BACKGROUND INFORMATION CONCERNING BIG STOKE LAKE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN PROJECT
MINNEAPOLIS PROGRAM OFFICE
JULY, 1967
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Physical Description 1
Economic Features 1
Water Uses 2
Waste Sources 3
Water Quality h
Water Quality Standards 6
Miscellaneous Background Information 7
Improvements Needed 9
Bibliography 12
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Physical Description
Big Stone Lake lies on the Minnesota - South Dakota border for
approximately 26 miles at the headwaters of the Minnesota River (Figure l),
The lake is about one-half to one and one-half miles wide, encompassing
an area of approximately 12,500 acres and is separated from Lake Traverse
in the Red River Basin by a sub-continental divide. The two lakes are
four miles apart with the community of Browns Valley, Minnesota lying
between them. Average depth of Big Stone Lake is 8 to 10 feet with a
maximum depth of l6 feet.
The Big Stone Lake watershed, above Ortonville, Minnesota drains
an area of about 1,200 square miles which includes part of Big Stone
County in Minnesota and parts of Roberts and Grant Counties in South
Dakota. Approximately 950 square miles of this area lie in South Dakota.
The soils in the study area range from fine sandy loams to silty
clay loams. The area is capable of producing good yields of farm crops
wherever the soil is not too wet or the slopes too steep. Native grasses
occupy the steeper slopes, a few of which are grazed.
Economic Features
The principal cities in this area are Milbank, South Dakota, I960
population of 3,500; Sisseton, South Dakota, I960 population of 35300;
Ortonville, Minnesota, I960 population of 2,700; and Browns Valley,
Minnesota, which had a 1960 population of 1,000.
The economy of the area is mainly dependent upon diversified agri-
culture and small service industries. A canning factory is located at
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OrtonviHe, Minnesota. In South Dakota 75$ - 80$ of the land is class-
ified as farm while in Minnesota 80% is farmed. Considerable areas of
land are classified as diverted acres and therefore are not under culti-
vation nor used for pasture or grazing. The number of livestock raised
in the "basin is subject to great fluctuation as would be suspected. In
the fall of 1966 approximately 7,000 head were in the drainage area with
4,000 grazing in South Dakota.
Since this area lies within the prairie - pothole country noted for
its waterfowl and pheasant hunting, hunter expenditures presently con-
tribute a sizeable though undetermined amount of money to the economy of
the area each autumn. Fishermen also contribute significantly to the
economy.
Water Uses
The outstanding water use in this area is for livestock watering.
Big Stone Lake is also used extensively for recreation. Permanent homes
number 2^9 (180 on the Minnesota side) around the lake. Approximately
620 cottages (325 on the Minnesota side) are located around the lake for
use by vacationers.
Both commercial and sport fishing are practiced on Big Stone Lake.
Sport fishing is a year around activity with heavy use during the summer
months. Commercial fishing is permitted on a contract basis with licenses
issued in alternate years by the two States. In the years 1955 - 1965
the average commercial catch per year was approximately 66^,000 pounds.
Body contact sports such as boating, water skiing and swimming are
practiced during the recreation season of May to October.
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Municipal and industrial usage of surface water is confined to one
industry. The 15,000 kilowatt Ortonville Plant of the Otter Tail Power
Company obtains condenser cooling water from Big Stone Lake.
Waste Sources
Accurate information is not available as to specific waste inputs,
"but a number of waste sources are evident in the drainage area which con-
tribute to the degradation of the water quality in Big Stone Lake. The
following table summarizes the information gathered during a Big Stone
Lake waterfront survey conducted by a Milbank, South Dakota Game and Pish
Club.
Sources with Direct Access to Lake Minnesota South Dakota
Permanent homes
Cottages
Livestock (cattle)
Peed lots
Farms
Privies
180
380
5te
7
22
6k
69
395
1,285
10
18
59
In addition to the above information, an aerial survey by the Club
showed an estimated 2,700 cattle grazing in the South Dakota portion of
the basin and 2,500 cattle in the Minnesota portion. The overall total of
2
7,000 cattle has a waste population equivalent of nearly 100,000 people.
It must be remembered that the cattle population in an area is subject to
wide fluctuation due to market price, etc. As an indication of this, a
recent report showed Roberts and Grant Counties in South Dakota to have
cattle populations of 80,000 and 6l,000, respectively, on January 1, 1962.
Sources of municipal and industrial waste which discharge to the
basin and thereby contribute to the nutrient input and/or cause low
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levels of dissolved oxygen and excessive bacterial contamination are
shown in the following table:
Source
Receiving Water
Type of Treatment Treatment Needs
Sisseton,
So. Dak.
Browns Valley,
Minnesota
Wiluaont,
South Dakota
Trib. of Little
Minnesota River
Little Minnesota
River
Tributary to
Whetstone River
Big Stone City Whetstone River
(Cheese) S. D.
Big Stone City, Whetstone River
South Dakota
Big Stone
Canning
Ortonville, Minn.
Whetstone River
Ortonville,
Minnesota
Minnesota River
Stabilization Pond Pond expansion
Secondary
None
Stabilization Pond None
Spray irrigation Expansion
and ridge and furrow
irrigation
Stabilization Pond None
Spray Irrigation Expansion
Secondary
None
Localized dissolved oxygen and bacterial contamination problems exist
mainly because of the intermittent nature of the streams into which the
municipalities and industries discharge.
In addition to the above sources, nutrients enter the Lake from land
runoff directly and from the ii6o square mile Little Minnesota River basin
and the kOO square mile Whetstone River basin.
Water Quality
Nuisance growths of algae and aquatic plants occur when warm temperatures,
abundant sunshine, and excessive nutrients (over fertilization), especially
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nitrogen and phosphorus are present. Sources of nutrients to a lake
include sewage, surface runoff, the interchange with bottom sediments, and
precipitation from the atmosphere. Surface runoff from animal feedlots
and heavily fertilized agricultural lands is especially rich in nutrients.
