Report on Water Pollution
in the
T/
JvJ
SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN AREA
Immed iate
Pollution Control Needs
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION
MARCH 1967
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REPORT ON WATER POLLUTION
in the
LAKE ERIE BASIN
SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN AREA
IMMEDIATE POLLUTION CONTROL NEEDS
. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
Grosse He, Michigan
March 1967
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 2
Purpose
Scope
Authority
II. Summary of Immediate Pollution Control Needs 4
Municipal Waste Treatment
Industrial Waste Treatment
Flow Regulation
Other Pollution Control Practices
Institutional Practices
Research
III. Immediate Control Needs 11
Industrial Waste
Municipal Waste
Combined Sewers
IV. Costs 13
V. Recent Progress in Pollution Control 18
A. Detroit River-Lake Erie Project 18
B. Conference on Lake Erie and its Tributaries 24
C. Michigan Department of Public Health - Macomb County 25
D. Pollution Control Program for the Detroit Regional
Watershed 25
E. Other Action Taken by Michigan Water Resources
Commission in Pollution Abatement 27
VI. Background 29
A. Basin Characteristics 29
B. Water Quality 36
Water Uses 42
Institutional Organizations For Water Pollution
Control in Michigan 59
Bibliography 62, 63
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. General Location - Southeastern Michigan - Lake Erie Basin ..... 1
2. St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair - Waste Sources and
Sampling Stations 49
3. Clinton River Basin - Municipal and Industrial Waste Outfalls .. 50
4. Detroit River - Sampling Ranges «.'.. 51
5. Detroit River - Industrial Waste Outfalls 52
6. Detroit River - Municipal Waste Outfalls 53
7. Huron River Basin - Waste Sources 54
8. Raisin River Basin - Waste Sources 55
9. Michigan Waters of Lake Erie 56
10. Southeastern Michigan Tributaries to Lake Erie 57
11. Michigan Tributaries to the Detroit River 58
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FIGURE I
Southeast Michigan Drainage Basin
Interstate Wafers
LAKE SUPERIOR
ST. H**YS
HIVtK
SCALE IN MILES
LAKE HURON PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN
LAKE ERIE BASIN
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION OROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
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I. INTRODUCTION
Purpose;
The purpose of this report is to define present water quality in
the Southeastern Michigan Drainage Basin, including St. Glair River,
Lake St. Glair, Detroit River, and the Michigan part of Lake Erie.
Known sources of pollution and remedial measures of immediate impor-
tance are listed.
Scope;
The water quality control needs and costs are taken from field
investigations by the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project, Lake Huron
Program Office of the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project, as
well as from information obtained from the Michigan Water Resources
Commission, Michigan Department of Public Health, and other sources.
The "Guidelines for Establishing Water Quality Standards for
Interstate Waters" considers international waters as subject to inter-
state standards. The Detroit and St. Glair Rivers, Lakes St. Glair
and Erie, fall within this definition. Those waste sources known to
contribute to the interstate waters directly or through tributaries,
thereto, are shewn on Figures 2 through 9 .
Canadian waste sources are not included in this report.
Authority;
The study of the Lake Erie Basin is a part of the Great Lakes-
Illinois River Basins Project, a comprehensive water pollution study
authorized by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 as
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amended (33 USC 466 et seq) Sec. 3a and 5£. The area also is under
the jurisdiction of the Lake Erie Enforcement Conference (August 3-5,
1965) and Detroit River-Lake Erie Enforcement Conference (March 27 and
28, 1962), under provisions of Sec. 10 Federal Water Pollution Control
Act (33 USC 466 et Seq).
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II. Summary of Immediate Pollution Control Needs
The following table is a summary of immediate pollution control needs.
The basis for these needs are documented elsewhere in this report. The
priority is that assigned by this office after review of available infor-
mation from various sources.
The priorities are as follows:
1. Area immediately affected is interstate waters.
2. Intrastate waters - major problem.
3. Intrastate waters - minor problem.
4. Intrastate waters - small community.
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT
(by basin)
Location Needs
ST. GLAIR RIVER BASIN
St. Clair River
Port Huron
Marysville
St. Clair
Marine City
Cottrelville T.
Kimball T.
St. Clair T.
Clay T.
Algonac
East China T.
Black River
Deckerville
Yale
Fort Gratiot T.
Peck
Pine River
Emmett
Belle River
Imlay City
Expand to secondary
Expand to secondary
Expand to secondary
Expand to secondary
Collection system & secondary
Collection system & secondary
Expand to secondary
Collection system & secondary
Collection system & secondary
Expand to secondary
Collection system & lagoon
Lagoon modifications
Collection system & secondary
Collection system & lagoon
Collection system & lagoon
Improve collection system
Priority
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
3
2
4
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MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT (cont.)
Location
LAKE ST. GLAIR BASIN
Clinton River
Clinton T.
Mt. Clemens
Sterling T.
Utica
Warren
Pontiac
Rochester
Oxford Village
Harrison T.
Eraser
Shelby T.(part)
Leonard
Washington
Needs
Connect to
Connect to
Connect to
Connect to
Connect to
Connect to
Connect to
Collection
Connect to
Connect to
Connect to
Collection
Collection
Detroit Metro
Detroit Metro
Detroit Metro
Detroit Metro
Detroit Metro
Detroit Metro
Detroit Metro
system & secondary
Detroit Metro
Detroit Metro
Detroit Metro
system & lagoon
system & secondary
Priority
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
4
3
LAKE ERIE BASIN
Lake Erie (minor tributaries)
Maybee
Bedford T.
Erie T.
Collection system & lagoon
Collection system & lagoon
Collection system & lagoon
4
2
1
Huron River
Ann Arbor T,
Ypsilanti T.
Pittsfield T.
Superior T.
Dexter
Pinckney
South Lyon
South Rockwood
Stockbridge'
Wixom
Flat Rock
Rockwood
Connect to Ann Arbor Metro 2
Connect to Ann Arbor Metro 2
Connect to Ann Arbor Metro 2
Connect to Ann Arbor Metro 2
Expand to secondary 2
Collection system & lagoon 4
Collection system & secondary 2
Collection system & lagoon 1
Collection system & lagoon 3
Collection system & secondary 2
Improve collection system; secondary 1
Improve collection system; secondary 1
Ann Arbor Metro Collection system & expand secondary
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MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT (cont.)
Location Needs
.LAKE ERIE BASIN (cont.)
Raisin River
Blissfield
Britton
Brooklyn
Cement City
Clayton
Clinton
Deerfield
Dundee
Madison T.
Ash T.
Ousted
Palmyra T.
Petersburg
Tecumseh
Priority
Monroe Metro
Expand to secondary
Collection system & lagoon
Collection system & lagoon
Collection system & lagoon
Collection system & lagoon
Expand to secondary
Collection system & lagoon
Expand to secondary
Collection system & secondary
Connect to Monroe Metro
Collection system & lagoon
Collection system & secondary
Collection system & lagoon
Expand collection system & treatment
Expand to secondary & increase collection I
2
4
3
4
4
2
3
2
2
1
4
2
3
3
Some communities in the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project Enforcement
area are bound by the stipulations set forth by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission in 1966.
The communities involved and their immediate treatment needs are
listed below:
Location
Detroit Metro**
Grosse lie
Riverview
Wayne County System*
Wyandotte
Trenton
Trenton
Estral Beach
Berlin T.
Luna Pier
Frenchtown T.
Monroe T.
Needs Priority
Expand collection; secondary (to 1
serve 18 additional communities
by 1970)
Improve collection} secondary 1
Expand to secondary 1
Expand to secondary 1
Expand to secondary 1
Expand to secondary 1
Collection system & secondary 1
Collection system ft secondary 1
Collection system & secondary 1
Connect to Monroe Metro 1
Connect to Monroe Metro 1
* Wayne County System also serves Rockwood and Flat Rock.
