Land resource use is being planned for agricultural, industrial/manufacturing and commercial development. Water resource planning focuses on the development of recreational fishing. ------- Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored. Major sources of air pollution in a fifty mile radius are the Ketterman Hills Chemical Waste Dump, the Bacon Oil Refinery and agricultural spraying. All are/occur between one and 22 miles from the reservation. Water Quality Drinking Water Quality: Elevated levels of coliform bacteria were found in the drinking water, and there was a case of hepatitis (2-26-86). Community Water Supply: There are two community drinking water supply systems on the rancheria, both of which use ground water. Both systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and annually for inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides. One of the systems is treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: There are no individual wells on the rancheria. NOTE: From this point on the Santa Rosa Rancheria's survey form was blank. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Susanville Rancheria, California Environmental Contact: Susanville Indian Rancheria Business Committee P.O. Drawer U Susanville, California 96130 (916) 257-6264 EPA Region IX: Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Susanville Rancheria consists of 150 acres, all tribally owned. The Rancheria population is made up of 380 decendants of approxima- tely three tribes, the Maidu, Paiute and Pit River. Tribal Government The 3 member Business Committee, established by the Constitution and By-laws of 1969, is the tribal governing body. The Chairman and Committee members are elected at large by tribal members for two year terms. The Committee meets monthly. The tribal govern- ment performs no regulatory functions, and the tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes are not currently implementing an environmental protec- tion program. There is no committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues, and the tribal government has no cooperative agreements with other governmental entities (local, state, or federal) for the purpose of protecting the environment. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have not been completed for the reservation. No information was available on land or water resource use. Air Quality The tribes have not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored by any authority. No information was available on major air pollution sources. ------- Water Quality General Water Quality There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes. The lakes/reservoirs are not suffering from eutorphication or sedimentation. The actual source of water pollution is urban run-off. Drinking Water Quality There have been no violations of the reservation's drinking water in the past five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply There is one community water supply system for the rancheria which uses 100% ground water. It is not monitored, but it is treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply There are no individual wells serving the rancheria. Domestic Waste Disposal (SewageJ fThis area was neglected in the original survey. Additional information was not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, they are a growing problem on the reservation. They are presently disposed of in a community landfill of unknown size and through individual incineration. The tribal government does not sponsor a recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but they are neither generated nor stored on the rancheria. Nuclear Waste/Radiation Nuclear waste/radiation are not a problem on the rancheria. ------- Tribal Priorities The Susanville Rancheria identified the following as the rancheria's most pressing environmental problems in order of priority: two dilapidated abandoned houses, abandoned cars and garbage in the yards. ------- REGION X Indian Work Group Coordinator: Rick Seaborne Colville Confederated Tribes Fort Hall Reservation Quinault Reservation Umatilla Reservation Warm Springs Reservation Yakima Indian Reservation ------- Colville Confederated Tribes Reservation, Washington Environmental Contact: Gary Passmore, Director Myra Clark, Watershed Manager Hydrology Department Colville Confederated Tribes P.O. Box 150 Nespelem, Washington 99155 (509) 634-4763) EPA Region X: Rick Seaborne, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Colville reservation consists of 1,373,000 square acres/ 1/023,641 acres of which (75 percent) is tribally owned and 39,598 acres of which (3 percent) is in allotment. The population of the reservation is made up of eleven bands (Colville, Palus, Methow, Okanogan, Chelan/Entiot, Wenatchee, San Poil, Moses/Columbia, Lakes, Nez Perce, Nespelem) consisting of 3,674 people. In addition there are 194 Indians of other tribes and 3,571 non-Indians for a total reservation population of 7,439. Tribal Government The 14 member Colville Business Council is the tribal governing body. Council members are elected by district/geographic region for two year terms. Officers, including the Chairman, are elected by council members from their own ranks for one year terms. The full Council meets bi-weekly but the Council's 13 committes (consisting of 4-9 Council members) meet weekly except for the ------- Election Committee which meets less regularly on an as needed basis. This government was established by an IRA Constitution in 1938. The Council performs regulatory functions in land use planning, water resource planning and quality control, TERO (Tribal Employment Rights Office) taxes and permit fees, business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/ game management, animal control, sanitation, timber, fish and mineral (energy and non-energy minerals) development and civil and criminal law. The Colesville Confederated Tribes have adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for water quality monitoring, soil analysis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation and emergency preparedness. The following tribal offices conduct these programs: The Hydrology Department, the Fish and Wildlife Department, the Public Works Department and the Geology Department. Staff in the above mentioned departments work on environmental programs in conjunction with other programs' goals. Full time equivalent employee hours spent on environmental programs are not available. ------- In addition, The Colville Environmental Quality Commission, one of the tribal government's committees, addresses environmental issues. The tribal government also has cooperative agreements with the Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Washington for water quality monitoring and water quality standards enforcement and for the tribes' Water Quality Management Plan regulations (under Section 208 of the Clean Water Act) regarding non-point source pollution for forest practices, mining practices and on-site waste water disposal. Tribal Natural Resource Use The bulk of the reservation is rural (378,451 acres), with 20,749 acres semi-rural, 4,922 acres suburban and 2,874 acres urban and unicorporated. The reservation has 94,843 acres suitable for agricultural development, 858,579 acres for forestry/timber, and 12,845 acres for industry/manufacturing. Forestry/timber, mining, recreation and grazing resources are currently being developed. Plans are in the works for additional development in mining, recreation and grazing and for initial commercial development. There are 5 major rivers and-175 lakes of 5 or more acres in size on the reservation. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and for transportation (the 3 mile Inchelium and Keller ferries). ------- Additional development of fisheries is being planned as well as the development of 93 miles of river for tourism/recreation. Air Quality The tribe has designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is designated under Class II and is monitored on a special study basis by the tribe and privately (Washington Water Power P.O. Box 3737, Grahame, Washington, 99220, Doug Pottratz 509-489-0500 and Ray Kelleher Shop 509-328-5895). The monitoring includes data for total suspended particulates, sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide ozone, lead, air toxics and visibility. There have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality standards. Major sources of air pollution on or within a fifty mile radius of the reservation include prescribed fires (slash and grass), wood burning, and wild fires. Water Quality Individual Water Supply; There are many individual wells, but again/ data is not available on them due to a lack of baseline surveys, General Water Quality; Tribal water quality standards for reservation streams and lakes were adopted January, 1985, and went into effect February, 1985. Standards reflect uses to be ------- protected as prioritized by the Tribal Business Council. No violations have been documented to date. Monitoring is done on a regular basis on the major streams and on an as needed basis on tributaries and other surface waters. Again, funding is needed for baseline data acquisition. Lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include hazardous materials spills, agricultural run-off, and sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting. Sources of potential pollution are sewage and treatment plans, municipal and industrial discharge, domestic wastes (sewage), sediment run-off due to mining, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off, toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage and on-lot disposal. Drinking Water Quality; There has been one documented case of the aesthetic quality of an individual's water supply being degraded. The source of the degradation was under study frm 1981-1985 in cooperation with EPA and the results were inconclusive. Further information on drinking water quality violations or water borne diseases is not available from either the Indian Health Service or the local department of sanitation and health services. ------- Community Water Supply; There are 16 community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. Six percent use surface water and 94 percent use ground water. At least 75% of the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. The data received from the Indian Health Service is incomplete in that it deals only with Indian owned systems. Due to the diverse population within the reservation and subsequent jurisdictional boundaries (two counties, several municipalities, State and Federal, in addition to tribal) much of this data is not available at this time and is not necessarily indicative of no treatment or analysis. This illustrates the need for funding for tribal governments to do comprehensive surveys to identify existing conditions and unmet needs. Water Usage No information is available on average annual consumption of water from different sources for different purposes in acre feet per year. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) Data supplied from the Indian Health Service, the local sanitation department and tribal departments are by their own admission incomplete and funding is needed for a door to door survey to establish numbers, locations, and conditions of on-site wastewater disposal. ------- Best estimates indie te there are five community systems serving approximately 70% of the reservation's total population. There ar approximately 500 individual systems and approximately 250 121-Project systems. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, solid wastes are a major problem. Currently, they are disposed of in approximately 20 community open dump sites of about 5 acres each. Later this year a tribal transfer system will be implemented, and solid wastes will be disposed of off the reservation. There is no tribally sponsored recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Hazardous wastes are both generated and stored on the reservation, PCP and CAA are used and stored on site at the Incheium Wood Treatment Plant. This has been going on about 2 1/2 years, and all storage is in accordance with applicable tribal and federal law. There are no abandoned storage sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. There are two inactive uranium processing mills within fifty miles of the reservation at Ford and Wellpinit, Washington. There ------- 8 are no nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage facilities within fifty miles of the reservation. Nor has the reservation been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site. No data is available on the transportation of nuclear materials through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The most pressing environmental problems on Colville Reservation in order of priority are funding for the adoption, implementation and enforcement of tribal environmental protection plans and ordinances, the State of Washington's attempted assertion of jurisdiction regarding reservation environmental issues, inadequate baseline data, surface and ground water protection in regard to non-point source pollution due to agricultural, forestry, on-site water disposal and mining practices, solid waste disposal, unsuitable development of sensitive lands and hazardous/toxic waste management. ------- Fort Hall Reservation, Idaho Environmental Contact: Delbert Farmer, Reservation Pesticide Control Officer Land Use Commission Fort Hall Business Council P.O. Box 306 Fort Hall, Idaho 83206 (208) 238-3826 EPA Region X: Rick Seaborne, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Fort Hall Reservation consists of 543,900 acres, 257,725 of which are tribally owned and 231,975 of which are in allotment. Two tribes occupy the reservation, the Shoshones and Bannocks. The population of the reservation is between 4088 and 4788. Tribal Government The seven member Fort Hall Business Council, established in 1936, is the tribal governing body. Council members are elected at large for two year terms. The Chairman of the Council is appointed by the Council, also for a two year term, and the Council meets bi-weekly. The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: land use planning, ------- water resource planning, water quality control/ soil conservation, business and commercial development, zoning, hunting, fishing and game management, animal control, occupational health and safety, sanitation, natural resource development (fish and minerals), civil law and criminal law. The tribal government has adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for water quality monitoring, soil analysis, enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation and reclamation, emergency preparedness and evacuation, and pesticide regulation and enforcement. The tribal offices which conduct environmental programs are the Land Use Department, the Tribal Fish and Game Department and the Office of Tribal Biologists. The committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues is the Environmental Impact Committee, and the tribe employs ten staff in various fields and one attorney to work on environmental programs. The tribal government has cooperative agreements with the U.S. Geological Service to work on water quality monitoring, with the Bingham County Solid ------- Waste Disposal Department to work on sanitation and waste disposal, with the Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation and the Bureau of Land Management to work on environmental rehabilitation and reclamation, with the Soil Conservation Service to work on soil analysis and also another cooperative effort to work on emergency preparedness and evacuation. Tribal Natural Resources Use Information Soil analysis and classification was completed March 2, 1977, by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Interior an4 the University of Idaho. Agricultural, mineral, recreational, commercial and grazing resources are presently being used, and the use of industrial/manufacturing and further commercial resources is currently being planned. Water is currently used for irrigation and for fishery and the hunting of waterfowl and game. Fisheries are planned. Air Quality The tribal government has no designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act. Air quality is, however, monitored by the State of Idaho and by both the Simplex and FMC corporations. Air quality monitoring includes data for total suspended particulars ------- (monitored by the State of Idaho) and for sulfur dioxide (monitored by the State of Idaho and Simplex). Major air pollution sources near the reservation include mineral processing plants (phosphorous chemicals) (FMC and Simplex) and automobile exhaust. Water Quality General Water Quality; The reservation does not have water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers/ and lakes. Some of the lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication. Actual sources of water pollution include cropland, animal waste, and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off and stream bank erosion. There are potential sources of pollution from all the other categories listed in the survey. Drinking Water Quality; There was one violation of the reservation's drinking water in the past five years, a case of arsenic contamination in approximately 1978 in a ground water well. The well was abandoned. There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply; There are three community drinking water supply systems on the reservation all of which use ground water. ------- Two are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and one never is. All were tested for inorganics when first installed, but none have been monitored since, and the three systems have never been tested for pesticides or radionuclides. None are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply; Eighty-five percent of the homes on the reservation are served by individual wells as is 85 percent of the population. All the wells were tested for bacteriological quality when they were first installed, but there has been no subsequent monitoring. The wells have never been tested for inorganics, pesticides or radionuclides. Water Usage; The information on water usage is currently being compiled in the reservation's 10 Year Water Study. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. No additional information was received in time to include in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage & Disposal Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, their disposal is a major problem on the reservation. Presently wastes are deposited in a one acre community landfill and/or picked ------- up and taken to the county landfill under a special contract with Bingham County. There is no reservation recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes although pesticide wastes (class B poisons) are generated on the reservation. None are stored on the reservation, however. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There is no problem with uranium deposits, mining, processing or wastes. However, there is radioactivity in the phosphate mining residue at FMC, and th« mining slag is used for road coverings. There is also a nuclear power generation facility, Idaho National Engineering Laboratories, 30 miles away which stores nuclear waste. Nuclear materials are also transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Fort Hall environmental staff has identified the following environmental problems in order of priority: water quality, air quality, stream bank •rosion, chemigation, agricultural erosion, open pit mining, solid waste disposal, water quality, sewage disposal and the disturbance of wetlands. ------- Quinault Reservation, Washington Environmental Contact: Department of Natural Resources Quinault Business Committee Quinault Indian Nation P.O. Box 189 Tahalah, Washington 98587 EPA Region X: Rick Seaborne, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Quinault Reservation consists of 196,645 acres, 189,621 acres of which is land. Of the total acreage, 7,296.9 acres are wholly tribally owned, 8,203 acres are partially tribally owned and 98,224 acres are in allotment. The population of the reservation is 1501 consisting of two tribes plus five affiliated tribes Quinault, Queets, Hoh, Chehalis, Chinook, Cowlitz, and Quiluete. Tribal Government The eleven member Quinault Business Committee and its chairman are elected at large by tribal members for three year terms. The Committee meets two times monthly. This government was established by resolution. The Committee performs regulatory functions in land use planning, licensing fees on business, hunting/fishing/game ------- management, sanitation, timber and fish resource development and civil and criminal law. The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes are not currently implementing an environmental protection program. However, the tribes do have a Department of Natural Resources as part of the tribal administrative structure, and the tribes employ one staff member to work on environmental programs. The Committee currently has one cooperative agreement with Gray Harbor County for water quality monitoring. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reservation. Only forestry/timber resources are currently being developed. There are no plans for other land resources development. Water resources are only being used for fisheries with no plans for other water resources development. Air Quality The tribes have no designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored. Major air pollution sources are a pulp mill fifty miles from the reservation and waste wood incineration on the reservation. ------- Water Quality General Water Quality; The tribes have no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. The reservation lakes and reservoirs are not suffering from eutrophication or sedimentation. The actual source of water pollution is sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting. Potential sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants, oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, and urban run-off. Drinking Water Quality; There have been no drinking water quality violations in the last five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases. Community Water Supply; There are four drinking water supply systems on the reservation using 100 percent ground water. Half of the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality, organics, pesticides and radionuclides. Half the systems are also treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply; Ten percent of the homes on the reservation are served by individual wells. Thus, 7 percent of the total population on the reservation uses individual wells for drinking water. None of the wells are monitored. ------- Water Usage; There is no information available about average annual water consumption in acre feet per year, but 80 percent of the annual ground water consumption is for domestic purposes and 20 percent for industrial purposes. There is no surface water consumption. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey. No additional information was received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribes do not have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and solid waste disposal is a growing problem on the reservation. Currently, wastes are disposed of in an off-reservation landfill. The tribes have no recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribes have no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastt s, but hazardous wastes are neither generated nor stored on the reservation, and there are no abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive deposits on the reservation. There are no uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation ------- facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, and nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Quinault Reservation's most pressing environmental problems are solid waste disposal and river sedimentation due to logging. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Una tilla Reservation, Oregon Environmental Contact: Michael J. Vtarrow Director Department of Natural Resources Board of Trustees Confederated Trit-3S of the Umatilla Indian Resei ion P.O. fiox 638 Pendleton, Ore 7.ade up of three tribes, Cayuse, Walla Walla and Umatilla, is 3,OL . Tribal Government The 9 member Board of , jst?es, established by the adoption of a constitution and by-laws i/. 1949, is the tribal governing body. The board members are elected at large by tribal members for two year terms and officers are elected within the Board annually. The board meets bi-weekly. The regulatory functions performed by the Board include land use and water resource planning, water quality control, zoning, hunting/f:'.shiin /game management, animal control, sanitation, the development of -i resources and civil and criminal law. The tribes have not ado^. an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The Tribe is current!/ " nplamenting an environmental protection program which is repor ble for developing and enforcing tribal environmental standai 1^ and for the protection of endangered species. Tnis program is carried out by the tribal departments of Natural Resources and Health and Welfare. There are eight staff employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs. There is also a committee within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues, the Natural Resources Commission. The tribal government also has coopera- tive agreements with other governmental entities: with the Bureau of Indian Affairs for soil analysis and the protection of endangered spe- cies and with the Indian Health Service for animal control. ------- Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser- vation. Land resources are currently being used for agriculture, agri-business, timber, mining, industry/manufacturing, recreation, commercial development, grazing, residential, and public use. Water resources are currently being used for fisheries (andaramous fish) with plans to use them for power generation, irrigation, tourism/recreation and for municipal/industrial purposes. Air Quality The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored on the reservation, although the state does it elsewhere. It is unknown whether there have been any measured violations of national ambient air quality standards. The major air pollution source on the reservation is gravel mining. Near the reservation major sources include the Boardman Coal Fire Plant (50 miles west), a proposed P.C.B. plant (80 miles west) and the city of Portland (200 miles west). Water Quality General Water Quality: There are tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers, lakes, and there standards have been violated. Reparian vegetation has been destroyed and stream beds disturbed. It is unknown whether reservation lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication. They are not suffering form sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include agricultural run-off, sediment run-off from timber production, and pesticide/herbicide/ nutrient run-off. Potential sources of water pollution include water treatment plants, municipal and industrial discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials spills, urban run- off, sediment run-off from construction and mining, toxicant build-up from pesticide use and on-lot disposal. Drinking Water Quality: There have been violations of drinking water quality in the last five years involving the failure to get permits for uses affecting ground water and causing stream zone alteration. There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases. ------- Community Water Supply: There are seven community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. One percent use surface water as a source, and 99% use ground water. One percent are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and 99% annually for inorganics. One percent of the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply: Sixty-five percent of the homes on the reservation are served by individual wells which amounts to about 65% of the population as well. Forty percent of the wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality. Water Usage Average annual consumption of water is as follows: 9 acre feet of surface water and 570 acre feet of ground water for domestic pur- poses; 3,670 acre feet of ground water for municipal purposes; 525 acre feet of surface water and 2,775 acre feet of ground water for purposes of irrigation; 10 acre feet of surface water for industrial purposes; 20 acre feet of ground water for commercial purposes; 135,000 acre feet of surface water for fish habitat and 3,070 acre feet of surface water for fish hatcheries. This amounts to a total consumption of 3,630 acre feet of surface water and 7,010 acre feet of ground water per year. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) [This area was neglected in the original survey, and additional information as not received in time to be included in the final draft of the narrative.] Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes. Solid wastes are not a problem on the reservation. They are pre- sently disposed of in 3-5 acre community landfills. The tribes, however, do not have a recycling program. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but hazardous wastes are neither generated nor stored on the reservation. ------- Nuclear Waste/Radiation Since there are no deposits of radioactive materials on the reser- vation, nuclear waste is not a problem except for the presence within fifty miles of the reservation boundary of a uranium processing mill, a nuclear power generation facility and a nuclear waste storage site, all at Hanford, Washington. In addition, although the reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, nuclear materials are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation have listed the following as their most pressing environmental problems in order of priority: soil erosion, pesticide/herbicide pollution (potential but not yet quantified), the transport of hazardous materials, degradation of reparian zones, extensive roads in moun- tain regions, air quality (potential but not yet quantified), over- grazing (by both domestic and wild herds), lack of coordination by federal, state and private sector, federal agencies unwilling to finance tribal programs and destruction of watershed adjacent to the reservation. Additional Comments The Director of the tribes' Department of Natural Resources had these observations to share on Water Management: "The list of water uses [in the survey] is incomplete. The tribes currently have a list of 17 beneficial uses of water. It might be easier to quantify tribal uses of water if tribes could have a list and [the] duty of [indicating] water assigned to all uses, both consumptive and non-consumptive. The states have poorly administered the Clean Water Act with federal money. Tribes can and should utilize Section 208 of the Act to implement provisions of their section on the reservations. EPft is apparently unwilling to finance Indian projects even though policy requires it. Federal and state efforts to reduce non-point source pollution continue to be fragmented and very poorly coordinated. The [Umatilla Confederated Tribes have] been ready to save [their] soils and improve the quality of waters since 1981, but have not been successful in obtaining needed finance for its projects. Other environmental programs and projects are available to the tribes as well but there is not enough time or manpower to address other environmental projects." ------- Warm Springs Reservation, Oregon Environmental Contact: Ray Rangila Warm Springs Tribal Council P.O. Box C Warm Springs, Oregon 97761 (503) 553-1161 Ext. 270 EPA Region X: Rick Seaborne, Acting Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Warm Springs Reservation consists of 656,134 acres, 589,007 of which is tribally owned and 67,127 acres of which is in allotment. Three tribes occupy the reservation: the Warm Springs, Wasco and Painte, for a total Indian population of 2527 and a non-Indian population of 273. The total population of the reservation is 2800. Tribal Government The eleven member Warm Springs Tribal Council, established by corporate charter and through the creation of a constitution and by-laws in 1938, is the governing body of the reservation. Eight of the eleven members of the Council are elected by district/geographic region for three year terms. The Chiefs of the three Warm Springs tribes are elected by district and serve on the Council ------- for life, and the Chairman is appointed by the Council, also for a three year term. Council meetings are held three days per week. The Council exercises regulatory functions in the following areas: land use and, water resource planning, water quality control, soil conservation, licensing fees on businesses, business commercial/development, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, occupational health and safety, sanitation, the development of timber and fish resources and civil law. The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection program, mostly through the BIA and tribal staffs. The environmental program is responsible for air quality monitoring, water quality monitoring, soil analysis, developing tribal environmental standards, enforcing tribal and federal environmental standards, animal control, protection of endangered species (Warm Springs has extensively catalogued both endangered plants as well as animals and birds), sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation and reclamation, emergency preparedness/evacuation, and archaeological protection. ------- Twelve different organizational entities conduct this environmental program: five committees within the tribal government (Natural Resources, Range, Culture and Heritage, Land Use Planning, and Timber), two other tribal departments (the Water Masters Department and the Culture and Heritage Department) and four BIA offices (Forestry, Roads, Land Operations and the Superintendent's Office). There is, however, no tribal staff specifically employed by the tribes to work on environmental programs, but man years necessary to run the program are devoted to the program according to need, although a tribal archaeologist was recently hired. As mentioned above the Bureau of Indian Affairs is Warm Springs' major cooperative partner for environmental programs including air quality monitoring and standards enforcement, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, soil analysis, the protection of endangered species and emergency preparedness/evacuation. Warm Springs cooperates with the Indian Health Service on water quality monitoring and water quality standards enforcement. In addition the State of Oregon is developing a Hazardous Waste Response Plan for the state in which the tribes are involved. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the reservation. The use of agricultural, ------- forestry/timber, mining, industrial/manufacturing, recreational, commercial and grazing resources are currently being implemented. The production of traditional foods is also being developed, as is better housing. Warm Springs extensive water resources (there significant rivers and ten plus lakes/reservoirs) are used for power generation, irrigation, livestock watering, fisheries, tourism/recreation, and transportation as well or for domestic and industrial purposes. Air Quality The tribes have designated air quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act. Warm Springs air quality is designated Class II (as referenced in the reservation's Forestry Management Plan). General monitoring occurs only at the time of slash burning (usually in July and August). This informal monitoring is done by The Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality in Bend, Oregon, and includes only general visibility checks made from the Bend area. There have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality standards. Minor sources of air pollution on the reservation include a lumber mill, a small rock crusher and dust from truck roads. The major air pollution source near the ------- reservation is the agricultural field burning in the Madras, Oregon, area 10-25 miles away during July and August. Water Quality General Water Quality; There are tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. The Warm Springs Water Code includes monitoring for turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH and etcetera. Reservation lakes/reservoirs do not suffer from eutrophication or sedimentation. The only actual source of water pollution at the moment is sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting. Potential sources, however, include sewage and water treatment plants, oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), oil and other hazardous materials spills, land fill leachate and urban, agricultural and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off. Drinking Water Quality; There was one drinking water quality violation in 1981-82 which involved turbidity in a surface water source and led to the abandonment of that drinking water system. There was also an outbreak of giardiasis in the system which was abandoned. ------- Community Water Supply; There are three community drinking water supply systems on the reservation. Thirty-three percent use surface water and 67 percent use ground water. However, in volume, almost all use is of surface water(?). All the systems are monitored for bacteriological quality monthly. One of the systems is monitored annually for inorganics. The other two are monitored every three years for inorganics. One of the systems is monitored every three years for pesticides, and all three systems are monitored every four years for radionuclides. All of the systems are treated for water quality. Individual Water Supply; Thirteen percent of the 46 homes or 4 percent of the population on the reservation is served by individual wells. Wells are monitored only at the time they are dug, although the United States Geological Survey is doing some monitoring under contract with the tribes. Water Usage In 1984 Warm Springs used 411,000,000 gallons (of approximately 1261 acre feet) of surface water (96 percent of total consumption) and 19,000,000 gallons (or approximately 58 acre feet) of ground water (4 percent of total consumption) for domestic, municipal and industrial purposes. Figures are not available for water usage for ------- irrigation and recreational purposes or for the water used in individual wells. Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) There are three community systems using oxidation methods. All rural housing includes individual septic tank and drainfield systems. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The Warm Springs Tribal Council has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes. Twenty acres of a 40 acre community landfill are currently being used for this purpose. Warm Springs is one of the few reservations where solid wastes are not a problem. There is no tribal recycling program, although a tribal solid waste management plan is being considered. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. However/ neither historically nor currently have hazardous wastes been either generated or stored on the reservation. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There are no known deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the reservation. There are no uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 mills of the reservation. Nor has the reservation been ------- 8 designated a potential area for the permanent disposal of nuclear waste. It is unknown whether nuclear wastes are transported through the reservation. Tribal Priorities Warm Springs' major priority as far as environmental protection is concerned is the availability of federal funding to implement federal regulations and laws, including those having to do with the protection of archaeological sites. A second environmental concern was stream erosion. Some Warm Springs and BIA staff, exibiting a degree of ambivalence about this project, wanted to know how participation in this survey would benefit them; why they needed another federal agency running around telling them what to do, what EPA services they were not now getting and why CERT was chosen to house the national data base. ------- NARRATIVE PROFILE Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington Environmental Contact: Lorintha Harwich Tribal Planning Office Confederated Tribes and Bands Yakima Indian Nation P.O. Box 151 Toppenish, Washington 98948 (509) 865-5121 EPA Region X: Rick Seaborne, Indian Work Group Coordinator Introduction The Yakima Indian reservation consists of 1.3 million acres, of which 29,257 irrigated acres are tribally owned and 884,558 acres are in allotment. The population of the reservation is 25,000 (the 1981 Indian Health Service profile gives the population of the reservation as 36,000) people of all races including the 6,500-7,000 members (1981 IHS Profile) of the 14 tribes and bands of the Confederated Yakima Indian Nation (Klickitat, Klinquit, Kow-wa-say-ee, Kah-milt-pah, Li-ay-was, Oche-chotes, Palouse, Pisquose, Skin-pah, Se-ap-cat, Shyike, Wenatcha-pam, Wish-ham and Yakima). Demographic data by community is incomplete. Tribal Government The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Indian Nation have both a General Council consisting of the general membership of enrolled members and a 14 member Tribal Council elected to represent the people in the day to day affairs of the confederation. Tribal Council members are elected at large for two year terms. The Chairman is in turn elected by the Yakima Tribal Council for a four year term. The Tribal Council meets monthly. This form of govern- ment was created by resolution in 1956 and revised in 1961 and con- tinues at the pleasure of the General Council. The tribal government performs regulatory functions as regards land use and water resource planning, tobacco use taxation, business/ commercial development, zoning, animal control, the development of timber, fish and mineral resources and civil and criminal law. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act. ------- Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure The tribes and bands are currently implementing an environmental protection program which is responsible for water quality moni- toring, soil analysis, developing tribal environmental standards, and the protection of endangered species. The tribal offices con- uucting this program are the Forestry, Wildlife, Fisheries, Water Code, Zoning, and Cultural Resources Offices and the Office of the White Swan Sewer and Sanitation Program. A staff of 15 is employed by the Yakima Nation to work on environmental programs, and there are seven committees within the tribal government which address environmental issues: the Committees of Fish, Wildlife, Timber, Land, Irrigation, Health and Cultural Resources. In addition, the tribal government has cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement and for sanitation and waste disposal and with the Bureau of Indian Affairs for soil analysis and the protection of endangered species. Tribal Natural Resource Use Soil analysis and classification have not been completed for the reservation. The development of agricultural, forestry/timber and grazing resources are currently being implemented with addi- tional development of forestry/timber resources and the develop- ment of industrial/manufacturing, recreational and commercial resources in the planning stages. Water resources are currently being used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation with further development in these areas tentatively being planned. Air Quality The tribal govenment has not designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. Air quality is monitored, not by the tribe, but by the State. It is unknown what data is included in the air quality monitoring data except for visibility. There have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality standards, and there are no major sources of air pollution within a 50 mile radius of the reservation. Water Quality General Water Quality: There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes. There is eutrophication in reser- vation lakes/reservoirs to a minor degree, but no on- reservation sedimentation of lakes/reservoirs, although there are some off reservation impacts from erosion on the reser- vation. ------- Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants as system sources, oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial discharges, domestic wastes, urban and agri- cultural run-off, sediment run-off from construction and timber production and harvesting, pesticide/herbicide/ nutrient run-off, and toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage. Potential sources of pollution include sewage treat- ment plants on the reservation, water treatment plants off the reservation, oil spills (to a slight degree), hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, sediment run-off due to mining and on-lot disposal of solid wastes. It is interesting to note the degree to which Yakima sees itself reciprocally with its total environment both as a source and recipient of pollution. Drinking Water Quality: There have been no drinking water quality violations or outbreaks of water borne diseases in five years. Community Water Supply: The Tribes identify five community water supply systems, all of which use 100% ground water. All these systems are moni- tored monthly for bacteriological quality, bi-annually for inorganics, every four years for radionuclides and never for pesticides. None of the systems are treated for water quality because it is not required. However, the Indian Health Service's 1981 Community Profile lists 24 large and small community water supply systems and includes the following information on them. (See Figure I.) Individual Water Supply: Fifty percent of the homes and of the population of the reser- vation use individual wells for drinking water. None of the wells are monitored except the wells serving foster homes, which are monitored every two years. Water Usage Average annual consumption of surface water for irrigation is 642,000 acre feet which amounts to 90% of the total annual consump- tion of surface water on the reservation. There are studies currrently being conducted to determine the other average annual consumption figures for surface and ground water for different pur- poses. ------- o -P n3 u -P I I QJ P p CO X 1 Cs5 H W g r»i M H CO w a; p u w S »5 M rH ^3 ^ ^ o S co is "3 CO Crf CO y w z; •£* r~ O O r-i rH K 0 H C^ Ci U4 w o z 2il Q O tD S O S ^C 2 erf o O V) pi , rT-] I — 1 [X, "-r^ CO H «! U W < ^ iz O O 0 •z. o H -. S "" ja 2 3 u 3 •y 4-1 v > a O O -H r3 G 3S G 0) E~ C o •H 4J 4-1 4) n3 G r-H C U XI •H a ft IH D. rH 0) O -iH tH C. f-l 3 lfl S6^§ H) 0> • •O • TJ 4-1 CD JU rj UH i-H UH i-H rH rH O iH r1 TH O Vj r- In cxl •o n TJ 3 ^O rH rH rH rH , ^ rH W 1 C S i — i s j-. 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CO M r-l n co 3 o C) 3 3 53 00 H -i P< CO 0) o CO H 3 en c. 0 •r-i 4J CO 4J en T) H CO 3 O 4J < Ml 23 X 1 4J -rl OJ rH ,0 TH •-H CJ JH CO H fu Yakima County l t e o •H ,M 4-1 0) ra CJ 4-1 ri en U XI rH Vi -H <0 •H 3 a cJ cet rH U-4 4-1 a, en c a -H CJ CU 4-1 3 en to cr en 0 rH >H CO CJ 4H -rl IH C I-l 01 — i CJ 3 OJ C3 O z; OJ CJ cO MH M 3 ofl en e 1 TH J3 rl 3 P. en en XI C3 3 0 r-l 00 P. ea x 1 rH 4-1 oi en ,£) CU •H M rH O tH Li. Yakima County rH rH XI •H C 33 3 0 O ^ 4-1 00 tt> D. 4J F^ v^i ^ CJ 1 H en co D. 'iH C 3 -U 3 'rl CO CO 01 01 « en en ^ -P xi CJ -H C3 0) 4J co CJ - en O H CJ X 3 3 rl Xl rl O rl 0) O J3 4J 4J O 4J 00 CO CJ > cj c3 CJ CO co CO o O ^ — "H -J 0 0) C3 0 Z rH rH 01 r> XI OJ rH rH •H rl XI rH CJ en 3 o oo c o ^ 4-1 < Cf X 1 4-1 •H O rH XI -rH j U) 1-4 4-J 1 co CJ £S U) > c O CO rH J3 4-1 . CO . CO OJ -H SS Xt 00 rl M en c co CJ o TJ 3 rl 4-1 4J OJ O O 'J CJ O V-l 4H CO Cd 55 CO CO C3 UH CD c o •z. rH rH CJ 3 XI o rH rH •H rl XI rH CJ eo en CJ 3 eo O 3 ^ o to ~ O • O CJ " 2 ^.'i ^. c 'r^ — , ; o o ; ^ t-C ' r DC i-* -^ ^J ------- Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage) The 1981 Indian Health Service Community Profile gives the following information on community liquid waste disposal systems. (See Figure II.) No information is available on individual disposal systems. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes. Such wastes are not a problem on Yakima, although there is some unauthorized disposal in miscellaneous locations which even- tually could become a problem. However, Yakima has 250 acres devoted to a community landfill. There is no tribal recycling ini- tiative except for paper on the program level. Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal Th tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, although there could be a problem with hazardous wastes in the form of pesticides on the reservation. There are no abandoned hazardous waste storage sites on the reservation as far as is known by the tribal government. Nuclear Waste/Radiation There is no problem with nuclear waste/radiation on the reservation, but within fifty miles of the reservation are the Purex uranium processing mill and the nuclear reactor for Washington Power Systems at the Hanford Federal Nuclear Reservation. Nuclear waste is also stored at this latter site. The reservation has not been selected as an area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, but it is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the reser- vation. Tribal Priorities Yakima did not state its environmental priorities. ------- tl CO 2 S PL, S 3 UJ y fU p It <1 >-* W — 4 2 H CO pj y^ O 33 ET, 0 «: w a j\| •K PL- O O CO PS P-. W —i P-I j; CO H X CJ S E- 5 2 0 0 O R W Pi W CO £ g S 0 o u „ <2 u Z H CO z >-• 0 CO •y* X [' 1 O 0 CJ c >. ;j CJ o 0 tJ •rl u O O. -" Q) G • CO -rl O 0 X 2 -H r-l O CO _a in ui i3 - CJ ,O V-" ^ o 01 a. l-i > CJ cu o "a c o o 1 U) C n) O i— 1 e ^ r-l 4J C •H O (X -i-l c o O. 3 O «-i a) en " C c J -H M 3 O T) 0) S -H H S B C -H O O til 3 .C CJ CO ,Q CM r-H r- 1 p— ^ ^^ o co s o 3 fO CN H C^J i VQ 3 01 CO J3 X r-( 0\ cj o frj x^ w o nj c 3 • 01 0 -a H rH •rl • O >-) P-. O aj CO CJ r-l r~4 •H > 0) ,— ( t— 1 v^ P3 C 0 C rl O -" -H r( 4J nd o •0 3 •a co 01 O • •rl O CO <-! P^ ^ M T< OJ • 03 -a u ~t C3 CJ O 3 O T3 S ^ai c -o a i-i 4-1 0) •H O M-4 H C 4J 'H P. rt 0) l-l co -a u 4-1 O I-i -H 03 U-l 4-1 14-( CO CO O a) -o 0 «3 < o 01 a ^ x: < u~l r-l r-l r-l C ll 0) H i-l fQ 1 XI 01 i to o C 0) -H ^ -O CO C •H 3 ro I-i O K E-i M p^i a) M dj r-l f— ) •H £> a) DO V-i 0 a) 0 o H W >^ JS o .a en J H r-l 4J £2 r-l C O 0 01 Cu 0 S a- u o ? a 1-t Wl UH c -• o 3 3 -C r^» 3 -U 4-J O -H -H O > O * t-H nJ ,n •H tO VJ 32 • ^ C^ CO 60 CO T3 C 3 C -H •rl r-l I-l < -H «J W 3 > M .0 > 0 " r-l 0) -r( W 00 r-l ,O n3 H •rl § U !-l H] ft H S 'M CO 33 CM X 1 4i r-i <; Q, J Q W O CJ 1 C3 i— 1 B a •rl ,?") _^i 'rl 05 H >- H t/1 O 0 CO a rH r-l (0 rl VJ 01 to 4-J C 01 ^ 01 C .n o i-i >. H « 0) CO n ^U J>^ 3 4-1 CO -rl rj 0) 3 " O li CJ 1 OJ o. o ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY VII. Additional Surveys and Other Data Received After June, 1986 ------- SOME OF THE MATERIALS WERE RECEIVED AFTER THE CUT-OFF DEADLINE From the San Carlos Apache Tribe : 1)Editorial comments on their narrative (attached). 2)San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation Community profile, Arizona Department of Commerce. From the Pueblo of Isleta : 1)IHS community profiles. From the Tule River Indian Reservation : l)Their survey response form. These materials will be included in the next stage of the data base's development. ------- San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona Ned Anderson, Chairman San Carlos Apache Tribe P.O. Box 0 San Carlos, Arizona 85550 (602) 475-2361 Introduction The population break down is not available. Tribal Government Yes, the Chairman does makeup the nine member governing body. Yes, the terms are staggered. Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure Currently there is not an environmental protection program. FEMA stands for ? Other Environmental Backgraound Information Soil Analysis has not been completed. Water Quality Half of the systems are also treated for quality fluoridation and chlorination. Just Indian homes. General Water Quality More Information not available. ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY IX Resource List ------- ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BASE RESOURCE LIST ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 1. Air Quality Analysis, April 1985 2. 4th Annual Tribal Air Quality Workshop, 1985 3. Coeur D'Alene Environmental Baseline Analysis, Oct. 1984 4. Environmental Assesment of the Chemehuevi Reservation, Jan. 1984 5. Environmental Status Report for New Jersey, March 1983 6. Environmental Status Report for New York, March 1983 7. Environmental Status Report for Puerto Rico, March 1983 8. Environmental Status Report for U.S. Virgin Islands, March 1983 9. EPA Policy for Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations, Nov. 8, 1984 10. Inventory of Hazardous Waste Generators and Sites on Selected Indian Reservations, July 1985 11. Inventory of Injection Wells on Indian Land in New Mexico and Oklahoma, Nov. 1984 12. National Priorities List, Dec. 1984 13. Summary of Reservation Environment, (Current) 14. Tribal Environmental Programs Briefing Material, April 1985 15. Tribal Enviornmental Review Process, Dec. 1982 16. Umatilla Indian Reservation High-Level Nuclear Waste Study, August 1984 EPA MATERIALS 1. The Amicus Journal, Clear Water Act: Special Report 1982 2. CERT Testimony for the Appropriation Subcommittee on HUD- Independent Agencies, 1986 3. Clean Water Act, May 8, 1985 4. EPA Activities on Indian Reservations, Nov. 1985 5. EPA Journal, Vol. 12, #1, Jan./Feb. 1986 6. EPA Needs to Improve the Navajo Indian Safe Drinking Water Program, Sept. 10, 1980 7. The Environmental Task Force's Resources, Vol. 1, #2, Jan. 1986 8. Interim-Strategy for Implementation of the EPA Indian Policy, Nov. 1985 9. Land Capability Classifications Handbook, #210 10. Merle L. Garcia Appeal to Senate Appropriations Subcommittee, May 1, 1985 11. The Navajo Nation, May 1985 12. New Mexico Air Quality Standards and Air Quality Control Regulations, Jan. 23, 1970 13. New Mexico Health and Environment Department Annual Report, Environmental Improvement Division 1981-82 14. Resource Regions and Areas of the U.S., 1982 Agri. Handbook #296 15. Sense, Inc., Testimony, April 30, 1985 ------- Resource List Page 2 and Written Testimony POPULATION CENSUS AND TRIBAL ACCOUNTS 1. Frank Allen, "An 'Insane Obsession'" 2. Briefing Papers, Feb. 11, 1982 3. Billings Area: Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1980 4. Census 1980 U.S. Department of Commerce 5. CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Liability Act, Dec. 20, 1985 (Hobbs, Straus, Law Offices) 6. Cheyenne River Agency (Current) 7. Colville Reservation (Current) 8. Coushattu Indian Community (Maps) 9. U.S. Department of the Interior, June 12, 1981 10. Devils Lake Sioux Tribe (Current) 11. Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota (Current) 12. Indian Health Services, Dec. 12, 1985 13. Inform Special Lunches, Feb. 30, 1986 14. Jicarilla Apache Tribal Council, 1984, from U.S. Senate, June 1, 1981 15. Mescalero Apache Tribe (1982) 16. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians (Current) 17. Native American Working Group Annual Report, 1985 18. Oglala Sioux Tribe (Current) 19. The Pueblo Tribes (Current) 20. Quinault Reservation (Current) 21. Sanitation - Annual Report for 1983 (Includes Maps) 22. Southern Ute Tribe (Current) 23. Spokane Reservation (Current) 24. Standing Rock Indian Community 25. Tribal Profiles of Arizona, Utah and 26. Umatilla Reservation (Current) 27. Village of Laiuna (Current) 28. Warm Springs (Current) 29. The Western Shoshone People and Land 30. WYE Resource Paper; The Goverance of Consensus 1982 31. Yakima Reservation (Current) Compensations! Dean & Wilder (Dick Hardwick) (Current) Nevada, 1981 Association, 1984 Environmental Affairs- U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1986; 621-735/60538 ------- r- m \|CT U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V, Library 230 South Dearborn Street .--' Chicago, Illirtofs 60604 ------- -------


United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Federal Activities
Washington, DC 20460
September 1986
Survey of American Indian
Environmental Protection
Needs on Reservation
Lands:1986

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                      100R86103
                    SURVEY

                      OF

    AMERICAN  INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

           NEEDS ON RESERVATION LANDS

                     1986
Submitted  to  the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  AGENCY


      By AMERICANS FOR INDIAN OPPORTUNITY


                September 1986
                                             Protect/on
                           230 South Dearborn Street
                           Chicago, Illinois  60604

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,£. 'tntfraflmental rvc'ectton

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                               TABLE OF CONTENTS

                              Environmental Survey



        Introduction 	 i.

        Executive Summary	,	v.


   I.   Purpose, Scope and Methods	Page 1

        A.  Purpose
        8.  Scope
        C.  Methods
        D.  Unexpected Outcomes


 II.    Reservation Setting	Page 3

        XI.  The Sample
        8.  Tribal Government
        C.  Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
        D.  Tribal Natural Resource Use


III.    Findings	Page 6

        A.  Air Quality
        B.  Water Quality

            1.  General Water Quality
            2.  Drinking Water Quality
            3.  Community Water Supply
            4.  Individual Water Supply
            5.  Water Usage

        C.  Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

            1.  Community Waste Disposal Systems
            2.  Individual Waste Disposal Systems

        D.  Solid Waste Storage and Disposal
        E.  Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal
        F.  Nuclear Waste/Radiation


 IV.    Tribal Priorities	"... Page 14

        A.  Environmental Concerns
        B.  Institutional Concerns

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Table of Contents
Page 2
     V.   Figures	Page 23


    VI.  Survey


   VII.  Narrative Profiles


  VIII.  Additional Surveys and Other Data Received After June, 1986


    IX.  Resource List

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ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY
 i.  Introduction

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                           INTRODUCTION
Americans for Indian Opportunity has been working to implement a
comprehensive program for the exploration and identification of
strategies and methodologies for the strengthening of American
Indian tribal governments.  The "Governance Project", while empha-
sizing internal tribal strategies, such as institutional review
processes and structural reform where appropriate, seeks to
address the broad spectrum of external factors which influence
and impact upon tribal governance.  Moreover, the project was
designed to allow for expansion and flexibility in order to absorb
elements which emerge in an ever changing environment.

Flexibility has long been essential in the realm of Indian Affairs
because of the special relationship between the Federal and
tribal governments.  Shifts in Federal policy, the enactment of
new legislation, Federal and Supreme Court rulings all have a
major impact upon the ability of tribal governments to govern
effectively and efficiently.  Add to this, changing economic
trends and market demands, and it becomes readily apparent that
tribal structures must have the institutional strength and cap-
ability to absorb an ever widening scope of responsibility within
the framework of tribal governing structures.

At the same time internal and external pressures to develop
stronger tribal economies have increased.  This necessitates the
development of tribal regulatory mechanisms which can enhance
commercial and/or industrial development while simultaneously
allowing for controlled growth.  This requires tribal governmental
attention to health and safety codes,  zoning ordinances, labor
relations, commercial codes, and environmental ordinances.
Increased economic activity will also place greater stress on
existing infrastructures, requiring expenditures for police and
fire protection, waste and sewer systems, housing and more.

Tribal governmental sophistication increased markedly throughout
the 1960's and 1970's as the Federal commitment to tribal self-
determination grew.  Many of the Johnson Administration's  "War on
Poverty" programs provided tribal governments the first oppor-
tunity to administer social service programs at the local level.
This trend continued throughout the seventies culminating in the
passage of the American Indian Self-Determination and Education
Assistance Act of 1975 which allowed tribal governments the
option of assuming the administration of all Bureau of Indian
Affairs', programs via contract.  As other Federal agencies became
involved in Indian affairs,  they too looked to the Self-
Determination model in program design and administration.

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                                                                    11
President Reagan's 1983 policy of Indian self-government  and a
Federal/Indian relationship based on the principle of government-
to-government relations encourages decision-making at the tribal
level and the intensification of tribal economic development acti-
vities.  Simultaneously, tribal leaders are taking advantage of the
opportunity to strengthen their infrastructures in order  to assert
their powers responsibly and effectively.

