LAKE MICHIGAN STUDIES
Special Report Number LM1
TRENDS IN WATER QUALITY-SOUTHERN BASIN
April 1963
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Division of ₯ater Supply and Pollution Control
Great Lakes - Illinois River Basins Project
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FOREWORD
Special Report Number LM1 is the first in a new series of
reports to the Justice Department made by the Great Lakes-Illinois
River Basins Project. It deals with long term trends in water
quality in Lake Michigan, with particular reference to the Southern
Basin. Other aspects of water quality of the lake will be incor-
porated into a new series of reports which has been recently
scheduled. Collectively, these reports will present the results of
investigations to date by the Project.
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ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FORBfOPD i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
INTRODUCTION 1
ELEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM 2
The Water Balance of Lake Michigan 2
Waste Loads 3
Rates of Buildup 5
Equilibrium Conditions 5
BUILDUP OF DETRIMENTAL SUBSTANCES 5
Dissolved Solids 5
Chlorides 6
Synthetic Detergent Residue (ABS) 6
Nitrogen and Phosphorus 8
Complex Organic Chemicals 11
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
Tables
1. Waste Loads in 750 cfs of MSD Effluent
2. Buildup of Chemical Factors in the Southern Basin of
Lake Michigan
Figures
1. Location of Diffusor
2. Lake Michigan Basins
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INTRODUCTION
A proposal has been made to return to Lake Michigan, 750
cubic feet per second (cfs) of treated effluent from the treatment
plants of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
(MSD), kO% of the present average total MSD effluent. The effluent
would be introduced through a diffusor into the lake at a point
located approximately six miles offshore, as shown in Figure 1.
The effects on lake water chemical quality of returning sew-
age treatment plant effluent to the lake must be measured in terms
of the concentration of various substances at some future time. If
the mean concentration of a particular substance is higher in the
tributary inflow than in the lake water into which it is discharged,
there will be an increase in the concentration of that substance in
the lake water. Therefore, the questions which must be answered
are these:
1. What substances are present in the MSD plant effluents
which would, in sufficient concentrations, be detri-
mental to the quality of the lake water?
2. What are the maximum permissible or desirable
concentrations of these substances?
3. Is it possible that these critical levels will be
equalled or exceeded if 750 cfs of MSD effluent are
returned to the lake? If so, how long would it take
to reach the critical level? If not, what would be
the maximum (equilibrium) concentration?
The general approach to answering the questions which have
been presented was to find the rate of buildup of each substance,
then to find the equilibrium concentration of this substance and/or
the time to reach critical levels. The answers given herein should
be interpreted in the liff't of the assumptions made. These assump-
tions and limitations will be discussed as each chemical constituent
is considered.
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ELEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM
The Water Balance of Lake, Michigan
At first sight, it would appear that Lake Michigan is similar
to an oversized tub, with a convenient passage at the upper end
which allows ships to ply between Lake Huron and Lake Michigan.
However, the apparent similarity is far from true. There are
currents in the lake which mix the water and transport water from
one part of the lake to another. Even if Lake Michigan had no
outlet, currents would exist because of winds, variations in
temperature and other forces. Moreover, there is a sizeable
average outflow from the lake, partly into Lake Huron through the
Straits of Mackinac, and partly into the Illinois River Basin as a
result of Chicago's water supply withdrawals and diversion at
Chicago. This outflow occurs because the recharge by inflow from
tributary streams plus the precipitation on the surface of Lake
Michigan exceeds the evaporation from the lake surface. Since the
volume of water in the lake is essentially constant over a period
of years, instead of rising as a result of an excess of inflow over
outflow, there must be a nert outward flow from the lake.
At times, there may be reversals of flow, from Lake Huron
into Lake Michigan, but this condition is temporary. Over a year's
time, the net flow is out of Lake Michigan. The average outflow
from the entire lake is about 43*000 cfs. This figure was computed
from: streamflow records of the U. S. Geological Survey, which
cover about 70$ of the tributary land area; precipitation records
of the U. S. Lake Survey; and the U. S. Weather Bureau Evaporation
Maps of the United States, (l) Estimates of the flow from the
ungaged tributary land area were made by comparison with nearby
gaged tributaries.