Current knowledge indicates that a 0.3 mg/1 concentration of inorganic
nitrogen (N) and a 0.01 mg/1 concentration of soluble phosphorus (p) at the
start of the active growing season could produce nuisance algal blooms pro-
vided other conditions (e. g. temperature and sunlight) are also suitable. A
continued input of nutrients is not necessary for continued algal production.
After an initial stimulus, the recycling of nutrients within the lake basin
is sufficient to promote algal blooms for a number of years without sub-
stantial inflow from contributing sources.
During the summer of 1966 large growths of algae were observed on
Big Stone Lake. The Lake, being relatively shallow, has been plagued with
weed growths and algal blooms for many years. The year 1966, however, was
the most severe. A dense algal bloom existed that was composed of
Aphanizomenon, a blue-green algae often found in lakes in an advanced stage
of over fertilization. The decomposition product, which looks like light
blue paint, coated the sides of boats and other waterline objects. This
slime creates a putrid odor upon decaying. Recent reports (winter of
1966-67) received from ice fishermen on Big Stone Lake indicate that upon
sawing through the ice a very strong odor was emitted. This present con-
dition, if unchecked, will degrade the lake to a level that fish and wild-
life propagation and recreation, as well as other uses, will become non-
existent. Property values will also be affected.
Over fertilization of the lake waters is caused by excessive concen-
trations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Records of the Minnesota
Department of Health (1962-1963) for a station near the outlet of Big Stone
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Lake showed an average concentration of 0.26 mg/1 total phosphorus
expressed as "P".1* Total nitrogen was not available for this same period
but for 1958 - 1959 at this station the total nitrogen averaged 3.1 mg/1-
Highest values for both nitrogen and phosphorus occurred during the winter
at the low lake level and during early spring at times of high runoff.
Nutrient levels in the Lake -then, are definitely at levels which will
support algal blooms,
Suspended sediment loads carried by the rivers to Big Stone Lake are
also a problem. Most of the material in suspension is clay and silt. Soil
erosion is the primary source of sediment with stream bank and gully
erosion being secondary sources. This is especially true of the Whetstone
River which is discussed in greater detail under "Miscellaneous Background
Information" beloxv. It is most likely that vast bottom deposits containing
nutrients of a level sufficient to cause nuisance algal growths are present
in Big Stone Lake.
Water Quality Standards
Both Minnesota and South Dakota have submitted to the Secretary of
the Interior, water quality standards on this interstate body of water. -
Presented below are the most significant parameters and their limits as pro-
5,6
posed by each state for Big Stone Lake. Differences are still evident
between the criteria of these two States but this should be resolved soon.
Parameter -ota South Dakota
Coliform (Maximum) 1000 MEN/100 ml 1000 MPH/100 ml
Dissolved Oxygen (Minimum) 5 rag/1 at all times h.O mg/1 at all times
6 mg/1 April 1 - May 31
Temperature (Maximum) 85ฐF. 90ฐF.
Nutrients Such that no nuisance Such that no nuisance
algal blooms occur. algal blooms occur.
pH (Range) 6.5 - 9.0 6.3 - 9.0
Ammonia (Maximum) 1 mg/1 -,,.-.-...,
Turbidity (Maximum) 25 100
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In order to meet the standard on nutrients, extreme measures will
have to be taken to comply. Directly related is the standard on dis-
solved oxygen. During periods of darkness it is entirely conceivable that
algal respiration could lower the dissolved oxygen concentration below the
set levels.
Miscellaneous Background Information
The Big Stone Lake - Whetstone River Project was constructed in the
1930's to restore a desirable conservation level on Big Stone Lake and
to provide downstream flood protection. This joint State of Minnesota -
Federal project included a concrete stop-log control structure on the
Minnesota River about one-half mile below the outlet of Big Stone Lake,
realignment of the lower reach of the Whetstone River to join the Minnesota
River above the dam and improvement of a short reach of the Minnesota River
below the dam.
In 1958 the State of Minnesota, with cost sharing by the State of
South Dakota, constructed a steel sheet-pile dam (silt barrier) in the
Minnesota River between the outlet of Big Stone Lake and the mouth of the
Whetstone River diversion channel. The structure was expected to reduce
the movement of the silt from the Whetstone River into Big Stone Lake.
Serious differences between State and local interests have arisen
with respect to operation of the control structure. Residents located
along the Lake shore object to the use of the Lake for flood storage.
Diversion of the Whetstone River into Big Stone Lake has resulted in
above normal lake levels. Thus, flood damages to properties bordering the
Lake were increased. In efforts to prevent unnecessary damaging lake stages,
the State has on occasion released water from the Lake when not
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desired by lakeshore residents or "by the agricultural interests below
the lake. Although the Whetstone River diversion into the lake actually
reduced peak discharges from the Whetstone River to the Minnesota River,
the necessity for release of stored water in the lake following flood
periods at rates in excess of Minnesota River channel capacity resulted
in prolonged periods of flooding on agricultural lands "below the lake.
The flooding was not only prolonged but also proved to be more damaging
since t.hfi period of flooding extended further into the growing season.^
An additional problem of appreciable consequence is that of silt de-
position in Big Stone Lake. Although construction of the silt barrier in
1958 was expected to reduce and/or eliminate the problem, no significant
change in rate of siltation has occurred. Here again lakeshore interests
are affected and damage to fish life and recreation occurs.