In November 1984, Mr. William Ruckelshaus,  the Administrator of
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),  signed the Agency's
official American Indian policy.  Strongly  supportive of  the
President's theme of tribal "self-government",  the EPA policy
represents a most positive step forward in  the movement toward
more cooperative and productive working relations between the
Federal and tribal governments.  It signifies that a Federal/
tribal partnership is a realizable goal, and that the Federal/
tribal relationship is steadily moving toward greater parity.

In the two years that AID has been working  with tribal leaders
throughout the United States via the "Governance Project",  it has
had opportunity to review and discuss the language of EPA's policy
statement on numerous occasions.  The response has been over-
whelmingly favorable.

EPA's Indian policy reflects principles in  accordance with the
goals and objectives of Americans for Indian Opportunity, par-
ticularly those addressed in the Governance Project, as well as,
those of the Administration for Native Americans.  It speaks for
itself:
     1.  THE AGENCY STANDS READY TO WORK DIRECTLY WITH INDIAN
         GOVERNMENTS ON A GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT BASIS,  RATHER
         THAN AS SUB-DIVISIONS OF OTHER GOVERNMENTS.

     2.  THE AGENCY WILL RECOGNIZE TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS AS THE PRIMARY
         PARTIES FOR SETTING STANDARDS, MAKING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
         DECISIONS AND MANAGING PROGRAMS FOR RESERVATIONS, CON-
         SISTENT WITH AGENCY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS.

     3.  THE AGENCY WILL TAKE AFFIRMATIVE STEPS TO ENCOURAGE AND
         ASSIST TRIBES IN ASSUMING REGULATORY AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
         RESPONSIBILITIES FOR RESERVATION LANDS.

     4.  THE AGENCY WILL TAKE APPROPRIATE STEPS TO REMOVE EXISTING
         LEGAL AND PROCEDURAL IMPEDIMENTS TO WORKING DIRECTLY AND
         EFFECTIVELY WITH TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS IN RESERVATION PROGRAMS.

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                                                                   111.
     Objectives (continued)
     5.  THE AGENCY,  IN RECOGNITION OF ITS FEDERAL TRUST RESPON-
         SIBLITY,  WILL ASSURE THAT TRIBAL CONCERNS AND INTERESTS
         ARE FULLY CONSIDERED WHENEVER EPA'S ACTIONS AND/OR
         DECISIONS MAY IMPACT RESERVATION ENVIRONMENTS.

     6.  THE AGENCY WILL ENCOURAGE COOPERATION BETWEEN TRIBAL  AND
         STATE GOVERNMENTS TO RESOLVE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF
         MUTUAL CONCERN.

     7.  THE AGENCY WILL WORK WITH OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES WITH
         RELATED RESONSIBILITIES ON INDIAN LANDS TO ENLIST THEIR
         INTEREST AND SUPPORT IN COOPERATIVE EFFORTS TO HELP TRIBES
         ASSUME ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM RESPONSIBILITIES FOR RESER-
         VATIONS.

     8.  THE AGENCY WILL STRIVE TO ASSURE COMPLIANCE WITH ENVIRON-
         MENTAL STATUTES AND REGULATIONS ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS.

     9.  THE AGENCY WILL INCORPORATE THESE INDIAN POLICY GOALS INTO
         ITS PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING ITS BUDGET,
         OPERATING GUIDANCE, LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES,  MANAGEMENT
         ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEM AND ONGOING POLICY DEVELOPMENT  PROCESSES.
In setting forth these goals,  the Agency has accepted a most
challenging mission.  To date,  the Agency's interaction with  tri-
bal govenments has been limited and sporadic.  The Agency is,
however, quite cognizant of this fact,  stating so in the introduc-
tion of its policy statement:

     "It is important to emphasize that the implementation
     of  regulatory programs which will realize these prin-
     ciples on Indian reservations cannot be accomplished
     immediately.  Effective implementation will take care-
     ful and conscientious work by EPA, the tribes, and
     many others."

The Environmental Protection Agency is  to be commended for its
concern about and attention to environmental issues relative  to
reservation areas.  The EPA Indian Policy Statement is an
excellent model for other Federal Agencies which must interact
with American Indian Tribal Governments and holds much promise
for mutually satisfactory relations between tribal governments
and the Agency.

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                                                                    iv.
Because of our work in the past on the control  of natural  resources
and the environment, we have come to know that  there are no compre-
hensive informational resources within the government that have suf-
ficient data for any government agency to make  good policy decisions
regarding these areas.

Aid and EPA began to recognize this as well,  and collectively,  we
felt that more data were necessary for the tribes and the  agency to
make good policy decisions.  That was why, after working with the
national and regional EPft staff and tribal governments,  we developed
a survey instrument which was sent out to 74 different tribes*   The
tribes completed their surveys, and we analyzed the data.   Then we
sent the information back to the tribes, as well as to EPA regional
offices, for their review and for any additional information/
corrections that they may have had.  After each tribe had the oppor-
tunity to, respond to our analysis of their data (18 tribes criti-
cally edited our initial analysis), we compiled the data for EPA's
national office.  This is our final report.  We are very proud of
the tribes that participated because we feel that they gained much
from filling out the survey since it allowed them to see their
strengths and needs and to see that those needs could be transmitted
to the regional and national offices of EPA and hopefully to
Congress as well.

AIO feels environmental regulation and control  is the key to tri-
bal growth, particularly in light of growing emphasis on tribal
industry and business development.  We hope that our efforts in
developing the survey instrument and initially collecting the data
contribute to tribal growth and development by assisting the tribes,
EPA, the Indian Health Service, and other responsible federal agen-
cies in making sound human and financial resource decisions and
enlighten Congress in carrying out its responsibility for the pro-
tection of the tribal environment.

Thank you all for your patience, and for returning phone calls.
Special thanks to the Council of Energy Resource Tribes, to the
Indian Health Service, and to the staff of EPA, in both national
and regional offices, and mostly to the tribal governments, their
chairmen and the tribal staffs who worked so hard to get the infor-
mation together to make this a meaningful project.  I look forward
to working with you in the future and to putting this information to
use so that we will create stronger governments for our people.
 Warmest Personal Regards,

        /'
LaDonna Harris

-------
 ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY
v.   Executive Summary

-------
                     EXECUTIVE SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I.    Description of Study

ft.    In order to gather information on the environmental  conditions
     on reservation lands and the institutional  response  of tribal
     governments, EPA requested and partially funded Americans  for
     Indian Opportunity,  Inc.,  to perform a survey of a number  of
     reservations.

B.    Questionnaires were sent to 74 reservations;  51,  or  69%,  of the
     questionnaires were returned.   This report  is based  upon  the 48
     that were returned in time to  be included in  the analysis.   (This
     information is the first step  in the creation of a data base of
     environmental  information  on Indian lands to  be developed  by EPA;
     all returned questionnaires will be included  in this information
     management system. )

C.    Using the questionnaires,  AID  developed narrative profiles for
     each reservation which were sent to the tribes, EPA  and IHS for
     review (Appendix II).  The summary report is  based on the  narra-
     tive profiles.  Limited supplemental compliance and  funding needs
     information from EPA and the Indian Health  Service  (IHS)  are
     included in this summary.

D.    The survey covers a wide range of reservations, from Berry Creek
     Rancheria with a population of ten on JJ acres to the Navajo
     Nation with a  population of 149,000 on approximately 16 million
     acres.  The total population covered was 369,500, or a little
     over half of the current population living  on reservations.
     Acreage covered was about  42 million acres, or 79% of total trust
     acreage.


II.  Survey Results

A.    Environmental  Priorities

     0  Based on the perceptions of the tribes as  reflected in  their
        responses to the questionnaire, the most significant environ-
        mental problems identified  were water quality, solid waste
        management  and disposal,  hazardous waste management and
        disposal, and sewage treatment.  Also identified, but  cited
        less frequently,  were land  use, air quality management,  ero-
        sion, and nuclear waste/radiation.

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                                                                   VI .
Executive Summary
B.   Water Quality
        Eight  reservations  have  tribal  water  quality  standards,  and
        standards are currently  being drafted for  two additional
        reservations.  Violations  have  been  reported  on  four  reser-
        vations.   (None of  the standards  have been promulgated  by  EPA
        and are therefore enforceable only under  tribal  law,  not
        under  the federal Clean  Water Act. )   Lakes and reservoirs
        have been reported  to be suffering from eutrophication  on
        fifteen reservations and from sedimentation on twenty-two
        reservations.

        The most  common source of  water pollution  reported were from
        sewage, either individual/no systems  or municipal  systems,
        and from  agricultural runoff  (pesticides,  nutrients,  animal
        wastes, soils).  Other non-point  sources  of pollution names
        were construction,  mining,  and  timber harvesting.

        Sixty-five percent  (65%) of the reservations  reporting  depend
        upon groundwater as their  sole  source of  water supply,  with
        31% reporting a combination of  groundwater and surface  water.
        Only 6% or (3 reservations) depended  solely on surface  water
        for their drinking  water supplies.   Data  concerning the
        number of individual wells and  community  systems vary among
        tribes reporting, IMS, and EPA, partially  due to inconsistent
        definitions used by the  various agencies,  tribal and federal.

        Tribes reported violations of drinking water  standards  on  17
        reservations, and outbreaks of  water-borne diseases on  nine
        reservations.  EPA  compliance data indicate that 25% of Indian
        systems are persistent  violators  of  monitoring report
        requirements, although  those systems  that  do  comply with
        reporting have a lower  than national  average  percentage of
        persistent violations (less than  1%).  According to IMS,  $291
        million is needed to assure adequate  water supplies for on-
        reservation populations.

        Needs surveys for sewage treatment and disposal  need to be
        and are being updated;  the survey did not  directly address
        this problem.  It is clear that individual septic  tanks pro-
        vide the  treatment, if available  in  most  rural areas.  Many
        homes are without any facilities. According  to  IHS,  $170.0
        million is needed to meet  the sewer/wastewater treatement
        needs on  Indian reservations.

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                                                                   vii.
Executive Summary
C.   Solid,  Hazardous  and Nuclear  Waste  Management

     0  Thirty-six,  or 75%,  of the questionnaires  returned  listed
        solid waste  storage  and disposal as  an  issue,  44% citing it
        as a major problem and 40% citing it as a  growing problem
        (some cited  it as both).   Community  dumps  were reported  for
        24 reservations (50%); community landfills  on  18  (38%).  Ten
        reservations have their solid waste  disposal off-reservation
        through contracts with municipal or  privately  owned land-
        fills.  According to IHS $37 million would  be  needed to  meet
        the solid waste management needs of  Indian  reservations.

     0  Hazardous wastes were reported as generated on six  reser-
        vations and  stored on nine;  abandoned hazardous waste sites
        were reported on seven. Hazardous waste storage  and disposal
        plans were reported for four reservations,  with a plan under
        development  on a fifth. One source  of  hazardous  waste that
        was cited on many of the agricultural reservations  was pesti-
        cides - storage, use and abandoned containers.

     0  Six reservations have uranium deposits. Uranium  tailings  were
        reported at  six sites on three reservations; five of these
        are currently in some stage of reclamation  (data  development,
        planning or  actual reclamation).  Nuclear  materials were
        reported to  be transported across ten reservations,  with fif-
        teen reporting "not  known."


D.   Institutional Concerns

     0  Also identified as critical  issues were funding availability
        for baseline data gathering and program development,  the need
        for technical assistance in developing  standards  and monitoring
        capability,  and the jurisdictional conflicts and lack of
        coordination that occur among federal,  state,  tribal and
        local environmental  agencies.

     0  IHS has identified a need  for about  $17.5  million to address
        operation and maintenance  (O&M)  needs for  tribal  water
        supply, sewer, and solid waste programs nation-wide.

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                                                                  van
Executive Summary
E.    Existing Programs

     0  Environmental programs,  broadly  defined,  are  currently  being
        implemented on  twenty-eight,  or  58%,  of  the reservations
        reporting.   Others have  cooperative  agreements  with  federal,
        state,  or local  agencies to  implement  various aspects of
        environmental programs,   fill  but four, or 92%,  were  involved
        in at least one  environmental  activity.


III. CONCLUSIONS

     0  Most tribal governments  have  recognized  the need  to  address
        one or more areas of environmental importance on  their  reser-
        vations and have done so either  directly  or through  coopera-
        tive agreements  with other entities.   There are many
        environmental problems that  still  need to be  addressed.

     0  Direct program  funding to tribal governments  to develop and
        implement programs,  as well  as technical  assistance  and data
        gathering/inventory  development, have  been identified as major
        needs by the tribes.  Services to  assist  in these areas could
        be provided by  EPA and/or IMS,  depending  on the need, were
        there sufficient resources within  the  agencies  to do so.

     0  This study should be followed by a continuing effort to
        gather existing  data and generate  relevant additional data,
        using this data  as the basis  of  an information  management
        system for environmental conditions  on reservation lands.
        This system would be valuable to both  tribal  leaders and
        federal program  managers in  developing program  priorities and
        resource needs  in future years.

     0  While absolute  resource  needs cannot yet  be identified, there
        is sufficient information to  support increased  technical
        assitance,  monitoring, and financial program  support on a
        number of reservations.

     0  Additional direct federal program  implementation  and net-
        working to increase  the  number of  programs implemented  by
        cooperative agreements where  tribes  cannot or choose not  to
        implement environmental  programs should  also  be considered.

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    ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY
I.  Purpose, Scope & Methods

-------
                                                                  Page 1
I.  Purpose, Scope and Methods

ft.  Purpose

The purpose of this survey was to ascertain environmental quality
on federally recognized reservation land from the perspective of
tribal author!tes.  This was an initial attempt to develop a data
base on which more cogent decisions regarding environmental pro-
tection could be made by both tribal authorities and authorities
in other jurisdictions, local, state and federal.
The initial selection of reservations to be sampled included all
those with the largest land bases.  Other reservations were added
to include at least one reservation from each EPA region having
federally recognized tribes and land, reservations in varying
environmental situations, some of the smaller reservations and any
other reservation which wanted to participate out of its own
interest.  The survey questionnaire was sent out to a total of 74
tribes in all (see Figure I).

Much of the information gathered in the survey was done so in
response to open-ended questions.  These responses in effect began
to demarcate appropriate environmental categories for future reser-
vation surveys to update this initial data base.
C.  Methods

AID and EPA staff jointly developed the survey instrument.  The
survey instrument was sent out to the tribes with a cover letter
explaining  the purpose of the survey.  When the completed survey
was received at AID, a narrative profile of the reservation was
written based on the completed questionnaire.   This narrative was
then sent back out to the reservations for editorial comment.  Such
comments were then integrated into the final draft of the narra-
tive.  Meanwhile the survey data was being collated and analyzed
for the final overview report.  The overview was circulated at EPA
(national and regional offices), and at CERT.   All this input was
integrated into this report.

A code book is being generated to assist computer data base develop-
ment personnel both in EPA and CERT to design an accessible com-
puterized data base.

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                                                                  Page 2
D.  Unexpected Outcomes

One major contribution of this survey is the participative edi-
torial process for producing the tribal narrative profiles and
the final report which have made it a necessity for environmental
staff, both Indian and non-Indian, in many programs at all juris-
dictional levels, to communicate with each other, thus,
strengthening the environmental network concerned with Indian
lands.  Eleven reservations (Colville, Fort Berthold, Fort Peck,
Menominee,  Mississippi Choctaw, Northern Cheyenne, Navajo, Pyramid
Lake, Sault Ste. Marie, Southern  Ute, Warm Springs, and White
Earth) reedited their initial draft of their narrative in time to
be included in this overview, and seven reservations (Cabazon
Rancheria, Pueblo de Acoma, Seneca, Ely Shoshone Colony, Rocky
Boy's, Colusa Rancheria and San Carlos) sent in editorial comments
which, although they arrived too late for the overview, were
integrated into the narratives presented in Section VI.

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  ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY







II.   Reservation Setting





III.  Findings





IV.   Tribal Priorities

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                                                                  Page 3
              EPA ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY FINAL REPORT - SURVEY
II.  Reservation Setting

A.   The Sample

This report presents tribal perceptions of environmental quality
on reservation lands and is based on survey questionnaire
responses from 48 tribes in the nine EPA regions which include
Indian lands (Regions I, II, IV, V, VI, VIII,  IX,  X)*.   Fifty-one
reservations responded in all, but three surveys were received too
late to be included in the analysis which follows.  This represents
69% of the total of 74 tribes contacted during the survey.   Various
environmental situations and various sized reservations with vastly
differing resources are represented in the responses.  (See Figure I.)

A range of from 1 to 14 tribes or bands live together on each of
the reservations sampled, with 35 of the reservations having only
one tribe occupying them.  The oldest reservation in the sample, Zia
Pueblo, was established in the 17th century, 2 reservations were
established in the 18th century, 30 in the 19th century, and 12 in
the 20th century.  Thus, the reservation system is largely  a result
of the Euro-American conquest of Indian lands in the 19th century.

Reservations are anywhere from immediately adjacent to urban areas
of over 25,000 population (Cabazon) to 250 miles distant from such
areas (Berry Creek Rancheria).  Seven reservations have no  highway
running through them.  The rest have at least one major highway
with most having two.  One each have 8 and 12 highways running
through them.  Some reservations, especially along the Canadian
border, have international dimensions to their environmental con-
cerns.

The Indian population on the reservation lands surveyed range from 10
(Berry Creek Rancheria) to 149,000 (Navajo).  Total population on the
reservation lands surveyed amounts to approximately 369,470, although
totally accurate figures as to number of of enrolled members, other
Indians and non-Indians living on each reservation, are still unavail-
able.

This population lives on a land base of from 33 1/3 acres (Berry
Creek) to Navajo's 16,193,358.07 acres.  The Ely Shoshone live in
what amounts to three neighborhoods in the town of Ely, Nevada, and
do not lead the separate existence from dominant society that many
Navajo, for instance, lead in the middle of their reservation,  which
is larger than some states.  Total acreage surveyed amounts to
approximately 41,892,032 acres, of which 25,534,609 acres are tribally
   Region III has no federally recognized tribes.

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                                                                  Page 4
owned (Hop! did not give figures for this question and Rincon did not
have data to answer this question).  Seventeen reservations in the
sample,  some of which are small and/or composed of non-contiguous
units, are completely tribally owned.

Both Fort Belknap's and Navajo's survey responses give the
greatest insight into the jurisdictional intricacies regarding
land status with which reservation leadership has to deal when
planning, implementing and/or participating in various programs.
Many reservations are in the process of buying back land that
went out of tribal hands during the allotment era at the turn
of the century.
8.  Tribal Government

Twenty-seven tribal governing bodies are called tribal councils,
but such governing bodies are also termed community councils,
business councils and committees, executive boards and councils,
boards of directors and trustees, and tribal legislatures, and one
governing body calls itself a nation.  Among the tribal councils,
four are general councils which include either all adult males or
all members of the tribe.  Two of these have separate tribal coun-
cils for day to day governance.

These governing bodies consist of anywhere from 3 fSt. Regis) to 88
(Navajo) elected members as well as the four non-elected, ascrip-
tive membership general councils mentioned above.  Some councils
combine elected members with representation by traditional chiefs
or clan/band elders (Warm Springs).  Twenty governing bodies have
between 10 and 20 members.

Thirty-six of 49 tribal chief executives, most commonly called
chairmen, are elected by tribal membership, most often at at large.
Some, however, are appointed by the tribal council or elected from
the council ranks, and others are appointed by religious leaders with
concurrence by the people.  Councils meet as often as three times a
week and as rarely as quarterly.  Most councils (28) meet monthly.

Tribal officials are chosen in a variety of different ways: appointed
for life in the traditional manner, appointed by religious leaders,
appointed by council, elected by geographic region/district/village,
or elected at large, although Americans for Indian Opportunity's work
in tribal governance indicates that geographic representation gives
different sections of tribal communities a more effective voice in
tribal government.

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                                                                  Page 5
Tribal government enabling documents range from no document at all
(where governance is based on tribal custom) to constitutions and by-
laws and includes charters, corporate and non-corporate,  resolutions
and executive orders.  Some tribes have more than one enabling docu-
ment.  Most (29) have constitutions and by-laws.

Present tribal governmental systems date from time immemorial
to 1986, with the bulk of the present governmental systems dating
from the Indian Reorganization Act era of 1934-38, with the intro-
duction of constitutional government into tribal communities.

Figure II outlines the various regulatory functions performed by
tribal governments in terms of the frequency with which the governments
in our sample performed their functions.  Nineteen tribes have adopted
an administrative procedures act which establishes adminstrative
guidelines for all reservation residents whether they are tribal mem-
bers or not.
C.  Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

Twenty-eight tribes are currently implementing their own environmental
protection programs.*  In addition, three programs are not' as yet
comprehensive or are in the planning stages, and some tribes are par-
ticipating in environmental protection programs under another
agency's auspices rather than as a part of a tribal governmental ini-
tiative.  Figure III gives the types of environmental programs
currently being conducted in Indian country and the number of reser-
vations participating in such programs.

The number of staff employed by the reservations to work on environ-
mental programs ranges from 0 to 40 with 22 reservations employing 1
to 5 staff members for such programs.  Reservations reporting 0 staff
often have people working on environmental programs employed by other
agencies rather than the tribal government and/or employ no regular
full-time staff for such programs, although some regular staff may
devote part of their time to environmental programs.  In addition, 26
tribal governments have committees within the tribal government
structure which address environmental issues.
   In the absence of a tight definition for environmental programs
   we believe the term here should be considered in its broadest
   sense to include natural resource management programs, etc.

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                                                                  Page 6
Even the tribes which do not administer their own environmental
program participate in cooperative agreements with other agencies
involved in environmental work,  so that all but A reservations
surveyed (all small rancherias)   were involved in at least one
environmental activity.  Figure  IV lists different kinds of
cooperative environmental protection programs,  the jurisdictional
level at which cooperation occurs and the names of the agencies/
organizational entities so involved with the tribes.  Leech Lake
listed the most cooperative agreements: 13 at state and federal
levels, 3 at the local level and one with regional impact, the
Mississippi Headwaters Board.
D.  Tribal Natural Resource Use

Reservations range from those abundant in natural resources of
all kinds to those whose only resource is people, from reservations
that are completely arid to those like Leech Lake with 30,000 acres
of water (292 lakes plus 68 miles of the Mississippi River).  Soil
analysis and classification has been completed for 29 reservations
and partially completed for 5 more.   Figure V shows the general con-
figuration of implemented and planned land and water resource usage
on the 48 reservations surveyed.  The Bureau of Indian Affairs'
Branch of Natural Resources has enabled some of the tribes to make
highly detailed resource use plans.

The management of natural resources is also determined by land status.
On Navajo, for instance, reservation land is not only tribally owned
but is also categorized as Trust Lands, Navajo Tribe Fee Lands,
Bureau of Land Management Lands and State Lands, as well as allot-
ments.  Fort Belknap has an equally complicated array of land sta-
tuses.
III.  Findings

A.  Air Quality

Only 6 tribes have designated air quality standards as provided by
the Clean Air Act.  Four additional tribes have plans to do so.
Unless otherwise designated all reservation air is categorized
as Class II.  Only 8 tribes indicated knowing this.  Two tribes have
air quality designated as Class I; one is Northern Cheyenne and the
other is Fort Peck, which in 1982 had its air redesignated as Class I
(see Fort Peck Tribe's Air Quality Redesignation Report by Larry

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                                                                  Page 7
Allen and John Doyle, Fort Peck Tribe's Office of Environmental
Protection, June, 1982) because among other things such pristine air
is associated with the kind of environment necessary for the mainten-
ance of traditional cultural integrity.  Another tribe suggested the
establishment of a Class I standard with Class II as a fallback
ceiling to control development.

Air quality is monitored on 15 reservations.  It is monitored con-
tinuously on 7 reservations, on a special study basis on 7 reser-
vations and on a specific occasion, at the time of slash burning, on
1 reservation.  Nine of these tribes do their own monitoring; the
Minnesota Chippewa have their own research lab.  There are various
other agencies and organizations which do air quality monitoring on
the reservations including:  the Peabody Coal Company, the Indian
Health Service, the Office of Surface Mining, EPA, the United States
Geological Survey's Water Resource Division and state departments of
environmental quality and conservation.  Rosebud has submitted its
air quality proposal to the EPA Region VIII Office, but due to lack
of federal funds this proposal cannot be considered until 1988.
Figure VI gives the number of surveyed reservations collecting air
monitoring data for different parameters.

Six reservations have had measured violations of national ambient
air quality standards.  Violations have included: fugitive dust
and dust storms, total suspended particulates violations (secondary
& primary) by arithmetic and annual means, incomplete stack tests
for mineral processing plants, excessive fluoride emissions asso-
ciated with aluminum processing, elevated levels of suspended par-
ticles,  and seasonal violations caused by uranium mine tailings.

Figure VII shows major air pollution sources on or near reservations
and the frequency with which each type of source occurs.  Major air
pollution sources are 0 to 200 miles away from the reservation.
B.  Water Quality

1.  General Water Quality:  Only 8 reservations have their own
water quality standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes,
and in one case this is a very recently adopted water code.  Two
reservations are in the process of drafting such standards.  None of
these standards have been promulgated by the federal government as
federally enforceable under the Clean Water Act.

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                                                                  Page 8
There have been violations of these standards on 4 reservations,
involving dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform bacteria,  pH levels,  as
well as turbidity (including algae concentrations) and temperature
levels.  Causes have included a leaking sewage lagoon and malfunc-
tioning on-site waste water disposal system on a lake shore.
Degradation of riparian vegetation and stream beds have also  been
reported as a problem.

On 13 reservations, lakes and reservoirs are suffering from eutrophi-
cation, on 2 reservations only some of the lakes and reservoirs are
so affected, and on 1 reservation eutrophication is very minor.   On
21 reservations lakes and reservoirs suffer from sedimentation,  and
on 1 reservation only some of the lakes and reservoirs are so
affected.  In four cases it was unknown whether eutrophication and
sedimentation were problems, and in some cases tribes did not respond
to this survey question.

Figure VIII gives actual and potential sources of water pollution
affecting the reservations.  It is interesting to note that both
Yakima and the Mississippi Choctaw reported erosion and waterflow
from the two reservations as impacting off-reservation communities.

     2.  Drinking Water duality:  There have been violations  of
drinking water quality on 17 reservations in the past five years.
These  violations have included: radionuclides, fluoride, selenium
and nitrates, turbidity problems in surface water, elevated bacteria
(total coliform in ground water and fecal coliform in streams and
lakes), elevated barium, total dissolved solids levels and arsenic
in a ground water well.  Secondary and some primary standards for
sulfate, total suspended particulates and other mineral constituents
were also exceeded.

There  have been reported outbreaks of water borne diseases on 9
reservations in the last five years.  These included 5 cases of
giardia  (mostly in children), including an outbreak in a system which
was subsequently abandoned, an outbreak of gastroenteritis, giardia
and amoebic dysentry, an outbreak of "minor illnesses" due to ele-
vated  bacteria levels in private wells, an outbreak of shigellosis
from surface water contaminated with fecal coliform, an outbreak of
giardia also from contaminated surface water, and a case of hepati-
tis.   These events might be severely under reported because most
private/ individual wells on the reservations are not monitored at
all (see section on Individual Water Supply).

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                                                                  Page 9
     3.  Community Water Supply:  Having accurate data for community
water supply systems is somewhat problematical.  Some Indian Health
Service documents (e.g. Community Profiles) define a community water
supply system as having 25 or more connections.  Meanwhile, Indian
Health Service Safe Drinking Water Act compliance data on community
water supply systems for 1985 define such a system as having 5 or
more homes on the system, and still other Indian Health Service sur-
veys collect data on community water supply systems on the basis of 2
or more homes served by a single well (Jager, personal communication).
When the tribes responded to the present EPA survey all of the above
definitions could have been operational.  Thus, 48 tribes report the
existence of 410 community water supply systems.  The Indian Health
Service compliance data reports 359 systems with- 32 tribes reporting
(Figure IX).  However, the data does not match at all well.  For
instance, the Mississippi Choctaw survey response reports 8 systems,
and the Indian Health Service data reports Mississippi Choctaw as
having 70.  Navajo, on the other hand, reports 215 systems on the
survey while the Indian Health Service data reports only 111.  Two
reservations use city water.

The source of most reservation drinking water is ground water.
Thirty-one of the surveyed reservations count on ground water sources
for 100% of their drinking water.  Surface water sources, however,
count for 100* of drinking water on only 3 reservations, although 15
reservations depend on surface water for some of their drinking water
(between 1% and 91.5% with an average dependence of approximately
38%).  However, on one (Warm Springs) reservation where only 33% of
the water sources are surface water sources, nearly the total volume
of water consumed on the reservation is surface water.

Figure X shows, according to the survey data, the number of reser-
vations which monitor some to all of their community water supplies
for different parameters and at different frequencies.

Figure XI gives the 1985 Indian Health Service SDWA compliance rates
for community water supplies for three parameters.

According to the survey data 35 reservations treat some to all of
their community water supplies with fluoride, chlorine and/or alum,
etc., for water quality including turbidity.

     4.  Individual Water Supply:  Again, with individual water supply
data there seem to be a number of reporting discrepancies between
tribal self reports on the survey and Indian Health Service summary
documents.  This is because different tribal and federal agencies

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                                                                  Page 20
define individual and community systems differently, and when we did
the survey we neglected to provide a standard definition.  For
example, Southern Ute reports 85 individual wells, the Indian Health
Service 120.  St. Regis reports 1,000 homes with individual wells,
the Indian Health Service 400.  Acoma reports 30% of its homes with
individual wells, the Indian Health Service only 5 homes out of 627
homes served, or only approximately .8%.  Navajo, on the other hand,
reported that the data on number of homes served by individual wells
did not apply to Navajo because water was hauled from windmills and
developed springs, but the Indian Health Service reports 8 individual
water systems which apparently serve 1801 households (see Figure XII).

According to the survey data 33 reservations have some of their homes
served by individual wells, between .5% and 98% with an average of
approximately 43% so served.  Two reservations have 100% of their
homes served by individual wells, and 9 reservations have none of
their homes so served or no data is available.

Figure XIII gives, according to the survey data, the number of reser-
vations which monitor some/all of their individual family wells for
different parameters at different frequencies.

In the survey data numbers of homes and percentage of population
served by individual wells were often equated as identical when in
fact they most often probably are not.

What is needed is a complete house-to-house, baseline survey of total
homes, average household size, and types of services available
(community and individual) with well-defined parameters for what
constitutes a community water system and categories developed for
particular Indian situations like the developed springs which serve
semi-nomadic families on Navajo.  A step in meeting this need will be
the forthcoming Water Supply Needs Survey conducted by EPA pursuant
to the recently re-authorized Safe Drinking Water Act.

     5.  Water Usage:  The effort to survey the reservations for
average annual wat ?r consumption in acre feet for different purposes
was not all that successful.  First, most of the reservations were
not able to fill in the water usage table.  Thirty tribes (40% of the
sample) did not respond at all.  Four, Isleta, Navajo, Umatilla and
Rosebud gave rather complete responses (.07% of the sample), and the
rest made attempted or partial responses.  Even with these rather
complete responses the data given for percent of total annual con-
sumption were invalid since they were often left blank or else the
totals for all purposes tended to equal more than 100%.  A revised

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                                                                  Page 11
water usage table (see Appendix I: Survey Questionnaire p. 17 for
original water usage table) should also include under Purposes:
recreational water usage, lake/reservoir/stock pond evaporation,
livestock watering,  fisheries (habitat & hatchery), and commercial
purposes.  Umatilla currently has a list of 17 beneficial uses of
water, both consumptive and non-consumptive, and suggests that it
might be easier to identify tribal uses of water if all tribes had
the duty of assigning water, as appropriate, to all these uses.

There appeared to be three major reasons for the difficulties in
filling in the usage table:  1) the lack of the technical expertise
to do so,  2) unavailability of the data (in some cases, like Yakima,
studies are currently under way),  and  3) the tribe was currently
negotiating water rights and water consumption information is con-
fidential until negotiations are completed.  In another case, water
was part of a larger municipal or regional water system and estimates
for tribal use were impossible to break out of the larger system.

C.  Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

As with community and individual water supply systems, the baseline
data for community and individual domestic waste disposal systems
are quite incomplete.  Even where such data exist (e.g., the
Indian Health Service Community Profiles and Summary Data),  they
are difficult to obtain, are not current (the IHS data are not
part of a computerized system),  and/or are, as Colville stated,
based on approximate guesses, not exhaustive door to door surveys.
The next Indian Health Service survey of sewage systems is sche-
duled for the summer of 1986 and the data so gathered will be part
of the 1987 Reservation Environmental Health Profiles.

Unfortunately, this area of domestic waste disposal was neglected
in the original questionnaire.

However, one reservation included domestic waste data in its original
survey responses, and twelve tribes added data about domestic waste
disposal to the second draft of their narrative profiles in time
to be included in this final overview.  These data can be summarized
as follows.

1.  Community Waste Disposal Systems:  There are 227 community
systems reported for the 13 reservations.  Five, however, are not
functional.  There are from 1 to 168 community systems on each reser-
vation, serving (where the numbers were reported) from 50 to 570
homes or (where reported) as much as 70% of the reservation popu-
lation.

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                                                                  Page 12
2.  Individual Waste Disposal Systems;  On Navajo 5,300 homes have
no sanitation facilities.  Although at Leech Lake 82% of the
housing does have individual systems, 10% does not.  Ten percent of
the housing on the Mississippi Choctaw reservation also have no
sanitation facilities.  Most rural housing on twelve reservations
have septic tanks and drainfields (anywhere from 47 to 9,500 where
specific numbers were reported).  One reservation (Forest County
Potawatomi) has a septic system pick-up service.  At Fort Peck
there is a general upgrading underway of the waste disposal systems
at all older homesites.  On this reservation the unmet needs list
for water and sewage amounts to $596,000 worth of projects for
1986.  This list is reprioritized each year by the Fort Peck
Tribes' Health, Education and Welfare Committee.

D.  Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

In the responses to this section there was some tendency to confuse
solid waste with sewage.  Thus, in the continued development of the
environmental data base it will be important to unconfound these two
issues.

Although 25 reservations stated they did have a plan for the disposal
of solid wastes, two thought their plans were inadequate or ineffec-
tive and one said codes and regulations were still being developed.
Of the 21 other tribes which stated they had no plan, three were
working on plans and proposals  (one with the Council of Energy
Resource Tribes) and one indicated that although it was not in
writing, there was a plan.  However, 21 tribes indicated solid
wastes as a major problem on the reservation, 19 as a growing
problem (some tribes double checked it as a major and growing
problem), 12 stated such wastes were not a problem on the reser-
vation, and for one reservation it was presently unknown whether
solid wastes were or were not a problem.  Of the reservations where
solid wastes are not a problem, some have arrangements with
surrounding localities or with private contractors.  Warm Springs,
Southern Ute, Zia Pueblo, Sault St. Marie, Yakima and Colusa indi-
cated they did not have solid waste management problems on their
reservations.  Colville has also developed a tribal solid waste
transfer system to off reservation sites.

Figure XIV shows how solid wastes are currently disposed of on the
reservations.  As indicated under "Other," illegal, open, surface
dumping is still very much a problem.  The present sizes of community
waste disposal sites on the 36 reservations reporting data for this
section range from 0 to 250 acres with 18 reservations having 1 to 10

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                                                                  Page 13
acres of dump site and an average size of approximately 29 acres.
This acreage is often distributed among several sites.  Some of it is
past capacity.  The problem, of course, is how best to organize solid
waste management for communities scattered over a large territory.
Disposal for rural homesites can amount to $120 annually (see White
Earth narrative).   Forty-two reservations have no tribally sponsored
recycling programs.  Eight tribes, including Leech Lake, Cabazon,
Uta Uta Gwaitu and to a limited extent, Hoopa, recycle aluminum.
One reservation (Rocky Boy's - Chippewa Cree) recycles eyeglasses.
Leech Lake also recycles copper, and Hoopa recycles paper to a
limited extent as does Yakima.

E.  Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Only 4 tribes have plans for the disposal of hazardous wastes and
1 is in the process of developing a plan.  Yet hazardous wastes
are generated on 6 of the reservations surveyed, stored on 9, and
7 have known abandoned hazardous waste sites.  In only 6 cases were
the wastes stored in accordance with tribal regulations and federal
law, and the wastes have been stored from less than a year to over
50.  In one case (St. Regis) the hazardous waste site (CM Central
Foundry) is adjacent to the reservation, but toxic wastes are
leaching onto reservation lands.

Figure XV outlines the nature of the wastes generated and stored
on the reservations and the identification of known abandoned
storage sites.

ft hazardous waste problem on all reservations with an agricultural
resource base is the storage of pesticides, their use, and the dispo-
sal of pesticide cannisters.  One reservation (Mississippi Choctaw)
put aside a small amount of funding for an agricultural extension
program for a certified pesticide applicator.  The Cheyenne River
Sioux Reservation was the only tribe surveyed to report their own
regulations for the storage and disposal of pesticides and pesticide
containers.

F.  Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Out of the 48 reservations surveyed there are uranium deposits on
6 reservations, with deposits of other radioactive materials
(phosphate mining residue which is used for roads) on 1 reservation.
There is no uranium mining presently underway, although there are
two stand-by or abandoned uranium mines on the reservations sur-
veyed.  One is the Kerr-McGee Mine at Churchrock (Navajo) presently

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                                                                  Page 14
on stand-by due to the depressed uranium market.  The other site was
unidentified.  Uranium tailings are present at 6 sites on 3
reservations:  1 site at Hilltop (San Carlos Apache), A sites asso-
ciated with Kerr McGee (Hopi and Navajo), and one at Tuba City (Hopi
and Navajo).  There is a set of reclamation activities underway on
the Hopi & Navajo reservations as part of the UMTRA (Uranium Mine
Tailings Remediation Act) Project: two reclamation efforts are
actually underway, one is in planning, and two are in the data
collection stage.

Within a fifty mile radius 7 reservations currently have uranium
processing mills (with Hopi potentially having 3 within a 50 mile
radius), 4 have nuclear power generation facilities, and 5 have
nuclear waste storage sites.  Two reservations do not know if such
wastes are stored nearby, and one reservation will soon have such
wastes stored within a fifty mile radius.

In addition, 5 reservations, including Menominee and an area selected
by the Department of Energy within the Leech Lake Watershed, indi-
cated having been selected as potential areas for permanent nuclear
waste disposal sites.  However,  as of August 1986, because of changes
in the nuclear repository program only three tribes (Umatilla, Nez
Perce, Yakima) remain on the affected tribes list.  All of these tri-
bes are in the area of the candidate repository site near Hanford,
Washington.

As for nuclear materials being transported through the reservation,
10 reservations responded yes (with one adding that statistically
one of the highways passing through the reservation was one of the
most dangerous in the state, and the tribe did not have an
emergency preparedness plan in case there was an accident involving
nuclear materials).  Eighteen reservations reponded np_ (with one
stating that nuclear materials were transported on the interstate
12 miles south of the reservation), and 15 responded don't know
(with one stating that "maybe" such transit occurred, but it was
"unauthorized.").
IV.  Tribal Priorities

The reservations listed two areas of concern, environmental and
institutional.

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                                                                  Page 15
A.  Environmental Concerns
The survey requested the tribes to identify and prioritize their
most pressing environmental problems.  What follows is,  thus,  the
tribes' perceived needs.  Not all tribes listed the same number of
problems (ten was the highest number listed).   Sometimes more  than
one problem was given equal priority.  In addition, the list does
not reflect the priority order in which problems were cited by
individual tribes.  It was, thus proposed to rank the areas of
concern according to four criteria:
     1)  frequency of mention;

     2)  average ranking (the sum of all rankings divided by
         the total number of mentions);

     JJ  modal ranking (the most frequent ranking for the item);  and

     4)  median ranking (the midpoint in the rankings).
Figure XVI prioritizes the tribal environmental  problems according to
the above rankings, prioritizing them first according to frequency of
mention.  In effect, frequency of mention established the item's rank.
The item's average ranking, modal ranking and median ranking are also
shown simply to give a better idea of the distribution of rankings for
that item within the frequency.  Although this list and the rankings
are not statistically significant, it does constitute a first attempt
to exhaustively identify and prioritze tribal environmental needs from
a tribal perspective, and the list is useful in  generally pointing to
the most serious perceived problems: water quality, water supply and
solid and hazardous waste management.  This certainly supports our
intuitive sense of tribal priorities.

In addition, each of the priorities was made up  of a number of con-
cerns.  The following is the prioritized list of problem areas and
the sub-issues included under each priority area.   These sub-issues
were taken directly from the survey questionnaire responses.

-------
1.  Water Quality;
         Safe drinking water
         Water quality preservation
         Water quality control
         Surface & ground water protection
         Surface & ground water protection re:  non-point pollution
         Surface water pollution by sewage, chemicals,  erosion
         Non-point surface pollution into reservation stream,  e.g.,
           upstream,  urban & local, surface run-off
         Ground water protection of surficial aquifers susceptible
           to potential contaminants
         Organic water quality of community systems
         High bacteria in ground water
         Hydrogen sulfide from natural gas in ground water
         River water quality & quantity
         River sedimentation from logging
         Stream sedimentation due to roads, logging, other
           development
         Degradation of riparian zones
         Acid rain
2.  Solid Waste Disposal:
         Abandoned cars
         Garbage in yards
         Lack of sufficient sanitary landfill
         Solid waste disposal - alternative methods
           50-80 open dumps on one reservation
3.  Hazardous Waste Management:

         Lack of an emergency response plan for hazardous
           waste accident
         Impact of surrounding industries on environmental quality
         Chemical and oil contaminants from asphalt companies
         Need for a study of PCB's in fish tissue and the location
           of the PCB source
         Regulation of chemical use on or near reservation
         Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, other chemicals
         Pesticide certification and enforcement mechanisms on
          and near reservations.

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                                                                  Page 17
    Hazardous Waste Management (cont.)

         Underground storage tanks as potential problems
         Abandoned hazardous waste and other industrial sites
         Transit of hazardous materials
         Asbestos
         Acid rain
         Chemigation
         Continued monitoring of sites
4.  Domestic Waste (Sewage) Treatment and Disposal:

         Waste water & sewage treatment
         Control on-site waste disposal systems at rural lakes/lore
           & river sites
         Effluent discharge
         Surface and groundwater pollution by upstream urban sewage
           effluent
         Liquid waste lagoons
         Septic tanks
         Septic system failure
         Lack of percolation in soil requiring sewage lines rather
           than septic tanks
         Water and sewer line maintenance
5.   Conservation and Land Use:

         Public attitude and education - take everything now - not
           concerned with future
         Retention of balance within naturally occurring ecosystems
         Disturbance of traditional use of culturally significant
           resources
         Unsuitable development and loss of sensitive lands
         Improper land use,  e.g. converting wildlife habitat
         Disturbing wetlands
         Forest damage
         Over grazing range deterioration
         Submarginal crop use
         Importation of noxious weeds, leafy spurge, club moss
           infestation, etc.
         Lack of reforestation
         Overharvest of resources
         Extensive roads in mountain zones

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                                                                  Page 18
6.  Air Quality:
         Preserving air quality
         Impact of surrounding industries on air quality
         Exhaust from cars and other vehicles
         Dust control
7.  Animal Control:
         Stray dogs
         Rodent and insect control
         Fish and wildlife management
8.  Erosion:
         Agricultural erosion
         Soil erosion/conservation
         Stream bank erosion
         Slides, slope failure
9.  Public Health:
         Community injury control
         Injuries/safety
         Environmental hazards contributing to injury and death
         Institutions and food services surveys
         Food regulations
         Reservation public health and sanitary code
10.  Nuclear Waste/Radiation:

         Radioactive waste
         Nuclear repository
         Possible radioactivity from federal laboratory
         Possibility of nuclear waste siting


11,  Mining/Drilling:

         Open pit mining
         Coal mining and associated problems
         Oil and gas company depletion of water in oil and gas operations
         Brine water disposal from oil and gas production
         Injection wells

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                                                                  Page 19
12.  Housing:

         Extreme substandard housing


13.  No Resource Recovery (Recycling) Program


B.  Institutional Concerns

In addition, on their returned questionnaires the tribes listed
institutional factors like funding, jurisdictional and policy issues
and information/assistance needs as often being their chief environ-
mental problems, that is problems with the organizational rather
than the physical environment.  These institutional factors included
the following concerns:


1.  Funding Issues:

         Funding for the adoption, implementation and enforcement of
            tribal EPA plans

         Federal regulations and laws, including those governing
            archeological artifacts, which do not include funding to
            implement them  (Fort Berthold complained, for instance,
            that development of tribal air quality standards was
            not provided for in the Clean Air Act.)

         Federal agencies unwilling to finance tribal programs

2.  Jurisdictional Issues:

         States attempted assertion of jurisdiction re: reservation
            environmental issues
         Land use control
         Conflicts between state and tribal resource management
         Lack of coordination by federal, state and private sector

3.  Policy Issues:

         Lack of implementable land use,  zoning, building and other
            development control measures and plans

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                                                                  Page 20
4.  Information and Assistance Needs:

     Lack of technical assistance in developing tribal air/water
       quality systems and monitoring capacity
     Inadequate baseline data
     Lack of a comprehensive plant and soil inventory.
C.  Excerpted Tribal Comments

The last part of the survey questionnaire provided space for any open
ended comments/questions/criticisms on the tribes' part,  find again,
funding, jurisdictional and policy issues and information/assistance
needs emerged, communicating an overall sense of general frustration.
for example, Umatilla wrote:

          "The states have poorly administered the Clean
          Water fict with federal money.  Tribes can and
          should utilize Section 208 of the fict to implement
          provisions of this section on the Reservation.  EPfi
          is apparently unwilling to finance Indian projects
          even though policy requires it.  Federal and state
          efforts to reduce non-point sources of pollution
          continue to be fragmented and very poorly coordinated."
Thus, Pine Ridge sees that:

          "1)  Indian Policy Amendments should be approved
               by Congress and added to EPfi policy;

           2)  Tribes would then be able to apply for and
               receive funding for these programs, and

           3)  EPfi programs on reservations could then be
               implemented by tribes for tribal members."
Colville, in its amendments to the first draft of its narrative
profile, was particularly adamant about the need for funding for
tribal governments to do comprehensive baseline surveys to identify
existing conditions and unmet needs:

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                                                                  Page 21
          "I realize there are a lot of DNA's (data not available]
          appearing throughout the survey and feel that this
          illustrates the need for funding to be channeled to
          tribes as they have the greatest interest in resource
          protection and are the only entity with the jurisdiction
          to implement and enforce protective legislation.  States
          and federal agencies do not have complete and up to
          date data regarding environmental protection within
          reservation boundaries...."
This concern for the establishment of a resource base, both financial
and technical, to enable tribal control and implementation of reser-
vation programs was pervasive and expressed in many ways.  One tribal
environmental officer, as he was collecting the survey data, ran into
the following comments which he passed on to us:
    "1)  That's all we need, another federal agency running around
         telling us what to do.