While the estimated outflow of 43,000 cfs is subject to
errors in the basic data, the errors in streamflow measurement are
less than plus or minus 10/6 and an error of 1 inch in the differ-
ence between annual precipitation and evaporation is equivalent to
an error of 1,650 cfs, less than 1$ of the total outflow. It is
therefore concluded that, for the purposes of this study, this
estimate is sufficiently accurate.
There is a ridge in the bottom of Lake Michigan running in
an east-west direction between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Grand
Haven, Michigan. The location of this ridge is shown in Figure 2
and will be called henceforth the line of separation. This ridge,
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or sill, separates the Lake into two basins, a northern basin and a
southern basin, with a comparatively shallow connecting passage.
Most of the population and industries around Lake Michigan are
concentrated around the southern basin. Besides any mixing which
results from lake currents and diffusion, there is a net flow of
7,700 cfs out of the southern basin. Diversion and water supply
withdrawals at Chicago account for about 3,300 cfs. The remainder,
4,400 cfs, flows across the sill into the northern basin and
ultimately into Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac. These
figures were derived in the same manner as the comparable figures
for the entire lake.
Since there is a net outflow from the southern basin, and in
turn from Lake Michigan, dissolved chemicals are perenially removed
from the southern basin and the entire lake by the outflowing water.
The most conservative approach to studying buildup of chemicals is
to consider only the southern basin. If the average concentration
of a particular chemical would not build up to critical levels in
the southern basin, then it would not become critical for the lake
as a whole. This is because the sources of detrimental substances
are predominantly tributary to the southern basin.
If the calculations indicate that the concentration of a
chemical would reach critical levels in a certain number of years,
this time would be the shortest period of time required. Any
interchange of water between the northern basin and the southern
basin caused by currents, diffusion, or advection would increase
the time required to reach critical levels. It is emphasized at
this point that the foregoing statements assume complete mixing of
the water in the southern basin. It is not necessary that complete
mixing occur every day or even every month, but it is necessary
over a year's duration that there be complete mixing. This assump-
tion will be discussed more thoroughly as each chemical in turn is
considered. Throughout the remainder of this report, only the
southern basin will be considered.
In localized areas of the southern basin, concentrations of
particular chemicals may be higher than those indicated by the
succeeding computations. An evaluation of these localized effects
is not presented herein; particular local effects will be con-
sidered in subsequent reports.
Waste Loads
Substances Considered
The answer to question No. 1: which substances are likely
to be detrimental to lake water quality, is perhaps open to some
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4
debate, but the principal substances seem to be dissolved solids,
chlorides, synthetic detergent residue (ABS), the nutrients,
nitrogen and phosphorus, and complex organic chemicals as measured
by carbon chloroform extracts (CCE).
Wastes Added
At present, all of the substances under consideration are
being discharged into the southern basin of Lake Michigan. Natural
runoff from rural land is the oldest source of waste loads. Domes-
tic wastes constitute a large source of detrimental substances.
The population in the area tributary to the southern basin is
approximately 2,300,000 (exclusive of Chicago), and the BOD popula-
tion equivalent is 790,000. The third major source of additives to
the lake is industrial waste.
Under the hypothesis that 750 cfs of MSD effluent would be
returned to the lake, this effluent would be the fourth major source
of detrimental substances.
The quantities of each substance considered which would be
present in the 750 cfs of MSD effluent are shown in Table 1. These
quantities are the average loads based on data in Chapter VIII,
''Water Quality Conditions, report on the Illinois River System,
January, 1963.
The contributions of each substance from domestic waste
sources other than MSD were computed by ratio to the loads of the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. The amounts of
dissolved solids, chlorides, nitrogen, and phosphorus were found
by the BOD population-equivalent ratio. Synthetic detergent
residue (ABS), is almost entirely a function of population. There-
fore, the contribution of ABS was found by the population ratio.