** For list of communities in Detroit Metro service area, see next page.
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The Detroit Metro System now serves 2,890,000 people living in the
53 communities listed belowJ
Macomb County
Centerline
East Detroit
Roseville
St. Clair Shores
Warren (small part)
Oakland County
Berkley
Beverly Hills
Birmingham
Bloomfield Hills
Bloomfield T. (part)
Clawson
Farmington
Farmington T. (part)
Ferndale
Hazel Park
Huntington Woods
Keego Harbor
Lathrup Village
Madison Heights
Northville
Oak Park
Pleasant Ridge
Pontiac T. (part)
Royal Oak
Royal Oak T.
Southfield
Sylvan Lake
Troy (part)
West Bloomfield)
By 1970, the Detroit Water Service plans to serve 3,490,000 people
by expanding its present service area to include the following communi-
ties and provide secondary treatment and maximum phosphate removal:
Macomb County
Wayne County
Allen Park
Canton T.
Dearborn
Dearborn Heights
Detroit
Garden City
Grosse Pointe
Grosse Pointe Farms
Grosse Pointe Park
Grosse Pointe Shores
Grosse Pointe Woods
Hamtramck
Harper Woods
Highland Park
Inkster
Livonia
Melvindale
Northville T.
Plymouth
Plymouth T.
Redford T.
Romulus T.
Wayne
Westland (part)
Clinton T.
Fraser
Harrison
Mt. Clemens
Shelby T.
Sterling T.
Oakland County
Avon T. Novi
Bingham Farms Orchard Lake
Franklin Orion T.
Independence T. Quakertown
Lake Angelus Waterford T.
Lake Orion wood Creek Farms
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT
(by IMS in)
ST. CLAIR RIVER BASIN
Industry Location
Black River
Michigan Milk Producers Assn. Peck
Port Huron Paper Co. Port Huron
Belle Riyer
Michigan Milk Producers Asan. Imlay City
Vlasic Food Products Co. Imlay City
Needs
Establish treatment needs
Establish adequacy of
treatment
Establish adequacy of
treatment (irrigation)
Establish adequacy of
treatment (holding ponds)
LAKE ST. CLAIR BASIN
Clinton River
Briggs Manufacturing Co.
Chrysler Corp.
Michigan Missile Plant
Ford Motor Co.
Chassis Parts
Sterling T.
Sterling T.
Sterling T.
Thompson, Ramo, Woodbridge, Inc.
Thompson Products, Mich. Dir. Sterling T.
LAKE ERIE BASIN
Huron River
General Motors Corp.
Fisher Body Div.
Huron Valley Steel Corp.
Longworth Plating Co.
Peninsular Paper Co.
Willow Run
Belleville
Chelsea
Ypsilanti
Establish adequacy of
treatment (lagoon)
Establish adequacy of
treatment (lagoons)
Establish adequacy of
treatment for oil and
sanitary wastes
Improve reliability of
treatment of oil wastes
Establish adequacy of
treatment of sanitary wastes
Establish adequacy of
treatment (coagulation
& lagoon)
Improve treatment (solids
in wastewater)
Establish adequacy of treatment
Improve treatment
8
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT (cont.)
(by basin)
LAKE ERIE BASIN (cont.)
Industry Location Needs
River Raisin
Buckeye Products Corp. Adrian Establish adequacy of treatment
Dundee Cement Co. Dundee Improve treatment reliability
Simplex Paper Corp. Palmyra Establish adequacy of treatment
Industries In the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project Enforcement area are
covered by stipulations set forth by the Michigan Water Resources Commission
in 1966. These industries Are listed in Section V, Recent Progress in Pollution
Control.
Floy Regulation
Consideration should be given to flow augmentation in the Clinton River
above Pont lac and the Huron River above Ann Arbor for quality control.
Other Pollution Control Practices
Provision should be made for onshore disposal of vessel wastes at major
lake ports. Provision for control of waste disposal from all classes of
vessels including pleasure craft should be instituted.
Institutional Practices
State of Michigan should adopt standards for both inter- and intrastate
streams as currently scheduled by the Water Resources Commission.
The area system of waste collection and disposal should be investigated
on a broader basis especially in the Clinton River Basin and Downriver communities.
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Provision for a larger staff in the Michigan Water Resources
Commission to update stream, survey reports and to survey those industrial
waste sources not presently classified as adequate.
Provision for more testing of waste treatment plant effluents,
especially for nutrient concentrations and nitrogeneous oxygen-demanding
material.
Research
Research and pilot plant studies to determine more effective means
of reducing nutrients, especially phosphates from various sized treatment
plants.
Research by educational or other groups to determine more effective
means of reducing all oxygen-demanding wastes, especially the nitrogeneous
stage.
Study of the effect algal growth (secondary BOO) caused by nutrients
to assess more completely the effect on a stream of a highly treated organic
waste.
Research by industry groups and others towards the use of other than
phosphate compounds as binders in synthetic detergents.
10
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III. IMMEDIATE CONTROL NEEDS
The Southeastern Michigan area of the Lake Erie Basin has a Michigan
drainage area of 4093 square miles and a shoreline of 150 miles. It includes
all or part of 15 counties in Michigan and part of 2 counties in Ohio. In
1960, over 3.5 Million people lived in the area.
Industrial Waste
More than 80 individual industries discharge in excess of one billion
gallons of wastewater each day. These effluents contain suspended solids,
dissolved solids, oils, grease, cyanide, toxic metals, acids, alkalies,
bacteria, phenols, oxygen-demanding wastes, nutrients, and heat. Some efflu-
ents contain no significant concentration of contaminants, while some are
grossly polluted with waste material.
The following is a summary of the adequacy of these treatment facilities
rated by the Michigan Water Resources Commission:
Adequate treatment - 42
Inadequate treatment - 22
Unreliable treatment - 9
Adequacy not established - 18
Need not established - 1
A number of Industries include more than one type of discharge with
different ratings for the separate discharges. The majority of the indus-
tries with inadequate treatment in the conference area are currently under
stipulations for improvements in treatment.
Municipal Wastes
The municipalities within the basin provide for waste treatment at 44
plants, of which 19 provide primary treatment, 30 provide secondary treatment,
11
-------
and five are sewage lagoons. Twenty-five communities or areas not currently
providing adequate collection and treatment are under orders to discharge
their wastes to adequate treatment facilities. Many of the communities in
the basin currently provide treatment for their wastes at plants not in the
community. Both the Detroit system and the Wayne County system serve many
communities. Industrial wastes for many industries are presently treated
with the municipal wastes.
The municipal waste treatment plants discharge over 650 million gallons
per day, with the Detroit plant alone discharging 550 MGD to the Detroit
River.
Combined Sewers
The majority of the people in the basin live in communities that have
all or part of their sewage collection system as combined storm-sanitary
sewers. This is especially true of the older, more urban sections of these
communities. Stormwater overflows are estimated to discharge 2% of the yearly
total raw sewage contributed to the Detroit sewage treatment plant directly
to the Detroit River. This overflow, although a small proportion of the
flow, constitutes a «uch higher proportion of suspended organic material,
and an extremely high proportion of the total bacterial load discharged to
the river.
In some suburban areas .with separate sewer systems, the illegal practice
of connecting roof, patio, or driveway drains to the sanitary sewer, results
in an overload and subsequent non-effective treatment during storm periods,
with an effect similar to stormwater overflow en the receiving stream.
12
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IV. Costs
The following tables of immediate needs costs for pollution control
are based on actual construction experience in the Michigan area. Cost
figures do not include industrial treatment needs, except when the indus-
trial wastes will be treated by a municipal plant. Secondary treatment
may be assumed for all sources, except those where a sewage lagoon is
adequate and more economically feasible. In addition to the cost for
treatment, the cost for sewers is also tabulated. In certain areas
adequate sewers exist; in other areas, all sewers are necessary; and in
some metropolitan areas, interceptors must be constructed to transport
wastes to a central plant from a number of presently inadequate plants.