     2)  What EPA services are we not getting?

     Jj  How will this benefit us?"
It is a new voice in Indian country, the voice of self-determination.
Tribes no longer want to project themselves to the larger community
in terms of needs but in terms of the capacities necessary to
accomplish tribal community goals.
          "The Yankton Sioux Tribe at present has no environmental
          programs in operation, but the need to implement such
          programs is essential as regards protecting the environment
          and the Native American living on the Yankton Sioux
          Reservation."
/Again, the Confederated tribes of Umatilla Reservation say:
          "These tribes (the Cayuse, Walla Walla, and umatillaj
          have been ready to save our soils and improve the quality
          of our waters since 1981 but have not been successful in
          obtaining needed finance for our projects.

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                                                                  Page 22
          Other environmental programs and projects are available
          to the tribes as well,  but there is not enough time or
          manpower to address other environmental projects."
It cannot be emphasized enough that the tribes making  these  critical
funding,  jurisdictional,  policy and technical  comments are the
tribes which are most energized and organized  towards  accomplishing
their communities' goals.
                                 ###

-------
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY
    V.  Figures

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                                                                  Page 23
Figures

     Figure I:



     Figure II:


     Figure III:


     Figure IV:

     Figure V:


     Figure VI:

     Figure VII:

     Figure VIII:

     Figure IX:

     Figure X:


     Figure XI:

     Figure XII:


     Figure XIII:


     Figure XIV:

     Figure XV:
List of Tribes Included in the AID Environmental
Survey and EPA Regional Indian Work Group
Coordinators

Regulatory Functions Performed by Tribal
Governments

Environmental Protection Programs Currently
Underway in Indian Country

Cooperative Environmental Protection Agreements

Land & Water Resource Usage-Implemented & Planned
Programs

Air Quality Monitoring Parameters/Data

Major Air Pollution Sources On/Near Reservation

Existing & Potential Sources of Water Pollution

IHS Community Water Supply Systems, 1985

Number of Reservations Which Monitor Some/All of
Their Community Water Supplies: Frequency & Parameters

IHS Safe Drinking Water Act Compliance Data, 1985

IHS Summary Data on Individual & Community Water
Supply & Total Homes Served, 1985

Number of Reservations Which Monitor Some/All of
Their Individual Wells: Frequency & Parameters

Current Solid Waste Disposal On the Reservations

Hazardous Wastes on Reservations:  Generated,
Stored & Abandoned
     Figure XVI:   Ranking of Tribal Environmental Priorities As
                   Reflected By Tribal Responses to Questionnaire

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                                                                 Page 24
Appendices
     Appendix I:    EPA/AIO Reservation Environmental  Profile
                    Questionnaire
     Appendix II:   Reservation Narrative Profiles (with maps)
     Appendix III:  Additional Surveys Received After Cut-Off
                    Date To Be Included in Data Base.

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                                                                  Page  25
FIGURE I:

     List of Reservations Included in the AID Environmental
     Surrey and of EPA Regional Indian Work Group Coordinators
     *   Indicates a response; 69% of the sample responded
     **  Indicates a response received too late to be included
         in the analysis
         TRIBE                                       STATE

     Region II:  Charles Tenerella, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator

     1. *5eneca                                    New York
     2. *St. Regis-Mohawk                          New York

     Region IV:  Arthur Linton, EPA Indian Work Croup Coordinator

     1. *Choctaw        .                           Mississippi

     Region V:   Casey Ambutas, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator

     1. *Leech Lake                                Minnesota
     2.  Red Lake                                  Minnesota
     3. *White Earth                               Minnesota
     4.  Nett Lake                                 Minnesota
     5. *Menominee                                 Wisconsin
     6. **0neida                                    Wisconsin
     7. *Stockbridge-Munsee                        Wisconsin
     8. *Forest County Potawatomi                  Wisconsin
     9. *Sault Ste Marie                           Michigan
    10. *Isabella & Saganing                       Michigan

    Region VI:  Ernest floods, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator

     1. *Acoma Pueblo                              New Mexico
     2.  Jicarilla Apache                          New Mexico
     3.  Laguna Pueblo                             New Mexico
     4. *Isleta Pueblo                             New Mexico
     5.  Jemez Pueblo                              New Mexico
     6.  Mescalero Apache                          New Mexico
     7.  Taos Pueblo                               New Mexico
     8. *Zuni Peublo                               New Mexico
     9. *Zia Pueblo                                New Mexico
    10.**Cherokee                                  Oklahoma

    Region VII:  Edward Vest, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator

    1.  *Winnebago                                  Nebraska

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                                                                  Page 26
List of Reservations Included in AID Environmental Survey


         TRIBE                                       STATE

     Region VIII:  Chuck Gomez, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator

     1. ^Southern Ute                              Colorado
     2.  Ute Mountain                              Utah
     3.  Black feet                                 Montana
     4. *Fort Belknap                              Montana
     5. *Fort Peck                                 Montana
     6. *Northern Cheyenne                         Montana
     7. *Rocky Boy's                               Montana
     8. *Fort Berthold                             North Dakota
     9.  Devils Lake Sioux                         North Dakota
    10. *Standing Rock Sioux                       North Dakota
    11. *Cheyenne River Sioux                      South Dakota
    12.  Crow Creek Sioux                          South Dakota
    JJ. *Pine Ridge                                South Dakota
    14. *Yankton Sioux                             South Dakota
    15. *Lower Brule                               South Dakota
    16. *Rosebud Sioux                             South Dakota
    17. *Lake Traverse                             South Dakota
    18.  Uintah & Ouray                            Utah
    19.  Goshute                                   Utah

    Region IX:  Mike Monroe, EPA Indian Work Group Coordinator

     1.  White Mountain                            Arizona
     2.  Gil a River                                Arizona
     J. *Hopi                                      Arizona
     4. *Navajo                                    Arizona
     5.  Papago                                    Arizona
     6. *San Carlos                                Arizona
     7.**Colorado River                            Arizona
     8. *Hualapai                                  Arizona
     9.  Kaibab-Paiute                             Arizona
    10.  Shoshone-Pauite                           Nevada
    11. *Pyramid Lake-Paiute                       Nevada
    12.  Walker River                              Nevada
    13. *Ely Colony Shosone                        Nevada
    14.  Tule River                                California
    15. *Hoopa Valley                              California
    16. *Benton Paiute                             California
    17. *Cabazon Rancheria                         California
    18. *Colusa Rancheria                          California
    19. *Rincon Rancheria                          California
    20. *Santa Rosa Rancheria                      California
    21. *Berry Creek Rancheria                     California
    22. *Susanville Rancheria                      California

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                                                                   Page 27
List of Reservations Included in AIO Environmental Survey



         TRIBE                                        STATE

     Region X:  Rick Seaborne, EPft Indian  Work  Group  Coordinator

     1. *Fort Hall                                 Idaho
     2.  Nez Perce                                 Idaho
     3. *Umatilla                                  Oregon
     4. *Warm Springs                              Oregon
     5. *Colville                                  Washington
     6. *Quinault                                  Washington
     7.  Spokane                                   Washington
     8. *Yakima                                    Washington
     9.  Tulalip                                   Washington

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co
 0)
 O)
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Page 30
FIGURE III: Environmental Protection Programs Currently Underway
In Indian Country
Type of Program Number of Reservations

A. Air Quality Monitoring 19
B. Water Quality Monitoring 27
C. Soil Analysis 18
D. Developing Tribal Environmental
Standards 21
E. Enforcing Tribal Environmental
Standards 18
F. Animal Control 19
G. Protection of Endangered Species 19
H. Sanitation & Waste Disposal 21
I. Environmental Rehabilitation/
Reclamation 13
J. Emergency Preparedness/Evacuation 14
K. Other
* Pesticide/Insecticide Regulation/
Certification/Enforcement 6
* Fungicide Monitoring 1
* Radiation Monitoring 1
* Hazardous Waste Inventory 1
* Noise Control 1
* Mining Regulation 2
* Developing Codes to Control
Future Development 1
* Injury Control 1
* Archaeological Protection 2
* Mississippi Headwaters
Conservation Plan 1
-------
Page 31
Figure IV: Cooperative Environmental Protection Agreements
Number of Agreements At Each Jurisdictional Level
Local
(Including
Tribal) County State Region Federal
10
54
Type of
Program
Number of
Programs
Organizational
Entities
In wived
A. Air Quality Monitoring
11
B. Air Quality Standards
Enforcement
C. Water Quality Monitoring
28
BIA
EPA
USGS
USPHS
State Departments
of Energy, Health,
& Air
BIA
EPA
USGS
State Departments
of Energy, Health,
& Air

BIA
EPA Region IX
USGS
IHS
USPHS
State Departments
of Health, Natural
Resources

County Departments
City Department
Local Soil & Water
Conservation Districts
for Ground Water
-------
Figure IV - Cooperative Agreements
Page 32
0.
Type of
Program

Water Quality Standards
Enforcement
Number of
Programs
18
E. Sanitation & Waste Disposal
20
F. Environmental Rehabilitation/
Reclamation
G. Soil Analysis
17
Organizational
Entities
Involved
BIA
EPA
IMS
USPHS
State Departments
of Health
City Departments
Local Sanitary
Districts

BIA
EPA
IHS
USPHS
State Agencies
County Agencies
Local Agencies
BIA
EPA
DOE
Office of Surface
Mining
Bureau of
Reclamation
Bureau of Land
Management
Corps of Engineers
State Health
Services

BIA
IHS
USPHS
USDA
Soil Conservation
Services
State Department
of Energy
-------
Figure IV - Cooperative Agreements
Page 33
Type of
Program

H. Animal Control
Number of
Programs

10
I. Protection of Endangered
Species
J. Emergency Preparedness/
Evacuation
11
K. Other
Restaurant Inspections
Injury Control
Natural Resource Management
Mining Regulations
Pesticide Certification/
Enforcement
Regulation of Non-Point
Source Pollution
Culturally Significant Issues
Organizational
Entities
Involved

IHS
USPHS
County Authorities
City Authorities
Game Fish & Parks
Departments
Tribal Veterinary
Services
BIA
U.S. Forest and Fish &
Wildlife Services
BIA
DOE
IHS
USPHS
FEMA
State Agencies
County Agencies
Local Fire & Police
Departments

BIA
EPA
USPHS
USDA
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Department of
Interior/State Historic
Preservation Officer
State Departments of
Natural Resources
& Agriculture
-------
Page 34

Figure V: Land & Water Resource Usage - Implemented and Planned Programs

Land Resource Usage

Implemented Planned

A. Agriculture (commercial/
agribusiness) 30 14

B. Forestry/Timber 19 12

C. Mining 10 4

D. Industry/Manufacturing 14 19

E. Recreation 23 19

F. Commerce 21 22

G. Grazing 28 2

H. Other 16 12

Housing/Homesi tes/'Apartments
Small Farming
Traditional Foods/Agricultural
Urban/Incorporated
Rural
Semi-rural
Suburban
Solid Waste Disposal
Wood Hauling for Local Stoves
Conservation/Habitat
Hunting
Historial/Archeological Resources
Oil & Gas
Public Use
-------
Page J5
Figure V: Land & Water Resource Usage -Implemented & Planned Programs

Water Resource Usage

Implemented Planned

A. Power Generation 6 12

B. Irrigation 29 5

C. Fisheries 20 14

D. Tourism/Recreation 24 17

E. Transporation 9 8

F. Other 20 4

Rural Water Systems
Residential Wells
Ground Water
Water Supplies
Geothermal
Industrial
Domestic
Waterfowl Hunting
Fishing
Livestock Watering
Road Projects
Flood Control for Off-Reservation
Downstream Area
Wild Rice Production
-------
Page 36
Figure VI: Air Quality Monitoring Paramenters/Data

Number of
Data Collected Reservations Collecting

A. Total Suspended Particulates JJ

B. Sulphur Dioxide 11

C. Nitrogen Dioxide 7

D. Carbon Monoxide 6

E. Ozone J

F. Lead 5

G. Air Toxics 4

H. Visibility 8

I. Hydrogen Sulfide 1

J. Acid Rain 1
-------
Page 37
Figure VII: Significant Air Pollution Sources On/Near the Reservations*
Number of Times Cited
Source of Air Pollution As A Source

Cities/Nearby Urban Areas 3

Coal-Fired Generator 1
Fossil Fuel Fired Power Plants 10
Nuclear Power Plants 5
Thermoelectric Power Plant 1

Mining 6
Surface Mining 1
Coal Mines 2
Copper Mine 1
Uranium Mine 1
Uranium Mill Tailings Project 1
Gas & Oil Companies 3
Petroleum Refinery 3
Northwest Pipeline Processing Plant 1
Oil Wells Flaring Sour Gas 1

Synthetic Gas Plant 1
C02 Processing Plant 1

Landfills/Dumps 6

Open Burning/Incinerators 5
Wild Fires 1
Waste Wood Incinerators 1
Wood Fired Industrial Heating 1
Residential Heating 8
Wood Stoves 1
Coal Stoves 2
Prescribed Burning 2
Timber
Slash
Grass
Agriculture Field Burning 1
Wild Burning 1

Agricultural Spraying 1
Dust From Agricultural Cropland 3
Road & Other Construction Projects 2
Unpaved Roads 2

Highways 4
Vehicle Emissions 2
-------
Page 38
Figure VII: Major Air Pollution Sources On/Near the Reservations*
Numer of Times Cited
Source of Air Pollution As A Source
Chemical Companies 1
PCB Plant 1
Chemical Waste Dumps 1
Steel Mill 1
Aluminium Plant 1
Minerals Processing 5
Foundry 1
Sand & Gravel Mines 3
Rock Crusher l
Cement Plant 1
Laguna Jackpile 1
Lumber/Saw Mills 6
Paper Mill 2
Pulp Mill 1
Small Industry 1
There are no significant sources of air pollution on/near
Rosebud and Zuni
-------
Page 39
Figure VIII: Existing & Potential Sources of Water Pollution
Number of Times
Cited As A Source
Source of Water Pollution

A. Sewage Treatment Plants

B. Water Treatment Plants

C. Oxidation Ponds

D. Municipal Discharges

E. Industrial Discharges

F. Domestic Wastes (Sewage)

G. Oil Spills

H. Hazardous Materials Spills

I. Landfill Leachate

J. Urban Run-off (overland &
storm sewer)

K. Agricultural Run-off (cropland
run-off, animal waste, streambank
erosion)

L. Sediment Run-off (construction)

M. Sediment Run-off (mining)

N. Sediment Run-off (timber production
& harvesting)

0. Pesticide/Herbicide/Nutrient
Run-off

P. Toxicant Build-up (pesticide usage)
Actual
10
1
6
10
4
12
3
3
6
8
Potential
20
14
17
13
14
22
12
20
24
14
18

5
11

16
-------
Page 40
Figure VIII: Existing & Potential Sources of Water Pollution
Number of Times Cited
Cited As A Source

Source of Water Pollution Actual Potential
Q. On-Lot Disposal 1 8

R. Other

Salt H^t Disposal 1
Drilling Fluids 1
Gas 1
Hazardous Waste Disposal 1
Open Solid Waste Dumps 1
Nuclear Waste 1
Acid Rain 1
-------
Page 41
Figure IX: IHS Community Water Supply Systems, 1985

# CWS Systems Surface Ground
Reservation With >5 Homes** Water Source Water Source
+* Seneca
* St. Regis 110
* Choctaw 70 64 6
* Cherokee 28 2 26
Red Lake 404
* White Earth 606
+ Nett Lake
* Menominee 606
* Oneida 606
* Acoma Pueblo 202
Jicarilia Apache &
Mescalero Apache 514
Laguna Pueblo 211
* Isleta Pueblo 303
Jemez Peublo 101
Taos Peublo 101
* Zuni Pueblo 202
* Zia Pueblo 101
* Winnebago 505
* Southern Ute 1 1 0
+ Ute Mountain
Blackfeet 918
* Fort Belknap 615
* Fort Peck 505
* Northern Cheyenne 606
+* Chippewa-Cree

* Fort Berthold 615
Devils Lake Sioux 57 57 0
* Standing Rock 808
* Cheyenne River Sioux 15 0 15
Crow Creek Sioux 12 7 5
+* Oglala Sioux
* Yankton Sioux 505
* Lower Brule 101
* Rosebud Sioux 25 0 25
* Sisseton-Wah 13 6 7
Uintah & Ouray 404
Goshute 101
White Mountain 202
Gila River 11 0 11
* Hopi 909
* Navajo 111 20 91
Papago 49 0 49
* San Carlos 11 0 11
-------
Page 42
Figure IX: IH5 Community Water Supply Systems, 1985
# CWS Systems Surface Ground
Reservation With >5 Homes** Water Source Water Source
* Colorado River 303
* Hualapai 101
Kaibab-Pauite 101
+ Shoshone-Pauite
* Pyramid Lake 3 0 3
Walker River 101
* Fort Hall 202

Nez Perce 817
* Umatilla 101
* Warm Springs 312
* Colville 15 0 15
* Quinalt 633
Spokane 303
* Yakima 202
Tulalip 101
* Indicates reservation replied to survey

** There is no indication of the total number of homes that
possibly could be served

+ No IHS data avail -ible.
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Page 44
Figure XI: IMS SDWA Compliance Data, 1985
Reservation
Bacterial Quality Inorganics Radionuclides
+* Seneca
* St. Regis
* Choctaw
* Cherokee
Red Lake
* White Earth
+ Nett Lake
* Menominee
* Oneida
* Acoma Pueblo
Jicarilla Apache &
Mescalero Apache
Laguna Pueblo
* Isleta Pueblo
Jemez Peublo
faos Pueblo
* Zuni Pueblo
* Zia Peublo
* Winnebago
* Southern Ute
+ Ute Mountain
Blackfeet
* Fort Bel knap
* Fort Peck
* Northern Cheyenne
* Chippewa-Cree

* Fort Bert hold
Devils Lake Sioux
* Standing Rock
* Cheyenne River Sioux
Crow Creek Sioux
+* Oglala Sioux
* Yank ton Sioux
* Lower Brule
* Rosebud Sioux
* Sisseton-Wah
Uintah & Ouray
Goshute
100%
98% - 2%
42% 25% 32%
100%
100%
100%
100%
50%

100%
50%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%

55%
100%
100%
16%
85%
50%
50%
100%
95% - 5%
100% -
100%
100% -

100% -
83% 17%
50% - 50%

100% -
100% -
100% -
100% -
100%
100% -
100% -
100% -
100%
100%
92%
3%
75%
67%
100%
100%
33%
100%

100%
45%
84%
15%

33%
66%
100%
88% - 12%
- 100%
100%

20% - 80%
100%
76% 4% 20%
46% - 54%

100%
88%
100%
100%
100%
100%

60%
98%
88%

91%

20%
100%
72%
46%
12%
45%
33%
80%
100%
100%
33% 66%
2% 100%
12% 88%
100%
9% 91%

80%
100%
28% 80%
54% 46%
- 100%
8%
- 97%
- 25%
- 33%

- 100%
- 100%
0 1
- 67%

- 100%

- 100%
- 100%
- 100%

- 55%
- 66%
- 20%
- 33%

- 12%
- 100%
9%

- 100%

- 20%
- 54%

- 100%
-------
Page 45
Figure XI: IHS SDWfi Compliance Data, 1985
Bacterial Quality Inorganics Radionuclides
Reservation
White Mountain 100% - - 100% - - 50% - 50%
Gila River 100% - - 100% - - 100%
* Hopi 100% - - 100% - - 91% 9%
* Navajo 89% .9% 9.9% 89% 3.6% 7.2% 86% 2.7% 10.8%
Papago 44.5* 55* - 73.4% 26.5% - 100%
* San Carlos 90.9% - .9% 90.9% - .9% 90.9% - .9%
* Colorado River 100% - -
* Hualapai 100% - - 100% - - 100%
Kaibab-Pauite - - 100% 100% - - - - 100%
+ Shoshone-Pauite
* Pyramid Lake 100% - - 100% - - 100%
Walker River 100% - - 100% - - 100%
* Fort Hall 100% - - 100% - - 100%

Nez Perce 75% - 25% 75% - 25% 50% - 50%
* Umatilla 100% - - 100% - - 100%
* Warm Springs 100% - - 100% - - 100%
* Colville 66% 6% 26% 53% - 47% 60% - 40%
* Quinalt 83% - 17% 29% - 71% 73% - 17%
Spokane 66% - 34% 66% - 34% 34% - 66%
* Yakima 100% - - 100% - - 50% 50%
Tulalip 100% - - 100% - - 100%
* Indicates reservation replied to survey

+ No IHS data available.
-------
Page 46
Figure XII: IHS Sun/nary Data on Individual & Community Water Supply
& Total Homes Served, 1985
#
Reservation
+* Seneca
* St. Regis
* Choctaw
* Cherokee
Red Lake
* White Earth
+ Nett Lake
* Menominee
* Oneida
* A coma Pueblo
Jicarilla Apache &
Me sealer o ftpache
Laguna Pueblo
* Isleta Pueblo
Jemez Peublo
Taos Peublo
* Zuni Pueblo
* Zia Pueblo
* Winnebago
* Southern Ute
+ Ute Mountain
Blackfeet
* Fort Belknap
* Fort Peck
* Northern Cheyenne
* Chippewa-Cree
* Fort Berthold
Devils Lake Sioux
* Standing Rock
* Cheyenne River Sioux
Crow Creek Sioux
+* Oglala Sioux
* Yankton Sioux
* Lower Brule
* Rosebud Sioux
* Sisseton-Hteh
Uintah & Our ay
Goshute
White Mountain
Gila River
* Hopi
* Navajo
Papago
* San Carlos
Individual
Systems

400
1172
0
261
233

130
80
5

30
5
0
0
60
0
0
400
120

1320
674
248
314
265
391
689
135
352
233

42
48
436
0
14
17
0
0
11
8
12
0
# Homes on
Community System
With >5 Homes
250
2896
695
364
242

734
198
622

1256
803
840
390
200
1537
130
165
115

1546
364
1261
605
146

487
2031
839
781
563

241
259
1390
426
594
15
138
1747
1036
14713
2196
1353
Total Homes
Ser ved
650
4153
785
625
479

864
278
627

1292
808
840
390
360
1557
130
565
237

2871
1058
1519
919
415

878
2743
974
1133
880

283
307
1856
454
608
36
138
1747
1496
16514
2221
1358
-------
Page 47
Figure XII: IMS Summary Data on Individual & Community Water Supply
& Total Homes Served, 1985
# Homes on
# Individual Community System Total Homes
Reservation Systems With >5 Homes Served
* Colorado River 154 611 765
* Hualapai 0 250 250
Kaibab-Pauite 0 62 62
+ Shoshone-Pauite
* Pyramid Lake 15 357 372
Walker River 5 225 230
* Fort Hall 807 151 965

Nez Perce 60 398 463
* Umatilla 196 161 357
* Warm Springs 105 720 825
* Col nil e 500 837 1356
* Quinalt 0 322 332
Spokane 280 190 470
* Yakima 2347 134 2481
Tulalip 0 135 135
* Indicates reservation replied to survey

+ No 1HS data available.
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Page 49
Figure XIV: Current Solid Waste Disposal On the Reservation

Type of Disposal Number of Reservations

A. Community Dump Site 24

B. Community Landfill 18

C. Incineration

- Community (e.g. PHS hospital, 10
schools)

- Individual 17

D. Other

- People make own dump sites within 1
their own land use areas (Navajo)

- Illegal/unauthorized open dumps/ 8
roadside dumps/isolated vacant lots/
surface dumping

- County contract 1

- Off-reservation landfill in 7
neighboring community

- Tribal transfer system to off- 1
reservation disposal

- Privately owned landfill and 1
contractor
-------
Page 50

Figure XV: Hazardous Wastes on Reservations: Generated, Stored & Abandoned*

Generated

Toxic wastes leaking onto reservation from foundry
Pesticides
Penta from post & pole plant
Oil, natural gas
Hydrogen sulfide (from natural gas wells)
Reactive sulfides from oil refining operation
Trivalent chronium from aluminium forming operation
Waste from electronics plant
Styrene
PCP & CM used in wood treatment plant
Domestic light industry & small businesses (not yet significant
generators)
Stored
Trichronium waste water sludge from metal plating
<10 gallons from electronics plant
Old pesticides/insecticides/fungicides
Aldrite 4
Sodium arsenate
Old transformers
Asbestos panels
Industrial solvents
Chemicals
PCP & CAA from wood treatment plant
Contaminated sludges & soils from wood treatment plant
& small volume of waste oils and solvents
PCB's & other organo chloride compounds leaching onto
reservation from foundry
Gas stations
Uranium/uranium mine/mill tailings
Abandoned
Asbestos
Uranium/uranium mines/tailings
Pesticide containers
Industrial wastes in sewage lagoon
Barrels of old pesticides, industrial wastes, asbestos panels
Celtor Chemical Works
Copper Bluffs Mine
Masonite Mill
CM Central Foundry
Reynolds Aluminium
Seaway Dredging Deposits
Old dump
Individual listings as presented in responses to questionnaire,
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ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY

VI. Survey
-------
RESERVATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILES
I. TRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Name of reservation
2. Number of Tribes occupying reservation

3. Name(s) of Tribe(s)
4. Name & address of
Tribal governing body:
5. Reservation was established by: A. Treaty

B. Executive Order

C. Statute

D. Land Grant

E. Other(please specify)
6. Date reservation was established,

7. State(s) bordering reservation:
8. County/counties bordering reservation:
-------
9. City/Cities bordering the reservation:
(Population over 25,000)
±0. Name of city nearest the reservation:
(Population over 25,000)

11. Distance in m i/ e s :
12. Population of reservation:

13. Land basefin square acres):
14. Land statusCin square acres): A. Tribally owned

B. Allotted
15. Please list all interstate and state highways through reservation.
-2-
-------
II. TRIBAL GOVERNMENT CHARACTERISTICS
I. Name of Tribal governing body:
2. Number of council members:
3. Title of Chief Executive: A. Chairman

B. President

C. Governor

D. Principal Chief

E. Other (please specify)
4. The Chief Executive is: A. Elected by tribal membership

B. Appointed by Council

C. Other (please specify)
5. Term of Office: A. 1 year

B. 2 years

C. 3 years

D. 4 years

E. Other (please specify)
6. Regular Council meetings are held: A. Weekly

B. Bi-weekly

C. Monthly

D. Other (please specify)
-3-
-------
7. Tribal officials are elected:

A. At-large

B. By district/geographic region

C. Other (please specify)
8. Tribal Government enabling document:
A. Executive

B. Re so Iution

C. Charter

D. Other (please specify)
9. Date of adoption:
10. Mhat functions are authorized by this document? A. Executive
(Please check all that apply)
B. Legislative

C. Judicial

0. Business
Enterprise

E. Other (please specify)
II, Is/are the Tribe(s) operating a Tribal court system:

A. Yes B. No
12. If yes, are tribal court officials: A. Appointed by Chief Executive

B. Appointed by Council

C, Elected by Tribal membership

D. Other (please specify)
-4-
-------
13. What regulatory functions are performed by the Tribal Government?
(Please leave categories blanfc if Tribe is not currently implementing
regulatory activities in subject area.)
Function is controlled by:
A. Land Use Pfenning

B. Water Resource Planning

C. Water Quality Control

D. Air Quality Control

£. So iI Conservat ion

F. Tax Collection & Liscensing Fees

Severance Tax on Minerals

Income Tax

Liscensing Fees on Business

Sa I e s Tax

Other (Please Specify)
G. Business/Commercial Development

ti. Zoning

I. Hunting/Fishing/Game Management

J. Animal Control

K. Occupational Health &. Safety

L . San i ta t i on

.W. Natural Resource Development

Timber

- Fish

Minerals

* Energy

* Non-Energy

tf. Civil law

O. Criminal law
Code

Ord inance

Regula t ion

Reso lut ion

-5-
-------
14. Has the tribe adopted an administrative procedures act?

A. Yes B. No

15. Is Tribe currently implementing an environmental protection program?

A. Yes B. ,Vo

16. If yes. the Tribal environmental program
is responsible for:

A. Air quality monitoring

B. Water quality monitoring

C. Soils analysis
0. Developing Tribal
environmental standards

E. Enforcing Tribal
environmental standards

F. AnimaI controI

G. Protection of endangered
species

H. Sanitation &. waste disposal

I. Environmental rehabilitation/
reclamation

J. Emergency preparedness/
evacuation

K. Other (please specify)
17. Name(s) of Tribal office(s) which conduct environmental programs:
-6-
-------
18. Number of staff employed by Tribe t wor< on environmental programs
19. Is there a committee within the Tribal government which addresses
environmental issues?
A. Yes
B. No
If yes, name
20. Does the Tribal Government have cooperative agreements with other
governmental entities (ie: state, local. Federal govt.) for the pur-
pose of :
Yes
No
A. Air quality monitoring

B. Air quality standards
enforcement

C. Aater quality monitoring

D. Mater quality standards
enforcement

E. Sanitation &. waste disposal

F. Environmental rehabilitation/
reclamation

G. Soi i ana Zys i s

H. Animal control

I. Protection of endangered
species

J. Emergency preparedness/
e vaculat i on

K. Other (please specify)
Name of entity
-7-
-------
///. RfiSERVAf/OiV ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
I. Climate:

A. Average annual precipitation
(in inches)

-SnowfalI

-Rainfal I

B. Average Annual Temperature

C. Temperature extremes

- High

- Low

D. Average freeze free period
(in days)

E. Average annual wind speed

F. Prevailing wind direction pattern

G. Elevationdn feet)
2. Reservation may be affected by:
(Check appropriate box)
to
I ow
high
A. Tornados

B. Hurricanes

C. Duststorms

D. Extremely high winds

E. Blizzards

F. Fog

G. Earthquakes

H. Flooding

-Flashfloads

-SnowmeIt

I. Other
Frequent ly

Occas fonal ly

Rarely

Never

-8-
-------
3. Reservation climate is characterized as

A. Arid/Hot

B. Arid/Coot

C. Temperate/Miid

D. Humid/riot

E. Humid/Cool

F. Wet

G. Sub-Tropical
6.
4. Summers are generally.

A. Hot/Dry

B. Hot/Rainy

C. Hot/Humid

0. Mi Id/Dry

£. Mild/Rainy

F. Mild/Humid

G. Coo I/Dry

H. Coo I/Rainy

I. Cool/Humid
5. Winters are generally.

A. Cold/Dry

B. Cold/Rainy

C. Cold/Humid

D. Mi Id/Dry

£. Mi Id/Rainy

F. Mild/Humid

G. Coo I/Dry

H. Coo I/Rainy

I. Cool/Humid
Highest percentage of annual precipitation falls
(Check all that apply)
in the :
A. Spring
B. Summer
C. Fall
D. Winter
-9-
-------
7. Land (please check all that apply):

A. Mountains

B. Plateaus

C. Prairies

D. Desert

£. Wooded

F. Forested

- Coniferous

- Deciduous

G. Coastal

H. Inland

8. Please identify mountain range(s) and elevations on reservation
9. Water (please check all that apply)

A. Lakes

- Natural

- Reservoir

B. Ri vers

C. Creeks/Streams

D. Ocean

- Open Coast

- Enclosed Bays

- Lagoons

- Estuaries

E. -Wetlands

- Marshes

- Swamps

- Bogs

-10-
-------
10. Please list alf significant river(s) flowing through reservation
II. Please list all significant lake(s)/reservoir(s) on reservation:
12. Soil analysis and classification has been compfeted for reservation

A. Ves B. No
13. Land Resource Usage:

A. Agricultural Development

B. Forestry/Timber

C. Mining

D. Industry/Manufacturing

E. Recreat ion

F. Commercial Development

G. Gra zing

H. Otherfplease specify)
Use of Resource is being:
Implemented
Planned
-II-
-------
14. Water Resource Usage:
A. Power Generation

B. Irr igat ion

C. Fisheries

D. Tourism/Recreation

E. Transportat ion

F. Other(please specify)
Use of Resourc
Implemented

e is being:
Planned

-12-
-------
IV. AIR QUALITY:

I. Has Tribe designated air quality standards as provided in the Clean
Air Act ?
A. yes B. A/o

2. If yes, is air quality designated under:

A. Class I

6. Class II

C. Class III

3. Air quality is monitored:

A. Continuously B. Special Study Basis C. Not Monitored

4. Air Quality Monitoring is conducted by:

A. Tribe B. State C. Federal Government D. Privately

5. If monitored by Federal Government or privately, please cite agency,
company or organization:

Name :
Address:

Phone :
Contact person:
6. Air quality monitoring includes data for:

Yes iVo

A. Total suspended particulates

B. Sulphur Dioxide

C. Nitrogen Dioxide _

D. Carbon Monoxide

£. Ozone

F. Lead

G. Air Toxics

H. Visibility

-13-
-------
7. Have there been any measured violations of national ambient air
quality standards?

A. Yes B. No
8. //' yes, please describe below, including what violation(s) occured,
when and where:
Major Air Pollution Sources On/Near Reservation (Within a fifty
mile radius):
Please include mining and milling operations, wood burning
and incineration, industrial development, fossil-fuel fired
power generation facilities, petroleum refineries, urban
areas, etc.

£ype_ Proximity to reservation (where
appl i cable) in mi les
-14-
-------
V. WATER QUALITY
Community /Voter Supp I y
1. How many community drinking water supply systems are on the
reservation?
2. What is the source of these community drinking water supply systems?
(Please indicate percentage of total drinking water sources)

A. Surface %
B. Groundwater %

3. What percentage of the community water supply system is monitored
for the following parameters and how frequently does this monitor-
ing occur?

Never Annual Quarterly Monthly

A. Bacteriological Quality % % % %

B. Inorganics % __% % %

C. Pesticides % % % %

D. Radionuclides % % % %

4. What percentage of the community water supply systems are treated
for water qua I i ty?
I^nd ividua I Ma te r Supp I y

5. How many homes on the reservation are served by individual wells?
6. What is the percentage of the total population on the reservation
that uses individual wells for drinking water?
-15-
-------
7. Mat percentage of individual family wells is monitored for the
following parameters and how frequently does this monitoring occur?

Never Annual Quarterly Monthly

A. Bacteriological Quality % % % %

B. Inorganics % % % %

C. Pesticides % % % %

0. RadionucZides % % % %

General Water Qualify

8. Have there been any water quality violations of the reservation's
drinking water in the past five years?

A. Ves B. No
9. If yes, please describe below including what the violation was, when
it occurred and whether it occurred in surface or ground water.
10. Have there been any water borne diseases or outbreaks?

A. Yes B. No

II. If yes, please describe:
12. Are there tribal water quality standards for on-reservation streams,
rivers and lakes?
A. Yes B. No
13. Have there been any violations of these standards?

A. Ves B. No

14. If yes, for what parameter(s) (temperature, dissolved oxygen,
pH. etc.)?
-16-
-------
15.
Water Usage Table
Purpose

A. Domestic
B . Mun i c i pa I
C. / rr igat ion
0. Industrial
£. Minerals
deve lopment
F. Kec reat ion
G. Other (please
spec i f y)

Average annual consumption
(in acre feet )
Surface Water

Ground Water

Percent of total
Annual Consumption
Surface Water

Ground Water

16. Total Annual Water Consumption

A. Surface

B. Ground
per acre feet

per acre feet
-I 7-
-------
17. Are lakes/reservoirs suffering from:

Yes tfo

A. Eutrophicat ion

B. Sedimentation
18. Actual and potential sources of water pollution affecting the
reservation include:
ActuaI Potent iaI
A. Sewage treatment plants

B. vVater treatment plants

C. Oxidation ponds

D. tVtunicipal discharges

E. Industrial discharges

F. Domestic wastes (sewage)

G. Oil spills

ti. Hazardous materials spills

/. Landfill leachate

J. Urban run-off (overland &. storm sewer)
K. Agricultural run-off (cropland run-off,
animal waste, streambank erosion)

L. Sediment run-off (construction)

M. Sediment run-off (mining)

N. Sediment run-off (timber production &.
harvest ing)

O. Pesticides/herbicides/nutrient run-off

P. Toxicant build-up (pesticide usage)

Q. On-lot disposaI

R. Other (please specify)
-18-
-------
VI. Sojjd Waste Storage &. Disposal

!. Does the Tribal Government have a plan for disposal of solid waste(s)?

A. Yes B. No

2. Solid waste disposal (please check one):

A. Is a major problem on the reservation

B. Is not a problem on the reservation

C. Is a growing problem on the reservation
3. rfow are solid wastes disposed of on the reservation?

A. Community dampsite

B. Community Landfill

C. Inc in erat ion

- Community

- Individual

D. Other (please specify)
4. Present size (in acres) of community waste disposal site(s)?
5. Does the Tribal Government sponsor or participate in recycling
activities for:
Yes No
A. Metals
- AI um i n urn

- Steel

- Copper

- Other (please specify)
B, Paper

C. Glass
-19-
-------
VII. Ha zardoas tVas t_g__St_qrage•__& 0 i sposa I

1. Does the Tribal Government have a plan for disposal of hazardous
waste(s)?

A. Yes B. No
2. Are hazardous wastes generated on the reservation?

A. Yes B. No
3. If yes, please specify the nature of the waste(s):
4. Are hazarous wastes stored on the reservation?

A. Yes B. No
5. If yes, please specify the nature of the waste(s):
6. How long (in years) has the hazardous waste(s) been stored on the
reservation?
7. Mas the hazardous wastes stored in accordance with applicable
tribal and federal law?

A. Yes B. No
8. Are there any abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation?

A. Yes B. No

9. If yes, please identify the site(s):
Please include information on the storage of pesticides and the
disposal of pesticide cannisters and attach any additional rele-
vant informal ion.
-20-
-------
VIII. Nuclear vVas_te/Rad iat ion :

I. Are there uranium deposits on reservation?

A. Yes B. No

2. // yes, is uranium mining presently underway?

A. Yes B. No

3. Are there any abandoned or stand-by uranium mines on reservation?

A. Yes B. No

4. If yes, please identify site(s):
5. Are there uranium tailings present on reservation?

A. Yes B. No

If yes, please identify site(s):
6. Are reclamation activities presently underway?

A. Yes B. No

7. If yes, please elaborate
8. Is there a uranium processing mill within 50 miles of the reservation?

A. Yes B. No

9. If yes, please identify sites(s):
-21-
-------
10. Are there any other radioactive materials mined on the reservation
other than uranium?

A. Yes B. No
II. If yes, please identify the materials:
12. Is there a nuclear power generation facility within 50 miles of the
reservat ion?

A. 7es B. No
13. If yes, please identify site and its proximity to reservation in miles
14. Is nuclear waste stored within 50 miles of reservation?

A. Yes B. No

15. If yes, please identify site and its proximity to reservation in miles
16. Has reservation been selected as a potential area for a permanent
nuclear waste disposal site?

A. Yes B. No
17. Are nuclear materials transported through reservation?

A. Yes B. No
-22-
-------
IX. Please identify in order of priority the most pressing environmental
problems on your reservation:

I .

2 .

4. _

6 .

7.
9.

10.
Please attach any additional relevant information
X. Please identify all species found on your reservation which have been
designated as threatened or endangered:

I .

3 .

5.
If space provided is not sufficient, please attach additional infor-
mation on separate sheet.
-23-
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY

VII. Narrative Profiles
-------
REGION II

Indian Work Group Coordinator: Charles Teneralla

Seneca Nation of Indians

St. Regis Mohawk
-------
Seneca Nation of Indians, New York

(Cattaraugas, Allegany and Oil Springs Reservations)

Environmental Contact:

Ronald W. Patterson

EDA Planning Director

Tribal Planning Office

Seneca Nation of Indians

1490 Route 438

Irving, New York, 14081

(716) 532-4900 ext. 135

EPA Region II: Charles Teneralla, Indian Work Group

Coordinator

Introduction

The Seneca Nation of Indians occupy three

reservations, the Cattaraugas Reservation consisting of

21,680 acres, the Allegany Reservation of 21,264 acres and

the Oil Springs Reservation consisting of 642 acres,

totaling 43,586 acres in all. The land is wholly tribally

owned. The population of all three reservations combined

(although Oil Springs has no population) is 5740,

consisting of 3163 enrolled Senecas and 2577 Tuscarona,

Oneida, Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, other Indians and

non-Indians.
-------
Tribal Government

The sixteen member Council of the Seneca Nation

of Indians, established by their Constitution in 1898, is

the legislative governing body for all three of the

reservations. Council members, as well as the Council

Executives (President, Treasurer, Clerk) and the Judicial

Branch, are elected at large by tribal members. The

Council is elected biannually in staggered terms (8

members per election). The Council meets monthly. The

Executives and Judicial Branch are elected biannually.

The Judicial Branch consists of a Peacemakers Court (6

judges) and Surrogates Court (2 judges) and 2 Chief

Marshalls.
The following regulatory functions are performed

by the Council: hunting/fishing/game management, timber

and non-energy mineral resource development, and civil law.

The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures

act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an

environmental protection program which is responsible for

air and water quality monitoring, soil analysis, enforcing
-------
tribal environmental standards and animal control. The

office which conducts this program is The Seneca Nation

Environmental Health Office which employs 4 technicians.

There is no committee in The Council of The Seneca Nation

which addresses environmental issues. Neither does the

tribe have cooperative agreements for environmental

protection with other local, state or federal governmental

entities.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been

completed for the reservations. The development of

agricultural, forestry/timber, recreational and commercial

resources is currently being planned. Water resources are

currently being used for irrigation and for

tourism/recreation.

Air Quality

The tribes have not designated air quality

standards as provided in the Clean Air Act, nor is

reservation air quality monitored by any other authority.

Water Quality

Community Water Supply;

There is one EPA standard community water supply

(11 acres) which serves a development site for HUD

houses. The tribes also monitor the water supply at the

Irving Industrial Park site and the old Thomas Indian
-------
School site which is currently the site of seven

administrative and community buildings. These are not,

however, considered community systems.

The community systems use 100 percent ground

water, and they are monitored monthly for bacteriological

quality and annually for inorganics/ pesticides and

radionuclides. All are treated for water quality.

Individual Vvater Supply;

Eighty percent of the population of the

reservation is served by individual wells. Wells are

monitored only upon request.

General Water Quality;

There are no water quality standards for

reservation streams, rivers and lakes, and it is unknown

whether reservation lakes/reservoirs are suffering from

eutrophication and/or sedimentation.

Actual sources of water pollution include

oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage), oil spills,

pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off, on-lot disposal and

gas. Potential sources of pollution include sewage and

water treatment plants, municipal and industrial

discharges, hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate,

urban and agricultural run-off, sediment run-off from

construction, mining and timber production and toxicant

build-up from pesticide usage.
-------
Drinking Water Quality;

There have been some drinking water quality

violations in the past five years. Barium and bacteria

appeared in the ground water. There were also outbreaks

of water borne diseases like gastro-enteritis, giardia,

and amoebic dysentry.

Water Usage

There is no information available about the

average annual consumption in acre feet of surface and

ground water for different purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey.

No additional information was received in time to include

in the final draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The Council has not adopted a plan for the

disposal of solid wastes although solid wastes are a

growing problem on the reservations. There is a project

proposal to purchase and operate a nation-owned truck for

curb pick-up. Solid wastes are currently disposed of via

private businesses whose services are contracted and by

individual incineration. There is also much illegal

dumping on the Cattaraugas Reservation. The Council

sponsors no recycling program for solid wastes.
-------
Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The Council has no plan for the disposal of

hazardous wastes. None are presently generated or stored

on the reservations. There are, however, some abandoned

hazardous waste sites on the reservations which have been

identified by the Seneca Nation Health Department (Contact

John Hanley [(716)] 945-1790). Some wastes were removed

using an outside disposal service.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other

radioactive materials on the reservation. There are no

uranium processing mills or nuclear power generation

facilities within fifty miles of the reservations, but

nuclear waste is stored 25 miles southeast of the

reservation area at the West Valley Demonstration Project,

and there may be unauthorized transportation of nuclear

materials through the reservations. None of the

reservations have, however, been selected as a potential

permanent nuclear waste disposal site.

Tribal Priorities

The following in order of priority are the most

pressing environmental problems on the three reservations

of The Seneca Nation: water quality, solid waste disposal,

domestic sewage, community injury control, housing, animal

control (especially of rabid animals) and rodent control.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, New York
Environmental Contact:

Randy Hart, Environmental Health Technician
St. Regis Mohawk Tribe
Tribal Community Building
Hogansburg, New York 13655
(518) 358-2272 and (315) 769-9242

EPA Region II: Charles Teneralla, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The St. Regis Mohawk Reservation consists of 14,000 acres, all of
which is tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 8,200.

Tribal Government
The three member St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Council is the tribal
governing body. Council members, the head chief and other tribal
government officers are elected at large by tribal membership for
three year staggered terms. The Council meets monthly.

There was no information available on the regulatory functions per-
formed by the tribal government. However, the Environmental Health
staff has developed codes for Food Service Establishments, Water
Quality Control, and Oil Spill Prevention and Control. The tribe
has not yet passed these codes, but the Environmental Health staff
is using these codes as guidelines. The tribe has not adopted an
adminstrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe, however, is currently implementing an environmental protec-
tion program which is responsible for air and water quality moni-
toring, soil analysis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental
standards, animal control, sanitation and waste disposal, environmental
rehabilitation/reclamation, and emergency preparedness/evacuation.
This program is conducted through the St. Regis Mohawk Environmental
Health Office. Two staff are employed by the tribe to work on
environmental programs. There is no committee within the tribal
government which specifically addresses environmental issues, but the
tribal government does have cooperative agreements with the New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation for air quality moni-
toring and standards enforcement and for soil analysis, with the New
York State Department of Health for water quality monitoring and stan-
dards enforcement, with the Indian Health Service for sanitation and
waste disposal, and with the Franklin County Office of Emergency
Prepare/ness for emergency preparedness and evacuation.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation. The development of agricultural resources is currently
being implemented, and the development of recreational resources is
currently being planned. Water resources are currently being used
for power generation (by non-tribal authorities), fisheries,
tourism/recreation and transportation.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act, but air quality is monitored on a special study basis
by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (contact
person: David Prosser [305] 785-2238). This air quality monitoring
includes data for total suspended particulates, sulphur and nitrogen
dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, air toxics and visibility.

There have been measured violations of national ambient air quality
standards. Reynolds filuminum of Massena, New York, had excessive
fluoride emissions in 1980 and Minerals Processing, also of Massena,
New York, had incomplete stack tests in 1985. These two sources of
air pollution are 1/2 and 1/4 mile from the reservation respectively.