The Corps of Engineers has developed a plan of improvement which has
the concurrence of other local, State, and Federal agencies. The plan
provides for a multiple-purpose project for flood control, wildlife con-
servation, and recreation. The proposed improvements include modifica-
tions of the existing Big Stone Lake outlet control structure, construction
of approximately two miles of channel enlargement and one mile of channel
realignment in the reach of the Minnesota River immediately below the out-
let structures and construction of an earth dam with spillway to create a
flood-retarding impoundment area. This impoundment area would be used for
flood control and would be managed, together with about 1,600 acres of
additional bordering lands, as a national wildlife refuge. The plan also
includes provision for a one-foot rise on the silt barrier to secure a
more desirable recreation level for Big Stone Lake.
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This project is in its pre-construction planning stage. Indications are
that funds for the project may be appropriated in Fiscal Year 1968 or
Fiscal Year 1969. Once completed, it should significantly reduce the silt
load contributed by the Whetstone River but will have little, if any, effect
on the occurrence of algal blooms in Big Stone Lake.
As a result of the 1966 algal bloom, Big Stone Lake has received a
great deal of attention in the newspapers of northeast South Dakota. This
type of pressure has been felt in the State Capitol of South Dakota as the
Long Range Air and Water Pollution Control Committee (appointed by the
Governor) has called for the "clean up" of Big Stone Lake as an immediate
goal. Another group called the Northeast (South Dakota) Lakes Region
Association has announced its principal goal as the clean up of "pollution"
in Big Stone Lake, This will then be used as a model of what can be
accomplished to develop a lake for full usage.
Improvements Needed
The largest source of nutrients and sediment by far appears to be the
surface runoff from the surrounding area including that from cattle feed~
lots. The homes and summer cottages around the lake undoubtedly con-
tribute some nutrients as well, but their contribution is probably quite
minor by comparison.
Primary emphasis on abatement efforts should be directed toward the
control of land runoff by better management of the land area draining to
Big Stone Lake. Examples of good management practices include contour
farming and seeding the bottomland to permanent grass or reforestation.
practices would not only lead to improvement of water quality in
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Big Stone Lake "but would also benefit the land owners by conserving the
soil and reducing nutrient losses. Improvement of land use practices
can best be attained by educating the land owners on the value of these
and other soil conservation measures.
Waste from beef cattle feedlots adjacent to the Lake should receive
the best practicable degree of treatment. If the effluent is to be dis-
charged to the Lake some form of advanced waste treatment may be necessary
to ensure that nutrients do not reach the Lake.
Wastes from homes and summer cottages should also receive the best
practicable degree of treatment. This may mean collection in central
systems and a high degree of treatment, again possibly including advanced
waste treatment methods to reduce the nutrient load.
Control of waste deposition along the shoreline by self-watered live-
stock will require fencing them out and piping their water some distance
away from the Lake into tanks. Areas below these watering points should be
grassed or other means provided such that a minimum of overland flow to the
Lake occurs.
An important aspect to realize is that if all the waste inputs to
Big Stone Lake were immediately discontinued nuisance algal blooms might
still occur for some time to come because of the nutrients contained in
the Lake's bottom deposits. To remove all possibility of nuisance algal
growths would therefore require removal of nutrients already in the Lake
through dredging of the bottom areas where deposits are in abundance and/or
harvesting algae. Removal of all waste inputs to the Lake without removing
nutrients presently in the Lake will probably result in a lake recovery time of
many years.
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Other Federal agencies besides the Corps of Engineers and Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration have an expressed interest in
the Big Stone Lake area: The Fish and Wildlife service for the w.ildlife
refuge and the development of sport and commercial fishing, the Department
of Agriculture' Soil Conservation Service for the development of soil con-
servation districts with the possibility of supplying additional water to
the Lake; and the Bureau of Reclamation for possible watershed projects.
All of these agencies, in addition to State agencies, undoubtedly have a
wealth of information that is pertinent to this area's development and the
solution to the present problem.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The Minnesota River Valley, Minnesota Outdoor Recreation Resources
Commission, State Capitol, St. Paul, Minnesota, April, 1965.
2. Animal Waste Disposal, Agricultural Experiemtn Station Journal, South
Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, August, 1966.
3. South Dakota Agriculture ซ 1966, South Dakota Crop and Livestock Service,
Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
J|- Water Quality Sampling Program Reports , Minnesota Lake and Str earns j,
Minnesota Department of Health, Section on Water Pollution Control.
5. Water Quality Standards for the Surface Waters of South Dakota^ South
Dakota Committee on Water Pollution, February 16, 1967.
6. Water Quality Standards for the Interstate Waters of Minnesota,
Minnesota Water Pollution Control Coimission, June," 1967.
7. Big Stone I^e and Whetstone River, Minnesota and South Dakota Project
Modification^ House Document Uumber 579, 87th Congress, 2nd Session.
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A
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H. Grounds
.
2/6/67 OOOR67105
SECOND MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT
LAKE SUPERIOR BASIN
COMPREHENSIVE WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL STUDY
January, 196?
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
Chicago, Illinois
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Purpose
The purpose of this report is to summarize briefly the progress
of the comprehensive water pollution control study of the Lake
Superior Basin. The report is based upon a meeting of staff personnel
held on January 24, 196?. Those present included, Scarce, Fisher,
Buchanan, Ownbey, Verber, Fuller, Abbott, Libby and Minkin with Grounds
acting as chairman. It is the intent that progress reports completed
monthly will keep the Region informed of activities in this area of its
responsibility.
Summary
Work completed to date includes:
1. Selection and placing of current meter stations in Lake
Superior.
2. Collection of initial samples from seven stations in the
Lake.
3. Chemical, biological, and radiological analyses of these
samples.
4. Initial reconnaissance of waste sources along the
St. Louis River.
5. Reconnaissance of possible laboratory sites.
6. Preparation of a preliminary draft of population and
economy.
7. Additional work on a report of "Immediate Water Pollution
Needs of the St. Louis River and Montreal River Basins, Lake
Superior Basin." This special report, which is scheduled to
be completed in initial draft form by March 1, 196?, is being
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prepared in answer to Rainwater's request of October 31, 1966.
