PROCEEDINGS
           MINN.
                MO
  CONFERENCE
                                     April 15-16,1969
                                   Council Bluffs, Iowa
                                       2nd Session

                                            WIS.
                                             ILL.
   To Consider the Establishment of Water Quality Standards
   for the Missouri River Basin Interstate Waters—State of Iowa.
           U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
    FEDERAL  WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION

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                  SECOND  SESSION


                      OF  THE




                CONFERENCE




TO  CONSIDER  THE ESTABLISHMENT  OF WATER QUALITY


STANDARDS FOR THE MISSOURI RIVER BASIN INTERSTATE


            WATERS   -   STATE  OF  IOWA
                       held in



               Council Bluffs,  Iowa


                April  15 - 16,  1969
             TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS
             US  Environmental Protec ion Agency
             GLNPO Library Collection (PL-12J)
             77 West Jackson Boulevard,
                   ll 60604-3590

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C_0_NTENTS_

Murray Stein
Carl V. Blomgren
Edwin E. Geldreich
Gen. C. Craig Cannon
T. C. Ferris
Dr. Graham Walton
Dr. Aaron A. Rosen
Robert W. Sharp
Kenneth R. Roberts
Dr. Clarence M. Tarzwell
Bob A. Hegg
H. 0. Hartung
Robert S. Burd
Edward Lightfoot
William W. Amundson
Mrs. George G. Koerber
Carl R. Noren
Robert C. Russell
D. F. Beam

PAGE:
5
15
and 402
269
288
295
303
307
316
348
372
391
399
412
413
442
444
450
451
456

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                    C_0_NTENTS_
                      (CONTINUED)
                                                       B
                                                  RAGE;
     Dr. Robert L. Morris
     Dr. Roger ¥. Bachmann
     R. J. Schliekelman
     Dr. Jack H. Gakstatter
     Harry M. Harrison
     Robert Buckmaster
499
566
573
585
REBUTTAL
     Carl V. Blomgren
     Robert S. Burd
     Dr. Aaron A. Rosen
     Edwin E. Geldreich
     R. J. Schliekelman
     Melville ¥. Gray
     John M. Rademacher
     Frank L. Carlson
609
618
622
625
627
628
630

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               The Second Session Conference to Consider

the Establishment of Water Quality Standards for Inter-

state Waters Subject to the Jurisdiction of the State of

Iowa convened at 9:30 o'clock a.m. on April 15, 1969, at

the Chieftain Hotel, Council Bluffs, Iowa.



PRESIDING:

     Mr. Murray Stein
     Assistant Commissioner for Enforcement
     Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
     Department of the Interior
     Washington, D.  C.
PARTICIPANTS:
     William W.  Amundson
     City Engineer
     City of Sioux City
     Sioux City, Iowa

     Dr.  Roger W.  Bachmann
     Rural Route #3
     Ames, Iowa

     D.  P. Beam
     Vice Chairman, Nebraska Committee
     for Pure Air and Water, Inc.
     Omaha,  Nebraska

     Carl V. Blomgren
     Director of Office Technical  Support
     Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
     Kansas  City,  Missouri

     Robert  Buckmaster
     Chairman,  Iowa WateT Pollution
     Control Commission
     Des Moines, Iowa

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PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED):

     Robert S.  Burd
     Deputy Assistant Commissioner for Operations
     Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
     Washington, D. C.

     Brig. General C. Craig Cannon
     Missouri River Division Engineer
     Corps of Engineers
     Omaha, Nebraska

     Prank L. Carlson
     Engineer,  Genesee County,  Michigan
     Drain Commission Pollution Control
     Flint, Michigan

     T.  C. Ferris
     Water Hygiene Representative, Environmental
     Control Division, Department of Health,
     Education,  and Welfare,  Region IV
     Kansas City, Missouri

     Dr.  Jack H. Gakstatter
     State Hygienic Laboratory  - Des Moines
     Des  Moines, Iowa

     Edwin E. Geldreich
     Reserach Microbiologist
     Bureau of  Water Hygiene
     U.  S. Public Health  Service
     Cincinnati, Ohio

     Melville W. Gray
     Assistant  Director of Environmental
     Health Services,  Kansas  State
     Department  of Health
     Topeka,  Kansas

     Harry M. Harrison
     Iowa State  Conservation  Commission
     Des  Moines. Iowa
     H.  0.  Hartung
     President,  Missouri  River  Public
     Water  Supplies  Association
     University  City,  Missouri

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PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED)

     Bob A. Hegg
     Sanitary Engineer, Missouri Basin Region
     Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
     Kansas City, Missouri

     Mrs. George G. Koerber
     Director and State Chairman for Water
     Resources,  League of Women Voters of Iowa
     Ames,  Iowa

     Edward Lightfoot
     Missouri Water Pollution Board
     Jefferson City, Missouri

     Dr. Robert L. Morris
     Associate Director, Iowa State
     Hygienic Laboratory - Ames
     Ames,  Iowa
     Carl R.  Noren
     Director,  Missouri Department
     of Conservation
     Jefferson  City, Missouri

     John M.  Rademacher
     Regional Director, Missouri Basin Region
     Federal  Water Pollution Control Administration
     Kansas City,  Missouri

     Kenneth  R.  Roberts
     Fishery  Biologist, Bureau of Commercial
     Fisheries,  U. S.  Department of the Interior
     Ann Arbor,  Michigan

     Dr. Aaron  A.  Rosen
     Chief, Waste  Identification and Analysis
     Activities, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
     Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control
     Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio

     Robert C.  Russell
     Executive  Secretary, Iowa Division
     Izaak Walton  League of  America
     Iowa City,  Iowa

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PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED):

     R. J. Schliekelman
     Technical Secretary, Iowa Water
     Pollution Control Commission
     Des Moines, Iowa

     Robert W. Sharp
     Regional Supervisor, Division of Fishery
     Services, Bureau of Sport Fisheries &
     Wildlife, Minneapolis, Minnesota

     Dr. Clarence M. Tarzwell
     Director, National Marine Water Quality
     Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control
     Administration, West Kingston, Rhode Island
     Dr. Graham Walton
     Chief, Technical Services,
     Water Hygiene, U.S. Public
     Cincinnati, Ohio
Bureau
Health
of
Service
ATTENDEES:
     Larry E. Albaugh
     Spencer Packing Company
     Spencer, Iowa

     Lee Albaugh
     Water Pollution Commission
     Charles City, Iowa

     L. E. Allen
     Izaak Walton League of America
     Great Trails Chapter
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

     Jean Amos
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Kansas City, Missouri

     Richard D.  Anderson
     Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
     Minneapolis, Minnesota

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                                                      4-B
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):

     Richard K. Ballentine
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Cincinnati, Ohio

     ¥. L. Banks
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Kansas City., Missouri

     Wilber A. Blain
     Needham Packing Company
     Sioux City, Iowa

     Harvey L. Brake
     Glenwood, Iowa

     Dan Brindley
     Iowa Health Department
     Des Moines, Iowa

     Ivan L. Burmeister
     U. S. Geological Survey
     Iowa City, Iowa

     William A. Carle
     Iowa Public Service Company
     Sioux City, Iowa

     J. A. Chittenden
     Iowa Beef Packers, Inc.
     Dakota City, Nebraska

     Carl Chloupek
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Lincoln, Nebraska
     Tom Corothers
     City of Sioux City
     Sioux City, Iowa
Health Department
     Cal Cox
     Soil Conservation Service
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

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ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
     Thomas 0. Dahl
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Kansas City, Missouri

     James Diggins
     Harrison County
     Lagon, Iowa

     Charles T. Evitts
     Sioux City, Iowa

     Ralph Pagan
     City of Council Bluffs
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

     T. A. Filipi
     Nebraska Water Pollution Control
     Lincoln, Nebraska

     Charles A. Geisler
     City of Omaha
     Omaha, Nebraska
     Eugene Gilson
     Mills County Conservation
     Glenwood, Iowa

     Charles H. Hajinian
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Adminstration
     Kansas City, Missouri

     Frank E.  Hall
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Chicago,  Illinois

     Paul Harley
     Interior  Department
     Omaha, Nebraska

     M.  Don Harmon
     City Manager
     Council Bluffs, Iowa
Board

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ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):

     John Harrison
     State of Nebraska
     Omaha,  Nebraska

     Mrs. Leslie Hendrickson
     Sioux Ikettes, Izaak Walton League
     Sioux City, Iowa

     G. I. Hoilien
     Conservation Commission
     Waukon, Iowa
     Robert C. Horn
     Terra Chemicals
     Sioux City, Iowa
Int.,  Inc
     P. J. Houser
     Iowa State Health Department
     Des  Moines, Iowa

     Calvin Hultman
     Congressman Scherle's Office
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

     Randall S. Jessee
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Kansas City, Missouri

     Richard L. Johnson
     Iowa Conservation Commission
     Missouri Valley, Iowa

     John J. Kaplan
     Blue Star Foods

     Duane E. King
     State Conservation Commission
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

     Richard Knowles
     Denison Bulletin"
     Denison, Iowa

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                                                      4-E
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):

     Anthony L. Kucera
     Mississippi Vallen Association
     Omaha,  Nebraska

     Paul Leach
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Kansas  City, Missouri

     Kenneth M. Mackenthun
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Cincinnati, Ohio

     Kenneth A. Mackichan
     U. S. Geological Survey
     Lincoln,  Nebraska

     Daniel  G. Manning
     Corps of  Engineers
     Omaha,  Nebraska

     Robert  L. Markey
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Kansas  City, Missouri

     Mrs. Mildred B. May
     League  of Women Voters
     Omaha,  Nebraska

     Robert  A. Maxey
     Plant Pesticides Control,  ARS
     Omaha,  Nebraska

     William McLaughlin
     Iowa Development Commission
     Des Moines, Iowa
     Othie R.  McMurry
     Iowa Water Pollution Commission
     Des Moines, Iowa

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                                                      4-F
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):

     Art Meger
     Hensingion, Durham, Richardson
     Omaha, Nebraska

     Donald M. Meisner
     Simpco
     Sioux City, Iowa

     Dale J. Mills
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

     Dennis Mishek
     Iowa Department of Health
     Des Moines, Iowa
     R. B. Moorman
     Iowa Wildlife
     Ames, Iowa
Federation
     Dr. D. I. Mount
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Duluth, Minnesota

     Ambrose Muenchratt
     Iowa Water Pollution
     Control Commission
     Earling, Iowa

     Bill Nelson
     Kirkham Michael & Associates
     Omaha, Nebraska

     William R. Nicholas
     Tennessee Valley Authority
     Chattanooga,Tennessee

     R.  G.  Paulette
     Stanley Consultants
     Muscatine, Iowa

     H.  W.  Poston
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Chicago, Illinois

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                                                      4-G
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):

     Thomas J. Powers
     Director, Water Quality Standards
     Office of Regulatory Programs
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Cincinnati, Ohio

     M. E. Reul
     Council Bluffs City Water Works
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

     John Samson
     Omaha, Nebraska

     Paul Schliesser
     Omaha Chamber of Commerce
     Omaha, Nebraska

     Monte G. Scholten
     Spencer Packing Company
     Spencer, Iowa

     A. D. Sidio
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Cincinnati, Ohio
     Walter
     County
     Little
Sorensen
Supervisor
Sioux, Iowa
     James Speers, M.D.
     State Department of Health
     Des Moines, Iowa

     Mrs. Theressa Streitz
     League of Women Voters
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

     Manlee J. Stueve
     County Supervisor
     Missouri Valley, Iowa

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                                                      4-H
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):

     Harold Summers
     S&H Products, Inc.
     Audubon, Iowa

     Rowena Taylor
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Kansas City, Missouri

     A. L. Thomas
     Harrison County Engineer
     Logan, Iowa

     John Thorson
     Iowa Power & Light Company
     Council Bluffs, Iowa

     Bernice Trively
     Randolph,  Iowa

     Rolland A. Trively
     Fremont County Sup.
     Health Board
     Randolph,  Iowa

     Ed Weinheimer
     Conservation Commission
     Greenfield, Iowa

     Mrs. Ed, Weinheimer
     Greenfield, Iowa

     W. J. Wells, Jr.
     Bell, Galyordt and Wells
     Omaha, Nebraska

     A. T. Wicks
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Kansas City, Missouri

     G. R. Wimmer
     Industrial Development Council
     Sioux City, Iowa

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ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):

     Bern Wright
     Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration
     Washington, D. C.

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              Opening  Statement  -  Mr.  Stein
                    OPENING  STATEMENT




                          BY




                    MR. MURRAY  STEIN








               MR.  STEIN:   The  Conference  is  open.




               ¥e have opened  a little  late today  because




of the change in place, and I hope everyone was able to get here.




               This conference  to  consider the  establish-




ment of water quality standards  is being held under  the




provisions of Section 10  (c)(2)  of the  Federal  Water




Pollution Control Act as  amended.




               It covers  the waters of  the Mississippi Ri|fer,




Missouri River, and designated  tributaries of these  water




subject to the .jurisdiction of  Iowa which are considered



interstate waters under the Federal act.




               This is the Second Session of the aonferen e,



as we had one last week in Davenport, Iowa.  An official




notice of the Conference was entered into the record then




I don't think it will be necessary to keep that notice.,

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              Opening Statement - Mr. Stein






but if anyone has any questions about the .jurisdiction Of




the conference or the rivers which are included, which I




think comes out of the reports as we go ahead, then get



in touch with Mr. Jessee and copies of the notice will be




made available to  you so you can see all the particulars



               The conference today will deal with the




Mississippi River basin--or Missouri--



               MR. SAMSON:  You mean the Missouri River



basin, don't you, Mr. Stein?



               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.  I appreciate that




assist  from Nebraska.  Otherwise you wouldn't be here



               MR. SAMSON:  We are listening to you.



               MR. STEIN:  Right.  That shows how well we




are doing.



               It will be the Missouri River basin and th<>



tributaries of the basin.



               The water quality standards established by



the State of Iowa in accordance with Section 10 (c)(l) of



the Federal Water Pollution Control Act to be applicable




to these waters have been determined in part not to be



consistent with the protection of the public health and



welfare, the enhancement of the quality of the water, and

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	7





              Opening Statement  - Mr. Stein






the purpose of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, a




provided by Section 10  (c)(3) of that Act, with particula




reference to:




               1.  The  treatment requirements and imple-




mentation plan for waste discharges to the Mississippi an




Missouri Rivers;




               2.  The  requirements for disinfection of




controllable waste discharges which may be sources of




bacteriological pollution;




               3.  The  temperature criteria for the inter




state waters of the States other than the Mississippi and




Missouri Rivers.




               Therefore, in accordance with the provisior




of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Secretary




of the Interior, in a letter dated January 16, 1969, to




Governor Ray of Iowa, has called this conference to con-




sider the establishment of water quality standards appli-




cable to the above interstate waters subject to the .juris-




diction of the State of Iowa.




               Notice of this conference has been served




to appropriate parties as described in Federal regulations




and notice of this conference has been published in the

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                                                        8
              Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
Federal Register.




               The parties to this donference are repre-



sentatives of Federal departments and agencies, interstat



agencies, States, municipalities and industries who are



contributing to, affected by, or have an interest in the




water quality standards for the waters to be covered by



the conference and who register their intent to be partie^



at the conference sessions, and such other persons whom



the Chairman, upon application and good cause shown,



admits as parties to the conference.



               If anyone wants to be a party to the con-



ference or speaker to the conference,  he should fill out



one of the slips and so indicate and we will try to



accommodate him.



               My name is Murray Stein.  I am from head-



quarters of the Department of the Interior in Washington



and the representative of Secretary Hickel.



               A word about the procedures governing the



conduct of this conference.



               This is the first conference of its




kind.  The first session in Davenport last week was the




very  first one and this is the second.  I think the

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              Opening Statement - Mr. Stein




procedures, therefore, may be a little new to a lot  of



professional people who are attending.



               So if you have any questions on the con-




ference, I would suggest that you get in touch with  Mrs.



Rheta Piere--stand up, Mrs. Piere, so they can see you--



our National Conference Coordinator, and she can  supply



the answers or she will find a person who can supply the




answers.



               Under the law, as you can see, we  have a




lot of parties to the conference, so we have to depend



on everyone's cooperation and good will if we are going



to run an equitable and fair hearing, which is our pur-



pose here today — to do this in as fair and as equitable



a way as we can.  We substantially and I think almost



completely achieved that at Davenport.  I hope we will



be equally successful here.  I am talking just about



the procedural matters now.  But if we are going  to  be



successful, it depends on your cooperation with this




large group.



               The Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-




istration has arranged for the presentation of material con-



cerning the quality of the waters to be covered by the conference,

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 	  	10





               Opening Statement - Mr* Stein






 the useSjboth existing and potential, of such waters, and




 the criteria necessary to protect such uses, the person




 or persons, if any, contributing 01* discharging arty matter



 affecting the quality of such waters, and remedial




 measures, if any, recommended by the Federal Water Pol-




 lution Control Administration.  Each party to the con-




 ference will be given an opportunity to make a statement




 concerning the water quality standards for the waters




 covered by the conference, and I hope we will confine the




 remarks of this session to the Missouri River and its




 tributaries.




                An opportunity after all the parties have




 been heard to make a further statement will be afforded




 to any of the parties to the conference and this will




 include rebuttal of other parties'  views and an oppor-




 tunity to make recommendations for water quality standard




 in either a first or subsequent statement.




                I think the procedure last week indicated




 that with a group of this size, if you have the fortitude




! to stay here long enough for the rebuttal period, that




 we can afford everyone an opportunity to not .just appear




 once in rebuttal.  If he feels it necessary to appear

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                                                       11





              Opening Statement - Mr. Stein






more than once, twice or three times, I think we may be




able to afford that opportunity so we can get a full recolrd



and everyone will have a chance to say what he feels he




has to say without being cut off.  The only thing, again,



that I have to ask, please use your own discretion and



conscience and self-restraint to be sure that the material!



is relevant and germane to the issue.  I think unless we



all do that, we are not going to be too successful.




               Now, as Chairman, if it becomes necessary,



I may limit the presentations so that repetitious and



irrelevant statements may not come in.  We did not have



to do that last week.  I hope we won't have to do it here



               A written record and verbatim transcript



is being made by Mrs. Virginia Rankin, and subsequent to




the conference the conference Chairman will submit



to the Secretary of the Interior the verbatim conference



transcript,  including all charts,  tabulations and similar



data,  and then the Secretary, of course,  will take any



action which is indicated under Federal law to proceed



with the establishment of the standards.



               I would -suggest that all speakers  and par-




ticipants come to the podium and identify themselves for

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	12




              Opening Statement - Mr. Stein






purposes of the record.  For the purpose of aiding the




reporter in making the transcript, we Would ask you, even




if your name is called, to introduce yourself and give




your affiliation from the podium before you give the




statement.




               ¥e also have .just one live microphone here




I think with using a little common sense and discretion




we can get "by with it.  You have to recognize that if the




Chair wants to speak or if you are speaking up here that




we both have to share the microphone.




               As a follow-up of last week's conference,




we have a telegram received from Mrs. Fred Wupper, Presi-




dent of the League of Women Voters of Nebraska, which we




would like to put in the record.



               "The League of Women Voters of Nebraska




support the statement of the League of Women Voters of




Iowa to require secondary treatment of sewage from cities




towns and communities along the Missouri River."




               In addition to that we have a statement




submitted by Mrs. George G. Koerber, State Chairman, Wate




Resources, League of Women Voters of Iowa, who would like




this appended to the first session, and she says:

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                                                       13
              Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
               "in reply to the speaker who immediately




followed the presentation by the League of Women Voters




of Iowa, we would like to add the following comments to




the record.




               "The League of Women Voters has been




active to support public referenda to construct sewage




treatment facilities.  For example, the League in Illinois




supported the Natural Resources Development Bond Act of




1968 and is presently working for submission of a similar




proposal to the voters of Illinois.  The Leagues in the




Northshore Sanitary District were particularly in their




recent efforts for a $35 million bond issue to provide




advanced treatment.  This bond issue carried only in




League communities and fortunately by a sufficient ma.i'ori




so that it carried within the District as a whole.  These




examples in the speaker's own State should suffice to shov




that the League takes action to pass public referenda for




funds to provide the degree of treatment the organization




believes is necessary."




               I believe Mrs. Koerber is in the room?




               MRS. KOERBER:  Yes.




               MR. STEIN:  I wonder if with your
y

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                  	14





              Opening Statement - Mr. Stein






permission I can make one suggestion.  I understand your




reluctance to name another State, but we have to preserve




the record.  No one knows who this refers to.  I assume




this refers to Illinois,, is that correct?




               MRS. KOERBER:  Yes, to Mr. Morton.




               MR. STEIN:  Yes, all right.




               Now, I also have one other statement from




Roger W. Bachmann, PhD., Rural Route 3* of Ames, Iowa.




Before I put this in the record, I would suggest that I




might give a copy of this to perhaps Mr. Schliekelman or




Mr. Rademacher for their consideration, and if they have




no comment I will .just put it in the record.  But I think




this raises a technical question, and I do not want to




put this in the record without giving both these groups



an opportunity to look at this.  (See p. 499 for statement.)




               With that, we will call on the Federal




Government to make a presentation.  Mr. Carl Blomgren.

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                                                        15
                      C.  V.  Blomgren
               STATEMENT BY CARL V.  BLOMGREN




            DIRECTOR OF OFFICE TECHNICAL SUPPORT




       MISSOURI BASIN REGION,  FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION




        CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,KANSAS CITY,  MISSOURI








                MR.  BLOMGREN:   Mr.  Chairman, I am Carl




 Blomgren,  Missouri  Basin Region,  Federal Water Pollution




 Control  Administration.




                This statement summarizes the report




 entitled,  "Water  Quality Standards  Conference - State of




 Iowa,  Iowa Interstate Waters  of the Missouri River Basin,




 convening  April 15, 19&9*  which was transmitted to the




 Iowa Water Pollution Control  Commission on March 19, 1969




 I  request,  Mr.  Chairman,  that a corrected copy of this



 report be  admitted  to the  record and I hereby hand the




 amended  copy  to the conference  reporter.




                MR.  STEIN:   Do you want the whole report




 put in the record?




                MR.  BLOMGREN:   If  you want that,  Mr.




 Chairman.




                MR.  STEIN:   That will be done.




	(Which said report is as follows;)

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16
                           16
WITEIIUminSTUUIDS
              CONFEIENCE
                  sine if
                    \m
Copy  N*±
            Iowa Interstate Waters

                      of the

              Missouri River Basin

                   convening:

                  April 15,1969

              Council Bluffs, Iowa
                                              U S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                                              FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                                                              MISSOURI BASIN REGION

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                                                                                       17
                                                      MISSOURI  RIVER DRAINAGE
                                                           IN CONFERENCE  AREA
 EXPLANATION


— SUBREGION BOUNDARY

— SUBBASIN BOUNDARY
SUBREGION 6 MIDDLE MISSOURI
MRS COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK STUDIES
MR6S BILLINGS.MONTANA QCT 1965 MOy-Q-t
                                         ZO	40
                                  SCALE IN MILES

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 18
                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                           Page
  I.  INTRODUCTION                                          1-1
      A.   Purpose                                           1-1
      B.   Authority                                         1-1
      C.   Scope                                             1-2

 II.  SUMMARY                                              II-1

III.  BACKGROUND                                          III-1
      A.   Description of Area                              III-l
      B.   Economy                                         III-l
      C.   Hydrology                                       III-7

 IV.  WATER USES, WASTE  SOURCES ANT) WATER QUALITY           IV-1
      A.   Water Uses                                        IV-1
      B,   Existing Waste Sources                           IV-14
      C.   Impact of Water Quality on  Use                    IV-32
      D.   Monitoring                                        IV-41

  V.  QUALITY CRITERIA NECESSARY TO SUPPORT  EXISTING
      AND FUTURE WATER USES                                 V-l
      A.   Treatment                                         V-l
      B.   Disinfection                                      V-l
      C.   Temperature                                       V-l
      D.   Nondegradation                                    V-2
      E.   Radioactivity                                     V-3
      F.   Standards of Related States                       V-3

 VI.  RECOMMENDATION                                        VI-1

VII.  APPENDIX                                            VII-1

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                                                                       19



I.   INTRODUCTION




    A.  Purpose




    The Secretary of the Department of the Interior directed, by




notice of March 5, 1969, that sessions of a conference be held in




Davenport and Council Bluffs, Iowa, on April 8 and 15, 1969,




respectively, to consider the establishment of water quality




standards for the interstate waters under control of the State




of Iowa.




    B.  Authority




    The water quality standards established by the State of Iowa




in accordance with Section 10(c)(l) of the Federal Water Pollution




Control Act, as amended  (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.) are determined in




part not to be consistent with the protection of the public health




and welfare, the enhancement of the quality and value of the water




and the purpose of the Act as provided by Section 10(c)(3) of that




Act.




    Section 10(c)(2) of  the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,




as amended  (33 U.S.G. 466 et seq.) provides that, should the




Secretary of the Interior find the water quality standards adopted




by the State do not protect the public health or welfare, enhance




the quality of the water and serve the purposes of this Act  (The




Federal Water Pollution  Control Act), taking into consideration




their use and value for  public water supplies, propagation of fish




and wildlife, recreational purposes, and agricultural, industrial




and other legitimate uses, he may, after reasonable notice, call a




conference of representatives of appropriate Federal departments
                              1-1

-------
20
     and agencies, interstate agencies, State, municipalities and




     industries involved prior to preparing regulations setting




     forth standards of water quality to be applicable to the inter-




     state waters or portions thereof.




         In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Secretary




     of the Interior has called this conference to consider the




     establishment of water quality standards relative to the three




     excepted items below:




         1.  The treatment requirements and implementation




         plan for waste discharges to the Missouri and




         Mississippi Rivers;






         2.  The requirements for disinfection of controllable




         discharges which may be sources of bacteriological




         pollution;




         3.  The temperature criteria for the interstate




         waters of State other than the Missouri and




         Mississippi Rivers.