Other major sources of air pollution are the GM Central Foundry and
Alcoa both also of Massena, New York, and the Howard Smith Paper Mill
in Ontario, Canada. These sources are 1/2 to 6 miles from the reser-
vation boundary.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. No information was available on
eutrophication and sedimentation in reservation lakes/reservoirs.
Actual sources of water pollution include municipal and indivi-
dual discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials
spills, landfill leachate, urban and agricultural run-off,
sedimient run-off due to construction and pesticide/herbicide/
nutrient and toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage. Potential
sources of pollution include sewage treatment plants and oil
spills.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been water quality violations of the reservation's
drinking water quality in the last five years. PCB's were detected
in 2 groundwater wells in 1982, and 7 wells tested positive for
petroleum products in 1986. There have also been some outbreaks of
minor illness as a consequence of elevated bacteria levels in
private wells.
-------
Community ^ater Supply:

There are two community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation. One hundred percent of the water for these systems
comes from surface water sources. Surface water sources are moni-
tored monthly for bacteriological quality, annually for inorganics
and every three years for pesticides and radionuclides. No other
monitoring is done. Water sources are also treated for water
quality.

Individual Water Supply:

Four hundred fifty homes on the reservation are served by individual
wells, or about 75% of the population. Six percent of the wells
are monitored for inorganics. No monitoring is done for pesticides
or radionuclides.

Water Usage

Data for average annual surface and ground water consumption in acre
feet for different purposes was unavailable. However, 100% of the water
used for domestic purposes is ground water, and 100% of the water used
for municipal purposes is surface water.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional
information was not received in time to be included in the final
draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid
wastes which are a major problem on the reservation, currently most
tribal members must utilize a landfill in the neighboring community of
Bombay, New York. There is no tribal recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes.
Although no hazardous wastes are generated on the reservation, toxic
wastes are leaching onto it from GM Central Foundry's toxic landfill
located directly adjacent to the reservation, and although hazardous
wastes are not stored on the reservation, they have been improperly
stored, some at abandoned sites, adjacent to the reservation for the
last 25 years. These wastes include PCB's and other organochlorine
compounds from the GM Central Foundry, Reynolds Aluminum and Seaway
Dredging Deposit sites.
-------
Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits and, therefore, no mining of uranium or other
radioactive materials on the reservation. There are no uranium
processing mills or nuclear power generation facilities within 50 miles
of the reservation, and nuclear waste is not stored within 50 miles of
the reservation. However, the reservation has been selected as a poten-
tial area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, but nuclear
materials are not transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities
The most pressing environmental problems in order of priority on the
St. Regis Reservation are extremely substandard housing, the contamina-
tion of individual ground water wells, and the impact of surrounding
industries on environmental and air quality. In addition, the Environ-
mental Health staff has limited resources available to investigate the
effects of industrial pollution on the Reservation. They are looking
for technical and financial assistance to help them in their investiga-
tion.
-------
REGION IV

Indian Work Group Coordinator: Arthur Linton

Choctaw Reservation
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Choctaw Reservation, Mississippi
Environmental Contact:

Bernadette Villacorta
c/o Tribal Council
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
Route 7, Box 21
Philadelphia, Mississippi 39350

EPA Region IV: Arthur Linton, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Choctaw Reservation consists of 18,000 acres, all of it tribally
owned. The population of the reservation is about 4,600 people.

Tribal Government

The sixteen member Tribal Council, established by the adoption of a
constitution and bylaws in 1945 (revised in 1975), is the tribal
governing body. Council members are elected by district by tribal
members for four year terms, as is the Chief. A Vice-Chief and
Secretary-Teasurer are elected from the Council members by the Council
members for two year terms each July of odd-numbered years. The
Council meets quarterly.

The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following
areas: land use planning, business/commercial development, zoning,
hunting/fishing/game management, occupational health and safety,
timber development, civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted
an administrative procedures act.

The Environmental Protection Infrastucture
The tribe is not currently implementing its own environmental pro-
tection program, but the Environmental Health Services of the Choctaw
Health Department do water quality monitoring (in cooperation with the
IHS) and there is a committee within the Tribal Council, the Community
Development Committee, which addresses environmental issues. There
are five staff employed by the tribe in the above efforts.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has been completed. Agricultural,
forestry/timber, industry/manufacturing, commercial and grazing
resources are currently being used, and the development of
recreational resources is being planned. The tribe is planning to use
water resources for power generation and tourism/recreation. It is
also engaging in flood control activities on behalf of downstream
areas, although the reservation itself does not flood.
-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designed its own air quality standards as desig-
nated in the Clear Air Act, nor is the reservation air monitored by
any other authority. There are no major air pollution sources within
fifty miles of the reservation.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no water quality standards for reservation streams,
rivers and lakes. There are no actual water pollution sources
affecting the reservation, although there is a potential
source of pollution in sewage treatment lagoons and plants.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no water quality violations of the reserva-
tion's drinking water in the last five years, but in 1985
there were four cases of Giardia Lamblia, mostly in children.

Community Water Supply:

There are eight community drinking water supply systems on
the reservation which use 100% ground water. All systems are
monitored for bacteriological quality and for inorganics (CL~
and Fl~) monthly. There is no monitoring for pesticides and
radionuclides. Ninety percent of the community water systems
are treated for water quality.

Individual Water Supply:

Five percent of the homes and 3% of the population on the
reservation are served by individual wells. No monitoring
of the wells is done.

Water Usage

There are no statistics available on water usage in acre feet.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

The reservation has 13 community waste disposal systems, 47 individual
systems and 25 sanitation facilities installed since the inactment
of Public Law 86-121. There are 3 sewage treatment plants and 11
oxidation ponds or lagoons on the reservation. All of their systems
discharge their effluent to nearby creeks after proper secondary
treatment. The effluent is monitored for bacteriological quality
monthly.
-------
Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid
wastes, but it is a growing porblem on the reservation. There
is a community land fill off the reservation, and hospitals and
schools incinerate their solid wastes, but isolated vacant
lots are also used for trash disposal. The tribal government
has no recycling program for the reservation.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem, and a small amount of money was
set aside in the agricultural extension program for a certified
pesticide applicator.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or any other radioactive materials
on the reservation. Nor is there a uranium processing mill, a
nuclear power generation facility, or a nuclear waste storage site
within fifty miles of the reservation. The reservation has not
been selected as a potential permanent nuclear waste storage site.
It is unknown if nuclear materials are transported through the
reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The Mississippi Choctaw Tribal Council has identified the following
environmental problems in order of priority: solid waste disposal
from residences, lack of percolation in the soil which requires
sewage lines rather than septic tanks, soil erosion, stray dogs and
water quality.
-------
Region V

Indian Work Group Coordinator: Casey Ambutas
Forest County Potawatomi Reservation
Isabella and Saginaw Reservation
Leech Lake Reservation
Menominee Reservation
Oneida Reservation
Sault Sainte Marie Tribe of Chippewa
Indians Reservation
Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Reservation
White Earth Reservation
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Forest County Potawatomi Reservation, Wisconsin
Environmental Contact:

Ken George
Forest County Potawatomi Executive Council
P.O. Box 346
Crane/on, Wisconsin 55520
(715) 478-2903

EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Forest County Potawatomi Reservation consists of 11,766 acres,
all tribally owned but 400 acres ivhich are in allotment. The
population of the reservation is 499, Forest County Potawatomis,
Menominees, Prairie Band Potawatomis, Sokagoan Chippewa, Cherokee,
Winnebago.

Tribal Government
The six member Forest County Potowatomi Executive Council is the
governing body of the reservation. The Chairman and Council members are
elected by tribal membership at large for two year terms. The Council
meets monthly. This government was established by charter and constitu-
tion and by-laws in 1934 (revised 1982).

The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the following
areas: land use and water resource planning, water and air quality
control, sales tax, business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/
fishing/game management, animal control, occupational health and safety,
sanitation, and the development of timber, fish and non-energy mineral
resources. The tribes have adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environment Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection
program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil
analysis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards,
animal control, the protection of endangered species, sanitation
and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, emergency
preparedness/evacuation, noise control and mining. This program is
conducted by the tribal Mining Impact Office. There is also a committee
within the tribal government, The Mining Impact Committee, which
addresses environmental issues. The tribe employs a staff of two to
work on environmental programs. The tribe has cooperative agreements
with the United States Geological Survey for air quality monitoring and
standards enforcement and for water quality monitoring and with the
Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Natural Resources for mining.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification have not been completed. Forestry/
timber resources are currently being developed with further develop-
ment in this sector being planned as well as recreational and
commercial development. Water is used for tourism/recreation and
transportation.

Air Quality

The tribe has designated air quality standards as provided in The
Clean Air /Act. Reservation air is designated Class II. Air quality
is monitored continuously by the federal government through the
United States Geological Survey's Water Resources Division. Air
quality monitoring includes data for total suspended participates
and sulphur dioxide. There have been no measured violations of
national ambient air quality standards. However, from 1972 to 1978
Exxon entered tribal air space without securing consent from the
tribe for exploration of tribal lands. Major air pollution sources
are a paper mill, the new city dump and a lumber mill.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are tribal water quality standards for reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. There have been no violations of
these standards, but reservation lakes/streams are suffering
from sedimentation. Actual sources of water pollution include
oil spills and acid rain. Potential sources of water pollution
include oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill
leachate, sediment run-off from mining and on-lot disposal.

Drinking Water Quality

There have been no water quality violations or outbreaks
of water borne diseases in the last five years.

Community Water Supply:

There are 72 community drinking water supply systems on
the reservation. They use 100% ground water. All systems
are tested quarterly for bacteriological quality, and 60%
of the systems are treated for water quality

Individual Water Supply:

Seventy-five per cent of the homes and 85% of the population
on the reservation are served by individual wells. All wells
are monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality.
-------
Water Usage

No information is available on average annual consumption of water
for different purposed in acre feet.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

The reservation has a system of septic pick-ups to service individual
systems.

Solid Waste Storage Disposal

Solid wastes are a major problem on the reservation, and the tribal
government does have apian for their disposal. Presently, solid
wastes are disposed of at community dimp sites and landfills of about
1/2 acre each. The tribal government spnsors an aluminum recycling
project.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes,
but such wastes are neither generated nor stored on the reservation.
It is unknown if there are any abondoned hazardous waste sites on the
reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Although there are uranium deposits on the reservation, there is no
uranium mining presently underway. Nor are there uranium tailings on
the reservation. There are no other radioactive materials mined on the
reservation. Within fifty miles of the reservation there are neither
uranium procesing mills or nuclear power generation facilities. There
is, however, low level nuclear waste stored seven miles away. The
reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent
nuclear waste disposal site, but low level waste is transported through
the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems in order of priority on the
Forest County Potawatomi Reservation are: surface water, air quality,
acid rain, sewage, and the damage of plants and especially the forest.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE

Isabella and Saginaw Reservation, Michigan
Environmental Contact:

Arnold Sowmick, Chairman
Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council
7070 East Broadway
Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858
(517) 772-5700

EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Isabella and Saginaw Chippewa Reservation consists of 1,372 acres
570 of which are tribally owned and 82 of which are in allotment. The
population of the reservation is approximately 550 (500 in Isabella
and 50 in Saginaw).

Tribal Government
The ten member Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council, established by an IRA
Constitution and By-Laws in 1937, is the governing body for the reser-
vation. The Council members are elected at large for two year term.
The Chairman is appointed by the Council. The Council meets monthly.

The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the areas of
land use planning, licensing fees business, business/commerical deve-
lopment, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management animal control,
occupational health and safety, sanitation, the development of fish
and mineral (energy and non-energy resources) and civil and criminal
law. The tribe has not adopted an adminstrative procedures act.

Tribal Environment Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is not curiintly implementing an environmental protection
program per se, but the tribal offices of Planning and Economic
Development, Building Grounds and Maintenance and Housing Authority do
deal with environmental issues. In addition, the tribe has coopera-
tive agreements with the Indian Health Service for water quality moni-
toring and standards enforcement, sanitation and waste disposal, soil
analysis and animal control, with the Bureau of Indian Afafirs for
soil analysis and with Isabella County for animal control, and
emergency preparadness/evacuation.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has not been completed for the reser-
vation. Agricultural, forestry/timber and recreational resources are
currently being developed. The development of industrial/manufacturing
and commercial resources is in the plannign stages. Water is used for
tourism/recreation.
-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored. Major air pollution
souces on or near the reservation are the petroleum refineries in
ftlma 20 miles away, small industry in Mount Plasant, Clare and Alma
3.19 and 20 miels away respectively, and Dow Chemical and Dow Corning
in Midland 25 miles away.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for the reservation's
streams, rivers and lakes, and it is unknown if reservation lakes/
reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication and/or sedimentation.
There are no actual sources of water pollution. Potential sources
include sewage treatment plants, oxidation ponds, industrial dis-
charges, domestic wastes (sewage), oil spills, urban and agri-
cultural run-off, sediment run-off due to construction and pesti-
cides/herbicides/nutrient run-off.

Drinking Water Quality:

It is unknown if there have been any water quality violations of
the reservation's drinking water in the last five years, but there
have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases.

Community Water Supply:

There is one community drinking water supply system on the reser-
vation which uses 100% ground water. Half of the system is moni-
tored annually for bacteriological quality and treated for water
quality.

Individual Water Supply:

Ten percent of the homes and 10% of the population of the reser-
vation use individual wells for drinking water. These wells are
monitored by the Indian Health Service annually.

Water Usage

No data was available or at the tribe's disposal for average annual
water consumption rates in acre feet for different purposes.
-------
Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional
information was not receiveed in time be included in the final
draft of the narrative.]

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe does not have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and
it is unknown if solid wastes are a problem within the community. Most
such wastes are disposed of off the reservation. There is no tribal
recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes, no are such wastes generated or stored on the reservation. It
is unkonw, however, if there are any abandoned hazardous waste sites
on the reservation. No is information available on the storage and
disposal of pesticides and pesticide cannisters.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no uranium deposits on the reservation, but it is unknown
if there are deposits of other radioactive materials on the reservation.
There are no uranium processing mills or nuclear power generation
facilities within 50 miles of the reservation. However, it is not
known if nuclear waste is stored anywhere in the area. The resevation
has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear
waste disposal site, and it is unknown if nuclear materials are
transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The Saginaw Chippewas have identified in order of priority water and
sewage as their most pressing environmental problems.
-------
Leech Lake Reservation*, Minnesota

Environmental Contact:

Mr. Hartley White, Chairman
Mr. Myron Ellis, Executive Director
Mr. Richard Turner, Sanitarian
Mr. Joe Shepherd, Resource Management
Mr. John Persell, Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
Research Lab

Leech Lake Reservation Business Committee
Rt. 3 Box 100
Cass Lake, Minnesota 56633
(218) 335-2207

EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian VJork Group Coordinator

Introduction

Leech Lake Reservation consists of 589,000

acres, approximately 35,000 acres of which is tribally

owned. The population of the reservation is 5100 (5384 in

the Indian Health Service Environmental Health Profile).

Tribal Government

The five member Leech Lake Reservation Business

Committee is the tribal governing body. Three members are

elected, one from each of the reservation districts, for

four year terms. The Chairman and the Secretary/Treasurer

are elected at large by tribal membership, also for four

year terms. An Executive Director and an Administrative

Assistant provide direct consultation to the Reservation

Business Committee, guide reservation programs and handle

*Have already included their 1HS profile data
-------
day-to-day business dealings affecting the reservation.

The Reservation Business Committee meets weekly. This

government was established by charter in 1934.

The Reservation Business Committee performs

regulatory functions as regards land use .and water

resource planning, water quality control, licensing fees

on liquor businesses, hunting/fishing/ricing permits, off

road vehicle licenses, business and commercial

development, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management,

animal control, occupational health and safety,

sanitation, timber, fish and non-energy mineral

development, civil law (Public Law 280) and criminal law

(especially as regards hunting, fishing and ricing). The

Business Committee also has agreements with the State of

Minnesota on severance tax on minerals and on sales

taxes. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures

act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an

environmental protection program which is responsible for

water quality monitoring, soil analysis, developing and

enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control,

protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste

disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation,

emergency preparedness, community injury control, and
-------
issues associated with the Mississippi Headwaters

Conservation Plan. The tribal offices which conduct the

environmental programs are the Office of Environmental

Health and the Division of Resource Management (especially

as regards regulatory issues). The tribe employs a staff

of four to work on environmental programs, and the

Reservation Business Committee as a whole also addresses

environmental issues. The Reservation Business Committee

also has cooperative agreements with the United States

Geological Survey, the Minnesota Department of National

Resources, and local sanitation and waste commission

districts (SWCD's) for water quality monitoring (the

latter especially as regards ground water), with the

Indian Health Service and the MFCS for water quality

standards enforcement, with the Bureau of Indian Affairs

and the Mississippi Headwaters Board for environmental

rehabilitation/reclamation, with the United States

Forestry and Wildlife Service for the protection of

endangered species and with the Indian Health Service, the

State of Minnesota and with local governments for

emergency preparedness/evacuation. This amounts to one of

the highest participation rates in cooperative

environmental programs for a tribal government,

particularly at the local level (for groundwater,

sanitation and waste disposal, and emergency preparedness)
-------
and including regional (Mississippi Headwaters Board) and

state cooperation.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification have been

completed for the reservation. Of the 589,000 acres of

reservation land 23,000 acres are classified as forest

land and the rest as agricultural and other land.

Presently, agricultural, forestry/timber, recreational,

and commercial resources are being developed. Land is

also being used for new housing and for solid waste

disposal. In the future plans are in place for

industrial/manufacturing resource development and for

further development of agricultural and commercial

resources as well as further development of housing.

There are also plans to set aside land for conservation

purposes and habitat preservation and for the preservation

of archaeological and historical resources.

Water is a major reservation resource and

includes not only 68 miles of the Mississippi River but

232 lakes (approximately 300,000 acres), 195 with names,

the largest of which are Winnibigoshish, Leech and Cass.

Presently, water resources are used for irrigation,

fisheries, tourism/recreation, water fowl management, wild

rice production, and water supplies. Plans are in place

for further development of fisheries, tourism/recreation,

wild rice production and water supplies.
-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality

standards as provided in the Clean Air Act. However, air

quality is monitored on a special study basis by both the

tribe (Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Research Lab) and the

state. It was not known what parameters are monitored.

There have been no known measured violations of national

ambient air quality standards. Major air pollution

sources within a 50 mile radius of the reservation include

a coal fired generator (about 8 miles away), a wood fired

industrial heating system (2 miles away) and residential

wood heat (throughout the reservation).

Water Quality

General Water Quality;

There are tribal water quality standards for

reservation streams, rivers and lakes, and there have been

violations of these standards in the form of fecal

coliform due to the malfunctioning of inadequate on-site

waste water disposal systems (on lakeshores only). Some

of the lakes are suffering from eutrophication, and all

are suffering from sedimentation.

Actual sources of water pollution include sewage

treatment plants, municipal and industrial discharges,

domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous waste disposal sites

and open solid waste dumps. Potential sources of water
-------
pollution include oil and hazardous materials spills,

landfill leachate, sediment run-off due to construction

and timber production and harvesting and pollution due to

the further proliferation of open solid waste dumps.

Community Water Supply:

There are 12 community drinking water supply

systems on the reservation (13 in the Indian Health

Service Environmental Health Profile -- also the IHS

definition of "community water supply" is one serving 25

or more connections). All of the systems use ground

water. All systems are monitored quarterly for

bacteriological quality, 25 percent are monitored monthly

and 50 percent annually for inorganics, and there is no

monitoring for radionuclides. There is also no periodic

monitoring for pesticides, but all systems are V.O.C.'d

once by The Environmental Protection Agency for

pesticides. Twenty-five percent of the systems are

treated for water quality (both chlorine and flouride).

Individual Water Supply:

Approximately 10 percent of the homes on the

reservation have no water supply at all. Approximately 69

percent of the homes on the reservation are served by

individual wells which also amounts to about 69 percent of

the population. Approximately 20 percent of the wells are

monitored annually for bacteriological quality and 10
-------
percent annually for inorganics. There is no monitoring

for pesticides and radionuclides. However, an accurate

survey of the number of reservation wells serving

individual homes has not been done since 1977. Such a

survey will be done in the summer of 1986 and will be

included in the 1987 Environmental Health Profile for the

Indian Health Service.

Non-Community Water Systems;

There are also four non-community water systems

which serve a school, a community center and two Headstart

programs. Five deep wells are involved. Two are

monitored quarterly by the Environmental Protection Agency

and three are monitored annually all for bacteriological

quality.

Drinking Water Quality;

There was one false positive on a community

water supply system in the last five years. Two rechecks

proved the reading to be negative. There have been no

outbreaks of any water borne diseases.

Water Usage

No information was given on average annual water

consumption for different purposes in acre feet per year.

The tribal environmental officers did not feel that the

water usage question applied to Leech Lake except to state

that the consumption of surface water for domestic

purposes was negligible.
-------
8
Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewagej

Community Waste Disposal System:

There is one community system with 85 service

connections which has a lift station to the Cass Lake

lagoons.

Individual Waste Disposal Systems;

Approximately 10 percent of the homes on the

reservation are without an individual waste system.

Approximately 82 percent of the homes and 82 percent of

the population on the reservation are served by individual

liquid waste systems. However, an accurate survey of

individual liquid waste systems has not been carried out

since 1977. Such a survey will be conducted during the

summer of 1986 and included in the reservation's

Environmental Health Profile for 1987.

121 Projects;

Sanitation facilities have been installed

throughout the Leech Lake Reservation at various

communities and scattered locations under Public Law

86-121. There have been 30 such projects in 12

communities and 16 scattered locations installing 825

units (including second service and renovations). These

facilities will be included in the summer 1986 survey.

Solid. Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has a plan developed by

the Tribal Department of Natural Resources, the General
-------
Business Administration, Environmental Health, and the

Reservation Business Committee Executive Director for the

disposal of solid wastes, but they remain a major problem

on the reservation. Solid wastes are currently disposed

of in an 18 acre community landfill (with 20 acres in

reserve) and in illegal open dumps. The majority of the

communities, programs and businesses on the reservation

are supplied with cannisters for the temporary storage of

solid wastes. Pick-up is at least weekly by the tribally

owned two-truck sanitation company. The tribal government

participates in recycling activities for aluminum and

copper.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The1 tribal government has no plan for the

disposal of hazardous wastes. There are domestic, light

industry and small business generators of hazardous wastes

but no significant generators. t'or the past two years

contaminated sludges and soils from wood treating plants

and small volumes of waste oils and solvents have been

stored on the reservation but not in accordance with

tribal and federal law. There are no abandoned hazardous

waste storage sites on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other

radioactive materials on the reservation. There are no
-------
10
uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation

facilities, or nuclear waste storage facilities within 50

miles of the reservation. An area, however, within the

Leech Lake Reservation watershed has been selected as a

potential permanent nuclear waste disposal site, and

nuclear materials are transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

Leech Lake Reservation's most pressing

environmental problems in order of priority are to develop

a comprehensive solid waste management plan for the

reservation, to implement the underground storage tank

program, to control on-site ivaste disposal systems at

rural lakeshore and river sites, to ascertain groundwater

protection of surficial aquifers susceptible to potential

contamination, to identify environmental hazards

contributing to injury and deaths, to continue monitoring

progress on Champion Corporation's Wheeler Wood-Treatment

Superfund site, to develop a total public health and

sanitation code for the reservation, to implement a fish

tissue study for PCB's and the location of the PCB source

affecting fish in Cass Lake, and to investigate the

organic water quality of the community water supply

systems. In brief, groundwater protection and alternative

methods of solid waste disposal are major concerns and top

priorities.
-------
Menominee Reservation, Wisconsin

Environmental Contact:

Brian Cooke

Menominee Indian Tribe

P.O. Box 397

Keshena, Wisconsin 54135

715-799-3101

EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Menominee Reservation consists of 234,934

acres, all tribally owned trustland. The population of

the reservation is 3943 (Menominee and other Indian) and

400 non-Indian for a total population of 4343.

Tribal Government

The 9 member Menominee Tribal Legislature is the

tribal governing body. Legislators are elected at large

for staggered three year terms. The Chairman is appointed

by the Legislature for a one year term. The Legislature

meets twice monthly. This government was established by

Constitution in 1976 after termination was revoked. The

Legislature performs regulatory functions in land use

planning, licensing fees on business, hunting/fishing/game

management, animal control, sanitation, timber development

and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an

administrative procedures act.
-------
Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an

environmental protection program which is responsible for

animal control and sanitation and waste disposal. The

tribal Environmental Health Office conducts this program

with a staff of five. There is also a committee within

the tribal government, the Health Committee, which

addresses environmental issues. The tribal government

also has cooperative agreements with the United States

Geological Survey for water quality monitoring and with

Menominee County for emergency preparedness/evacuation.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis has not yet been completed for the

reservation. Agricultural, forestry/timber,

industrial/manufacturing, recreational, and commercial

resources are currently being developed with more

development planned for both industrial/manufacturing and

commercial resources. Water resources are currently being

used for tourism/recreation and will be used in the future

for additional tourism/recreation development and for

power generation.

Air Quality

The tribe has no air quality standards as

designated in The Clean Air Act, and air quality is not

monitored. Major air pollution sources are the paper
-------
mills and the coal-fired power plant at Green Bay 40 miles

away.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for

reservation streams, rivers and lakes, but neither are the

lakes/reservoirs suffering from eutrophication and

sedimentation. There are no actual sources of water

pollution. Potential sources include landfill leachate

and sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting.

Drinking Water Quality;

There have been no water quality violations of

reservation drinking water for the past five years nor any

outbreaks of water borne diseases.

Community Water Supply;

There are six community drinking water supply

systems on the reservation using 100 percent ground

water. These systems are monitored quarterly for

bacteriological quality, every three years for inorganics

and pesticides and every four years for radionuclides.

Four of the systems are treated for water quality (both

chlorination and fluoridation).

Individual Water Supply;

Individual wells on the reservation are monitored

on request for the parameters indicated in the survey.
-------
There are an estimated 360 individual wells on the

reservation, and an estimated 490 individual wells around

Legend and Moshawquit Lakes, many of which are on

non-trust land.

Water Usage

No information is available on average annual

consumption in acre feet except that 100 percent of all

domestic and municipal water usage is ground water.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

Community Systems;

Community sewage systems serve the villages of

Neopit and Keshena. The Keshena system serves 269 houses

with 5 lift stations and 7 lagoon treatment ponds. The

sewage system for Neopit serves 215 housing units, and has

2 lift stations and 5 stabilization ponds. The sewage

systems in both villages are operating near maximum

capacity.

Individual Systems;

There are an estimated 360 individual sewage

disposal systems (septic tanks) on the reservation. There

are also an estimated 490 individual systems around Legend

and Moshawquit Lakes, many of which are on non-trust land.
-------
121-Projects:
Project
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
BE-60-12E
BE-61-122
BE-63-139
BE-67-167
BE-75-633
BE-76-648
BE-77-674
BE-77-203
BE-77-677
BE-77-688
BE-79-718
BE-80-748
BE-80-514
BE-81-785
BE-81-794
BE-82-834
BE-82-812
BE-83-519
BE-83-226
BE-84-871
# Homes Served
--
51
375
275
25
476
Lagoon
Lagoon
31
20
21
Watertank
3
25
Pine Ridge
Not Complete
34
Community Well-Neopit
Not Complete
Red Wing

*
$
*
$
$
$
*
$
*
i
t
$
*
$
*
*
$
*

Not
Cost
5,000
116,311
438,000
450,000
90,000
223,000
329,000
350,000
132,000
48,000
114,000
428,000
2,250
133,000
41,000
177,000
177,000
36,000

Complet
-------
Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government is currently in the process

of developing management regulations for the disposal of

solid wastes; it is a major problem on the reservation.

Presently, solid wastes are disposed of in three community

dump sites consisting of five acres in aggregate. The

tribe has no recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government is also in the process of

developing a regulatory package for hazardous waste

management. On-reservation disposal of hazardous wastes

will be prohibited and stringent regulations will apply to

off-reservation hazardous waste transporters entering the

reservation.

Styrene is generated on the reservation, has been

stored there less than a year and is stored in accordance

with federal law. There are no abandoned hazardous waste

storage sites on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other

radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are there

uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation

facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within fifty

miles of the reservation. The reservation has, however,

been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear
-------
waste disposal site. No nuclear materials, however, are

presently being transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems on the

Menominee Reservation in order of priority are solid

waste, ground water quality, nuclear waste, sewage,

hazardous waste, animal control, surface water quality,

rodent/insect control, community injury control, air

quality and asbestos disposal.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE

Oneida Reservation, Wisconsin
Environmental Contact:

Pur cell Fowl ess
Oneida Executive Committee
Oneida Business Committee
P.O. Box 165
Oneida, Wisconsin 54155
(414) 869-2771

EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Oneida Reservation consists of 65,000 acres, 3022.5 of which
are tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 7264, of
which 1765 are tribal members.

Tribal Government
The 9 member Oneida Business Committee, established by charter in
1934, is the tribal governing body. The chairman and Committee mem-
bers are elected by tribal membership at large for three year
terms. The committee meets two times per week.

The regulatory functions performed by the Committee consists of
land use planning. The tribe has adopted an administrative proce-
dures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program
which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, developing
and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control, sanita-
tion and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation,
emergency preparedness/evacuation and hunting and fishing regulations.
The tribal offices which conduct their programs are the Conversation
Department, the Well and Septic Program and the Utility Program. Four
staff are employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs, and
there are two committees within the tribal government, the Land
Committee and the Conservation Committee, which address environmental
issues. The tribal government also has cooperative agreements with the
Council of Energy Resource Tribes to do air quality monitoring and
with the State of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the
United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Indian Affairs for
water quality monitoring.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has oeen completed for the reser-
vation. Land resource use is being planned in agricultural deve-
lopment, industry/manufacturing and recreation. Water resources
are currently used for transportation. Planning is being done for
water resource use in fisheries and tourism/recreation.

Air Quality

The tribe has no designated air quality standards as provided in
the Clean Air Act. Air quality is, however, monitored on a special
study basis by the state for total suspended particulates, sulphur
dioxide and air toxics. It is uncertain whether there have been
any violations of national ambient air quality standards on the
reservation, but there have been sulphur dioxide violations in
Green Bay. Major air pollution sources are: W.P.S. power genera-
tion facility (5miles away), several paper pulp mills (5-10 miles
away), Green Bay (5 miles away), and the Fox Valley communities
(10-15 miles away).

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. Actual sources of water pollution
include sewage treatment plants, industrial discharges,
domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, urban and agri-
cultural run-off, sediment run-off due to construction,
pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off, toxicant build-up due to
pesticide use and on-lot disposal. Potential sources of water
pollution include oil and hazardous materials spills and sedi-
ment run-off due to timber production and harvesting.

Drinking Water Quality:

There was excess coliform bacteria in one community water
system in November 1984, but no outbreaks of water borne
diseases.

Community Water Supply:

There are 7 community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation. They use 100% ground water. All of them are
monitored quarterly for bacteriological quality, every three
years for inorganics and every five years for radionuclides.
There is no monitoring for pesticides. Forty-five percent of
the systems are monitored for water quality.
-------
Individual Water Supply:

Approximately 50% of the homes and 50% of the population of
the reservation are served by individual wells. Twenty-five
percent of the wells are monitored for bacteriological quality
and inorganics annually. No monitoring is done for pesticides
and radionuclides.

Water Usage

Eighteen thousand gallons or 49.7 acre feet of ground water are
used on an average annually for domestic purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey; no additional
information was received in time to be included in the final
draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the diposal of solid wastes,
and they are a major problem on the reservation. They are presently
disposed of in community landfills and through individual incinera-
tion. The tribe has no recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Such
wastes generated on the reservation include wastes from a print shop,
from automobile repair, from a school, a health center and from indi-
vidual households. It is unknown whether hazardous wastes are stored
on the reservation. None are stored by the tribe, but other
industrial and commercial enterprises probably store some hazardous
materials. There are three abandoned hazardous waste sites currently
under investigation: the old Oneida landfill, Appslems garage and the
Old Inn of Ashnabena's landfill.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on Oneida except for the
presence of a nuclear power generation facility and a nuclear waste
storage site at Two Rivers (Manitowoc, Wisconsin) about 40 miles
away.

Tribal Priorities
Oneida's most pressing environmental problems in order of priority
are: Fort Howard Paper Company sludge ponds, the old Oneida land-
fill, agricultural run-off and erosion into Duck and Trout Creeks,
individual well water quality and failing septic systems.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Sault Sainte Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Reservation, Michigan
Environmental Contact:

Bob Nygard
Sault Sainte Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians
Environmental Review Branch of Planning
and Management Division
206 Greenough
Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 48783
(906) 635-6050

EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Sault Sainte Marie Reservation consists of 425 acres wholly
tribally owned, scattered over a seven-county service area in the
eastern counties of the upper pennisula of Michigan. Reservation
lands exclusively house HUD rental developments. These developments
are located in Sault St. Marie (101 units), Hessel (25 units), St.
Ignace (25 units), Manistique (38 units) and Wetmore (14 units). A
total of 7,213 enrolled members of the tribe reside "on or near"
these reservation lands within the seven-county area.

Tribal Government
The thirteen member Board of Directors, established by charter in 1972,
is the governing body for the reservation. The Board members are
elected by tribal membership according to district/geographic region
for two year staggered terms. The Chairman is elected for a four year
term by tribal membership at large.

The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the following
areas: land use planning, water and air quality control, sales tax,
fishing fees and licenses, business/commercial development, zoning,
hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, the
development of fish resources and civil and criminal law. The tribe
has adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is currently implementing an environmental program which
is responsible for water quality monitoring and is conducted through
the Sault Sainte Marie Tribal Housing Authority. A staff of two is
employed by the tribe to work on this program. The tribe has coopera-
tive agreements with the City of Sault Sainte Marie for water quality
monitoring and standards enforcement and for animal control, with
private contractors for sanitation and waste disposal and with the
Indian Health Service for soil analysis.
-------
Jribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reserva-
tion. Industrial/manufacturing, recreational, commercial and housing
resources are currently being developed. Water resources are used
for fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in The
Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored. Major air pollution
sources include The Algoma Steel Plant and a papermill, both in Sault,
Ontario, 10 miles north of the reservation in Canada.

Water Supply

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. Reservation lakes/reservoirs do not
suffer from eutrophication or sedimentation. There are no actual
sources of water pollution, and potential sources are restricted
to domestic wastes (sewage).

Drinking Water Quality

There have been no water quality violations of the tribe's
drinking water nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases in
the last five years.

Community Water Supply:

There are four drinking water supply systems on the reservation
which use 100% ground water. All the systems are tested monthly
for bacteriological quality and inorganics, and all are treated
for water quality and treated with fluoride and chlorine.

Individual Water Supply:

There are no individual wells on the reservation.

Water Usage

No data are currently available for annual average water consumption
for different purposes in acre feet. However, four of the reservation
communities are each served by community wells "8 in size. The fifth
community, the Skunk Road community in Sault St. Marie, is served by a
water system run by the City of Sault St. Marie, Michigan.
-------
Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage)

One community is provided city sewer service. The four remaining com-
munities have individual septic systems for each of the 98 houses,
plus the 10 additional units currently being built. There are no
P.L. 86-121 projects currently being implemented on the reservation.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and Sault
Sainte Marie is one of the few reservations where solid wastes are
not a problem. Solid wastes are disposed of by private contractors
in off-reservation private and county operated landfills. There is no
tribal recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of
hazardous wastes, but hazardous wastes are neither generated or
stored on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on
the reservation. Nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear
power generation facilities or nuclear waste stored within 50 miles
of the reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a
potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, and
nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

Sault Sainte Marie's most pressing environmental problems in order
of priority include the preservation of ground water quality and
the preservation of air quality.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin
Environmental Contact:

Molly Shawano, EPA Planner
Stockbridge-Munsee Community, Inc.
Route One
Bowler, Wisconsin 54416
(715) 793-4111

EPA Region IV: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Reservation consists of 15,326 acres
all tribally owned. The Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohicans live on
the reservation, and the population of the reservation is 948.

Tribal Government

The 7 member Stockbridge Munsee Tribal Council, established by the
Constitution of 1937, is the tribal governing body. The Chairman and
Council members are elected at large by tribal members for two year
terms. The Council meets bi-weekly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribe consists of business/
commercial development, hunting/fishing/game management, animal
control, sanitation, timber and fish resource development and civil
and criminal law under Public Law 280 of the State of Wisconsin. The
tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection
program, but such prorams are run through the Emergency Government
and the Conservation Department. There is a committee within the
tribal government which addresses environmental issues, the ad hoc
Environmental Protection Committee. The tribal government does have
cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service for water
quality monitoring and standards enforcement.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification have not been completed for the
reservation. Land resources are currently being used for agricultural
development and for forestry/timber. Planning is underway to use
them also for industry/manufacturing, recreation and commercial deve-
lopment. Water resources are currently used for transportation by the
local elderly. It is planned to use them also for power generation,
fisheries and tourism/recreation.
-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored by any authority. No
information was available on major sources of air pollution.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. No information was available on
eutrophicaton and sedimentation in reservation lakes/reservoirs.
Potential sources of water pollution include municipal discharges,
domestic wastes (sewage) and hazardous materials spills
(especially those involving nuclear wastes) and sediment run-off
from timber production and harvesting.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no violations of the reservation's drinking
water in the past five years nor any outbreaks of water borne
diseases.

Community Water Supply:

There are 3 community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation which use 100% ground water. Sixty-six percent of
the systems are checked annually for bacteriological quality.
No information was available for water quality treatment.

Individual Water Supply:

Seventy-five percent of the homes and 75% of the population on
the reservation are served by individual wells. No information
was available on the monitoring of these individual wells.

Water Usage

No information was available on average annual consumption in acre
feet of ground and surface water for different purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. No additional
information was received in time to be included in the final draft
of the narrative.]
-------
Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid
wastes, they are a growing problem on the reservation. Solid wastes
are currently disposed of in a one acre community landfill and
through community and individual incineration. The tribal government
doesn not sponsor a recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation except
that the reservation has been selected as a possible second repository
for the permanent disposal of nuclear wastes.

Tribal Priorities

The Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohicans has identified in order of
priority the possibility of being a nuclear repository and acid rain
as the most pressing environmental problems for the reservation.
They also identified, along with eagles, wood violets and trees, the
human Stockbridge-Munsee Indians as an endangered species.
-------
White Earth Reservation, Minnesota

Environmental Contact:

Dwight Wilcox Tribal Biologist

Conservation Department

White Earth Tribal Council

Box 418

White Earth, Minnesota 56591

(218) 983-3285

EPA Region V: Casey Ambutas, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The White Earth Reservation consists of 704,000

acres, 57,000 of which is tribally owned and 300,000 acres

of which is in allotment. Thirteen percent of the land is

state owned, 10% federally owned, 13% county owned and 64^

privately owned. The population of the reservation is

10,000: 4,000.tribal and 6,000 non-tribal. The White

Earth Band of Chippewa is also related to The Chippewa

people at Cass Lake, Minnesota.

Tribal Government

The five member White Earth Tribal Council

(called The Reservation Business Committee in some of the

original documents), established in 1934 with the creation

of an IRA constitution, is the tribal governing body.

Three Council members are elected by district/geographic

region, and the Chairman and the Secretary/Treasurer are
-------
elected by the tribal membership at large, both for four

year terms. The Council is required to meet quarterly,

but generally meets more often, usually on an irregular

bi-weekly schedule.

The Council exercises regulatory functions in the

following areas: licensing fees on business and taxes on

natural resources and in criminal law, especially as

regards fish and game laws. Staff policy, with approval

of The Council, governs regulatory functions assumed by

the tribal Conservation Department in the following

areas: land use planning, water quality control, air

quality control, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management,

occupational health and safety, sanitation, and natural

resource development (especially of timber and fish). The

tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an

environmental protection program which is responsible for

air and water quality monitoring, soil analysis,

protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste

disposal and emergency preparedness/evacuation. This

program is conducted by the tribal Conservation Office,

Air Quality Program and Environmental Health Program.

Fifteen staff are employed by the tribe to work on the

environmental program, but there is no committee within
-------
the tribal government which addresses environmental

issues, and the tribal government does not have any

cooperative agreements with other governmental entities

(local, state and Federal) for environmental protection.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil classification is completed for tribal

lands, and Becher County will be conducting a complete

survey in 1989. All lands will be completed within five

years.

Agricultural, forestry/timber and

industrial/manufacturing resources are currently being

developed, with more development being planned for

industrial/manufacturing resources.

White Earth is extremely rich in water resources,

with 55 major lakes (40-200 acres) and 65 minor lakes

(10-100 acres). The water resource currently being

developed is fisheries, with even more development being

planned for this resource.

Air Quality

Although the tribe has not designated air quality

standards as provided by the Clean Air Act, air quality is

monitored continuously by the tribe for total suspended

particulates, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon

monoxide, ozone, lead and air toxics. There have been no

measured violations of national ambient air quality
-------
standards, and currently, there are no major sources of

air pollution. However, two incinerator facilities are

being considered both adjacent to and within 40 miles of

the reservation.

Water Quality

General Water Quality;

The tribe does not have tribal water quality

standards for reservation streams, rivers and lakes.

Lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutrophication and

sedimentation.

There appears to be some contamination by heavy

metals in waters. We assume this is air borne. About 1/4

of the reservation area may be susceptible to acid

precipitation.

Actual sources of water pollution affecting the

reservation include sewage treatment plants, landfill

leachate and agricultural and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient

build run-off.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no drinking water quality

violations in the past five years, nor have there been any

outbreaks of water borne diseases.

Community Water Supply;

There are five community drinking water supply

systems on the reservation, all of which use ground
-------
water. They are monitored quarterly for bacteriological

quality and annually for inorganics and pesticides. No

monitoring for radionuclides is done, and none of the

systems are treated for water quality.

Individual Water Supply;

Approximately 40 percent of the homes and 40

percent of the population of the reservation is served by

individual wells. Wells are monitored only upon request

or because of special circumstances.

Water Usage

Water is not yet a limiting resource on this

reservation so data showing average annual water

consumption in acre feet have not been collected.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

Community Systems:

There are 8 villages with lagoon disposal.

Individual Systems;

There are about 2000 private septic drain fields,

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government does not have a plan for

the disposal of solid wastes, even though this is a major

problem on this reservation which has between 50 and 80

small, open dumpsites. The cost of disposal in rural

areas will approach $120/home annually. The reservation

has no recycling program.
-------
Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem on this

reservation either currently or historically.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other

radioactive materials on the reservation. Neither are

there uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation

facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles

of the reservation. Nuclear materials are not transported

through the reservation, but the reservation has been

selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste

disposal site.

Tribal Priorities

White Earth's most pressing environmental

problems in order of priority are: changing public

attitudes through education so people do not take

everything now leaving nothing for the future, solid waste

disposal, the question of the reservation's selection as a

nuclear repository, the over harvesting of resources and

conflicts between state and tribal resource management

authorities.
-------
REGION VI
Indian Work Group Coordinator: Ernest Woods
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
Isleta Pueblo
Pueblo de Acoma
Zia Pueblo
Pueblo of Zuni
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
Environmental Con tact:

Oklahoma State Health Department's Division of Solid
Management and the Industrial Waste Division and other
State Agencies and
The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma
P.O. Box 948
Tahlequah, OK 74465

EPA Region VI Ernest Woods Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma consists of 110,124 acres, 59,656 of
which is tribally owned and 50,468 of which is in allotment. The
population of the reservation is 885,029, 71,128 of which or 8% is
Indian (approximatley 60,000+ Cherokee and 11,000 other Indian).

"It must be noted that with the Tribe of the Cherokee Nation
in Oklahoma, there is not a reservation type land base as one
would think of a reservation, i.e., Navajo's. The Cherokee
Nation has what werefer to as our historic jurisdictional boun-
daries. This encompasses an area of 14 counties (all of 9,
parts of 5) in Eastern and Northeastern Oklahoma. These coun-
ties include: Adair, Cherokee, Craig, Delaware, Mayes, Nowata,
Rogers, Seqyoyah, Washington, and parts of Mclntosh, Muskogee,
Tulsa, Wagoner and Ottawa. The Cherokee Nation serves tribal
members of the Cherokee Nation as well as other Indian tribes
who reside within these jurisdictional boundaries. Responses
were based upon this entire area since the Tribe has a vested
interest in the 60,000+ Cherokee tribal members alone that live
in this area. There are over 40 towns/cities with many more
small communities in this area, therefore, the responses were
made with this in mind."

Tribal Government
The 15 member Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, established by the 1976
Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, is the tribal governing body.
The Principal Chief and members of the tribal governing body are
elected at large by tribal members for 4 years. The governing body
meets monthly. No information was available on the tribal government's
regulatory functions. The tribe has not adopted an administrative
procedures act.
-------
Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is not currently implementing an environemntal protection
program, and there is no committee within the tribal government which
addresses environmental issues. The tribe does have a cooperative
agreement with the City of Stilwell, Oklahoma, for sanitation and
waste disposal.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

No information was available on the status of soil analysis and
classification. Land resources are currently being used for agri-
cultural development, forestry/timber, industry/manufacturing,
recreation, and grazing. Water resources are currently being used for
irrigation, fisheries, and tourism/recreation with plans to develop
power generation.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act. Air quality is, however, monitored continuously by the
state (Environmental Health Service, OSDH, Oklahoma City, [405] 271-5220).
Air quality monitoring includes data for total suspended particulates,
sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, air toxics,
and visibility. There have been no measured violations of national
ambient air quality. Major sources of air pollution include par-
ticulates, 502, N02> HC and co within the historic boundaries of the
reservation, aluminum alloy from an asphalt company at Checotah,
Oklahoma, incinerators in all counties and coal mines, rock crushes
and a fertilizer company in Rogers County.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. Reservation lakes/reservoirs suffer
from eutrophication and sedimentation.

Actual sources of water pollution consist of oil and hazardous
materials spills, landfill leachate, urban run-off, and sedi-
ment run-off due to construction and mining. Potential sources
of water pollution consists of sewage and waste treatment
plants, oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial discharges,
domestic wastes (sewage), agricultural run-off, sediment run-
off due to timber production, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-
off, toxicant build-up due to pesticide usage and on-lot
disposal.
-------
Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no drinking water quality violations in the
last five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases.

Community Water Supply:

There are 462 community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation. Sixty percent use surface water and 40% use ground
water, fill are monitored annually for inorganics. Ninety per-
cent are monitored every four years for radionuclides. All are
treated for water quality.

Individual Water Supply:

Nine percent of the homes and 18% of the population of the
reservation are served by individual wells. These wells are
not monitored unless monitoring is specifically requested by
the owner.