Secondary treatment is the maximum amount of treatment porvided for in
this tabulation, even if it is inadequate in terms of stream loadings.
The costs are listed both by subbasin and by priority of need as defined
previously.
In the case of many communities within the service area of the
Detroit Water System, an alternate to the tabulated costs for treatment
exists. This alternate is to tie in to an interceptor of the Detroit
Water System, which is scheduled for construction within the immediate
time period of this report, or which may actually be constructed ahead
of schedule. Alternate cost estimates on this basis are not tabulated
in this report.
The subbasin designations for many communities may not be those
in the tabulation if the communities connect to a metro system or to
the Detroit water system. The listed basin is the current waste dis-
charge basin or the natural drainage basin.
13
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POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS (thousands of dollars) by SUBBASINS
Basin Treatment Sewer Total
St. Glair River
St. Clair
Black
Pine
Belle
Total
Lake St. Clair
Clinton River <8>
Lake Erie
Minor tributaries
Huron
Raisin
Total
Lake Erie Enforcement Area
4,299
966
25
«
5,290
634
3,292
8,748
2,410
14,450
10,201
Total 24,651
Detroit River Enforcement Area
Detroit Metro
Other
Total
Total Southeastern Michigan
POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
Priority
1
2
3
4
Total
155,500
5,775
161,275
191,850
(thousands of
Treatment
176,906
12,911
1,599
434
191,850
9,188
3,209
160
88
12,645
v<
2,984
12,806
29,474
5.132
47,412
2.346
49,758
171,500
4.200
175,700
241,087
dollars) by
Sewer
190,251
44,069
4,312
2.455
241,087
13,487
4,175
185
88
17,935
3,618
16,098
38,222
7.542
61,862
12.547
74,409
327,000
9.975
336,975
432,937
PRIORITY
Total
367,157
56,980
5,911
2.889
432,937
Note: (8) Costs for interceptors for connection: to Detroit Water Service
included under Detroit Metro.
14
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POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS BY GOVERNMENTAL UNITS
(thousands of dollars)
Location
ST. CLAIR RIVER BASIN
St. Glair River
Port Huron
Marysville
St. Glair
Marine City
Cottrelville T.
Kimball T.
St. Glair T.
Clay T.
Algonac
East China T.
Black River
Deckerville
Yale
Fort Gratiot T.
Peck
PineRiver
Emmett
Belle River
Imlay City
LAKE ST. GLAIR BASIN
Clinton River
Priority
Treatment
Total
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
3
2
4
Leonard
Oxford Village
Washington-
Clinton T. (1)
Mt. Clemens (1)
Sterling T. (1)
Utica (1)
Warren (1)
Pontiac (1)
Rochester (1)
Harrison T. (1)
Fraser (1)
Shelby T. (1)
4
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
753
123
105
88
656
1,320
105
990
88
71
63
34
825
44
25
1,838
4,200
3,150
325
^
2,625
259
160
88
753
123
105
88
2,494
5,520
105
4,140
88
71
388
34
3,450
303
185
88
44
441
149
259
945
1,780
303
1,386
1,929
Note: (1) For costs see Detroit Metro.
15
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POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS BY GOVERNMENTAL UNITS (cont.)
(thousands of dollars)
Location Priority
LAKE ERIE BASIN
Lake Erie (minor tributaries)'
Maybee 4
Bedford T. 2
Erie T. 1
Huron River
Ann Arbor T. (2) 2
Ypsilanti T. (2) 2
Pittsfield T. (2) 2
Superior T. (2) 2
Dexter 2
Pinckney 4
South Lyon 2
South Rockwood 1
Stockbridge 3
Wixom 2
Flat Rock 1
Rockwood 1
Ann Arbor Metro 2
Riyer Raisin
Bllssfield 2
Britton 4
Brooklyn 3
Cement City 4
Clayton 4
Clinton 2
Deerfield 3
Dundee 2
Madison T. . 2
Ash T. (3) 1
Onsted 4
Palmyra T. 2
Petersburg 3
Tecuaseh 3
Treatment
38
2,486
768
72
63
166
128
38
126
145
90
7,920
72
50
163
38
31
45
56
78
656
M
38
465
68
650
232
10,238
2,336
25,200
263
388
200
200
325
1,838
232
1,050
386
250
270
12,724
3,104
*
325
893
681
150
2,225
-
»
72
388
1,059
809
188
2,351
145
90
33,120
72
313
551
238
231
45
381
78
2,494
270
1,515
454
900
Note: (2) For costs see Ann Arbor Metro.
(3) For costs see Monroe Metro.
16
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POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS BY GOVERNMENTAL UNITS (cont.)
(thousands of dollars)
Location Priority
Enforcement Area
Detroit Metro 1
Grosse lie 1
Riverview 1
Wayne County System
Wyandotte (5) 1
Trenton (6) 1
Trenton 1
Estral Beach 1
Berlin T. 1
Luna Pier (7) 1
Frenchtown T. (3) 1
Monroe T. (3) 1
Monroe Metro 1
Treatment
155,500
294
331
4,200
390
560
56
433
Sewer
Total
171,500<4> 327,000
4,200 4,494
331
325
2,021
9,712
4,200
390
560
381
2,454
9,712
No test (3) For costs see Monroe Metro.
Sewer cost includes the new interceptor system, improvements
in stormwater overflow control, and improvements in the city
sewerage system.
The participating communities are: Taylor T., Allen Park,
Lincoln Park, Wyandotte, Southgate, Van Buren T. (part),
River Rouge, Ecorse, Belleville, Brownstown, Dearborn T. (part),
Romulus T. (part).
The participating communities are: Gibraltar, Woodhaven.
(7) Refer to Erie T. on Lake Erie.
(5)
17
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V. RECENT PROGRESS IN POLLUTION CONTROL
A. Detroit River-Lake Erie Project
In December 1961, the Honorable John B. Swainson, Governor of
Michigan, requested the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
to call a conference on water pollution problems in the Michigan
Waters of the Detroit River and Lake Erie.
At the first session of the Conference in March 1962, at Detroit,
Michigan, it was unanimously agreed that a study should be made of
pollution problems in the area.
The Detroit River-Lake Erie Project, under the direction of the
U.S. Public Health Service and in cooperation with State agencies,
conducted a two-year study of the condition of the waters and sources
of waste. In June 1965, the findings and recommendations of the study
were presented to the Second Session of the Conference. Conferees
agreed that the Michigan Water Resources Commission would implement
the recommendations under State law.
Since that time, the Michigan Water Resources Commission has
officially adopted the recommended criteria for water quality in the
river and lake, as well as obtaining stipulations with 35 individual
polluters, municipal and industrial, to facilitate control of their
effluents to recommended levels by 1970. The following tables contain
these water quality criteria and a summary of the State stipulations.
-------
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Remarks:
Iron was found to be a major constituent in the effluent
of industries and the limit of 17 mg/1 was recommended
by both the Public Health Service and the Michigan Water
Resources Commission. The following loading limitations
were also included in the Michigan Water Resources
Commission stipulations:
Ford Motor Company
Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.
Great Lakes Steel Corp. -
Ecorse Plant
McLouth Steel Corp. -
Trenton Plant
2500 Ibs/day
330 Ibs/day
4000 Ibs/day
2500 Ibs/day
CH: Cyanide concentration of .025 mg/1 was recommended as the
limit by both the Public Health Service and the Michigan
Water Resources Commission. In addition, the State agency
stipulation set a maximum loading of 25 Ib/day for Ford
Motor Company (Monroe).
pH: The recommended limit on the pH range for Great Lakes
Steel (Ecorse Plant) effluent was set at 5.5-10.6 by
both the Public Health Service and the Michigan Water
Resources Commission. Public Health Service recommended
that E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company comply with the
State order that the effluent of this industry have pH
in the range of 5.8-10.3.