8. Completion of a municipal waste inventory.
9. Initial evaluation of chemical and biological data.
s~
10. Review of the initial progress report issued January 3, 196?ซ
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Previous Progress Report
Comments on the first monthly progress report were called for.
Several items were raised concerning the chemical data. A revised,
dated 1-24-67, Table I entitled "Lake Superior Chemical Data, October 1? -
November 6, 1966" was distributed and used as a basis of discussion.
Items of discussion which concerned this revised table are summarized
below:
1. The units of measurement (mg/1, etc.) should be included
in the Table.
2. Two columns should be added in place of "depth." These are
to be called "Station Depth" and "Sample Depth." The latter
replaces the letters T, M, and B.
3. The chemical and biological data should be presented on our
"standard" 8^ inch by 10 inch sheets.
A revised Table 1 is attached.
Considerable discussion ensued concerning the significance of the
values given in Table 1. Of particular interest was the total phosphate
values which ranged between 0.03 and 0.05 mg/1 (as PO^). It was generally
decided that an evaluation should be made of all analytical data collected
thus far with special emphasis on a comparison of similar data on the
other Great Lakes as well as the data which could be obtained from other
agencies with comment, where practicable, on differences in analytical
techniques (see "Specific Assignments.")
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-------
Personnel Comments
Scarce. The laboratory has completed checking its analyses and
suggested changes have been made in the results previously reported in
Table 1 of the first progress report. Radiological and biological
. -" ,*
results are now available. Literature search is partially completed and
a brief memo has been written on the subject. (See Exhibits 2, 5j 6 and
7 attached to this progress report and also revised Table 1.)
Minkin. Basin maps of the St. Louis and Montreal Rivers have
been assigned to the draftsman. The community inventory is 95% complete
for the entire Lake Superior Basin. It is entirely complete for the
St. Louis and Montreal River Basins. Only communities of 100 population
or greater are included. (See Exhibits 3 and k attached to this report.)
Fisher. Biological analyses of the October and November sampling
period have been completed. Fisher pointed out the difficulty in
comparing our work with that of others. As one example, in counting
organisms some consider a clump of organisms as being equivalent to a
count of one whereas other workers may count each individual organism.
Another example cited was the difference in magnification which mey be
used in counting procedures. (See Exhibit 2 attached to this report.)
Buchanan. It was suggested that all tables prepared for this and
other reports contain the initials of the person who prepared it as well
as the date on which it was prepared.
Owribey. Ray commented that the idea of the progress report was
a good one.
-------
Verber., Jim indicated that space had been obtained for the Lake
Superior Field Station at Duluth. He further mentioned that it was
necessary to make personnel assignments as soon as possible. Scarce,
Verber, Owribey and Kehr are charged with this responsibility.
Kee. The population of the St. Louis and Montreal River Basins
has been determined. (See Exhibit 8.)
Specific Assignments
1. Scarce-Fuller. Prepare a brief report which discusses our
laboratory analyses of Lake Superior samples and compare our results
with:
a) The work of other laboratories studying Lake Superior.
b) Similar analyses performed on samples collected from the
other Great Lakes.
Particular attention should be paid to phosphate analysis.
2. Fisher. Prepare a brief report which discusses the biological
findings in Lake Superior (See Exhibit 2 attached.)
3. LjJbby-Yerber. State estimated sampling depths and station
depths (completed).
4. Yerber. Check longitude and latitude of Lake Superior current
meter stations (Completed).
5. Yerber-Ownbey. Appoint and obtain Project Director and other
personnel for the Lake Superior Program Office.
6. Minkin. Minkin is assigned the responsibility of preparing
the industrial waste inventory for the Lake Superior Basin.
-------
Suggestion
It is suggested that those receiving copies of the progress
reports on the Lake Superior Comprehensive Study bind the succeeding
issues together so that a complete picture of the work is maintained.
-------
1/32/67 JLV
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1/31/67
Exhibit 2
Lake Superior Biological Findings
October November 1966
-------
A DISCUSSION ON THE BIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR SPECIAL CRUISE
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1966
Herbert J. Fisher
Introduction
Information on the planktonic life and bottom fauna in Lake Superior
is quite limited. Early non-quantitative phytoplankton investigations
included those of Eddy (193*0 and Taylor (1935). Some later quantitative
studies included those of Putnam and Olson (1961), Williams (1962),
Williams and Scott (1962), Putnam (1963) and Holland (1965). Information
on the benthos of the Lake is even more scarce. Some early works on this
subject vere those of Smith (1871 a, b, c; 187^ a, b), Smith and Verrill
(l87l) and Eddy (19^3).
>.
On the dates of Oct. 19-20, Nov. 2 and 6, 1966, a special cruise was
made on Lake Superior to obtain some present-day information on conditions
in the Lake. In addition to other samples, biological samples were
collected at six widely scattered stations in the Lake proper and at one
station in Whitefish Bay (Fig. l). All collections were made from the
deck of the Telson Queen, a contract vessel.
-------
-.2-
The Use of Some Biological Findings
The kinds and numbers of benthic fauna inhabiting a particular lake
area are determined by characteristics of the substratum, the quality of
the water and certain physical features such as morphometry of the basin,
vave action, currents, temperature, light and depth. Usually, organic
sediments provide a suitable habitat for oligochaetes and tendipedids but
not for some of the amphipods and molluscs.
Phytoplankton increase with favorable conditions of light, temperature,
vater movements, and available nutrients. Certain other organic substances
also are required for plankton growth. Certain species of green algae,
brown algae, and diatoms are common in oligotrophic lakes. Some of these
are Tabellaria, Asterionella, Synedra, and Fragillaria. In contrast, some
of the blue-green algae, euglenoids,and other diatoms favor nutrient-
enriched waters of eutrophic lakes. Some of these include species of
Anacystis, Oscillatori a, Stephanodiscus^, Cyclotella, and Melosira.
