United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Health Effects Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA-600/S1-83-009 Feb. 1984
&EPA Project Summary
Immunological and
Hematological Effects of
Microwave Power
Transmission from a
Satellite Power System
Part I. Systems for Exposing Mice to
2450 MHz Electromagnetic Fields
C. K. Chou and A. W. Guy
For the engineering aspect of this
study, two systems for exposing mice
to 2450 MHz electromagnetic fields
were developed. The first system was
used to expose mice dorsally to circu-
larly polarized electromagnetic fields.
Four mice were placed in a styrofoam
cage and exposed in a vertically posi-
tioned circular waveguide [Guy et al.
1979]. The temperature and humidity
in the mouse holder were kept constant
by forced ventilation. The uniformity of
energy absorption in the four mice was
found to be most optimal when the
mice were exposed at a location of 5/8
of the length of the waveguide meas-
ured from the top of the waveguide
where the energy had been fed. For one
watt input power to the waveguide, the
average specific absorption rate (SAR)
was determined by twin-well calori-
metrytobe3.60±0.11 (SEM) W/kg in
mice at a body mass of 26.94 ± 0.27 g.
The maximum surface SAR determined
thermographically was 8.36 W/kg in
the head of the mouse. The second
system was a miniature anechoic cham-
ber modified from the original design by
Guy [1979]. Six mice were exposed
dorsally to far field plane waves in the
chamber. Copper shielding and high
temperature absorbing material were
lined inside the chamber to accommo-
date the high input power. The air
ventilation at the location of the mice
was separately controlled so that any
heating in the absorber would not affect
the animals. For one watt input power,
the average SAR was 0.17 ± 0.01
W/kg and the maximum surface SAR
was 0.41 W/kg in the animal when
exposed with body axis parallel to the E
f ield; the SARs were 0.11 ±0.01 W/kg
and 0.64 W/kg respectively when ex-
posed perpendicular to the E field.
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Health Effects Research Labo-
ratory, Research Triangle Park. NC, to
announce key findings of the research
project that is fully documented in a
separate report of the same title (see
Project Report ordering information at
back).
Introduction
In studying the biological effects of
microwave radiation, exposure of groups
of animals to radio-frequency electromag-
netic fields has been a common practice.
Under normal laboratory conditions, the
animals are housed in a group with water
and food ad lib. These conditions can
cause serious dosimetry problems during
exposure to electromagnetic fields since
-------
intensification occurs within the animals
and scattering of fields occurs among the
animals and the water bottle. The expo-
sure of single subjects under properly
controlled conditions in a large anechoic
chamber can be prohibitively expensive.
Guy and Chou [1975] and Guy et al.
[1979], have described two circularly-
polarized waveguide systemsfor exposing
single small laboratory animals to 918 or
2450 MHz electromagnetic fields. To
simulate free field exposure, Guy [1979]
also developed a miniature anechoic
chamber for exposing laboratory animals.
In this study, the authors modified the
above two systems for the exposure of
mice to 2450 MHz electromagnetic fields.
Exposure System Modifications
Circularly Polarized Waveguide
The horizontally-positioned circular
waveguides, as described by Guy et al.
[1979], were positioned vertically for the
exposure from the top of four mice in each
waveguide (see Figure 1). Four 250cc
polypropylene beakers provided space for
housing four mice comfortably in the
waveguide. The holes at the bottom of the
polypropylene beaker and the top acrylic
cover allowed air to flow through the
space occupied by the animals. The
mouse cage was placed at a distance of
5/8 of the length of the waveguide from
the top of the wavegu ide where the trans-
mitting transducer was located. At this
position, the uniformity of the energy
absorption in the animals is optimal. The
lower part of the waveguide was wrapped
with a plastic sheet, and a muffin fan was
attached to the bottom of the waveguide
for air ventilation. The fan voltage was
controlled by a variable transformer to
adjust the air velocity through the mouse
cage.