         C.  Scope




         The interstate waters subject to the jurisdiction of the State




     of Iowa are as follows:




         The waters of the Missouri River, Chariton River, Middle Fork




     Medicine River, Weldon River, Little River, Thompson River, East




     Fork of the Big River, Grand River, Platte River, East Fork of the




     102 River, Middle Fork of the 102 River, Nodaway River, West Tarkio

-------
                                                                    21
River, Tarkio River, Nishnabotna River, Little Sioux River, Big




Sioux River, Rock River and Kanaranzi Ditch.  These waters are




shared Jointly with other States.  The scope of this report,




while limited to the Missouri River Basin waters in Iowa, has




included for the purposes of clarification the impact of water




quality in these interstate streams on the water uses and water




quality standards of the adjoining States.
                                1-3

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22



  II.  SUlfMARY




       The following summarizes the more extensive text and appendices




  of this report.




       A.  The area of Iowa covered by Part II of the Water Quality




  Standards Conference is approximately 17,000 square miles or about 30




  percent of the land area of the State.  This area supports about 600,000




  people.  The population is projected to remain relatively stable although




  people will migrate from rural to urban areas.  Agriculturally associated




  enterprises constitute the backbone of the economy with meat packing




  being the largest industrial vater user and waste producer.




       B.  Municipal and industrial wastes amounting to approximately




  1,500,000 population equivalents (P.E.) are discharged into the waters




  draining to the Missouri River System.




       C.  The 30 sewer systems in Iowa  municipalities in the Missouri




  Basin discharging waste to interstate streams handle a total connected




  waste loading of 483,000 population equivalents.  Eighteeen of these




  sewer systems handling less than 15 percent of the total connected load-




  ing, provide secondary treatment.   Eight of the systems handling 85




  percent of the loading provide only primary treatment.  Two discharge




  to adjoining municipalities.  Wastes collected by the other two systems




  are discharged without treatment.




       D.  Of 167 industries in the conference area covered by this report,




  9 have direct discharges to streams.  The design organic waste loadings




  before treatment is reported to be 342,000 population equivalents and




  with treatment estimated to remove 85 percent of the BOD, with the dis-




  charge P.E. approximately 50,000.   A complete industrial -waste inventory
                               11-1

-------
                                                                         23




based upon plant surveys is not available.




     E.  In addition to the wastes generated by the resident population




and direct industrial activities, there is a significant animal waste




problem.  It is estimated that at least 3,300,000 cattle and calves




and 6,100,000 hogs and pigs were on farms.  These animal wastes have




a population equivalent of 65,000,000 and can cause oxygen depletion,




bacterial and nutrient pollution problems, and esthetic degradation in




a stream.




     F.  The number of cattle--at present over five times — and the number




of hogs and pigs—almost ten times —the human population of the study




area is expected to increase substantially in the next decade.  Unless




controlled, the wastes produced can be expected to increase bacterial




and nutrient levels in the tributary streams and the main stem of the




Missouri.




     G.  Sediment is a major pollutant in the Missouri River Basin.




Uncontrolled runoff in the Iowa portion of this Basin contributes




substantial amounts to the annual load.




     H.  Investigations of existing v/ater use by Department of the Interior




personnel have identified eight categories of beneficial uses.  Of these




eight categories, public water supplies,  recreation, navigation,  wild-




life habitat, and commercial fishing are  considered to have the greatest




potential for expansion.




     I.  The Missouri River on the western boundary of Iowa probably has




the greatest potential for recreation development in tha Conference  area.




There arc over 30 known dev?loocd recreation areas along the Missouri
                               11-2

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24
River in Iowa.  The Corps of Engineers has proposed 35 recreation sites
for construction between Sioux City and Rulo, Nebraska.

     J.  High bacterial densities have been observed in the entire reach
                                                                             *r
of the Missouri River from Sioux City to St. Joseph.  The bacterial
densities exceed the permissible limits which have been accepted by
common practice for water supply and recreation use to protect the public

health and welfare.
     K.  During dry weather streamflow conditions over 85 percent of the
total coliform densities in the River are attributable to municipal waste

effluents.  Calculations of the effect of two-stage disinfection and

secondary treatment with disinfection on the coliform densities demonstrate
that concentrations of  less than 10,000 organisms per 100 ml can be obtained.

     L.  High densities  of bacteria and high concentrations of nitrogen and
phosphorous are found in Iowa  tributaries to the Missouri River, especially
during periods of  storm water  runoff.  Much of  this is attributable to

intense  agricultural  land use  with the consequent use of fertilizers and
the  deposition of  animal wastes on land.

     M.  Survey results from  the main  stream stretch of the Missouri River
in  Iowa  identified adverse  changes in water quality.  Turbidity increased
four-fold in  the  length of reach surveyed and cyanides and phenols were found.
     N.  Biological  investigations revealed predominately clean water
organisms and associated aquatic life above Sioux City.  However, a consistent

increase in pollution tolerant organisms and biota were observed in many
stretches of  the  river  between Sioux City and St. Joseph.

     0.  The  main  stem  of the  Missouri is highly regulated with flow

characteristics determined by  navigational and  flood control needs.  Hydro-
logically, 40 percent of  the  tributaries  in Iowa are intermittent.  The

                                II-3

-------
                                                                        25



balance of the streams have measurable low flows except in their head-




waters.  It is indicated, therefore, that the latter group of streams




could support a fishery.




     P.  Public water users relying on the Missouri River as a source of




supply report problems associated with turbidity, ammonia, coagulation,




taste and odors.




     Q.  Recreational activities on the main stem include boating, water




skiing, swimming and wading.  These activities are directly affected by




presence of floating material and grease balls, high bacterial densities,




dissolved organics and turbidity.  Samples of water taken in the survey




had as high as 2000 bacteria per drop.




     R.  Esthetic values of the waters in this area ore reduced due to




turbidity, floating materials, and other effects which reduce or eliminate




the opportunity for development of spectator oriented activities, e.g.,




boat or canoe races, etc.




     S.  Tainting of fish flesh has been reported by commercial and sport




fishermen in many areas of the main stem of the Missouri River.




     T.  Fouling of fishnets and lines with grease is common below major




municipal and industrial waste outlets.  Similarly, boat hulls of recrea-




tional watercraft are fouled with grease and scum.




     U.  Every State which borders on the Missouri River, except for Iowa




has adopted as part of its Standards, a minimum requirement for secondary




treatment or its equivalent for wastes discharged into the Missouri River.




This provision, for secondary or equivalent treatment, has been enacted by




the States of South Dakota, North Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri,




and Montana.  Iowa Standards require secondary treatment on all streams




except the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers.






                                      11-4

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26
   III.   BACKGROUND




        A.   Description of Area




        The conference area covered by the report includes the drainage




   area of the Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls and the Missouri River




   from Sioux City, Iowa, downstream to the Iowa-Missouri state line.




   This portion of western Iowa includes slightly more than 17,000




   square miles.  The average annual precipitation in this area ranges




   from 25 to 34 inches and the annual temperature ranges from -40 to




   115° Fahrenheit.




        The topography is varied, ranging from broad fertile flood




   plains to bluffs bordering the flood plains (which sometimes reach




   several hundred feet in height) and lands varying from steep slopes




   to gently rolling hills.




        Transportation routes, including two interstate highways, serve




   all of the area.  Interstate 29, a north-south route extending from




   Kansas City  to Sioux City east of the Missouri River, and Interstate




   80, an east-west route, cross in the Council Bluffs and Omaha Stan-




   dard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).  Airlines, railroads and




   pipelines also serve the area in both east-west and north-south




   directions.  Navigation on the Missouri River extends from St. Lou La




   to Sioux City.




        B.  Economy




            1.  Past and Present




        Total population of the conference area has increased steadily




   since World  War II.  The conference area and the entire State of




   Iowa have experienced "a decrease in farm population during this period.
                                III-l

-------
                                                                         27



The rate of urban growth, however, has exceeded the decrease In farm




population resulting in a net increase in total population.




     While the cities of Sioux Falls and Omaha are not in the conference




area, they do influence the area's economy and, therefore, must be con-




sidered.  A total of about 1.3 million people influenced the area's




economy in 1960.  About 600,000 people live in this portion of the




conference area and 35 percent live in rural areas.  However, in the




conference area, over one-half of the 1960 population lived in rural




areas, reflecting a significant influence of agriculture in the conference




area's economy.




     The Oroaha-Council Bluffs, Sioux Falls, and Sioux City SMSA's,




with an average population growth in the period 1940 to 1960 of 36




percent, represented most of the population increase.  The large




SMSA's along the Missouri River with their population increases from




1940 to 1960 are listed below.




                                     Population




       City




Omaha-Council Bluffs




Sioux Falls




Sioux City




            TOTAL




     Agriculture is a major employer in the conference area.  Agriculture




and the processing of food products are the backbone of the area's economy.




In 1960, over one-fourth of the area's employment were in agriculture and




agriculturally related industries.  Most of the remaining workers were




employed in the service and trade sectors of the economy.
1940
325,153
57,697
113,463
496,313
1960
457,873
86,575
120,017
664,465
%
Increase
42
51
6
36
                             III-2

-------
28





          Iowa is located on the western edge of the Corn Belt.  The




     soil is fertile and climatic conditions and topography are favor-




     able for the production of corn and other feed grains.  Iowa also




     produces large numbers of calves and hogs.  A good supply of feeder




     calves, large numbers of hogs, available feed grains and roughage




     and adequate transportation for distribution to markets, gives




     Iowa a competitive advantage over other areas in raising livestock.




     As a result, Iowa is the largest producer of finished cattle and




     hogs ready for slaughter in the United States.




          Farm activity in this area is about 60 percent livestock,




     dairy and poultry farms with 40 percent cash grain, general or




     special crop farms.  Recent investigations reveal that about 80




     percent of total monetary value of farm products are derived from




     the sale of livestock and livestock products.




          About 2 million cattle are on feed in farm feedlots in Iowa.




     This is about 20 percent of cattle on feed for slaughter in the




     United States.  There are some large commercial operations and many




     small farm feedlots spread throughout the State.  Pottawattomie




     County ranks first in numbers of cattle on feed in Iowa.




          Iowa and its bordering states raise about 60 percent of all the




     hogs produced in the United States.  Iowa markets about 20 million




     hogs annually, some of which are shipped out of the State for




     processing.  Iowa accounts for about 14 percent of the cattle and




     22 percent of the hog production in the U.S.
                                      III-3

-------
                                                                      29
     The large cities of Sioux Falls, Sioux City, and Omaha-Council




Bluffs are transportation and service centers for large surrounding




rural areas.  The service and trade industries continue to increase




providing the supporting services required of a business community.




These service and trade industries include transportation and stor-




age, retail trade, communications, finance, insurance, etc.




     In recent years, many of the meat slaughtering industries have




been decentralizing.  They are locating throughout the farm belt




rather than remaining concentrated in large metropolitan areas.  The




trend is to locate these slaughter plants near the supply of animals.




     Mining activities in the area are limited to construction mater-




ials--cement minerals, sand and gravel, stone and clay.  Mineral




production is concentrated in approximate proportion to the distri-




bution of population, which creates the market for such construction




materials.




         2.  Future




     Population and economic growth through 1980 is expected to be




governed by historic trends.  Growth rates calculated by the Office




of Business Economics for this area depict rates of growth, based




on the trends of an agricultural economy, lower than those of the




Missouri Basin Region or the United States.  Mechanization of both




farm operations and subsequent processing operations of farm products




has led to reduced manpower requirements.  In the conference area,




these trends have not been balanced by growth trends of other forms




of economic activity.
                                 III-4

-------
30
        Population projections  for  these  cities  are  based  on  the  entire




   urban area or Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)  in which




   they are located.   The major growth is expected to be in the Omaha-




   Council Bluffs SMSA as illustrated in  the following table.




           SMSA                    1960           1980   Percent  Increase




   Omaha-Council Bluffs          457,873         662,000        45




   Sioux Falls                    86,575         118,000        36




   Sioux City                    120,017         139,000        16




   Council Bluffs and vicinity are expected to experience a high  rate




   of growth thru 1980.  The 1960 population of 65,407 is expected to




   reach about 84,000 by 1980.   This would be a 28 percent increase.




        Employment in major urban areas will reflect trade and service




   concentrations with manufacturing employment being dominated by the




   processing of agricultural products.  Future increases in farm produc-




   tion will be based upon the use of additional capital, increased




   technology and improved cultural practices.




        The  largest industrial water user and waste producer is expec-




   ted  to continue to be the meat packing industry.   The demand for




   meat has  been  increasing and is projected  to increase at a  rapid




   rate in the  future.




        Decentralization of the meat  slaughtering industry is  expected




   to  continue; however, the large metropolitan areas  are also projected




   to  continue  to  increase  in  agricultural  processing.




        Future  industrial growth in Council Bluffs  should  increase  at




   moderate  rate.  Emphasis will continue  to be on  trade  and service




   industries--transportation,  communication, retail  trade,  insurance,
                                     III-5

-------
                                                                        31
government, etc.  Manufacturing growth will be primarily in the




agricultural processing sector.  A large livestock slaughtering




plant should begin operation during 1969.  This will be a cattle




slaughtering operation and the waste will be discharged to the city




sewerage system.  This plant could overload the present treatment




facilities to such an extent that expansion of the treatment plant




will be necessary.  With the continued projected growth of feeding




around Council Bluffs, additional livestock slaughtering plants




will be needed to process these animals.




     New specialized slaughtering plants similar to the one being




built in Council Bluffs can compete economically with the outlying




plants provided they have an adequate supply of livestock.  The




Iowa Beef Packers processing plant at Dakota City, Nebraska is a




good example of a profitable slaughtering operation that is located




near an urban area.  This plant is now one of the largest beef




operations in the country.  The future increase of plants similar to




this one appears good.




     Sioux City with a larger population and industrial base than




Council Bluffs has a slower rate of population growth.  The two




cities, however, are very similar in their industrial characteristics.




Trade and service industries are expected to be the major employer.




Food processing is projected to be the largest manufacturing sector




by 1980.  Both cities have a good supply of livestock in the area




with an increasing demand for meat, the opportunities for new  livestock
                                 III-6

-------
32






slaughtering facilities appear favorable.  Projected industrial growth




and population increases will probably overload present treatment facilities




of both Sioux City and Council Bluffs by 1980.




     The manufacture of chemical products, mainly fertilizers, pesticides




and other agricultural chemicals,is projected to increase three-fold.




     Mineral production in the conference area is confined to non-




metallic construction materials and no change is foreseen.




     C.  Hydrology




     That portion of Iowa drained by  the Missouri River constitutes



nearly one-third of the State's total drainage area or about  17,380




square miles.  The drainage  basins in the western portion of  the




State are relatively long and narrow  and have a general course  from




northeast to  southwest.  Of  the interstate  streams  tributary  to




the Missouri  River, the Big  Sioux has the largest drainage area of




9,030 square miles, including 1,970  square  miles that  are non-




contributing.  The  intrastate streams are typically much  smaller




with  the Boyer River ranking first with  drainage of 1,188 square



miles.  The Floyd and Maple  Rivers are  the  only other  large intra-



state streams with  921 and  742  square miles,  respectively.  Size rank-




ings  of  the remaining  basins are  shown  in Table III-C-1.




      Unlike the  streams  found  in  the northeast  of  Iowa,  those of the




western portion  are characterized by periods  of excessively low




minimum daily discharge.   Because groundwater does  not play the




supporting  role  that  it  does in northeastern  streams,  the base
                           III-7

-------
                                                                                    33
                           TABLE I1I-C-1
                          DRAINAGE AREA OF  IOWA                    ,
     STREAMS GREATER THAN 100  SQUARE MILES  IN MISSOURI  RIVER BASIN
          STREAM
Big Sioux River

Little  Sioux Aiver

Nishnabotna River

Rock  River

Boyer River *

Nodaway River

Floyd River *

Chariton River

Maple River *

Thompson River

Soldier River *

Platte  River

Mosquito Creek *

Weldon  River

West  Fork Hundred and Two River

Kanaranzi Creek

Tarkio  River

Grand River

Pidgeon River *

East  Fork Hundred and Two

Sixmile  Creek *

Little  River
TOTAL DRAINAGE AREA
        9030

        4507

        2819

        1688

        1188

        1182

         921

         817

         742

         729

         445

         282

         267

         240

         212

         205

         206

         206

         165

         111

         108

         102
*  Non-Interstate waters.  Thoce without asterisk show only drainage area
   at Iowa State line.

\J Modified from "Drainage Area of Iowa Streams" by 0. J. Larimer, December
   1957, and U.S.G.S. .Vater Supply Papers.  Those interstate streams referred
   to in the Secretary's letter but less than 100 sq. miles are:  i.'est Tarkio
   Creek, 92.5 sq  ui.; Middle Fork Hundred and Two 62.1; East Fork of Big
   Creek, 13.4; and Middle Fork Medicine Creek, 13.3.
                                  III-8

-------
flows of the streams in western and southern Iowa are much lower.




Consequently, they are dry for days and in some cases even for weeks.




The intermittent streams with average discharge below 100 cubic feet




per second (cfs) are affected the most in periods of even moderate




drought.  Table III-C-2 lists eight such streams with "minimum daily




discharges" as well as "7-day lowest mean discharges."  Some streams




have minimum daily discharges of zero cfs during several weeks




throughout the period of record.  Similarly in periods of severe




drought, streams having an average discharge of several hundred cfs




are greatly affected and often have minimum daily discharge of only




1 or 2 cfs.




     Of all the Iowa tributaries of the Missouri River, only the Little




Sioux River near Turin had a 7-day lowest mean discharge exceeding 20




cfs.  This flow was estimated on a five year period of record.  Nearly




80 percent of all streams with flow measurement showed 7-day lowest




mean values of less than 3 cfs and half of these had days with 0 cfs.




The periods of record varied as shown in Table III-C-2.




     A 7-day, 10-year low flow period has been adopted by the Iowa




Water Pollution Control Commission as the criteria both for the




design of waste treatment facilities and the minimum flow to which




the criteria part of the water quality standards would be applicable.




This period shows the capricious nature of Iowa streamflows in relation




to applying valid water quality criteria and possible treatment requirements.




Table III-C-3 lists the most important rivers and shows a 1, 7 and 30
                                   III-9

-------
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                                                                                                                                                   37
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-------
                                                                       39
day, 10-year low flow.   It is noteworthy to point out that where

differences exist in drainage areas, the anomolies are due to smaller

subbasins being partially incorporated or duplicated when shown in a

major basin.

     Numerous Low-Flow Volume-Frequency Duration Curves are also

supplied for eight of the more important tributaries.  The selected

durations are for 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 days as well as an annual

period.  The exceedence frequency of the points plotted for each

duration for all stations was based on the formula normally used

by the USGS where:

     Return Period or
     Recurrence Interval in Years - Nfl
                                     H

or

     Exceedence Frequency per 100 Years <•  M
                                          N+I

     N - Number of Years of Record

     M « Order of Magnitude (rank) of event

For the stations and durations where zero flows were experienced

during a significant number of the years of record, an arbitrary

assignment of a mean flow value of 0.1 cfs was made.


Footnote:  The frequency curves drawn through the plotted points were

based on fitting the Pearson Type III function by use of moments of

logarithms of the annual minimum flow values in accordance with the

procedure developed by L. R. Beard, Hydrologic Engineering Center,

Sacramento District, Corps of Engineers.
                             111-14

-------
  L,aaa«aaa
    iaa,aaa
    ia,aaa
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                                     LOW-FLOW
                                VOLUME-FREQUENCY
                                 DURATION CURVES
 10,000*000
  1,000,000
   100,000
z
ul
    10,000
     1,000
       i no
       ID
                                                      an cmr
                MM   M  70 60 90 40 30  20   10   S
                   CXCCCOCNCC FREQUENCY «• HUNOttCO YfAMS
rtvn
                      BZOLJX

                         1939-1962 rtZN
          .00

-------
  1,QOQ,QQQ
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   100,000
    10,000
     L,OOQ
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                                    LOW-FLOW
                               VOLUME-FREQUENCY
                                DURATION CURVES
                           r
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                                                     90 CUf
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               9*   90   M70COM403020   10
                   EXCCEOCNCC FNCQUCNCV Ptt HUNDHIO VtAM
UTTTLJ: BIOJX

        194Q-1
                                    TVFIIN,
                                            OB-CQ>».a9

-------
                                      LOW-FLOW
                                VOLUME-FREQUENCY
                                 DURATION CURVES
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 7
          99     95  90   80706050403020   10$
                   EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS
                         HXVCR nr LOGPN,
                                            oc-coaa.aa
                         111-18

-------
                                      LOW-FLOW
                                VOLUME-FREQUENCY
                                 DURATION CURVES
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                95  90  00 70  «0 50 40  30  20   10  5
                    EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS
                          RZVGR
                                            oc-niaa.aa
                        111-19

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                    EXCEEOENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS


               MXFWTT RXVETf. r\R HUFB-INCrrDN JUNCTION, MQ.


                           LS2Z-19G2            QG-B17H.QQ

-------
                                      LOW-FLOW
                                VOLUME-FREQUENCY
                                 DURATION CURVES
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                    EXCECDCNCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS


                     LO2 nxvof nrr i nmviu-c, rn.

                          1333—1962 rtLN
BL99.aa
                         111-21

-------
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               95  90   80 70 60 50 40  30  20   10  5
                   EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS
                    PUTTTC RIVER fTT RGENCY, MD.


                         1923-23,33-52        QE-B2QS.QQ

-------
As an example, the curves for Station 8195, 102 River at Maryville,




Missouri,  (Curve G) show that the minimum values for the 7-day curve




were 1.4 acre-feet for 3 of the 30 years of record.  Although the graph




shows 1.4  acre-feet, this value is equated to an actual base line value




of zero cfs.  The eye-fit curve should not be extended below about 3.7




acre-feet  (roughly .3 cfs).  The exceedence frequency per hundred years




nearest this point is 90 percent.  It is assumed that in future years




the minimum 7-day low flow expected from 102 River at Maryville will be




zero cfs 10 percent of the time.




     (NOTE:  All curves A through H shown are for the climatic year




             ending March 31.)




     The discharge rates of  the Missouri River  itself are briefly




summarized in Table III-C-4.  Periods of record end  in 1967 and date




back for the indicated number of years.  It is  essential to under-




stand that the flow of the Missouri is highly regulated on the main




stem and,  therefore, the overall discharge values are somewhat




buffered.
                                 111-23

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50





  IV.  WATER USES, WASTE SOURCES AND WATER QUALITY




  IV-A - WATER USES




       1.  INTRODUCTION




       Section l(a), Declaration o£ Policy, of the Federal Water Pollution




  Control Act (33 USC 966 et seq.) states "The purpose of this Act is to




  enhance the quality and value of our water resources and to establish




  a  national policy for  the prevention, control, and abatement of water




  pollution."  The value of the nation's water resources for all beneficial




  uses are ir.ipai.red to a degree proportional  to the instances of poor




  quality caused by discharge of controllable wastes.  Adherence to the




  Federal policy declared in the Act requires that all beneficial uses




  of the water be recognized.  Quality enhancement requirements must be




  promulgated in such a manner as to protect those uses and increase the




  value of the resource.




       In the area of the Missouri River Br.sin between Sioux City, Iowa,




  and St. Joseph, Missouri, information on beneficial uses were obtained




  from:  1) water quality standards documents; 2) a synoptic survey of




  the roain stem and selected tributaries by Department of the Interior




  personnel; and 3) from reports prepared by other State and Federal




  agencies.




       The following eight categories of use arc? documented for the streams




  in question and are recognized as deserving of protection from impair-




  ment by quality degradation.




            1.  Public water supplies




            2.  Recreation, including body contact water sports, fishing,




                boating  and esthetic appreciation




            3.  Commercial fishing





                                  IV-1

-------
                                                                          51

           4.  Wildlife  habitat

           5.  Industrial water  supply

           6.  Navigation.

           7.  Agriculture

           8.  Animal Watering

      A summary of  the number of use  points  by  category  on the F>ain

 stem Missouri found during  the  synoptic  survey is  displayed  in Table-IV-A-1,

 Table IV-A-2 contains a list of discrete use points.


                             Table  IV-A-1

      Summary of Existing Water  Uses  by Category, Missouri main stem

 between River Mile 449.5 (St. Joseph Bend)  and River Mile 734.0 (Con-

 fluence of Big Sioux and Missouri  River.)


    Use Category               Iowa  Missouri   Nebraska  Kansas  Total

1.  Public Water Users

2.  Recreational I/

3.  Commercial Fishing

4.  Wildlife Habitat 2f

5.  Industrial Water Users^.'

6.  Navigation Installations
                             3/
7.  Agi lev."1, tural Wi thdravals—'

8.  Aninr.". "atering Sites.3/
                  TOTAL

_!/  Public access sites  only - docs not include private  access developments
    by iivlividuals.

2/  Migratory water£ov;l  use  the  entire river reach  during  migration periods
    as rest areas and provide extensive hunting opportunity for local
    and out-oT-r-tate bird hunters.