The contribution of complex organic chemicals (CCE) is not
directly related to either population or population equivalent.
Therefore, the total amount of CCE which could be accommodated
ivithout exceeding the acceptable critical level of concentration
was c omputed.
Wastes Removed
As mentioned in the discussion of the water balance, a
certain quantity of each substance is carried out of the southern
basin each year with the outflow. This rate of loss is equal to
the amount of water which flows out multiplied by the concentration
of each substance at the time of outflow.
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Rates of Buildup
Buildup in concentration within the basin does not take place
at a constant rate. The rate of buildup equals the rate of input
minus the rate of removal. The contribution of waste loads from two
principal sources, natural runoff and 750 cfs of MSD effluent, will
remain substantially the same in the future - assuming of course, no
major changes in the concentrations of the various substances in the
effluent. There will be increases in waste loads from other domestic
and industrial sources in the areas tributary to the southern basin
as growth occurs. The rate of removal of a substance is continually
increasing as its concentration in the lake water increases. Thus
the difference between rate of input and rate of removal is con-
tinually decreasing. Therefore the concentrations of detrimental
substances would increase most rapidly at the time when MSD effluent
was first introduced into the lake. As the concentration in the lake
water approaches the mean concentration of the total inflow to the
lake5 the rate of buildup would approach zero.
Equilibrium. Conditions
For a constant rate of input, an equilibrium or steady-state
condition is approached as the rate of removal approaches equality
with the rate of input. Thus, equilibrium marks the limit beyond
which the average concentration in the basin will not build up.
The magnitude of this steady-state concentration for a given sub-
stance is equal to the total annual input of the substance divided
by the net annual volume of water outflow.
BUILDUP OF DETRIMENTAL SUBSTANCES
Dissolved Solids
The present concentration of dissolved solids in Lake
Michigan is about 155 mg/1. Over the past one hundred years, there
has been a continual buildup in the concentration of dissolved
solids in Lake Michigan. The chemical analyses were made at differ-
ent places by different people. Most of the analyses were of
samples taken near the shores. There is some scatter of points which
is at least partly caused by these factors. Despite this scatter,
the upward trend is unmistakable and a linear approximation of the
trend indicates that its magnitude is about 0.29 mg/1 per year (2).
This is of course due to the present discharge of dissolved solids
from natural runoff, domestic sewage and industrial wastes. If the
rate of input is found by adding the rate of removal to the rate of
buildup, it is found that the weighted mean concentration of dis-
solved solids from all sources is 208 mg/1. By estimating the quan-
tity of dissolved solids from sources other than natural runoff on
the basis
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of ratio of discharged BOD population-equivalent to the MSD dis-
charged BOD population-equivalent, it is found that 5-45 x ICH^-
mg/yr (600,000 tons/yr) are discharged from sources other than
natural runoff. The average concentration of dissolved solids in
natural runoff is then computed to be 175 nig/1.
Considering all sources of dissolved solids, including 750 cfs
of MSD effluent, the equilibrium concentration would be 265 mg/1.
The USPHS Drinking Water Standards (3) set an upper limit of
500 mg/1 for total dissolved solids. This is the critical level
which is used as a basis for comparison with the equilibrium con-
centration of 285 mg/1. Since the equilibrium concentration is
below the critical level, it is concluded that this concentration of
dissolved solids is within permissible limits of quality.
Chlorides
The present concentration of chlorides in Lake Michigan is
about 8 mg/1. The annual rate of buildup is about 0.04 mg/1 (2).
The present discharge of chlorides into the southern basin was found
by adding the rate of removal to the rate of buildup. The amount of
input from all sources is about 9-3 x 1012 mg/yr (103,000 tons/yr).
This is an average concentration of 14 mg/1 in the tributary
inflow.