Miniature Anechoic Chamber
The original design of this chamber
was described by Guy [1979] (see Figure
2). The inside of the chamber was lined
with a copper sheet to prevent leakage of
microwaves at high intensity exposure.
At the ventilation holes, copper screen
mesh pads were soldered to the copper
sheet. Near the wide side of the horn
(Narda 644), where E fields are maximum,
a section (2.54 x 30.5 x 30.5 cm) of high
temperature open cell absorbing material
(Eccosorb RM)* was placed at each side of
L =
95.2
Polyethylene
Sheeting to
Contain Air
Styro Foam
Contoured
Support
Mount
Muffin
Fan
'Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommenda-
tion for use by the U.S Environmental Protection
Agency.
Figure 1. Modified circularly polarized
waveguide for exposing mice to
2,450-MHz electromagnetic
fields in environmentally con-
trolled condition.
the horn in place of the original Eccosorb
AN-77 absorber. Cooling of these ab-
sorbers was provided through the sixteen
ventilation holes on each side of the
chamber by two suction fans at the top. A
three mil plastic sheet separated the
tapered section and the bottom of the
chamber so that the upper section was
ventilated independently from the lower
section. There are three ventilation holes
(6.35 cm diameter) on all four sides of the
chamber above and below the plastic
sheet separation. The holes were cut at a
45° angle downward on the AN-77
absorber to minimize microwave leakage
through these holes. The light bulbs used
in the original design were removed since
room light passes through the ventilation
holes giving a more uniform lighting than
obtained with the light bulbs. A muffin
fan was located at the outside of the
lower section to provide airflow.
Oosimetry
The average power density inside the
circular waveguide can be estimated by
averaging the input power over the cross
sectional area of the waveguide. There-
fore, for each watt of input power to the
20.3 cm diameter waveguide, the average
power density in the waveguide is 3.1
Figure 2. Front view of the modified minia-
ture anechoic chamber for ex-
posing mice to high intensity
microwave radiation (door open
to show the mouse holder).
mW/cm2. In the anechoic chamber, the
power density at the location of the mice
(1.375 m from the horn) was mapped
every cm2 using an energy density meter
(NBS EDMI-C4). The results are very
similar to those obtained previously [Guy
1979], indicating that the modification
did not alter the power distribution char-
acteristics. For 1 W input power, the
power density at the center of the cham-
ber was 0.175 mW/cm2 and 0.15
mW/cm2 at the locations of the mice.
The SAP in the mice was determined
using two methods. The whole body
average SAR was measured with a twin-
well calorimetry system. For the circular
waveguide system, five dead mice were
used in each calorimetry run: one control
and four exposed. One of the exposed
mice and the control mouse were placed
in a twin-well calorimeter. It was found
that when the mice were positioned
radially with head toward or away from
the center of the waveguide, the normal-
ized average and standard error of SAR to
1 watt input power to the waveguide was
3.60 ± 0.11 W/kg in a group of mice of
26.94 ± 0.27 g in body weight. If the
exposed mice were positioned perpen-
dicular to the radial direction, the nor-
malized SAR was 2.40 ± 0.09 W/kg. For
the miniature chamber, seven mice were
-------
used in each calorimetry run: one control
and six exposed. The six exposed mice
were positioned either parallel or per-
pendicular to the E field. Then one of the
exposed mice was compared with the
control mouse in the twin-well calorim-
eter. When the mice were exposed par-
allel to the E field, the normalized SAP to
one watt input power to the horn was
0.17 ± 0.01 W/kg. The SAR decreased to
0.11 ± 0.01 W/kg when the exposed
mice were oriented perpendicularly to the
E field.
The two-dimensional SAR pattern was
determined thermographically. Since
mice are very small in mass, the method
of bisection used before can cause large
errors due to the heat dissipation during
the data acquisition process. It was
decided, therefore, to measure the sur-
face SAR of mice. In order to avoid the
messy process of removing hair from
mice for better skin emissitivity, nude
BALB/c mice were used. The SARs were
higher in regions of mice near the center
of the waveguide. The maximum normal-
ized SAR was 8.36 W/kg in the head of
the mouse exposed facing the center of
the waveguide. In the anechoic chamber,
the SAR was quite uniform in the mouse
exposed with body parallel to the E field.