Clt Chlorides were found to be a significant waste constituent
in the effluent of the several industries and limits of
chlorides loading were set by the Michigan Water Resources
Commission as follows:
Allied Chemical Corporation -
Solvay Process - 2,800,000 Ib/day
Wyandotte Chemical Corporation -
North Plant
South Plant
Pennsalt Chemicals Corp.
East Plant
West Plant
1,300,000 Ib/day
64,000 Ib/day
550,000 Ib/day
8,800 Ib/day
23
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B. Conference on Lake Erie and its Tributaries
The first session of the Conference in the matter of pollution
of Lake Erie and its tributaries was held in Cleveland, Ohio, August 3-5,
1965. The second session was on August 10-12, 1965, at Buffalo, New York.
The third meeting was held at Cleveland, Ohio, on June 22, 1966. A fourth
meeting is scheduled for March 22, 1967, at Buffalo, New York.
Conferees representing the Indiana Pollution Control Board, the
Michigan Water Resources Commission, the Ohio Department of Health, the
Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board, the New York State Department of Health,
and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration were present at the
meetings.
It was agreed that each State water pollution control agency
would develop time schedules for treatment facilities for each source of
municipal and industrial waste on a plant by plant basis. The Michigan
schedule for such activities, resulting from the Detroit River-Lake Erie
Project recommendations, was deemed satisfactory to meet the demands of
the Lake Erie Conference.
Other recommendations by the conferees include the following:
1. Control of highway runoff during construction.
2. Industrial plant practices. Plant by plant surveys throughout the
basin to evaluate the impact on water quality and to take remedial
action.
3. Federal surveillance program. Sampling program has been established
in western Lake Erie and will be extended to cover the entire lake.
4. Phosphate removal program. The Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration has indicated that phosphates can be removed at less
cost than previously anticipated. Pilot plants are under construction
at Detroit and Trenton, Michigan, to evaluate removal methods.
24
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5. Dredging operations. Disposal of dredged material should be done in
such a manner as to minimize pollutional effects. The Corps of
Engineers has been asked to develop plans toward this end.
6. Technical Committee. The Technical Committee now studying phosphates
and their effects would expand its activities to include other problems
effecting Lake Erie.
7. Disposal of trash, garbage, and other refuse is also being studied by
the State agencies.
C, Michigan Department of Public Health - Macomb County.
In May 1966, the Michigan Department of Public Health ordered a ban
on the construction of new sewer lines to the Clinton River in 10 fast-
growing Macomb County communities. The ban was intended to prevent further
pollution of the Clinton River, a tributary of Lake St. Clair. The Health
Department will not lift the ban until a workable program is initiated to
clean up the Clinton River.
A consulting firm retained by Macomb County recommended connection
to the Detroit sewer system as the most feasible and economic method of
protecting the Clinton River and Lake St. Clair.
Most of the Macomb County communities have signed agreements with
Detroit to be connected to their interceptor system.
Chlorination; The Michigan Department of Public Health has ordered
all municipal treatment plants to chlorinate the effluent year-round,
effective January 1967.
D. Pollution Control Program for the Detroit Regional Watershed.
Recognizing a need for all communities in the Detroit Regional Water-
shed to unite in the effort to abate pollution, the Detroit Board of Water
Commissioners proposed Its revised water pollution control program in 1966.
25
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The 1966 program is comprehensive and complete and revises this
1957 program. The major objectives of the program were presented as
follows:
1. Systematic and orderly development of a single pollution
control system for the Detroit Regional Watershed, which
includes all of the area covered in this report.
2. Construction of an area-wide wastewater interceptor system.
3. Installation and operation of facilities for advanced
wastewater treatment.
4. Further reduction of stormwater overflows.
5. Acceleration of industrial wastewater control on a coopera-
tive government-industry basis.
6. Improved methods of waste disposal for pleasure boats and
freighters.
7. Regulation of water levels in the Lake St. Glair-Detroit-
River- Lake Erie complex to aid in stream and shoreline
beaut if icat ion.
8. Tighter control of lake and river dredging and landfill
practices.
9. International assurance that the Canadian communities will
take equivalent action to enhance the water quality of the
Great Lakes.
10. Continuation of a broad and sound financing base (founded
upon user charges) to assure uninterruped progress.
Acceleration is possible through use of Federal and State
grants.
Phase 1 is that portion of the total program to be completed by the
year 1975. This portion of the program provides for the construction of:
Regional sanitary sewage interceptors in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb
counties;
Advanced treatment facilities at Detroit's wastewater plant in com-
pliance with Detroit River-Lake Erie Project's recommendations;
Stormwater' overflow control facilities.
Relief sewers and sewer renovations in the City of Detroit.
26
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E. Other Action Taken by Michigan Water Resources Commission
in Pollution Abatement;
1. In February 1965, a final order of determination was issued
against the Longworth Plating Company and the Village of Chelsea,
located in the Huron River Basin. All wastewaters from the Longworth
electroplating processes presently discharged to Chelsea's storm
sewer, and ultimately to Lett's Creek, must be treated to reduce
constituent concentrations to allowable limits.
2. In April 1966, the Michigan Water Resources Commission held
a show cause conference regarding Huron Valley Steel Corporation's
violation of a 1962 order to control its solids discharge to the
Huron River. The company has been directed to proceed immediately
with plans for design and construction of the necessary treatment
facilities.
3. At a show cause conference in September 1966, McLouth Steel
Corporation explained that its recent violation of a 1963 order to
abate pollution in the Detroit River was the result of an operational
error. The company assured the Commission, that in the future, all
operational decisions to discharge waste material will be made only
by specially designated top management personnel.
4. In December 1966, a final order of determination was issued
against the Village of Novi, Michigan, located in the Rouge River
Basin. Before June 1, 1969, the city must have constructed the
sewage treatment facilities necessary to prevent the unhealthy and
undesirable conditions existing in Walled Lake Creek caused by the
discharge of its raw sewage.
5. In December 1966, a final order of determination was issued
against the City of Walled Lake, located in the Rouge River Basin.
By June 1, 1967, the city must have constructed the necessary sewer
system and treatment plant to collect and treat its sewage before
discharge to surface waters.
6. The Michigan Water Resources Commission, in cooperation with
other State agencies, has been ordered by Governor Romney to develop
rules and regulations controlling the waste discharges from pleasure
boats. The State is optimistic that the new law will be enforceable
by June 1, 1970.
7. In addition to those mentioned above, numerous other orders
were issued relating to specific users of water. These include
industrial and commercial establishments discharging waste products
of a domestic or industrial nature to both surface and ground waters
of the State. Maximum flows and concentrations of substances were
stipulated where necessary.
27
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8. The Commission staff, in accordance with recommendations of
the Detroit River-Lake Erie Conference, conducted a surveillance
program on the Detroit River, Michigan waters of Lake Erie, and the
industrial outfalls in the conference area. This surveillance program
was supplemented by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
The Water Quality Monitoring Program begun in 1955 was continued, as
was the industrial waste surveys program in the Southeastern Michigan
Basin.
9. In addition to matters called under Section 6 of the Act,
the Commission under Section 5, scheduled at its December 1966 meeting
a number of conferences throughout the State to establish water quality
criteria. The criteria so established would be applied to intrastate
waters in a certain priority, i.e., first, where grant money is involved,
beginning with the July 1967 meeting. The following schedule was adopted
for 1967, primarily to hold hearings on water quality criteria on
interstate waters:
January - Formulate proposed water quality criteria for the
several uses.
February - St. Joseph River and Lake Michigan.
March - Lake Huron.