The addition of the MSD contribution to all present sources
would result in an equilibrium concentration of about 15 nig/1, only
slightly greater than the equilibrium concentration without an MSD
contribution. It is noted that the assumption of complete mixing
is especially applicable to chlorides.
The USPHS Drinking Water Standards set an upper permissible
limit of 250 mg/1 for chlorides. It will be seen that the estimated
maximum buildup of 15 mg/1 is well within this limit. It is pointed
out, however, that some industrial processes require water having a
much lower chloride content. Furthermore, the PHS standard is
nationwide and was set with due consideration for the practicability
of obtaining high-quality water in some areas; the spread between
expected and tolerable values should not be regarded as an unre-
strained license to pollute on the part of any waste producer.
Synthetic Detergent Residue (ABS)
Synthetic detergents have been in use for only a short time.
There are no measurements of buildup of the residue, ABS, in the
lake water. The quantities of ABS discharged into the southern
basin are considered to be entirely a function of the population
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7
which is tributary to the southern basin. ABS is not significantly
modified in the sewage treatment process.
The equilibrium concentration considering all sources tribu-
tary to the southern basin plus the MSD contribution is 0.585 mg/1.
The equilibrium concentrations considering all sources except an
MSD contribution is 0.32 mg/1.
The USFHS Drinking Water Standards recommend an upper limit
of 0.5 Mg/1 for ABS concentration. This will be accepted as the
critical level for ABS concentration in the lake water.
Comparison of the equilibrium concentrations with the
critical level shows that the MSD contribution in addition to the
contribution from all other sources would cause the critical level
to be exceeded, whereas without the MSD contribution, the critical
level would not be reached. A further computation shows that the
critical level of 0.5 mg/1 would be reached in 350 years at present
rates of ABS contribution from all sources including MSD.
These computations must be viewed with some qualifications.
The assumption of continuing present rates of ABS contribution may
be in error in either direction. If detergent products which can
be readily broken down by sewage treatment processes become more
generally used, or if treatment processes which will economically
reduce the amount of ABS in domestic sewage are developed and
generally used, the assumption of present contribution rates errs
on the high side. If neither new detergent products nor effective
treatment processes come into use, the population increase would be
expected to bring about an increase in ABS contribution, and the
assumption of present contribution rates would err on the low side.
A further important qualifying factor is the fact that ABS does
undergo some slow-rate deterioration, even though the computations
assumed none.
The small difference between the equilibrium concentration
considering all sources and the critical level; the remoteness in
time of reaching the critical level; the possibility of technological
advancement; and the fact that deterioration occurs; all lead to
the conclusion that ABS would not consititute a critical water
quality problem in the southern basin if there were a return of
MSD effluent to Lake Michigan.
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Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients required by chlorophyll-
bearing plants. Although other elements are required in measurable
amounts, and certain minerals are required in trace amounts, nitrogen
and phosphorus are the more important nutrients that limit planktonic
algae growth. Phosphorus is not abundant in natural waters until
those waters have received many years of soil runoff and domestic
and industrial waste discharges. The levels of nitrogen and phos-
phorus in a natural lake depend on: the age of the lake; the fertil-
ity and types of soils in its drainage basin, and consequent transport
of nutrients to the lake; the volume of water in the lake; the outflow
of water from the lake; the amount lost by bottom deposition; and,
after human habitation in the drainage basin, the amounts contributed
by domestic sewage and industrial wastes.
In the early years of a lake only enough nutritive material
is supplied to support sparse populations of planktonic algae. These
scattered algae afford scant food for the minute animals that feed on
them,, and each element of the remainder of the food chain is accord-
ingly limited in population growth. The lake is considered
biologically unproductive at this early stage.
As nutrients from the land inexorably move into the water, a
gradual increase in nutrient concentration is manifested in an
increasingly more fertile and biologically productive lake. Lake
nutrients from human populations increase at rates proportional to
the human population growth. For all practical considerations, the
nutrients in the lake do not return to the land mass. Except for
those amounts transported by water movement to the sea, and except
for that portion lost as insoluble compounds and buried by each year's
deposition of dead organisms or inert silt, the nutrients remaining
and those being added produce progressively larger standing crops of
aquatic plants and animals.