The highest SAR was 0.38 W/kg at the
base of the tail.
Discussion
The authors have described two sys-
tems for exposing mice to 2450 MHz
electromagnetic fields. The circular wave-
guide system can be used to expose four
mice simultaneously to circularly polar-
ized electromagnetic fields. The miniature
anechoic chamber system can be used to
expose six mice at a time to plane wave
electromagnetic fields. In the anechoic
chamber system, the animals are sepa-
rated from each other at a greater distance
than that in the circular waveguide. There-
fore, the multiple scattering among the
animals in the circular waveguide is larger
than in the anechoic chamber. However,
the SARs in mice are well documented
using the techniques of twin-well calor-
imetry and thermography.
There are several advantages of the
circular waveguide system over the
anechoic chamber system. The advan-
tages make the circular waveguide sys-
tem a better choice for exposing a large
population of mice to electromagnetic
fields for the study either of biological
effects or hyperthermia for cancer ther-
apy. The advantages are:
1. More energy efficiency: The average
SAR in mice was 21 times higher
when exposed in circular waveguide
than in the anechoic chamber for the
same input power. This efficiency is
important if a large number of ani-
mals are to be exposed, since smaller
and less expensive power sources
will be sufficient to feed multiple
waveguides.
2. Less orientation dependence: The
difference in SAR between mice
positioned in orientations was some-
what smaller in the circular polarized
waveguide (i.e., 3.6 and 2.7 W/kg in
circular waveguide versus 0.17 and
0.11 W/kg in anechoic chamber).
3. Less space requirement: The wave-
guide required 324 cm2 for four mice
and the chamber occupies 5519 cm2
for six mice. Therefore, 11 times
more space is needed for exposing
one single mouse in the chamber
than in the waveguide.
References
Guy, A.W., and C.K. Chou (1975): System
for quantitative chronic exposure of a
population of rodents to UHF fields, in
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic
Waves, Selected Papers of the USNC/
URSI Annual Meeting, Boulder,
Colorado, October 20-23,1975, Vol. II,
edited by C.C. Johnson and M.L. Shore,
HEW Publ. (FDA) 77-8011, 389-410,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402.
Guy, A.W. (1979): Miniature anechoic
chamber for chronic exposure of small
animals to plane-wave microwave
fields. J. Microwave Power, 14(4):
327-338.
Guy, A.W., Wallace, J., and McDougall,
J.A. (1979): Circularly polarized 2450-
MHz waveguide system for chronic
exposure of small animals to micro-
waves. Radio Sci., 14(6S):63-74.
Part II. Failure to Detect an Effect of
2450 MHz Microwave Irradiation on a Variety of
Immunological and Hematological Parameters
K. E. Hellstrom, I. Hellstrom, C. C. Jones,
H. J. Garrigues, C. K. Chou, and A. W. Guy
Following two reports by Wiktor-
Jedrzejczak et al., (1977a, b) that
microwave irradiation of CBA/J mice
affects their immune system, as assayed
in vitro, CBA/J male mice were sub-
jected to 2450 MHz microwave irradi-
ation using both circular waveguides
and anechoic chambers, giving both
single and multiple exposures at 14 or
28 W/kg. The effects of microwave
irradiation on the immune system were
studied utilizing in vitro assays to detect
possible changes in cell populations of
the spleen. These assays included
complement-receptor assays, plaque
assays, T and B cell assays, and mitogen
assays. No consistent effects of micro-
waves could be detected when irradi-
ated mice were compared with sham-
exposed mice which had been treated in
an identical fashion and no consistent
effects on various hematological param-
eters could be observed either.