Water Usage

Municipal and industrial purposes consume 50,747 acre feet of surface
water and 5,912 acre feet of ground water annually. This amounts to
78% of all surface water and 58% of all ground water consumption
annually. Irrigation uses 13,042 acre feet of surface water (20% of
all surface water consumption) and 4,341 acre feet of ground water
(42% of all ground water consumption) annually and recreation uses 908
acre feet of surface water (1% of all surface water consumption)
annually. Thus, total annual water consumption amounts to 64,697 acre
feet of surface water and 10,253 acre feet of ground water.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

Sludge is treated so it can be applied as a fertilizer. Untreated
sludge is buried in landfills. The tribe is currently working on
making a contract with the Indian Health Service's Office of
Environmental Health. It is possible this contract will begin in
October 1986. The Community Development Department is in the
beginning stages of adopting a water and sewer code for this purpose.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and illegal
dumping is a major problem. Solid wastes are currently disposed of in
community landfills and dump sites throughout the 14 county area as
well as through individual and community incineration. The size of
the disposal site varies depending on the population of the city or
town (any of 40) it serves. The Cherokee Nation's own landfill near
Stilwell, Oklahoma, in fidair County consists of three pits on 160
acres. There is no tribal recycling program.
-------
Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the diposal of hazardous
wastes. The following hazardous wastes are generated and stored
on the reservation: Pastes from vehicle maintenance, the metal
industry, print shops, photography, dry cleaners, construction,
laboratories, small paint manufacturers and from a boron plant. In
addition, waste oil is stored on the reservation. These wastes have
been stored over approximately 15 years, and generally they have
been stored in accordance with federal and tribal regulations.
These are no known abandoned hazardous waste sites.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation concerns focus on the Blackfox Nuclear Power
Plant at Inold, Oklahoma, and the Sequoyah Fuels Facility which
produces radioactive waste at Gore, Oklahoma, both within reservation
boundaries. Nuclear materials are also transported through the
reservation.

Tribal Priorities

"Referring to land that is actual tribal land or trust land,
the Cherokee Nation does own a stretch of the Arkansas
Riverbed. Part of this river flows through the counties
of Sequoyah and Muskogee. It is in this portion that the
Cherokee Nation has ownership. A concern of our tribal
members who live in this area is an environmental one. fit
the tip of these' counties where the river flows is a uranium
conversion facility which currently disposes of some of its
waste into the Arkansas Riber. Currently, the Tribe does
not have the authority to give permits that allow the facility
to dispose of the waste there. The current authorizing agency
is the Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Hopefully, this will
clarify the responses to the Nuclear Waste and Radiation sec-
tion of the survey. Another concern is from the harmful
effects of other methods employed to dispose of waste, fin
example of this is where the facility treats raffinate and uses
it as fertilizer on its own land. There is concern for the
wind blowing and the possibility of wildlife picking up this
waste which would ultimately end up in the fooc1 chain. Tribal
members eat many wild foods grown in the area without being
aware of possible harmful effects. Many herbs are alsc found
in the woods, alongside roads, etc., which are cures for dif-
ferent ailments. It is sad to think of the possiblity of risks
upon the sick who look for treatment this way if the herbs were
contaminated."
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Isleta Pueblo Reservation, New Mexico
Environmental Contact:

Alvino Lucero
Go vernor
Pueblo of Isleta
P.O. 8ox 317
Isleta, New Mexico 87022
(505) 869-3111 or 6333

EPA Region VI: Ernest Woods, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Isleta Pueblo Reservation consists of 211,026.316 acres, all
of it trioally owned. (The original 1858 land grant consisted of
108,464.490 acres.). The population of the reservation is 3405.

Tribal Government
The government of the pueblo consists of two branches, Executive
and Legislative. The Executive Branch consists of the Governor,
first and second lieutenant Governors, a Sheriff and Undersheriff.
The Legislative Branch consists of a President, Vice-President,
Secretary and twelve Council members. Both the officers and Council
members are elected at large by tribal membership for two year terms.
The Council usually meets weekly, but sometimes bi-weekly. This form
of government was established by resolution in 1947.

The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the areas of
land use planning, soil conservation, licensing fees on business,
cigarette taxes, business/commercial development, hunting/fishing/
game management, animal control, timber, fish and energy mineral
resource development and civil and criminal law. The pueblo has not
adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The pueblo is currently implementing an environmental protection
protection program which is responsible for water quality monitoring
and sanitation and waste disposal. This program is conducted
through the Governor's Office where a staff of two is employed to
work exclusively on environmental programs. The pueblo has cooperative
agreements with The Indian Health Service on water quality monitoring
and standards enforcement and on sanitation and waste disposal.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has not been completed for the
reservation. The use of agricultural, recreational and grazing
resources is currently being implemented, and the use of forestry/
timber and commercial resources are in the planning stages. Water
resources are used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation.

Air Quality

The pueblo has not designated air quality standards as provided in
The Clean Air Act. Nor is air quality monitored. The major source
of air pollution within a fifty mile radius is the city of Albuquer-
que.

Water Supply

General Water Quality;

There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. The man-made lake suffers from
eutrophication and sedimentation.

Actual sources of water pollution include oxidation ponds,
domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate and on-lot
disposal. Potential sources of water pollution include
sewage and water treatment plants, municipal and industrial
discharges, oil and hazardous materials spills, urban run-off
and further on-lot disposal.

Drinking Water Quality:

There was one drinking water quality violation in November,
1985. Ground water was contaminated by a private well
connected to one of the community systems. An announcement
was made, signs posted and the deficiences were corrected.
There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases.

Community Water Supply:

There are five community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation, all of which use 100% ground water. All the systems
are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and inorganics,
and all are treated for water quality.

Individual Water Supply:

One half of one per cent of the homes and .1% of the total
population on the reservation are served by individual wells.
None of the wells are monitored.
-------
Usage
Three hundred nine and five tenths acre feet of ground water
(95.2% of total ground water used) are used for domestic purposes,
8.4 (2.6%) for municipal purposes, 5.5 (1.7%) for industrial
purposes and 1.6 (0.5%) for recreational purposes. One hundred
eighty-eight and three tenths acre feet of surface water is used
annually (1985 data) for irrigation. This amounts to 100% of
surface water consumption. Total consumption annually equals
188.3 acre feet of surface water and 325 acre feet of ground water.

Domestic Waste DisposaK Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional
information was not received in time to be included in the
final draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Solid waste disposal is a major problem on the reservation, and
although the pueblo has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes,
it is considered to be inadequate, and improvements are proposed.
Presently solid wastes are disposed of in a community dump site
and landfill (6 acres in all) and through community and individual
incineration. There is no tribal government sponsored recycling
program on the reservation, although individuals do recycle
aluminum.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The pueblo has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, but
such wastes are neither generated nor stored on the reservation.
Nor are there any abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste /Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on
the reservation. There was, however, a uranium processing mill 50
miles due west of the reservation at Laguna Pueblo, and although
there are no nuclear power generation facilities within 50 miles
of the reservation, there is a nuclear waste storage site within
50 miles of the reservation at Sandia National Laboratories. The
reservation has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent
nuclear waste disposal site, but it is unknown whether or not
nuclear materials are transported through the reservation.
-------
Tribal Priorities

The Pueblo of Isleta's most pressing environmental problems in
order of priority are sewage waste, solid waste, effluent
occasionally discharged from the City of Albuquerque into the
Rio Grande River north of the reservation boundary, possible
radio activity from Sandia National Laboratories also north of the
reservation and chemical or oil contaminants from asphalt companies.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Pueblo de Acoma, New Mexico
Environmental Contact:

Dennis Felipe, Tribal Secretary
Pueblo de Acoma Tribal Council
Pueblo de Acoma
P.O. Sox 309
Acomita, New Mexico 87034
(505) 552-6604

EPA Region VI: Ernest Woods, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

According to Acoma legend, the original home of their ancestors was
not old Acorna, but a village some two miles to the east, atop the
much higher Enchanted Mesa. But one day, eons ago, when most of the
Indians were at work in the field below, a violent earthquake
destroyed the only access to, and escape from, the top. Those who
were trapped in the village were doomed, while the survivors, it
is said moved to the present traditional - and ceremonial - home.
Though unsupported by archeological research and, even more so, by
the obvious absence of a water supply at Enchanted Mesa, the presence
of which at Old Acoma was a vital element in the defense of that
location, the story has been handed down as a basic part of the
charming lore of the Acoma people. Acomas first contact with people
other than their historic and frequently hostile neighbors was in
1540 when the Spanish expedition headed by Captain Hernado de Alvarado,
visited Acoma Valley and were eventually welcomed by the confident,
but friendly and trusting inhabitants.

The next half century saw other peaceful visits, but in 1598, Don
Juan de Onate, first Spanish Colonizer of New Mexico, fearful of the
Acomas' well-deserved reputation as brave fighters and of the threat
their independence might hold for the Spanish domination of most
other Pueblo tribes, planned a take-over of Acoma. Initial efforts
to accomplish .this through diplomacy failed and resulted in the
deaths of 12 Conquistadores when the small delegation made outra-
geous demands upon chief Zutucapan, great leader of the Acomas.

But Onate retaliated swiftly, for in January, 1599, despite a valiant
and fierce three-day defense of their beloved village, the Acomas
were all but decimated by the modern weaponry of Onate's men. Old
Acoma was destroyed with a great loss of life and with many prisoners
taken.
-------
Thirty years later, however, the surviving Acomas were won over by
one man, Father Ramirez, who through an incident in which he saved
the life of a small Acoma child, started the Tribe into a new era
characterized by generally peaceful co-existence between Catholicism
and their native religion. During the next decade, the village was
restored and with it, the beautiful and impressive church of St.
Stephen, with accompanying convent and cemetery, were built. The
Acoma Reservation itself consists of 263,760 acres, all of it
(Tribal Trust and Fee lands) owned by the Pueblo. It is primarily
semi-arid country accentuated by several high mesas, in the north-
west corner of Valencia County, New Mexico. The eastern boundary
of Acoma land is about 60 miles directly west of Albuquerque and
lies in a generally rectangular shape to the south of U.S.
Interstate 40.

Principal communities are Acomita and McCarthys, midway between
which are the new Acoma Community Center (the seat of the tribal
government), the new school, a commercial complex now under
construction and a large concentration of older and newly built
residences, with more homes yet to be built.

The population of the Pueblo is 3,800 (all Pueblo people).

Tribal Government
The Acoma Tribal Council, headed by the Governor and other top exec-
utive officials, constitutes the governing body of the Pueblo of
Acoma. There is no formal or officially approved constitution.
Council membership and appointment to the top executive positions is
determined by the traditional, religious leaders of the Tribe, called
caciques. Leadership in the past has largely been vested in the older
men of the Pueblo, although younger and more educated and experienced
tribal members have recently moved into key roles. Women participate
actively in many tribal decisions but only rarely have they become
tribal officials or tribal spokesmen. The Council meets weekly.

All tribal officers in the past have served without pay, but in very
recent years a few of the key personnel have been paid modest salaries,
part of which have been provided by Federal sources such as the
Emergency Employment Act, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration,
etc. The Tribal Government, however, faced now with the growing task
of managing substantial tribal funds which have resulted from land
claim judgment awards, recognizes the necessity of assuring the
continuance of capable, responsible officials who can direct and
manage tribal affairs for the benefit of all the Acoma people.

In addition to the governing body of the Tribe, there are several
administrative branches, traditionally established to protect tribal
land and water resources, and the historic and cultural shrine of
the Acomas, "Sky City."
-------
The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following
areas: land use planning, tax collection and licensing (especially
licensing fees on businesses), business and commercial development,
zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control and civil
law. The tribe has not adoped an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribal government is not currently implementing its own environ-
mental protection program, and there is no committee within the
tribal government which addresses environmental issues. However,
the tribe does engage in cooperative programs on water quality
monitoring with the Indian Health Service, on water quality stan-
dards enforcement with the state and federal governments, on
natural resource management with the BIA/Southern Pueblos Agency
and on emergency preparedness with local Acoma-Canonico-Laguna (ACL)
health facility.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has been partially completed.
Grazing, small farming and wood hauling for local stoves are currently
being developed. The further development of agricultural and
forestry/timber resources is being planned as well as of industrial/
manufacturing, recreational and commerical possibilities. The Pueblo
uses its water resources for irrigation, livestock watering and
tourism/recreation. The Pueblo also recognizes that it has an immense
amount of solar radiation available as part of its environmental
characteristics and potential resources.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated its own air quality standards as provided
in The Clean Air Act, nor is the air monitored by any other authority.
However, there are six major air pollution sources within 20-30 miles
of the reservation: The Plains Electric Power Generating Plant,
The Anaconda, Homestake and Kerr-Megee Mills fall uranium processing
plants), The Gulf Oil Company and Laguna Jackpile.

Water Supply

General Water Quality:

The Pueblo uses New Mexico water quality standards for reserva-
tion streams, rivers and lakes, and there have been some viola-
tions of these standards as regards dissolved oxygen, pH,
temperature, turbidity, fecal coliform, bacteria and algae
concentrations. Lakes and reservoirs in the Pueblo suffer from
both eutrophication and sedimentation.
-------
Actual sources of water pollution include sewaue treatment plants,
oxidation ponds, municipal discharges, domestic wastes (sewage),
landfill leachate, urban and agricultural run-off, sediment run-
off from construction, mining and timber production and harvesting
and on-lot disposal. Potential sources of water pollution include
water pollution include water treatment plants, industrial dis-
charges, oil and other hazardous materials spills, pesticide/
herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up due to pesticide
usage.

Drinking Water Quality

There have been no drinking water quality violations or outbreaks
of water borne diseases in the last five years.

Community Water Supply

There are two community drinking water supplies in the Pueblo
which use 100% ground water. Both systems are monitored monthly
for bacteriological quality and annually for inorganics, pesticides
and radionucludes. One of the systems is fluoridated.

Individual Water Supply:

Four percent of the homes and less than 1% of the population
are served by individual wells. Wells are monitored annually
for bacteriological quality and never for inorganics,
pesticides and radionuclides.

Water Usage

Two hundred acre feet of ground water is used each year entirely for
domestic purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage)

There are three community systems in the Pueblo (McCarthys Lagoon,
Skyline Lagoon and Acomita Lagoon) and 129 individual systems.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The Pueblo has no official plan for the disposal of solid wastes.
Solid wastes are a major and growing problem for the Pueblo. There
is a 1.5 acre community dumpsite for the disposal of solid wastes,
but both community and individual incineration is also used as well
as surface dumping. The Tribal Council sponsors no recycling program
for the Pueblo.
-------
Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The Tribal Council has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes.
However, neither in the present or in the past have hazardous wastes
been generated or stored in the Pueblo.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are uranium deposits in the Pueblo, but none have ever been
exploited. However, within 20-30 miles of the Pueblo are three
uranium processing mills (Anaconda, United Nuclear-Homestake,
and Kerr-Megee). These mills are now closed. However, mill tailing
ponds are now a major environmental problem.

No other radioactive materials are mined in the Pueblo, and there
are no nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage
sites within fifty miles of the Pueblo. Nor has the Pueblo been
selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal
site. Nuclear materials are, however, transported through the pueblo.

Tribal Priorities

The Pueblo de Acoma Tribal Council has identified the following
environmental problems in order of priority: surface and ground
water pollution by upstream urban sewage effluent, wastewater and
solid waste treatment, and non-point surface pollution into the
reservation stream, e.g. upstream urban run-off and local surface
run-off.

Highlight of Known Significant Issues

The big challenge facing Acoma today is its water problems. Large
upstream usages have seriously eroded tribal water rights and have
damaged the water quality of its small and only perennial stream.
Results have harmed the people and their land. Fewer Acomas farm
today and many fields now lay fallow. The main reasons given for
this are: 1) not enough irrigation water and 2) upstream wastewater
effluent has harmed the soil. The Tribe has inititiated lawsuits
for its water rights and over damage to its water.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Zia Pueblo Reservation, New Mexico
Environmental Contact:

Manuel Sal as
Chairman
Pueblo of Zia
General Delivery
San Ysidro, New Mexico 87053
(505) 867-3304

EPA Region VI: Ernest Woods, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

Zia Pueblo consists of 117,702 acres wholly tribally owned. The
population of Zia is 650.

Tribal Government

The Zia Tribal Council consists of all male tribal members over the
age of 18. The governor and other tribal officials are appointed
by the religious leaders of the Pueblo for one year terms. Regular
Council meetings are held monthly. This form of government regulated
by tribal custom dates from before the Pueblo's 1689 land grant from
the King of Spain. This tribal, traditional, customary form of
government performs regulatory functions in the following areas: land
use planning, animal control, fish resource development, and civil and
criminal law. The Pueblo has not adopted an admin-istrative proce-
dures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The Pueblo is currently implementing an environmental protection
program which is responsible for water quality monitoring and
sanitation and waste disposal. The Pueblo of Zia Administration and
the Bureau of Indian Affairs conducts this program. The Pueblo
directly employs a single staff person to work on this program.
The Pueblo also has cooperative agreements with the Bureau of Indian
Affairs to do water quality monitoring and standards enforcement,
sanitation and waste disposal and soil analysis.

Tribal Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation. Agricultural, recreational, commercial and grazing resources
are currently being developed. Oil and gas exploration is being
planned. Water resources are being used for irrigation and tourism/
recreation.
-------
Air Quality

The Pueblo has not designated air quality standards as provided in
The Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored at all. No major
air pollution sources were listed.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for the Pueblo's river
and reservoir. Both are suffering from sedimentation. Actual
water pollution stems from agricultural run-off. Potential water
pollution is expected from oxidation ponds.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no violations of the Pueblo's drinking water
quality in the last five years and no outbreaks of any water
borne diseases.

Community Water Supply:

There are two community drinking water supply systems in the
Pueblo. They use 100% ground water and are monitored monthly
for bacteriological quality. Both systems are treated for
water quality.

Individual Water Supply:

One per cent of the homes in the Pueblo are served by indivi-
dual wells which amounts to .5% of the population. No
information was listed about monitoring individual wells.

Water Usage

No information was available on average annual water consumption for
different purposes in acre feet per year.

Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional
information ws not received in time to include in the final
narrative.]
-------
Solid Waste _S tor age and Disposal

The Pueblo has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and it is
one of the few reservations where solid wastes are not a major
problem. Solid wastes are disposed of in a two acre community
dump site. The Pueblo has no recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The Pueblo has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes. No
harzardous wastes are generated or stored in the Pueblo, nor are
there any abandoned hazardous waste sites there.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are deposits of uranium, but no other radioactive material
deposits in the Pueblo. There has, however, never been any
uranium mining activity on Pueblo lands. There are no uranium
processing mills within 50 miles of the Pueblo, but there are
nuclear power generation facilities within 50 miles of the Pueblo
at Los Alamos and Albuquerque. The Pueblo has not been selected as
a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site. It is
unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the Pueblo.

Tribal Priorities

The Pueblo of Zia's top environmental priority is soil erosion.
-------
NARRATIVE JROFILE
Pueblo of Zuni, New Mexico
Environmental Con tact:

Sefferino Eriaibo, Sr.
Acting Governor
Pueblo of Zuni
P.O. Sox 339
Zuni, New Mexico 87327
(505) 782-4481, Ext. Ill

EPA Region VI: Ernest Woods, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Zuni Reservation consists of 408,483.81 acres of which 406,969.37
acres are tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 8,600.

Tribal Government

The eight member Zuni Tribal Council established by the Constitution
of 1970, is the tribal governing body. The Governor, other executive
officers and Council members are elected at large by tribal members
for four year terms. The Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
licensing fees on business, sales tax, business/commercial develop-
ment, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, timber
resource development and civil and criminal law. The tribe has
not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe does not implement a comprehensive environmental protec-
tion program, but it does do activities in animal control, sanitation
and waste disposal and emergency preparedness/evacuation. The tribe
employs a staff of three to work on solid waste management and has
unwritten cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service,
Bureau of Indian Affairs and the State of New Mexico. The Zuni Fish
and Wildlife Program and the Indian Health Service coordinate animal
control efforts. Zuni Utilities coordinate efforts with other
governmental entities on sanitation and waste disposal as does the
Zuni Disaster Committee on emergency preparedness/evacuation.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification nas been completed for the
reservation. A detailed land and water resource usage report has
been compiled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs Branch of Natural
Resources (contact James Enote [505] 782-4458, extension 165 and
168). Generally speaking, however, land resources are currently
being used for agricultural, forestry/timber, recreational, com-
mercial and grazing development while mining, industrial/commercial
and further forestry/ timber development is in the planning sta-
ges. Water resources are currently being used for power genera-
tion, irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation
with further development in power generation and transportation
being planned.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided by
the Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored. There are no
major sources of air pollution within a fifty mile radius of the
reservation.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
streams, risers and lakes. Lakes/reserviors suffer from
eutrophication and sedimentation.

There are no actual sources of water pollution, but potential
sources include oxidation ponds, domestic wastes (sewage),
landfill leachate, agricultural run-off and on-lot disposal.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no drinking water quality violations or
outbreaks of water borne diseases in five years.

Community Water Supply

There are two community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation which use 100% ground water. Both systms are
monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. One of the
systems is monitored annually for inorganics and one for
radionuclides. No monitoring is done for pesticides. Neither
of the systems are treated for water quality.
-------
Individual Water Supply:

Both 5% of the homes and 5% of the population of the reser-
vation are served by individual wells. None of the wells are
monitored,

Water Usage

Average annual consumption of ground water for domestic purposes is
23 acre feet for 40% of total annual consumption). Consumption of
ground water for municipal purposes is 514 acre feet annually (or
60% of total annual water consumption). Thus, total annual average
water consumption amounts to no surface water consumption and to the
consumption of 540 acre feet of ground water per year.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional
information was not received in time to be included in the final
draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid
wastes, solid waste disposal is a growing problem on the reser-
vation. Currently, such wastes are disposed of in a three acre com-
munity landfill. There is no tribally sponsored recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the Zuni Reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the Zuni Reservation.
However, it is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported
through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The tribe did not identify any pressing environmental problems.
-------
REGION VII

Indian Work Group Coordinator: Edward Vest
Winnebago Reservation
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Winnebago Reservation, Nebraska
Environmental Contact:

Rueben Snake
Winnebago Tribal Council
P.O. Box 687
Winnebago, Nebraska 68071
(402) 878-2272

with copy to:
Winnebago Tribal Health Department
P.O. Box C
Winnebago, Nebraska 68071
(402) 878-2294

EPA Region VII: Edward Vest, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Winnebago Reservation consist of 27,537.8 acres, 3,308.6 acres of
which are tribally owned, 24,214.9 of which are in allotment and 243.9
of which are owned by the BIA. The population of the reservation is
1,444, 1108 Winnebagos and 336 non-Indians.

Tribal Government
The nine member Winnebago Tribal Council, established by charter in
1934, is the governing body for the tribe. Council members are
elected at large by the tribal membership for three year terms.
The Chairman and other officers are appointed by Council for a one
year term. Council meettings are held monthly.

The Council exercises regulatory functions in the following areas:
hunting/fishing/game management, natural resource development
(especially timber and fish) and criminal law. The tribe has adopted
an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection
program which is responsible for water quality monitoring,
developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal
control, sanitation and waste disposal and emergency preparedness
and evacuation. The Winnebago Tribal Health Department in
cooperation with the U.S. Public Health Service (Indian Health
Services, Sioux City, Iowa) conducts most of the environmental
programs, including air and water quality monitoring, sanitation
-------
and waste disposal, animal control, emergency preparedness and
injury control. In cooperation with the BIA environmental rehabilita-
tion/reclamation and soil analysis is carried out. One staff member
is employed by the tribe to work on environmental programs, and
there is no special committee within the tribal government which
deals especially with environmental issues.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation. The use of agricultural, industrial/manufacturing, commercial
and grazing resources is currently being implemented. The further
development of agricultural, industrial/manufacturing and commercial
resources is being planned as well as the development of forestry/
timber and recreational resources. Water is presently used for irri-
gation, but there are plans to use it for power generation, fisheries,
tourism/recreation and transporation as well.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as designated
by The Clean Air Act. Nor is the air monitored by any other
authority. The major air pollution source within fifty miles of
the reservation is a fossil fuel fired power generation plant
ten miles away.

Water duality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
streams, rivers and lakes, nor do reservation lakes and reservoirs
suffer from eutrophication and sedimentation.

An actual source of water pollution is agricultural run-off.
Potential sources of water pollution include sewage treatment
plants, domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, pesticide
herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build up due to pesticide
usage.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no water quality violations or outbreaks of
water borne diseases during the last five years.
-------
Community Water Supply;

There are four community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation, which use 100% ground water. All of the systems
are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. They
are sampled every three years for inorganics, pesticides and
radionuclides. fill of the systems are treated for water quality.

Individual Water Supply:

Twelve per cent of the homes and five per cent of the population
are served by individual wells. The wells are never monitored.

Water Usage

No information is available on surface and ground water usage in
acre feet per year except that no surface water is used for either
industrial or recreation purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the orignial survey. Additional
information was not received in time to be included in the final
narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Although the tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid
wastes, their disposal is a major problem on the reservation. There
is however, a four-acre community dumpsite and the Public Health
Service Hospital incinerates its solid waste. There is no recylcing
program for the reservation.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes. However, hazardous wastes have never been generated or
stored on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on
the reservation, and no radioactive materials are stored on the
reservation. The nearest nuclear power generation facility is Fort
Calhoun, 75 miles away between Blair and Omaha, Nebraska. The
reservation has not been selected as a potential permanent nuclear
waste disposal site. However, it is possible that nuclear materials
are transported through the reservation.
-------
Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems on the Winnebago reservation
in order of priority are: injury control, solid waste, vector and
animal control, water quality and institutions and food service
surveys.
-------
REGION VIII
Indian Work Group Coordinator: Chuck Gomez
Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation
Fort Belknap
Fort Berthold
Fort Peck
Lake Traverse
Lower Brule Sioux Reservation
Northern Cheyenne Reservation
Pine Ridge Reservation
Rocky Boy's Reservation
Rosebud Sioux Reservation
Southern Ute Reservation
Standing Rock Sioux Reservation
Yankton Siuoux Reservation
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation, South Dakota
Environmental Contact:

Morgan Garreau, Chairman
Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe
P.O. 8ox 590
Eagle Butte, South Dakota 57625
(605) 964-4155

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation consists of 2,804,090 acres (43.6
square miles), 954,397.57 acres of which are tribally owned and
441,332 acres of which are in allotment. The population of tne reser-
vation is 5150.

Tribal Government
The 15 member Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Council, established through
a Constitution and By-laws in 1935, is the tribal governing body.
Council members, the chairman and other officers are all elected by
district/geographic region by tribal members for four year terms. The
Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
water resource planning, licensing fees on business, sales, cigarette,
contractors' excise and Tribal Employment Rights Office taxes, hunting
fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, fish resource
development and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an
administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection
program which is responsible for pesticide, insecticide and fungicide
monitoring. This program is conducted through the office of the tri-
bal Pesticide Enforcement Program which employs one person. There is
also a committee within the tribal government which addresses environ-
mental issues, the Land and Natural Resources Committee. The tribal
government also has cooperative agreements with the Indian Health
Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs for sanitation and waste
disposal, with the Office of Surface Mining for environmental rehabi-
litation/reclamation, with the State of South Dakota Game Fish and
Parks Department for animal control, and with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification have been partially completed
for the reservation. The development of agricultural and grazing
resources is currently being implemented, and the development of
industrial/manufacturing, recreational and commercial resources is
in the planning stages. Water resources are currently being used
for irrigation, and the use of water resources for power generation,
fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation is currently being
planned.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act. Air quality is not monitored on the reservation. The
closest monitoring is done at Lemmon and Pollack, South Dakota, by the
State. This monitoring includes data for the total suspended par-
ticulates and an annual measurement for lead. Monitoring for sulphur
and nitrogen dioxide has not been done for two years.

There have been measured violations of national ambient air quality
standards for total suspended patriculates. Secondary standards were
exceeded once in 1983, 1984 and 1985 at Lemmon, South Dakota, and once
in 1983 and twice in 1984 at Pollock, South Dakota.

Water duality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. No lakes/reservoirs suffer from
eutrophication, but some suffer from sedimentation.

There are no actual sources of water pollution, but potential
sources run the whole gamut and include sewage and water
treatment plants, oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial
discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), oil and hazardous
materials spills, landfill leachate, urban and agricultural
run-off, sediment run-off due to cnstruction, mining and
timber production and harvesting, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient
run-off, toxicant h'jild-up due to pesticide usage and on-lot
disposal.

Drinking Water Quality

There have been no water quality violations of the reservations
drinking water or outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last
five years.
-------
Community Water Supply:

There is one major community water supply system, the Tri-
County Water Supply System, which pumps water from the
Missouri River to all communities in three counties through
9000 miles of piping. 91.5% of the water in this system is
surface water and 8.5% ground water. The system is checked
six times per month for bacteriological quality, annually
for inorganics and every three years for pesticides and
radionuclides. The system is also chlorinated, filtered,
fluoridated daily and from April through December alum and
lime polymer are added to the system to reduce turbidity.

Individual Water Supply:

8.3% of the homes and 8.5% of the population on the
reservation are served by individual wells. These wells
are never monitored.

Water Usage

Monthly average water consumption in the Tri-County System is
21,500,000 gallons, of which 3,000 acre feet are used yearly for
irrigation on the reservation.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional
information was not received in time to be included in the
final draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid
wastes. This is a growing problem on the reservation. Solid wastes
are currently disposed of in a 40 acre community landfill. There is
no tribally sponsored recycling program on the reservation.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes. Although hazardous wastes are not generated on the reser-
vation, pesticides, insecticides and fungicides are stored on the
reservation. These are stored and disposed of in accordance with a
tribal regulation governing the storage and disposal of pesticides and
pesticide containers. There are no abandoned hazardous waste sites on
the reservation.
-------
A/ucIear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials
on the reservation. Nor are there uranium processing mills,
nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage
sites within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has
not been chosen as a potential area for a permanent nuclear
waste disposal site, nor are nuclear materials transported
through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems on the Cheyenne River
Sioux Reservation in order of priority are solid waste disposal,
liquid waste (lagoons), water quality, recycling, animal control,
food regulations, erosion and pesticides.
-------
Fort Belknap Reservation, Montana

Environmental Contact:

(Name?)

Fort Belknap Community Council

Fort Belknap Agency

P.O. Box 249

Harlem, Montana 59526

(406) 353-2205

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Fort Belknap Reservation consists of

652,593.61 acres, of which 223,305.98 acres (39%) are

tribally owned and 398,337.83 acres (58%) are in

allotment. Of the tribally owned land 29,277.55 acres are

original tribal land, 3,079.77 acres are from the I.R.A.

purchase, 138,581.66 acres have been purchased by the

tribes, 26,831.00 acres are timber reserve and 25,536.00

are sub-marginal land. Of the alloted land approximately

22,448.00 acres make up each allotment (TUDI). The

remainder of the reservation is made up of 10,124.25 acres

(1.6%) of fee patent land, 1,205.00 acres (.002%)

controlled by the Bureau of Reclamation and 19,620.55

acres (2.398%) controlled by the State. The population of

the reservation is 2,042 and is made up of the resident
-------
members of two tribes, the Assiniboine (Nakoda) and the

Gros Ventre (Atsina).

Tribal Government

The twelve member Fort Belknap Community Council

is the tribal governing body. The President,

Vice-President and Secretary/Treasurer are elected by the

Council from within the Council for two year terms of

office. The council members themselves are elected by

tribal members at large from within districts for four

year terms. Six council members are elected every two

years. Regular Council meetings are held monthly,

although special meetings may be called at any time. This

government was established by the adoption of an IRA

constitution and by-laws in 1935 and the adoption of a

corporate charter in 1937. The Council performs

regulatory functions in the areas of land use and water

resource planning, water quality, air quality control,

soil conservation, licensing fees on business, cigarette

taxes, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal

control, timber and mineral {both energy and non-energy)

resource development and civil and criminal law. The

tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribes are currently implementing an

environmental protection program responsible for air and
-------
water quality monitoring. This program is being conducted

through the tribal offices of Air Quality Control, Water

Resources and Land Services. There are one full-time

staff member and three part-time staff employed by the

tribes to work on these environmental programs. There is

also a committee within the tribal government, the Land

Committee, which addresses environmental issues. The

council also has cooperative agreements with the State of

Montana for air quality monitoring and with federal

agencies (IHS? EPA?) for water quality monitoring.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been

completed for the reservation. Currently, agricultural

(both dry crop land and irrigated land) and grazing

resources are being developed. Forestry/timber,

industrial manufacturing and commercial resource
-------
development is being planned. Current land usage on Fort

Belknap is as follows:
Grazing (77%):
25,536.00 acres
3,079.00 acres
27,757.00 acres
100,044.26 acres
156,417.58 acres
Dry Crop Land (15%):
880.00 (TO)
20,800.00 (TP)
21,680.00
submarginal (SM)
IRA purchase (IRA)
tribal original (TO)
tribal purchase (TP)

156,417.58 Tribal
318,944.23 Allotted
19,080.55 State
6,604.25 Fee
1,205.00 Bur. Rec.
502,251.61
Irrigated (3%)
(10,321 Federal)
(7,944 Private)
Forests (5%):
21,680.00 Tribal
70,289.00 Allotted
540.00 State
3,520.00 Fee
96,029.00
1,800.00 Tribal
16,465.00 Allotted
18,265.00
28,098.00 Tribal
5,5^6.00 Allotted
33,694.00 Fee
96,029.00

Other (cemeteries, housing, schools, churches,
administration, industrial, etc.) (nominal):

1,000.00 Tribal
1,354.00 Alloted
2,354.00

Water resources are used for irrigation and stock watering
with fisheries and tourism/recreation being planned for
the future.
-------
Air Quality

The tribes themselves have not designated air

quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act, but

air quality is designated as Class II and is monitored for

total suspended particulates on a special study basis by

the tribes. During the summer months the Hays monitoring

site exceeds national ambient air quality limits for

fugitive dust. Major air pollution sources within a fifty

mile radius of the reservation include the coal fired

generator at Hays School (within reservation boundaries),

wood burning by 90% of the residences in the Hays Area (on

the reservation), three landfill sites (two on the

reservation and one off the reservation), 15% of the dry

crop land (on the reservation) and the Zortman/Landusky

Mining Company (one mile off the reservation).

Water Quality

General Water Quality;

There are tribal water quality standards for

reservation streams, rivers and lakes, none of which are

suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual

sources of water pollution include domestic wastes

(sewage), sediment run-off due to mining and

pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off. Potential sources

of water pollution include sewage and water treatment

plants, oxidation ponds, municipal discharges, hazardous
-------
materials spills, landfill leachale, and urban ;>nd

agricultural run-off.

Drinking Vvater Quality;

There have been no water quality violations of

the reservations drinking water in the past five years.

Nor have there been any outbreaks of water borne diseases,

Community Water Supply:

There are five community drinking water supply

systems on the reservation. Of these 20% use surface

water and 80% use ground water. All of the systems are

monitored annually. Sixty percent of the community watei

supply systems are treated for water quality (chlorineV

fluoride?).

Individual Water Supply;

374 homes are served by individual wells or about

61% of the population. All of the wells are monitored

annually for bacteriological quality.

Water Usage;

No information is available on average annual

water consumption for different purposes in acre feet per

year.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey,

and Fort Belknap was not able to respond in time to our

t tor additional information.]
-------
Solid Was.e Storage and Disposal

Although the tribal government does have a. pi. .n

for the disposal of solid wastes, it is still a growing

problem on the reservation. Solid wastes are disposed of

at one community dumpsite, three community landfills (one

off the reservation and two on the reservation and by

individual incineration. The tribes do not have a

recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government does not have a plan for

the disposal of hazardous wastes, but no hazardous wastes

are generated or currently stored on the reservation. Nor

are there any abandoned hazardous waste sites on the

reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other

radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are there

uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation

facilities, or nuclear waste storage facilities within 50

miles of the reservation. The reservation has not been

selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste

disposal site, but it is unknown whether nuclear materials

are transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The Fort Belknap Reservation's primary

environmental problem is water quality.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota
Environmental Contact:

Rich Schiff,
Environmental Quality Coordinator

Texx Lone Bear, Pesticides

Kyle Baker, Air Quality

Natural Resources Department
Environmental Quality Division
Tribal Business Council of the Fort Berthold Reservation
P.O. Box 220
New Town, North Dakota 58763
(701) 627-3627

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Fort Berthold Reservation consists of 981,000 acres of which
59,493 are tribally owned and 358,899 are in allotment. The reserva-
tion is occupied by three tribes, the Hidatsa, Mandan and Arikara.
1980 U.S. Census figures and IHS figures do not agree on the popula-
tion of the reservation. U.S. Census figures put the total population
at 5,610 (2,662 Indians and 2,948 non-Indians) while IHS figures put
the total population at 6,897 (3,143 Indian and 3,754 non-Indian).

Tribal Government
The eleven member Tribal Business Council, established by constitution
in 1936 (amended in 1983), is the governing body of the reservation.
The Council members and the chairman are both elected at large by
the tribal membership for four year terms. The Council meets monthly.

The Council exercises regulatory functions in the following areas:
tax collection and licensing (1% tax on certain contracts, TERO
taxes, farm lease tax), hunting/fishing/game management, the develop-
ment of natural resources (fish, gravel and energy and non-energy
minerals), and civil and criminal law. The Council is working on
regulations for land use planning, water resource plannning, water
quality control, air quality control, soil conservation, business
and commercial development, zoning and sanitation (solid waste manage-
ment plan). The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures
act, but they have adopted a pesticide hearing procedure which is
similiar to 40 CFR DART 22.
-------
Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribal government is currently implementing an environmental
protection program which is responsible for air and water quality
monitoring, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards,
environmental rehabilitation and reclamation and pesticide
enforcement. The Council is also developing a sanitation and waste
disposal project.

The tribal offices which conduct the environmental program are The
Natural Resources Department, Environmental Quality Division,
Environmental Quality Coordinator, Pesticides Officer and Air Quality
Officer. The Natural Resources Committee of the Tribal Business
Council also addresses envornmental issues. Two and a half persons
are employed by the tribe to work exclusively on environmental programs.

The tribes also have agreements with The North Dakota State
Department of Health for air quality monitoring and with The North
Dakota State Agricultural Department for pesticide control. They
are working on agreements for sanitation and waste disposal with the
81/1, for environmental rehabilitation/reclamation with the Bureau of
Land Management and for the protection of endangered species with
the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, BIA and the Bureau of Land
Management.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has not been completed, although
the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Soil Conversation Survey has
done analyses and classifications for most counties in North Dakota.

Currently, agricultural, grazing and oil and gas resources are being
developed. Development is being planned for industrial/manufacturing,
recreational, and commercial resources. Water resources are
currently being used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation,
and for power generation off the reservation.

Air Quality

The tribes are in the process of developing their own air quality
management plan (which they argue is not provided for in the Clean
Air Act). The State of North Dakota's SIP has designated reser-
vation air quality under Class II. Air quality will eventually be
monitored continuously by the tribe. It is presently monitored for
total suspended particles, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and
atmospheric depositia (acid rain). There have been no measured
violations of national ambient air quality standards.
-------
Afejor air pollution sources between 10 and 40 miles from the reserva-
tion include six coal fired power plants, one synthetic gas plant and
four natural gas refineries. Sources of air pollution also include
oil wells flaring sour gas, thermoelectric power, motor vehicles
and fugitive dust from agricultural crop lands.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. Some of the reservation's lakes/
reservoirs suffer from eutrophication and/or sedimentation.

Actual sources of water pollution are sewage and water treatment
plants, domestic waste (sewage), agricultural and pesticide/
herbicide/nutrient run-off, and sediment run-off from
construction. Potential sources of pollution include oil and
other hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate, toxicant
build-up from pesticide usage, salt water disposal and the
disposal of drilling fluids.

Drinking Water Quality

There have been no reported water quality violations of drinking
water in the last five years and no outbreaks of water borne
diseases. However, background levels for certain parameters in
ground water often exceed IMS and EPA standards.

Community Water Supply:

There are six community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation. The source of 33% of the systems is surface
water and of 66% of the systems, ground water. All the systems
are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality. Special
studies are being done for pesticides. No monitoring is done
for inorganics or radionuclides. All the systems are treated
for water quality.

Individual Water Supply:

Twenty-one per cent of the homes and 35% of the population
of the reservation are served by individual wells. None of the
wells are ever monitored.

Water Usage

No information is presently available for the average annual con-
sumption of surface and ground water in acre feet for different
purposes.
-------
Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage)

The following table describes domestic liquid waste disposal on the
Reservation:
Table 1. Fort Berthold Liquid Waste Disposal
Common Name of System
Community
Served
Number
of Home
Type of
Treatment
Community Systems

White Shield Sewage System

Foru Bears Sewage System
Lagoon
Dragswolf
Mandaree
Twin Suites

City of Parshall
City of New Town
White Shield
White Shield
Four Bears Park

Dragswolf Village
Mandaree
Twin Buttes
School District
Parshall*
New Town
* Only Includes Housing Authority Homes

Rural Private Indian Systems

West Segment

East Segment
South Segment
North Segment
North East Segment
TOTAL
51 3-cell Lagoon
22 1-cell Lagoon
94 J-cell
50
94
26
19
74
140
2-cell Lagoon
3-ceil Lagoon
2-cell Lagoon
1-cell Lagoon
J-cell Lagoon
3-cell Lagoon
66
1
43
21
38
3

~742~
Septic Tank
Cesspool
Septic Tank
Septic Tank
Septic Tank
Septic Tank
Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Solid waste disposal is a major problem on the reservation, and
the tribes are in the process of developing a solid waste disposal
plan with CERT. Presently, along with individual dumps, there
are three community dump sites and two community landfill sites
of about 3-5 acres each. There is no recycling program, although
occasionally a can crusher is brought in.
-------
Hazaraous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes. There is a very small quantity of three types of hazardous
waste generated by electronics plants, and a very small quantity
(less than 10 gallons) from this source is stored on the
reservation, These wastes nave been stored on the reservation for
the past twenty years in accordance with federal law. Two other
abandoned hazardous waste sites were cleaned up in 1985. Each site
contained large numbers of pesticide containers.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of nuclear or other radioactive materials
on the reservation, nor are there uranium processing mills,
nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage
sites within 50 miles of the reservation. The reservation has
not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear
waste disposal site, nor are nuclear materials transported through
the reservation

Tribal Priorities

The tribes' most pressing environmental problems in order of priority
are: ground water quality protection, the preservation of ambient
air quality, indoor air pollution, underground storage tanks, solid
waste disposal and surface water quality protection. The tribes are
currently working on a tribal air quality management plan with a
goal of protecting air quality while allowing for development. The
intent is to adopt Class I 050 standards as the tribal base stan-
dards and then allow an incremental adjustment to a Class II ceiling.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Fort Peck Reservation, Montana
Environmental Contact:

Jackie Miller, Director
Office of Environmental Protection
Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes
P.O. Box 506
Poplar, Montana 59255
(406) 768-5155

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Fort Peck Reservation consists of 2,093,300 acres, 35*3,450 acres
of which is tribally owned and 559,206 acres of which is in allotment.
In addition, 1,140,044 acres is fee land, and 600 acres is U.S.
government land. The population of the reservation is made up of
two tribes, the Assiniboine and the Sioux (4,429 tribal members from
enrollment records by peace of residence), 600 other Indians (from a
1981 house to house survey) which with a non-Indian population of
5,417 (1980 census) equals a total population of 10,446.

Tribal Government
The fifteen member Fort Peck Tribal Executive Board, established by
the adoption of a constitution in 1960, is the governing body for the
reservation. Board members and the Chairman are elected at-large by
tribal membership for two year terms every two years. The Board
meets bi-weekly.

The Board exercises regulatory functions in the following areas:
water resource planning, tax collection and licensing fees
(severance tax on minerals and licensing fees on businesses), hunting/
fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation, the development
of energy mineral resources, and civil and criminal law. The tribes
have not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection
program which is responsible for air quality monitoring, water
quality monitoring, developing and enforcing tribal environmental
standards, animal control, sanitation and waste disposal,
environmental rehabilitation/reclamation and emergency preparedness/
evacuation. The tribal offices which conduct the environmental
program are The Fort Peck Tribal Office of Environmental Protection
and the Fort Peck Tribal Health Systems Office. There are two
'ommittees within the tribal government, the Land and Resource
-------
Committee and the Health, Education and Welfare Committee, which
address environmental issues. The tribe employs five staff
to work on environmental programs and cooperates with the cities
of Wolf Point and Poplar on animal control.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation. The use of agricultural, mining, industrial/manufacturing,
commercial and grazing resources is currently being implemented.
The development of recreational resources is being planned for the
future. Water is currently used for irrigation, and there are plans
being made to use it for fisheries and geothermal development.

Air Quality

The tribes have designated air quality standards as provided by the
Clean Air Act. The air has a Class I designation and is monitored
continuously by the tribes for total suspended participates,
sulphur dioxide and visibility. The tribes successfully achieved
redesignation of their air quality in 1982. (See Fort Peck Tribe's
Air Quality Redesignation Report prepared by Larry Allen & John Doyle
for Fort Peck Tribe's Office of Environmental Protection, June 1982.)

There have been some measured violations of national ambient air
quality standards, two violations of federal primary TSP standards
at the Give Out Morgan site in 1981 and two violations of federal
secondary TSP standards at the Wolf Point site in 1984 and five in
1985. All these events were caused by dust storms. Major air
pollution sources near the reservation are 35 to 40 miles away in
Canada, the Saskatchewan Power Corporation's Electric Generation
Plant (35 miles north of the reservation border), and their Coal
Mine and Power Plant (both 40 miles north of the reservation).

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

The tribes have developed draft standards for reservation streams,
rivers and lakes, but they are not yet in effect. Reservation
reservoirs suffer from both eutrophication and sedimentation.

Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants,
municipal discharges, and urban, agricultural and pesticide/
herbicide/nutrient run-off. Potential sources of water pollution
include water treatment plants, oxidation ponds, industrial
discharges, domestic wastes (sewage), oil and hazardous materials
spills, landfill leachate, sediment run-off from construction,
mining and timber production and harvesting, toxicant build up
due to pesticide use and on-lot disposal.
-------
Drinking Water Quality

There have been no drinking water quality violations or outbreaks
of water borne diseases in the last five years but wells on
older homesites are producing sandy waters or have quite pro-
ducing sandy waters or have quit producing althogether.

Community Water Supply:

There are five community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation using 100% ground-water, fill the systems are
monitored for bacteriological quality monthly, but no monitoring
for inorganics, pesticides, or radionuclides is done. Forty
per cent of the systems are treated for water quality. (See
also Domestic Waste Disposal below).

Individual Water Supply:

Two hundred Indian homes (17% of the homes) or about 16% of the
population is served by individual wells. Thirty per cent of
the wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality.
None are ever checked for inorganics, pesticides or radionuclides.
(See also Domestic Waste Disposal below).