At some stage in the life history of the lake, nutrient con-
centrations reach a level where the addition of more nutrients
produces "blooms" of algae and the water becomes murky. In the
beginning the blooms are not particularly dense, but the transparency
of the water is reduced and the rooted aquatic weeds are inhibited
by diminished light. Dense blooms follow and the algal population
changes to the blue-green types that cause noisome odors, and appear
as unsightly scums on the surface and windrows on the beaches. Some
of these blue-green algae have been implicated in swimmer's itch,
eye and ear infections, and deaths of livestock. (4)
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The events preceding the dense algae blooms also include
subtle changes in the fish populations from the trout and vrhitefish
varieties to the coarser carp and catfish populations. Dissolved
oxygen during periods of high algae production levels is reduced in
the hypoliminion, and after further aging of lake, becomes depleted.
The uaes of the water so described became seriously limited and the
appearance and odors so unsightly as to cause property values to
diminish greatly.
Further manifestations of lake fertilization could be made,
but at the present time these conditions do not generally occur in
Lake Michigan. It is more important to evaluate the present nutrient
concentrations in Lake Michigan, and, from these data and from the
classical examples of induced eutrophication throughout the world, to
infer the probable effects of additional nutrient input from MSB
effluent, on the biological productivity of the lake. (Eutrophication
is the process of becoming rich in dissolved nutrients and consequent
increased biological productivity.)
The concentrations at which nitrogen and phosphorus become
critical are generally accepted as 0.3 mg/1 and 0.01 mg/1, respective-
ly, all other conditions being favorable for the growth of algae.
Other investigators report different concentrations for certain
species or groups of algae. Many of these data are for laboratory
situations and none of them is in great disagreement with the figures
suggested by Sawyer (5). Therefore, the 0.3 mg/1 and 0.01 mg/1
values for N and P, respectively, are accepted as critical levels that
should not be exceeded in Lake Michigan.
Three sets of computations were made for the nutrients:
considering MSB effluent as the sole nutrient source; considering
other sources alone; and considering MSB effluent plus other sources.
Considering MSB effluent as the only contribution to the lake
and disregarding the present concentrations of nutrients, the
equilibrium concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are 0.99 nig/1
and 0.12 mg/1, respectively. The times required to build up to
critical levels are 62 years and 15 years, respectively.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are supplied from soil runoff,
domestic sewage, and certain industrial wastes. The contributions
from rural runoff vary widely from one agricultural area to another;
and the concentrations of these nutrients fluctuate with the weather
and farming operations. Concentrations of phosphate phosphorus have
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10
ranged from 0.1 rog/1 to O.k mg/1 in a typical Illinois farming
region and from 0.00 rag/1 to 0.023 mg/1 in forested drainage basins (6,7)'
However, the overall rural contribution from tributary streams is
indeterminate and was therefore disregarded in the computations.
The quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus contributed by municipal
and industrial sources other than the MSB effluent were estimated
by the ratio of the discharged BOD population-equivalent of other
sources to that of MSD.
The equilibrium concentrations resulting from present sources
of nitrogen and phosphorus alone are 2.5 mg/1 and 0.31 ^g/lj respec-
tively. The times required to build up to critical levels are 2k
years and 5.2 years, respectively.
Considering present sources plus the MSD contribution, the
equilibrium concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are 3-8
and 0.^7 fflg/1, respectively. The times required to build up to
critical levels are 15 years and 3-7 years, respectively.
It appears from the foregoing that Lake Michigan should
already have concentrations in excess of the critical levels,
since there has been a large contribution of nutrients for many
years. Further, the contributions of nutrients from rural runoff
have not been included in the computations.