Introduction
The increased interest in using micro-
wave irradiation for various purposes
(including microwave ovens, telecom-
munication, and solar power satellite as a
-------
means to transfer energy), has led to
concern whether exposure to microwaves
can have any biological effects.
Wiktor-Jedrzejczak et al., reported
(1977 a, b) that a single exposure of
CBA/J mice to 2450 MHz microwaves
(specific absorption rate of 12 to 15 W/kg
body weight), in an environmentally con-
trolled waveguide facility, induced a
significant increase in the proportion of
complement-receptor positive (CR+)
spleen lymphocytes. This effect was
enhanced by repeated exposure, which,
in addition, produced a significant in-
crease in the number of cells with im-
munoglobulin at the cell membrane.
Similar effects were observed by Sulekef
al. (1980) and found to be highest 6 days
after irradiation. Smialowiczef al. (1978),
on the other hand, failed to induce any
significant immunological effects with an
analogous protocol. However, these
authors used BALB/c mice, which, ac-
cording to Schlagel et al. (1980) are not
sensitive to any microwave effects on CR+
cells, the responsive mice all having the
same genetic makeup at the H-Z locus
which is different from CBA/J, (H-2k) and
BALB/c mice (H-2d).
In this study, attempts were made to
confirm the findings of Wiktor-Jedrzejczak
et al. (1977 a, b), using CBA/J mice, and
employing both circular waveguides and
anechoic chambers for irradiation. As
controls, sham-treated mice were used,
which except for irradiation, were treated
in an identical manner to the mice
exposed to microwaves. Some tests also
included control mice which were of the
same age and sex but housed in our
ordinary animal facility ("cage controls").
The study was unable to confirm the
reported increase in lymphocytes express-
ing complement receptors. Also, there
were no affects on the plaque-forming
response of spleen cells to sheep red
blood cells (SRBC) or dinitrophenol (DNP),
the relative proportions of T and B cells in
the spleen, the response of spleen cells to
mitogens, or various hematological pa-
rameters.
Materials and Methods
Mice
CBA/J males, with an average weight
of 24.8 ± 1 g and an age of 8-12 weeks,
were used for all experiments. The mice
were bought from the Jackson Labora-
tories (Bar Harbor, ME).
Exposure Systems and
Dosimetry
The circular waveguides and miniature
anechoic chamber, as described in Part I,
were used for exposing mice to 2450 MHz
microwaves at an SAR of 14 and 28
W/kg. The mean and standard error of
the rectal temperature of the mice before
and after a 30-minute exposure to 14 or
28 W/kg in both circular waveguides and
anechoic chambers were measured. The
only statistically significant difference (t
test, p <0.01) was found between the
control group and the group exposed for
30 min to 28 W/kg in the circular wave-
guides.
Complement-Receptor Assays
Mice were exposed to microwave radi-
ation that produced an average SAR of 14
W/kg, with separate groups of animals
being exposed either once ("single") or
three times ("multiple"). Another group
of animals were given multiple exposure
at double power or an average SAR of 28
W/kg. Six days following exposure,
spleen cells from control and irradiated
animals were tested to determine if expo-
sure to microwaves affected the number
of complement receptor positive spleen
cells.
Assays of Plaque Forming Cells
Mice were immunized with either DNP
or SRBC, as done by Wiktor-Jedrzejczak
et al. (1977b) and exposed to microwave
radiation (SAR of 14 W/kg) for three
consecutive days. On the sixth day after
immunization, their spleen cells were
tested for production of antibody to DNP
or SRBC, using the Jerne plaque assay.
Tests for Mitogen Response
Mice were either irradiated one time
("single") or on day 0, 3, 6 ("multiple") at
a specific absorption rate of 14 W/kg.
Three, six, and nine days following the
last exposure of mice to irradiation, their
spleens were assayed for responses to
PHA, Con A, LPS, PWM, PPD, poly 1C (PIC)
and dextran sulfate (DS). The response of
irradiated animals was compared to that
of sham-exposed animals and, in some
experiments, entirely untreated and re-
ferred to as "cage controls."