In areas not receiving such suspended organic matter as sewage, the
amount of organic seston per cubic meter of the water is a gross measure
of biological productivity. When considered with light penetration, phyto-
plankton densities, the measure of organic matter may be useful in the
evaluation of abnormal values for phytoplankton and certain bacteriological
and chemical data.
-------
-3-
Methods
Benthic fauna and planktonic algae were sampled In the biological
study. Weather conditions, vater temperatures, transparency as measured
with a secehi disc, "bottom type and conditions of the water and bottom
were recorded.
Methods of sample collection and methods of laboratory analyses
used on these samples followed the procedures listed in Water Pollution,
Biology, Field and Laboratory Manual, GLIRBP, IWCA, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, February 196*6. A discussion on these methods
follows:
The Petersen dredge vas used for collecting bottom samples during
the fore part of the survey. However, it was later replaced by the
Shipek sampler. Since this device is equipped with springs for tension,
it was able to close vith considerable force. Usually three samples
were collected. The dredgings were washed through a square, wood-framed
sieve of U.S. Standard Ho. 3 mesh sieve cloth. All of the material
retained on the sieve was preserved with formalin. The bottom animals
were separated from this material in the laboratory and then sorted,
Identified, counted and reported as numbers per square meter of lake
bottom. .
Samples for phytoplankton analyses were collected at three different
depths at. each station: surface, mid-depth, and bottom by means of PVC
bottles. One-half gallon samples were collected. Formalin was added to
result in a four percent solution.
\
\.
-------
In the laboratory the sample was shaken "by inverting the jar about
twenty times. An aliquot was taken with a plastic dropper and the
chamber of a Sedgwick-Rafter counting cell was filled with one milliliter
of the sample as quickly as possible. The contents of the slide were then
allowed to settle for fifteen minutes before counting.
"Microscopic examination of the sample was made using 10X oculars,
one of which was fitted with a Whipple ocular micrometer, and a SOX
objective. The microscope was also equipped with a mechanical stage.
A measurable portion of the slide was then counted. Two "strips" across
the cell, each one,Whipple field wide, were ordinarily scanned unless the
sample was very sparsely populated in which case four or eight strips were
inspected. If the phytoplankton were extremely dense, only one strip was
viewed. The "clump" count was used, that is, clumps or colonies or organisms
were counted as one. The results were tallied on a bench sheet. At this
magnification (200X), identifications to genera were usually attempted.
If this was impossible, then the plankters were put into the proper class,
e. g. "unidentified green coccoids."
Since the Sedwick-Rafter counting cell is standardized at 50 mm X 20 mm
X 1 mm and the size of the Whipple field could be measured with a stage
micrometer, the number of algae on the entire slide was found by multiplication
vith the factor appropriate to the number of strips counted. Results were
tabulated as number of organisms per milliliter and should be rounded to two
significant figures.
-------
-5-
Suspended organic matter in the vater was sampled "by the use
of the vertical plankton tow, a conical-shaped No. 20 mesh nylon bolting
cloth net, 1.5 meters in length, 0.5 meter in diameter at the top and
0.008 meter in diameter at the "bottom. Attached to the bottom is a small
metal bucket with openings covered with the same fine mesh netting. The
net was lowered to the bottom, of the lake and then raised to the surface
at a constant speed. When the net was brought up, the plankton trapped
on the inside surface were washed down into the bucket. The plankton
were then drained from the bucket and preserved in a pint-size glass jar
with sufficient foreialin to effect a three percent solution.
The sample was run through a Foerst continuous centrifuge until ell
green color was removed from the sample. The plankton concentrate was
then washed with distilled water into a tared porcelain evaporating dish
and dried in a constant-temperature oven at 60ฐC (approximately 2k hours).
The dish was then weighed and the tared weight subtracted to give the dry
weight of the sample. The sample was then ashed in a muffle furnace at
600ฐC for 30 minutes, cooled and weighed again. Ash weight was determined
by subtracting the tare weight from the last reading. Subtraction of the
ash weight from the dry weight provided the loss due to ignition or the
weight of the organic matter present in the sample. The volume of the
column of water filtered through the half-meter diameter net was then
determined. The formula for a half-meter net is:
Cubic meters of water filtered = 0.196 X length of tow.
The results were expressed as milligrams of organic matter in one
cubic meter.
-------
Results and Discussion
Eenthic Fauna
Table 1 presents the average number of bottom-dwelling organisms found
in the samples collected.
The average in numbers per square meter for the seven stations sampled
vas 80. Scuds composed about 70 percent of the benthic organisms found and
sludgeworms composed about 20 percent. Other benthic organisms noted in
the samples included fingernail clams, bloodworms, roundworms and Diptera.
It is interesting to compare biological data collected in Lake Sxiperior
during the present study with GLIRBP biological findings in the other Great
Lakes. Analyses of benthic samples collected at k2 deepwater stations in
Lake Ontario in September 196*5 indicated an average of 475 benthic organisms
a/
per square meter . In the northern part of Lake Michigan and in the
deepwater stations in the southern part,$00 or less amphipods per square
meter were recorded '.
Phytoplankton
Fhytoplankton populations per milliliter for the seven stations are
presented in Table 2. The average for the surface samples for the seven
stations was about 50 with a range of 20 to 110. Pennate diatoms composed
6k percent of the phytoplankton, centric diatoms and green coccoids composed
18 percent each. Some of the more important organisms in order of abundance
vere Cyclotella, Navicula, Tabellaria, and Scenedesmus. Predominant genera
found at each station are listed in Table 3.