Water Usage

Three hundred seventy acre feet of ground water are used each year
for domestic purposes, 800 for municipal purposes, 35,00 for
irrigation and more than 10 for industrial purposes. In addition,
70,000 acre feet of surface water is used for irrigation. Therefore,
100% of the water used for domestic, municipal and industrial
purposes is ground water, while 67% of the water used for irrigation
is surface water and only 33% ground water. Total annual water
consumption is 36,180 acre feet of surface water and 70,000 acre
feet of ground water per year.
Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage)

The Tribal Health, Education and Welfare Committee have prioritized
reservation water and sewage needs for 1986. The following is the
listing prepared by the Tribal Health System Field Engineer.

"The Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck
Indian Reservation are approaching an ever growing need for
s'anitary facilities construction for individual developments
throughout the reservation, as well as assistance to communities
as the demand for services increase through growth of populated
areas.
-------
Families today are searching for independence. They have
developed a desire and need for independent living quarters
separate from that of other family group members. In the past
a young couple may move into the household of one or the others
parents. It has become possible through tribal programs to
assist these individuals in development of their own residence.
This pursuit is supported by the Fort Peck Tribal Executive Board
under the usual general consensus vote of approval by the Tribal
Board committe mebers of home leases on Tribal lands. It is
almost always possible for any tribal member to lease a homesite
(generally 2 1/2 acres) on which to build a home.

Few homes are without some type of sanitary facilities, but yet
still exist in some cases. Some also are older installations
that were constructed by the individuals and need upgrading.
These sanitary facilities generally do not meet current stan-
dards for construction as well as proper distances between wells
and sewage disposal facilities.

fls funds become available, the Fort Peck Tribes under memorandum
of agreement with the Indian Health Sevice, have initiated programs
to provide technical and financial assistance for the completion
of these needed facilities. The engineering and construction
department of the Fort Peck Tribal Indian Health Project also works
with other tribal departments and city governments in providing
sanitary facilities for larger development sites within the com-
munities of the reservation. These projects are planned and
construction under memorandum of agreement with the Indian Health
Service.

Projects

The unmet needs list for the reservation is reassessed each year
by the H.E.W. committee of the Fort Peck Tribes. The following
is the current unmet needs list for consideration during 1986.
Estimated
Project Projected Costs

1. Frazer Water Storage $125,000.00
tank and pump
house repairs
on electrial systems.

2. Fort Kipp Community Water $ 25,000.00
system upgrading
pump house replacement
and additional water supply
-------
Estimated
Project Projected Costs

3. Individual water system $210,000.00
treatment facilities - 125 sites
upgrading wells and sanitary
facilities on 25 sites. 75,000.00

4. Wolf Point celebration grounds
Water 5,000.00
Sewer 10,000.00

5. Brockton celebration grounds
Heater 5,000.00
Sewer 10,000.00

6. Individual water supply 70,000.00
& waste disposal
facilities on 40 sites

7. Brockton Sewage system upgrading
Lagoon repair &
construction of a new cell 80,000.00
Replace sewer lines 20,000.00

8. Fort Kipp Sewage System upgrading
Replace lagoon inlet 15,000.00

9. Frazer Sewage System upgrading
Replace plumbing for
controls of lagoon levels 15,000.00

10. Max Martell Sewage 10,000.00
upgrading for expansion
of existing lagoon

11. Wolf Point - additional lagoon $596,000.00
Tribal resolution number 434-86-1 has prioritized the above unmet
needs in accorance with H.E.W. committee recommendations. However,
it is not uncommon to complete a lower priority project prior to
higher priority itmes as funds become available on existing projects.
-------
Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has just completed and begun to implement an
official plan for the disposal of solid wastes on the reservation.
Solid wastes are a major problem. Solid wastes are up until now
have been disposed of in community dump and landfill sites amounting
to about 50 acres in all. The community and individuals also incin-
erate their solid waste. There is no recycling program on the
reservation.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
waste. Reactive sulfides in excess of 500 ppm from an oil refining
operation and trivalent chromium from an aluminum forming operation
are currently generated on the reservation. Also, trichromium waste
water and sludge from metal plating activities and waste from oil
refining activities twenty years ago have been stored in the
reservation in temporary storage ever since. These wastes are not
stored in accordance with applicable tribal, local, state and/or
federal laws.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear/radioactive wastes are neither generated nor stored on the
reservation. A/or are there uranium processing mills, nuclear
power generation facilities or nuclear storage sites within 50 miles
of the reservation. However, nuclear materials are transported
through the reservation.
Tribal Priorities

The Tribal Executive Board has identified the following environmental
problems in order of priority: soil erosion, water quality
degradation from soil and gas development, solid waste management,
pesticide certification and enforcement mechanisms, wildlife
management for the protection and enforcement of wildlife resources,
leafy spurge and club moss infestation, comprehensive plant and soil
inventory, hazardous waste management and emergency response plan.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Lake Traverse Reservation, South Dakota
Environmental Contact:

Michael I. Selvage
Tribal Planner
Tribal Planning and Development Department
Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe
Lake Traverse Reservation
P.O. Box 509
Agency Village, South Dakota 57262
(605) 698-3911

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Lake Traverse Reservation of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux consists
of 108,135.22 acres, of which 17,544.45 acres are tribally owned and
90,579.26 acres are in allotment. This represents only approximately
10% tribal ownership. 71.51% of the reservation is owned by the
federal government. The population of the reservation is 3,462.

Tribal Government
The 15 member Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribal Council and 3 executive
officers (including the Chairman) constitute the tribal governing
body. This form of government was established by Constitution and
By-Laws in 1946. Council members and officers are elected by tribal
members at large for two year terms. The Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
land use planning, soil conservation, licensing fees on business,
sales tax, business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/
game management, fish resource development and civil and criminal law.
The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection
program itself. There are, however, two committees within the tribal
government which address environmental issues: the Human Services Board
and the Reservation Planning Commission. The tribal government also
has cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service for sanitation
and waste disposal and with the Soil Conservation Service for soil
analysis.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the reserva-
tion. The development of agricultural, commercial, grazing, hunting
and fishing resources is currently being implemented as is the deve-
lopment of improved homesites. The development of forestry/timber and
recreational resources is currently being planned. Water resources
are currently being used for irrigation.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clear Air Act. Air quality is not monitored. The only major source
of air pollution within a 50 mile radius is the Big Stone Power Plant
40 miles from the reservation.

Water duality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
streams, rivers and lakes. None of the lakes/reservoirs suffer
from eutrophication, but some suffer from sedimentation.

Actual sources of water pollution include agricultural and
pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up
due to pesticide usage.

Drinking Water duality:

There have been no water quality violations of the reservation's
drinking water nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases in the
last five years.

Community Water Supply:

There are six community drinking water supply systems on
the reservation. They all use ground water as a water
source. All of the systems are monitored monthly for bac-
teriological quality, every three years for inorganics and
every four years for radionuclides. All of the systems are
treated for water quality.
-------
Individual Water Supply:

Ninety-eight homes on the reservation, or 35% of the popula-
tion of the reservation, are served by individual wells. When
wells are dug and approved, they are monitored once for bacteri-
ological quality, inorganics and radionuclides. In adition, 2-3%
of the wells are monitored annually for bacteriological quality.
No monitoring is done for pesticides.

Water Usage

Data is unavailable for specific uses of surface and ground water in
terms of average annual consumption, but total annual water consmption
amounts to no surface water and 111.1 acre feet of ground water per
year.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional
information was not received in time to be included in the final
draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Solid waste disposal is a major and growing problem on the reservation
Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid
wastes, such wastes are currently disposed of in a Roberts County
landfill which is not on trust land and through individual incinera-
tion. There is no tribally sponsored recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Although hazardous wastes in general are not considered a problem on
the reservation, the pollution of reservation lakes and streams by
chemicals and the proper disposal of chemical containers are problems.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation. However,
it is unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the
reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems for the Lake Traverse
Reservation in order of priority are the pollution of lakes and
streams by sewage, chemicals and erosion, the lack of proper
disposal of chemical containers, the importation of noxious
weed, leafy spurge, etc., improper land use such as converting
wildlife habitat to other uses, an insufficient number of sani-
tary landfills and submarginal crop use.
-------
Water Usage

The tribe uses approximately 137 acre feet of ivater per year through
the community water system. This figure does not include wells.

Domestic Waste Disposal System

[No response was given to this section.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Solid waste disposal is a growing problem on the reservation, and the
tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes
which includes a five acre community land fill. The tribal government
does not sponsor a recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes, but no hazardous wastes were generated or stored on the reser-
vation either in the past or in the present.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on the
reservation. A/or are there uranium processing mills, nuclear power
generation facilities or nuclear waste stored within 50 miles of the
reservation. The reservation has not been selected as a potential
area for permanent nuclear waste disposal. Neither are nuclear
materials transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems in order of priority on the
Lower Brule Reservation are: solid waste disposal, exhaust from cars
and other vehicles, retention of a balance within the naturally
occurring ecosystem and the regulation of chemical use on or near the
reservation.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Lower Brule Sioux Reservation, South Dakota
Cr> viromentaJ Contact:

Scott Jones, Pesticide Control Officer
Lower Brule Tribal Council
Box 187
Lower Brule, South Dakota 57548
(605) 473-5561

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Lower Brule Sioux Reservation consists of 130,239.44 acres of which
104,243.60 acres are tribally owned and 25,995.84 are in allotment.
The population of the reservation is 1,182 (724 Lower Brule Sioux,
260 other Indians including other bands of Sioux, and 135 non-Indians).

Tribal Government
The seven member Lower Brule Tribal Council, established by charter in
1936 (revised 1960), is the tribal governing body. Council members are
elected at large for two year terms, and the Council chairman is appointed
by Council for a two year term as well. The Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions peformed by the tribal government include the
following: land use planning, water quality control, soil conservation,
licensing fees on businesses, sales tax, business/commercial develop-
ment, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanita-
tion, the development of fish and mineral resources and civil and criminal
law. The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program
which is resonsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analy-
sis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal
control, protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste dispo-
sal and environmental rehabilitation/reclamation. This program is
implemented through the tribal Department of Sewage and Water, through
the Tribal Council's Land Committee and through the Tribal Council
itself. The tribe hires a Pesticide Control Officer under a cooperative
agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The lead agency
'•'or the pesticide control program is the Lower Brule Land Committee.
-------
The tribal government has an on-going cooperative agreement with the
EPA for the Pesticide Control Office. It also cooperates with other
governmental entities if the need arises.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reservation.
The development of agricultural, recreational and grazing resources is
currently being implemented. Water resources are currently being used
for power generation (by the Big Bend Dam which is a Corps of Engineers
project), irrigation, fisheries, and tourism/recreation. The use of water
resources for transportation is currently being planned.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clear Air Act. Nor is the air monitored by any other authority. Air
pollution sources consist of four highways 8-18 miles away, and the
exhaust fumes from vehicles within the reservation.

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

The Council has just adopted a Water Code. Some of the reservation
lakes/reserviors are suffering from sedimentation.

There are no current sources of water pollution. Potential sources
include domestic wastes (sewage), agricultural and pesticide/
herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up due to the use of
pesticides.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no drinking water quality violations in the last
five years, nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases.

Community Water Supply:

There is one community drinking water supply system which uses 100%
surface water. This system is monitored monthly for bacteriological
quality, inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides. The system is
also treated for water quality.

Individual Water Supply:

Sixteen percent of the homes on the reservation are served by
individual wells. After initial testing wells are monitored only
at the request of the home owner.
-------
Northern Cheyenne Reservation, Montana

Environmental Contact:

William C. Sullivan, Director

Northern Cheyenne Environmental Affairs Department

Northern Cheyenne Tribe

P.O. Box 128

Lame Deer, Montana 59034

406-665-2220

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group

Coordinator

Introduction

The Northern Cheyenne Reservation consists of

446,784 acres, 99 percent of which is tribally owned. The

population of the reservation is 4000 (3000 Cheyenne, 500

other Indian, and 500 non-Indian).

Tribal Government

The 16 member (including the President) Northern

Cheyenne Tribal Council is the tribal governing body.

Council members and the President are elected by tribal

members by district/geographic region. Council members

are elected for a two year term of office, the President

for a four year term. The council is scheduled to meet

monthly but sometimes meets more often. This government

was established by an IRA constitution in 1936 which was

amended in 1962. The Council performs regulatory
-------
functions in land use planning, air quality control/

licensing fees on business, business/commercial

development, and natural resource development. The tribe

has adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an

environmental protection program which is responsible for

air and water quality monitoring, developing and enforcing

tribal environmental standards, the protection of

endangered species, environmental rehabilitation/

reclamation, making a hazardous waste inventory, and for

pesticide enforcement/certification. The tribal

Environmental Affairs Office is responsible for the

conduct of these programs, and the Northern Cheyenne

Environmental Commission is the committee within the

tribal government which addresses environmental issues.

The tribe has hired five staff people to work on

environmental programs: a director, office manager, air

specialist, hydrologist, and pesticide officer. The

tribal government has cooperative agreements with the

State of Montana and the Environmental Protection Agency

for air quality monitoring and standards enforcement, with

the United States Geological Survey for water quality

monitoring, with the state level United States Department

of Agriculture office and the Environmental Protection
-------
Agency for pesticide certification and enforcement and

with Big Horn County for sanitation and waste disposal.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been

completed for the reservation. The development of

agricultural, forestry/timber, industry/manufacturing,

recreation and grazing resources is currently being

implemented and additional agricultural development is

being planned. Water resources are currently being used

for irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and for

livestock. Further development of water resources for

tourism/recreation is being planned. There is no

possibility of developing water resources for power

generation.

Air Quality

The tribe has designated air quality standards as

provided by the Clean Air Act. Air quality is designated

under Class I. Air quality is monitored continuously by

the tribe, state and privately (GeoResearch, Inc., Mr.

Douglas Richardson, President (406) 248-6771) including

data for total suspended particulates, sulphur and

nitrogen dioxide, air toxics and visibility. There has

been one measured TSP violation by arithmetic and

geometric annual means of Class I ambient air quality

standards at the Lame Deer townsite. Current and
-------
4
potential major air pollution sources are the Colstrip

I-IV fossil fuel fired power generation facility 15 miles

away and the not yet operational MontCo coal mine half a

mile away from the reservation.

Water Quality

General Water Quality;

Standards have been drafted for water quality

standards for on-reservation streams, rivers and lakes.

These standards have been violated for fecal coliform, the

breaching of a sewage lagoon into Lame Deer Creek, and the

leaking of another lagoon. Reservation lakes/reservoirs

suffer from both eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual

sources of water pollution include sewage treatment

plants, domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials

spills, urban and agricultural run-off (especially from

cattle waste), sediment run-off from construction and

timber production and harvesting,

pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up

due to pestic., de usage. Potential sources of water

pollution include future sewage treatment plants,

industrial discharges, hazardous materials spills and

landfill leachate.

Drinking Water Quality;

There have been continuous water quality

violations in the last five years when water quality did
-------
not meet secondary and some primary standards for sulphate

and TSP levels. This occurred in individual home sites

only. There have also been raised levels of fecal

coliform, almost continuously in Lame Deer Creek.

Community Water Supply;

There are five community drinking water supply

systems on the reservation using 100 percent ground water

sources. All of the systems are monitored quarterly for

bacteriological quality. No other monitoring is done.

All of the systems were just recently treated for water

quality (chlorination). These systems are only for

schools, hospitals etc., not for individual homesites and

are located in townsites (Lame Deer, Birney, Busby, Muddy

Cluster, and Ashland).

Individual Water Supply;

All of the 620 homesites on the reservation are

served by individual wells. This covers 100 percent of

the population. One percent of these wells are monitored

quarterly for bacteriological quality and for inorganics.

Water Usage

The tribe is currently negotiating its water

rights with the state so average annual consumption

information in acre feet per year is confidential until

negotiations are finalized.
-------
Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

Lame Deer Townsite, Muddy Cluster, Ashland,

Busby, and Birney all have community waste disposal

systems. All these sites and improvement. Ashland and

Birney sites are not functional, and Lame Deer needs to be

expanded and improved. Individual homesites utilize

septic fields and 121-projects have put in sanitation

facilities using septic drainage fields.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Although the tribe has a plan for solid waste

disposal, the plan is not effective, and the disposal of

solid wastes is a major and growing problem on the

reservation. Solid wastes are currently disposed of in a

community dumpsite off the reservation (colstrip dump in

Rosebud County) and by individual incineration. There is

no tribal recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe does not have a plan for the disposal

of hazardous wastes. Although no hazardous wastes are

generated on the reservation, old pesticides used by the

BIA or CC programs, aldrite 4, sodium arsenate, old

transformers, asbestos panels, industrial solvents and

chemicals are stored on the reservation, some for over 50

years. None of lese wastes has been stored in accordance

with applicable .^ :-al and/or federal law. Two abandoned
-------
storage sites are at St. Labre School where industrial

wastes are buried in an old sewage lagoon in The Tongue

River flood plain and at Dull Knife College where barrels

of old pesticides, transformers, asbestos panels and other

industrial wastes are stored.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other

radioactive materials on the reservation. Nor are these

uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation

facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles

of the reservation. Neither has the reservation been

selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste

storage site. However, nuclear materials are transported

through the reservation, and statistically highway 212,

which runs east/west through the reservation, is one of

the most dangerous roads in the state as far as car

accidents are concerned. Presently, the tribe has no

emergency preparedness program to deal with a spill of

nuclear materials caused by a highway accident.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems on the

Northern Cheyenne Reservation in order of priority are:

solid waste, sewage, safe drinking water, fish and

wildlife management, hazardous waste storage, surface and

ground water protection, air quality and pesticide

enforcement.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE
Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota
Environmental Contact:

Wayne M. Iteska, Coordinator
Natural Resources Regulatory Agency
Oglala Sioux Tribe
Box 468
Pine Ridge, South Dakota 57770
(605) 867-5821 #235
(605) 867-5624

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Pine Ridge Reservation of the Oglala Sioux consists of 2.7 million
acres, approximately 706,000 acres of which are tribally owned and
1,078,000 of which are in allotment. The population of the reserva-
tion is 14,699.

Tribal Government
The 16 member Oglala Sioux Tribal Council is headed by a president
elected to a two year term of office by tribal members. Council
members are elected by district or region. The Council meets monthly.
This governmental system was established with the adoption of an IRA
Constitution in 1936. The Council performs regulatory functions in
regard to water quality control, air quality control, tax collection
(severance tax on minerals and sales tax) and licensing (for
businesses), hunting/ fishing/game management, mineral resource deve-
lopment and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an administrative
procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The Land Committee within the tribal government addresses environmental
issues. The tribe employs a staff of eight to work on environmental
programs, and the tribes' environmental protection program is currently
implemented through the following tribal offices: Natural Resources
Regulatory Agency, Air Quality Office, and Pesticides Office. The tribal
enviromental program is responsible for air and water quality moni-
toring, soil analysis (which has been completed), sanitation and water
disposal, protection of endangered species and for developing and
enforcing tribal environmental standards. The tribe also has coopera-
tive agreements with the State of South Dakota Air Program and (for air
quality standards enforcement) with the South Dakota Air Program on
Standards.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reservation.
The use of agricultural, mining, industrial/manufacturing, recreation,
commercial and grazing resources are being implemented. Water is
currently used for irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation, and road
projects.

Air Quality

The tribe has designated air quality standards which are monitored con-
tinuously by the tribe in conjunction with EPA Region VIII's Special
Studies Program. Data is collected for total suspended particulates,
sulphur and nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide.

There have never been any measured violations of the national ambient
air standards, but there are some potential sources of pollution: the
proposed uranium mining at Crawford, Nebraska (75 milies away), the
proposed sand and gravel mining on Pine Ridge itself and pollutants
from agricultural pesticides in Bennett County, South Dakota (20
miles away).

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
streams, rivers and lakes, even though lakes and reservoirs are
suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation. Actual water
pollution stems from municipal discharges and sewage. Potential
pollution might emanate from oxidation ponds, landfill leachate,
urban and agriculatural run-off, sediment run-off from construc-
tion and mining and from pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off.

Drinking Water Quality:

There have been no water quality violations of the reservations
drinking water in the past five years and no outbreaks of water
borne diseases.

Community Water Supply:

There are 15 community drinking water supply systems on the
reservation, 99% using ground water. 25 % are treated for water
quality, but none are monitored.

Individual Water Supply:

90% of the houses and population on the reservation depend on
individual wells for drinking water. None are monitored.
-------
Water Usage

There was no information available on total annual water usage and
consumption in acre feet.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey. Additional
information was not received in time to be included in the final
narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Solid waste management is the tribe's primary concern at the moment.
It has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes, although it does have a
20 acre community waste disposal site. Incineration is also used both
by the community and by individuals. The tribe has no recycling
program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Although the tribe has a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes,
none are either generated or stored on the reservation. Nor are there
any abandoned storage sites on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

The nearest source of nuclear/radioactive waste pollution is the pro-
posed uranium mining operation 75 miles away at Crawford, Nebraska.

Tribal Priorities

Solid waste management is the most pressing environmental problem for
tribal memebers. The tribe is also particularly anxious that the pro-
posed Indian Policy Amendments to Environmental Protection Agency policy
in all areas (Clean Air Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Solid Waste and
Hazardous Waste Act, Toxics, and Water Quality Projects) be approved
by Congress so tribes can apply for and receive funding for the
establishment of complete environmental protection programs on reserva-
tions implemented by tribes for tribal members.
-------
NARRATIVE PROFILE

Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana
Environmental Contact:

Tom Weist
Tribal Grantsperson
The Chippewa Cree Tribe
Rocky Boy's Reservation
Rocky Boy Route
Box Elder, Montana 59521
(406) 395-4421

EPA Region VIII: Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Rocky Boy's Reservation consists of 108,015 acres, all tribally
owned. The population of the reservation is 2,169 (2,030 Chippewa
Cree and 139 other Indian). No figures are available on the non-Indian
population.

Tribal Government
The nine member Chippewa Cree Business Committee, established by the
Constitution and By-Laws of 1935, is the tribal governing body.
Committee members and executive officers are elected at large by
tribal members for four year staggered terms. The Committee meets
monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
land use and water resource planning, hunting/fishing/game manage-
ment, animal control, occupational health and safety, sanitation,
the development of timber, fish and energy and non-energy mineral
resources and civil and criminal law. The tribe has not adopted an
adminstrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection
program. Although the Chippewa Cree Department of Natural Resources
can conduct environmental programs, there is presently no staff so
employed. There is also a committee within the tribal government,
the Natural Resource Committee, which addresses environmental
issues.- The tribe also has cooperative agreements with the United
States Geological Survey for water quality monitoring, with the
Indian Health Service for sanitation and waste disposal and with
the Soil Conservation Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs for soil
analysis.
-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the reser-
vation. The development of agricultural, recreational and grazing
resources is currently being implemented with the development of
forestry/timber, mining, industrial/manufacturing and commercial
resources in the planning stages. Water resources are currently
being used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards- as provided in
the Clean Air Act. However, air quality is monitored on a special
study basis by the federal government through the Indian Health
Service Center at Elder, Montana (Contact Henry Gardipee [406]
395-4404). The monitoring is only for carbon monoxide. Major sources
of air pollution are limited to wood stoves, the Indian Health Service
incinerator and the community dumps at Box Elder and Sangrey.

Water Quality

General Water Quality

There are no tribal water quality standards for reser-
vation streams, rivers and lakes. Reservation lakes/
reservoirs do not suffer from eutrophication but some do
from sedimentation.

Actual sources of water pollution include municipal dis-
charges, domestic wastes (sewage) and sediment run-off due
to construction. Potential sources include oxidation ponds,
hazardous materials spills (from the post and pole plant),
landfill leachate, agricultural run-off, sediment run-off
due to mining and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off due
to the noxious weed program.

Drinking Water Quality

There have been violations of drinking water quality and
outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years.
Mineral constituents or the constituent indicators have
not met primary or secondary drinking water standards,
and there have been outbreaks of giaridiasis from surface
water sources.
-------
Community Water Supply:

There are eight community water suppy systems on the reser-
vation, all of which use ground water. All of the systems
are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality, every
three years for inorganics, and quarterly during the first
year for radionuclides. No monitoring is done for pesticides.
None of the systems are treated for water quality.

Individual Water Supply^:

Fifty-eight percent of the homes and 57% of the population
of the reservation are served by individual wells, fill new
wells are tested for bacteria and inorganics upon completion
However, about 30% of existing wells have never been tested
for bacteria and about 10% have never been tested for
inorganics.

Water Usage

There is no available data on the average annual consumption in acre
feet of surface and ground water for different purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

Figure I provides domestic waste disposal system information from
Rocky Boy's IHS Environmental Health Profile and Priority Projection
for FY-86. (See Figure I.)

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes,
although this is a major-problem on the reservation. Solid wastes
are currently disposed of in four community waste disposal sites
(7 acres altogether) and by individual incineration. There is no
tribal recycling program except for one involving the collection of
aluminum cans to help provide costs for eye glasses.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

There is no tribal plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes even
though such wastes are generated on the reservation: penta from a
post and pole plant, as well as oil and natural gas and hydrogen
sulfide from natural gas wells. For the last 15 years hazardous
material in the form of gasoline has been stored at several gasoline
stations on the reservation, but in accordance with tribal and federal
regulations. There are no abandoned storage sites on the reservation.
-------

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-------
Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Even though there are uranium deposits on the reservation they have
never mined, nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on Rocky Boy or
within a fifty mile radius of the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems on Rocky Boy's in order of
priority are solid waste disposal, hydrogen sulfide from natural gas
in ground water sources and soil erosion.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota
Environmental Con tact:

     Mr. Syed Y. Huq
     Director
     Water Resources
     Tribal Water Resource Office
     Rosebud Sioux Tribe
     Rosebud Indian Reservation
     Rosebud, South Dakota  57570
     (605) 747-2559

EPA Region VIII:  Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The Rosebud Sioux Reservation consists of 957,000 acres of which
522,559 acres are tribally owned and 434,441 acres are in allotment.
The population of the reservation is 11,744.

Tribal Government

The 33 member Rosebud Sioux Tribal Council, established by charter as
a federal corporation in 1934, is the tribal governing body.  The
Chairman and Vice-Chairman are elected by tribal members at large.
Council members are elected by their respective communities and the
tribal Secretary and Treasurer are elected by Council members.  All
serve four year terms.  The Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
water resource planning, water and air quality control, soil conser-
vation, severance tax on minerals, licensing fees on business, sales
and excise tax, business/commercial development, hunting/fishing/game
management, animal control, sanitation, timber and fish resource deve-
lopment, the development of energy and non-energy mineral resources
and civil and criminal law.  The tribe has adopted an adminstrative
procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastracture

The tribe is currently planning the imlementation of a comprehensive
environmental protection program.  This program will be responsible
for air and water quality monitoring, for developing and enforcing
tribal environmental standards, for animal control, the protection of
endangered species and emergency preparedness/evacuation.  The tribal
offices involved with the planning, development and implementation of
tribal environmental programs are the Office of Water Resources and

-------
Pesticide Enforcement (Syed Y. Huq), the Office of Natural Resources
(Tom Frederick) and the Water and Sewer Commission (Louis Schmidt).
Sixteen staff are currently employed by the tribe to work on environ-
mental programs, and the Land and Natural Resources Committee of the
tribal government also addresses environmental issues.  In addition,
the tribal government has cooperative agreements with federal govern-
mental entities for air quality standards enforcement, for soil analy-
sis, animal control and the protection of endangered species, with
state governmental entities for emergency preparedness/evacuation, and
with combined state-federal programs for water quality monitoring and
standards enforcement.  In addition, the tribe has a proposal sub-
mitted to the Region VIII Environmental Protection Agency office for
air quality monitoring.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation.

Agricultural, forestry/timber, mining, recreational, and grazing
resources are currently being developed, and the development of
industrial/manufacturing, commercial and oil and gas resources is in
the planning stages.  Water resources are currently being used for
irrigation, fisheries, and tourism/recreation.  The further develop-
ment of ground water resources and of the rural water system is being
planned as is the use of water resources for power generation and
transportation.

Air Quality

The tribe is planning the designation of air quality standards as
provided by the Clean Air Act, but no monitoring is currently being
done.  A proposal has been submitted to the Region VIII
Environmental Protection Agency Office in Denver,  but for lack of
funds the earliest the proposal can possibly be considered is 1988
(Mr. DeWitt Baulch, Air Programs Indian Coordinator).  Unless the
tribe has the proposed monitoring program implemented there is no
way of knowing if national ambient air quality standards are being
violated.  There are no major sources of air pollution within a 50
mile radius of the reservation.

Water Quality

     General Water Quality:

     There are tribal water quality standards for reservation streams,
     rivers and lakes which have been violated by dissolved oxygen
     levels in Chases Woman Lake and high fecal coliform counts in
     another lake and a stream.  Reservation lakes/reservoir are also
     suffering from eutrophication and sedimentation.

-------
     Actual sources of water pollution include  sewage  treatment
     plants oxidation ponds and municipal  discharges.   Potential
     sources of water pollution include domestic wastes (sewage),
     landfill leachate,  and urban and agricultural  run-off.

     Drinking Water Quality

     There have been both water quality violations  of  the reser-
     vations drinking water and outbreaks  of water  borne
     diseases in the last five years which have included high
     total coliform in some wells pumping  ground water,  high
     fecal coliform in stream and lake water,  fecal coliform
     contamination of other surface water  and shigellosis.

     Community Water Supply:

     There are 21 community water supply systems on Rosebud.   Of
     these 5% use surface water, and 95% use ground water.
     Seventy-five percent of the systems are monitored quarterly
     and 25% annually for bacteriological  quality,  100% annually
     for inorganics and pesticides and 25% annually for radio-
     nuclides.  All of the systems are treated for  water quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     Three hundred fifteen homes or 15% of the population of  the
     reservation are served by individual  wells for drinking  water.
     Twenty-five percent of these wells are monitored annually for
     bacteriological quality, inorganics,  pesticides and radionuclides.

Water Usage

Average annual consumption of water for domestic purposes is  3.31  acre
feet of surface water'(0.07% of total annual consumption)  and 505.83
acre feet of ground water (8.72% of total  annual consumption). For
irrigation annual consumption is 4,500 acre feet of surface water
(99.93% of total annual consumption) and 5,200 acre feet of ground
water (89.64% of total annual consumption).  For industrial purposes
average consumption is 95.44 acre feet of  ground water annually (1.64%
of total annual consumption).  Total average annual consumption is,
thus, 4,503.31 acre feet of surface water  and 5,801.27 acre feet  of
ground water.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

     [This area was neglected in the original survey.   Additional
     information was not received in time  to be included in the final
     draft of the narrative.]

-------
Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes
although such wastes are a major problem on the reservation.  Most
solid wastes are currently disposed of in a 40 acre community dump
site and by individual incineration.  There is no tribal recycling
program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous waste storage and disposal is not a problem on Rosebud.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on Rosebud or within a 50
mile radius of the reservation, although it is unknown whether nuclear
materials are transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems on Rosebud in order of
priority are the need for waste water treatment  facilities, solid
waste disposal, surface water quality, particularly in the northern
parts of the reservation, and the funds, as outlined in the tribe's
proposal to the Environmental Protection Agency, to implement
air quality monitoring on the reservation.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Southern Ute Indian Tribe Reservation, Colorado
Environmental Contact:

    Michael Frost, Air Quality Specialist
    Sennet Thompson, Solid Waste Specialist
    Southern Ute Indian Tribe
    Tribal Affairs Building
    P.O. Sox 737
    Ignacio, Colorado  81137
    (303) 563-4525

EPA Region VI11 Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

Within the exterior boundries of the Southern Ute Indian Reservation
there are approximately 671,834 acres.  304,168 acres are tribally
owned, and 6,790 acres are in allotment lands.  The Southern Ute
Indian Reservation also consists of 48,860 acres of National Forest
and 312,124 acres are private lands.  The population of the reser-
vation in 11,050; 1050 Ute, 10,000 nonlndian, and no information is
available for other Indians.

Tribal Government

The seven member Southern Ute Indian Tribal Council (including the
tribal Chairman) is elected by tribal members at large for three
year terms.  There are staggered terms.  The Council meets weekly.
This government was established by corporate charter on November 1,
1938.  The Council performs regulatory functions as regards land
use planning, tax collection and licensing fees (severance tax on
minerals, income tax and sales tax), hunting/fishing/game manage-
ment and civil and criminal law.  The tribe has adopted a Constitution
which was approved by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs on
October 1, 1975.  The tribe has no adopted an administration proce-
dures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection
program which is responsible for air quality monitoring, the
development of tribal environmental standards and sanitation and
waste disposal.  Two staff people, an air quality specialist and
a solid waste specialist, are employed by the tribe to work on
environmental programs.  The Council has cooperative agreements
with the Environmental Protection Agency for air quality monitoring
and sanitation and waste disposal and with the Indian Health
Service for water quality monitoring.

-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

f\ soil analysis was completed by the Soil Conservation Service for
the entire reservation.  An irrigation, range and soil inventory
was completed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.  This study concluded
that irrigation and land capabilities were best utilized along the
Pine River.  Agricultural, forestry/timber, recreational, and
grazing resources are currently being developed.  Mining resource
development is being planned.  Water resources are currently being
used for irrigation and tourism/ recreation.  These are no current
plans for future water resources development.

Air Quality

The tribe has designated air quality standards as provided in The
Clean Air Act, and reservation air quality is designated under Class
II by the Clean Air Act which so categorizes those lands other than
wilderness and National Parks.  Air quality is monitored continuously
by the tribe and includes data for total suspended particulates,
sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, ozone and visibility.  There have
been no measured violations of national ambient air quality stan-
dards.  Major air pollution sources within a 50 miles radius of the
reservation are The Four Corners Power Plant, The San Juan Power
Plant and the Northwest Pipeline Processing Plant (which is located
within the exterior boundries of the reservationJ.

Water Quality

    General Water Quality:

    There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
    streams, rivers and lakes.  They are not suffering from either
    eutrophication or sedimentation.  There are no actual sources
    of water pollution.  Potential sources include sewage and water
    treatment plants, domestic wastes (sewage), agricultural run-
    off and sediment run-off due to construction.

    Drinking Water Quality:

    There were drinking water quality violations in August and
    December of 1985 due to TDS levels being too high in the
    surface water, also some bacteriological samples were positive
    for coliform bacteria.  No otehr violations have occurred
    since September 1985.

-------
    Community Water Supply:

    There is one community drinking water supply  system  on  the
    reservation and it uses  100% surface water.   This  system is
    monitored annually for inorganics,  pesticides,  and a cummulative
    sample taken over a one  year period for radionucludes.  Bacter-
    iological quality is monitored monthly.   The  community  water
    supply is treated for water quality at a filtration  plant owned
    and operated by the tribe.   This system supplies the Ignacio
    area and is treated for  water quality one hundred percent.

    Individual Water Supply:

    There are 85 individual  wells looted around the Ignacio area,
    with 11 wells located within the limits of Igancio.   fin estimated
    thirty precent of population use individual wells  for drinking
    water in this area.  No  information is available for the entire
    reservation.  Routine bacteriological and chemical tests are
    completed when the well  is originally drilled.   No further moni-
    toring is done, unless there is a problem which requires more
    testing.

Water Usage

Domestic water usage consumes about 576 acre feet per year  of surface
water and 26 acre feet per year of ground water.  No other  informa-
tion available as to acre feet per year for irrigation and  recreation.
Other purposes of water usage were found to be inapplicable.

Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage)

    Community Systems:

    There are two liquid waste disposal systems that service  the
    Ignacio area.  Approximately 300 non-tribal facilities  and  homes
    and approximately 225 tribal facilities and homes are served
    by the community sewer system.  This system is  under the juris-
    diction of the Ignacio Sanitation District and  is periodically
    inspected by the Colorado State Health Department.  The second
    system services seven Tribal Mutual Help homes.  This system  is
    ownded by the Southern Ute public Housing Authority and is  main-
    tained by the Southern Ute Tribe, constructed with plans  and
    specifications by the Indian Health Service.  No other  information
    available for the entire reservation.

    Individual Systems:

    Forty-nine septic tank drainfield and two septic tank lagoon  liquid
    waste disposal systems are located on the reservation.

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    121-Projects:

    Through Public Law 86-121 the Indian Health Service provides a
    Sanitation Facilities Program for the Southern Ute Reservation.
    Through P.L. 86-121 tribal members receive water facilities and
    sewage disposal systems for their homes.  Future P.L. 121 projects
    will vary depending upon available funding and community needs.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes and the
Southern Ute Reservation is one of the few reservations where the
disposal of solid wastes is not a problem.  Wastes are disposed of in
a two acre tribal landfill and in two 2 acre county landfills.  There
is no tribal recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes, but hazardous wastes are not now nor ever have been
generated or stored on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or any other radioactive materials
on the reservation.  There is, however, a uranium processing mill
and uranium mill tailings 24 miles northwest of the reservation.
There are no uranium power generation facilities or nuclear waste
storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation.  The reservation
has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear
waste disposal site.  Nor are nuclear materials transported through
the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

    Brine Water Waste Disposal:

    With the production of oil and gas on the reservation and the
    amounts of water that are being produced a need for monitoring
    the disposal of waste water has become a major topic among tribal
    officials, as well as neighbors of the tribe living within the
    boundaries of the reservation.  /) need for enforcement of viola-
    tions which occur need to be addressed by the tribe, state and
    EPA as to the responsibility of each.  These disposal pits which
    are currently being used for storage of brine water need to be
    monitored, especialy those located near individual water supplies.

    Other:
    Water Quality,  Air Quality,  Solid Waste Management are not major
    priorities at this time,  but these are concerns at the local level.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, North Dakota
Environmental Contact:

    Charles W. Murphy
    Chairman
    Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
    Standing Rock Sioux Reservation
    P.O. Box D
    Fort Yates, North Dakota  58538
    (701) 854-7231

EPft Region VIII:  Charles Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The Standing Rock Sioux Reservation consists of 2.3 million acres in
combined ownership.  The population of the reservation is 10f463
including Indian and non-Indians.

Tribal Government
The 18 member Standing Rock Sioux Tribal Council, established by
Constitution in 1889, is the governing body for the reservation.
Tribal officials are elected by tribal membership for four year
terms.  Ten council members are elected at large and eight by
district/geographic region.  The Council meets monthly.

The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the following
areas:  land use and water resource planning, soil conservation, land
use taxes and fees, hunting/fishing/game management, the development
of fish resources and civil and criminal law.  The tribe has adopted
an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is not currently conducting an environmental protection
program.  There are, however, two committees within the tribal govern-
ment which address environmental issues:  the Economics and the Health,
Education and Welfare Committees. The tribe has a cooperative agree-
ment with the Soil Conservation Service for soil analysis.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the reserva-
tion.  Agricultural and grazing resources are currently being deve-
loped with plans for the development of mining, industrial/manufacturing,
recreational and commercial resources.  Water is currently used for
irrigation with plans to use water resources for power generation,
fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation.

-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act.  The tribe has no air quality program and did not
identify any major sources of air pollution within a fifty mile radius
of the reservation.

Water Supply

    General Water Quality:

    There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
    streams, rivers and lakes.  Some of the lakes/reservoirs are suf-
    fering from sedimentation.  Actual sources of water pollution
    include municipal discharges and domestic wastes (sewage),  and
    potential sources include sewage and water treatment plants, oxi-
    dation ponds, urban run-off and toxicant build up due to pesti-
    cide use.

    Drinking Water Quality:

    There have been some drinking water quality violations in
    the last five years but no outbreaks of water borne diseases.

    Community Water Supply:

    There are 8 community drinking water supply systems on the
    reservation.  The water source for 65% of the systems is
    surface water and for 35% of the systems, ground water.
    Systems are checked quarterly for bacteriological quality
    and annually for inorganics and pesticides.  Thirty percent
    of the systems are treated for water quality.

    Individual Water Supply:

    Thirty-eight percent of the homes and of the population on the
    reservation use individual wells for drinking water.  These wells
    are checked annually for bacteriological quality and inorganics.

Water Usage

Information on average annual water consumption rates in acre feet for
different purposes has not yet been compiled.

Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage)

    [This area was neglected in the original survey.  Additional
    information was not received in time to be included in the final
    draft of the narrative.]

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Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes
which are a major problem on the reservation.  Presently, they are
disposed of in a community dump site of approximately twelve acres.
There is no tribal recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes.  They are neither generated nor stored on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on
the reservation.  Nor are there uranium processing mills, nuclear
power generation facilities or nuclear wastes stored within 50 miles
of the reservation.  No information was given as to whether the
reservation has been selected as a potential area for a permanent
nuclear waste disposal site, nor on whether nuclear materials are
transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The Standing Rock Sioux have indentified their most pressing environ-
mental problems as water quality control and land use control.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Yankton Sioux Reservation, South Dakota
Environmental Contact:

     Joe Abdo, Jr.
     Tribal Planner
     Yankton Sioux Business & Claims Committee
     P.O. 8ox 248
     Marty,  South Dakota  57361
     (605) 384-3804

EPA Region VIII:  Chuck Gomez, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The Yankton Sioux Reservation consists of 41,000 acres, 24,900 acres
of which is tribally owned and 17,000 acres of which is in allotment.
The Indian population of the reservation is 5,200.

Tribal Government

The 9 member Yankton Sioux Tribe Business and Claims Committee,
established by the Constitution of 1963, is the tribal governing
body.  The Chairman and Committee members are elected at large by
tribal members for 2 year terms.  The Committee meets weekly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
land use planning, soil conservation, business/commercial development,
hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, occupational health
and safety, sanitation, timber development and civil and criminal
law.  The tribe has not yet adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Government Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection
program.  There is no committee within the tribal government which
addresses environmental issues.  The tribe does, however, have some
cooperative agreements:  with the Public Health Service for water
quality monitoring and standards enforcement, sanitation and waste
disposal, soil analysis and animal control and with the Fish and
Wildlife Department for the protection of endangered species.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification have been completed.  Land resources
are currently being used for agricultural development, industry/
manufacturing, recreation, commercial development and grazing.  Water
resources are currently used for irrigation with planned usage for
fisheries, tourism/recreation and transportation.

-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air /let.  Air quality is not monitored.  Major air pollution
sources, all on-reservation, are incineration,  weed burning,  and herb-
icides and pesticides.

Water Quality

     General Water Quality:

     There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
     streams, rivers and lakes.  The lakes/reservoirs are suffering
     from eutrophication and sedimentation.

     Actual sources of water pollution include agricultural run-off
     and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off.   Potential sources
     include sewage and water treatment plants, oxidation ponds,
     domestic wastes (sewage), landfill leachate, urban run-off and
     toxicant build-up due to pesticide use.

     Drinking Water Quality:

     There have been no drinking water violations in the last five
     years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases.

     Community Water Supply:

     There are 4 community drinking water supply systems on the
     reservation.  Seventy-five precent use surface water and 25%
     ground water.  They are monitored annually for bacteriological
     quality and inorganics.  Seventy-five percent of the systems
     are treated for water quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     Sixty-five percent of the homes and 30% of the population on
     the Yankton Sioux Reservation are served by individual family
     wells.  No monitoring is being done.

Water Usage

Data for the average annual consumption in acre feet of ground water
and surface water for different purposes are not yet available.

-------
Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

[This area was neglected in the original survey, and additional
information was not received in time to be included in the final
draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes
which are a growing problem on the reservation.  They are currently
disposed of in a community landfill (40 acres but past capacity) and
by community and individual incineration.  The tribe does not sponsor
a recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, nor are
they a problem on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation are not a problem on the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The Yankton Sioux have identified their most pressing environmental
problems in order of priority as water quality, air quality, sanitation
and waste disposal and potential pesticide/herbicide pollution.

Additional Comments

The Yankton Sioux at present have no environmental program in
operation.  The need to implement such programs is essential in
order "to protect the environment and the Native American living
on the Yankton Sioux Reservation."

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                 REGION IX



Indian  Work Group Coordinator:   Mike  Monroe
         Benton Paiute Reservation



         Berry Creek  Rancheria



         Cabazon Indian Reservation



         Colorado River Indian  Reservation



         Colusa Indian Reservation



         Ely Shoshone Colony



         Hopi  Reservation



         Hoopa Valley Reservation



         Hualapai  Reservation



         The Navajo Nation



         Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation



         Rincon Indian Reservation



         San Carlos Apache  Reservation



         Santa Rosa Rancheria



         Susanville Rancheria

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE



Benton Paiute Reservation, California
Environmental Contact:

     Joseph C. Saulque
     Manager/Planner
     Uta Uta Gwaitu Paiute Tribe
     Benton Paiute Reservation
     Star Route 4
     Box 56-A
     Benton, California  93512
     (619) 933-2321

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The Benton Paiute Reservation consists of 160 acres all of which are
tribally owned.  The population of the reservation is 90
Uta Uta Gwaitu Paiute.

Tribal Government
The five member Uta Uta Gwaitu Paiute Tribal Council, etablished by
the Constitution of 1986, is the tribal governing body.  The
Council members and Chairman are elected at large by tribal members
for two year terms.  The Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
land use and water resource planning, water quality control, business/
commercial development, animal control and civil law.  Ordinances for
tax collection and licensing fees are in the development stage.  The
tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe does not yet have an environmental protection program.
Studies have been done regarding soil analysis and the protection of
endangered species, and ordinances are being developed regarding ani-
mal control.  There are only two tribal offices, the Office of the
Manager/Planner and the Fiscal Office.  Part of the Manager/Planner's
current responsibilities is to work on environmental programs.  There
is no committee within the tribal government which addresses environ-
mental issues, but the tribal government has cooperative agreements
with the Indian Health Service regarding water quality monitoring and
standards enforcement as well as sanitation and waste disposal.

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Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation.  Land resources are used for residential purposes only,  and
water resources are used for wells (two in all).

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in
the Clean Air Act.  Air quality is monitored by the state,  but
it is not known for what parameters.  It is unknown if national
ambient air quality standards have been violated.  Air pollution
sources on/near the reservation (within a fifty mile radius) are
limited to wood burning stoves on the reservation.

Water Quality

     General Water Quality:

     There are no actual sources of water pollution.  Potential
     sources include domestic waste (sewage) and sediment run-
     off due to construction.

     Drinking Water Quality:

     There have been no drinking water violations or outbreaks of
     water borne diseases in the past five years.

     Community Water Supply:

     There is one community water supply system on the reservation
     using 100% ground water.  This system is not monitored, nor
     is it treated for water quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     There are no individual wells on the reservation.
Water Usage:

Figures are not available for average annual water const/motion in
acre feet.  Water, however,  is used only for domestic and munici-
pal purposes, and no surface water is consumed.  Ninety-five per-
cent of all ground water consumption is for domestic purposes and
5% for municipal purposes.

