PRELIMINARY REPORT
ON
SANGCHRIS LAKE
CHRISTIAN COUNTY
ILLINOIS
EPA REGION V
NOTICE
This document is a preliminary draft.
It has not been formally released by
EPA and should not at this stage be
construed to represent Agency policy.
It is being circulated for comment
on its technical accuracy and policy
implications.
National Eutrophication Survey
PNERL, Con/all is, OR
NERC, Las Vegas, NV
March, 1975
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PROTECTION
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SANGCHRIS LAKE
Tributary Sampling Site
X Lake Sampling Site
f Sewage Treatment Facility
X3 Drainage Area Boundary
Scale
39' 35-
89'35'
3930-
89 25
n
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PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SANGCHRIS LAKE, ILLINOIS*
STORET NO. 1753
CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate that Sangchris Lake is eutrophic. It
ranked sixth in overall trophic quality when all 31 Illinois
lakes were compared using a combination of six parameters**.
Three lakes had less median total phosphorus, one had less
median dissolved phosphorus, 21 had less median inorganic nitro-
gen, 13 had less mean chlorophyll a_, and ten had a greater mean
Secchi disc transparency.
Survey limnologists noted some algae in October and higher
aquatic vegetation along about 5% of the shoreline in August.
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
The algal assay results indicate that Sangchris Lake was
phosphorus limited at the time the sample was collected. These
results are substantiated by the lake data. On all sampling
»
dates, N/P ratios were 35/1 or greater, and limitation by phos-
phorus would be expected.
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sourcesThe estimated phosphorus contribution
from known point sources amounted to about 6.5% of the total
* Table of metric/English conversionsAppendix A.
** See Appendix B.
-------
reaching Sangchris Lake during the sampling year, and essentially
all of the point-source input was from the Commonwealth Edison
generating station wastewater treatment plant.
The present phosphorus loading rate of 0.38 g/m2/yr is just
in excess of the rate proposed by Vollenweider (in press) as
"dangerous"; i.e., a eutrophic rate (see page 12). It is calcu-
lated that removal of 80% of the phosphorus at the two point
sources included in this study would reduce the loading to a
rate just equal to the eutrophic rate. For this reason, all
phosphorus inputs to the lake should be minimized to the greatest
practicable extent to slow or reverse the aging of the lake.
2. Non-point sourcesAbout 59% of the total phosphorus
input to Sangchris Lake came from gaged non-point sources during
the sampling year. Clear Creek (eastern) and Clear Creek (west-
ern) each contributed over 20% and the unnamed stream (D-l)
contributed nearly 10% of the total. Ungaged tributaries were
estimated to have contributed 30.1% of the total phosphorus input.
In all, non-point sources, including precipitation, were esti-
mated to have contributed over 93% of the total phosphorus load
to Sangchris Lake during the sampling year.
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II. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
A, Lake Morphometry :
1. Surface area: 10.93 kilometers2.
2. Mean depth: 4.0 meters.
3. Maximum depth: >10.0 meters.
4. Volume: 43.720 x 106 m3.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 1.2 years.
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix C for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Drainage Mean flow
Name area (km2)* (m3/sec)*
Clear Creek (eastern) 36.0 0.2
Unnamed Creek (C-l) 15.5 0.1
Unnamed Creek (D-l) 20.7 0.1
Clear Creek (western) 32.6 0.2
Minor tributaries &
immediate drainage - 73.1 ,0.6
Totals 177.9 1.2
2. Outlet -
Unnamed Creek (A-l) 188.8** 1.2
*
C. Precipitation***:
1. Year of sampling: 114.3 centimeters.
2. Mean annual: 88.1 centimeters.
t Simms, 1975.
* For limits of accuracy, see Working Paper No. 175, "Survey Methods, 1973",
** Includes area of lake.
*** See Working Paper No. 175.
n
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III. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Sangchris Lake was sampled three times during the open-water season
of 1973 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time,
samples for physical and chemical parameters were collected from four
stations on the lake and from a number of depths at each station (see
map, page i). During each visit, a single depth-integrated (4.6 m or
near bottom to surface) sample was composited from the stations for
phytoplankton identification and enumeration; and during the first visit,
a single 18.9-liter depth-integrated sample was composited for algal
assays. Also each time, a depth-integrated sample was collected from
each of the stations for chlorophyll a^ analysis. The maximum depths
sampled were 10.0 meters at station 1, 8.8 meters at station 2, 4.6
meters at station 3, and 5.5 meters at station 4.
The lake sampling results are presented in full in Appendix D and
are summarized below.
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Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton (incomplete at this time) -
Sampling
Date
05/07/73
\
2. Chlorophyll a_
Sampling
Date
05/07/73
08/10/73
10/18/73
Limiting Nutrient
1 . Autoclaved, fi
Spike (mg/1)
Control
0.050 P
0.050 P * 1.0
1.0 N
Dominant
Genera
1. Flagellates
2. Cyclotella
3. Dinobryon
4. Scenedesmus
5. Cylindrocystis -
Other genera
Total
-
Station
Number
01
02
03
04
01
02
03
04
01
02
03
. 04
Study:
Itered, and nutrient spiked -
Ortho P Inorganic N
Cone, (mg/1) Cone, (mg/1
0.020 3.885
0.070 . 3.885
N 0.070 4.885
0.020 4.885
Number
per ml
3,894
1,533
226
176
151
553
6,533
Chlorophyll a
(pg/1)
2.8
3.4
2.5
4.3
40.6
40.0
48.8
26.6
12.4
14.9
22.3
12.9
Maximum yield
) (mg/1 -dry wt.)