-------
-7-
Putnam and Olson (1961) reported an average of 168 phytoplankton per
milliliter near Duluth from mid-July to mid-October I960. Williams (1962)
reported about 100 phytoplankton per milliliter near the same station about
the same time. Holland (1965) reported on the analyses of samples collected
at 1^ offshore stations, some in mid-lake. According to her, diatoms
varied in number from 2,200 per milliliter near the Apostle Islands to
65 to 78 per milliliter in the middle of the lake northwest of the
Keweenau Peninsula.
Comparison of the above data may be questioned. Putnam and Olson
vere not specific as to methods of counting. Williams used the clump system
of counting. Putnam and Olson examined slides under 200 power magnification;
Holland examined the slides under 970 power magnification.
The phytoplankton populations recorded in Lake Superior are rather
small in comparison vith those reported for some of the other Great Lakes.
Spring 1962 phytoplankton counts averaged ^00 or less per milliliter in the
northern and southern deepwater areas of Lake Michigan '. The average
phytoplankton population of samples collected at k2 deepwater stations
in Lake Ontario in September 19&5 was && Per milliliter with a range of
196-1, 372a'. Phytoplankton collected in November 1965 averaged 7l4 per
milliliter from 11 deepwater stations in Lake Huron . Casper (1965)
reported that during a phytoplankton bloom in an area of western Lake
Erie on September 10, 1964, 1^,656 per milliliter were recorded of which
91.8 percent were blue-greens, 6.9 percent were greens and 1.3 percent
vere diatoms.
-------
-8-
Seston " -
Determinations of seston were conducted to provide a gross estimate
of the standing crop. Suspended organic matter in milligrams per cubic
meter for the seven stations are presented in Table k. All values were low.
The concentrations varied from 1 milligram per cubic meter at Station 1 to
26 milligrams per cubic meter at Station 10. These values are low compared
to those recorded for another Great Lake. Anderson and Clayton (1959)
conducted vertical plankton tows in Lake Ontario in October 1958 and
obtained values ranging from 8 milligrams per cubic meter to 80 milligrams
per cubic meter.
Light Penetration
Light penetration as measured by the secchi disc was recorded for all
stations except Station 10. The water at each station was quite clear.
The secchi disc readings ranged from 6 to 9 meters. Secchi disc readings
ranged from about 2 to 8 meters at ^2 Lake Ontario deepwater stations in
a/
September 1965 ' .
Observations of Physical Conditions
Bottom materials consisted of clay at Station 3* sand at Stations 7,
8, 9 and 1O and rock at Stations 1 and 2. No ooze nor detritus was noted
in any of the bottom samples. The odor of the water and of the bottom
material was normal at all stations. Surface temperatures ranged from
7 to 10 degrees C at the various stations.
-------
-9-
Summary
Biological samples vere collected at seven widely scattered stations
In Lake Superior during the period October 19-November 6, 1$66. Analyses
of the samples Indicated low populations of "both benthic organisms and
phytoplankton. The values were also low compared to those recorded for
other of the Great Lakes.
Some other indications of a rather clean habitat were the presence
of pollution sensitive benthic organisms, small amount of suspended organic
matter, and lack of ooze and/or detritus in the bottom samples.
Briefly, analyses of the biological samples and observations made at
the stations indicated that the water of Lake Superior at the stations
sampled was quite clean and free of pollution during the late fall of 1966.
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"' TABLE 3
KEY'TO PREDOMINANT PHYTOPLANKTON GENERA
Centric Diatoms
a. Cyclotella-Stephanodiscus .
b. Melosira .
c. Khizoselenia
Pennate Diatoms
d. Asterionella
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1. Unidentified
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k. Cosmariura
1.- Scenedesmus
Blue-Green Coccoids
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m. Anacystis
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n. Oscillatoria
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LIST OF REFERENCES
Anderson, D.V. and D. Clayton. 1959. Plankton in Lake Ontario. Physics
Research Note $1. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Maple,
Ontario.
Casper, V.L. 1965. A Phytoplankton Bloom in Western Lake Erie. University
of Michigan, Great Lakes Research Division, Pub. 13: 29-35.
*
Eddy, S. 1934. A Study of Fresh-Water Communities. Illinois Biol. Monogr.,
. 12 CO : 93 P.
Eddy, S. 19^-3. Limnological Notes on Lake Superior. Proc. Minnesota Acad.
Sci., 11:34-39-
Holland, R.B. 1965. 35ie Distribution and Abundance of Planktonic Diatoms
in Lake Superior. Proc. 8th Conf. Great Lakes Res.; Univ. Michigan,
Great Lakes Res. Div. Pub. 13: 96-105.
Putnam, H.D. 1963. A Study of the Nutrients, Productivity and Plankton
in Western Lake Superior. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Minnesota, 288 p.
Putnam, H.D. and T..A. Olson. 1961. Studies on the Productivity and Plankton
Of Lake Superior. Univ. Minnesota, School Public Health. 2k p. / ik tables
and 13 plates (ranltigraphed).
Smith, S.I. l871a. Preliminary Report on the Dredgings in Lake Superior.
Rep. U.S. Sec. Wary Pt. 2:1-7.
. Dredging in Lake Superior under the Direction of the
U.S. Lake Survey. Amer. J. Sci. Arts, 3^d Ser. , 2:373-37^.
l871c. Eie Fauna of Lake Superior at Great Depths. Amer.
Natur. 5:722.
l874a. 53ie Crustacea of the Fresh Waters of the United States.
Rep. U.S. Fish. Conm. (1872-1873), Pt. 2:637-665.
Sketch of the Invertebrate Fauna of Lake Superior.
Rep. U.S. Fish. Cosm. (1872-1873), Pt. 2:690-707.
_ and A.E. Verrill. 1871. Notice of the Invertebrata Dredged in
Lake Superior in 1871 by the U.S. Lake Survey, under the direction of
General C.B. Coms-fcock, S. I. Smith, Naturalist. Amer. J. Sci. Arts,
3rd Ser., 2:W8.