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Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

     [This area was neglected in the original survey.  Additional
     information was not received in time to be included in the
     final draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes,
but this is not a problem on the reservation.  Tribal members use a
dump site controlled by Mono County and a two acre Bureau of Land
Management site.  The tribe sponsors the recycling of aluminum but
nothing else as yet.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The Uta Uta Gwaitu Paiute Tribe did not identify any pressing environ-
mental problems.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE



Berry Creek Rancheria,  California
Environmental Contact:

     Berry Creek Rancheria
     1779 Mitchell Avenue
     Urville, California  95966

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe,  Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The isolated Berry Creek Rancheria consists of 33 1/3 acres,  all of
which are tribally owned.  The population of the reservation  is 10
Tyme Maidu Indians.

Tribal Government
The four member Berry Creek Rancheria General Council,  established
by Articles of Association in 1977, is the tribal governing body.
Council members/tribal officers are elected at large by tribal members
for two year terms.  The Council meets monthly.  No information was
available on the regulatory functions performed by the tribal govern-
ment.  The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection
program.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification have been completed for the
rancheria.  The development of forestry/timber resources is currently
being planned as is the development of power generation capacities
and irrigation.

Air Quality

The rancheria has no air quality program.

Water Quality

     General and Drinking Water Quality:

     There have been no water quality violations or outbreaks of water
     borne diseases in the last five years.  No information was avail-
     able on either current or potential sources of water pollution.

-------
     Community Water Supply:

     There is one community water supply system on the reser-
     vation which uses 100% ground water.  It is not monitored
     at this time.

     Individual Water Supply:

     There are no individual wells on the rancheria.


Water Usage:

No average annual water consumption figures in acre feet are available.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

Each house has its own septic tank.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

No information was available on the management of solid wastes.  The
tribe has no recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

There is no problem with hazardous wastes on the rancheria.

Nuclear Waste Storage and Disposal

There is no problem with nuclear wastes on the rancheria.

Tribal Priorities

The ftencheria did not identify its environmental priorities.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Cabazon Indian Reservation,  California
Environmental Contact:

     Arthur Welmas
     Tribal Chairman
     Cabazon Band of Mission Indians
     Cabazon Indian Reservation
     84-245 Indio Springs Drive
     Indio, California  92201
     (619) 342-5155

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Cabazon Indian Reservation consists of 1,460 acres in three
separate parcels miles from each other.  Approximately 100 acres are
tribally owned, and 460 acres are in allotment.  The total population
of the reservation is 56 (25 Cabazon Band, 8 other Indians and 23
non-Indians).

Tribal Government
The 18 member General Tribal Council consists of all adult members of
the band.  The five member Tribal Business Committee (including the
chairman and other executive officers) is the governing body of the
tribe.  The Committee members and Chairman are elected at large by
tribal members for four year terms.  General Council meetings are held
bi-weekly.  This form of government was established by Articles of
Association in 1965.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
land use and water resource planning, soil conservation, tax collec-
tion and licensing fees including licensing fees on business, sales
tax, gross income tax and a hunting tax, business/commercial develop-
ment, zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, occupa-
tional health and safety, sanitation and civil and criminal law.  The
tribe has adopted an adminstrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an environmental program which is
responsible for soil analysis, developing tribal environmental stan-
dards, animal control, protection of endangered species, sanitation and
waste disposal, emergency preparedness/evacuation and the development
of ordinances and codes for environmental issues and the control of
future development.  The tribal offices which conduct environmental
programs are the Tribal Health and Safety Office and the Tribal
Adminstration.

-------
Two staff are employed to work on environment?! programs, ancf the
Business Comimttee addresses environmental issues as well.  In set1'*
tion, the tribal government has cooperative agreements with the Vculey
Sanitary District for sanitation and waste disposal, with the United
States Department of Agriculture for soil analysis, with the Fringr:
Toed Lizard Habitat Area for the protection of endangered species, wio/'
the county of Riverside Health & Sanitation Department for restaurant
inspections, and informal agreements with local fire and police depart
ments for emergency preparedness and evacuation.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for some sections
but not for ail of the reservation.  Land resources are currently
being used for recreational and commercial development.  Industrial/
manufacturing, recreational and commercial development and the deve-
lopment of housing and apartments is being planned.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act.  Air quality is not monitored by the tribe.

Water Quality

     General Water Quality

     There are no actual sources of water pollution.  Potential
     sources include sewage treatment plants and domestic wastes
     (sewage).

     Drinking Water Quality

     There have been violations of the State of California's
     bacteriological standards for drinking water in April 1984
     and May 1985.  This occurred in the ground water.  There have
     been no outbreaks of water borne diseases.

     Community Water Supply:

     Water on the reservation is presently supplied by the City of
     Jndio on a fee basis.   This is 100% ground water which is
     monitored four times a month for bacteriological quality and
     every four years for inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides.
     The system is not treated for water quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     There are no individual wells on the reservation.

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Water Usage

No figures are available for a breakdown of average annual water con-
sumption in acre feet for different purposes.  But total average,
annual water consumption consists of 300-350 acre feet of ground water.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

     Community Systems:

     Section 19 (191 acres) of the Cabazon Indian Reservation is
     tied into Valley Sanitary District Sewage.

     Individual Systems:

     Four household septic tank systems are installed on the
     reservation.

     121-Projects:

     N/fl.  ft tribal ordinance exists controlling who and where
     septic tanks or district sewage exists.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe does have a plan for the disposal of solid wastes, and they
are not a problem on the reservation.  A dump site in an adjacent county
is used.  The tribe sponsors an aluminum recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribe has a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes, and they
are not a problem on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on  the reservation except for
the transportation of nuclear materials on the 1-10 Interstate.

Tribal Priorities

The Cabazon Reservation's environmental priorities are   (1) the need
for technical assistance in the development  of air and water quality
systems and monitoring capacity and  (2) dust control.

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                          NARRATIVE PROFILE


Colorado River Indian Reservation, Arizona
Environmental Contact:

     Colorado River Indian Tribal Council
     Route #1, Sox 23-8
     Parker, Arizona 85344

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Colorado River Indian Reservation consists of 268,691 acres, of
which 261,842 are tribally owned and 6,850 are in allotment.  The
enrolled members of the reservation are of Mohave, Chemehuevi, Hopi
and Navajo descent, but they are all enrolled only as Colorado
River Indian Tribes.  The population of the reservation is 4,800.

Tribal Government
The 9 member Colorado River Indian Tribal Council, established by
the Constitution of 1937 (revised 1975), is the tribal governing
body.  The Chairman and Council members are elected at large by
tribal membership for four year terms.  The Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
land use planning, licensing fees on business, business/commerical
development, hunting/fishing/game management,  animal control, sani-
tation, natural resource development and civil and criminal law.
The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection
program which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring,
soil analysis, developing and enforcing tribal environmental standards,
protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal,
environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, pesticide control, hazar-
dous waste control and fish and game regulations.  The tribal offices
which conduct this program are the C.R.I.T.  (Colorado River Indian
Tribes) Environmental Protection Office, the C.R.I.T. Museum and the
C.R.I.T. Fish and Game Department.  The tribes directly employ a
staff of two to work on environmental programs, and there are two
committees within the tribal government, Environmental Protection and
Agriculture, which address environmental issues.  The tribes also
have cooperative agreements with La Paz County for sanitation and
waste disposal, with the U.S.  Bureau of Reclamation, and with the
California Fish and Game Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service for the protection of endangered species.  There is also a
program for Pesticide Use Control.

-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Land resources are currently being used for agricultural development,
mining, industry, manufacturing, recreation, tourism,  commercial
development and grazing.  Planning is currently going  on for the use
of land resources for forestry /timber and for additional industry/
manufacturing.  Water resources are used for power generation,  irriga-
tion, fisheries, tourism/recreation, and transportation.  Planning is
underway for the use of water resources for the production of industrial
grade gypsum.
The tribes have not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act.  Nor is the air monitored by any non-tribal agency.
There are no major sources of air pollution within a fifty mile radius
of the reservation.

Water Quality

     General Water Quality:

     There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
     streams, rivers and lakes.  The reservation lakes /reservoirs are
     not suffering from either eutrophication or sedimentation.  There
     are no actual sources of water pollution, but potential sources
     include sewage and water treatment plants, oxidation ponds,
     domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials spills, landfill
     leachate, urban and agricultural run-off, sediment run-off from
     mining, pesticide /herbicide /nutrient run-of, toxicant build-up
     due to pesticide usage and on-lot disposal.

     Drinking Water Quality:

     There have been no drinking water quality violations in the past
     five years nor any outbreaks of water borne diseases.

     Community Water Supply:

     There are 3 community drinking water supply systems on the reser-
     vation.  They use 100% ground water and are monitored monthly for
     bacteriological quality.  All the systems are treated for water
     quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     There are no individual wells on the reservation.

-------
Water Usage

Data were not available for the average annual use in acre feet of
ground water and surface water for different purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

     [This area was neglected in the original survey.  Additional
     information did not arrive in time to be included in the final
     draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Although the tribe has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes,
they are still a major problem on the reservation.  Such wastes are
currently disposed of in a 160 acre community landfill.  The tribes
have no recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribes do have a plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes.
Although no hazardous wastes are generated on the reservation,  some
are stored there.  PCB's and transformer oils have been stored on
the reservation for 15 years but not in accordance with tribal  or
federal law.  They are now in the process of being cleaned up.
There are no abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation are not problems on the Colorado River
reservation, although it is not known whether or not nuclear
materials are transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The most pressing environmental problems on Colorado River in order
of priority are water quality,  air quality maintenance, pesticide
control maintenance, and unauthorized solid waste dump sites.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE



Colusa Indian Community,  California
Environmental Contact:

     Michael E. Mitchum,  Chairman
     Colusa Indian Community Council
     P.O. Box 8
     Colusa, California  95932
     (916) 458-8231

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction:

The Colusa Indian Community consists of 227 acres, all tribally owned.
The population of the reservation is 24 (19 Wintum, 3 other Indian
and 2 non-Indian).

Tribal Government
The twenty-four member Colusa Indian Community Council consists of all
members of the community.  The Chairman is elected at large by tribal
members for a one year term.  The Council has special meetings as
needed.  This form of government was established by the Charter and
Constitution of 1934.

The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the areas of
land use planning, business/commercial development, zoning and
hunting/fishing/game management.  The tribe has not adopted an admin-
istrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection
program.  Nor is there even a committee within the tribal government
which addresses environmental issues.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has not been completed for the
reservation.  Land resources are currently used for agricultural
development with recreational and commercial development planned for
the future.  Water resources are currently used for irrigation with
the development of tourism and recreation planned for the future.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act, as the tribe does not monitor air quality.

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h/ater Quality

     General Water Quality:

     The tribe has no water quality standards for the reservation
     river.  There are no actual sources of water pollution,but
     potential sources include pesticide/ herbicide/nutrient
     run-off.

     Drinking Water duality:

     There nave been water quality violations of the community's
     drinking water in the past five years due to high bacterial
     levels.  There have been no outbreaks of water borne
     diseases.

    Community Water Supply:

    There is one community pump for the reservation.  It uses
    100% ground water and is monitored monthly for bacteriological
    quality and treated for water quality.

    Individual Water Supply:

    See above.
Water Usage

There is no data available for average annual water consump-
tion in acre feet for different purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal  (Sewage)

Each of the houses has its own septic tank.

Solid Waste Storage and  Disposal

Solid wastes are not a problem in the community.  Some are disposed of
in  the community through individual incineration.  The tribe has no
recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage  and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem in the community.

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Mvciear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem in the community.

Tribal Priorities

The Colusa Indian Community has identified two environmental
problems: high bacteria levels in ground water and run-off from
pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers due to farming.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Ely Shoshone Colony, Nevada
Environmental Contact:

     Sally Marques, Chairperson
     Ely Colony Council
     Ely Shoshone Colony
     16 Shoshone Circle
     Ely, Nevada  89301
     (702) 289-3013

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Ely Colony consists of 111 acres, of which 100 acres are tribally
owned.  This reservation is actually three neighborhoods in the town
of Ely, Nevada.  The population of the Colony is 366: 242 Shoshone
tribal members; 97 other Indian; and 27 non-Indian.

Tribal Government
The five member Ely Colony Council, established by the Constitution
of 1967, is the tribal governing body.  Council members are elected at
large for two year terms, and the Council appoints from their member-
ship a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and a Secretary-Treasurer,
also for tivo-year terms.  The Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
land use planning, business/commercial development, zoning, animal
control and civil and criminal law.  The tribe has not adopted an
administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is not currently implementing an environmental protection
program.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification is not yet completed for the colony.
Land resource usage is currently restricted to domestic housing and
commercial development.  Further commercial development as well as
recreational and industrial/manufacturing development are in the
planning stages.

Air Quality

The Colony has no air quality program.  Kennecott Copper, the major
air pollution source, is currently shut down.

-------
Water Quality

Ely Colony uses City of Ely water.  There are no actual sources of
water pollution.  Potential sources are limited to hazardous materials
spills.

Water Usage

No information is available on the Colony's average annual water con-
sumption isolated from the town of Ely's water consumption.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

Ely Colony uses City of Ely Sewer, which is a five-cell ftirated Lagoon,
serving 1,000 homes.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Tribal members use the Municipal landfill, and solid wastes are not
a problem for the Colony.  The Colony does not sponsor a recycling
program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are no problem for the community, but an old County
dump on land granted to the Colony in 1977 has to be analyzed and
cleaned up.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

fls far as Colony members know, nuclear waste/radiation is not a
problem except for the transportation of nuclear materials through
the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

Ely Colony's major environmental problem is animal control.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Hopi Reservation, Arizona
Environmental Contact:

     Wayne Taylor, Jr.
     Staff Assistant
     Office of the Vice Chairman
     The Hopi Tribe
     P.O. Box 123
     Kykotsmovi, Arizona  86039
     (602) 734-2441, Extension 111

Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Hopi Reservation consists of 1,561,054 acres.  The population
of the reservation is 9,000.

Tribal Government

The 16 member Hopi Tribal Council, including the Chairman and
Vice-Chairman, which was established by the adoption of a constitu-
tion and by by-laws in 1936, is the tribal governing body.  The
chairman and Vice Chairman are elected by tribal membership for four
year terms.  The rest of the Council members are elected by villages,
also for four year terms.  The Council meets quarterly with special
sessions monthly.

The tribal government performs regulatory functions in the following
areas:  land use planning, licensing fees on business, sales tax,
peddlers permits, business/commercial development, the development
of both energy and non-energy minerals and civil and criminal law.
The tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program
which is responsible for air and water quality monitoring, soil analy-
sis, animal control, the protection of endangered species, sanitation
and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, emergency
preparedness/evacuation and the preparation of an Environmental Impact
Statement for the Black Mesa Coal Operation.  The tribal offices which
conduct the environmental programs are the Division of Economic and
Natural Resources (Donald Ami, Division Director), the Office of Mining
and Reclamation Enforcement (Nat Nutongla), and the Hopi Veterinary
Services.  There is also a committee within the tribal government, the
Resources Committee, which addresses environmental issues.  A staff of
approximately ten is employed by the tribe to work on environmental
programs.  The tribe also has cooperative agreements with the Indian

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Health Service's Office or Environmental healtn ror wsier
tonng and standards enforcement and for sanitation dnd waste OISDJ.
The Indian Health Service and the Hopi Veterinarian Service do a
Cooperative animal control program, and the tribe has additional
^ooosrative agreements with the Office of Surface Mining for soil ana-
lysis with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the protection opt
 ,i'jdf>qered species, with the Department of Energy for emergency
preparedness/evacuation and with the Department of the Interior/SHPO
'or historic and cultural preservation.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation. The development of mining, industrial/manufacturing (limited),
commercial, grazing and traditional agricultural resources is eurrcntii
being implemented.  The development of commercial, agricultural and
recreational resources is currently being planned.  Water resources -TV?
currently being used for power generation, irrigation, fisheries an-1
the tranportation of coal slurry.  The use of water resources for
tourism/recreation is being planned.

Air Quaility

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in the
Clean Air Act, but air quality is monitored on a special study basis
both by the federal government and privately, by the Office of Surface
Mining (Rade Orell, Albuquerque Field Office) and by the Peabodie Coal
Company (Gary Melvin,  Arizona Divison).  Tribal officials did not know
what parameters were -being monitored.  However, national ambient air
quality standards have been violated.  Both 24-hour primary & secondary
TSP standards were violated at Black Mesa in 1985, and there are seaso-
nal violations of national standards at the Tuba City Uranium Mine
tailings site.  Major air pollution sources are mining at Black Mesa 20
miles away, road construction reservaton wide and village residential
coal/wood burning on the reservation.

Water Quality

     General Water Quality:

     Actual sources of water pollution are oxidation ponds, industrial
     discharges (uranium tailings), landfill leachate, and sediment
     run-off due to mining.  Potential sources of water pollution
     include both oxidation ponds and municipal discharges and hazar-
     dous materials spills.

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     Drinking Water Quality:

     There have been drinking water quality violations: Polucca well
     exceeded the maximum contaminant level for nitrates and,  there-
     fore, a new well is being developed.  Lower Moenkopi has  had
     periodic bacteriological violations, and that water source is
     currently being redeveloped.  There have been no outbreaks of
     water borne diseases.

     Community Water Supply:

     There are 12 community drinking water supply systems on the
     reservation.  One (8%) uses surface water; 11 (92%) use ground
     water.  The systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological
     quality and every three years for inorganics, pesticides  and
     radionuclides.  Seventeen percent of the systems are treated
     with chlorine and 42% with fluoride.

     Individual Water Supply:

     Three homes, or less than 1% of the homes and population  on the
     reservation, are served by individual wells.  The Indian  Health
     Service does not monitor individual wells.

Water Usage

Data on average annual consumption of ground and surface water for
different purposes in acre feet was not available.

Solid Waste Storage & Disposal

The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid
wastes which are a major problem on the reservation.   Currently,
solid wastes are disposed of in approximately 30 dumps totaling
about 100 acres and through community and individual  incineration.
There is no tribally sponsored recycling program although some indi-
viduals recycle aluminum.

Hazardous Waste Storage & Disposal

There is no tribal plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes.   No
hazardous wastes are generated or stored on the reservation and
there are no abandoned hazardous waste sites.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Thre are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive  materials on
the reservation.  Nor is there presently any mining underway or any
abandoned or stand by uranium mines on the reservation.  However,  at

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Tuba City is an abandoned uranium mine tailing site which has been
in existence nearly 30 years.  Reclamation activities are currently
underway under the Uranuim Mine Tailings Remediation Act (UMTRA)
requirements.  There are also potentially three uranium processing
mills within 50 miles of the reservation (at Tusuan, Arizona, near
the Grand Canyon).  Hopi has not, however, been selected as a poten-
tial area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site.  Nor are
nuclear materials transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities
Hopi has identified the following environmental problems as the most
pressing in order of priority: water depletion (ground/surface); soil
conservation; waste disposal, both sewage and solid, and range
deterioration due to overgrazing.

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                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Hoopa Valley Reservation, California
Environmental Contact:

    George Kalistik, Director
    Environmental Protection Department
    Hoopa Valley Business Council
    P.O. Box 727
    Hoopa, California  95546
    (916) 625-4269

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

Hoopa Valley Reservation consists of approximately 90,000 acres,
80,000 acres of which is tribally owned and 10,000 acres of which
is in allotment.  The population of the reservation is 3,000 and is
made up of these tribes: Hoopa, Yurok and Karok.

Tribal Government
The eight member Hoopa Valley Business Council is the reservation
governing body.  The Council members and the chairman are elected by
tribal members by district/geographic region for two year terms of
office.  The Council meets bi-weekly.  This government was established
by the Constitution and By-Laws adopted in 1950 and revised in 1972.
The Council currently performs regulatory functions in the areas of
land use planning,  water resource planning, business/commercial
development, sanitation, timber and fish resources development.  Draft
codes are in the process of being developed for water and energy)
development.  Additional codes are being drafted for sanitation and
timber resources development.  The tribes have adopted an administra-
tion procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribes are currently implementing an environmental protection
program which is responsible for developing and enforcing tribal
environmental standards, protecting endangered species, sanitation
and waste disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation and for
cultural and archaeological site protection.  They have partial
responsibility for air and water quality monitoring and for soil
analysis. The tribal office which conducts the environmental programs
is the Environmental Protection Department.  Two and one third staff
people are employed by the tribes to carry out the environmental
programs.  There are cooperative agreements with the State Water
Quality Board for water quality monitoring, with the Environmental
Protection Agency and California Health Services for environmental
rehabilitation and reclamation and with the United States Forestry
Service on culturally significant issues.

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Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation.  Forestry/timber, gravel mining,  recreational,  commercial
and grazing resources are currently being developed,  and there are
plans for agricultural development.  Water resources are used for
irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation.  There are plans for
the use of water resources for power generation.

Air Quality

The tribes have not designated air quality standards as provided
in The Clean Air Act, and air quality is not monitored.  Major air
pollution sources on or near the reservation include a  timber mill,
wood burning for heat, incineration of trash and debris in con-
tainers, open pit burning of trash and debris and controlled
burning for timber stand treatment, all occurring on or within 12
miles of the reservation.

Water Quality

    General Water Quality:

    There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
    streams, rivers and lakes.  Actual sources of water pollution
    affecting the reservation include domestic wastes (sewage),
    agricultural run-off, and sediment run-off from construction,
    mining and timber production and harvesting.  Potential sources
    include sewage treatment plants, landfill leachate, urban run-
    off and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off.

    Drinking Water Quality:

    Two years ago there was a violation of the drinking water
    bacteriological quality in both ground and surface water,
    but there have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases in
    the last five years.

    Community Water Supply:

    There are three community drinking water supply systems on the
    servation.  Seventy-five percent use surface water as a source
    and 25% use ground water as a source.  All of the systems are
    monitored monthly for bacteriological quality, one system is
    monitored annually for inorganics, one is monitored annually
    for pesticides and 25% of the systems are monitored annually
    for radionuclides.  Ninety percent of the community water
    supply systems are treated for water quality.

-------
    individual Water Supply:

    Seventy-five percent of the homes on the reservation are
    served by individual wells.  This covers about 25% of the
    population.  Ten percent of the wells are monitored annually
    for bacteriological quality.  No other monitoring is done.

Water Usage

Total annual average water consumption amounts to 2498 acre feet
of surface water and 294 acre feet of ground water for domestic
municipal, and industrial purposes and for fisheries and irrigation.
Irrigation (1529 acre feet of surface water and 15'acre feet of
ground water) and domestic uses (830 acre feet of surface water and
270 acre feet of ground water) account for the bulk of the
consumption.

Domestic Waste Disposal(Sewage)

    [This area was neglected in the original survey.  Additional
    information was not received in time to include in the final
    draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes
even though this is a major and growing problem on the reservation.
Presently, solid wastes are disposed of in community dump sites
and landfills (6 acres total) and in roadside dumps and through in-
dividual incineration.  The tribes engage in limited recycling of
aluminum and paper.  Hoopa is one of the only reservations to have
any recycling activity at all.
Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes.
/Although hazardous wastes are not generated on the reservation, they
are stored on the reservation in a small way (brush killer and rodent
poisons for home use and the underground storage tanks of the reser-
vations' three gas stations).  There are also abandoned hazardous
waste sites on the reservation (Celtor Chemical Works, Copper Bluffs
Mine, and Masonite Mill).

-------
Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no deposits of uranium or other radioactive materials on
the reservation.  Nor are there uranium processing mills,  nuclear
power generation facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within
50 miles of the reservation.  The reservation has not been selected
as a potential area for a permanent waste disposal site,  but although
nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation,  they
are transported 12 miles to the south.
Tribal Priorities

Hoopa Valley Reservation's most pressing environmental problems in
order of priority are abandoned hazardous waste and other indus-
trial sites, solid waste disposal, the lack of implementable land
use, zoning, building and other development control measures and
plans, slides, slope failure and stream sedimentation due to roads,
logging and other development, septic system failure, loss of quality
of old growth forest and other sensitive habitat, potential threat
of extensive pesticide use on and near the reservation, disturbance
of traditional use and culturally significant resources and the
absence of a comprehensive resource recovery (recycling) program.

-------
                              NARRATIVE PROFILE
Hualapai Reservation, Arizona
Environmental Contact:

     Hualapai Tribal Council
     P.O. Box 168
     Peach Springs, Arizona 86434
     (602) 769-2216

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The Hualapai Reservation consists of 933,083 acres, approximately
992,434 acres of which are tribally owned and 640 of which are in
allotment.  The population of the reservation is 1200.

Tribal Government
The nine member Hualapai Tribal Council, established by executive order
in 1955, is the tribal governing body.  Council members are elected
at large for two year terms, as is the tribal chairman.  The Council
meets monthly.

The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following
areas: water resource planning, water quality control, hunting/fishing/
game management, animal control, natural resource development
(especially as regards fishing), and civil and criminal law.  The tribe
has adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is currently implementing an environmental protection program
which is responsible for water quality monitoring, developing tribal
environmental standards, and animal control.  The Hualapai Tribal Health
Department conducts the environmental program with a paid staff of one.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analyses and classification has been completed for the reservation.
Forestry/timber and grazing resources are currently being used, and
agricultural development is being planned.  Water is currently used for
tourism/recreation and for transportation.

Air Quality

The tribe has no air quality program.

-------
tofeter Quality

    General Water Quality:

    There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
    streams, rivers and lakes, but there is some problem with
    entrophication and sedimentation.  There are no present sources
    of water pollution, but oxidation ponds, hazardous material
    spills and landfill leachate constitute potential sources of
    water pollution.

    Drinking Water Quality:

    There have been no water quality violations or outbreaks of
    water borne diseases in the last five years.

    Community Water Supply:

    There are two community drinking water supply systems,  fen
    percent of the water is surface water and 90% is ground water.
    Both systems are monitored for bacteriological quality monthly,
    for inorgnaics every three years, and for radionuclides every
    four years.  There is no monitoring for pesticides.  Both
    systems are treated for water quality.

    Individual Water Supply:

    There are no individual family wells on the reservation.

Water Usage

There is no information on water usage in acre feet.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

    [This area was neglected in the original survey.  Additional
    information was not received in time to be included in the
    final draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no written plan for the disposal of solid
wastes, and solid wastes are a growing probelm on the reservation.
There is a one acre community dumpsite.  There is no reservation
recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage & Disposal

The tribal govenment has no plan for the disposal of hazardous wastes,
nor are hazardous wastes generated or stored on the reservation either
currently or in the past.

-------
Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are, however, uranium deposits on the reservation, but none are
currently being mined, nor have they been mined in the past.  There are
no other radioative materials mined on the reservation, nor has the
reservation been selected as a potential permanent nuclear waste dispo-
sal site.  Within fifty miles of the reservation there are no uranium
processing mills, nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear waste
storage sites.  No nuclear materials are transported through the
reservation.

Tribal Priorities
The Hualapai Tribal Council has identified the following environmental
problems in order of priority: personal injury and safety, solid waste
disposal, animal control, water and sewage system maintenance and home
sanitation.

-------
                          HftRRATlVT PROFILE
  /a.i;  /\-.«t.ion,  Arizona, New Mexico, Utah
'/:• ;;..•/     ,•., i-v, LCQJ.L  Counsel
'If ice  or  .he ir. drman
a..;?:'  r,,;u( "; ,;o r, .v/rjtiv/  Office
                           ..'- Ppginns  VI and VTIJ:  Mike  Monroe,
       •               i  OL'  v;.oc/r,ir o)'  i6;19),J58.0/  acres fas of
                •',,'•, ':•/;  i4 ,,cres of  Trust Lane/, 508,000 acres
      •' •.         -''"''.  - '", 265.13 acres of bureau of Land
              ;-,,' •:•' -.6  .;rres in allotments and 109,249.24
           i   .;...-   nr  fni"  14,769,221.14 acres are trioally
     / ;  ;.'..;•;...' i'^ vi in  -no' other Indians and 5,465 non-Indians.
            .   :•" ,'Lri:-,-iru  4,3,000  Neva jo on the allotted and fee
          -.   •    :  r~"fir-r<, '.) the reservation.
                          / , .n\r.' cf  the ree:i i"if ion,   Council mp
                 c.:.'..,-i/. r ,..,,'?rir:'i hj'  district./geographic region for
                        „!.  LuUinLl  meetings art held quarterly.
                .n  .-julicy docuit:i~:nt,  only rrioal  resolutions.

-------
The tribal government performs  regulatory  fun-iion'?  iy  •-
energy) development and  civil and  criminal :~>y.   /•••_ '-•'•-••
adopted an administrative procedures  act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastrucruir
The tribe is currently implementing  an  environmental  protection
program which is responsible  for  air and water  quality monitoring,
soil analysis, the development  and enforcement  of tribal  environmen-
tal standards, animal control,  the protection of  endangered 5pecir
sanitation and waste disposal,  environmental  rehabilitation/ied we* ~
tion and the control of pesticides and  radiation.   The tribal
organizations which conduct these programs  include the Air o.(r''?f;
Program, Archaeology, The Pesticide  Regulatory  Program, Project
Review, UMTRA, The Nava.jo Coal  and Reclamation  Program, the D^p^.it^'-'
of Water Management and the Navajo Environmental  Protection Adminis-
tration.  There is also a committee  within  the  tribal council  whiui
addresses environmental issues,  The  Resources Committee.   The  1iib:j
employs 40 staff to work on environmental programs:   UMTRA,  &; Novajo
Coal Commission, Environmental  Quality,  14; Archaeology,  79:  the  w?U'
Quality Section of the Department of Water  Management,  2,  and  The
Water Regulation Section of the same department,  2.   The  tribe has
cooperative agreements with the national EPA office  for air quality
monitoring and air quality standards enforcement,  with the EPA, rteaio'
IX office for water quality monitoring  and  with the  Office of  5urf'9'?v
Mining and Department of Energy for  environmental
rehabilitation/reclamation.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification  are partially  (30%} completed
reservation.  The use of agricultural,  forestry/timber,  mining -
industrial /manufacturing, recreational,  commercial  and gra?i--q
is currently being implemented  with further  agricultural goo1 re
tional development in the planning stages.   Grazing,  h wevert  i
uncontrolled.   Water is used  for  irrigation,  fisheries and
recreation.  The use of water resources for  power qe^e-.'^in
the further development of  irrigation,  fjshpn'h-; pnr' •(•/--•/"
is in the planning stages.

-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided
in The Clean air Act.  However,  the Navajo Air Quality Control
Program is currently working on gathering air quality data and
designing an air quality program with the anticipated completion
date of the end of FY 1987.  Meanwhile, air quality is monitored
on a special study basis by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Region IX.  The monitoring includes data for total suspended
particulates, sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead
and visibility.

Although there have been no measured violations of national ambient
air quality standards, major air pollution sources on and within a
fifty mile radius of the reservation include 6 fossil fuel power
plants (Four Corners, San Juan Power, Cholla Power, Page Power,
Plains Electric and Dineh Power-proposed), 4 areas of surface mining
(Peabody-two leases, Pittsburgh and Midway and Utah International),
one petroleum refinery (Ciniza), numerous oil and gas companies
and CO-2 processing plants (El Paso, Gallup, Four Corners, Aneth,
Utah), 1 sawmill-NFPI (Navajo, New Mexico), 4 uranium mill tailings
projects (Shiprock, Monument Valley, Mexican Hat, and Tuba City),
numerous landfills and open burning, unpaved roads, vehicle emissions,
and road and other construction projects.

Water Quality

    General Water Quality:

    The tribe has no water quality standards for reservation streams,
    rivers and lakes.  No lakes/reservoirs are suffering from
    eutrophication; some are suffering from sedimentation.  Actual
    sources of water pollution include sewage treatment plants,
    oil spills, agricultural run-off, and sediment run-off from
    construction and mining.  Potential sources of water pollution
    include oxidation ponds, municipal and industrial discharges,
    dosmestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials spills, landfill
    leachate, sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting,
    pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off and toxicant build-up due
    to pesticide usage.

    Drinking Water Quality

    In the past five years there have been primary drinking water
    quality violations with radionuclides and a small number of
    violations with fluoride, selenium, arsenic and nitrates.
    There have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases.

-------
    Community Water Supply:

    There are 215 community drinking water supply systems on
    the reservation.  Three per cent use surface water, and 97%
    use ground water.  All the systems are monitored monthly
    for bacteriological quality, every three years for inorganics
    and every four years for radionuclides.  The systems were
    monitored for pesticides the first time screening was done
    in 1979-80.  Thirty-two per cent of the systems are treated for
    water quality (fluoride and chlorine).

    Individual Water Supply:

    Approximately 35% of the reservation population haul their
    water from windmills and developed springs.  None of these
    water sources are monitored.

Water Usage

The average annual consumption of water for various purposes is as
follows:  600 acre feet of surface water (0.2% of total surface water
consumption) and 300 acre feet of ground water (0.8% of total ground
water consumption) for domestic purposes, 700 acre feet (0.2%)
of surface water and 9300 acre feet (23.5%) of ground water for
municipal purposes,  290,000 acre feet (92.4%) of surface water and
10,000 acre feet (25.3%) of ground water for irrigation, 3000
acre feet (7.6%) of ground water for industrial purposes, 5000 acre
feet (1.6%) of surface water and 14,00 acre feet (35.4%) of
ground water for mineral development, 10,000 acre feet (3.2%) of
surface water for recreational purposes and lake evaporation, 3,000
acre feet (7.6%) of ground water for livestock and 7500 acre feet
(2.4%) of surface water for stock pond evaporation.  Total Navajo
average water consumption is 313,800 acre feet of surface water and
39,600 acre feet of ground water annually.

Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage)

    Community Systems:

    Navajo has 168 community systems.

    Individual Systems:

    Navajo has 9,500 individual systems.

    I21-Projects:

    Navajo has 577 121~Projects for water, water and sewer,  and just
    sewer.      Meanwhile 9,300 homes on Navajo lack any kind of
    sanitation facil    ities (Indian Health Service Navajo Area
    Profile).

-------
Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Solid waste disposal is a major and growing problem on Navajo.  The
tribe does have a plan for solid waste disposal and is currently
developing codes and regulations for the implementation of the plan.
Presently, solid wastes are disposed of in community dump sites and
landfills.  The usual withdrawn dump site is 5 - 10 acres.  People
also make their own dump sites within their own land use areas.
There is no tribal recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage ,and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are uranium deposits on the reservation but no deposits of
other radioactive materials.  There is no uranium mining currently
underway on the reservation, but there is the Kerr McGee mine at
Churchrock which is currently on stand-by due to the depressed uranium
market.  There are four piles of uranium tailings on the reservation
(at Shiprock, New Mexico,and Monument Valley, and Mexican Hat, Utah,
and Tuba City, Arizona).  Some of these tailings have been stored on
the reservation for J5 years and not in accordance with applicable
tribal and federal law.  Reclamation activities are presently underway
through the UMTRA (Uranium Mine Tailings Remediation Act) Project.
The Shiprock site is presently being stabilized; the Tuba City site is
in the planning stages}and the Monument Valley and Mexican Hat sites
are in the data collection stages.   There are also two uranium pro-
cessing mills within fifty miles of  the reservation, one at Grants,
New Mexico (Ambrosia Lake) and an inactive mill at Blanding, Utah.
There are no nuclear power generation facilities or current waste
storage sites within 50 miles of the reservation.  Nor has Navajo been
selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal
site.  Nuclear materials are not transported through the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

Navajo has identified the following  environmental problems in order of
priority:  the management of radioactive wastes (tailings, abandoned
mines, the contamination of the Rio  Puerco and the Little Colorado by
uranium waste), coal mining and its  associated problems  (reclamation,
leaching, coal dust, coal slurry pipeline problems), oil and gas
company depletion of water in oil &  gas operations because of injection
wells, domestic wastes  (septic tanks), over grazing, lack of refores-
tation and the potential problem of  underground storage  tanks for
hazardous wastes.

-------
                              NARRATIVE PROFILE
Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation, Nevada
Environmental Contact:

     Joe H. Ely, Tribal Chairman
     Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribal Council
     P.O. Box 256
     Nixon, Nevada  89424
     (702) 574-0140

EPA Region IX, Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation consists of 475,086 acres, all
tribally owned. The population of the reservation is 1,285 Indians,
the lion's share Paiute and 566 non-Indians, for a total population
of 1,851 within the reservation boundaries.  (This includes fee
patent/squatter lands.)

Tribal Government
The ten member Tribal Council, established by charter in 1936, is the
tribal governing body.  Council members are elected at large, for two
year terms, as is the Tribal Chairman.  The council meets monthly.

The tribal government exercises regulatory functions in the following
area:  land use planning, water resource planning, water quality
control, soil control, tax collection and licensing (on businesses,
for sales tax, and on utilities), business and commercial development,
zoning, hunting/fishing/game management, animal control, sanitation,
development of fish and mineral resources, and civil and criminal law.
The tribe also has an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The tribe is currently implementing an environmental proctection pro-
gram, which is responsible for air quality and water quality monitoring,
developing tribal environmental standards and protecting endangered
species of animals.  The program is conducted through the Pyramid
Lake Fisheries and Fisheries Board.  The latter is a committee
of the tribal government.  There are three staff employed by the tribe
to work on environmental programs. The tribe has cooperative
agreements with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and the U.S. Soil
Conservation Service for work in environmental rehabilitation and
reclamation and for the protection of endangered species.

-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed.  Recreational,
commercial and grazing resources are currently being developed with
the development of agriculture resources in the planning stages for
the future.  Water is used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/
recreation.

Air Quality

The tribe has no air quality program, nor is the reservation air
monitored by ayone else.  The two sources of off-reservation air
pollution (within a radius of fifty miles are the Fernely Cement
Plant fJ miles away) and the Reno/Sparks area (30 miles away).

Water Quality

     General Water Quality:

     Some reservation lakes/reservoirs are suffering from eutro-
     phication.  fictual sources of pollution are sewage treatment
     plants, municipal discharges, domestic wastes fsewage), urban
     run-off, and agricultural and pesticide/herbivore/nutrient run-
     off, while potential sources of water pollution include indus-
     trial discharges, hazardous materials spills, landfill leachate
     and sediment run-off.

     Community Water Supply:

     There are three community drinking water supply systems on
     the reservation all of which use groundwater.  All systems
     are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality and annually
     for inorganics and radionuclides. No monitoring is done for
     pesticides.  One hundred per cent of the community water
     supply systems are treated for water quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     Thirty per cent of the homes and thirty per cent of the
     population on the reservation are served by individual wells.
     No monitoring of the wells is done.

Water Usage:

One thousand six hundred seventy-five (1675) acre feet of groundwatei
(19% of all the ground water used on the reservation) is used for
domestic purposes; 7000 acre feet (81%) are used for irrigation.

-------
Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

     Community Systems:

     Fifty (50) homes in Sutcliffe are served by a lagoon.

     Individual Systems:

     Septic/Leachfield systems are generally located in fast draining
     soils and may promote pollution to the lower Truckee River.

     121-Projects:

     There are no Public Law 86-121 Projects currently being
     implemented at Pyramid Lake.  The tribe seemed to be unfamiliar
     with this program.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes,
but it is a growing problem on the reservation.  There are three
four-acre community waste disposal sites (12 acres in all) and no
recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There are no uranium deposits or deposits of any other radioactive
materials on the reservation.  Nor is there a uranium processing mill,
a nuclear power generation facility or a nuclear waste storage site
within fifty miles of the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The Pyramid Lake Pauite Tribal Council has identified the following
environmental problems in order of priority:  Truckee River water
quality and guantity, the Sutcliffe Community domestic water system
and community solid waste disposal sites.

-------
                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Rincon Indian Reservation,  California
Environmental Contact :

     Dennis Smith
     Tribal Administrator
     Rincon, San Luiseno Band of Mission Indians
     Business Committee
     P.O. Sox 68
     Valley Center, California  92082

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction:

The Rincon Indian Reservation of the San Luiseno Band of Mission
Indians consists of 3,960 acres.  It is unknown how much is tribally
owned.  The population of the reservation is 427.

Tribal Government
The five member Rincon Band of Mission Indians Business Committee,
established by the Articles of Association of 1960, is the tribal
governing body.  The Committee members, Chairman and other executive
officers are elected by tribal membership through general membership
balloting for two year terms.  The Committee meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
hunting/fishing/game management.  The band has not adopted an admin-
istrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure
The band is not currently implementing an environmental protection
program.  There is no committee within the band government which
exclusively addresses environmental issues.  However, the band has
cooperative agreements with the Indian Health Service for water
quality monitoring and standards enforcement.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification have not been completed for the
reservation.  Land resources are used for agricultural and commer-
cial development.  Water resources are used /\.r power generation.

-------
Air Quality

The band has not designated air quality standards as provided by the
Clean Air Act.  Air quality is not monitored by the band.

Water Quality

     General Water Quality:

     There are no tribal water quality standards for the reservation
     river.  There are no current water pollution sources.  A potential
     source is landifll leachate.

     Drinking Water Quality:

     There have been no violations of drinking water quality or
     outbreaks of water borne diseases in the last five years.

     Community Water Supply:

     There are two drinking water supply systems on the reservation.
     They use 100% ground water.  They are monitored quarterly
     for bacteriological quality inorganics, pesticides and
     radionuclides but not treated for water quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     Ten percent of the houses and 15% of the population of the
     reservation are served by individual wells.  These wells
     are never monitored.

Water Usage

Data is not available for average annual water consumption in acre
feet for different purposes.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

     [This area was neglectd in the original survey.  Additional
     information was not received in time to included in the final
     draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The band government has no plan for the disposal of solid wastes,
but they are not a problem on the reservation.  Currently, such
wastes are disposed of in a 10 acre community dump site.  The band
has no recycling program.

-------
Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Hazardous wastes are not a problem on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation is not a problem on the reservation.

Tribal Priorities

The Rincon Reservation's major environmental priority is a community
dump site.

-------
                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona
Environmental Contact:

    Ned Anderson, Chairman
    San Carlos Apache Tribe
    P.O. Box 0
    San Carlos, Arizona  85500
    (602) 475-2361

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

The San Carlos Reservation consists of 2,854 square miles.
1,826,541 acres of which is tribally owned and 825 acres of which
is in allotment.  The population of the reservation is 8,976.

Tribal Government
The nine member San Carlos Apache Tribal Council is the tribal
governing body.  Council members and the Chairman are elected by
tribal membership by district/geographic region for four year
terms.  The Council meets monthly.  This government was established
by Charter in 1841.  The Council performs regulatory functions in
land use planning, tax collection and licensing fees (severance tax
on minerals, licensing fees on business and grazing fees),
business/commercial development, zoning, hunting/fishing/ game
management, animal control, sanitation, and civil and criminal law.
The tribe has not adapted an administrative procedures act.
Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe as a whole is not currently implementing an environmental
protection program although there is a committee, The San Carlos
Tribal Health, Education and Welfare Committee, within the tribal
government which addresses environmental issues.  Also, 20 people
(more than in most other tribes) are currently employed by the tribe
to work on environmental programs such as the tribe's cooperative
program with IHS for water quality monitoring and with FEMA for
emergency preparedness.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
No information was available on soil analysis and classification or
on land resource usage. The use of water resources for irrigation
is currently being planned.

-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in
The Clean Air Act.  Air quality is not monitored.   The major sources
of air pollution are four mines about 25 miles away from the reser-
vation.

Water Quality

    General Water Quality

    There are no tribal -water quality standards for on-reservation
    streams, rivers and lakes.  The lakes/reservoirs are suffering
    from sedimentation.  Actual sources of water pollution are
    industrial discharges, landfill leachate,  agricultural run-off
    and on-lot disposal.  Potential sources include sewage treat-
    ment plants, municipal discharges, domestic wastes (sewage),
    oil and hazardous materials, pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-
    off and toxicant build-up due to pesticide use.

    Drinking Water Quality

    There have been some ground water sampling technique problems
    in the last five years but no actual water quality violations
    There have, however, been some outbreaks of water borne diseases
    but not in the community water systems.

    Community Water Supply:

    There are 10 community drinking water supply systems on the
    rerservation all of which use ground water.  Half of the systems
    are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality.  No other
    monitoring is done.  Half of the systems are also treated for
    water quality.
    Individual Water Supply:

    Only 1% of the homes on the reservation are served by indivi-
    dual wells which amounts to about .5% of the reservation popula-
    tion.  Eighty percent of these wells are monitored annually for
    bacteriological quality.

Water Usage

No information was available on average annual water consumption
in acre feet.

-------
Domestic Waste DisposaKSewage)

     [This area was neglected in the original survey.  No additional
     information was received in time to include it in the final
     draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government is in the process of making a plan for the
disposal of solid wastes which is a major problem on the reservation.
Presently, solid wastes are disposed of at the 15-16 acre, community
dumpsite and by individual incineration.  There is no tribal recycling
program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of hazar-
dous wastes.  Although no hazardous wastes are generated on the
reservation, such wastes, mostly asbestos, have been stored there
for a year and not in accordance with federal law.  There are also
abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Although there are no remaining deposits of uranium or other radioactive
materials on the reservation, there are abandoned uranium mines and
uranium tailings on the reservation.  The abandoned mines and tailings
are at the Hilltop site, and no reclamation activities are presently
underway.  Although there is an inoperative uranium processing mill
within fifty miles of the reservation, there are no nuclear power
generation facilities or other nuclear waste storage sites within
fifty miles of the reservation.  Nor has the reservation been selected
as a potential area for a permanent waste disposal site.  It is
unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the reserva-
tion.

Tribal Priorities

The overwhelming environmental priority for The San Carlos Apache
Reservation is solid waste management.

-------
                             NARRATIVE PROFILE



Santa Rosa Rancheria, California
Environmental Contact:

     Santa Rosa Rancheria Tribal Council
     16835 Alkali Drive
     Lemoore, California  93245

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The Santa Rosa Rancheria of the Tachi Indians consists of 170 acres
of which 160 acres are tribally owned and 10 are in allotment.  The
population of the rancheria is 325.

Tribal Government
The four member Santa Rosa Tribal Council,established by
Constitution and By-Laws in 1963, is the tribal governing body.
Council members and other officials are elected by tribal members at
large for two year terms.  The Council meets monthly.

The regulatory functions performed by the tribal government include
land use and water resource planning, water and air quality control,
soil conservation, tax collection and licensing fees, business/
commerical development,, occupational health and safety and civil
law.  The tribe has not adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribe is not yet implementing an environmental protection
program but is developing a comprehensive one with the Region IX
Environmental Protection Agency.  The Tribal Business Council will
conduct the program.  The tribe already employs one staff person to
work on environmental issues.  As yet the tribal government has no
committee which addresses specifically environmental issues.  The
tribe does have cooperative agreements with the Indian Health
Service for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement and
for soil analysis, with Sunset Waste Disposal Company for sanitation
and waste disposal, and with Rings County for animal control.

Tribal Natural Resource Use
Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation.  Land resource use is being planned for agricultural,
industrial/manufacturing and commercial development.  Water resource
planning focuses on the development of recreational fishing.