T and B Cell Enumeration
Mice were either irradiated one time
("single") or on day 0, 3, 6 ("multiple") at
a SAR of 14 W/kg. Six days following the
last exposure their spleen cells were
treated with anti-IgG antibody (to detect B
cells) or anti-Thy 1.2 antibody (to detect T
cells in the presence of guinea pig com-
plement); this was to determine the rela-
tive numbers of T and B cells. Data from
six irradiated animals were compared to
that from six sham-exposed animals.
The mean percentage lysis (± SE) for
both exposed and sham-treated groups
was recorded, and the differences be-
tween these means were analyzed by the
Student t test or by analysis of variance
(ANOVA).
Mice were anesthetized with ether and
bled from the retro-orbital cavity. Smears
were prepared for differential counts and
whole blood was diluted in Isoton II
(Coulter Electronic, Inc., Tukwila, WA)
and evaluated on a Model ZBI Coulter
Counter and an S. Coulter Counter
(Coulter Electronic, Inc.) for erythrocyte
count, leukocyte count, hematocrit and
hemoglobin concentration. The means
and standard errors of exposed sham and
control groups were calculated and the
differences among these means were
analyzed by the discriminant analysis.
Results
Mice were exposed to microwaves at
one or repeated occasions with the
exposure being done in either circular
waveguides or anechoic chambers, after
which several immunological parameters
were measured, as presented below
under separate headings for each of the
different parameters. Data from a hema-
tological study are given last.
Assays for Spleen Cells Bearing
Complement Receptors (CR*)
Irradiation in Circular
Waveguides
Mice were exposed to microwave irra-
diation at an average SAR of 14 W/kg.
Separate groups of animals were exposed
to this dose either once or three times.
Another group of animals was given
multiple exposures at an average SAR of
28 W/kg. Six days following exposure,
spleen cells from sham-treated, and irra-
diated animals were tested to determine
if exposure to microwaves had an effect
on the frequency and/or total number of
CR+ spleen cells.
There were no significant differences
in CR* cells in mice exposed once or
repeatedly to 14 W/kg. However, the
group exposed to 28 W/kg, showed a
weak but significant increase (p <0.05) in
the total number of CR+ cells.
A repeat experiment in which mice
were exposed to 28 W/kg also showed a
significant increase (p <0.02) in the total
number of CR+ cells in the irradiated mice
when compared to either sham-exposed
mice or the cage-controls. There was also
a weak but significant increase in the %
CR* cells in irradiated mice when com-
pared to sham-exposed mice.
-------
One more experiment was performed
in which the mice were exposed in a
circular waveguide with 3 treatments
being given at a dose of 14 W/kg. No
differences between sham-treated and
irradiated animals were then seen.
Irradiation in Miniature
Anechoic Chambers
Mice exposed in anechoic chambers
were tested in a way similar to the mice
exposed in the circular waveguides. No
significant differences were observed in
the percentage of CR* cells or in the total
number of CR+ cells between sham-
treated and irradiated groups, independ-
ently of whether the mice were irradiated
once (14 W/kg) or repeatedly (28 W/kg).
Plaque Assays
Three groups exposed in circular wave-
guides were first tested, namely cage
controls, sham-exposed and exposed
mice. Without immunization, there was a
significant difference between the cage
controls and the other groups tested with
more anti-DNP plaques formed by cells
from the cage controls. Also irradiated
animals showed slightly (p <0.05) ele-
vated total PFC/spleen to DNP antigen as
compared to the sham-treated animals.
Exposure to microwaves in the anechoic
system failed to show any significant
differences in the DNP response of irradi-
ated and sham-treated mice. A decreased
response to the T-dependent antigen
SRBC was seen in both sham-treated and
irradiated groups, as compared to "cage
control" mice.