April - St. Clair River, Lake St. Glair, Detroit River and
Lake Erie.
May - Menominee and Montreal Rivers - Lake Superior and
St. Marys River.
- Adopt implementation and enforcement plan for St.
Joseph River, Lake Michigan, and Lake Huron.
June * Adopt implementation and enforcement plan for
Southeastern Michigan, Maumee River, Montreal
River, Lake Superior, and St. Marys River.
28
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VI. BACKGROUND
A. Basin Characteristics;
The St. Clair River-Lake St. Clair Basin includes St. Clair, Black,
Belle, Fine, and Clinton Rivers.
The St. Clair River, the connecting waterway between Lake Huron and
Lake St. Clair, flows in a southerly direction for about 40 miles. The
upper channel, having an average width of one-half mile, and a depth vary-
ing from 25 to 75 feet, extends 28 miles from Lake Huron to Algonac. Below
Algonac, the channel divides into the several sections of the lower delta
portion of the river known as the St. Clair Flats. At this point, 32 per-
cent of the flow enters Anchor Bay by the North Channel and 68 percent
enters the main body of Lake St. Clair through Middle Channel, Chanel Ecarte
and South Channel. The South Channel, with the depth varying from 25 to 45
feet, is the main navigation channel into Lake St. Clair. The average flow
is 177,000 cubic feet per second (cfs).
The principal tributaries draining into the St. Clair River on the
American side are the Black, Fine, and Belle Rivers.
The Black River has a drainage area of 690 square miles comprising parts
of Sanilac, Lapeer, and St. Clair counties. The main stem of the Black
River flows southeasterly about 60 miles to the St. Clair River at Port
Huron. The river has been improved by an 8200-foot channel requiring
periodic dredging and maintenance for navigation. Deficient flows, recorded
as low as 8 cfs in 1964, retard the waste assimilation properties of this
stream.
The Pine River, with a total drainage area of 180 square miles in St.
Clair County, flows southeasterly to the St. Clair River at St. Clair,
29
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Michigan. An old channel dredged In the late 19th century serves for the
transportation of sand and gravel.
The Belle River, draining 210 square miles of Lapeer and St. Clair
counties, flows from the center of Lapeer County to Marine City on the
St. Clair River. The stream is used mainly as a winter harbor for medium-
size vessels. During 1964, flows as low as 4 cfs during fall months were
recorded.
The northern section of the St. Clair River-Lake St. Clair Basin is
a sparsely populated rural area which includes part of Sanilac, St. Clair,
Lapeer, and Macomb counties. The major population centers along the St.
Clair River are Port Huron, Marysville, St. Clair, East China Township,
Marine City, and Algonac. These communities have a total population of
about 50,000 and draw their water supply from the St. Clair River. Indus-
trialized Port Huron is the major city with a population of 36,000.
Lake St. Clair is a shallow basin with low, marshy shores and gently
sloping bottom, located in the Great Lakes chain between Lake Huron and
Lake Erie. The maximum depth of the lake is 21 feet. However, a dredged
channel, 700 feet wide and 25 feet deep, extends from the South Channel to
the head of the Detroit River. The surface area of Lake St. Clair is 430
square miles and has a total drainage area of 5006 square miles; 4010 square
miles are Canadian and 996 are American.
Currents in Lake St. Clair are predominantly north to south because of
the overwhelming influence of the flow-through of the St. Clair-Detroit
River influence. The water entering the lake from the Cutoff Channel
flows in a general southwest direction, until it approaches the southern
portion of the lake, where it runs westward into the Detroit River. In
30
-------
Anchor Bay, the water flows counter-clockwise from the North Channel
until it enters the main portion of the lake. The rest of the water in
the lake flows in a clockwise direction until it joins the flow into the
Detroit River.
These currents are modified and influenced by wind friction on open
areas of the lake, particularly the eastern half of the lake. During the
months of June through October, the most frequent winds are from the south
and southwest. From November through March, winds from southwest and
northwest are most frequent.
Retention time in Lake St. Glair, using average flow, is computed as
approximately 8 days. This, of course, would vary under field conditions
because of current movements, eddies, and recirculation in certain parts
of the lake, due to the natural configuration of the bottom and shoreline.
It does indicate, however, that the flushing interval is very short for a
lake of this size. Therefore, eutrophication would be dependent on the
quality of water in the St. Clair River.
The Clinton River, the major tributary on the United States side of
the lake, has a drainage area of 760 square miles. It has had a mean flow
of 484 cubic feet per second for the 29 years of record - 1935 to 1963.
The river, with its origin in the Bushman Lake in upper Oakland County,
flows easterly through the City of Pontiac to Mt. Clemens and out into
Anchor Bay. The river flows about 50 miles and falls about 425 feet be-
tween its mouth and source. A dredged channel, 8 feet deep and 100 feet
wide, extends up to Mt. Clemens.
31
-------
The Clinton River adds polluted water to Lake St. Clair. The flow-
through characteristics of the St. Clair-Detroit River system keeps many
of these polluting constituents in suspension and subsequently flushes
them from the lake.
Metropolitan Beach, located on the western shore of Lake St. Clair
near Mt. Clemens, has the largest bathing beach and park facility in the
basin. This 550-acre park has had, in the past, 1,400,000 visitors.
Facilities are provided for swimming, water skiing, and boat mooring and
launching.
The southwestern shoreline area of Lake St. Clair is heavily populated.
The communities of St. Clair Shores, Grosse Pointe, Grosse Pointe Farms,
Grosse Pointe Park, Grosse Pointe Shores, and Grosse Pointe Woods have a
total population of 132,000. This area offers boating facilities and is
the site of large marinas.
The Detroit River, the connecting waterway between Lake St. Clair and
Lake Erie and the International Boundary between the United States and
Canada, flows in a southerly direction about 31 miles from Peach Island
to its mouth at Lake Erie. The Detroit River Basin has a four-county area
of approximately 2040 square miles, and, according to the 1960 census, has
a population of 3,863,480 in the Greater Detroit area.
The flow of the Detroit River is exceptionally steady because of the
tremendous storage capacity provided by Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan.
The average discharge of the Detroit River, for the period 1936 through
April 1964, was 182,000 cfs. The extremes in discharge are usually a re-
sult of winds, ice, or sudden change in barometric pressure.
32
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The upper thirteen miles of the river, having an average width of
2400 feet, a mean depth of 25 feet, is divided only at its mouth by Peach
Island and Belle Isle. The river bed in this upper reach consists mainly
of clay.
The lower section of the river contains Fighting Island (Canadian
waters), Grosse lie (American waters), and several smaller islands with
large areas of marshland. In the lower river, shipping channels have been
cut through exposed underlying rock to a depth of 28 feet.
The Rouge River, a tributary to the Detroit River, rises northwest of
Detroit and flows southeasterly emptying into the Detroit River below
Dearborn. The basin, covering an area of 464 square miles, lies almost
entirely in an old lake bed. The topography is relatively flat and imper-
vious with no natural storage. The main stream is 32 miles long and falls
about 360 feet from its headwaters to the mouth. The lower 3.5 miles
through Short Cut Channel consist of a dredged channel used for vessel
traffic to industries in the area. The Short Cut Channel is an artificial
connection between the Detroit River and the Rouge River. The natural
S-shaped portion of the Rouge, now referred to as the Old Channel, receives
limited use from the commercial ship traffic.
Discharge measurements are taken by the U.S. Geological Survey at the
Rouge River, the Middle Rouge, and the Lower Rouge. The summation of the
average discharges of record from these three gages shows an average flow
of the Rouge River above the influence of the Detroit River backwater of
approximately 235 cfs. This flow is not large enough to effectively
dilute the large volumes of waste effluents from the industries along the
Rouge River.