_3/  Total sl;T..'n is expected  to be less than  actual  use.

i\_!  Fever generating plants,
                                    IV-2
1
27
17
11
2
5
2
0
65
1
11
3
0
1
2
0
0
18
1
39
16
2
3
32
0
4
97
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
79
36
13
6
39
2
4
202

-------
                                                           TABLE-IV-A-2
                EXISTING WATER USES OF THE MISSOURI RIVER KNOWN TO THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                 (1) Public Water Supply (2) Industrial Water Supply (3) Recreation (4) Fishing (5) Wildlife Habitat
                              (6) Animal watering (7) Agriculture (8) navigation (9) Waste Assimilation
           LOCATION*

732-734 Sioux City Bend
726-732 Floyd Bend





722-726 Dakota Bend



719-722 Omadl Bend

716-719 Brovers Bend


714-716 Snyder Bend

711-714 Glover 's  Point Bend

708-711

702.5-708 Omaha Mission Bends



 698-702.5 Monona Bend


 693-698 Blackbird Bend


 691-693 Tievllle Bend


 686-691 Decatur Bends


 681.5-686 Louisville Bends



 676.5-681.5 Blencoe Bends

 670-676.5 Little Sioux Reach



 JS6-6YU Little Sioux  Bend




 663-666  Bullard  Bend


 661-663  Soldier  Bend

 657.5-661 Peterson  Cut-Off

 659-657.5 Sandy  Point Bend

 651-655  Tysons Bend

  649-651 California Cut-Off

  648-649 Blair
  644-648 DeSoto Bend


  642-644 DeSoto Cut-Off



  637-642 Calhoun Bends


  634-637 Boyer Bend

  631-634 Rockport Bends



  626.5-631 Pigeon Creek Bends





  623.5-626.5 Florence Bend
                 IOWA (east side of river)

(Confluence of Big Sioux and Missouri Rivers) - 734
(3) Rivercade Flotilla (several boat clubs plus USCO
      Auxiliary)
(9) Perry Creek inlet - 732.2
(4) Commercial fishing
(9) Drainage - 731.8
(3)(4) City Park (Boating,  waterskllng, picnic, etc)
(8) Bock barge - 731.8
(8) Kay Dee Chemical (Ammonia plant) - 731.8
(9) Stockyards drainage

(7) Intermittent irrigation
(9) AFB primary plant outfall

(9) Terra Chemical Plant (Ammonia)



(2) Iowa Power and Light Co.-75 HGD Cooling Water-718.3
(8) Borden 's Chemical (Ammonia Storage)

(Planned Snyder-Winnebago Recreational Complex-709 to 716)



(9) Sloan  (pop 600) secondary plant outfall
                                                                                                  NEBRASKA (west side of river)
                                                                                            (9) So. Sioux City dump - 733
                                                                                            (9) Drainage - 732.5
                                                                                            (3) Thacker's Marina - 30 boats - 732.5
                                                                                            (3) So. Sioux Marina - 75 boats - 732.2
                                                                                            (3) City Park - boat ramp
                                                                                            (4) Commercial fishing
(7)  Intermittent irrigation
(3)  Rich's Harlna-20 boats-726.5 (Mike
      Rich, Sioux City)
(9)  Iowa Beef Packers effluent
(9)  Dakota City (pop. 600) effluent

(4)  Commercial fishing (James and Robt,
      Satterwaite)
(3)(4) Omadl State Park
 (9) Township dump
 (3) Lighthouse Marina - 20 boats

     (Planned Blackbird Bend Recreation Area)
 (3) Ivy Island Area

 (4)(5) Onawa Material Yards - County Conservation Area
 (3) Marina-Tekamah Boat Club - 20 boats (Robt. Aronson)
 (3)(4)(5) County Conservation Area

 (5) Louisville Bend State Refuge
 (3)(4)(5) County Conservation Area
 (9) Kleghorn ditch (from Onawa and Whiting)
 (4)(5) Deer Island Recreation Area
 (4)(5) Three Rivers Recreation Area
 (4)(5) Little Sioux Delta Recreation Area
 (3) Marina - S boats  (Elwood Peterson)
 (7) Intermittent irrigation

 (4) commercial (Chas. Hilton)
 (3) Marina - 10 boats - cabins (Ivy Lane)
  (3) soldier Bend Recreation  Area
  (3)  Tyson  Bend  Recreation  Area
  (3)(4)(5)  California State Recreation Area and Refuge

  (3)  Rand Access (Recreation Area under development)
  (4)(5)  Rand Bar Recreation Area
  (3)(4)(5) National Wildlife Refuge (Kermit Dybsetter,
              Mgr.)

  (3)(4) Wilson Island Recreation Area
  (3)  Boat ramp
  (3)  Boat dock
  (3) Goose Haven Cabins
                                                            (3)(4) Sandstone Bayou Recreation Area -
                                                                    Boating
                                                            (6) Cattle  access  area

                                                            (3)(4)  Big  Elk Park
                                                            (3) Decatur Marina-cabins-50 boats
                                                                  (Earl Hightree)
                                                            (8) robin's Island (C of E terminal)
 (3)(4)  Masonic Area

 (6) Cattle feeders-(John Schneider and
       Wm. Lydlck)
 (3)(4)  Lydick's Lake
 (3) Bullard Bend Hunting Area
                                                             (3) Cottonwood Marina-50 boats - 20 cabins
                                                                   (Duane Spanton)
  (8) Gulf Chemical  (Ammonia Storage)
  (8) National Alfalfa Dehydrating and
       Milling Co.
  (3) Public boat ramp
  (3)(8) Kelly Ryan-Farm Equipment manufacture
  (8) Alfalfa Milling Co.
  (8) chemical Storage (Ammonia)

  (4) Commercial (Pat Mallett  and James
       Ryan, Blair)

  (3) Waterfowl hunting area
     (Nuclear Power Plant under construction-
        Omaha Public Power District)
                                                             (8)  Limestone  guarry  docks
                                                             (3)  Boat  dock
                                                             (3)  Marlna-30 boats-Surf side North
                                                                   (Robt. Vondrasefc)

                                                             (3)  Boat  dock
                                                             (3)  Recreation  Area (under development)
                                                             (8)  Gov't Maintenance  Base (C of E)
                                                             (3)  Boat  ramp - (Dodge Park under
                                                                   development-picnic area, cabins)
                                                                                             (1) Omaha M.U.D.-capacity-140 MOD; use
                                                                                                   thru 1968- 65 MGD; current use- 40 MGD;
                                                                                                   after 1982- 70 MOD; (Robt. Bell,
                                                                                                   Director; Richard Hawes, Mgr of Water
                                                                                                   Supply)
                                                                                             (2) Omaha Public Power Dist. - cooling use-
                                                                                                   210 MGD (Ted Hartung,  Director)
    * Location is  referenced  to channel mileage  as  indicated  in Corps  of Engineers publications:
     1) Omaha District  "Missouri River-Ponca  to Rulo,  Nebr." - 30  June 1968
     2) Kansas  City  District "Part  1, River and Harbor Projects" - 30 June 1968

-------
                                                                                                                                            53
          EXISTING WATER USES

           LOCATION*
623.5-626.5 Florence Bend-
              Continued
618-623.5 The Narrows
615-618 Council Bend
612-615 Omaha Bend







607.5-612 Gibson Bend


605-607.5 Manawa Bend




601-605 Bellvue Bend






598-601 Bellvue Reaches


596-598 St.  Marys Cut-Off




594-596 Papilllon Bend




 589-594 Plattsmouth Bends
585-589

'583-585

582-583

579-582

576-579

574-576

570-574

563-570
         Tobacco Bend

         Bluff Bend

         Calumet

         Bartlett Bend

         Pin Hook Bend

         Van Horns Bend

         Civil Bends

         Copeland Bends
 560-563 Nebraska Bend
 557-560 Frazlers Bend

 555.5-557 otoe Bend

 551-555.5 Hamburg Bends



 547-551 Barney Bends

 543.5-547 Kansas Bends

 542-543.5 Nishnabotna Bend


 540-542 Peru Bend

 535-540 Sonora Bends
  532-535 Brownvllle Bends
                                                      TABLE-1V-A-2 (Cont'd)

                             OF  THE MISSOURI  RIVER  KNOWN TO THE FEDERAL WATER  POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION—Continued

                                                 IOWA (east  Bide of river)                        'NEBRASKA (west  side  of  river)

                                                                                           (8)  West  Central  Co-op Grain Co.  Terminal
                                                                                           (8)  Pentzien,  Inc.  Boatways
                                                                                           (8)  Mo. Portland  Cement Co. Terminal
                                                                                           (8)  Cargo Carriers  Terminal
                                   (Car body smelter under construction)
                                (1) City of Co. Bluffs Water Intake; capacity-11 MOD;
                                      current use-7 MGD; after 1982-   MGD; Barney Rev,
                                      •*«••
                                (9) Outfall from City primary plant (39,000 P.E.)


                                (3) Boat Dock
                                (8) Peavey Co.  of Omaha Terminal
                                (9) Rendering Plant  (600 P.E.)
                                (3) Boat Ramp
                                (3)(4) Pottawattamie County Conservation Area  (State
                                        Rec.  Area under development)
                                (2)  Iowa Power and Light Plant-cooling; 68 MGD;  (John
                                     Thorson,  Mgr.)
                                 (3)(4)  Boat  Landing
(3)  Boat ramp
(3)  Boat Dock
                                 (5) State Wildlife refuge
                                 (3)(4) Boat ramp - Waubonsie River Access
                                 (3)(4)(8) Hamburg Boat Landing

                                            MISSOURI  (east side of river)-552.6
                                    (Confluence  of Nishnabotna  and Missouri Rivers)-542
                                 (3) Boat Landing
                                                                                           (6) Cattle  feed  lot

                                                                                           (3) River Club Marlna-50 boats
                                                                                           (8) Aaron Ferer  Scrap  Metal
                                                                                           (8) Archer-Daniels Midland Co.  Terminal
                                                                                           (8) Sioux City and New Orleans Terminals
                                                                                           (8) Cargill,  Inc. Terminal
                                                                                           (8) Municipal Dock
                                                                                           (9) Omaha Packing Co.  (2600  P.E.)
                                                                                           (9) Outfall from City  Primary  plant
                                                                                                 (750,000 P.E.)
                                                                                           (8) Cargill,  Inc. Terminal
                                                          (9) Outfalls from Packing Houses  and
                                                                Stockyards
                                                          (3) Boat Landing
                                                          (4) Commercial  (Bull Dusek, Omaha)
                                                          (9) Quaker Oats Furfural (250,000 P.E.)

                                                          (8) Mo. Valley  Inc. Terminal

                                                          (3)(5) Fontenelle Forest (nature  park-
                                                                   refuge) (James Malkowskl, Mgr.)
                                                                                           (3)  Boat Dock
                                                                                           (9)  Outfall  from Bellvue primary plant
                                                                                                 (5200  P.E.)
                                                                                           (2)  Nebr. Public Power Dlst.;  Usage-
                                                                                                 25 MGS (R. J.  Rhodes,  Mgr.)
                                                                                           (3)  Boat ramps - City Recreation Area

                                                                                           (3)  Offutt Lake Intake - Boating for AFB
                                                                                           (4)  Sport

                                                                                           (8)(9) Allied Chemical Plant
                                                                                           (3)  Boating-developed area
                                                                                           (4)  Commercial Fishing (Melvin Barr,
                                                                                                 Plattsmouth)

                                                                                               (Confluence of Platte and Missouri
                                                                                                  Rivers) - 594 to 595
                                                                                           (5)  State Wildlife Management Area
                                                                                                 (Gary  Drowns,  Mgr.)

                                                                                           (3)(4)(8) Municipal Dock - Boat Ramp
                                                                                                       Plattsmouth Boat Club-30 boats
                                                                                           (9)  Outfall  from Plattsmouth primary plant
                                                                                                 (3600  P.E.)
                                                           (8)  Equity Union Grain Co.  Terminal
                                                           (8)  Rock Dock - Quarry
                                                                                           (3X4) Boat Ramp
                                                                                           Rivervlew State Rec. Area

                                                                                           (8) Steinhart Terminal (City wells near
                                                                                                 River-Vern Livingston)(873-3353)
                                                                                           (3)(4) Boat Ramp
                                                                                           (8) Mid States Grain Terminal
                                                                                           (8)   Bartlett Grain Co. Terminal
                                                                                           (8)   Steinhard Terminal-Municipal Dock
                                                                                           (9) Outfall from Nebr City primary plant
                                                                                                 (12,000 P.E.)
                                                                                           (8) Nebr City Dock and Grain Terminal
                                                                                           (3) Boat Ramps
                                                           (3) Boat Ramp

                                                           (3) Boat Ramp

                                                           (3) Boat Landing
                                                           (4) Commercial (Ramon "Dutch" Henry, Peru)

                                                           (9) Peru Secondary Plant (250 P.E.)
                                                                                            (8) Continental Grain Co. Terminal
                                                                                            (8) Brownville Grain Co. Terminal
                                                                                                   (Mr. Holland)
                                                                                            (3) Boat Ramp

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                                                                         55
     2.   PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES




     Withdrawals for public vater supply needs represent the water use




strong the highest protection level requirements and value in the area




 Seing considered.  Ti*c cities of Council Bluffs,  Iowa;  Omaha, Nebraska




 and St.  Joseph, Missouri use the Missouri River  as a source of supply.




 These three withdrawals combined are approximately 62  million gallons




 of water per day.




     Withdrawal and use of water for public consumption, which is con-




 taminated by inadequately treated wastes, is not consistent with accepted




 practices for the protection of public health and welfare.




     3.   OUTDOOR RECREATION




     In an attempt to identify and analyze the recreational  assets and




 uses of western Iowa and the Missouri River, many pertinent recreation




 reports, studies,  and plans were reviewed.  Based on this review,




 Appendix C was prepared x/hich is entitled Outdoor Recreation arvi >.'at°r




 Pollution in Vestorn.Iowa and Along; the Missouri River.  This appendix




 should be referred to as it contains detailed and descriptive informa-




 tion on the recreation resources of this area.




     The numerous documents reviewed were prepared by various govern-




 mental agencies and represent the findings and recommendations of




 exhaustive efforts.  All appear to be unanimous  in their conclusions




 of the Missouri River that recreation is an existing use; that there




 is a latent and growing demand for additional resources and facilities;




 and that the area is capable of meeting the unsatisfied needs and
                               IV-6

-------
demands.  Furthermore, the Missouri River and its immediate environment




can provide recreational opportunities beyond those required by the




resident population.




   Present recreation use along the Missouri River in Iowa has not




met its potential for the amount of land and water acreage involved.




While being light, however, it appears that most recreation activities




are participated in with sightseeing, boating, picnicking, and fishing




as the most popular.  There are over 30 known developed recreation




areas along the Missouri River in Iowa.  Included among this list are




boat clubs, marinas, city parks, conservation areas, refuges, recreation




areas, boat rarnps, commercial cabins, boat docks, and boat landing sites.




There are even a greater number of recreation areas on the Nebraska side




of the river.  These generally include the Scune type of areas as in Iowa;




however, the list is expanded to include State parks, x^ildlife management




area, nature park, waterfowl hunting areas, and a river club.




   While this relates a direct use of the river at developed recreation




sites, there is undoubtedly a considerable amount of use that occurs in




the natural undeveloped reaches for such activities as hunting, hiking,




camping,nuture study, fishing, etc.  Also, there is undoubtedly a




significant c.-.r.oant of use resulting from persons driving roads and trails




in quest of pler.sure drives and sightseeing.




   Water skiing surprisingly is enjoyed even though the river contains




a high silt load.  S'.riviudng is not considered a cowmen activity due in




large pleasure to the dangerous water conditions and high turbidity.  In




the Sioux City area there is an annual canoe race on the river which is




well attended.  Fish species in this stretch of the Missouri include







                                IV-7

-------
                                                                            57
„  catfish,  drum,  crappie,  black  bass,  white bass,  walleye,  seuger  and


  paddlefish.
•

       The  Corps  of Engineers estimate that 250,000  visitor-days are presently


  initiated at limited access points between Sioux City  and Rulo,  Nebraska,


  which includes  the stretch of  the Missouri River in Iowa.  For cor.parative


  purposes, another projection might be useful — that of  fisherman-days  on the


  80-mile stretch of the Missouri  between Sioux City and Yankton,  South Dakota.


  The BSF6.W estimates that 32,000  fishcrr.;an-days  occur annually.   This


  stretch of the  river below the Gavins Point Dam, is immediately  upstream


  from the  Iowa border.  It is not affected by  multi-source waste  discharges.


       Figures compiled  from data  in Iowa's outdoor  recreation  plan  indicate


  that sore 52 million days of recreation use,  by  residents 12  years and


  older,  occurred in the western region of Iowa in 1955.  Driving  for


  pleasure, picnicking,  sightseeing, and walking  for pleasure were the  most


  popular activities sought.   Although an exact r> easurer.ent of  prase-;  uie


  is  unavailable, it can readily be seen that the Missouri  River is  used


  for recreation  purposes.


       Peirhsps the best way to depict  the recreation potential  of  the


  Missouri  River  is  to outline the more significant  actions proposed, and


  express some of the pertinent  extracts from the  reference material.   Fore-


  most,  is  the establishment  of  the Lewis avid Clark  Trail along the.  full


  route  of  the Missouri River.   Since  Congress  established  the  Lewis  and


  Clark  Trail  Commission in 1964,  the  Missouri  IMver has  been recognized as


  a national resource worthy  of  development  to  a far greater dsgree  than


  heretofore.   The purpose  of this net was  to create ?.n  appreciation  of  the
                                 IV-8

-------
58






resources, encourage their conservation, and to promote  the  protection




and development of outdoor recreation resources along the  route  for  public




use and enjoyment.  The development plan prepared by the Bureau  of Outdoor



Recreation provides for many and varied resources linked along the entire



route to satisfy the full spectrum of recreation activities  from the most



active to the most passive.  Some 35 recreation sites were  identified for



construction by the Corps of Engineers between Sioux City  and Rulo,  Nebraska.



     The National Commission, in association with all of the affected States



including the Iowa State Lewis and Clark Trail Committee,  is now implement-



ing those actions necessary to achieve the national objectives.   To  date,



one of the principal tasks has been accomplished--that is, the marking and



historical interpretation of the route on the roads which  parallel,  adjoin,



and otherwise provide access to the river.  Among the problems mentioned



as confronting full attainment of the recognized goals is  water  pollution.



The Commission specifically recommended that the FWPCA give continuing



attention to the abatement and control of water pollution and that States



also take steps to strengthen measures to reduce water pollution along



the Trail route.



     The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's preliminary report on the Middle



Missouri Tributaries Subregion (part of the MBIAC Framework Study) indicated



that increased future  recreation demands would result as "greater interest



in the Missouri River  as a play area, as pollution and silcation control



result in clearer and  cleaner waters and greater interest in and use of



the Missouri River as  the Lewis and Clark Trail plans are completed."



Further,  "That the most pressing current needs are for development of
                                 IV-9

-------
                                                                          59
planned boat access points on and access to the river and improvement  and




development of the Missouri River Oxbow Lakes."  Finally, "The most




important and widely mentioned Type I potential is the promotion and




development of recreation sites, roads, trails, signs, interpretive




facilities, and other improvements in connection with the Lewis and Clark




Trail."




     In the MBIAC May 1968 Missouri River main stem study, it was esti-




mated that recreation demand would be 10,520,000 activity-days by 1980




exclusive of fishing and hunting.  This generally involves the main stem




from Yankton, South Dakota, to St. Joseph, Missouri, and includes the




Missouri through Iowa.  Sightseeing accounted for 40 percent of the esti-




mated use.  Of significance in this report is that 33 percent of the water




oriented needs could be met by the main stem of the Missouri in 1980.




Based on data in Iowa's outdoor recreation plan, recreation use by resi-




dents 12 years or older, is expected to be over 54 million days in 1980,




in the western counties.




     Speaking at a 1964 MBIAC meeting, the Planning Director of the Iowa




State Conservation Commission discussed Iowa's long range recreation plans.




Of Importance is this statement, "The Missouri, on our western boundary,




probably has the greatest potential for recreational development of any




one area that we could mention.  With flood control a reality, a stable




river channel, navigation and other factors of progress, we suspect a




major buildup of people along the Missouri."




     The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has projected capacity




figures for fisherman use along the 161-mile stretch of the Missouri
                              IV-10

-------
6o
 River in Iowa.  The 71 miles from Sioux City through Burt County, they




 estimate the capacity is 125 fisherman-days per mile per year.  In the




 lower 90 miles, it is reduced to 25 fisherman-days per mile per year.




 Thus, the river's total capacity is 11,125 fisherman-days per year.  This




 is  for  the entire river and would be halved if Iowa's portion would be




 separated.  It should be pointed out that these figures represent capacity,




 not actual use.




      As in the case of existing recreation use, potential use defies




 exact measurement for the Missouri River in Iowa.  However, it has been




 plainly demonstrated that the Missouri River, and its immediate enviorn-




 ment, offer tremendous opportunity for public use and enjoyment to both




 the local resident and the nation as a whole.  The future use will expand




 commensurate with access and facilities.  It can be  expected  that use on




 the waters of the Missouri will principally be in the form of fishing and




 boating, and on the adjoining lands in the form of sightseeing, picnicking,




 hiking, driving and walking  for pleasure, and in historical interpretation.




      4.  COMMERCIAL FISHING



      Thirty-six separate cotnmerical fishing use points were identified




 in  the  conference area.  Of this total, 17 were located in the State of




 Iowa and the remaining 19 in the States of Nebraska  and Missouri.  Tae




 true intensity of commercial fishing demand is probably not reflected




 by  these figures, since the use points were identified by interview




 and not check of the numbers of commercial fishing permits issued by




 conservation agencies.
                                  IV-11

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                                                                          6i
    5.  WILDLIFE HABITAT




    The conference area is in one of the major migratory bird flyways.




Consequently, many of the marsh and wetland areas serve as nesting or




temporary resting sites for waterfowl in their annual migrations.




Thirteen conservation or waterfowl hunting locations were located by survey




along the Missouri River stressing the importance of the area in main-




taining suitable waterfowl populations in the flyway.  With increasing




interest and enthusiasm by the sporting and conservation groups, it




is expected that many additional areas will be reserved in the future




for the support of wildlife.




    6.  INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY




    Discrete industrial water supply users identified by the synoptic




survey numbered six.  Of this total, two were located in Iowa and




the remaining four in Missouri and Nebraska.  Future economic develop-




ment of the major metropolitan areas will undoubtedly be based on




industrial growth and an increase in the industrial water use can be




expected.  Unidentified are the numerous industries obtaining their




water supply from municipalities.




    7.  NAVIGATION




    Navigation is an important use of the Missouri River.  The Federal




Government has invested millions of dollars in structures to maintain




and improve a navigable channel in the river.  Each year efforts are




made, weather depending, to extend the navigation season.  The brief




survey identified a total of 39 navigation installations to assist in
                                 IV-12

-------
62
   loading materials on and off  the river barges.  A premise for  future




   development of  the  conference area certainly trust be trore extensive




   use of waterborne comr.erce.




       8.  AGRICULTURAL WITHDRAWALS




       Only  two distinct agricultural withdrawal points were located by




   the Department  of the Interior purvey.  More intensive  farming practices




   on the flood protected plains bordering the river would certainly




   increase the quantity of water for agricultural ur.age through  supple-




   mental irrigation.




       9.  ANIMAL WATERING




       The animal watering usage on the tmin stem was found entirely in




   the State  of Nebraska.




      10.  GENERAL




       At the present time,  the primary uses of  the Missouri River -•'.ra




   domestic w?tsr  supply, navigation, recreation  and commercial fishing.




   Other use  categories identified ere in the infancy of growth.  Futura




   development of  the  area will  see a more intensive water use in sach




   category.
                                   IV-13

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                                                                         63
IV-B - EXISTING WASTE SOURCES




     1.  MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES




     A tabulation of municipal waste treatment systems discharging into




the main stem of the Missouri River between Gavins Point Dam and the Iowa-




Missouri State line and all municipal waste treatment systems in the State




of Iowa discharging to tributaries of the Missouri River is included on




pages IV-24 and IV-30.




     Most treatment facilities constructed or enlarged since 1956 have




utilized Federal construction grants.  These treatment facilities were




constructed at a total cost of $40,283,174 including Federal grants




amounting to $6,170,645.




     All towns and cities located on the main stem section of the Missouri




River, with the exception of Omaha, have at least primary waste treatment




facilities in operation at the present time.  The existing treatment




facilities for the city of Omaha will eventually receive all wastes




from land areas draining directly to the Missouri River, but at the




present time are only capable of treating approximately 50 percent of




the wastes.  Omaha has under construction facilities which will pretreat




industrial wastes.  When these are completed, all wastes will receive




primary treatment.




     Of the 14 municipalities along the Missouri River between Yankton




and Rulo, nine provide only primary treatment and the other five provide




secondary.  On Missouri River Basin interstate streams in Iowa there are




28 cities with sewage systems.  Eighteen provide secondary, eight only




 primary,  two discharge to. adjoining municipalities, and two provide




no treatment of their wastes.  Of the 118






                                   IV-14

-------
municipal discharges to intrastate waters, 94 receive secondary

treatment, 15 primary and 9 have no treatment.

                      Total Number of Treatment Facilities

                          Secondary                117

                          Primary                   32

                          None                      11
                                   TOTAL           160

     Wastes discharged to these 160 municipal sewerage systems have

a total estimated population equivalent of 3,500,000.  Secondary

treatment is provided for only about 48 percent of this connected

load.  Fifty-one percent of the waste loading is discharged to 31

plants which provide primary treatment.  Less than one percent of

the wastes is discharged without treatment.

     2.  INDUSTRIAL AND OTHER SEPARATE WASTE SOURCES

     There are two hospital installations, one chemical plant and a

rendering company and eight packing plants of varying sizes in western

Iowa with separate waste systems.  Their combined waste loadings

before treatment are estimated to equal 342,000 population equivalents

(P.E.).  The rendering company at Alton, Iowa, is discharging raw

wastes to a stream.  The remaining nine plants (1 chemical and eight

packing) operate their own treatment facilities which provide an

estimated BOD removal of over 85 percent.   Sevan large meat packing

companies in this group account for about 337,000 P.E.'s.   Significant

industrial or other waste disposal systems are listed in Table IV-B-1.