T and B Cell Enumeration
Assays of the numbers of splenic T and
B cells failed to show any significant
differences between animals exposed to
microwaves and the parallel sham-treated
controls. No effects of microwaves were
noted on T and B populations following
either single or multiple exposures in
circular waveguides. Neither were any
effects seen when the mice were exposed,
once or repeatedly, in anechoic chambers.
Response to Mitogens
Animals exposed to a 14 W/kg single
dose of microwaves demonstrated no
significant differences compared to sham-
treated animals in their response to either
T or B cell mitogens. Similar exposure to
multiple doses demonstrated reduced
responses to Con A, in one experiment if
the mice were tested 9 days after expo-
sure.
When mice were exposed in anechoic
chambers to a single dose of microwaves.
an increased response to LPS was seen at
3 days after exposure, and the response
to PWM was increased significantly at 6
days after exposure. At 9 days, the
response to PPD was significantly de-
creased and the response was increased
to PHA. In addition, both exposed and
sham-tested groups demonstrated a de-
creased response (not significant) to LPS
at 6 and 9 days. These results suggest an
initial increase in the response of B cells
followed by a decrease at a time when the
T cell response showed a slight increase.
With multiple exposures, an increased
response to T cells was indicated by
higher counts for Con A at 6 days after the
last exposure or 12 days after the first
exposure. This finding was supported by a
second experiment. In addition, the
second experiment showed increased
response to PWM at 6 days.
Hematological Studies
Circular Waveguides
For single exposure to 14 W/kg, the
blood was tested 3, 6 and 9 days after the
exposure. There was no difference be-
tween sham and exposed groups at p
<0.05 level. When the cage control data
was compared with the 6 days after
sham-exposed data, there was a signifi-
cant difference (p <0.03) on the RBC
count. There were several differences
after 3 and 9 day multiple exposure. Due
to the small sample size (N = 3), these
differences are probably due to biological
variations, since there is no consistent
change on any of the 9 parameters.
When the power was increased to 28
W/kg in the circular waveguide, there
were no differences in WBC, RGB, HGB
and HCT.
Anaechoic Chamber
No consistent significant effects were
seen between the sham and exposed
groups. Although there were differences
in WBC, SEG and lymphocyte counts in
mice exposed to 28 W/kg, the WBC of
exposed mice was well in the normal
range and the normal SEG and lympho-
cytes also varied over a large range. Mice
were also studied which had been im-
munized with PBS, DNP or SRBC and
exposed in circular waveguides at 14
W/kg. The results show differences in
WBC counts when the mice have been
immunized with DNP or SRBC.
Discussion
The study attempted to confirm the
results (Wiktor-Jedrzejczak et al., 1977a;
1977b; Sulek et al., 1980) that micro-
waves can induce immunological effects,
detectable in vitro, most notably an
increase in the numbers of spleen lympho-
cytes expressing receptors for comple-
ment at their surface (CR+ cells). For this
reason, the authors tried to duplicate, to
the best of their abilities, the experimental
set-ups used in the studies reporting an
effect of the radiation, including the use
of mice of the same strain (CBA/J), the
same sex (males), the same relative ages
(8-12 weeks), weight (24.8 ± 1 g), and the
same doses of radiation (14 W/kg and, for
some experiments, 28 W/kg). Mice were
irradiated using either circular wave-
guides or anechoic chambers. Sham-
treated controls, which had been handled
identically to the irradiated animals were
always included; in some experiments
the authors also used "cage controls"
which were mice of the same age and
weights, which had been housed in our
regular animal facility until they were
tested. Care was taken to keep constant
both the temperature and humidity in the
room in which the exposed and the sham-
treated mice were maintained, the values
being 25 ± 1°C and 50 ± 10%, respec-
tively.
No consistent and significant effects of
microwave irradiation were observed.