33
-------
The automobile industry has been responsible for the rapid industrial
growth which has occurred in the Detroit area during the past 30 to 40
years. This industry has brought about the establishment of many related
activities such as steel mills, blast furnaces, tool and die manufacturing,
and coke plants. Other industries include chemical plants, pulp and paper
mills, oil refineries, and the manufacture of rubber and related products.
Extensive use has been made of the many islands for industrial and
recreational purposes. Zug Island, Fighting Island, and the upper end
of Grosse lie are being used for the disposal of waste materials resulting
from the manufacture of caustic soda and soda ash. Grassy Island and Mud
Island are being used for the disposal of material from dredging operations;
Belle Isle and Bois Blanc Island are devoted to recreational purposes.
The Huron River rises west of Detroit and flows in a southwesterly
direction emptying into a large marsh at Pointe Mouillee. This marsh is
subject to backwater from Lake Erie and has no clear dispersion into the
lake. The river, with total drainage area of 892 square miles, is about
90 miles long and falls about 440 feet in its descent to the Detroit River.
The major part of its drainage basin reaches the main stem above Ann Arbor,
and from this point downstream, receives no important tributaries. Most
of the upper part of the basin is hilly containing many lakes which provide
natural storage.
The River Raisin, entering the lake at Monroe, drains an area of 1070
square miles. The total fall of the river from its headwaters in north-
eastern Hillsdale County to Lake Erie is 500 feet. The uplands of the
north and west areas of the basin are characterized by the lighter-textured,
well drained soils, while heavier-textured, more poorly drained soils occur
in the lower lands of the south and east sections.
34
-------
A series of low-head dams are spaced at one-mile intervals near the
mouth of the river. The last 1.5 miles of the river contain a dredged
channel for navigation serving the Port of Monroe. Lake-affected back-
water extends approximately three miles up the river to the first low-
head dam.
Lake Erie. While land in the Detroit area is used for industrial
purposes, that bordering the western edge of Lake Erie is, in general,
used for both farming and recreation. Summer residences and cottages
dot the western shoreline of Lake Erie. The inland area in the Detroit
River-Western Lake Erie Basin is also used for farming. The agricultural
sections consist of relatively small individually owned farms. Chief
yields are field crops, vegetables, sod grass, and fruits. There is also
extensive production of dairy and poultry products. The forests have been
denuded and now mainly consist of small, isolated woodlots, which have
little or no effect upon the flow or quality of the streams.
This area is under the climatic influence of the Great Lakes. Because
of the stabilizing influence of these large bodies of water, extreme tem-
peratures occur rather infrequently in the Detroit area. The mean annual
temperature is about A1.9°F, and the average annual precipitation at Detroit
is 31.49 inches. Winters are marked by cloudiness and frequent snow flurries.
The average wind velocity is 10 miles per hour.
35
-------
B. Water Quality
St. Glair River
Soluble phosphate concentrations were generally low, that is less
than .025 mg/1. Some greater concentrations were found but the phos-
phate input into Lake St. Clair does not appear to be excessive at this
time.
The quality of the river water does not vary to any great extent
along the reach of the river. This can be verified by examination of .
data collected at SR 39.0 and SR 13.7. The average concentrations of
several parameters as measured across two ranges are shown in the table
below.
Average Values*
Parameters SR 39.0 SR 13.7
Dissolved Oxygen 8.9 8.9
NH3-N 0.12 0.09
N03-N 0.31 0.28
Suspended Solids 16 3
Dissolved Solids 108 137
Phenols 3 3
*A11 results in mg/1, except phenols - ug/1.
The waste treatment of six American industries along the river are
rated adequately the Michigan Water Resources Commission. The communi-
ties in the sparsely populated St. Clair River Watershed discharge wastes
of only 67,000 people. Five municipal sewage treatment plants with a
total average flow of 13 million gallons per day discharge primary
effluent into the river.
36
-------
Black and Belle Rivers
Hie two American tributaries, Black and Belle Rivers, have small dis-
charges compared to the flow of the St. Clair River. At the mouth of the
Black River, coliform counts of as high as 6000 organisms/100ml were recorded.
Low dissolved oxygen concentration is also characteristic of the mouth of this
tributary.
Considerable bacteriological pollution was found at the Belle River,
with median total coliform count of 29,000 organisms/100ml and a maximum of
130,000 organisms/100ml. Although the overall water quality degradation in
the St. Clair due to this tributary is not readily detectable, the bacteriol-
ogical pollution presents a health hazard.
Lake St. Clair
In 1964, a sampling program was conducted by the Lake Huron Program
Office on Lake St. Clair. The data is summarized below:
LAKE ST. CLAIR - SUMMARY OF 1964 SURVEY
Avg
Max
Min
No. of
Stations
DO
9.1
10.2
6.7
39
BODs
2
7
1
22
NH3
.22
.69
.07
22
N02
.007
.019
.002
22
N03
0.34
1.80
0.08
22
Tot . Sol .
151
204
120
40
Phenol
2
12
0
23
Coliform
62
250,000
< 1
42
pH values of 9.1 and 8.8 were measured at Station P17 and P18 on one
occasion. Other than these two values, pH varied from 7.6 to 8.6. Most of
the alkalinity measurements were between 70 and 90 mg/1, although the total
range of values is somewhat larger. The other constituents exist in rela-
tively insignificant concentrations. The water quality of the lake is good,
although isolated problem areas do exist.
37
-------
Metropolitan Beach, a recreational area for swimming, is located
near sampling Station F17. Recorded coliform densities as high as
8600 organisms/100ml present a health problem to users of the beach.
Clinton River
The Clinton River is one of the major sources of pollution in Lake
St. Clair. In 1966, this river was sampled by the Lake Huron Program
Office. The downstream reach of the river, extending approximately
17 miles from Red Run to the mouth of the Clinton River, reflects the
quality of the water entering the lake. The results of the 1966 survey
on this section of the Clinton River are shown in the table below:
CLINTON RIVER (Red Run to Mouth)
Summer Survey (mg/1)
Avg
Max
Min
Temp.
°C
24
26
22
DO
2.7
6.1
0.6
BOD5
9
14
3
Cl
81
103
67
NH3~N
4.58
6.00
3.20
N03-N
2.6
4.9
1.3
Tot:
P04
9.2
14.4
6.7
Total
Solids
544
670
500
Susp.
Solids
35
169
5
The data shows an average dissolved oxygen content of 2.7 mg/1,
average BOD5 of 9 mg/1, nutrient concentration of 7.18 mg/1 inorganic
nitrogen, and 9.2 mg/1 total phosphates, and an average total solids
concentration of 544 mg/1. All the sewage treatment plants on the
Clinton River are secondary and most of the major industries on the
river have treatment rated as adequate by the Michigan Water Resources
Commission. The long-term average flow at Mt. Clemens is 468 cfs. In
1964, the minimum flow was 83 cfs. The total waste effluent discharged
into the river is estimated at more than 71 cfs.
38
-------
Milk River
The Milk River, located on the western shore of Lake St. Clair,
is the site of a stormwater overflow system. Samples were collected
at P22 at the mouth of the river and coliform densities were as follows:
1964 MF/100ml
July 21 390
August 13 100"*"
September 23 250,000
November 18 100
Precipitation (.2 inch at Metropolitan Airport) occurring on September 23
could have caused an overflow on that day. No precipitation occurred on
the other sampling days. This stormwater overflow interferes with
recreational use of the lake in the immediate area.
Detroit River
The water quality of the Detroit River has been discussed in detail
in the "Report on Pollution of the Detroit River, Michigan Waters of
Lake Erie, and Their Tributaries," by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration. Action has been taken by the Michigan Water Resources
Commission against the major polluters in accordance with the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration's recommendations. This has been
discussed in the section on the Detroit River-Lake Erie Project in
Section V of this report.