The estimated flow from these seven plants is about six million gallons

per day.
                                 IV-15

-------
                             TABLE IV-B-1
            Major Industri ".1 and Other Separate Waste Systems
Missouri Basin - Iowa
City
Harlan
Oakland
Oakland
Glenwood
Denison
Deaison
Cherokee
LeMars
Alton
Sioux City
Glenwood
Cherokee
Reported
Design Data
P.E.(BOD) Flow (spd)
Western Iowa Pork
American Beef Packers
Oakland Beef Feeders
Swift & Company
Iowa Beef
Farmbest
Wilson & Company
Blue Ribbon Beef
Rendering Co. (No Trmt.)
Terra Chemical Co.
State Hospital
Mental Health Institute
24,250
21,600
-
38,650
76,800
64,500
84 , 600
26,450
200
-
3,070
1,500
390,000
720,000
-
1,000,000
960.000
850,000
1,300,000
800,000
-
700,000
432,000
200,000
Reported
Efficiency
95%
95+%
(1)
(2)
98 . 5%
857o(3)
98+%
(1)
0
(*)
85%
35%
(1)  No surface effluent

(2)  Packing plant and treatment facility under  construction.
     (Estimated completion April 1969.)

(3)  Surfpac filter unit under construction.

(4)  Ammonia waste - 1.5 day of flow equalization in ponds.
                                 IV-16

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66

      The Iowa Directory of Industries lists in the Missouri Basin in

 Iowa the following number of industries by selected classification:

           Food and Kindred Products          121

           Chemical and Allied Products        29

           Petroleum Products                   3

           Rubber and Plastics                 10

           Primary Metals                       3

           Electro Plating                    	1
                      TOTAL                   167

      Many of these industries discharge their wastes to municipal sewerage

 systems.

      The number of industrial waste sources relating to meat processing

 Is a reflection of the extent of agricultural activity in the conference

 area.

      3.  FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS

      There are five significant Federal installations on or near the

 Missouri River bordering the State of Iowa.

      The Corps of Engineers' dock and service base at Omaha is served

 by a septic tank and subsurface soil absorption system.  The DeSoto

 National Wildlife Refuge has a number of waste treatment systems.  The

 headquarters and major recreational areas are served by seven septic tanks

 and subsurface soil absorption systems.  All of these are of adequate

 size and are functioning satisfactorily.  Some of the low use areas in

 the refuge are served by pit or vault toilets.  All of the pit toilets

 are scheduled for replacement by more adequate facilities.

      The Offutt Air Force Base has a complete sewage system.  The wastes
                                 IV-17

-------
                                                                        67
have a volume of 1.1 mgd X7ith an estimated P.E. strength of 14,700.  The




treatment facilities provide an 88 percent removal of BOD.   The effluent




has an estimated P.E. of 1,800 and discharges to Papillion Creek about




2\ miles above the confluence with the Missouri River.




     The Omaha Air Force station has been deactivated; however, a por-




tion of this station will be operated by the Federal Aviation Administra-




tion.  The existing septic tank-lagoon is adequate for the loading.  The




effluent is discharged to a small watercourse several miles from its




confluence with the Missouri River.




     The Sioux City Air Base operated as a tenant of the Sioux City




Municipal airport until 1 July 68 when the base was deactivated.   The




City of Sioux City continues to provide sewage service for some housing




that remains in use.  A lagoon provides treatment for the wastes.   This




flow will be intercepted and the lagoon abandoned upon completion of an




interceptor sewer now under construction.  Some wastes from the airport




and Sergeant Bluff also discharge to the lagoon.




     Uinnebago Indian Agency has a complete sewerage system.   The  wastes




are estimated to have a volume of 600 gpd with an estimated strength




of 100 P.E.'s.  Treatment provides a 90 percent removal of BOD.  The




lagoon which provides the treatment had no overflow as of May 1968




and at the time of this inspection, the water level was from 1 to 2




feet below the overflox^ level.




     4.  VATERCRAFT POLLUTION SOURCES




     a-  Recreation Craft




     There are no available compiled records of recreational  boating on




the main stem of the Missouri in the area.   There are reports that
                               IV-18

-------
68
a number of houseboats are seasonally anchored below Gavins Point Dam




on the main stem of the Missouri River.  Houseboats and floating dormitories




are usually anchored during the warmer season in sheltered coves.




     There are a number of marinas for the launching and servicing of




recreational craft and the indications are that the recreational use




of this stretch of the Missouri River will increase.  As of December 1968,




approximately 70,000 boats are registered by the Iowa Conservation




Commission and 10,250 by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.  A




question regarding available onboard toilet facilities is included in




the Iowa registration form.  It is estimated less than one percent of




the registered boats have toilet facilities.




     Meetings have been held by the Conservation and Health Departments




of Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota for the purpose of discussing uniform




watercraft regulations to avoid difficulties that would result from non-




uniform requirements.  Regulations requiring holding tanks for storage




of water from marine toilets will be considered by States as a positive




means of control.  An agreement has been reached among the State agencies




and the Corps of Engineers requiring "pump out1' facilities in the newly




developed marinas to accommodate boats wi th holding tanks.




     b.  Commercial Craft




     The river has considerable commercial use.  There are 29 commercial




towboats operating on the Missouri River.  There were 319 tows during




1968 with an average of 15 tows on the river daily, with a total operation




of 97,700 hours during the year.  Table IV-B-2 shows the operating time




in 1966 and the types of waste disposal provided on the commercial and




Federal boats.
                                IV-19

-------
                                                                         69
     A  trial run of  transporting cattle by barge apparently was quite




 successful and  there may be additional barging of cattle on the river.




 Should  this practice be continued, it could result in considerable




 pollution with  the washing overboard of animal wastes.




     c.  Accidental Spills and Discharges




     Accidental spills may result from collisions, sinking of barges




 or  the  loss overboard of open containers.  Spills may also result




 from the servicing of boats which could introduce oil, gasoline or




 grease  into the water.  This discharge of petroleum material may result




 in  fire hazards and affect taste and odor of water used for domestic




 purposes.  Discoloration of vessels, piers, docks and other water




 structures will also occur.




     Serious land-based spills have occurred.  One resulted from a fire




 at  a chemical plant in Omaha.  Two were the result of a. ruptured storage




 tank of fertilizer chemical in the Sioux City area.  Public water supplies




 were endangered and a fish kill occurred.




     5.  Agricultural Waste Sources.




     The study area in Iowa includes the western reaches of the Corn




 Belt with extensive feeding areas of both cattle and hogs.   It includes




 the drainage area of the Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls  and the




Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, downstream to St.  Joseph, Missouri.




     Surveillance station data indicate that the Nebraska-Iowa-Missouri




 reach of the Missouri River at times carries an organic  pollution burden




 equal to that of the discharge of the untreated wastes of 80,000,000




 people.  This loading, then exceeds by 10 times the human population of




 the entire basin.   The pollution of the basin caused by  industrial




activity may equal  that of the population;  therefore,  the balance must




                                IV-20

-------
70
                                        TABLE IV-B-2
  Type
  Craft

Dredge

Towboat

Launch
               Commercial and Federal Hatercraft Operating In the Missouri Basin
                                                            Op. Time 1966
                                       Avg.       No      Avg.
                                      Pass.      Craft    Days   Hrs.
                      Owned or        & Crew     in      Per   Per
                     Operated By	Ea. B_oat Operation  Boat  Da_y  Months  Type Disposal
                  Army Engrs . , Omaha

                  Army Engrs., Omaha

                  Army Engrs . , Omaha
     Survey Boat  Army Engrs., Omaha

     Survey Boat  Array F.ngrs . , Omaha
53
2
2
2
3
1
4
4
1
2
0
150
40
176
150
0
8
8
8
8
                                                    0   Central  Aerobic

                                                        Package  Maceration

                                                        Package  Maceration

                                                        Package  Maceration

                                                        Package  Maceration
     Cutter
                  Coast Guard
     Work Boats   River Const.
                  Cntrctrs.

     Pile Driver  River Const.
                  Cntrctrs.
                       13
                               18
                                                         170
                                        70
                                                          24      9   Ptickag? Maceration
                                                                ea .
     Towboats
Commercial Barge
Lines
                                         14
                                            *29
                                     **25a
                                                                          NlHK-
     *Total of 29  commercial  towboats  in Missouri River  scrvi c
-------
                                                                          71






represent that caused by agricultural endeavors and so-called natural




sources.



     The main causes of agricultural associated water pollution are:




(1) sediments; (2) nutrients; (3) chemicals; and (4) animal wastes.




     Some four billion tons of sediment are washed into tributary




streams in the United States each year.  The estimated losses incurred




by such pollution and the inherent problems cost the American people




half a billion dollars annually.  Heavy rains cause large amounts of




silt, debris and other solid materials to be carried into the river.




As the river level rises, turbidity, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)




and bacterial count increase tremendously.  After the river crests and falls




back to lower stages, the turbidity, BOD and bacterial count all decline.




This physical and biological pollution phenomena is largely the result




of agricultural operations.




     Land runoff and natural drainage contribute significant quantities




of silt and other materials which are carried as a suspended load by




the Missouri River.  The silt portion, including valuable top soil is




reflected by the four-fold increase in turbidity observed between Gavins




Point Dam and St. Joseph.  The sediment load causes economic damages



to water users as exemplified by increased water treatment costs at




municipalities, high channel and harbor maintenance costs for navigation




interests, depressed esthetic values for recreational uses, and fish




kills associated with sediment clogged gills.




     Land runoff can increase the bacteriological content and the nutrient




level of the waters.  Fertilizer usage is extensive in Iowa.  Iowa is




number 2 in the Nation in consumption of primary plant nutrients using




636,250 tons of N, 345,656 tons available P205 , 282,308 tons of K20




                                IV-22

-------
72
   for a grand total of 1,264,214 tons  of fertilizer  in the  year  ending




   June 30, 1968.   This represents approximately nine percent  of  the  total




   fertilizer used in the United States.




         Studies on land runoff have shown that  10-25 percent  of  the




   fertilizers applied to the land may  be lost  through drainage.




         Iowa is the leading State in the United States in the production




   of swine and beef cattle and is among  the leaders  in the  production of




   other meat animals.  There are approximately  46,000 feeder  lots  in the




   State and the 1967 marketing statistics show  four  million fifty-seven




   thousand beef cattle sold.  The population equivalent (P.E) of livestock




   on Iowa farms in the Missouri drainage, based on the BOD  of the  animal




   wastes, is over 65 million.  This includes approximately 3,300,000




   cattle and calves and 6,100,000 hogs  and pigs  on  farms.
                                    IV-23

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-------
                                                                        81






IV-C - IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY ON USE






     Current information on the changes in water quality of the




Missouri River as the reach between Gavins Point Dam and St. Joseph




is available from two sources.  These are the FWPCA water quality




monitoring stations at Yankton, South Dakota; Omaha, Nebraska; and




St. Joseph, Missouri and the results from the baseline survey




conducted in October 1968 and January 1969.  These data demonstrate




significant quality degradation downstream from the Iowa-South Dakota




Border.




    Samples from the Gavins Point Dam releases and at the Yankton,




South Dakota monitoring show a relatively high quality x^ater suit-




able for all recognized beneficial uses.  Turbidity, nutrient,




dissolved organics and bacterial indicator organism concentrations are




low and the biological habitat reflects essentially non-polluted




conditions.




    Downstream from the Sioux City area the effects of waste




discharges are immediately reflected by the water quality changes.




Densities of bacterial indicator organisms increase significantly.




Concentrations of quality parameters indicative of recent pollution




such as nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus), dissolved organics,




cyanides and phenol are increased.  There is also serious destruction of




the aquatic habitat in the Sioux City area.




    Below the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area the river quality




again reflects the impact of waste discharges.  The aquatic habitat
                                 IV-32

-------
82
   for  a  distance of  54 miles downstream supports numbers of pollution




   tolerant  organisms.  Densities of bacterial indicator organisms




   increase  sharply.  The concentrations of dissolved organics as




   measured  by BOD and the nutrient concentrations are significantly




   higher.




       Overall, there is a  significant deterioration of water quality




   between Gavins Point Dam  and St. Joseph, Missouri.  This degradation




   is the result of point source pollution from municipalities and




   industries and from siltation caused by land runoff.  The existing




   data show a constantly increasing suspended load of pollutants and




   turbidity carried  by the  Missouri River.  Detailed reports on the




   physical, chemical and biological quality are contained in Appendixes




   A, B,  and F.




       The  physical, chemical and biological characteristics of an area's




   water  resource have an important impact on regional development patterns,




   overall economics  and esthetic well-being of the area residents.




       The  eight major use  categories considered applicable to the main




   stem reach of the  Missouri River under consideration in the conference




   report are discussed in Section IV-A.  How these use categories are




   affected  by present water quality conditions will be considered here.




       In the National Technical Advisory Committee Report on "Water




   Quality Criteria"  (April  1, 1968), the Subcommittee on Public Water




   Supplies  developed a tabulation of desirable criteria for waters for




   public consumption.  Certain of these criteria are shown in Table IV-C-1.




       It can be assumed that if a raw water source which consistentlv
                                   IV-3 3

-------
                                                                                                       83
TABLE IV-C-1              SURFACE WATER CRITERIA FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES



           Constituent or Characteristic       Permissible                  Desirable
                                                Criteria                    Criteria


Physical:

     Color  (color units) 		-75 	<10	

     Odor 	Virtually absent

     Temperature*	do	Narrative	

     Turbidity 	do — 	Virtually absent

Microbiological:

     Coliform organisms	-	---10,000/100 ml1	---  <100/100 ml1	

     Focal  conforms 	2,000/100 ml1  	-	<20/100 ml1	

Inorganic Chemicals:                                    (mg/1)                   (mg/1)

     Alkalinity			Narrative 	Narrative	—

     Ammonia 	0.5 (as N) -- 		<0.01	

     Arsenic*	0.05 	Absent 	

     Barium*	1.0	 	do	

     Boron*				1.0 --		do		

     Cadmium*	0.01 	do	

     Chloride*	-	-	-	-	250	  -  <25		
     Chromium,* hexavalent	0.05 	Absent	

     Copper*				1.0	Virtually absent	

     Dissolved oxygen 	^4 (monthly mean)  	Near  saturation —	--

                                              >3 (individual  sample)

     Fluoride* --		Narrative			Narrative		-	

     Hardness*	do----	do	

     Iron (filterable) 	-	--0.3				Virtually absent 	

     Lead*	 	0.05 	Absent	  	

     Manganese* (filterable) 	0.05 	do - 	

     Nitrates plus nitrites*	10 (as N) 	Virtually absent 	

     pH (range)	-	--	6.0-8.5			Narrative	-	

     Phosphorus*	Narrative	 —	do	

     Selenium*	0.01 	Absent	

     Silver*	-	0.05			do			

     Sulfate*		250	<50 ---	-	

     Total dissolved solids*	-	500 --		<200			 -

        (filterable residue).

     Uranyl ion*	5	Absent	

     Zinc*	5	Virtually absent 	

     *Most  Common  Treatment  Processes  Have  Little Effect  on This  Constituent.
   _!/  See Original Reference for Discussion.
                                                  IV-34

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showed these desirable characteristics were available,  it would  represent




the  safest, cheapest possible source of domestic supply.  This  situation




is not encountered frequently in major urban areas and  hence consumers




must either settle for water of less desirable characteristics or pay




additional monies to have the water quality improved by treatment




processes.  Fortunately treatment processes exist which, at a price,




can convert almost any water including grossly polluted fresh water into




a potable product.  However, since the price of delivered water is




proportional to the quality of raw water source, prevention of water




quality degradation is of benefit to each consumer and water treatment




becomes of  importance to all water users in downstream locations.




    The survey information demonstrates the presence of materials in




sufficient concentrations which present problems to water treatment




plants.  The high bacterial densities  observed during normal  flows were




in excess of those commonly accepted by standard public health  practice.




Heavy  silt  loads  increased treatment  costs  and  created  sludge disposal




problems  and short filter runs.   Phenols and  other  organic  material




when  combined with chlorine can  result in  taste  and  odor  problems




causing  consumer  complaints.   The presence  of ammonia  in high concentra-




tions  greatly increases  the chlorine  demand resulting  in higher water




treatment costs.  During storm runoff these problems are intensified.




     During the  synoptic  survey conducted  by the Department  of the




Interior certain conditions,  as  outlined  below,  were discovered which




 indicate substantial degradation of the water source from controllable




waste djscharges.  The geometric mean coliform densities at all stations




downstream from Sioux City,  Iowa in the reach being considered  were in
                                    1V-35

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excess of desirable criteria.  Nutrient levels encountered in the stream




increased below the first major waste source on the main stem and




throughout the reach under consideration.




     The levels of nutrients created are adequate to support excessive




biologic growths and generate taste and odor problems in water supplies.




     Water quality requirements for industrial uses vary widely but the




same general development as used for public supplies will hold in this




category.  In addition, it should be noted that desirable criteria for




contact recreation use are more stringent than for public water supply.




     In the case of esthetic appreciation and recreational values,




desirable characteristics expressed in "Water Quality Criteria" are in




Table IV-C-2.




     During the survey conducted by FWPCA personnel, many observations




were made which demonstrated a direct contravention of quality shown




in the above Table.  The survey biologists found areas of severe bio-




logical habitat degradation.  Many of the benthic organisms found were




those associated with polluted water.  Significant quantities of float-




ing debris including greaseballs the size of oranges were seen in the




river.  Traces of phenolics were measured in the water.  Phenol when




combined with chlorine will impart offending tastes.




     The undesirable esthetic and hazardous conditions created by solid,




floating, suspended, and dissolved material to boaters, water skiers,




waders, and fishermen demonstrates the need for improvements in




waste treatment.  The possible disease agents present with these
                             IV-36

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86
                                Table  IV-C-2
                    Water  Quality Criteria  For  Esthetics
                               And Recreation
   A.   General  Requirements  For  Esthetics
        I.   All surface waters should  be capable  of supporting life
            forms of esthetic value.

       II.   Surface waters should be  free of substances attributable
            to discharges or wastes as follows:

            (a)  Materials that will  settle to form objectionable deposits.

            (b)  Floating debris, oil, scum, and  other matter.

            (c)  Substances producing objectionable color, odor, taste,
                 or turbidity.

            (d)  Materials, including radionuclides, in concentrations or
                 combinations which are toxic or which produce undesirable
                 physiological responses in human, fish, and other animal
                 life and plants.

            (e)  Substances and conditions or combinations thereof in
                 concentrations which produce undesirable aquatic life.

   B.  Primary Contact Recreation Requirements

       I.   Criteria for mandatory factors.

            (a)  Fecal coliform should be used as  the  indicator organism
                 for evaluating the microbiological suitability of recrea-
                 tion waters.  As determined by multiple-tube  fermentation
                 or membrane  filter procedures and based on a  minimum  of
                 not less than five samples  for any 30-day period of the
                 recreation season, the  fecal coliform content  of primary
                 contact recreation waters  shall not exceed a  log mean of
                 200/100 ml,  nor  shall more  than 10 percent of total samples
                 during any 30-day period exceed 400/100 ml.

            (b)  In primary contact recreation waters, the pH should be
                 within  the range  of  6.5  -  8.3 except  when due to natural
                 causes and in no  case  shall be less than 5.0 nor more
                 tha'n  9.0.  When  the  pH  is  less than 6.5  or more than
                 8.3,  discharge  of substances which further increases
                 unfavorable  total acidity  or alkalinity  should be  limitc-d.
                                        IV-37

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                                                                        87
materials and the hazard presented to persons handling boats and




other gear coming in contact with these waters should not be overlooked.




In addition, this debris in the river can cause significant damages to




equipment.  The fouling of fish nets and boat hulls results in many




dollars  in maintenance by the owners.  Many boaters have suffered




engine failures due to the destruction or clogging of cooling water




pumps by silt.  The larger more solid debris, when hit by a moving




boat, can puncture boat hulls with ease, causing a real danger to




life and limb.  The potential for pathogenic organisms to be present




is thoroughly documented by the high total and fecal coliform densities




measured in the river samples.  In common terms, densities of coliform




indicators found vary during normal flows from 2 to 250 per drop.




During storm flows these levels may rise as high as 2000 per drop.




    The main stem, as it flows through or by Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas




and Missouri, forms the historic center of Missouri River commercial




fishing.  Available records indicate that no significant commercial




fishery  existed on the upper main stream in Montana and North Dakota




until the advent of the main stem reservoirs.




    Carp, buffalo and catfish have dominated the annual production of




river fishes since 1908.  These species have consistently comprised




over 92  percent of the catch.  A progressive decline has .occurred in




annual production since 1908.  In 1963 total production was 12 percent




of that  of the 1908 catch, although showing constant percentages of




the three primary groups--carp, buffalo and catfish.  Since 1908 there




has also been an accompanying decrease in numbers of commercial fisher-




men within the four-state area.  These declines are at least partially






                                    IV-38

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88
    attributed  to  a  progressive degradation of Missouri River water quality.




    In particular,  some  of  the recent decrease in  fishing pressures both




    in th •  commercial and  private  sector  can  be  attributed  to complaints




    concerning fish flesh  tainting.   Technical studies  to identify  com-




    pounds  which taint fish flesh  are  a relatively undeveloped  and  diffi-




    cult study area.  Definitive results  and  clarification  of the magnitude




    of the  tainting problem and  its  specific  causes will be difficult to




    obtain.




        Closely related  to the fishing resource  is the  use  for  wildlife




    habitat.  Thirteen separate  conservation or  designated  waterfowl




    hunting areas are located within the study reach.  In  addition  perhaps,




    several hundred private "blinds" are constructed in the study reach




    during the fall months of the  migration period.




        It is axiomatic that water quality that can be tolerated by,  and is




    productive of fish and their food organisms is generally adequate for




    waterfowl and their habitat.  Indeed, fish and many of the organisms




    upon which they  feed are also important in the diet of many species




    of wildlife; e.g., loons, mergansers, other ducks, herons, otters,




    raccoons, etc.   It is  obvious that requirements  for survival of  fish




    and  aquatic organisms  also constitute the same requirements for  pre-




    servation  of  the wildlife habitat.




         Very  little  attention has been given to the  optimum quality  of




    drinking  water  for  farm  animals.  While  the standards  of quality for




    human  consumption ma\  not be  justified for  farm  animals, there are




    certain contaminants which may  be  hazardous to livestock.  The danger
                                        IV-39

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of direct infection to livestock through the consumption of water con-




taminated with pathogenic agents is a possibility and deserves attention.




    Protection of water quality for other agricultural uses involves




similiar safeguards to industrial and domestic criteria.  The potential




of this water resource to provide a supplemental irrigation supply for




food production should not be destroyed or allowed to be degraded.




    Water quality requiremnnts for commercial navigation are not




critical if demands for other use categories are met.  It should be




recognized that benefits from water quality enhancement for other




purposes will also cause benefits to accrue in the areas of esthetics




and health protection to those same persons involved in navigation




activities.




    Review and comparison of data available make it clear that man




and his activities ha^e caused and are now causing substantial degra-




dation of water quality and causing damages to the beneficial use




potentials in the reach of the Missouri River between Sioux City, Iowa




and St. Joseph, Missouri.
                                   IV-40

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90
   IV-D - MONITORING




        Water quality monitoring in the Missouri  River drainage  of  Iowa




   should accomplish the objectives of providing  baseline  water  quality




   information and determining compliance with water quality standards.




        Baseline water quality data are obtained  for determining long




   term quality trends of the major streams and for determining  water




   quality of streams where information is lacking or incomplete.   This




   information is used in water quality management.




        In accomplishing the second objective, determining compliance




   with water quality standards, water quality data are obtained to detect




   violations of stream quality criteria established by the State standards




   and detect pollutants which interfere with the legitimate uses of streams.




   This requires a monitoring effort involving:  (1) establishing stream




   sampling stations above and below major or significant waste outfalls;




   (2) selecting parameters pertinent to measuring effects of various




   types wastes discharges on stream water quality; (3) adopting an optimum




   sampling frequency at monitoring stations, particularly on streams where




   rapid changes in stream quality can occur  from slug discharges of treated




   and untreated wastes.  Thr following measures should be taken in develop-




   ing and operating a comprehensive monitoring network on the  streams which




   affect the quality and uses of  interstate  waters:




         1.  Acquire and analyze basic water pollution control information




   to determine monitoring needs.  This would require the  following:




   (a) assessing treatment facilities  of  all  municipalities, industries




   and agri-industries  through  studies  of existing  information  collected




   and through on-site  invest igations;  and (b) assessing historical  and
                                   IV-41

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                                                                           91
current water quality data and conducting  stream surveys on streams




where water quality information is inadequate or lacking.




     2.  Develop a cooperative monitoring plan through agreements




between all local, State and Federal agencies engaged in stream sampl-




ing activities.  The implementation of a cooperative monitoring plan




would accomplish the following:  (a) minimize duplication of monitor-




ing efforts; (b) permit an optimum number of stations to be operated;




(c) satisfy the water quality parameter needs of all entities; and




(d) facilitate the exchange of water quality and related data between




all agencies concerned with water quality problems.




     3.  The scheduled sampling frequencies of existing and proposed




monitoring stations operated by the Iowa Water Pollution Control




Commission are on a quarterly basis for physical, chemical and bacteri-




ological parameters.  The sampling frequencies for these parameters




should be increased to at least weekly intervals on the  following streams:




          a.  Missouri River




          b.  Big Sioux




          c.  Rock River




          d.  Little Sioux River




          e.  Nishnabotna River




          f.  Nodaway River




          g.  East Fork of 102 River




          h.  Chariton River




          i.  Floyd River




          j.  Boyer River
                                  IV-42

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     4.   Monitoring stations should be established on the  following

interstate streams:

         a.  Middle Fork Medicine River

         b.  Weldon River

         c.  Little River

         d.  Thompson River

         e.  Middle Fork of 102 River

         f.  West Tarkio River

         g.  Tarkio River

         h.  Grand River

         i.  Platte River

         j.  East Fork of Big River


     (NOTE:  A listing of proposed and existing Federal and State
      monitoring stations is shown in Appendix D)
                                  IV-43

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                                                                        93
V.  QUALITY CRITERIA NECESSARY TO SUPPORT EXISTING AND FUTURE WATER USES








     A.   Treatment




         The degree of waste treatment consistent with the protection




of all stipulated beneficial uses ard with the purposes and intent of




the Federal Water Pollution Control Act must be stated in the water




quality standards.  The present and future water uses recognized




for the conference area are already impaired by quality degradation.