Most important, the authors were unable
to confirm the reported findings that CR*
spleen cells are more frequent in mice
subjected to microwave irradiation. Al-
though an increase in such cells was
observed in two of our experiments, when
circular waveguides were used for irradi-
ation, it was not consistent, and no
increase was found when mice were
irradiated in anechoic chambers. The only
reproducible effects of radiation observed
were effects on the response to spleen
cells to mitogens, indicating an initial
increase of B cell response followed by a
decrease, at a time when the T cell
response increased (6-9 days). However,
these changes were slight and were seen
only in mice treated in anechoic chambers
(as compared to circular waveguides). In
the experiments of Wiktor-Jedrzejczak et
al. (1977b), weak increases of reactivity
to B cell mitogets (particularly LPS) were
seen in mice exposed once or repeatedly,
using rectangular waveguides. Likewise,
temporary but statistically significant and
reproducible fluctuations in the response
of lymphocytes to mitogens were reported
by Huang and Mold (1980). In the current
study, the authors failed to confirm the
reported decrease in the response of
irradiated mice to SRBC (Wiktor-
Jedrzejczak et al. 1977b).
-------
The reason for the discrepancy between
the current findings on CFT cells and
those reported by Wiktor-Jedrzejczak et
al. (1977a) and by Sulek et al. (1980) is
not clear. It cannot be attributed to differ-
ences in mice, dose of irradiation, or time
points of observation. However, the fact
that the authors of the current study
occasionally saw increases in the number
of CR+cells in mice which were repeatedly
irradiated using circular waveguides
makes them believe that occasional,
slight increases of such cells sometimes
occur (as in Wiktor-Jedrzejczak's experi-
ments). The explanation for these in-
creases, and the failure of irradiation in
anechoic chambers to produce it, remains
unclear.
References
Schlagel, C.J., Sulek, K., Ho, H.S., Leach,
W.M., Ahmed, A., and Woody, J.N.,
(1980): Biomechanisms controlling
susceptibility to microwave-induced
increased in complement receptor-
positive spleen cells. Bioelectromag-
netics, 1:1405.
Similialowicz, R.J., Riddle, M.M., Brugno-
lotti, P.L., Sperrazza, J.M., Kinn, J.B.
(1978): Proceedings of the 1978 IMPJ
Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields
in Biological Systems, Stuchly, S.S.,
(ed.), Ottawa, Canada, 122.
Sulek, K., Schlagel, C.J., Wiktor-
Jedrzejczak, W., Ho, H.S., Leach, W.M.,
Ahmed, A., and Woody, J.N. (1980):
Biologic effects of microwave expo-
sure. I. Threshold conditions for the
induction of the increase in comple-
ment receptor positive (CR*) mouse
spleen cells following exposure to
2450-MHz microwaves. Radiation Re-
search, 83:127.
Wiktor-Jedrzejczak, W., Ahmed, A., Sell,
K.W., Czerski, P., and Leach, W.M.
(1977a): Microwaves induced an in-
crease in the frequency of complement
receptor-bearing lympohid spleen cells
in mice. J. Immunol., 118:1499.
Wiktor-Jedrzejczak, W., Ahmed, A.,
Czerski, P., and Leach, W.M. (1977b):
Immune response of mice of 2450
MHz microwave radiation: Overview
of immunology and empirical studies
of lymphoid splenic cells. Radio Sci.,
12(6S):209.
Huang, A.T.F. and Mold, N.G. (1980):
Immunologic and hematopoetic alter-
ation by 2450-MHz electromagnetic
radiation. Bioelectromagnetics, 1:77.
C. K. Chou and A. W. Guy are with the University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98195; K. E. Hellstrom, I. Hellstrom, C. C. Jones, and H. J. Garrigues are with
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98JO4.
Ralph J. Smialowicz is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
The complete report, entitled "Immunological and Hematological Effects of
Micro wa ve Po wer Transmission from a Satellite Po wer System," /Order No. PB
83-226 480; Cost: $10.00, subject to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Health Effects Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use S300
oooos^v
5 OEAKBGRto
CHICAGO 1L
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1984-759-102/8!
------- |