Huron River
Samples were collected at the mouth of the Huron River on a bi-
weekly basis during 1966. The average BOD5 concentration was 6 mg/1.
The Huron River water is high in dissolved solids as indicated by the
39
-------
average conductivity of 675 mg/1 and dissolved solids content of 489 mg/1.
The average phenol concentration of 5 ug/1 is sufficient to cause taste
and odor problems in water supplies. The river is also supplying high
average concentrations of nutrients to Lake Erie: 1.15 mg/1 total
phosphates (as PO^), .90 mg/1 soluble phosphates (as PO^), and 1.59 mg/1
inorganic nitrogen (as N). The bacteriological pollution is represented
by median coliform density of 36,000 MF/ 100ml, and maximum density of
95,000 MF/ 100ml. The communities of Dexter, Flat Rock, and Rockwood,
discharge primary effluent to the river. The Huron Valley Steel Corpor-
ation and Peninsular Paper Company have waste treatment rated as inadequate
by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.
River Raisin
Station T89, above the City of Monroe, was sampled 20 times in 1966.
The average 8005 concentration was 6 mg/1. This station reflects
high dissolved solids content, as indicated by a conductivity of 687 mg/1,
and dissolved solids concentration of 670 mg/1. Average phenol concen-
tration is 6 Ug/1. The River Raisin adds high concentrations of nutrients
to Lake Erie: .59 mg/1 total phosphates, .46 mg/1 soluble phosphates,
and 3.81 mg/1 inorganic nitrogen. Considerable bacteriological pollution
is demonstrated by median coliform counts of 1850 MF/ 100ml, and
coliform concentrations of 44,000 MF/ 100ml. The dissolved oxygen con-
tent remains high in the reach of the river, with an average dissolved
oxygen content of 9.9 mg/1. However, oxygen depletion is apparent as the
river enters Lake Erie. At Station T80, at the mouth of the rivez, the
dissolved oxygen concentration has often been depleted to near septic
conditions.
40
-------
The communities of Blissfield, Clinton, Dundee, and Monroe,
discharge primary effluent to the river. Consolidated Packaging
Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Monroe Paper Products Company,
and Union Bag-Camp Paper Corporation, have treatment rated as in-
adequate by the Michigan Water Resources Commission. As a result
of the Enforcement Project, action has already been taken against
the City of Monroe and the industries mentioned above by the
Michigan Water Resources Commission.
41
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WATER USES
The principal water uses of the Southeast Michigan Basin include:
Municipal Water Supply - Use of surface waters of the river or lake
as a municipal water source.
Total Body Contact - The complete immersion of the body in water as
in swimming.
Partial Body Contact - Partial immersion of the body as in water
skiing, wading, and stream fishing.
Fish and Aquatic Life - Habitat for fish and aquatic life and
available for fishing.
Wildlife - Available for animal and fowl wildlife use.
Livestock - Used for stock watering of dairy cows, pigs, horses, etc.
Irrigation - Used for watering of agricultural lands, golf courses,
parks, etc.
Industrial Water Supply - Use of surface waters for processing and
manufac tur ing.
Cooling Water - Industrial and municipal surface water use for
cooling of machinery.
Hydro-power - River waters used for the production of hydroelectric
power.
Waste Assimilation - Assimilation of municipal and industrial wastes
and wastewater.
Esthetics - The use of water for esthetic enjoyment. Camping,
picnicking, and sight-seeing, while not directly water oriented
activities, are considerably enhanced by the presence of a relative-
ly clean water course.
Pleasure Boating - Includes canoes, small row boats, power boats,
and sailboats.
Commercial Shipping - Use of lakes and streams by steamships and
commercial fishing boats.
42
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Table 1 is a description of the river and lake areas covered by this
report, and Figures 1 and 2 show their locations in reference to the basins
by area. The reach boundaries were based on consideration of changing
water quality, observed and reported water uses (see Table 2), and/or
certain physical features of the area. These water uses were developed
through extraction of material from the Michigan Water Resources Commission
reports, Bureau of Recreation reports, Michigan Department of Public Health
reports, and the U.S. Public Health Service reports. However, full respon-
sibility for designation of these uses is assumed by this office.
The Southeast Michigan Basin waters are heavily used for municipal
and industrial activities and also provide a degree of recreation for
those who live in the local areas. Parks and picnic areas are numerous .
in the Southeast Basin, but swimming and body contact activities are
limited in several areas because of pollution of the waters.
43
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Stream
St. Glair River
Black River
Pine River
Belle River
Lake St. Glair
Salt River
Clinton River
TABLE 1. REACH DESCRIPTIONS
St. Clair River and Lake St. Glair Area
Description
Port Huron to Lake St. Ciair
St. Clair River to Deckerville
St. Clair River to East of Capac
St. Clair River to Imlay City
Michigan waters of Lake St. Clair
Lake St. Clair to near Richmond
Detroit River
Fox Creek
Connors Creek
Rouge River
Lower - Lake St. Clair to Rochester, Mich.
Upper - Rochester to above Clarkston
Detroit River and Lake Erie Area
Upper - Lake St. Clair to So. Belle Isle
Lower - So. Belle Isle - Lake Erie
Detroit River to E. Jefferson Avenue
Detroit River to E. Jefferson Avenue
Lower - Detroit River to 3.43 mile point
Middle - 3.43 mile point to Upper Rouge River
Upper - Upper Rouge River to Bloomfield Hills
Ecorse River
Monguagon Creek ,
Elizabeth Park Channel
Frank & Poet Drain
Lake Erie
Huron River
Detroit River to Southfield Road
Trenton Channel to Wyandotte
Detroit River - Detroit River
Trenton Channel to Metro Airport
Michigan Waters of Lake Erie
Lower - Lake Erie to 58.5 mile point
Upper - 58.5 mile point to Big Lake
44
-------
Stream
Swan Creek
Stoney Creek
Sandy Creek
Raisin River
La PLaisance
Otter Creek
TABLE 1. REACH DESCRIPTIONS (cent.)
Detroit River and Lake Erie Area
Description
Lake Erie to Wayne-Washtenaw County Lin*
Lake Erie to North of Milan
Lake Erie to west of Maybee
Lower - Lake Erie to \ mile west of U.S. 24
Middle - \ mile west of U.S. 24 to 79.7 mile point
Upper - 79.7 mile point to Cement City
Lake Erie to west 1 mile
Lake Erie to east of Petersburg
45
-------
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-------
TABLE 3. KEY TO WATER USE CODE
1. Municipal Water Supply
2. Total Body Contact
3. Partial Body Contact
4. Fish and Aquatic Life
5. Wildlife
6. Livestock Watering
7. Irrigation
8. Industrial Water Supply
9. Cooling Water
10. Hydro-power
11. Waste Assimilation
12. Esthetics
13. Pleasure Boating
14. Commercial Shipping
48
-------
FIGURE 2
LEGEND
EI7 FWPCA Sampling Stations
SR39.0 FWPCA Sampling Bong.I
--t-ejy?biiisEVl-41Jl "^ r
MEMPHIS
MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES
TO
ST CLAIR RIVER AND LAKE ST. CLAIR
-------
FIGURE 3
-------
FIOURE
DT 28.4W-
DT 26.8W-
DT 25.7-
MICHIGAN
ONTARIO
DT8.7W
DT 3.9
DT I4.6W
DT 12.OW
SCALE IN MILES
LAKE HURON PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
SAMPLING RANGES
DETROIT RIVER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
OREAT LAKES REGION GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
LAKE
\
ERIE
-------
FIGURE 5
DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE PROJECT
INDUSTRIAL WASTE OUTFALLS
US WATERS
DETROIT RIVER
US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EOUC AT ION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
"*:
ki
-------
-------
FIOURC 7
-------
PIOURC
-------
FIGURE 9
Detroit River
MICHIGAN
STERLING
STATE PARK
*' LAKE
ss
SCALE IN MILES
* Toledo
,;'Horbor Lt.