Consequently, secondary treatment, including at least 8570 removal




of BOD, is required.




    B.  Disinfection




        The protection of public water supplies, certain industrial




uses, full and partial body contact sports, including swimming,




water skiing, wading and fishing, requires a maximum reduction or




elimination of opportunity for individual contact with disease pro-




ducing agents.  Since municipal waste discharges are a major source




of pathogenic organisms, disinfection of these wastes is mandatory.




    C.  Temperature




        Temperature, a catalyst, a depressant, an activator, a




restrictor, a stimulator, a controller, a killer, is one of the most




important and most influential water quality characteristics to life




in water.  Temperature determines those species that may be present;




it activates the hatching of young, regulates their activity and




stimulates or suppresses their growth and development; it attracts




and kills when the water becomes too hot or becomes chilled too
                                  V-l

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suddenly.  Colder water generally suppresses development; wanner




water generally accelerates activity and may be a primary cause of




aquatic plant nuisances when other environmental factors are suitable.




    Temperature is also a factor in recreational enjoyment.  Exces-




sivelv high temperatures may lessen the pleasure of water contact




sports.  The maximum water temperature that will not induce undesir-




able physiological effects after prolonged exposure must be less than




90° F. with 85° F. considered the safe maximum limit for continuous




exposure for several hours.  Limited exposure to water warmer than




85° F. can be tolerated for short periods of time without causing




undesirable physiological effects, especially under unique circum-




stances  such as bathing in hot springs where physical exertion  is




limited.




    For  waters serving as  a raw  water source for domestic uses,




temperature is an important factor.  From an esthetic viewpoint,




water  over  85° F. loses  its desirability and appeal.  Over a  1° F.




hourly  temperature variation  adversely  affects  the  coagulation  in




 the  treatment  process.  Rapid  changes  in temperature  or excessive




 temperatures which kill  the  stream biota can ultimately  result in




 taste  and  odor problems.




     D.   Xondegradation




         The declaration  of policy contained in the  Federal Water




 Pollution  Control Act states  that the  purpose  of the  Act is  to




 enhcaco the quality and  value of the Nation's  water resources.




 Enhancement of quality can be achieved  only through improving
                                   V-2

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                                                                       95
existing low quality water, protecting high quality waters and in




no case permitting further degradation of existing quality.   There-




fore, it is imperative that all water quality standards, in order to




be consistent with the purposes and intent of the Act, contain a




statement of policy concerning nondegradation.




     ^'  Radioactivity




         Water treatment plants remove little radioactive pollution




from raw water supplies.  The Department of the Interior is interested




in upgrading radiological criteria to conform to the latest recommen-




dation of Federal agencies.  Iowa concurs with this objective.




     F.  Standards of Related States




         One of the guidelines designated by the Department of the




Interior to be used in establishing water quality standards for inter-




state waters was that the State standards were to be reviewed in terms




of their consistency and comparability with those for affected waters




of downstream or adjacent states.  The results of this review arc




reflected in the items excepted from the Secretary of the Interior's




approval of Iowa's standards.  With regard to these items, the fol-




lowing paragraphs summarize the criteria and requirements from the




standards of states adjacent to or downstream of Iowa.




     1.  Treatment




         Every state which borders on the Missouri River, with the




exception of Iowa, has adopted as part of its standards a minimum




requirement of secondary treatment or its equivalent for wastes dis-




charged into the Missouri River.  The language used by these states
                                 V-3

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96
  varies, but all essentially have this requirement.  The final com-




  pliance dates  for  implementation of  secondary treatment vary with each




  State.




       The Nebraska  standards for the  Missouri River provide for a




  minimum of  secondary  treatment.  These standards have been approved




  by  the Secretary of the  Interior.  Nebraska treatment facilities




  shall be in operation prior to completion of equivalent downstream




  facilities.  The December  1982 date  for Missouri is the final compliance




  date.  An earlier  compliance date will be required when survey results




  show such a need.  The Kansas standards for the Missouri River provide




  for the best practicable treatment of all significant wastes.  The




  Kansas standards have not  been approved by the Secretary of the Interior.




       2.  Disinfection




           All of the states adjoining Iowa in the Missouri River Basin




  have established acceptable bacterial criteria for interstate waters.




  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  and Missouri have set limits on the bacterial




  concentrations for all  interstate waters and all uses in the Missouri




  River Basin.   South Dakota has set limits on the bacterial concentra-




  tions  on domestic  water  supply,  fish life propagation, recreation,  and




  irrigation  uses.   The criteria in Missouri are not applicable when




  streams  are affected  by  storm water  runoff.  Minnesota standards




  require  the effective disinfection of any discharges, including com-




  bined  flows of sewage and  storm  water, where necessary to protect the




   specified uses of  the interstate waters.
                                     V-4

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                                                                           97
     3.  Temperature

         Minnesota has established temperature criteria on these waters

which limit the temperature increase to 5° F. above ambient temper-

ature except in Class A fishery waters where no increase is permitted

or to a maximum temperature as shown in the following table:

                        Maximum Temperatures °P.
Class of Water   Ja   F     Mr    Ap   My   Jn   Jl   Ag   Se  Oc   N   D

2A Fisheries &
   Recreation               No material increase above natural

3A Industrial
   Consumption   35   35    40    50   60   70   75   75   70  60   50   40

2B Fisheries &
   Recreation    37   37    43    55   67   80   86   86   80  67   55   43

2C Fisheries &
   Recreation    45   45    51    63   75   87   90   90   87  75   63   51
Note:

     2A  Propagation and maintenance of warm or cold water (sport or

         commercial) fishes, aquatic recreation and bathing.

     2B  Propagation and maintenance of sport or commercial fishes,

         aquatic recreation and bathing.

     2C  Propagation and maintenance of locally found common fish

         species and recreation not requiring prolonged, intimate

         contact.

     Missouri standards state that effluents shall not elevate or depress

the average cross-sectional temperature of the stream more than 5° F., and

the stream temperature shall not. exceed 90° F.  Missouri has set a
                                   V-5

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98
    maximum temperature of 93° F. in the Des Moines River to be con-




    sistent with the Iowa standards.




         South Dakota standards designate "Fish Life Propagation--Warm Water




    Semi-permanent" as a use of the Big Sioux River.  The stream temperature




    shall not exceed 90° F. and the maximum temperature change is  limited




    to 8° F.




         Nebraska does not shire waters with Iowa except for the Missouri




    River.  Nebraska standards limit the allowable change from background to




    5° F. May through October and to 10° F. November through April in the




    Missouri River.
                                      V-6

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                                                                        99






VI.  RECOMMENDATIONS




     A.  Treatment and Control




     1.  All significant municipal wastes discharged into the interstate




waters of Iowa shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment prior to




discharge.  All significant industrial wastes shall receive an equivalent




of secondary treatment prior to discharge into any interstate stream.



For the Missouri River, a timetable of compliance shall be submitted




no later than December 31, 1969.  In no case shall the compliance date




be any later than December 31, 1977.




     2.  Control of bacteriological pollution by continuous disinfection




shall be implemented.  A timetable for implementation shall be established




by September 30, 1969.  In no case shall the compliance date for the




installation and operation of continuous disinfection facilities extend




beyond December 31, 1970.




     3.  For the production and well-being of locally occur ing desirable




stream fish populations, heat additions should be limited as follows.




     At no time shall the addition of heat be authorized which will raise




the water temperature more than 5° F; but in any event the addition




of heat shall not raise water temperatures above a maximum tailored




for each individual lake or stream and necessary to protect the pro-




duction of locally occurring desirable fish populations and their




associated biota.




     4.  On March 6, 1969, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission




agreed to a motion supporting statements as adopted by some western




States and approved by the Department of the Interior concerning the
                                  VI-1

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100





 protection of waters whose quality may exceed that of established




 standards.




      Typical language is as follows:




         Waters whose existing quality is better than the established




         standards as of the date on which such standards become




         effective will be maintained at high quality; provided that




         the State has the power to authorize any project or development




         which would constitute a new source of pollution or an increased




         source of pollution to high quality water, when it has been




         affirmatively demonstrated that a change is justifiable to




         provide  necessary economic or social development; provided




         further  that the necessary degree of waste treatment to maintain




         high water quality will be required where physically and econ-




         omically feasible.  Present and anticipated use of such waters




         will not be precluded under the conditions aforesaid.  In




         implementing this policy the Secretary of the Interior will be




         kept advised and will be provided with such information as he




         will need to discharge his responsibilities under the Federal




         Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.




      The  following recommendations are made in addition to the exceptions




  taken  in  the Secretary's letter of January 16, 1969, and Notice of




 Conference dsted March 5, 1969.




      5.   The quality of effluents or other waste v?ater discharged to




  the  Missouri River and its interstate tributaries in Iowa shall be of




  such quality as  to assure that the concentration of phenol in the receiv-




  ing  stress shr.ll not exceed 1 part per billion.
                                 VI-2

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                                                                          101
     6.  a.  Radioactive materials of other  than natural origin shall




        not be  present in  any  amount which  shall cause the concentra-




        tion of such materials to exceed  the  limi-ts  established  in  the




        1962 Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards  or 1/30




        (168 hour value) of the values  for  radioactive substances




        specified in the National Bureau  of Standards Handbook 69.




        b.  The annual average concentration  (dissolved) of  a specific




        radionuclirle, excluding Radium—-226 and Strontium—90, should not




        exceed  l/3n of the appropriate  maximum permissible concentra-




        tion for the 168-hour  week given  in the Report of the Inter-




        national Commission on Radiological Protection and the National




        Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements.  Limiting




        concentrations of  Radium-226 and  Strontium-90 are those  set forth




        in  the  Public Health Service "Drinking Water Standards'"  3




        and 10  picocurie per liter, respectively.




        c.  It  may be necessary to limit  the  concentration of radio-




        activity in the water  to a value  substantially less  than that




        permitted by the criteria of paragraph (a).  It would appear




        likely  that the average daily intake  from air, food, and water




        of  an exposed population would  otherwise exceed the  permissible.




        Because any human  exposure to ionizing radiation is  undesirable,




        the concentration  of radioactivity  in natural water  should  be




        maintained at the  lowest practicable  level.




     B.  Waste Treatment Schedule (Implementation Plan)




     Refer to Table 11 of the Iowa Standards,  dated May 1967.  The words




'expansion," "replacement," "additions," '"new  plant"  should be more
                             VI-3

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102
   exactly defined.  These terms in themselves are not explicit as to




   exactly what  type of treatment is proposed.  It is suggested that words




   be  used such  as:  Expand present plant to include secondary treatment;




   Replace existing facility with new facility which includes secondary




   treatment; Add  secondary treatment; New plant to include secondary




   treatment  for a municipality or industry not providing any treatment at




   present.
                                  VI-4

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                                                                                    103

              VII.  APPENDIX

        *
>              A.   Report  on Baseline  Survey  - October  1968 and January  1969.

              B.   Report  on Biological Investigation of Missouri  River, October  1968.

              C.   Outdoor Recreation  and Water Pollution  in Western Iowa and

                  along  the Missouri  Riveir

              D.   Water Quality Monitoring Stations on Interstate Streams, Iowa,

                  1969

              E.   U.S. Geological  Survey Temperature Stations on  Interstate Streams

                  of  Iowa

              F.   Graphs  of Surveillance Data from St. Joseph, Missouri; Omaha,

                  Nebraska; and Yankton, South Dakota

              G.   Water Uses  - Recognized by the State of Iowa
                                          VII - 1

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104






                             GLOSSARY OF TERMS






         Adsorption.  The adherence of dissolved, colloidal, or finely




    divided solids on the surfaces of solid bodies with which they are




    brought into contact.




         Algae.  Primitive plants, ons or many-celled, usually aquatic




    and capable, of elaborating their  "oodstuffs by photosynthesis.




         Bacteria.  Primitive plants, generally free of pigment, which




    reproduce by dividing in one, two, or three planes.  They occur as




    single cells, groups, chains, or filaments, and do not require




    light for their life processes.  They may be grown by special cultur-




    ing out of their native habitat.




            Aerobic.  Bacteria which require free (elementary) oxygen




         for their growth.




            Anaerobic.  Bacteria which grow in the absence of free oxygen




         and derive oxygen from breaking down complex substances.




            Coli-Aerogenes.  See Bacteria, Coliform Group.




            Coliform Group.  A group of bacteria, predominantly inhabi-




         tants of the intestine of man but also  found on vegetation,




         including all aerobic and facultative anaerobic gram-negative,



         non-spore-forming bacilli that fenr.ent  lactose with gas  formation.




         This group includes five tribes of which the very great  majority




         are Eschericheae.  The Eschericheae  tribe comprises three genera




         and ten  species, of which Escherichia Coli and Aerobacter Aero-




         genes are  dominant.  The Escherichia Coli are normal inhabitants




         of the  intestine of man and  all vertebrates whereas Aerobacter

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                                                                      105
     — Aerogenes normally are found on grain and plants,  and only




     to a varying degree in the intestine of man and animals.




     Formerly referred to as B.Coli, B.Coli group, Coli-Aerogenes




     Group.




        Facultative Anerobic.  Bacteria which can adapt themselves




     to growth in the presence, as well as in the absence, of




     uncombined oxygen.




        Parasitic.  Bacteria which thrive on other living organisms.




        Pathogenic.  Bacteria which can cause disease.




        Saprophytic.  Bacteria which thrive upon dead organic matter.




        Total Coliforms.  "The total coliform group includes all of




     the aerobic and facultative anerobic, Gram-negative, nonspore-




     forming, rod shaped bacteria which ferment lactose with gas




     formation within 48 hours at 35°C."  (Standards Methods, 12




     ed., pg. 594)




        Fecal Coliforms.  The portion of the coliform groups which




     is present in the gut or the feces of warmblooded animals which




     are capable of producing gas from lactose in a suitable culture




     medium at 44.5°C.  (Standard Methods, 12 ed., pg. 568)




     Bio-Assay.  A determination of the concentration of a given




material by comparison with a standard preparation; on the determi-




nation of the quantity necessary to affect a test animal under stated




laboratory conditions




     Biochemical.  Resulting from biologic growth or activity, and




measured by or expressed in terms of the ensuing chemical change.
                                ii

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106
         Biochemical Action.   Chemical changes  resulting from the




    metabolism of living organisms.




         Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).   The  quantity of oxygen  utilized




    in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter in a specified  time




    and at a specific! temperature.   It is not  related to the oxygen




    requirements in chemical  combustion,  being  determined entirely by




    the availability of the material as a biological food and by the




    amount of oxygen utilized by the microorganisms during oxidation.




         Biochemical Oxygen Demand,  Standard.   Biochemical oxygen  demand




    as determined under standard laboratory procedure for five days at




    20°C, usually expressed in parts per million or milligrams per liter.




         Chlorination.  The application of chlorine for disinfection.




            Break-Point.  The application of chlorine to water, sewage




         or industrial wastes containing free ammonia to provide free




         residual chlorination.




            Post.  The application of chlorine  to water, sewage, or




         industrial wastes subsequent to any treatment.  The term refers




         only to a point of application.




            Pre.  The application of chlorine to water, sewage, or




         industrial wastes prior to any treatment.  This term refers only




         to a point of application.




         Coarse or Rough Fish.  Those species of fish considered to be




    of poor fighting quality when taken on tackle and of poor food




    quality.  These fish may be undcrsirable in a given situation, but
                                    iii

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                                                                      10?
at times may be classified differently, depending upon their




usefulness.  Examples include carp, goldfish, gar, sucker, bowfin,




gizzard shad, goldeneye, mooneye, and certain kinds of catfish.




     Cubic Foot per Second.  A unit of discharge for measurement of




flowing liquid, equal to a flow of one cubic foot per second past




a given section.  Also called Second-Foot.




     Disinfection.  A method of reducing the pathogenic or objectionable




microorganisms by means of chemicals or other acceptable means.




     Eu t rophication.  The intentional or unintentional enrichment




of water.




     Eutrophic Waters.  Waters with a good supply of nutrients.




There waters may support rich organic productions, such as algal




blooms.




     Effluent.  (1)  A liquid which flows out of a containing space.




(2) Sewage, water, or other liquid, partially or completely treated,




or in its natural state, as the case may be, flowing out of a




reservoir, basin, or treatment plant, or part thereof.




        Final.  The effluent from the final unit of a sewage treatment




     plant.




        Stable.  A treated sewage which contains enough oxygen to




     satisfy its oxygen demand.




     Game Fish.  Those species of fish considered to possess sporting




qualities on fishing tackle.  These fish may be classified as




undesirable, depending upon their usefulness.  Examples of fresh




water game fish are salmon, trout, grayling, black bass, muskellunge,




walleye, northern pike, and lake trout.






                                   iv

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108
         Grease.  In sewage, grease including fats,  waxes,  free fatty




    acir's, calcium and magnesium soaps, mineral oils,  and other non-




    fatty materials.  The type of solvent used for its extraction should




    be stated.




         Influent.  Sewage, water, or other liquid,  raw or partly treated,




    flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment plant, or part thereof.




         Membrane Filter (MF) - A technique of bacteriological analysis.




    This technique involves the running of a certain volume of water




    through a cellulose ester wafer which is then impregnated with growth




    media for bacteria.




         Milligrams per Liter (mg/1) - Milligrams of solute per liter of




    solution.  Equivalent to parts per million assuming unit density.




         Microgram per Liter = 0.001 Milligrams per Liter




         "Most Probable Number" (MPN) - A test of bacterial density




    expressed as a number of organisms per hundred milliliters.  It is




    a number most likely to occur, using statistical methods, under the




    given circumstances or conditions of the test.




         Oxygen.  A chemical element.




            Available.  The quantity of uncombined or free oxygen dissolved




         in the water of a stream.




            Balance.  The relation between the biochemical oxygen demand




         of a sewage or treatm nt plai t effluent and the oxygen available




         in the diluting water.




            Cornsuined.  The quantity of oxygen  taken from potassium per-




         manganate in solution by a liquid containing organic matter.




         Commonly regarded as an  index of the  carbonaceous matter present.

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                                                                       109
     Time aad temperature must be specified.   The chemical oxygen




     demand (COD) uses potassium dichromate.




        Deficiency.  The additional quantity of oxygen required to




     satisfy the biochemical oxygen demand in a given liquid.




     Usually expressed in parts per million.




        Dissolved.   Usually designated as DO.  The oxygen dissolved




     in sewage, water or other liquid usually expressed in parts per




     million or percent of saturation.




        Residual.  The dissolved oxygen content of a stream after




     deoxygenation has begun.




        Sag.  A curve that represents the profile of dissolved oxygen




     content along the course of a stream, resulting from deoxygenation




     associated with biochemical oxidation of organic matter, and




     reoxygenation through the absorption of atmospheric oxygen and




     through biological photosynthesis.




     Parts Per Million.  Milligrams per liter expressing the concen-




tration of a specified component in a dilute sewage.  A ratio of




pounds per million povnds, grams per million grams, etc.




     Pollution.  The addition of sewage, industrial wastes, or other




harmful or objectionable material to water.




     pH.  The logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concen-




tration.  The pH value indicates the relative intensity of acidity




or alkalinity of water with the neutral point at 7.0.




     Population Equivalent.  (1)  The calculated population which




would normally contribute the same amount of biochemical oxygen




demand (BOD) per day.  A common base is 0.167 Ib. of 5-day BOD per
                                VJL

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110
    capita per day.   (2)   For an industrial  waste,  the estimated number




    of people contributing sewage equal in strength to a unit volume of




    the waste or to  some  other unit involved in producing or manufacturing




    a particular commodity.




         Purification.   The  removal,  by natural or  artificial methods,




    or objectio lable matter from water.




         Sewage.  Largely the water supply of a community after it has




    been fouled by various uses.  From the standpoint of source it may




    be a combination of the  liquid or water-carried wastes from residences,




    business buildings, and  institutions,  together  with those from indus-




    trial establishments, and with such ground water, surface water, and




    storm water as may be present.




            Domestic.   Sewage derived principally from dwellings, business




         buildings,  institutions, and the  like.  (It may or may not contain




         ground water,  surface w«ter, or storm water.)




            Fresh.  Sewage of retent origin containing dissolved oxygen




         at the point of examination.




            Industrial.  Sewage in which industrial wastes predominate.




            Stable.   Sewage  in which the organic matter has been stabilized.




            Raw.  Sewage prior to receiving any treatment.




            Sanitary.   (1) Domestic sewage with storm and surface water




         excluded.  (2) Sewage discharging from the sanitary conveniences




         of dwellings (Including apartment houses and hotels), office




         buildings,  factories, or institutions.  (3) The water supply of
                                    vii

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                                                                      Ill
     a community after it has been used and discharged into a




     sewer.




        Septic.  Sewage undergoing putrefaction under anaerobic




     conditions.




        Settled.  Sewage from which most of the settleable solids




     have been removed by sedimentation.




        Stale.  A sewage containing little or no oxygen, but as




     yet free from putrefaction.




     Treatment.  Any definite process for modifying the state of




matter.




        Preliminary.  The conditioning of an industrial waste at




     its source prior to discharge, to remove or to neutralize




     substances injurious to sewers and treatment processes or to




     effect a partial reduction in load on the treatment process.




     In the treatment process, unit operations which prepare the




     liquor for subsequent major operations.




PRIMARY TREATMENT




     By this  treatment most of the settleable solids or about 40 to




60 percent of  the suspended solid.-; are separated or removed from




the sewage by  the physical process of sedimentation in settling tanks.




When certain  chemicals are used with primary tanks much of the




colloidal as well as the settleable solids or a total of 80 to 90




percent of the suspended solids are removed.  Biological activity




in the sewage  is of negligible importance to the process.




SECONDARY TREATMENT




     Secondary treatment depends primarily upon biological aerobic
                               viii

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112
    organisms for the biochemical decomposition of organic solids to




    inorganic or stable organic solids.  It is comparable to the zone




    of recovery in the self-purification of a stream.




         The devices used in secondary treatment may be divided into




    four groups.




         (1)  Trickling filters with secondary settling tanks




         (2)  Aeration tanks--(a) activated sludge with final settling




              tanks, and, (b) contact aeration




         (3)  Intermittent sand filters




         (A)  Stabilization ponds




    CHLORINATION




         This is a method of treatment which may be employed for many




    purposes in all stages in sewage treatment, and even prior to prelimi-




    nary treatment.  It involves the application of chlorine to the




    sewage  for the following purposes.




         (1)  Disinfection or destruction of pathogenic organisms




         (2)  Prevention of sewage decomposition--(a) odor control,  (b)




              protection of plant structures




         (3)  Aid in plant operation--(a) sedimentation,  (b) trickling




              filters, (c) activated sludge bulking




         (4)  Reduction or delay of biochemical oxygen demand




         Water, Potable.  Water which does not contain objectionable




    pollution, contamination, minerals, or infection agents, and is con-




    sidered satisfactory for domestic consumption.




         Warm and Cold-Water Fish.  Warm-water fish include black bass,
                                     ix

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                                                                     113
sunfish,  catfish,  gar,  and others;  whereas  cold-water  fish include




salmon and trout,  whitefish,  miller's thumb,  and blackfish.   The




temperature factor determining distribution is set by  adaptation




of the eggs to warm or  cold water.

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114
                                APPENDIX A
                  PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL
                              WATER QUALITY
                                 of the
                             MISSOURI RIVER
                              October 1968
                                  and
                              January 19b9
                              Prepared by
                       POLLUTION EVALUATION SECTION
                TECHNICAL ADVISORY & INVESTIGATIONS BRANCH
              FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                              CiKCinnati, Ohio

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                                                                   115
                           SUMMARY
1.     This report covers the 360-mile reach of the Missouri



       River from Gavins Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota,



       to St. Joseph, Missouri



2.     Two surveys were conducted in this reach.  The first



       occurred from October 7 to October 18, 1968; the second



       from January 20 to January 31, 1969.



3.     Thirty-seven separate chemical, biochemical, and bac-



       teriological examinations were made on the various



       samples from twenty-eight locations for the October



       1968 survey and fourteen sampling locations for the



       January 1969 survey.  Main stem, tributary and waste



       source stations were included in the surveys.



b.     Three hydrologic conditions were encountered during the



       two surveys:



       a.  Normal fall weather and navigation flows for the



           first eight sampling days of the October 7-18,



           1968 survey with stream temperatures ranging from



           14°C. to l6°C. and flows of 36,650 cfs at St. Jos-



           eph, Missouri.



       b.  Two days o' a general, inter.se rainfall causing



           nearly double normal navigation flows in the St.



           Joseph, Missouri, part of ti,e study reach for
                               A-l

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116
                 these last two days of the  October 7-18,  1968



                 survey with stream temperatures  decreasing to



                 10°C. to l6°C. and flows increasing  to 70,^50



                 cfs at St. Joseph,  Missouri.



             c.   Winter weather and no Tnal non-navigation  flows



                 with stages affected >y ice jams occurring for



                 the January 20-31,  19<>9 survey with  stream



                 temperatures ranging r.'rom -OA°C. to 1.6°C.  and



                 flows at 19,920 cfs at St.  Joseph, Missouri.



      5.      Dissolved oxygen concentrations were equal to,  or exceeded,



             8.3 mg/1 &t all main stem Missouri River stations during



             the 8-day normal weather period of the October 1968 sur-



             vey.  The lowest average dissolved oxygen concentrations



             for the 2-day rain-affected period was 5.2 mg/1 upstream



             from St. Joseph, Missouri.   Dissolved oxygen  concentra-



             tions exceed 9-0 mg/1 at all main stem stations during



             the January 1969 survey.