-------
Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in
the Clean Air Act.  Air quality is not monitored.  Major sources of
air pollution in a fifty mile radius are the Ketterman Hills
Chemical Waste Dump, the Bacon Oil Refinery and agricultural
spraying.  All are/occur between one and 22 miles from the reservation.

Water Quality

     Drinking Water Quality:

     Elevated levels of coliform bacteria were found in the
     drinking water, and there was a case of hepatitis (2-26-86).

     Community Water Supply:

     There are two community drinking water supply systems on
     the rancheria,  both of which use ground water.  Both
     systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological quality
     and annually for inorganics, pesticides and radionuclides.
     One of the systems is treated for water quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     There are no individual wells on the rancheria.


NOTE:   From this point on the Santa Rosa Rancheria's survey form
        was blank.

-------
                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Susanville Rancheria,  California
Environmental Contact:

     Susanville Indian Rancheria Business Committee
     P.O. Drawer U
     Susanville, California  96130
     (916) 257-6264

EPA Region IX:  Mike Monroe,  Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The Susanville Rancheria consists of 150 acres,  all tribally owned.
The Rancheria population is made up of 380 decendants of approxima-
tely three tribes, the Maidu, Paiute and Pit River.

Tribal Government
The 3 member Business Committee, established by the Constitution
and By-laws of 1969, is the tribal governing body.  The Chairman
and Committee members are elected at large by tribal members for
two year terms.  The Committee meets monthly.  The tribal govern-
ment performs no regulatory functions, and the tribes have not
adopted an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribes are not currently implementing an environmental protec-
tion program.  There is no committee within the tribal government
which addresses environmental issues, and the tribal government has
no cooperative agreements with other governmental entities (local,
state, or federal) for the purpose of protecting the environment.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification have not been completed for the
reservation.  No information was available on land or water
resource use.

Air Quality

The tribes have not designated air quality standards as provided in
the Clean Air Act.  Air quality is not monitored by any authority.
No information was available on major air pollution sources.

-------
Water Quality

     General Water Quality

     There are no tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
     streams, rivers and lakes.  The lakes/reservoirs are not
     suffering from eutorphication or sedimentation.  The actual
     source of water pollution is urban run-off.

     Drinking Water Quality

     There have been no violations of the reservation's drinking
     water in the past five years nor any outbreaks of water borne
     diseases.

     Community Water Supply

     There is one community water supply system for the rancheria
     which uses 100% ground water.  It is not monitored, but it is
     treated for water quality.

     Individual Water Supply

     There are no individual wells serving the rancheria.

Domestic Waste Disposal (SewageJ

     fThis area was neglected in the original survey.  Additional
     information was not received in time to be included in the
     final draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

Although the tribal government has a plan for the disposal of
solid wastes, they are a growing problem on the reservation.  They
are presently disposed of in a community landfill of unknown size
and through individual incineration.  The tribal government does
not sponsor a recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes, but they are neither generated nor stored on the rancheria.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Nuclear waste/radiation are not a problem on the rancheria.

-------
Tribal Priorities

The Susanville Rancheria identified the following as the rancheria's
most pressing environmental problems in order of priority:  two
dilapidated abandoned houses,  abandoned cars and garbage in the
yards.

-------
                   REGION X
Indian Work Group Coordinator:   Rick Seaborne
         Colville Confederated Tribes
         Fort Hall  Reservation
         Quinault Reservation
         Umatilla Reservation
         Warm Springs Reservation
         Yakima Indian Reservation

-------
Colville Confederated Tribes Reservation,  Washington
Environmental Contact:

         Gary Passmore,  Director
         Myra Clark,  Watershed Manager
         Hydrology Department
         Colville Confederated Tribes
         P.O. Box 150
         Nespelem, Washington 99155
         (509) 634-4763)

EPA Region X:  Rick Seaborne, Indian Work Group Coordinator

Introduction

         The Colville reservation consists of 1,373,000

square acres/ 1/023,641 acres of which (75 percent) is

tribally owned and 39,598 acres of which (3 percent) is in

allotment.  The population of the reservation is made up

of eleven bands (Colville, Palus, Methow,  Okanogan,

Chelan/Entiot, Wenatchee, San Poil, Moses/Columbia, Lakes,

Nez Perce, Nespelem)  consisting of 3,674 people.  In

addition there are 194 Indians of other tribes and 3,571

non-Indians for a total reservation population of 7,439.

Tribal Government

         The 14 member Colville Business Council is the

tribal governing body.  Council members are elected by

district/geographic region for two year terms.  Officers,

including the Chairman,  are elected by council members

from their own ranks  for one year terms.  The full Council

meets bi-weekly but the Council's 13 committes (consisting

of 4-9 Council members)  meet weekly except for the

-------
Election Committee which meets less regularly on an as



needed basis.  This government was established by an IRA



Constitution in 1938.    The Council performs regulatory



functions in land use  planning, water resource planning



and quality control, TERO (Tribal Employment Rights



Office) taxes and permit fees, business/commercial




development, zoning, hunting/fishing/ game management,



animal control, sanitation, timber, fish and mineral



(energy and non-energy minerals) development and civil and



criminal law.  The Colesville Confederated Tribes have



adopted an administrative procedures act.



Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure



         The tribes are currently implementing an



environmental protection program which is responsible for




water quality monitoring, soil analysis, developing and



enforcing tribal environmental standards, animal control,




protection of endangered species, sanitation and waste



disposal, environmental rehabilitation/reclamation and



emergency preparedness.  The following tribal offices



conduct these programs:  The Hydrology Department, the



Fish and Wildlife Department, the Public Works Department




and the Geology Department.  Staff in the above mentioned




departments work on environmental programs in conjunction



with other programs' goals.  Full time equivalent employee



hours spent on environmental programs are not available.

-------
In addition, The Colville Environmental Quality



Commission, one of the tribal government's committees,



addresses environmental issues.  The tribal government



also has cooperative agreements with the Environmental




Protection Agency and the State of Washington for water



quality monitoring and water quality standards enforcement



and for the tribes' Water Quality Management Plan



regulations (under Section 208 of the Clean Water Act)



regarding non-point source pollution for forest practices,



mining practices and on-site waste water disposal.



Tribal Natural Resource Use



         The bulk of the reservation is rural (378,451




acres), with 20,749 acres semi-rural, 4,922 acres suburban



and 2,874 acres urban and unicorporated.  The reservation



has 94,843 acres suitable for agricultural development,



858,579 acres for forestry/timber, and 12,845 acres for



industry/manufacturing.  Forestry/timber, mining,



recreation and grazing resources are currently being



developed.  Plans are in the works for additional



development in mining, recreation and grazing and for



initial commercial development.  There are 5 major rivers



and-175 lakes of 5 or more acres in size on the



reservation.  Water resources are currently being used for



irrigation, fisheries, tourism/recreation and for



transportation (the 3 mile Inchelium and Keller ferries).

-------
Additional development of fisheries is being planned as




well as the development of 93 miles of river for



tourism/recreation.



Air Quality




         The tribe has designated air quality standards as



provided in the Clean Air Act.  Air quality is designated



under Class II and is monitored on a special study basis



by the tribe and privately (Washington Water Power P.O.



Box 3737, Grahame, Washington, 99220, Doug Pottratz



509-489-0500 and Ray Kelleher Shop 509-328-5895).  The




monitoring includes data for total suspended particulates,



sulphur and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide ozone, lead,



air toxics and visibility.  There have been no measured




violations of national ambient air quality standards.



Major sources of air pollution on or within a fifty mile



radius of the reservation include prescribed fires (slash



and grass), wood burning, and wild fires.



Water Quality



         Individual Water Supply;



         There are many individual wells, but again/ data



is not available on them due to a lack of baseline surveys,



         General Water Quality;




         Tribal water quality standards for reservation



streams and lakes were adopted January, 1985, and went



into effect February, 1985.  Standards reflect uses to be

-------
protected as prioritized by the Tribal Business Council.



         No violations have been documented to date.



Monitoring is done on a regular basis on the major streams



and on an as needed basis on tributaries and other surface




waters.  Again, funding is needed for baseline data



acquisition.  Lakes/reservoirs are suffering from



eutrophication and sedimentation.



         Actual sources of water pollution include



hazardous materials spills, agricultural run-off, and



sediment run-off from timber production and harvesting.



Sources of potential pollution are sewage and treatment



plans, municipal and industrial discharge, domestic wastes




(sewage), sediment run-off due to mining,



pesticide/herbicide/nutrient run-off, toxicant build-up




due to pesticide usage and on-lot disposal.



         Drinking Water Quality;



         There has been one documented case of the



aesthetic quality of an individual's water supply being



degraded.  The source of the degradation was under study



frm 1981-1985 in cooperation with EPA and the results were



inconclusive.  Further information on drinking water



quality violations or water borne diseases is not



available from either the Indian Health Service or the



local department of sanitation and health services.

-------
         Community Water Supply;




         There are 16 community drinking water supply




systems on the reservation.   Six percent use surface water



and 94 percent use ground water.   At least 75% of the



systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological



quality.  The data received  from the Indian Health Service




is incomplete in that it deals only with Indian owned



systems.  Due to the diverse population within the




reservation and subsequent jurisdictional boundaries (two



counties, several municipalities, State and Federal, in




addition to tribal) much of  this data is not available at



this time and is not necessarily indicative of no



treatment or analysis.  This illustrates the need for




funding for tribal governments to do comprehensive surveys



to identify existing conditions and unmet needs.



Water Usage




         No information is available on average annual



consumption of water from different sources for different



purposes in acre feet per year.



Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)



         Data supplied from the Indian Health Service, the



local sanitation department and tribal departments are by




their own admission incomplete and funding is needed for a



door to door survey to establish numbers, locations, and



conditions of on-site wastewater disposal.

-------
         Best estimates indie te there are five community



systems serving approximately 70% of the reservation's



total population.  There ar approximately 500 individual



systems and approximately 250 121-Project systems.



Solid Waste Storage and Disposal



         Although the tribal government has a plan for the




disposal of solid wastes, solid wastes are a major




problem.  Currently, they are disposed of in approximately




20 community open dump sites of about 5 acres each.  Later



this year a tribal transfer system will be implemented,



and solid wastes will be disposed of off the reservation.



There is no tribally sponsored recycling program.




Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal




         The tribal government has a plan for the disposal



of hazardous wastes.  Hazardous wastes are both generated



and stored on the reservation, PCP and CAA are used and




stored on site at the Incheium Wood Treatment Plant.  This



has been going on about 2 1/2 years, and all storage is in



accordance with applicable tribal and federal law.  There



are no abandoned storage sites on the reservation.



Nuclear Waste/Radiation




         There are no deposits of uranium or other



radioactive materials on the reservation.  There are two



inactive uranium processing mills within fifty miles of



the reservation at Ford and Wellpinit,  Washington.  There

-------
                                                       8
are no nuclear power generation facilities or nuclear



waste storage facilities within fifty miles of the



reservation.  Nor has the reservation been selected as a



potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal



site.  No data is available on the transportation of



nuclear materials through the reservation.



Tribal Priorities



         The most pressing environmental problems on



Colville Reservation in order of priority are funding for



the adoption, implementation and enforcement of tribal




environmental protection plans and ordinances, the State



of Washington's attempted assertion of jurisdiction



regarding reservation environmental issues, inadequate



baseline data, surface and ground water protection in




regard to non-point source pollution due to agricultural,



forestry, on-site water disposal and mining practices,




solid waste disposal, unsuitable development of sensitive



lands and hazardous/toxic waste management.

-------
Fort Hall Reservation,  Idaho



Environmental Contact:



         Delbert Farmer,  Reservation Pesticide



              Control Officer



         Land Use Commission




         Fort Hall Business Council



         P.O. Box 306



         Fort Hall, Idaho 83206



         (208) 238-3826



EPA Region X:  Rick Seaborne, Indian Work Group



         Coordinator




Introduction




         The Fort Hall Reservation consists of 543,900




acres, 257,725 of which are tribally owned and 231,975 of



which are in allotment.  Two tribes occupy the



reservation, the Shoshones and Bannocks.  The population



of the reservation is between 4088 and 4788.



Tribal Government




         The seven member Fort Hall Business Council,



established in 1936, is the tribal governing body.



Council members are elected at large for two year terms.



The Chairman of the Council is appointed by the Council,




also for a two year term, and the Council meets bi-weekly.



         The tribal government exercises regulatory



functions in the following areas:  land use planning,

-------
water resource planning,  water quality control/  soil



conservation, business and commercial development,  zoning,



hunting, fishing and game management, animal control,



occupational health and safety, sanitation,  natural




resource development (fish and minerals),  civil law and



criminal law.  The tribal government has adopted an




administrative procedures act.




Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure



         The tribe is currently implementing an



environmental protection program which is responsible for



water quality monitoring, soil analysis, enforcing tribal



environmental standards,  animal control, protection of



endangered species, sanitation and waste disposal,




environmental rehabilitation and reclamation, emergency



preparedness and evacuation, and pesticide regulation and



enforcement.  The tribal offices which conduct




environmental programs are the Land Use Department, the



Tribal Fish and Game Department and the Office of Tribal



Biologists.  The committee within the tribal government



which addresses environmental  issues is the Environmental



Impact Committee, and the tribe employs ten staff in



various fields and one attorney to work on environmental



programs.  The tribal government has cooperative




agreements with the U.S. Geological Service to work on



water quality monitoring, with the Bingham County Solid

-------
Waste Disposal Department to work on sanitation and waste



disposal, with the Corps of Engineers,  the Bureau of



Reclamation and the Bureau of Land Management to work on



environmental rehabilitation and reclamation, with the



Soil Conservation Service to work on soil analysis and



also another cooperative effort to work on emergency



preparedness and evacuation.



Tribal Natural Resources Use Information



         Soil analysis and classification was completed



March 2, 1977, by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service,



Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Interior an4




the University of Idaho.



         Agricultural, mineral, recreational, commercial




and grazing resources are presently being used, and the




use of industrial/manufacturing and further commercial



resources is currently being planned.



         Water is currently used for irrigation and for



fishery and the hunting of waterfowl and game.  Fisheries



are planned.



Air Quality




         The tribal government has no designated air



quality standards as provided by the Clean Air Act.  Air



quality is, however, monitored by the State of Idaho and



by both the Simplex and FMC corporations.  Air quality



monitoring includes data for total suspended particulars

-------
(monitored by the State  of  Idaho)  and  for  sulfur  dioxide




(monitored by the State  of  Idaho and Simplex).




         Major air pollution sources near  the  reservation




include mineral processing  plants  (phosphorous  chemicals)




(FMC and Simplex) and automobile exhaust.




Water Quality




         General Water Quality;




         The reservation does not  have water quality




standards for reservation streams, rivers/ and lakes.




Some of the lakes/reservoirs are suffering from



eutrophication.




         Actual sources of  water pollution include




cropland, animal waste,  and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient




run-off and stream bank erosion.  There are potential




sources of pollution from all the  other categories listed




in the survey.




         Drinking Water Quality;




         There was one violation of the reservation's




drinking water in the past five years, a case of arsenic




contamination in approximately 1978 in a ground water




well.  The well was abandoned.  There have been no




outbreaks of water borne diseases.




         Community Water Supply;




         There are three community drinking water supply




systems on the reservation all of which use ground water.

-------
Two are monitored monthly for bacteriological  quality and




one never is.  All were tested for inorganics  when first




installed, but none have been monitored since, and the




three systems have never been tested for pesticides or




radionuclides.  None are treated for water quality.




         Individual Water Supply;




         Eighty-five percent of the homes on the




reservation are served by individual wells as  is 85




percent of the population.  All the wells were tested for




bacteriological quality when they were first installed,




but there has been no subsequent monitoring.  The wells




have never been tested for inorganics, pesticides or




radionuclides.




         Water Usage;




         The  information on water usage is currently being




compiled in the reservation's 10 Year Water Study.




Domestic Waste Disposal  (Sewage)



         [This area was neglected in the original survey.



No additional information was received in time to include




in the final  draft of the narrative.]




Solid Waste Storage & Disposal




         Although the tribal government has a plan for the




disposal of solid wastes, their disposal is a major



problem on the reservation.  Presently wastes are



deposited in  a one acre community landfill and/or picked

-------
up and taken to the county landfill under  a special



contract with Bingham County.   There is no reservation



recycling program.



Hazardous Waste Storage Disposal




         The tribal government has no plan for the



disposal of hazardous wastes although pesticide wastes



(class B poisons) are generated on the reservation.   None




are stored on the reservation, however.



Nuclear Waste/Radiation



         There is no problem with uranium deposits,



mining, processing or wastes.   However, there is




radioactivity in the phosphate mining residue at FMC, and



th« mining slag is used for road coverings.  There is also




a nuclear power generation facility, Idaho National



Engineering Laboratories, 30 miles away which stores



nuclear waste.  Nuclear materials are also transported



through the reservation.



Tribal Priorities



         The Fort Hall environmental staff has identified



the following environmental problems in order of



priority:  water quality, air quality, stream bank



•rosion, chemigation, agricultural erosion, open pit



mining, solid waste disposal,  water quality, sewage



disposal and the disturbance of wetlands.

-------
Quinault Reservation, Washington




Environmental Contact:




         Department of Natural Resources




         Quinault Business Committee




         Quinault Indian Nation




         P.O. Box 189




         Tahalah, Washington 98587




EPA Region X:  Rick Seaborne, Indian Work Group




         Coordinator



Introduction




         The Quinault Reservation consists of 196,645




acres, 189,621 acres of which is land.  Of the total




acreage, 7,296.9 acres are wholly tribally owned, 8,203




acres are partially tribally owned and 98,224 acres are in




allotment.  The population of the reservation is 1501



consisting of two tribes plus five affiliated tribes




Quinault, Queets, Hoh, Chehalis, Chinook, Cowlitz, and




Quiluete.




Tribal Government




         The eleven member Quinault Business Committee and




its chairman are elected at large by tribal members for



three year terms.  The Committee meets two times monthly.




This government was established by resolution.  The




Committee performs regulatory functions in land use




planning, licensing fees on business, hunting/fishing/game

-------
management, sanitation,  timber and fish resource




development and civil and criminal law.  The  tribes have




not adopted an administrative procedures act.




Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure




         The tribes are  not currently implementing an




environmental protection program.  However,  the tribes do




have a Department of Natural Resources as part of the




tribal administrative structure, and the tribes employ one




staff member to work on environmental programs.  The




Committee currently has one cooperative agreement with




Gray Harbor County for water quality monitoring.




Tribal Natural Resource Use




         Soil analysis and classification has been




completed for the reservation.  Only forestry/timber




resources are currently being developed.  There are no




plans for other land resources development.  Water




resources are only being used for fisheries with no plans



for other water resources development.



Air Quality




         The tribes have no designated air quality




standards as provided in the Clean Air Act.  Air quality




is not monitored.  Major air pollution sources are a pulp




mill  fifty miles from the reservation and waste wood




incineration on the reservation.

-------
Water Quality




         General Water Quality;




         The tribes have no tribal water quality standards




for reservation streams, rivers and lakes.  The




reservation lakes and reservoirs are not suffering from




eutrophication or sedimentation.  The actual source of




water pollution is sediment run-off from timber production




and harvesting.  Potential sources of water pollution




include sewage treatment plants, oxidation ponds,



municipal and industrial discharges, domestic wastes



(sewage), landfill leachate, and urban run-off.




         Drinking Water Quality;




         There have been no drinking water quality




violations in the last  five years nor any outbreaks of




water borne diseases.




         Community Water Supply;




         There are four drinking water supply systems on




the reservation using 100 percent ground water.  Half of




the systems are monitored monthly for bacteriological




quality, organics, pesticides and radionuclides.  Half the




systems are also treated for water quality.




         Individual Water Supply;




         Ten percent of the homes on the reservation are




served by individual wells.  Thus, 7 percent of the total




population on the reservation uses individual wells for




drinking water.  None of the wells are monitored.

-------
         Water Usage;




         There is no information available about average



annual water consumption in acre feet per year,  but 80



percent of the annual  ground water consumption is for



domestic purposes and  20 percent for industrial purposes.



There is no surface water consumption.



Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)




         [This area was neglected in the original survey.



No additional information was received in time to be



included in the final  draft of the narrative.]




Solid Waste Storage and Disposal




         The tribes do not have a plan for the disposal of



solid wastes, and solid waste disposal is a growing



problem on the reservation.  Currently, wastes are



disposed of in an off-reservation landfill.  The tribes



have no recycling program.




Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal



         The tribes have no plan for the disposal of



hazardous wastt s, but hazardous wastes are neither



generated nor stored on the reservation, and there are no



abandoned hazardous waste sites on the reservation.




Nuclear Waste/Radiation




         There are no deposits of uranium or other



radioactive deposits on the reservation.  There are no



uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation

-------
facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 miles



of the reservation.  The reservation has not been selected



as a potential area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal



site, and nuclear materials are not transported through



the reservation.




Tribal Priorities



         The Quinault Reservation's most pressing




environmental problems are solid waste disposal and river



sedimentation due to logging.

-------
                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Una tilla Reservation, Oregon
Environmental Contact:

     Michael J. Vtarrow
     Director
     Department of Natural Resources
     Board of Trustees
     Confederated Trit-3S of the Umatilla
       Indian Resei   ion
     P.O. fiox 638
     Pendleton,  Ore  7.ade up of three tribes, Cayuse, Walla Walla and
Umatilla, is 3,OL  .

Tribal Government
The 9 member Board of ,  jst?es, established by the adoption of a
constitution and by-laws i/. 1949, is the tribal governing body.  The
board members are elected at large by tribal members for two year
terms and officers are elected within the Board annually.  The board
meets bi-weekly.  The regulatory functions performed by the Board
include land use and water resource planning, water quality control,
zoning, hunting/f:'.shiin /game management, animal control, sanitation,
the development of    -i resources and civil and criminal law.  The
tribes have not ado^.   an administrative procedures act.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The Tribe is current!*/ " nplamenting an environmental protection
program which is repor  ble for developing and enforcing tribal
environmental standai 1^ and for the protection of endangered species.
Tnis program is carried out by the tribal departments of Natural
Resources and Health and Welfare.  There are eight staff employed by
the tribe to work on environmental programs.  There is also a committee
within the tribal government which addresses environmental issues, the
Natural Resources Commission.  The tribal government also has coopera-
tive agreements with other governmental entities:  with the Bureau of
Indian Affairs for soil analysis and the protection of endangered spe-
cies and with the Indian Health Service for animal control.

-------
Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification has been completed for the reser-
vation.  Land resources are currently being used for agriculture,
agri-business, timber, mining, industry/manufacturing, recreation,
commercial development, grazing, residential, and public use.
Water resources are currently being used for fisheries (andaramous
fish) with plans to use them for power generation, irrigation,
tourism/recreation and for municipal/industrial purposes.

Air Quality

The tribe has not designated air quality standards as provided in
the Clean Air Act.  Air quality is not monitored on the reservation,
although the state does it elsewhere.  It is unknown whether there
have been any measured violations of national ambient air quality
standards. The major air pollution source on the reservation is gravel
mining.  Near the reservation major sources include the Boardman
Coal Fire Plant (50 miles west), a proposed P.C.B. plant (80 miles
west) and the city of Portland (200 miles west).

Water Quality

General Water Quality:

     There are tribal water quality standards for on-reservation
     streams, rivers, lakes, and there standards have been violated.
     Reparian vegetation has been destroyed and stream beds disturbed.
     It is unknown whether reservation lakes/reservoirs are suffering
     from eutrophication.  They are not suffering form sedimentation.
     Actual sources of water pollution include agricultural run-off,
     sediment run-off from timber production, and pesticide/herbicide/
     nutrient run-off.  Potential sources of water pollution include
     water treatment plants, municipal and industrial discharges,
     domestic wastes (sewage), hazardous materials spills,  urban run-
     off, sediment run-off from construction and mining,  toxicant
     build-up from pesticide use and on-lot disposal.

     Drinking Water Quality:

     There have been violations of drinking water quality in the
     last five years involving the failure to get permits for uses
     affecting ground water and causing stream zone alteration.  There
     have been no outbreaks of water borne diseases.

-------
     Community Water Supply:

     There are seven community drinking water supply systems on the
     reservation.  One percent use surface water as a source,  and
     99% use ground water.  One percent are monitored monthly for
     bacteriological quality and 99% annually for inorganics.   One
     percent of the systems are treated for water quality.

     Individual Water Supply:

     Sixty-five percent of the homes on the reservation are served
     by individual wells which amounts to about 65% of the population
     as well.  Forty percent of the wells are monitored annually for
     bacteriological quality.

Water Usage

Average annual consumption of water is as follows: 9 acre feet of
surface water and 570 acre feet of ground water for domestic pur-
poses; 3,670 acre feet of ground water for municipal purposes; 525
acre feet of surface water and 2,775 acre feet of ground water for
purposes of irrigation; 10 acre feet of surface water for industrial
purposes; 20 acre feet of ground water for commercial purposes;
135,000 acre feet of surface water for fish habitat and 3,070 acre
feet of surface water for fish hatcheries.  This amounts to a total
consumption of 3,630 acre feet of surface water and 7,010 acre feet
of ground water per year.

Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

     [This area was neglected in the original survey, and additional
     information as not received in time to be included in the
     final draft of the narrative.]

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has a plan for the disposal of solid wastes.
Solid wastes are not a problem on the reservation.  They are pre-
sently disposed of in 3-5 acre community landfills.  The tribes,
however, do not have a recycling program.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government has no plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes, but hazardous wastes are neither generated nor stored on the
reservation.

-------
Nuclear Waste/Radiation

Since there are no deposits of radioactive materials on the reser-
vation, nuclear waste is not a problem except for the presence within
fifty miles of the reservation boundary of a uranium processing mill,
a nuclear power generation facility and a nuclear waste storage site,
all at Hanford, Washington.  In addition, although the reservation
has not been selected as a potential area for a permanent nuclear
waste disposal site, nuclear materials are transported through the
reservation.

Tribal Priorities
The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation have
listed the following as their most pressing environmental problems
in order of priority: soil erosion, pesticide/herbicide pollution
(potential but not yet quantified), the transport of hazardous
materials, degradation of reparian zones,  extensive roads in moun-
tain regions, air quality (potential but not yet quantified),  over-
grazing (by both domestic and wild herds),  lack of coordination by
federal,  state and private sector, federal  agencies unwilling to
finance tribal programs and destruction of  watershed adjacent to the
reservation.

Additional Comments

The Director of the tribes' Department of Natural Resources had
these observations to share on Water Management:

     "The list of water uses [in the survey] is incomplete.  The
     tribes currently have a list of 17 beneficial uses of water.
     It might be easier to quantify tribal  uses of water if tribes
     could have a list and [the] duty of [indicating] water assigned
     to all uses, both consumptive and non-consumptive.

     The states have poorly administered the Clean Water Act with
     federal money.  Tribes can and should  utilize Section 208 of
     the Act to implement provisions of their section on the
     reservations.   EPft is apparently unwilling to finance Indian
     projects even though policy requires it.   Federal and state
     efforts to reduce non-point source pollution continue to be
     fragmented and very poorly coordinated.

     The  [Umatilla  Confederated Tribes have] been ready to save
     [their] soils and improve the quality  of waters since 1981,
     but  have not been successful in obtaining needed finance  for
     its  projects.

     Other environmental programs and projects are available to the
     tribes as well but there is not enough time or manpower to
     address other  environmental  projects."

-------
Warm Springs Reservation, Oregon




Environmental Contact:




         Ray Rangila




         Warm Springs Tribal Council




         P.O. Box C




         Warm Springs, Oregon 97761




         (503) 553-1161 Ext. 270




EPA Region X:  Rick Seaborne, Acting Indian Work Group




         Coordinator




Introduction




         The Warm Springs Reservation consists of 656,134




acres, 589,007 of which is tribally owned and 67,127 acres




of which is in allotment.  Three tribes occupy the




reservation:  the Warm Springs, Wasco and Painte, for a




total Indian population of 2527 and a non-Indian



population of 273.  The total population of the




reservation is 2800.




Tribal Government




         The eleven member Warm Springs Tribal Council,




established by corporate charter and through the creation




of a constitution and by-laws in 1938, is the governing




body of the reservation.  Eight of the eleven members of




the Council are elected by district/geographic region for




three year terms.  The Chiefs of the three Warm Springs




tribes are elected by district and serve on the Council

-------
for life,  and the Chairman is appointed by the Council,



also for a three year term.  Council meetings are held



three days per week.



         The Council  exercises regulatory functions in the



following areas:  land use and, water resource planning,



water quality control, soil conservation, licensing fees




on businesses, business commercial/development, zoning,




hunting/fishing/game  management, animal control,




occupational health and safety, sanitation, the



development of timber and fish resources and civil law.



The tribes have not adopted an administrative procedures



act.




Tribal Environmental  Protection Infrastructure



         The tribes are currently implementing an




environmental protection program, mostly through the BIA



and tribal staffs.  The environmental program is




responsible for air quality monitoring, water quality



monitoring, soil analysis, developing tribal environmental



standards, enforcing tribal and federal environmental



standards, animal control, protection of endangered



species (Warm Springs has extensively catalogued both



endangered plants as well as animals and birds),



sanitation and waste disposal, environmental



rehabilitation and reclamation, emergency



preparedness/evacuation, and archaeological protection.

-------
         Twelve different organizational entities conduct



this environmental program:  five committees within the



tribal government (Natural Resources,  Range, Culture and



Heritage, Land Use Planning, and Timber), two other tribal




departments (the Water Masters Department and the Culture



and Heritage Department) and four BIA offices (Forestry,



Roads, Land Operations and the Superintendent's Office).



There is, however, no tribal staff specifically employed



by the tribes to work on environmental programs, but man



years necessary to run the program are devoted to the




program according to need, although a tribal archaeologist




was recently hired.



         As mentioned above the Bureau of Indian Affairs



is Warm Springs' major cooperative partner for




environmental programs including air quality monitoring



and standards enforcement, sanitation and waste disposal,



environmental rehabilitation/reclamation, soil analysis,



the protection of endangered species and emergency



preparedness/evacuation.  Warm Springs cooperates with the



Indian Health Service on water quality monitoring and



water quality standards enforcement.  In addition the



State of Oregon is developing a Hazardous Waste Response




Plan for the state in which the tribes are involved.



Tribal Natural Resource Use



         Soil analysis and classification have been




completed for the reservation.  The use of agricultural,

-------
forestry/timber,  mining,  industrial/manufacturing,



recreational,  commercial  and grazing resources are



currently being implemented.  The production of



traditional foods is also being developed,  as is better



housing.



         Warm Springs extensive water resources (there



significant rivers and ten plus lakes/reservoirs) are used




for power generation, irrigation, livestock watering,




fisheries, tourism/recreation, and transportation as well



or for domestic and industrial purposes.



Air Quality



         The tribes have  designated air quality standards



as provided by the Clean  Air Act.  Warm Springs air



quality is designated Class II (as referenced in the




reservation's Forestry Management Plan).  General



monitoring occurs only at the time of slash burning



(usually in July and August).  This informal monitoring is



done by The Oregon State  Department of Environmental



Quality in Bend,  Oregon,  and includes only general



visibility checks made from the Bend area.   There have



been no measured violations of national ambient air



quality standards.




         Minor sources of air pollution on the reservation




include a lumber mill, a  small rock crusher and dust from



truck roads.  The major air pollution source near the

-------
reservation is the agricultural field burning in the



Madras, Oregon, area 10-25 miles away during July and



August.



Water Quality



         General Water Quality;




         There are tribal water quality standards for




reservation streams, rivers and lakes.  The Warm Springs



Water Code includes monitoring for turbidity, dissolved



oxygen, pH and etcetera.  Reservation lakes/reservoirs do



not suffer from eutrophication or sedimentation.



         The only actual source of water pollution at the



moment is sediment run-off from timber production and



harvesting.  Potential sources, however, include sewage




and water treatment plants, oxidation ponds, municipal and




industrial discharges, domestic wastes  (sewage), oil and



other hazardous materials spills, land fill leachate and



urban, agricultural and pesticide/herbicide/nutrient



run-off.



         Drinking Water Quality;



         There was one drinking water quality violation in



1981-82 which involved turbidity in a surface water source



and led to the abandonment of that drinking water system.




There was also an outbreak of giardiasis in the system



which was abandoned.

-------
         Community Water  Supply;



         There are three  community drinking  water  supply



systems on the reservation.   Thirty-three  percent  use



surface water and 67 percent use  ground water.   However,



in volume, almost all use is of surface water(?).   All  the



systems are monitored for bacteriological  quality



monthly.  One of the systems is monitored  annually for



inorganics.  The other two are monitored every three years



for inorganics.  One of the systems is monitored every



three years for pesticides,  and all three  systems  are



monitored every four years for radionuclides.   All of the



systems are treated for water quality.



         Individual Water Supply;



         Thirteen percent of the 46 homes  or 4 percent  of




the population on the reservation is  served  by individual



wells.  Wells are monitored only at the time they  are dug,




although the United States Geological Survey is doing some



monitoring under contract with the tribes.



Water Usage



         In 1984 Warm Springs used 411,000,000 gallons  (of



approximately 1261 acre feet) of surface water (96 percent



of total consumption) and 19,000,000 gallons (or



approximately 58 acre feet) of ground water  (4 percent  of




total consumption) for domestic,  municipal and industrial



purposes.  Figures are not available for water usage for

-------
irrigation and recreational purposes or for the water used



in individual wells.



Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)



         There are three community systems using oxidation



methods.  All rural housing includes individual septic



tank and drainfield systems.




Solid Waste Storage and Disposal




         The Warm Springs Tribal Council has a plan for



the disposal of solid wastes.  Twenty acres of a 40 acre



community landfill are currently being used for this



purpose.  Warm Springs is one of the few reservations



where solid wastes are not a problem.  There is no tribal



recycling program, although a tribal solid waste




management plan is being considered.




Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal



         The tribal government does not have a plan for



the disposal of hazardous wastes.  However/ neither



historically nor currently have hazardous wastes been



either generated or stored on the reservation.



Nuclear Waste/Radiation



         There are no known deposits of uranium or other



radioactive materials on the reservation.  There are no




uranium processing mills, nuclear power generation



facilities or nuclear waste storage sites within 50 mills



of the reservation.  Nor has the reservation been

-------
                                                       8
designated a potential area for the permanent disposal of



nuclear waste.  It is unknown whether nuclear wastes are



transported through the reservation.



Tribal Priorities



         Warm Springs' major priority as far as



environmental protection is concerned is the availability



of federal funding to implement federal regulations and



laws, including those having to do with the protection of



archaeological sites.  A second environmental concern was



stream erosion.  Some Warm Springs and BIA staff,



exibiting a degree of ambivalence about this project,



wanted to know how participation in this survey would




benefit them; why they needed another federal agency



running around telling them what to do, what EPA services



they were not now getting and why CERT was chosen to house



the national data base.

-------
                             NARRATIVE PROFILE
Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington
Environmental Contact:

     Lorintha Harwich
     Tribal Planning Office
     Confederated Tribes and Bands
     Yakima Indian Nation
     P.O. Box 151
     Toppenish, Washington  98948
     (509) 865-5121

EPA Region X:  Rick Seaborne, Indian Work Group Coordinator


Introduction

The Yakima Indian reservation consists of 1.3 million acres, of
which 29,257 irrigated acres are tribally owned and 884,558 acres
are in allotment.  The population of the reservation is 25,000
(the 1981 Indian Health Service profile gives the population of
the reservation as 36,000) people of all races including the
6,500-7,000 members (1981 IHS Profile) of the 14 tribes and
bands of the Confederated Yakima Indian Nation (Klickitat,
Klinquit, Kow-wa-say-ee, Kah-milt-pah, Li-ay-was, Oche-chotes,
Palouse, Pisquose, Skin-pah, Se-ap-cat, Shyike, Wenatcha-pam,
Wish-ham and Yakima).  Demographic data by community is incomplete.

Tribal Government
The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Indian Nation have
both a General Council consisting of the general membership of
enrolled members and a 14 member Tribal Council elected to represent
the people in the day to day affairs of the confederation.  Tribal
Council members are elected at large for two year terms.  The
Chairman is in turn elected by the Yakima Tribal Council for a four
year term.  The Tribal Council meets monthly.  This form of govern-
ment was created by resolution in 1956 and revised in 1961 and con-
tinues at the pleasure of the General Council.

The tribal government performs regulatory functions as regards land
use and water resource planning, tobacco use taxation, business/
commercial development, zoning, animal control, the development of
timber, fish and mineral resources and civil and criminal law.  The
tribe has adopted an administrative procedures act.

-------
Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

The tribes and bands are currently implementing an environmental
protection program which is responsible for water quality moni-
toring, soil analysis, developing tribal environmental standards,
and the protection of endangered species.  The tribal offices con-
uucting this program are the Forestry, Wildlife, Fisheries,  Water
Code, Zoning, and Cultural Resources Offices and the Office of the
White Swan Sewer and Sanitation Program.  A staff of 15 is employed
by the Yakima Nation to work on environmental programs, and there
are seven committees within the tribal government which address
environmental issues: the Committees of Fish, Wildlife, Timber,
Land, Irrigation, Health and Cultural Resources.  In addition, the
tribal government has cooperative agreements with the Indian Health
Service for water quality monitoring and standards enforcement and
for sanitation and waste disposal and with the Bureau of Indian
Affairs for soil analysis and the protection of endangered species.

Tribal Natural Resource Use

Soil analysis and classification have not been completed for the
reservation.  The development of agricultural, forestry/timber
and grazing resources are currently being implemented with addi-
tional development of forestry/timber resources and the develop-
ment of industrial/manufacturing, recreational and commercial
resources in the planning stages.  Water resources are currently
being used for irrigation, fisheries and tourism/recreation with
further development in these areas tentatively being planned.

Air Quality

The tribal govenment has not designated air quality standards as
provided in the Clean Air Act.  Air quality is monitored, not by
the tribe, but by the State.  It is unknown what data is included
in the air quality monitoring data except for visibility.  There
have been no measured violations of national ambient air quality
standards, and there are no major sources of air pollution within a
50 mile radius of the reservation.

Water Quality

     General Water Quality:

     There are no tribal water quality standards for reservation
     streams, rivers and lakes.  There is eutrophication in reser-
     vation lakes/reservoirs to a minor degree, but no on-
     reservation sedimentation of lakes/reservoirs, although there
     are some off reservation impacts from erosion on the reser-
     vation.

-------
     Actual sources of water pollution include sewage treatment
     plants as system sources, oxidation ponds, municipal and
     industrial discharges, domestic wastes, urban and agri-
     cultural run-off, sediment run-off from construction and
     timber production and harvesting, pesticide/herbicide/
     nutrient run-off, and toxicant build-up due to pesticide
     usage.  Potential sources of pollution include sewage treat-
     ment plants on the reservation, water treatment plants off
     the reservation, oil spills (to a slight degree), hazardous
     materials spills, landfill leachate, sediment run-off due
     to mining and on-lot disposal of solid wastes.

     It is interesting to note the degree to which Yakima sees
     itself reciprocally with its total environment both as a
     source and recipient of pollution.

     Drinking Water Quality:

     There have been no drinking water quality violations or
     outbreaks of water borne diseases in five years.

     Community Water Supply:

     The Tribes identify five community water supply systems, all
     of which use 100% ground water.  All these systems are moni-
     tored monthly for bacteriological quality, bi-annually for
     inorganics, every four years for radionuclides and never for
     pesticides.  None of the systems are treated for water quality
     because it is not required.

     However, the Indian Health Service's 1981 Community Profile
     lists 24 large and small community water supply systems and
     includes the following information on them.  (See Figure I.)

     Individual Water Supply:

     Fifty percent of the homes and of the population of the reser-
     vation use individual wells for drinking water.  None of the
     wells are monitored except the wells serving foster homes,
     which are monitored every two years.

Water Usage

Average annual consumption of surface water for irrigation is
642,000 acre feet which amounts to 90% of the total annual consump-
tion of surface water on the reservation.  There are studies
currrently being conducted to determine the other average annual
consumption figures for surface and ground water for different pur-
poses.

-------
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Domestic Waste Disposal (Sewage)

     The 1981 Indian Health Service Community Profile gives the
     following information on community liquid waste disposal
     systems.  (See Figure II.)

     No information is available on individual disposal systems.

Solid Waste Storage and Disposal

The tribal government does have a plan for the disposal of solid
wastes.  Such wastes are not a problem on Yakima, although there is
some unauthorized disposal in miscellaneous locations which even-
tually could become a problem.  However, Yakima has 250 acres
devoted to a community landfill.  There is no tribal recycling ini-
tiative except for paper on the program level.

Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

Th tribal government does not have a plan for the disposal of hazardous
wastes, although there could be a problem with hazardous wastes in
the form of pesticides on the reservation.  There are no abandoned
hazardous waste storage sites on the reservation as far as is known
by the tribal government.

Nuclear Waste/Radiation

There is no problem with nuclear waste/radiation on the reservation,
but within fifty miles of the reservation are the Purex uranium
processing mill and the nuclear reactor for Washington Power Systems
at the Hanford Federal Nuclear Reservation.  Nuclear waste is also
stored at this latter site.  The reservation has not been selected
as an area for a permanent nuclear waste disposal site, but it is
unknown whether nuclear materials are transported through the reser-
vation.

Tribal Priorities

Yakima did not state its environmental priorities.

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          ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY
VII.   Additional Surveys and Other
      Data Received After June,  1986

-------
SOME OF THE MATERIALS WERE RECEIVED AFTER THE CUT-OFF DEADLINE


     From the San Carlos Apache Tribe :

          1)Editorial comments on their  narrative (attached).
          2)San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation Community
            profile,  Arizona Department  of Commerce.

     From the Pueblo  of Isleta :

          1)IHS community profiles.

     From the Tule River Indian Reservation :

          l)Their survey response form.
These materials will be included in the next stage of the data
base's development.

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San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona

Ned Anderson, Chairman
San Carlos Apache Tribe
P.O. Box 0
San Carlos, Arizona  85550
(602) 475-2361
Introduction

The population break down is not available.

Tribal Government

Yes, the Chairman does makeup the nine member governing body.

Yes, the terms are staggered.

Tribal Environmental Protection Infrastructure

Currently there is not an environmental protection program.

FEMA stands for  ?

Other Environmental Backgraound Information

Soil Analysis has not been completed.

Water Quality

Half of the systems are also treated for quality fluoridation and chlorination.

Just Indian homes.

General Water Quality

More Information not available.

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ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY



  IX Resource List

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                    ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BASE RESOURCE LIST
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

 1.  Air Quality Analysis, April 1985
 2.  4th Annual Tribal Air Quality Workshop,  1985
 3.  Coeur D'Alene Environmental Baseline Analysis,  Oct.  1984
 4.  Environmental Assesment of the Chemehuevi Reservation, Jan. 1984
 5.  Environmental Status Report for New Jersey,  March 1983
 6.  Environmental Status Report for New York, March 1983
 7.  Environmental Status Report for Puerto Rico, March 1983
 8.  Environmental Status Report for U.S. Virgin Islands, March 1983
 9.  EPA Policy for Administration of Environmental  Programs on
       Indian Reservations, Nov. 8, 1984
10.  Inventory of Hazardous Waste Generators  and Sites on Selected
       Indian Reservations, July 1985
11.  Inventory of Injection Wells on Indian Land in  New Mexico
       and Oklahoma,  Nov. 1984
12.  National Priorities List, Dec. 1984
13.  Summary of Reservation Environment, (Current)
14.  Tribal Environmental Programs Briefing Material,  April 1985
15.  Tribal Enviornmental Review Process, Dec. 1982
16.  Umatilla Indian  Reservation High-Level Nuclear  Waste Study,
       August 1984


EPA MATERIALS

 1.  The Amicus Journal, Clear Water Act: Special Report  1982
 2.  CERT Testimony for the Appropriation Subcommittee on HUD-
       Independent Agencies, 1986
 3.  Clean Water Act,  May 8, 1985
 4.  EPA Activities on Indian Reservations, Nov.  1985
 5.  EPA Journal,  Vol. 12, #1, Jan./Feb. 1986
 6.  EPA Needs to Improve the Navajo Indian Safe Drinking Water
       Program, Sept.  10, 1980
 7.  The Environmental Task Force's Resources, Vol.  1, #2,  Jan. 1986
 8.  Interim-Strategy for Implementation of the EPA  Indian  Policy,
       Nov. 1985
 9.  Land Capability  Classifications Handbook, #210
10.  Merle L. Garcia  Appeal to Senate Appropriations Subcommittee,
       May 1, 1985
11.  The Navajo Nation, May 1985
12.  New Mexico Air Quality Standards and Air Quality  Control
       Regulations, Jan. 23, 1970
13.  New Mexico Health and Environment Department Annual  Report,
       Environmental  Improvement Division 1981-82
14.  Resource Regions and Areas of the U.S.,  1982 Agri. Handbook #296
15.  Sense, Inc.,  Testimony, April 30, 1985

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Resource List
Page 2
                                            and Written  Testimony
POPULATION CENSUS AND TRIBAL ACCOUNTS

 1.  Frank Allen, "An 'Insane Obsession'"
 2.  Briefing Papers, Feb. 11, 1982
 3.  Billings Area: Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1980
 4.  Census 1980 U.S. Department of Commerce
 5.  CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response,
       Liability Act, Dec. 20, 1985 (Hobbs, Straus,
       Law Offices)
 6.  Cheyenne River Agency (Current)
 7.  Colville Reservation (Current)
 8.  Coushattu Indian Community (Maps)
 9.  U.S. Department of the Interior, June 12, 1981
10.  Devils Lake Sioux Tribe (Current)
11.  Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota  (Current)
12.  Indian Health Services, Dec. 12, 1985
13.  Inform Special Lunches, Feb. 30, 1986
14.  Jicarilla Apache Tribal Council, 1984,
       from U.S. Senate,  June 1, 1981
15.  Mescalero Apache Tribe (1982)
16.  Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians (Current)
17.  Native American Working Group Annual Report, 1985
18.  Oglala Sioux Tribe (Current)
19.  The Pueblo Tribes (Current)
20.  Quinault Reservation (Current)
21.  Sanitation - Annual Report for 1983 (Includes Maps)
22.  Southern Ute Tribe (Current)
23.  Spokane Reservation (Current)
24.  Standing Rock Indian Community
25.  Tribal Profiles of Arizona, Utah and
26.  Umatilla Reservation (Current)
27.  Village of Laiuna (Current)
28.  Warm Springs (Current)
29.  The Western Shoshone People and Land
30.  WYE Resource Paper; The Goverance of
       Consensus 1982
31.  Yakima Reservation (Current)
                                                   Compensations!
                                                    Dean & Wilder
                                                     (Dick Hardwick)
                                    (Current)
                                          Nevada,
1981
                                          Association, 1984
                                          Environmental Affairs-
  *U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1986; 621-735/60538

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               r- m |CT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street   .--'
Chicago, Illirtofs  60604

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