7.9
26.6
29.2
8.2
n
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2. Discussion -
The control yield of the assay alga, Selenastrum capri-
cornutum, indicates that the potential primary productivity
of Sangchris Lake was high at the time the sample was col-
lected. A significant increase in yield occurred with the
addition of phosphorus alone. Note that the addition of
nitrogen alone did not result in a significant difference in
yield as compared to the control. Therefore, phosphorus
limitation would be expected.
The lake data further indicate phosphorus limitation.
At all sampling times, the ratios of inorganic nitrogen to
orthophosphorus were 35 to 1 or greater.
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IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix E for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Illinois National
Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from each of the
tributary sites indicated on the map (page i), except for the high
runoff months of February and March when two samples were collected.
Sampling was begun in June, 1973 and was completed in May, 1974.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for the
year of sampling and a "normalized" or average year were provided by
the Illinois District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the
tributary sites nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries were deter-
mined by using a modification of a U.S. Geological Survey computer
program for calculating stream loadings*. Nutrient loads shown are
those measured minus point sources, if any.
Nutrient loadings for unsampled "minor tributaries and immediate
drainage" ("ZZ" of U.S.G.S.) were estimated using the means of the
nutrient loads, in kg/km2/year, at stations B-l, C-l , and D-l and
multiplying the means by the ZZ area in km2.
The operator of the Commonwealth Edison wastewater treatment plant
provided monthly effluent samples and corresponding flow data. However,
the flow data provided for the generating station included the large-
* See Working Paper No. 175.
-------
volume condenser discharge, and waste treatment plant loads could not
be calculated. Consequently, nutrient loads were estimated at 1.134
kg P and 3.401 kg N/capita/year.
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known treatment plants* -
Name
Commonweal th
Edison Station
Discharge
Tovey 550 stab, pond 181.7 Sangchris Lake
Pumphouse
2. Known industrial - None
Pop.
Served
208
Treatment
trickling
filter
Mean Flow
(m'/d)
2.6 x 106**
Receiving
Water
Sangchris
* Stober, W. 6., 1973.
** Includes condenser discharge.
r
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10
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg P/ % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Clear Creek (eastern) 850 20.3
Unnamed Creek (C-l) HO . 3.3
Unnamed Creek (D-l) 400. 9.6
Clear Creek (western) 1,070 25.6
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 1,260 30.1
c. Known treatment plants -
Commonwealth Edison-Station
Discharge 235 5.6
Tovey Pumphouse 35 0.8
d. Septic tanks* - 5 0.1
e. Known industrial - None
f. Direct precipitation** - 190 4.6
Total 4,185 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Unnamed Creek
(A-l) 2,590
3. Net annual P accumulation - 1,595 kg.
* Estimate based on 14 lakeside dwellings and 1 park; see Working Paper
No. 175.
** See Working Paper No. 175.
r
-------
11
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg N/ % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Clear Creek (eastern) 47,450 18.8
Unnamed Creek (C-l) 17,950 7.1
Unnamed Creek (D-l) 28,070 11.1
Clear Creek (western) 52,330 20.7
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 93,380 37.0
c. Known treatment plants -
Commonwealth Edison-Station
Discharge 705 0,3
Tovey Pumphouse 400 0.2
d. Septic tanks* - 185 <0.1
e. Known industrial - None
f. Direct precipitation** - 11,800 4.7
Total 252,270 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Unnamed Creek
(A-l) 129,190
3. Net annual N accumulation - 123,080 kg.
* Estimate based on 14 lakeside dwellings and 1 park; see Working Paper
No. 175.
** See Working Paper No. 175.
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12
D. Mean Annual Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary ' kg P/km2/yr kg N/km_2/yr
Clear Creek (eastern) 24 1,318
Unnamed Creek (C-l) 9 1,158
Unnamed Creek (D-l) 19 1,356
Clear Creek (western) 33 1,605
E. Yearly Loading Rates:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus loading
rates are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (in press).
Essentially, his "dangerous" rate is the rate at which the
receiving water would become eutrophic or remain eutrophic;
his "permissible" rate is that which would result in the
receiving water remaining oligotrophic or becoming oligotrophic
if morphometry permitted. A mesotrophic rate would be consid-
ered one between "dangerous" and "permissible".
Note that Vollenweider's model may not be applicable to
water bodies with very short hydraulic retention times.
Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen
Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
grams/mVyr 0.38 0.15 23.1 11.3
Vollenweider loading rates for phosphorus
(g/mz/yr) based on mean depth and mean
hydraulic retention time of Sangchris Lake:
"Dangerous" (eutrophic rate) 0.36
"Permissible" (oligotrophic rate) 0.18
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13
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Simms, Neil, 1975. Personal communication (lake morphometry).
Commonwealth Edison, Kincaid.
Stober, W. G., 1973. Treatment plant questionnaire (Commonwealth
Edison station and Tovey pumphouse STP's). Kincaid.
Vollenweider, Richard A. (in press). Input-output models. Schweiz,
Z. Hydro!.
-------
14
VII. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
CONVERSION FACTORS
r T
-------
CONVERSION FACTORS
Hectares x 2.471 = acres
Meters x 3.281 = feet
-4
Cubic meters .x 8.107 x 10 = acre feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 = square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 = cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
Kilograms x 2.205 = pounds
Kilograms/square kilometer x 5.711 = Ibs/square mile
r
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APPENDIX B
LAKE RANKINGS
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