      6.      For the 8-day normal weather period  in the October  1968



             survey:



             a.   The highest geometric mean  coliform  densities down-



                 stream from Sioux City, Iowa were 62,800  MPN/100 ml



                 total coliforms and 26,600  MPN/100 ml fecal coli-



                 forms.  Downstream from Omaha, Nebraska-Council



                 Bluffs, Iowa, the highest geometric  mean  densities



                 were 256,000 MPN/100 ml toti-l coliforms and 6l,200



                 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.






                                     A-2

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                                                                     117
       b.  For the 2-day rain-affected period in October 1968,
           both total and fecal coliforms exceeded 100,000 MPH/
           100 ml at 19 of the 21 river stations.  The highest
           2-day densities vere 1,1*1*0,000 MPN/100 ml total coli-
           forms and 1,120,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.
       c.  For the January 1969 survey, coliform densities were
           much lower than those observed during the 8-day normal
           period in October 1968.  Downstream from Sioux City,
           Iowa, densities were ^5,000 MPN/100 ml total coliforms
           and 11,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.  Downstream from
           Omaha-Council Bluffs, densities were 5^,000 MPN/100 ml
           total colifcrms and 14,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.
7-     Total suspended solids for the 8-day normal period in
       October 1968 increased from k$ mg/1 at Gavins Point Dam to
       the highest average concentration of 278 mg/1.  Fourteen
       of the twenty main stem stations averaged over 700 mg/1
       during the 2-day rain-affected period in the October  1968
       survey.  The highest concentration during this period was
       2,780 mg/1.  Total suspended solids concentrations were
       greatly reduced during the January 1969 survey, when con-
       centrations ranged between kQ mg/1 and 2 mg/1.
8.     Total phosphorus (as P) concentrations for the 8-day normal
       period in October 1968 increased from 0.0^ mg/1 in releases
       from Gavins Point Dam to 0.30 mg/1 downstream from Omaha-
       Council Bluffs.  Concentrations increased during the rain-
       affected period in October.  Avrrage concentrations reached
       0.92 mg/1 upstream from St  Joseph, Missouri.
                               A-3

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118
      9.      Total Nitrogen (ammonia, nitrate and total organic nitro-



             gen; all as N) ranged from 0.7 mg/1 to 2.9 mg/1 during



             the normal veather period.  The highest concentration for



             the rain-affected period vas k.l mg/1.



     10.      Cyanide concentrations raxged from less than 1.0 to 6.2



             jig/1 in the samples from six of seven stations selected



             for analysis in October 1968 and all five stations selected



             for the January 1969 survey.  During the October 1968 rain-



             affected period, concentrations exceeded 10 jig/1 at four



             of the seven stations and reached a maximum of 15.2 ug/1



             downstream from Sioux City, Iowa.
                                     A-4

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                                                                     119
EXISTING WATER QUALITY



Survey Description



    Survey Periods



       Two stream surveys were conducted to determine the present



day (1968-69) Missouri Ri-ver water quality along the 700-mile reach



from Gavins Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota, to Hermann, Mis-




souri.



       The first survey was conducted during the high flow naviga-



tion season when the river discharge vas regulated to maintain navi-



gation channel depths.  This survey was conducted in two phases.  The



upper reach, extending from Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri,



was sampled from October 7 to October 18, 1968.  The lower reach, ex-



tending from St. Joseph to Hermann, Missouri, was sampled from Oct-



ober 28 to November 8, 1968.



       The entire 700-mile reach was sampled in a single phase dur-



ing the second survey.  Sampling was conducted from January 20 to



January 31, 1969, to determine water quality during the winter, low



flow, non-navigation season.



  Station Locations



       The coverage included in this report will be limited to the



reach from Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri (Figure A-l).



Sampling periods of interest are the October 7-18, 1968 period and



the January 20-31, 19^9 period.  This river reach encompasses the



Iowa borders along the Missouri River and Includes parts of the



borders of South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, and Kansas.
                               A-5

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120
          Planning of the two surveys was designed to give more exten-



   sive river coverage during the October survey when the river was



   readily accessible, arid when sampling could be accomplished from boats.



   The January survey was designed to re-examine water quality near urban



   areas with less extensive coverage at intervening, less accessible



   areas.  Because of reduced flows and ice in the river, sampling during



   the January survey was conducted from automobiles.



          Twenty-eight sampling stations were selected in the Gavins Point



   Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri, river reach for the October 1968 survey



   (Figure A-l and Table A-7).  Twenty stations were located on the main



   stem of the Missouri River, five stations were on tributary streams,



   and three stations were waste sources.



          Fourteen sampling stations vere used in this same reach during



   the reduced January 1969 survey (Figure A-l and Table A-7).  Ten sta-



   tions were on the main stem at, or near, the earlier survey stations,



   two stations were on tributary streams, and three stations were waste



   sources.



          Stations sampled during the January 19&9 survey were located



   as closely as possible to the October 1968 locations.  Where locations



   were not identical, a letter symbol was added to the station number to



   distinguish this difference.



        Analyses




          Many analyses were necessary to determine the existing, present



   day water quality  in the Missouri River.  Excluding biological exami-



   nations  (covered separately), 37 separate chemical, biochemical, and



   bacteriological constituents were included in the laboratory analysis




   series.  Some analyses were performed on daily discrete samples from





                                  h-b

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                                                                       121




each station.  Five-day composite samples vere made and preserved for




analysis of other constituents at selected stations.  Sample composit-



ing was used to keep the required number of analyses within manage-



able limits.  Unfortunately, several analyses on preserved and/or



composited samples from the January 19^9 survey were not completed in



time for inclusion in this report.



       Analyses performed daily were dene in mobile laboratories.  Two



mobile laboratories were located at the Florence Pumping Station of the



Omaija, Nebraska, Metropolitan Utilities District Water Plant.  These



two laboratories performed all field analyses for the Gavins Point Dam -



St. Joseph, Missouri, reach during the October 1968 survey and all but



the two lower stations in this same reach during the January 1969 sur-



vey   The lower two stations were handled by laboratories of the FWPCA



Missouri Basin Region in Kansas City, Mssouri.



       Analyses performed daily at every station in the reach included:



       1.   Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.).



       2.   2- and 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).



       3.   pH.



       k.   Alkalinity.



       5.   Specific Conductance.



       6.   Turbidity.



       7.   Total and Fecal Coliforms.



       8.   Fecal Streptococci (January only).



       9.   Chlorides (3 times per week in October).



      10.   Sulfates (3 times per week in October).



      11.   Totax Dissolved Solids (3 times per week in October).



      12.   Total Suspended Solids (3 times per week in October).
                               A-7

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122
           Weekly composites from five samples vere made and preserved

    for every statioi  in the reach for the following determinations:

           1.   Old urn.

           2.   Magnesium.

           3.   Organic Carbon.

           1*.   Total Phosphorus.

           5.   Nitrogen Series (ammonia, nitrates and total organic
                                 nitrogen).

           For the study reach, nine stations for the October 1968 sur-

    vey and four of these stations for the reduced January 1969 survey

    were selected for the following determinations:

           1.   Sodium.

           2.   Potassium.

           3.   Fluoride.

           4.   Boron.

           Samples were also filtered with the filtrate being composited

    for determination of soluble heavy metals.  Eight stations were se-

    lected for the October 1968 survey, with six of these also being

    sampled during the reduced January 1969 survey.  Metal analyses were:

           1.   Arsenic.                      6.   Chromium.

           2.   Iron.                         7.   Copper.

           3.   Barium.                       8.   Lead.

           U.   Manganese.                    9.   Nickel.

           5.   Cadmium.                     10.   Zinc.

           Samples at selected stations were collected for phenol analysis

    on two occasions during the October 1968 survey and on four occasions

    during the January 1969 survey.  Samples for cyanide analysis were


                                   A-8

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                                                                       123
collected on four occasions during each survey.  Seven stations were



selected for these analyses during the October 1968 survey vith five



of these stations being repeated during the January 1969 survey.



       Separate samples for organic chlorine analysis and for a chloro-



form extract analysis vere collected at the same six stations during



both the October 1968 and January 1969 surveys.



       Long-term (20-day) biochemical oxygen demands (BOD) were run




twice at eight stations during the October 1968 survey, and once at



five of these same stations during the January 1969 survey.



       Five-day composite samples from waste source stations for each



sampling week were analyzed for grease content.  This analysis was



in addition to the other analyses performed on the samples.  Samples



from the Monroe Street and South Omaha sewers containing the meat-



packing wastes from Omaha, Nebraska, and the effluent from the Sioux



City, Iowa, sewage treatment plant were collected during the October



1968 survey.  Effluent samples from the Omaha, Nebraska-Missouri River



sewage treatment plant, Council Bluffs, Iowa sewage treatment plant,



and the Sioux City, Iowa sewage treatment plant were collected during



the January 19&9 survey.



       Five-day composites for radioactivity analysis were made at



two main stem stations and at four tributary stations during the



October 0.968 survey.  Only results for uranium (U-235 and U-238) and



radium-226 are available   Thorium-232 and strontium-90 analyses are



still in progress.



     Analytical Methods




       All chemical analyses conformed to "FVPCA Official Interim
                               A-9

-------
124
     Methods for Chemical Analysis of Surface Waters.      Except for


     modifications required for automated chemistry, methods contained in


     this volume are  essentially the same as those contained in the 12th


     Edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-

            (2)
     water."v    Most meta.s were analyzed by atomic absorption spectro-


     scopy.


            Bacterial exar inations were performed in accordance with Stand-


     ard Methods.  In this report, the term, "total coliforms," refers to


     bacteria identified as the "Coliform Group" in Standard Methods.


     "Fecal  coliforms"  refer to the "Section I Coliform Group" in Standard


     Methods.


            Total and fecal coliforms were enumerated by the multiple tube,


     fermentation test  which yields a density as a most probable number


     (MPH).   Bacterial  densities are reported as a number per 100 milli-


     liters  (ml) of water.



     Survey  Results


          Missouri River and Tributary Flows


            Water released from Gavins Point Dam is the major controlling


     factor  affecting Missouri River flows during dry weather conditions


     in the  Gavins Point Dam - St. Joseph, Missouri river reach.  During


     periods of heavy rainfall the hydrology of tributary streams greatly


     affects discharges in the main stem Missouri River.  Ice Jams in the
     ^ ' Anon., "FWPCA Official Interim Methods for Chemical Analysis of

         Surface Waters," Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,

         September 1968.
     !v\
      "' Anon., "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-

         vater," 12th .-.dit ton, APHA, 1965.



                                    A-iO

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                                                                       125
river during cold, vinter weather can also interfere with normal stages




and discharge rates.



       For the period October 7-16, 1968,  which included the  first 8




sampling days, river discharges reflected normal weather conditions



with an average of 31,930 cubic feet per second (cfs)  being released



from Gavins Point Dam (Table A-l).   Tributary inflows  increased the



flow to an average of 36,650 cfs at St. Joseph, Missouri,  360 miles



downstream.  Rainfall for this period was recorded as  O.U6 inches in



Omaha, Nebraska.  This time period will be referred to as the "8-day



average" in figures, tables and text of this report.



       Beginning October l6, 1968 a general, heavy rainfall occurred



in the basin.  During the period of October 16-17, 1968, Sioux City,



Iowa, recorded 4.63 inches of rain; Omaha, Nebraska recorded  3.6l



inches and St. Joseph, Missouri, recorded 1.32 inches.  Average water



released from Gavins Point Dam of 28,500 cfs for the period October



17-18, 1968 was slightly less than the average of the  10 previous days,



being only 91 percent of the earlier flows.  However,  flows increased



to 105 percent of the earlier period flows, or 3^,050  cfs, at Sioux



City, Iowa; increased to 139 percent, or ^5,900 cfs at Omaha, Nebras-



ka; and increased to 192 percent  or 70,^50 cfs at St. Joseph, Missouri,



(Table A-l).  The ratio of rain-affected flows to dry  weather flows



increased in the downstream direction.  This period will be referred



to as the "2-day average" in figures, tables and text  of this report.



       Tributary streams exhibited even greater percentage flow in-



creases between the normal weather period and the rain-affected period.



The Big Sioux River increased to 4l5 percent of the 8-day period
                                A-ll

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126
    (169  cfs vs 701 cfs); the Boyer River increased to 563 percent (270 cfs



   vs 17,100 cfs).  The October 1968 survey, therefore, reflects two



   distinctly different river conditions.  Samples from the October 7-16,



   1968  period reflect river conditions during "normal" weather; samples




   from  the October 17-18, 1968 period reflect river conditions warped



   by extremely heavy rains.



          Flows during the January 1969 study were affected by ice Jams



   in the river.  F3r much of the survey period, river stages were higher



   than  normal summer navigation levels upstream from St. Joseph, Missouri.



   Flow  rates were also affected by the damming effect of the ice jams.



   Flows at Omaha, Nebraska, averaged about 1,800 cfs (16,925 cfs to



   15,080 cfs) less than that released from Gavins Point Dam (Table A-l).



   Flow  at St. Joseph, Missouri, downstream from the ice Jams averaged



   19,920 cfs.



         Dissolved Oxygen



          For the fxrst 8 sampling days in the October 1968 survey, aver-



   age dissolved ox.'gen (D.O.) concentrations were 8.3 mg/1 or greater



   in the main stem Missouri River (Figure A-2 and Table A-2).   The high-



   est average D.O. concentration was 9.5 mg/1 and occurred at Station



   M-52  (RM-736) up-tream from Sioux City, Iowa.



          Downstreai. from Station M-52, significant quantities of wastes



   were  discharged  Tom the Sioux City area.  D.O. concentrations de-



   creased slightly in the reach from Sioux City, Iowa to Omaha, Nebras-



   ka.   The average D.O. concentration at the Omaha, Nebraska,  Metro-



   politan Utilities District (M.U.D.) water works intake at Station



   M-^2  (RM-626.2) vas 9-1 ng/1.  Downstream from the water works, wastes




                                  A-12

-------
                                                                     127
from Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs,  Iowa enter the Missouri River.




D.O. concentrations decreased to 8.4 mg/1 approximately one day's



time-of-water travel downstream at Station M-36 (RM-591.2).  D.O.



concentrations improved slightly during the remainder of reach aver-



aging 8.6 mg/1 at M-28 (RM-452.3) at the St. Joseph Water Company



intake.



       The rain-affected 2-day average D.O. concentrations general-



ly decreased from Sioux City, Iowa to St. Joseph,  Missouri (Figure



A-2).  D.O. concentrations varied inversely with river flows; as the



ratio of wet weather flows to dry weather flows increased, D.O. con-



centrations tended to decrease.




       Two-day average D.O. concentrations of 10.0 mg/1 at Station



M-52, 9.7 mg/1 at Station M-50, and 9.k mg/1 at Station M-48 were



greater than corresponding 8-day averages.  Two-day and 8-day average




D.O. concentraticns were both 9.2 mg/1 at Station M-47 near Whiting,



Iowa.



       Downstream from Whiting, Iowa, 2-day average D.O. concentra-



tions were less than corresponding 8-day averages.  Two-day averages



decreased from 9.0 mg/1 at Station M-U6 (RM-676.5) to 8.0 mg/1 at



Station M-M* (RM-65^.6) with the Little Sioux and Soldier Rivers



entering between these two stations.



       Two-day average D.O. concentrations were 8.0 mg/1 at Station



M-^2 (RM-626.2) at the Omaha, M.U.D. water intake.  A further D.O.



concentration decrease to 7.6 mg/1 at Station M-38 (RM-601.3) near



Bellevue, Nebraska, was observed followed by a slight increase to



7.8 mg/1 at Station M-36 (RM-571.2) dovnstream from the Platte River.




B.O. concentrations downstream had a downward trend until the lowest






                               A-13

-------
128




     two-day average  of  5.2 mg/1 occurred at Station M-29 (RM-469.0) up-




     stream from St.  Joseph, Missouri.  The two-day average at the St.



     Joseph Water Company intake was  5.6 mg/1.




            January 1969 survey results show the effects of an ice cover



     which extended from a point upstream from St. Joseph to upstream



     from Omaha,  Nebraska,  during the second week of the survey.  Upstream



     from the ice cover  D.O. concentrations exceeded 12.5 og/1 with a



     conceatration of 13.2 mg/1 occurring at Station M-42 (RM-626.2) at



     the Omaha M.U.D. water works intake.



            With the  introduction of  wastes from the Omaha-Council Bluffs



     area and the ice cover eliminating reaeration, D.O. concentrations



     decreased steadily  to the  lowest average of 9.1 mg/1 at Station M-30



     (RM-488.3) near  White Cloud, Kansas (Figure A- 2).  Downstream from



     the ice jam, the D.O.  concentration increased to 9.6 mg/1 at the



     St. Joseph water works intake  (RM-^52.3).




          5-Day,  20 C. Biochemical  Oxygen Demand (BOD,.)



            The BOD,-  for the 8-day  normal weather period in October 1968



     reflected the waste discharges from the Sioux City, Iowa and the



     Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs,  Iowa metropolitan areas (Figure A- 3



     and Table A- 2).



            From background concentrations  of 0.9 mg/1 at Station M-52



     (RM-736.0) upstream from Sioux City, the BOD,, was increased to 1.6



     mg/1 at Station M-Vf (RM-699-5)  by waste from the Sioux City area.



            The BOD- concentration  was  1.9  mg/1 at Station M-42 (RM-626.2)



     at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake.  Downstream waste discharges from
     the Omaha-Council Bluffs area increased the BODt- to 5.8 mg/1 at




     Station M-39 (RM- 610.5).




                                   A-14

-------
                                                                                     129
                      The average BOD- concentrations for the  8-day rain-affected

               period increased substantially throughout the entire survey reach.
        •
 •              In addition to waste "being added from the Sioux City and the Omaha-

               Council Bluffs areas, significant BOD,, loads from tributary streams,

 I              including the Little Sioux River, Soldier River and Boyer River  are

               evident (Figure A-3).  For example,  the 2-day average for BOD  was

               three times the dry weather concentration (6.9  mg/1 vs 2.3  mg/1) in

               the Soldier River and increased from 9.2 mg/1 to 14.0 mg/1  in  the

               Boyer River.

                      The January 1969 survey data indicate concentration  increases

               similar to the 8-day average of the  October 1968 survey.  BOD- con-

               centrations in the Sioux City area increased from 1.1 mg/1  at  Station

               M-52A. (RM-732.8) to 2.0 mg/1 at Station M-Vf (RM-699.5).  The  increase

               in Omaha was from a BOD,, of l.k mg/1 at Station M-^2 (RM-626.2)  to

               3.6 mg/1 at Station M-38 (RM-601.3).

                    Coliform Bacteria

                      Water released from Gavins Point Dam contained low densities

               of coliform bacteria during the October 1968 and January 1969  sur-

               veys (Table A.-k fvnd Figures A-4 and A-5).  Total colif orms  occurred at

\              mean* 'densities of 250 MPN/100 ml and fecal coliforms at less than

               120 MPN/100 ml during the October 1968 survey.   There were  less  than

               30 MPN/100 ml total coliforms and less than 20  MPN/100 ml fecal  coli-

               forms during the January 1969 survey.

                      Mean coliform densities for the 8-day normal weather October

               1968 period at Station M-52 (RM-736.0) were 1,380 MPN/100 ml total
               * '  In discussion of coliforms and fecal coliforms, mean refers to
                    geometric mean throughout this re;port section.

                                              A-15

-------
130
   coliforms and 220 MPN/100 ml fecal conforms.  Wastes from the Sioux



   City, Ijwa, area increased total conforms to 62,800 MPN/100 ml and




   fecal coliforms to 1^,300 MPN/100 ml of Station M-U8 (RM-717.4).  An



   increase in fecal coliforms density to 26,600 MPN/100 ml occurred at




   Station M-Vf (RM-699-5).



         A major cause of this increase in bacterial densities was the



   unchlorinated discharge from the Sioux City, Iowa, sewage treatment



   plant.  Eight-day average mean densities in this waste discharge were



   75,000,000 MPN/100 ml total coliforms and 20,000,000 MPN/100 ml fecal



   coliforms.



         Coliform densities at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station



   M-42, RM-626.2) were less than those at Station H-kJ (RM-717.4) even



   though the Boyer River contributed mean densities of 110,000 MPN/100 ml



   total conforms and 15,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.  Eight-day



   normal weather mean densities at Station M-42 were 52,300 MPN/100 ml



   total conforms and 8,300 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.



         Wastes from Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs, Iowa increased



   mean coliform densities at Station M-39 (RM-610.5) to 256,000 MPN/100 ml



   total conforms and 6l,200 MPN/100 ml fecal conforms.  The major cause



   of this increase was unchlorinated wates from Omaha, Nebraska and



   Council Bluffs, Iowa.



         Downstream from Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs, Iowa, a decreas-



   ing pattern in c iliform densities occurred.  At the St. Joseph, Missou-



   ri, Water Company intake, densities had decreased to 57,700 MPN/100 ml



   total conforms  ind 6,500 MPN/100 ml fecal conforms.




         During th  2-day rain-affected period, coliform bacteria in-




   creased to very  dgh densities throughout the entire reach.  Nineteen



                                 A-16

-------
                                                                      131
of the twenty-one sampling stations had both total fecal coliform



densities that exceeded 100,000 MPN/100 ml.  The highest densities



vere at Station M-34 (RM-559-7) vhere densities were 1,^0,000 MPN/



100 ml total coliforms and 1,120,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.



       Tributary streams also exhibited increases to very high dens-



ities during the 2-day wet-weather period.  The Soldier River had



mean densities of 2,UOO,000 MPN/100 ml total coliforms and 2,000,000



MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.  The Boyer River had densities of



2,000,000 MPN/100 ml total coliforms and 1,1*00,000 MPN/100 ml fecal



coliforms.  The Platte River also increased to densities of 620,000



MPN/100 ml total coliforms and 290,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.



Much of the increases observed during this vet period is due to run-



off from the large number of feedlots in the basin.



       Coliform bacteria densities for the January 1969 survey were



less than the 8-day normal-weather period in October 1968.  Total



coliform densities at Station M-U8A, for example, were ^5,000 MPN/



100 ml which is 72 percent of the October 1968 density; fecal coli-



forms were 11,000 MPN/100 ml which is 77 percent of the October 1968



density.  Downstream at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station M-42,



RM-626.2), total coliform densities were approximately 6,000 MPN/



100 ml which is 11 percent of the October 1968 survey; fecal coli-



forms were 4,900 MPN/100 ml which is 59 percent of the October 1968



densities.



       The decrease in the January 1969 densities within the Sioux



City-Omaha reach is caused principally by the reduced densities in



the vaste flows from the Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant between the
                               A-17

-------
132
    January 1969 and October 1968 surveys (Total coliforms: 19,000,000



    MPN/100 m3 vs 75,000,000 MPN/100 ml;  fecal conforms:  5,200,000 MPN/



    100 ml vs 20,000,000 MPN/100 ml).



           A pattern similar to the reach downstream from Sioux City, Iowa



    occurred downstream from Omaha, Nebraska.   For example, the January



    1969 total coliform density at Station M-38 (RM-601.3) was  5^,000 MPN/



    100 ml whiih was 33 percent of the October 1968 density.  Similarly



    the January 1969 fecal coliform density was 1^,000 MPN/100  ml which



    was 31 percent of the October 1968 density.
                                    A-18

-------
                                                                       133
    Total Suspended Solids



       The total suspended solids concentration for the October 1968



survey for water released from Gavins  Point Dam (RM-811.0) averaged



1*5 mg/1 (Table A-2 and Figure A-6).   Data at this station were not



separated into "normal" and "wet-weather" periods since the rain did



not affect water quality at this station.



       For the normal weather 8-day period, the total suspended solids




increased to 55 n»g/l downstream from the dam at Station M-52 (RM-736.0),



The concentration remained relatively uniform at this level for 60



miles downstream to Station M-k6 (RM-676.5).



       Downstream from Station M-l+6 (RM-676.5), the total suspended



solids increased until the highest average concentration of 278 mg/1



occurred at Station M-32 (RM-525.1).  The total suspended solids



decreased downstream from Station M-32 to a concentration of 142 mg/1




at Station M-31 (RM-507.5).  The concentration averaged 131 mg/1 at



the St. Joseph Water Company intake at Station M-28 (RM-452.3).



       The rain-affected two-day average total suspended solids con-



centrations were several times greater than the 8-day normal weather



concentrations.  Upstream from the Soldier River, which includes



stations M-52 (RM-736.0) to M-46 (RM-676.5), total suspended solids



concentrations ranged from 87 mg/  at Station M-50 (RM-730) to 1*4-7



mg/1 at Station M-W3.  Total suspended solids increased to 3,530 mg/1



in the Soldier River (S-14-5, RM-661»-.0) which contributed to an increase



to 715 mg/1 in the Missouri River at Station M-l*4 (RM-65i<-.6).



       Total suspended solids concentrations followed an irregular,



although generally upward trend for the remaining stations in the






                                A-19

-------
reach during the two-day rain-affected period.  Downstream from



and including the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station M-42, RM-626.2),



all of the remaining 13 main stem stations exceeded TOO mg/1 total



suspended solids, 10 stations exceeded 1,000 mg/1 and two stations



exceeded 2,000 mg/1.  The highest average for the 2-day period was



2,78^ mg/1 at the St. Joseph Water Company intake (Station M-28,




RM-452.3).



       Total suspended solids concentrations during the January 1969



survey were quite low when compared with results from the October 1968



survey.  The highest average concentration was U8 mg/1 at Station M-52A



(RM-732.8) upstream from Sioux City, Iowa.  The nine remaining main



stem stations downstream from Sioux City had concentrations between



9 and 28 mg/1.  The water released from Gavins  Point Dam (RM-811.0)



contained only 2 mg/1 total suspended solids concentrations.