Taylor, W. R. 1935- Eiytoplankton of Isle Royale. Trans. Amer. Micros cop.
Soc., 5^:83-97.
-------
Williams, L.G. 1962. Plankton Population Dynamics. U.S. Public Health
Serv., Nat. Water Qual. Network, Suppl., 2. 90 Pซ
Williams, L.G. and C. Scott. 1962. Principal Diatoms of Major Waterways
of the United States. Limnol. Oceanogr., 7:365-379-
)
a/ Lake Ontario Program Office. 1966. Report on the Biological
Investigations, Lake Ontario Basin.
\>f Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project. 1966. Comprehensive
Water Pollution Control Programs, Lake Michigan Basins, Appendix 4,
Biology. June 1966.
c/ Unpublished G.L.I.R.B.P. data on Biology in Lake Huron.
-------
Exhibit 3
Municipal Waste Inventory Data St Louis
River Basin Minnesota and
Wisconsin
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Basin. Michigan and Wisconsin
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Exhibit ฃ
Radiological Data Lake Superior
October-November, 1966
-------
OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
MAY 1962 EDITION
GSA FPMR [41 CFR) 101-11.6
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
USDI, FWPCA, Great Lakes Basin
GLIRBP
TO ; H. Grounds, Chief
Engineering Unit
FROM : VI. L. Abbott, Acting Chief
Radiochemistry Unit
DATE: January 11, 196?
SUBJECT: Radiochemistry Results from Lake Superior
Enclosed is a listing of all of the radiochemistry results I have obtained
from analysis of Lake Superior samples. These tables are intended for
inclusion in the nejct Lake Superior Progress Report.
Table 1 shows the water samples to contain essentially no radioactivity.
Table 2 lists the activities of bottom sediment samples for five of the
seven stations on Lake Superior. Gamma scans on these five samples
showed the activity to probably be very low levels of naturally occurring
members of the Uranium-238 decay series, which includes Radium-226. Due
to the low activities encountered, however, these findings are not con-
clusive.
W. L. Abbott
cc: L. E. Scarce
Buy US. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-------
TABLE 1
LAKE SUPERIOR WATER SAMPLES
Radiochemistry Results
Picocuries per liter
Count Date: January 5j 19&7
Latitude Longitude
U6ฐ58'30'> 91ฐU2'30"
16 51 12 91 20
hi 2U 06 91 05 50
16 hh 5U 89 2U ho
h6 30 5U 8h U8 20
.It? 28 36 88 09 00
h7 01 12
15 5U
Depth
Sample
(Meters ) Date
0
33
^^
66
0
35
70
0
U8
96
0
31
62
0
15
30
0
U9
. 98
0
36
72
10/19/66
10/19/66
10/19/66
10/20/66
10/20/66
10/21/66
11/2/66
Suspended Solids
Alpha + Eo.ฃ
000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
o;o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
+
+
7
+
7
7
+
7
7
+
7
7
+
7
7
+
7
7
+
7
7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
OcU
o.U
0.3'
0.3
0.2
0.2
o.U
0.2
Beta
1.0
0.0
o.5
0.0
0.9
0.2
0.0
0.6
0.8
0.7
o.U
0.6
1.0
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o.U
0.5
o.5
0.3
0.1
1.2
+
+
7
7
+
+
7
+
+
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+
+
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+
7
7
+
7
7
+
+
7
E95
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0.8
1.2
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
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0.9
0.8
0.9.
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.9
Dissolved Solids
Alpha + E^ij
000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
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0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
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0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
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0.0
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+
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7
+
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7
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0.3
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o.5
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1.0
0.3
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o.U
Beta + Eoฃ
1.5 + i.l
1.9 + 1.1
1.8 7 009
1.8 + 1.1
1.6 7 1.1
1.7 + 1.1
0.7 + 1.0
1.6 7 ici
1.8 + 1.1
2.6 + 1.2
2.7 + 1.2
2.2 + l.U
2.5 + 1.2
2.1 + 1.1
1.6 + 1.1
2.6 + 102
2.9 + 1.2
2.7 + 1.2
2.2 + 1.2
2.5 + 1.2
3.6 + 1.3
-------
TABLE 2
LAKE SUPERIOR BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
Radioactivity Results
Picocuries per gram
Count Date: October 2h, 1966
Latitude
1|6ฐ58
16 51
1ป72U
Ij6 tilt
1*7 28
U6 30
h7 01
13011
12
06
51;
36
5U
12
Longitude
91ฐU2'30"
91 20 15
91 05 50
89 2k hO
88 09 00
8h {48 20
88 15 51;
Depth
(Meters^
67
70
97
63
98
No sample
ii it
Sample
Date
10/19/66
*
"
10/20/66
10/21/66
obtained
ii
Alpha +_ E^
9.8 + li.7
11 i 5o2
6.0 + U.l
8.7 111. 7
li.9 ili.O
Beta + E^
29
38
16
27
36
+ li.l
15.7
ฑ3.1
ฑ3.9
+ h.O
-------
Exhibit 6
Literature Search of Chemical Data
Lake Superior Basin
-------
LITERATURE SEARCH
All Values in mg/1
Source
L. Superior, L. Huron
& Georgian Bay Data
Report, Great Lakes
Institute, University
of Toronto
Date
1961
Parameter
Approx.
* Temp.
6/60-12/60 Temp. ฐC
pH
pH
Sp. Cond.
Ayj
2.0
1.8-6.6 h.O
7.5-7.8 7.6
6.6-7.8 7.2
79-98 92
78-100 80
L. SuperiorLimnological 1951-1957 Temp. ฐC
Data-Fish & Wildlife DO
Service pH
Alk.