LAKE HURON PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
MICHIGAN WATERS OF LAKE ERIE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
PEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT-LAKES REGION OR088E |LE, MICHIGAN
-------
FIOURE 10
LEGEND
JLJndicote Beginning and End of a Reach of a River
When Divided into 2 or More Parts for Water
Use Description.
NOTE Michigan Tributaries of the Detroit River
See Figure II.
L * K e
LAKE HURON PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN
TRIBUTARIES TO LAKE ERIE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REOION OROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
FIGURE II
1 ":. s / "i K '
-------
INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN MICHIGAN
The following is a list of Michigan Statutes and a brief explanation
of their relationship to water pollution ;:otif:rot;
Act 350, P.O. 1865 - Conservation Department directed to protect
fish and fisheries.
Act 98, P. A. 1973 - Initiated the supervision of municipal water
and sewer facilities by the Michigan Health Department.
i'ftAfv6 1921 - Conservation Department was granted broad
authority to "prevent and guard against pollution of lakes and streams
within the State."
Act 61, P. A. 1939 - Director of Conservation was named State
Supervisor of Wells (for oil and gas) and authorized "to prevent waste
or damage to oil and gas, the fresh, brine, and mineral waters or to
life and property."
Act 219, P. A. 1949 - Michigan Health Department's control of plans,
construction, operation, and supervision of public water supplies,
sewerage and sewage treatment facilities was strengthened,
Act 40, P. A, 1956 - Defines unlawful use of county and intercounty
drains for carrying sewage and other wastes. County Drain Commissions
are responsible for actions under this law.
Act 306, P. A. 1927 - Authorize local health departments to adopt
and inforce regulations controlling installation and operation of private
sewage disposal systems.
*
Act 245, P. A. 1929
Act 117, P. A. 1949 )
Act 165, P. A. 1963 ) Amendments to Act 245, P. A. 1929
Act 405, P. A. 1965 )
The Michigan Water Resources Commission by authority of the foregoing
Acts, is composed of seven members: the Heads of Department of Health,
Conservation, Agriculture and Highways, as well as members representing
Industrial Management, Municipalities, and Organized Conservation Groups.
Act 20, P. A. 1964 - Water Resources Commission controls storage and
established optimum flows for all legitimate uses on a stream.
59
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The Act creating a Water Resources Commission, prohibited the
pollution of any waters of the State and the Great Lakes, designated
the commission as the State agency in matters concerning the water
resources of the State and provided penalties for the violation of the
Act. The Act as amended (1965) is composed of twelve major sections.
Sections 1 to 4 create the commission, authorize it to make rules and
regulations, to enforce provisions of the Act, and to inspect and
investigate matters relating to water pollution. Section 5 details the
establishment of standards for waters and effluent discharges, and to
prevent any pollution. Section 6 (A) is a broad definition of injurious
pollution. Section 6 (B) defines "the discharge of any raw sewage of
human origin, directly or indirectly into any of the waters of the State
shall be considered prima facie evidence of the violation of Section 6 (A)."
In addition any governmental unit is held responsible for the acts of
"persons" within its boundaries. Section 6 (C) authorizes townships
to issue and sell the necessary bonds to construct treatment works.
Section 6 (D) defines any violation of Section 6 as a public nuisance
and provides for remedies in addition to those specified for water
pollution violations. Sections 7 through 12 provide for the legal rights
of accused polluters and penalties for those found to be guilty and for
conducting hearings and issuing orders of determination, define certain
terms and fulfill the legal requirements of Michigan laws. Two important
subsections in this group are Sections 8 (B) requiring the filing of
proposed use statements with the commission, before using the waters of
the State sewage or waste disposal purposes, and Section 12 exempting
certain copper or iron mining operations from the provisions of the Act.
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Summary of duties;
The Michigan Water Resources Commission has primary responsibility
for controlling pollution in the waters of the State, setting of legal
water quality standards, comprehensive water resource planning, and
establishing priorities for construction grant programs.
The Michigan Department of Public Health controls construction and
operation of public sewage collection and treatment systems and public
water supply systems, as well as licensing of operators of water supply
and sewage treatment plants.
Water and Related Land Resources Planning in Michigan:
There are three Michigan Departments primarily responsible for the
activities relevant to comprehensive water and related resource planning.
Department of Commerce (Office of Economic Expansion, State Resource
Planning Division, and the Community Planning Division).
Department of Highways (Office of Planning).
Department of Conservation (Division of Recreation Resource Planning
and the Planning Section of the Water Resources Commission), the Michigan
Water Resources Commission has been designated by Governor Romney as the
State agency to develop a comprehensive water and related land resource
plan for Michigan.
An Inter-agency Committee was organized as directed by Governor
Romney to "coordinate joint State-Federal programs with local and regional
planning of Michigan's water and related land resources."
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Report on Pollution of Lake Erie and its Tributaries Part 2, Ohio,
Indiana, and Michigan Sources, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education,
and Welfare, PHS, DWS&PC, July 1965. Chicago, 111.
2. Water OrientedOutdoor Recreation Lake Erie Basin, U.S. Dept. of
the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Lake Central Region,
Ann Arbor, Mich. August 1966.
3. A Summary of Water and Related Land Related Land Resources in Michigan,
Mich. Dept. of Conservation, WRC, Lansing, Mich. 1966.
4. Report on Water Pollution Control in the Detroit Metropolitan Area
and Monroe Area of Michigan, MWRC and MDPH. June 1965.
5. The Huron River Watershed. A report of the Technical Advisory
Subcommittee, Huron River Watershed Intergovernmental Committee,
August 1963.
6. Huron River Superior Dam to Ford Dam, School of Public Health,
U. of Mich. May-June 1966.
7. Water Resource Conditions and Uses in the Huron River Basin, MWRC,
Lansing, Mich. 1957.
8. Water Resource Conditions and Uses in the River Raisin Basin, MWRC,
Lansing, Mich. 1965.
9. Report on the Water Resources of the Clinton River Basin, MWRC,
Lansing, Mich. 1953.
10. Water Pollution Control in the River Basins of the Southeastern
Michigan Region, MDPH, & MWRC. March 1962.
11. Pollution of Waters of the United States in Lake St. Clair, The
Detroit River, and Western Lake Erie in the Detroit Area.
U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, PHS, Robert A. Taft
Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. March 1962.
12. Pollution of the Detroit River, Michigan Waters of Lake Erie, and their
Tributaries, Findings, U.S. Dept. Health, Education, and Welfare, PHS,
DWS&PC, April 1965.
13. Industrial and Commercial Pollution Status. MWRC, April 1, 1966.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont.)
14. Data on Public Water Supplies in Michigan. Engineering Bulletin No. 4,
Michigan Department of Health.
15. Directory of Wastewater Plants and Lagoons and Their Superintendents.
Michigan Department of Public Health, Division of Engineering,
May 1966.
16. International Joint Commission-Detroit Field Unit, Semiannual Activity
Report, July-December 1966.
17. Pollution Control Program for the Detroit Regional Watershed, 1966,
Detroit Water Service.
18. "Report of the International Joint Commission United States and Canada
on Pollution of Boundary Water." 1951.
19. "Report on Metropolitan Environmental Study, Sewerage and Drainage
Problems, Administrative Affairs, Six-County Metropolitan Area,
Southeastern Michigan." National Science Foundation, 1964.
20. "Report on Sewage Disposal Problems, Six-County Metropolitan Area,
Southeastern Michigan." National Science Foundation, 1964.
21. "Report on Water Resources Conditions and Uses in the Huron River
Basin, State of Michigan, Michigan Water Resources Commission, 1957.
22. Surface Water Records of Michigan United States, Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State of Michigan
and with other agencies, 1963, 1964, and 1965.
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