       The clarity of the Missouri River in January 1969, as compared



with October 1968, is attributed to the frozen condition of the



drainage basin.  Tributary runoff carrying clay and silt particles



was small.



       The damming effect of the ice jams reduced water velocity,



which allowed sedimentation and contributed to water clarity.
                                A-20

-------
                                                                      135
    Nitrogen and Phosphorus



       Total nitrogen, which consists of ammonia,  nitrates and total




organic nitrogen forms, and total phosphorus were  determined for two



separate 5-day composites for all stations vrithin the survey reach.



Results for the first composite were collected during normal weather



conditions while the second composite included the rain-affected



period (Figures A-7 and A-8).



       Phosphorus^



       Average total phosphorus concentrations were O.OU mg/1 in



water released from Gavins  Point Dam (RM-811.0) during the October



1968 survey.  Concentrations during the 8-day normal weather period



increased to 0.07 mg/1 at Station M-W3 (RM-717.1*-) downstream from



the Sioux City, Iowa, area.  Total phosphorus concentrations generally



increased downstream and were 0.12 mg/1 at the Omaha M.U.D. water



intake (Station M-te, RM-626.2).



       Downstream from the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, the total



phosphorus  increased to Q.2k mg/1 at Station M-39 (RM-610.5) during



the normal  weather period.  The concentration again increased  to



0.30 mg/1 at Station M-36  (RM-591.2) downstream from Papillion Creek



and the Platte River.  The total -phosphorus concentration remained



essentially unchanged  during the remainder of the reach.  The  concen-



tration at  the St. Joseph Water Company intake  (Station M-28,  RM-^52.3)



was 0.26 mg/1.



       Total phosphorus  concentrations increased greatly  in the



rain-affected composite  samples reflecting the agricultural land use



of the drainage  ;>asin.   For  example, concentrations  in the  Soldier






                               A-21

-------
136
    River Increased .'rom 0.17 og/1  to  3-00 mg/1.  Total phosphorus con-




    centrations inert ased irregularly  downstream from Gavins Point Dam



    reaching the higl est average concentration of 0.92 mg/1 at  Station



    M-29 (RM-469.0).



           Nitrogen



           Normal weather total nitrogen concentration increased from



    0.7 ag/1 at Gavins Point Dam (RM-811.0)  to 1.5  mg/1 at Station M-52



    (RM-736.0) upstream from Sioux City. A  general decreasing  trend in



    total nitrogen concentration occurred downstream from Sioux City to



    a concentration of 1.1 mg/1 at Station M-H (RM-654.6).  Total  nitro-



    gen concentrations increased downstream from the Boyer River, which



    had a concentration of 9.3^ mg/1 (Station B-^3, RM-635.1),  to 1.3



    mg/1 at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station M-^2,  RM-626.2).



    Concentrations exhibited a generally increasing trend downstream



    from the Platte River reaching a concentration of 2.3 mg/1 at



    Station M-32 (RM-525.1).  The highest concentration in the reach



    occurred at the St. Joseph Water Company intake (Station M-28,



    RM-^52.3) and was 2.9 n?/l.



           The rain-affecte i composite  samples had an irregular trend



    although generally  increasing downstream.  Concentrations were less



    than the normal-weather data for the Gavins Point Dam (RM-811.0) to




    Sioux City, Iowa, reach; approximately the  same from  Sioux City to the



    Soldier River  (RM-66^.0); and greater than the normal-weather concen-



    trations  downstream from the Soldier River.  The highest total nitro-




    gen concentration was k.l mg/1 at Station M-29 (RM-469.0).   Five of



    the main  stem   stations had total nitrogen  concentrations  of 3.0 mg/1



    or  greater.




                                    A-22

-------
                                                                       137
       Nitrogen and phosphorus analyses are not presently avail-




able for the January 1969 survey.



    Cyanide



       Positive cyanide results were obtained for samples from



six of seven stations selected for analysis in October 1968 and all



five stations selected for the January 1969 survey (Table A-5).



Average concentrations which indicate a "less than (<)" average had



at least one analysis less than 1 microgram per liter (fig/l), which



is the sensitivity of the analysis method.



       The highest single result of 15.2/ug/l occurred during the




October 1968 rain-affected period at Station M-33 (RM-5^6.7).  Four



of the seven stations had concentrations greater than 10 /ug/1.  The



highest average concentration during the October 1968 survey was 6.2




/ug/1 at Station M-Wi (RM-TU.^) downstream from Sioux City, Iowa.



       The highest average cyanide concentration during the January



1969 survey was < 3.6 /ug/1 at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station



M-42, RM-626.2).



    Water Temperature



       Average water temperatures during the 8-day normal period



ranged from l6°C. at the St. Joseph Water Company intake to 1^°C. at



Station M-52 (RM-736.0) upstream from Sioux City, Iowa (Table A-2).



Average temperatures decreased during the two-day rain-affected period



in the upper reaches.  Temperatures remained unchanged at Station M-28



at 16°C. but decreased to 10°C. at Station M-52.



       Average water temperature during the January 1969 survey



ranged from 1.6°C. at the St. Joseph Water Company intake to  -O.VC. at



Station 52 upstream from Sioux City.



                               A-23

-------
138
        pH



           The pH of Missouri River water was  about  8.3  for most



    stations during the October 1968 normal -weather  period (Table  A -5).



    The highest average was 8.6 at Station M-38 (RM-601.3).   The lowest




    average was 8.1 at Station M-35 (RM-5&0.9).



           The pH decreased slightly at several stations during the



    2-day rain-affected period.  The lowest average  pH during this



    period in the main stem Missouri River was 7.8 at Station M-30



    (RM-488. 3) .



           The average pH was lower during the January 19^9 survey than



    the 8-day normal period in October 1968.  The pH ranged from 7.8



    at the 3t. Joseph Water Company intake (M-28, RM-^52.3) to 8.1 at



    Station M-52 (RM-736.0) upstream from Sioux City, Iowa.



        Alkalinity



           The October 1968 survey normal -weather 8-day average alka-



    linity  (Table A- 2) of the Missouri River ranged from a low of 160 mg/I



    (as CaCO  ) at Station M-46  (RM-676.5) to the highest average of 197



    rag/1  (as  CaCO ) at Station M-M*  (RM-65^.6).  The 2-day rain-affected
    period averages ranged from 11^ mg/1  (as CaCO ) at Station M-39



    (RM-610.5) to 180 mg/1 (as CaCO ) at  Station M-35 (RM-5&0.9).  Rainfall



    reduced alkalinity  slightly.



           Alkalinities during the January  1969 survey were approximately




    the  same.  Concentrations ranged  from 165 nig/1  (as CaCO ) at  Station



    M-30 (RM-^88.3) to  191 mg/1  (as CaCO  )  at the Omaha M.U.D. water



    intake  (M-42, RM-626.2).





                                  A-24

-------
                                                                      139
    Total Dissolved Solids



       The total dissolved solids (Table A-2) of the water released



from Gavins Point Dam averaged k^k mg/1 during the October 1968



survey.  Averages for the 8-day normal-weather period for the remain-



der of the reach ranged between a high of 6*4-5 mg/1 at Station M-32



(Rfc-525.1) to ^68 mg/1 at Station M-29 (RM-469.0).  Nineteen of the



20 stations averaged less than 552 mg/1.




       Total dissolved solids concentrations were higher during the



January 1969 survey than during October 1968.  The water released



from Gavins Point Dam (RM-Sll.O) averaged 5l8 mg/1.  The highest



average concentration was 629 nig/l at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake



(Station M-^2, RM-626.2).  The lowest average of kQ6 mg/1 occurred



at Station M-30 (RM-^88.3).  Ten of the 11 main stem stations



exceeded 500 mg/1 total dissolved solids.



    Sulfates




       Average sulfate concentrations (Table A-2) for the 8-day



normal-weather October 19*>8 survey ranged between 166 mg/1 at Station



M-29 (RM-1+69.0) and 220 m*;/l at Station M-32 (RM-525.1).  Water re-



leased from Gavins Point lam (RM-811.0) averaged 208 mg/1.



       The sulfate concentrations for the January 1969 survey were



similar to the October 1968 results.  Concentrations ranged from 170



mg/1 at Station M-30 (RM-1*£8.3) to 224 mg/1 at the Omaha M.U.D. water



intake (Station M-^2, RM-626.2).
                               A-25

-------
140
         Soluble Heavy Metals



            A soluble Iron concentration of 0.60 mg/1 for the second



     5-day composite at station M-39 (RM-610.5)  "was the only heavy metal



     concentration found within detectable limits of analytical methods



     for the October 1968 survey (Table A-3).   Other metals were either



     absent or present in minute quantities.




            Analyses for the January 1969 survey were not completed in



     time for inclusion in this report.



         Grease



            The concentration of grease from the daily composite from the



     Monroe Street and South Omaha sewers averaged 299 mg/1 during the



     October 1968 survey.  The actual amount of grease reaching the



     Missouri River following a privately operated recovery operation at



     the Monroe Street sewer was not determined.



            The grease concentration in the effluent from the Sioxuc City,



     Iowa, sewage treatment plant during the October 1968 survey averaged



     17 mg/1.  The amount of grease removed through the  sewage treatment



     plant was not determined.



            Grease results from the January 1969 survey  were not avail-



     able for inclusion  in this report.
                                    A-26

-------
                                                   TABLE NO.  A-l

                                            SUMMARY OF AVERAGE DISCHARGES

                                                    MISSOURI HIVER

                                        OCTOBER 1968 and JANUARY 1969 SURVEYS
STATION
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavin's Pt. Dam,
South Dakota
Sioux City, Iowa
Omaha, Nebraska
Nebraska City, Nebraska
Hulo, Nebraska
St. Joseph, Missouri
TRIBUTARIES:
Big Sioux River
at Akron, Iowa
Boyer River
at Logan, Iowa

Oct. 7-16
Normal Fall
31,200
32.lt.00
33,100
35,600
36,300
36,600

170
270
1968 DISCHARGES^/
cfs
Oct. 17-18
Extremely Wet
?6,500
3^,000
1*5,900
57,300
70,600
70,400

700
1,520

Flow Ratio:
Wet/Normal
0.91
1.05
1-39
1.61
1.91*
1.92

I*.15
5.63
1969
Jan. 20-31
Non-Navigation
16,900
16,700
15,100
17,600
18,700
19,900

-
.
DISCHARGES^
cfs
Flow Ratio:
1969/1968 Normal
0.5!*
0.5?
O.U6
O.U9
0.52
0.5!*

-
.
Platte River near
South Bend, Nebraska
WASTE SOURCES:^/

Sioux City, Iowa - STP

Council Bluffs, Iowa - STP

Omaha, Nebraska
   Missouri R. STP
Monroe St. Sewer
   Omaha, Nebraska
3A50
                                                     17,100
                                                                      4.96
                                           25.1  (=16.2 mgd)

                                           7.7  (=5-0
                                                                                           3,350
                                                 22.6 (=11*.6 mgd)

                                                  8.0 (.5.? mgd)
                                                 o5/                   -              &.B  (=.16 mgd)


                                          61*.!*(=!*!.6 mgd)



—' Average flows based on provisional U.S. Geological Survey data, except for waste sources.


—' Average flows estimated by U.S  Corps of Engrs., except for waste sources.
y
5/
                                                                                                              0.97
   Waste source flows are averages for sample days only and may be raifl-affooted.


   Flow estimated from information provided by Plant Personnel.


   No flow due to shutdown for system repairs.  All sewage was bypassed raw from many outfalls along the waterfront.

-------
142
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-------
146
                                                   •J3UJLE SO.  A-i»

                                                  Collform Bacteria
                             Summary of 8-and 2-Day Geometric  Means for Discrete  Samples
                                                   Missouri River
                                               October  1968  Survey
Station
Desig- River
nation Mileage
Total Coliforms
MPH/100 ml
8-Day 2 -Day
Fecal Coliforms
MPN/100 ml
8 -Day 2 -Day
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavins
Pt. Dam
M-52
M-50
M-48
M-47
M-46
M-44
M-42
M-41
M-39
M-38
M-3f
M-35
M-34
M-33
M-32
M-31
M-30
M-?9
M-28
TRIBUTARIES
BS-51
S-45
B-43
PA-37A
P-37
811.0
736.0
730.0
717.4
699-5
676.5
654.6
626.2
618.3
610.5
601.3
591-3
580.9
559-7
546.7
525.1
507.5
488.3
469.0
452.3
V
734.0
664.0
635-1
596.5
594.8
250 i/
1,380
2,400
62,800
57,100
53,000
39,500
52,300
46,600
256,000
165,000
174,000
130,000
167,000
189,000
100,000
134,000
154,000
148,000
57,700

1,100
15,000
110,000
-
27,700

74,800
74,800
265,000
230,000
213,000
852,000
414,000
802,000
330,000
460,000
790,000
790,000
1,440,000
> 727,000
767,000
838,000
-
-
852,000

17,000
2,400,000
2,000,000
16,000,000 2/
620,000
<125i/
225
240
14,300
26,600
18,900
9,000
8,300
11,200
61,000
45,000
53,500
38,000
50,800
38,500
18,900
28,100
28,400
14,600
6,500

110
3,900
15,000
-
11,100

30,300
47,000
116,000
108,000
149,000
278,000
207,000
207,000
230,000
330,000
490,000
330 ,000
1,120,000
460,000
352,000
435,000
280 ,000
-
232,000

4,000
2,000,000
1,400,000
11,000,000 2/
290,000
WASTE SOURCES •?
SC-49
OM-40 A
CB-40 B
729.0
611.5
6l4
75,000,000
19,000,000
160,000,000 3/
49,000,000
30,000,000
_
20,000,000
7,800,000
35,000,000 -'
49,000,000
11,000,000
_
         I/  Average of two grab samples.

         2/  Average for 3 days influenced by extremely wet weather.
         3/  Single grab sample during typical PJJ. weather.
         4_/  River Mileage refers to point where tributary or waste source enters Missouri River.
            Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.

-------
                                                  TABIE HO. A-5

                                                     Summary of
                                                 Other Constituents
                                                   Missouri River
                                                October, 1968 Survey
                                                                                                                 147
Station
Desig- River
nation Mileage
MISSOURI
RIVER:
Cyanide
Avg.i/

» J«/l
Maximum

Phenol, M/l
2/
Avg.— ' Maximum

Gavins
Ft. Dam 811.0 -
M-52
M-l*8
M-l*2
M-39
M-38
M-36
M-33
M-28
736.0
717.1*
626.2
610.5
601.3
-
51*6.7
!*52.3
< i*.3
6.2
<• 2.7
< 5.1
12.2
11*. 0
5.U
8.1*
< 1.0 < 1.0
-
5.e2/
1*.7
-
15.2
11.2
< 1.5 2.0
< 1.5 2.0
-
<1.5 2.0
< 1.5 2.0
-
< 1.5 2.0
< 1.5 2.0
Total^/
Organic
Chlorine

126.0
-
56.5
138.2
-
261*. 3
-
-
32.8
Chloroform^/ ^ / . <
Extract Uranium-^ Ra226 -'
mg/1 >»g/l pc/1

5.5
1*.3 0.02
0.0
26.1
-
9.U
2.5 0.07
-
3.7
TRIBUTARIES:^

  BS-51       734.0

   S-l*5       661*. 0

   B-l*3       635.1

   P-37       59^.8

WASTE SOURCES-^

  OM-1*0 A     611.5
J*.3

3-9



6.1*
0.07

0.07

0.19

0.12
                                                                             133.5
I/  Average of 3 to 1* grab samples during typical Fall and wet weather.

2/  Average of 2 grab samples during typical Fall weather.

3/  Single grab sample during typical Fall weather.

kf  Composite for 10 samples collected both during typical
      Fall and extremely wet weather.

5_/  Includes a maximum discrete value of 15.2 ug/1.


-I  River Mileage refers to point where tributary or waste source enterg Missouri River.
    Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.

-------
148
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-------
149
                                    TABLE Ho. A-7
                                  STATION DESCBimOHS
                               Missouri River Basin Surrey
149
Station River Mile
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-3*
M-35
M-36
P-37
M-38
M-39
OM-40
M-Ul
M-l»2
B-U3
M-W
S-U5
M-46
MJ.T
M-kS
SC-49
M-50
BS-51
M-52
Gavin* Paint
On
PA-37A
OH-14QA
CB-ltOB
M-MIA
M-52A
U52.3
U6g.o
U88.3
507.5
525.1
5W.T
559.7
580.9
591.2
59^.8
601.3
610.5
611.5
618.3
626.2
635.1
65^.6
66U.O
676.5
699.5
717.1*
729.0
730.0
73't.O
736.0
811.0
596.5
611.5
61U.O
718.3
732.8
Description
Missouri R. at St. Joseph Waterworks Intake (0.3 ml. belov Daymark
right bank).
Missouri R. 0.5 nl. above Charleston landing (Daymark - left
bank).
Missouri R. at White Cloud, Kan. (at power cable X-lng).
Missouri R. 9.5 ml. above Rulo, Heb. (at landing 0.2 ml. belov
light - left bank).
Missouri R. at boat landing (at Morgan Bend, upper light - left
bank).
Missouri R. at Peru Sportsman's Club ramp (0.2 nl. above Barney
Bend light - right bank).
Missouri R. belov Hebraska City (0.2 mi. above Frazlers light -
left bank).
Missouri R. at Bartlett, Iowa (at Shenandoah Boat Club ranp).
Missouri R. at Plattsnouth, Heb. (0.2 ml. belov Pollock light -
right bank).
Flatte R. at U. 3. Rvy. 75 bridge, Hebraska
Missouri R. at Bellevue, Heb. (0.1 ml. belov St. Bvy. 370
bridge).
Missouri R. belov Omaha STP outfall (at power cable X-lng).
Composite sample of 7 parts Monroe St. Sever effluent and 1 part
South Omaha Sever, Omaha, Hebr. (appro*, river mileage)
Missouri R. at I. C. RR bridge.
Missouri R. at Omaha Waterworks Intake (0.3 •!. belov Bvy.
36 bridge).
Boyer R. at 1-29 Hvy. bridge, lova.
Missouri R. above Blair, Reb. (at Tyson Boat Marina 0.2 ml.
above light - right bank).
Soldier R. at 1-29 Bvy. bridge, lova.
Missouri R. (at Upper Sioux Reach upper light - left bank).
Missouri R. at Lighthouse Mtrlna (also called Don Ruth Marina,
6 ml. from Whiting, Ion).
Missouri R. belov Sioux City STP outfall (at power cable X-lng).
Sioux City Sevage Treatment Plant effluent (approx. river mileage).
Missouri R. belov Floyd R. confluence - Sioux City, lova (at pover
cable X-lng).
Big Sioux R. above confluence.
Missouri R. 2 ml. above confluence (at 1-29 Bvy. bridge).
Dam above Yankton, S. D. (Corps of Engrs.).
Big Papllllon Creek at Offut Air Force Base Road to Capehart,
Hebraska - off U. S. Bvy. 75.
Omaha Missouri River Sevage Treatment Plant effluent (approx.
river ml.).
Council Bluffs Sevage Treatment Plant effluent (approx. river
ml.).
Iowa Pover and Light Co. Pover Plant - left bank.
Missouri River 0.5 mile above U. S. 73 B.«y. bridge.

-------
150
                                   GAVINS  POINT   DAM    ••   «»
          FIGURE A-l
         LOCATION MAP
       MISSOURI RIVER
October,  1968 - January, 1969
                      738.0  (M-S2)
                      73O.O  fM-SO)
                      718.3  (M-48A)
                      717.4  (M-48)
                       699.3  (M-47)
                       676.5   (M-46)
                       6S4.8   (M-44)
                     346.7  (M-33)
                     329.1  (M-32)
                     9O7.3  (M-31)
                      488.3  (M-30)
                      46».0  (M-29)
                  NESKASKA
                    KANSAS
                      4S2.3 (M-28)

                      440.3 (M-27)
                                                                      SIOUX  CITY  S.TR
                                                                               729.0  (SC-49)
                                                                                                SOUTH  DAKOTA
                                                                                                     IOWA
                      626.2  (M-42)

                      616.3  (M-41)
                      610.5  (M-39)
                      601.3  (M-38>

                      591.2   (M-36)
                               IOWA
                                                                                         380.9  (M-33)
                                                                                                        MISSOURI
                                                                                                339.7   (M-34)

-------
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152
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158
                               APPENDIX B




                   BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER QUALITY




                  IN IOWA REACHES OF THE MISSOURI RIVER

-------
                                                                    159
                           CONCLUSIONS






        The 286 miles of the Missouri River downstream from



Sioux City, Iowa, reflected different degrees of water quality



degradation.  At least 5^ miles were severely degraded by



pollution.  The remaining approximately 232 miles were good



water quality.



        1.  From Sioux City, Iowa to Omaha, Nebraska and



            Council Bluffs, Iowa, stream bed animals re-



            flected unpolluted conditions with the exception



            of localized degradation in the Sioux City area.



        2.  Wastes discharged from the Omaha and Council



            Bluffs area polluted the river, both aesthetically



            and biologically.  Severe degradation of the bottom



            associated organisms occurred for 5^ miles downstream.



            Objectionable floating solids (grease and chunks of



            animal fat) were observed from the Omaha and Council



            Bluffs area downstream past the St. Joseph, Mo. water



            supply intake, a distance of approximately 166 miles.



        3.  Severely degraded waters were found in tributaries of



            the Missouri River; tributaries with polluted water



            were the Big Sioux River, Floyd River, Soldier Creek



            and Boyer River.
                               B-l

-------
160
              A.  Big Sioux River (Iowa and South Dakota) bottom



                  organisms indicated unsuitable conditions for



                  sensitive forms.  The presence of  organic sludge



                  results from inadequately treated  wastewaters.



              B.  The Floyd River (Iowa) bottom was  composed  of



                  paunch manure and organic sludge,  and supported



                  only the most tolerant bottom organisms.



              C.  Water luality in both the Soldier  Creek and




                  Boyer River was degraded.  However,  water flow



                  from each stream vas low in volume and the



                  streams had no observable effect on the Missouri



                  River.



              Suspended algae in the Missouri River  increased in



              numbers from 1,000 cells per ml to 6,000 cells  per



              ml downstream from Omaha, Nebraska and Council



              Bluffs, Iowa.  However, the algal population created



              no known nuisances or problems.
                                  B-

-------
161
                           INTRODUCTION





        Requested by the Regional Director of the Missouri Basin



Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, a bio-



logical survey to determine water quality of the Missouri River



from Sioux City, Iowa, downstream to Hermann, Missouri, was



conducted from October 7 to October 16, 1968.  Results of the



survey from Sioux City, Iowa, to St. Joseph, Missouri, are



presented in this report.



        The Missouri River included in this survey flows southeast



from South Dakota and is the boundary between Nebraska and Iowa,



and a portion of Kansas and Missouri (Figure Bl). This stream



reach is 286 miles long and drains approximately ^2^,300 square



miles.  Major tributaries entering this reach are the Big Sioux



River, Floyd River, Soldier Creek, Boyer River, and Platte River.



        This reach is bordered by agricultural lands and has



industrial complexes located in the larger cities.  Major cities are



Sioux City, Iowa; Council Bluffs, Iowa; Omaha, Nebraska and St. Joseph,



Missouri.  The river is used mainly for water supply, transportation



and irrigation.  Water-associated sports such as fishing and boating



are not fully developed.

-------
162
            The river's high velocity of three miles per hour  con-



    tinually erodes unprotected banks and constantly shifts  the  sandy



    bottom.  The water is turbid.  To limit floods, bank erosion, and



    to stabilize the channel, the U. S. Army Corps of  Engineers  con-



    structed six main stem impoundments upstream from  Sioux  City and



    channelized the river downstream from Sioux City.   Flows are



    controlled by the release of water from upstream impoundments.



    The channel has been stabilized and erosion has been controlled by



    placing pile dikes (rock braced with piling) parallel  or perpendicular



    to river flow.



            Biological features studied were bottom inhabiting inverte-



    brate organisms and suspended algae (phytoplankton).   Sampling  was



    at approximately ;>0 river mile intervals except in areas affected by



    waste discharges vhere additional stations were established. Twenty



    stations on the M ssouri River and one station on each of the major



    tributaries were sampled.  Stations are designated as river miles



    measured upstream from the Missouri River confluence with the



    Mississippi River  (Table Bl).



            Channelization and a shifting sand bottom have restricted



    bottom animals to pile dikes and adjacent backwater areas.  Pile



    dikes were examined to determine the representative kinds of benthic
                                   B-4

-------
                                                                     163
animals inhabiting a reach of river.  Backwater areas were



sampled for bottom organisms with either a Petersen or Ekman



dredge.  Dredgings were washed and strained through a U.  S.



Standard No. JO sieve, and organisms remaining in the sieve



were preserved for laboratory identification.



        Suspended algal (phytoplankton) samples of one liter



vere collected at pre-determined sampl; ng stations and were



preserved with five percent formalin fc r later identification.



        This survey was conducted by aruatic biologists from



the Missouri River Basin and Technical Advisory and Investigations



Branch, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.  The report



was written by Messrs. Delbert Hicks, Loys Parrish and Steve Bugbee.

-------
164
                                 BOTTOM ANIMALS








            Many invertebrate animals are found living on the beds




     of rivers.  In a clean water environment, this community includes




     numerous kinds of pollution sensitive animals which serve as food




     organisms for desirable game fish.  Pollution tolerant organisms




     are present but are few in number.  As the environment receives




     increasing amounts of organic wastes, clean water animals are




     reduced or eliminated from the community in the order of their




     sensitivity to resultant water quality.  This adverse change in




     the bottom associated community is indicative of the extent of




     pollution.  Further evidence of organic pollution is indicated by




     increases in floating solids and in formation of sludge deposits




     that may undergo rapid decomposition that produces sulfide, methane




     and other gases, and reduces disso?ved oxygen in the water.