The question must be asked: "Does the mathematical model
aPPly "to the nutrients?" There is substantial evidence that a
considerable fraction of the nutrients is lost permanently to the
bottom sediments (8). Sylvester (7) repoerts that "55$ of the
phosphorus was lost to the sediment (permanently) through deposition
of algae and particulate matter, and through the thousands of fish
taken from the lake by fishermen." These statements were made about
Green Lake in the City of Seattle, Washington. It is assumed that
similar processes take place, to a greater or lesser degree, in
lake Michigan, thereby slowing the buildup of nutrients, and possibly
explaining why manifestations of critical levels have not been
common. Furthermore, preliminary data from the 1962 biological
studies made by the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project staff
indicate that there is a plankton buildup on all shoreline areas.
At the same time, there is a noticeable paucity of plankton in the
center of the lake. Therefore, the assumption of complete mixing is not
strictly applicable for these two reasons: nutrients are not
completely retained in the water mass and the distribution in the
water mass is not uniform.
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However, critical levels of phosphorus and nitrogen may
have been approached already in Lake Michigan. Preliminary results
from GLIKBP investigations in 1962 indicate levels for phosphorus
from 0.00 up to in excess of 0.01 mg/1 in certain lake areas. Data
from the Indiana Water Quality Reports for Michigan City show an
average for I960 and 1961 of 0.3 mg/1 of nitrate nitrogen and a
range of 0.0 to 2.k mg/1 (9).
It is therefore concluded that nitrogen and phosphorus are
accumulating at rates which indicate that Lake Michigan is not many
years away from nutrient levels that can promote widespread nuisance
conditions. These conditions can be reached near shore even if the
overall lake concentrations of nutrients are less than critical
levels. The possibility of organic overenrichment of Lake Michigan
is one of the greatest imminent dangers in returning MSD effluent
to the lake. It is apparent that if any of the substances considered
in this report are going to reach critical levels, the nutrients will
be those substances.
Complex Organic Chemicals
The complex organic chemicals which are measured and known
as the carbon chloroform extracts (CCE), are not significantly
degraded in ordinary sewage treatment processes. Industrial waste
discharges are the principal contributors of these chemicals.
Because the quantities of these chemicals bear no direct relation
to either population or BOD population equivalent, measurement of
the actual quantities discharged is necessary to estimate the total
contribution. Pending such measurements, the quantity of CCE which
would be required to produce an equilibrium concentration equal to
the critical level has been computed.
t&iowledge of the effects of CCE is meager, particularly
regarding the long term chronic effects. Taste and odor problems
as well as interference in water treatment are effects which have
already been noticed. A level of 0.2 mg/1 has been recommended as
the upper limit for this factor of water quality and is accepted
herein as the critical concentration level.
Past data concerning CCE levels are non-existent, except for
the work recently undertaken by the National Water Quality Wetwork.
This source reveals that the average CCE at Milwaukee has been 0.032
mg/1 during the total period of record October, 1960 through August
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1962 and 0.036 mg/1 at Gary, Indiana for the total period of
record October, 1958 through August, 1962. National Water Quality
Network data are available from Peoria, downstream from the dis-
charges of the MSB plants. For the published sampling periods,
February through December, 19&1, the average concentration was
0.118 mg/1 and the average flow was 14800 cfs. Deducting the
amount of CCE contained in the water which comes out of Lake
Michigan and goes into the Illinois Eiver, assuming that Lake
Michigan water has a concentration of 0.035 mg/1, the Chicago area
contribution amounts to k.k tons/day or li.56 x 10" mg/year.
This would result in a load of 5-75 X 10 ^ mg/year discharged into
Lake Michigan if 750 cfs were returned to the lake. The equilibrium
concentration considering only this source would be about 0.084 mg/1.
From all sources, 2.4 times this amount would be required before
the equilibrium concentration would reach the critical level of
0.2 mg/1. It is not deemed desirable, in view of the limited
knowledge, to consider that there is any deterioration of CCE.