12
0-20
5.9-16
6.9-8.0
39-U9 U5
NHj-N
Sp. Cond.
T. PO^ as
pou
Na
Ca
Mg
SiOp
Oo08-0.
66-9U
Trace-
0.59
0.8-2.9
12-13
1.6-h.U
1.0-13
51 O.T.
80
0003
1.1
12
3oO
5.0
An Investigation of
Nutrients in Western
L, Superior, Univ.
of Minn.
7/21-9/15/59 Org-N 0.09-0.77 0.15
T. POr as
~~ 0.01-0.28 0.05
Remarks
Lower than ours
All surface samples
Good agreement
n n
Not run at 25ฐc
n n
All times of the year
Good agreement
n it
it n
Frozen-direct nessler-
ization
Not run at 25ฐC
Not same method
Good agreement
ซ n
it n
About 2.0 mg/1 higher
than ours
Higher than ours
DO
Temp. ฐC
A Preliminary Investiga- 1958-1959
tion of Nutrients in
Western L0 Superior
Si02
Alk.
PH
D. Sol.
NH-5-N
Io7-hป9 2.1
38-53 UO
7.0-8.1 7o7
16-188 70
Alk.
pH
T. Sol.
11 " " , same
method
0.22-0.1i6 0.35 Higher than ours, dif-
ferent method
5.1~ll4 10 Same as ours
li-19 16 Summer values-ours wer
Fall values
Trace-13 1.0 1 mg/1 lower than ours
Turbidimetric vs Auto-
Analyzer
Same as ours
n n
n n
Ours were a little
lower
We found 0005
Higher than ours
Much higher than our:
Good agreement
n n
n n
Turbidimetric vs,
AutoAnalvz er-lower
than ours
Good agreement
n n
it n
Org-N
NOo-N
T/PO^
as PO^
DO
Temp.ฐC
SOj
0,08-0.28
0.55-1.15
0.01-0.05
9.2-13
li-17
0.9-2.9
0.15
0.90
0.02
11
13
1.7
32-U2
7.1-7.9
7.7
60
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'literature Search
Source
Date
National Water Quality 1957-1962
Network Data
Parameter Range
1-17
Temp.ฐC
DO
PH
COD
NH-.-N
A1K.
sob
T.
as
D. Solo
Approx.
Avg. Remarks
h
9.h-m 13
7.3-8oO 7.7
1.8-12 5.3
0.00-0030 OoOi
0-0
35-78
0
55
Good agreement
tt n
it n
We got twice as high
Higher than our values
Good agreement
" if
Much lower than ours
Good agreement
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Exhibit 7
Survey of Lake Superior Literature
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~ OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10
MAY Iป4J IDIIION
OSA rpMR 1/1 CFU 101-11.4
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
TO : Laboratory Unit Chiefs
USDI, FWPCA, Great Lakes Region
GLIRBP .
DATE: Jan. 19, 1967
FROM : L. E. Scarce
Acting Director of Laboratories
SUBJECT: Survey of Lake Superior Literature "
Literature pertaining to Lake Superior is located in my office as
follows :
From laboratory, ^office files
Anderson, D.V. and G, K. Rodgers "A Synoptic Survey of Lake Superior,"
Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Great Lakes Research 1963,
Great Lakes Research Division, Pub. 10, pp 79~89ซ
Publications from the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota:
"Water Movements and Temperatures of Western Lake Superior"
.November
"A Preliminary Investigation of Nutrients in Western Lake
.Superior 1958-1959" June 1959.
"An Investigation of Nutrients in Western Lake Superior M
June I960.
"Studies on the Productivity and Plankton of Lake Superior"
.June 1961.
From Mr. Verber's files
"Lake Superior Study-1956" published by the School of Public Health,
-University of Minnesota, June 1957.
"Lake Superior Limnological Data, 1951-57," Special Scientific Report-
Fisheries No. 297, published by the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish
and Wildlife Service, April 1959.
"Georgian Bay and Lake Superior Data Report 19&1, " Preliminary Report
No. 4, published by the Great Lakes Institute, University of Toronto,
April 1962.
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
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-2-
Survey of Lake Superior Literature (1-19-67)
Each of you is requested to review these and all other available
publications pertaining to past studies on Lake Superior. In addition,
you are requested to make a brief summary which will summarize existing
knowledge in relation to each parameter pertaining to your discipline.
It is requested that you indicate where the various publications are
in agreement on scientific findings and where there appears to be
discrepancies.
These literature reviews have two objectives: l) to provide immediate
information vhich will be utilized in planning our Lake Superior Study,
2) to provide a historical survey which may be included in your individual
reports on Lake Superior.
You are requested to complete as much of. this survey as^you can before
Wednesday, January 25, so that you may present your findings*at the
monthly Lake Superior meeting to be held on that date.
The above publications are the ones that have come to my attention as
available here on the Project. Should you have other publications, you
are requested to either so advise me or contribute them for temporary
inclusion in the material to be located in my office. Also, please
advise me regarding other publications cited in the literature which
may be available either at a local library or from, the author or
publisher.
. E. Scarce
cc: C. Ownbey
J. Verber
*particularly those pertaining to deepwater.
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Exhibit 8
Population Data St. Loxiis and Montreal Rivers Basins
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Economics Unit - D. Kee
The total and municipal population of the St. Louis and the
Montreal River Basins has been compiled. The St. Louis River Basin
had a I960 population of 260,000 with a municipal population of
210,000 or 81$ of the total. The Montreal River Basin was slightly
less urbanized with 14,000 or 75^ of its total population of 19,000
considered municipal.
The major communities in each subbasin and their I960 populations
are shown below.
St. Louis River Basin
Duluth (106,884)
Hibbins (17,731)
Virginia City (14,034)
Superior (33,563)
Montreal River Basin
Ironwood (10,265)
Hurley (2,763)
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