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The long-term increase in concentration of substances which
are potentially detrimental to the water quality of Lake Michigan,
and more specifically the southern basin of Lake Michigan, has been
considered. The effects of flovr of water out of Lake Michigan have
been included as well as the effects of contributions of waste loads
from sources which are now tributary to the southern basin. Table 2
summarizes the computations of chemical buildup. The principal
question answered in this report is the effect of discharging 750 cfs
of treated effluent from the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago.
It is concluded that the additional increase in the concentra-
tion of dissolved solids, chlorides, and synthetic detergent residue
(ABS) brought about by the discharge of 750 cfs of MSD effluent into
Lake Michigan would not cause the ultimate concentrations to reach
critical levels.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are accumulating at rates which in-
dicate that Lake Michigan is not many years away from nutrient levels
that can promote widespread nuisance conditions. These conditions
can be reached near shore even though the lake-wide average con-
centrations are less than critical levels. The possibility of
organic overenrichment of Lake Michigan is one of the greatest
imminent dangers in returning MSD offluent to the lake. It is
apparent that if any of the substances considered in this report are
going to reach critical levels, the nutrients will be those sub-
stances.
The complex organic chemicals, known as carbon chloroform
extract, could reach critical concentrations in the lake water if at
least 1.4 times the MSD contribution were introduced into the lake
in addition to the MSD contribution.
It is appropriate at this point to note a significant differ-
ence between the use of a flowing stream and Lake Michigan as the
receiver of waste residues. If wastes of unknown effect are dis-
charged to a flowing stream, and corrective action resulting from
better knowledge is subsequently taken, the stream will restore
itself by flushing action in a short time. Conversely, when a
large reservoiror, be it noted, an underground aquifer becomes
permeated throughout by a pollutant, it may require many years for
restoration, even after the source of pollution is removed. For
this reason, first preference should be given to the use of a flow-
ing stream to assimilate and transport waste products, whenever a
choice is possible.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Kohler, M. A., Nordenson, T. J., and Baker, D. R. Evaporation
Maps for the United,States, Technical Paper No. 37, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1959.
2. Ayers, John, Great Lakes Research Institute, Chemical History
Chicago Area of Lake Michigan, Private Communication, May 24, 1961.
3. 26 Federal Register, 6737, July 27, 1961, Amendments Federal
Document 62-2191, March 6, 1962.
4. Ingram, W. M., and Prescott, G. ₯. Toxic Freshwater Algae,
American Midland Naturalist 52, pp. 75-87, 1954.
5. Sawyer, C. N., Fertilization of Lakes by Agricultural and
Urban Drainage, Jour. New England Water Works Assoc., 6l,
109-127.D-947)
6. Engelbrecht, R. S., and Morgan, J. J., Land Drainage as a Source
of Phosphorus in Illinois Surface Waters, Transactions of the
I960 Seminar on Algae and Metropolitan Wastes, April 27-29, I960,
U. S. Dept. of HEW, PHS, Cincinnati, 1961.
7. Sylvester, R. 0., Nutrient Content_of Drainage Water from
Forested, Urban and Agricultural Areas, Transactions of the
I960 Seminar on Algae and Metropolitan Wastes, April 27-29,
I960, U. S. Dept. of HEW, PHS, Cincinnati, 1961.
8. Welch, Paul S., Limnology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952, pp. 109-110.
9. Indiana Water Quality, I960 and 1961 Monitor Station Records -
Rivers and streams, Indiana State Board of Health and Stream
Pollution Control Board.
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Table 1 - Waste Loads in 750 cfs of MSD Effluent
Substance
Dissolved Solids (net)
Chlorides (net)
ABS
Mitrogan (as N)
Phosphorus (as P)
Carbon Chloroform Extract
Annual Waste Load
Tons Milligrams
489,000
6,610
1,900
7,460
918
4.44 x
6.0 x 1012
1.72 x 1012
6.77 x 1012
11
1,600
8.32 x 10
5.75 x 10
11
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