            The river upstream from Sioux City (river mile 736) and



     downstream to Omaha City (river mile 601) supported a stream bed




     animal community indicative of unpolluted water.  Clean-water




     stoneflies, mayflies, and caddisflies were the predominant kinds




     of bottom organisms throughout most of this reach.  The number of
                                      B-6

-------
                                                                      165
pollution tolerant forms remained proportionately lower than




sensitive kinds except in the reach bordered by Sioux City,




Iowa, and Dakota City, Nebraska, river mile 730 (Figures B2 & B3) •




Here degradation was from inadequately treated wastewater.  Float-




ing solids consisting of manure, chopped garbage and similar




materials were observed.  These were found upstream from the




municipal waste treatment plants, thus, they originate from un-




treated wastes.  The Big Sioux River contained k kinds of pollu-




tion tolerant anim&ls, but only 1 sensitive form, and the bottom




contained deposits of organic material and oil thus typifying




water of poor quality.




       The bottom of the FloyI River was covered with organic




solids and Tianure that exuded the rotten egg odor of hydrogen




sulfide.  Vater quality was degraded so severely that most




tolerant bcttom animals could not inhabit these waters.  Down-




stream at river mile 66k, Soldier Creek (Iowa) discharged degraded




water to tha Missouri River.  The creek supported ? kinds of pollu-




tion tolerant bottom organisms and no clean water kinds (Table B?)



an indication that the creek was polluted.  The. sandy bottom of




the Boyer River (lowa), river mile 635, supported only one kind




of sensitive clean-water bottom organism and three kinds of tolerant
                                B-7

-------
166
     bottom organisms (Table B2).  Water from this stream was moderately



     degraded.   Flows from both streams were low in volume and degraded



     water discharging from these  streams had no observable effect on



     the Missouri.



            Downstream from Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs,  Iowa,



     adverse effects of discharged wastes were discernible for more



     than 166 miles.  Floating solids were evident; unsightly globular



     masses of  grease, chunks of animal fat, and paunch manure accumulated



     in eddy areas.  Grease-balls  were observed in the reach of river



     extending  from downstream of Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs,



     Iowa, to past the St. Joseph, Missouri, water supply intake.  Clean-



     water animals were destroyed for a distance of 5U miles downstream



     to river mile 5^7, except at  Bartlett, Iowa (river mile 581) where



     an aberrant increase in kinds of sensitive and tolerant forms



     occurred (Figure B3). Available information indicates that the



     animals found here were temporary inhabitants of this reach  of river.



     The ELatte River enters upstream and during the survey was swollen



     by rains that washed Platte River invertebrates into the Missouri



     River.  The community found at river mile 58l was composed of



     nearly the same kinds as found in the Platte River.  These particular



     forms found in the Missouri River would be temporary inhabitants
                                     B-8

-------
                                                                     16?
until sufficient time had passed for the pollutants to destroy




or drive them fron the area.




       Downstream from Brownville, Nebraska (river mile 525), the




number of sensitrxe kinds of bottom animals were proportionately




greater than pollution tolerant animals (Figure B2).  This increase




resulted from water quality improvement through natural purification




of the wastes from the vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska.  The river




continued to support a community of benthic animals indicative of




good quality water downstream to St. Joseph, Missouri.  The slowly




decomposing grease globs remaining in these waters did not induce




changes sufficient to affect the aquatic life but they were




aesthetically objectionable for recreation and in community water




supplies.
                                B-9

-------
168
                                 SUSPENDED ALGAE






               The phytoplankton (suspended algal community) in large



       flowing streams originates in lakes and backwaters associated



       with the streams.  This community is affected by environmental



       factors characteristic to each stream such as:  turbidity,  water



       velocity, and available nutrients.  Turbidity restricts the



       amount of light that penetrates the water and thus restricts



       algal photosynthesis, which is necessary for food production.



               Water velocity affects suspended algae (phytoplankton).



       Phytoplankton are principally static water organisms and their



       presence in flowing water results from facultative adaptations.



       Swift turbulent currents are detrimental to many of these fragile



       organisms because of molar action from suspended solids and by



       preventing the organism from maintaining a position for optimum



       light.  In the Missouri River, a swift current, high turbidity,



       and lack of adjoining still water environments (due to channeli-



       zation of the river) tend to limit the phytoplankton community to



       low numbers except when nutrients are discharged to the river.



               Nutrients produce changes in numbers and kinds of algae.



       Increased quantities of nutrients discharged to a stream produce



       an increase in numbers of algal cells unless physical factors are



       limiting.






                                     B-10

-------
                                                                     169
        Suspended algae ranged in nvmbers from 870 cells per



milliliter (ml) to 1,000 cells per ml in the river reach from



Sioux City, Iowa to Omaha, Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa



(Figure B^ Table Bj).  Downstream from Omaha and Council Bluffs



(river mile 601), the algal population increased almost six



fold to a high of 6,000 cells per ml at river mile 560.  This



was the result of nutrients being discharged to the river.



Downstream from this point to St. Joseph, Mo. (river mile U50),



the population of algae gradually declined.



        Most of the tributary streams contained high populations



of phytoplankton but the stream flows were too small to contribute



significant quantities of algae to Missouri River algal populations.



        In the reach of the Missouri River surveyed, there were no



nuisance conditions or problems created by algae.  The algal popu-



lation downstream from Omaha, Nebraska, was predominately diatoms



which in some waters have been known to contribute to water supply



filter clogging problems.  However, in the Missouri River, the



high concentrations of suspended solids and resultant filtering



problems minimize effects from the algal population.
                              B-ll

-------
170

                       Table Bl•   Station Descriptions
                        Missouri  River Basin Survey
   Missouri
   Riv. Mi.	Description	
   736.0            Missouri R.  2 mi.  above confluence  (at 1-29 Hwy. bridge)
   734.0-1.0        Big Sioux River.
   731.0-0.01       Floyd River
   730.0            Missouri R.  below Floyd R.  confluence—Sioux City, la.
                        (at power cable X-ing).
   717.4            Missouri R.  below Sioux City STP outfall  (at power
                        cable X-ing).
   699.5            Missouri R.  at Lighthouse Marina (also called Don Ruth
                        Marina,  6 mi.  from Whiting,  la.)
   676.5            Missouri R.  (at Upper Sioux Reach upper light - left bank).
   664.0-1.0        Soldier R.
   65^.6            Missouri R.  above Blair, Neb. (at Tyson Boat Marina
                        0.2 mi.  above light - right  bank).
   635.1-3.0        Boyer River.
   626.2            Missouri R.  at Omaha Waterworks  intake (0.3 mi. below
                        Hwy. 36 bridge).
   618.3            Missouri R.  at I.  C. RR bridge.
   610.5            Missouri R.  below Omaha STP outfall (at power cable X-ing).
   601.3            Missouri R.  at Bellevue, Neb. (0.1  mi. below St. Hwy. 370
                        bridge).
   594.8-0.5        Platte R.
   591.2            Missouri R.  at Plattsmouth, Neb. (0.2 mi. below Pollock
                        light - right bank).
   580.9            Missouri R.  at Bartlett, Iowa (at Shenandoah Boat Club ramp).
   559.7            Missouri R.  below Nebraska City  (0.2  mi.  above Fraziers
                        light - left bank).
   546.7            Missouri R.  at Peru Sportsman's  Club  ramp (0.2 mi. above
                        Barney Bend light - right bank).
   525.1            Missouri R.  at boat landing (at  Morgan Bend, upper light -
                        left bank).
   507.5            Missouri R.  9.5 mi. above Rulo,  Neb.  (at  landing 0.2 mi.
                        below light - left bank).
   488.3            Missouri R. at White Cloud, Kan. (at  power cable X-ing).
   469.0            Missouri R. 0.5 mi. above Charleston landing  (Baymark -
                        left bank).
   452.3            Missouri R. at St. Joseph Waterworks  intake (0.3 mi.
                        below Baymark - right bank).

-------
               Table B2.  Bottom Associated Animals Collected from
                            Missouri River, October 1968
                                                                                                         171
Station (River Mile)
Organism ^
Stoneflles
Perlodidae
Acroneuria
Mayflies
Ameletus
Caenls
Heptagenia
Hexagenla
Isonychia Q
Stenonema Q
Tricorythodes
Caddisflies
Cheumatopsyche
Hydropsyche Q
NeureclipslB Q
Potamyla
Psychomyia
aubtotal/aq. ft. k
Subtotal/kinds It
730 717 69L 	 	
} 676
655
Sensitive Organisms
Q
Q - Q
Q
e « - Q
Q Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q Q
Q
Q Q Q Q Q
« Q Q - Q
Q
-
3 5 7
3 5 7
Q
6
6
Intermediate
Midges
Cricotopus
Glyptotendipes Q
Orthocladlus
Polypedilum
Procladius
Psectrocladius
Pseudochironomus
Tanytarsus
Craneflles
Erloptera
Blackflies
Simulium
Damselflies
Anphiagrlon
Argia
Scuds
Gaananu>
Hyalella Q
JSicylidae
Clams
Sphaerlldae
Sow Bugs
Asellus
Subtotal/sq. ft. 2
Subtotal/kinds 2

Snails
Physa
Leeches
Hirudidae Q
Bloodworms
Chlronomus Q
Sludgeworms
Tublficidae Q
Subtotal/sq. ft. 3
Subtotal/kinds 3
Grand Total/sq. ft. 9
Number of Kinds 9

Q - Q
e
...
...
_
Q
_
-

- - -

.

. . -
- - -

« - -
...
.

...

Q Q Q
1* 2 2
422


« Q Q

« Q

Q Q Q

It - Q
6 3 It
3 3 It
13 10 13
10 10 1}

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-

-

-
-

.
e
-

-

Q
2
2
Tolerant

Q

Q

Q

-
3
3
11
11
-
8
8
626
Q
Q
Q
Q
-
u
u
618
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
-
6
6
Big
Sioux
River
a
•
1
1
Floyd
River

-
-
0
0
Soldier
Creek
-
-
0
a
Boyer
River
\
-
1*
1
Organisms

-
-
Q
Q
-
-
-
-

-

-

-
Q

.
Q
-

-

Q
5
5

Q
-
.
Q
Q
-
-
-

-

-

-
-

-
-
-

-

-
3
3

Q
-
-
Q
-
Q
-
Q

-

-

-
-

-
Q
-

-

-
5
5

-
Q
-
-
-
-
-
-

-

-

-
-

-
Q
-

-

-
2
2

-
-
-
.
-
-
.
-

-

-

-
-

.
-
-

-

-
0
0

-
Q
-
8
-
Q
Q
-

-

4

Q
Q

.
-
e

it

-
19
9

-
-
-
Q
-
-
-
-

<<

-

-
-

Q
Q
Q

-

-
5
5
Organisms

-

Q

-

-
1
1
1U
lit

-

Q

«

-
2
2
9
9

Q

-

-

Q
2
2
13
13

Q

Q

Q

280
283
It
286
7

-

-

-

6
6
1
6
1

-

-

U

8
12
2
31
11

-

Q

Q

304
306
3
315
9
Q - Organisms collected qualitatively, arbitrarily given value of one for
    computing numbers per square  foot.

-------
172
                                     Table JECont.  Bottom Associated Animals Collected from



                                                     Missouri River, October 1968

Organisms 610 601 591

Mayflies
Ameletus Q

Heptagenia - _ _
Isonychia ...
rftenonema Q
Caddisflies
Cheumatopsyche Q Q -
Hydropsyche -
Neureclipsis ...
Subtotal/sq. ft. 3 1 0
Subtotal Kinds 310

Beetles
Cymbiodyta - - Q
Madges
Cardiocladius - Q -
Chironomus ...
Cllnotanypus 0
Cricotopus Q Q -
Glyptotendipes -
Orthocladius ...
Pentaneura - . -
Polypedilum Q 't Q
Procladius - q .
Psectrocladius Q
Spaniotoma Q Q -
Tanytarsus Q Q -
Tanypus - . -
Psectrotanypus ...
Craneflies
Erioptera -
Limonia ...
BlacWlies
Deraselflies
Amphiagrion - - -
Argia _ - -
Scuds
Crangonys -
Gammarus -
Hyalella Q
Sow Bugs
Asellus Q
Limpet
Ancylldae
Subtotal/sq. f t . It 12 3
Subtotal Kinds It 9 3

Snails
Physa q q
Leeches
Hirudidae q q
Bloodworms
Chlronomus -
Sludge vorms
Tubificidae q 190 100
Subtotal/sq. ft. 2 192 101
Subtotal Kinds 232
Grand Total/sq.ft. 9 ^ SOk 104
Number of Kinds 9 13 5

581


q

q
q
q

.
Q
-
5
5


-

-
.
-
.
-

.
Q
Q
Q
-
-
-
Q

.
-


Q
Q

-
Q
-

-


7
7


q

q

q

Q
it
it
16
16
Station (River Mile)
560 5U7 525 507
Sensitive Organisms

....

q
....
q - q q

Q
Q
Q
1033
1033
Intermediate Organisms

-

....
.
-
....
Q

q
5 Q Q q
....
Q
Q - q -
Q
k
-

....
Q


....
Q

q - q
....
q q • q

Q


5269
5266
Tolerant Organisms

q

q

Q

200 180 320 120
201 ISO 321 121
2122
207 182 330 133
8 3 11 11

It88


_

.
.
q

2
.
-
3
2


-

-
2
.
.
.

_
q
.
_
Q
.
.
-

-
-


-
-

Q
_
-

-


5
It


-

-

-

90
90
1
98
7

U69


q

q
.
q

q
q
q
6
6


-

q
.
.
Q
.

Q
q
.
_
q
q
.
-

.
-


-
-

q
_
q

q


9
9


-

q

8

580
589
3
60U
18

it 52


q

Q
.
Q

-
.
q
it
it


-

Q
_
-
Q
.

Q
q
.
_
Q
.
.
-

q
-


-
q

-
.
Q

-


8
8


q

-

-

q
2
2
12
1U
Platte
River


.

q
.
q

q
q

it
it


-

.
.
.
.
.

_
Q
Q
_
.
Q
.
-

.
-


-
-

-
.
-

-


9
It


-

q

-

q
2
2
10
10
                 q ' Organisms collected qualitatively, arbitrarily given value of one for



                     computing numbers per square  foot.

-------
                                                          173
Table BJ.  Suspended Algae, Missouri River Survey,



             October - November, 1968
River Mile
736
734-1.0
730
717
699
676
664-1.0
655
635-3.0
626
618
610
601
595-0.5
591
581
560
547
525
507
488
469
452
Number/ml
872
11,653
728
339
749
687
644
893
961
966
996
1*53
817
9,236
947
1,6:*
5,995
3,791
2,584
3,046
1,769
1,905
1,366
Volume (ppm)
0.84
11.75
1.34
1.01
1.24
0.93
0.61
1.54
0.88
1.85
2.28
0.65
5.44
13.04
1.92
2.17
5.82
3-53
2.51
2.93
2.63
3.51
1.85

-------
174
                           MINN.
   S. DAKOTA

     NEB
   *P\734-IO/—FLOYD R
    ii
                      X 7 31-0.01
                      -SIOUX CITY
                       729
                       717
736 —
 730
                 664-1.0 —
                            — 635-3.0
                            — 626
                            — 618
                     OMAHAQJb COUNCIL BLUFFS
                       610—
t
N
   * SAMPLING STATIONS
Missouri River Reach
Surveyed ;
S.Dgk. ! Minn.
	 ^^[lowa
-•s Neb. _^K""
•Kansas ,^0.
050 10 20 30 4
4 — 507
NEB. V
^~ "k ABO
KANSAS X
^^/^
469 /
452~
0 miles
                                                ST. JOSEPH
         Scale
   FIGURE Bl.
   SAMPLING  STATIONS, MISSOURI RIVER, SIOUX

   CITY, IOWA TO ST. JOSEPH, MO. .(RIVER MILES
   UPSTREAM FROM  CONFLUENCE WITH  MISSISSIPPI
   RIVER.)

-------
    60
 en
 i  50
 o
40

30

20

10
    60
 w
 o
    50
 <  40
 o
 "-  30
    20

    10
        750
                                                            175
                                 SENSITIVE KINDS
                                 TOLERANT KINDS
             SIOUX CITY,
               IOWA
                                                COUNCIL BLUFFS,
                                                    IOWA
                                                   OMAHA ,
                                                    NEB.
                     700
650
600
                               RIVER MILE
                                                    ST. JOSEPH,
                                                       MO.
        600
                     550
500
450
                               RIVER MILE
FIGURE  B2.
          RELATIVE NUMBER OF  POLLUTION SENSITIVE AND
          TOLERANT KINDS OF ORGANISMS IN THE MISSOURI
          RIVER SURVEY, SIOUX  CITY, IOWA  TO ST. JOSEPH,
          MO.,  OCTOBER, 1968 .

-------












en 8
Q
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o: 4
UJ
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-


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ST. JOSEPH
MO.






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y
y
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p
/

1 1 /
pj 1 *
\4 \ /
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._



P
L*
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V
  600
550
500
450
                        RIVER MILE
FIGURE B3. NUMBER OF KINDS OF BOTTOM ORGANISMS, MISSOURI
          RIVER SURVEY , SIOUX CITY, IOWA - ST. JOSEPH, MO.
          OCTOBER,1968 .

-------
                                                                 177
            BIG SIOUX RIVER
          *  (11,653)
                                PLATTE RIVER
                              *  (9,236)
   7000-
   6000-
_  5000-j

I

d
LU

(3
Q
LU
Q
Z
LU
Q.
(ft
   4000-
   3000-
   2000-^
    1000-
          SIOUX CITY,
            IOWA
COUNCIL BLUFFS,
     IOWA
   OMAHA,
     NEB.
                   SOLDIER    °
                     RIVER
                                                ST. JOSEPH
                                                    MO.
               700
           TRIBUTARY  RIVER
                              600
                      1
                     500
                                  RIVER MILE
400
   FIGURE  B4. SUSPENDED  ALGAE  (number/ml.), MISSOURI  RIVER,
               OCTOBER - NOVEMBER , 1968 .

-------
178
                                APPENDIX C

                          OUTDOOR RECREATION AND
                      WATER POLLUTION IN WESTERN IOWA
                       AND ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER

-------
                                                                         179
                          TABLE OF CONTENTS




                                                                      Page




SUMMARY	    1




INTRODUCTION	    2




THE OUTDOOR RECREATION RESOURCES REVIEW COMMISSION REPORT	    5




OUTDOOR RECREATION TRENDS	    8




LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL	    9




MISSOURI BASIN INTER-AGENCY COMPREHENSIVE BASIN PLANNING	   12




OUTDOOR RECREATION IN IOWA	   17




THE MIDDLE MISSOURI	   23




CONCLUSION	   24




     APPENDIX A




     APPENDIX B




     APPENDIX C




     APPENDIX D

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i8o






 SUMMARY




      Both the Federal and State Governments concur that western Iowa and




 the Missouri River have existing recreation deficiencies, much of which




 is associated with water-oriented activities.  This is documented in the




 recreation plans, studies, and reports which were reviewed in the prepara-




 tion of this statement.




      Because of projected increases in population, leisure time, disposable




 income and mobility, and a greater interest in outdoor recreation, the




 demand for recreation resources and facilities is expected to surge upward.




      While the area under review is not richly endowed with pristine wilder-




 ness conditions, extensive forests, mountains, clear trout streams, or other




 outstanding scenic attractions, there are opportunities available to satis-




 fy this latent recreation demand.




      Among the key recreation potentials in proximity to the population




 concentration is the Missouri River, its Oxbow Lakes, and the lands immedi-




 ately adjoining them.




      Outdoor recreational opportunities along the Missouri River are now




 recognized as a national resource worthy of development to a far greater




 degree than heretofore.  This gained national significance in 1964 when




 Congress established the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission.  The Commission's




 purpose was to advise and stimulate the activities of all levels of govern-




 ment and the private sector to create an appreciation of the resources,




 encourage their conservation, and to promote the protection and development




 of outdoor recreation resources along the route for public use and enjoyment.




      The National Commission, in association with the Iowa State Lewis and




 Clark Trail Committee,  is now implementing the recommendations contained
                                  -Cl-

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                                                                          181
 in the  Commission's  interim report.   Among the problems confronting full




 attainment  of the recognized goals is water pollution.   The Commission




 specifically recommends that the FWPCA and HEW should give continuing




 attention to the  abatement  and control of water pollution along the trail




 route.   Also, that States  take steps  to strengthen measures to reduce




 water and air pollution along the trail.




     Raw or treated wastes which are discharged into these waters which




will produce putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits,




floating debris, scum, odors, color, chemical concentrations, etc., are




detrimental to outdoor recreation use and enjoyment.  This is true whether




it  involves a direct contact sport like fishing, boating, or water skiing,




or  a secondary activity like sightseeing, camping, or picnicking.




     The Nation, Iowa, or parts thereof do not have unlimited recreation




resources.  Each segment of real estate is at a premium and must be managed




under the highest conservation principles attainable.  Thus, each contribu-




tion, whether it be large or small—such as secondary waste treatment instead




of  primary, is important to satisfying recreational demands in a quality




environment.  It would be inimical to the development of effective pollution




abatement goals and water quality enhancement measures if the only course




of  action to be taken is no action at all.




INTRODUCTION




     Demands for outdoor recreation are increasing throughout the Nation




due in large measure  to the population explosion,  more leisure time,




greater disposable incomes,  and a highly improved mobility.  Thus,  as never




before,  people are taking to the out-of-doors in numbers that far exceed




any previous estimates.   The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has stated in its
                                 -C2-

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 182
Outdoor Recreation trends report of April 1967 that--our steadily increas-




ing participation in outdoor activities has amazed observers for the past




25 years, and never more so than now.  It further adds that--our outdoor




recreation demands have become imperative.




     Unfortunately, the places to go, or the supply of recreation opportuni-




ties, are not keeping pace with the snowballing demand.  It must be said




that this situation exist,-, today in Iowa as well as in other portions of




the country.  But, in this context, Iowa is somewhat unique in that it




has been less favorably endowed with an abundance of natural resources.




AJSO, percentagewise, the-e is less area owned in Iowa by the State and




Federal Governments than any State in the Union.  Space, then becomes a




major problem.  Thus, it finds itself less able to cope with the imbalance




of supply and demand.  This is especially true for the western portion of




Iowa.  This are.i lacks the pristine wilderness conditions, mountains, ex-




tensive forests, clear trout streams, and the outstanding scenic attrac-




tions found elsewhere in the Nation.  To be sure, this western portion of




Iowa is not, at present, especially conducive to participating in outdoor




recreation activities.  Basically, it is farm country where the greatest




percentage of outdoor recreation opportunities are man-made, i.e., reser-




voirs, swimming pools, golf courses, city park facilities, etc.




     Inasmuch as the supply of recreation lands and facilities are limited,




and natural resources are at a premium, it is paramount that every effort




be made to capitalize on the remaining opportunities available and to sustain




them at the highest degree of quality attainable.  This includes the Missouri




River, its tributaries, and the immediate environment.






                                 -C?

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                                                                       183
     In focusing on the supply of existing facilities and the recreational




potential, perhaps it would be best to do so by briefly summarizing per-




tinent conclusions and recommendations from various reports,  studies,  and




plans having implications on the area under review.  For recreation




purposes, the "area under review" is limited to those Iowa counties which




drain into the Missouri River.
                                  -CA-

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THE OUTDOOR RECREATION RESOURCES REVIEW COMMISSION REPORT





     First, the bipartisan "bible of outdoor recreation" prepared in 1962




by the Outdoor Recreetion Resources Review Commission, entitled Outdoor




Recreation for America, clearly portrayed the intimate relationship of




water and water polli tion to outdoor recreation.  Following are some key




quotes which depict t  conservation philosphy for managing water for recrea-




tion.  A philosphy which is still considered accurate, and the underlying




factor for many of the programs taken and/or proposed in the country today--




Federal, State, local, and private.




     Page  4 - Water is a focal point of outdoor recreation--"Most people




seeking outdoor recreation want water--to sit by, to  swim and  fish  in,




to ski across, to dive under, and to run their boats  over.  Swimming is




now one of the most popular outdoor activities and is likely to be  the




most popular of all by the turn of the century.  Boating and fishing are




among the  top  10 activities.  Camping, picnicking, and hiking, also are




high on the list and are more attractive near water sites."




     Page  87  - "Urban  or rural, water  is a  magnet.  Wherever they  live,




people  show a  strong urge  for water-oriented recreation.  There  are many




other reasons  for water resource  programs,  and  recreation use  often is




incidental or  unplanned.   To say  this, however,  is to note how great are




the  opportunities."   ....   In  most  major cities, pollution  has  destroyed




valuable recreation opportunities, just where they are  needed  most.  As  a




sanitation measure alone,  the  abatement  of  pollution  is  a necessity;  inher-




ently,  it  is  also  one  of  the best means  of  increasing recreation opportunities.'




     The ORRRC report  also described the  importance and  key role of the




state governments.  On Page  137  it was stated that—In  a national  effort
                                  -C5-

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                                                                             185
"  to improve outdoor recreation opportunities, state governments should play




  the pivotal role.  They are more advantageously situated than either local




  units or the Federal Government to deal with many current recreation




  problems.  States have direct experience in shaping programs to meet




  varying conditions and particular needs of their citizens.  And, they




  have the necessary legal authority.  Moreover, the States occupy a key




  position--the middle level in our complex system of government.  They deal




  with other States, work with a great variety of agencies at the national




  level, and are responsible for guiding and assisting all the political




  subdivisions within the State-villages, cities, towns, counties, and




  metropolitan regions.  Since other responsibilities that affect outdoor




  recreation opportunities, such as highway construction and the management




  of forest, wildlife, and water resources, are also generally focused at




  this level, the State government can make sure that these programs are in




  harmony with its recreation objectives.




       On Page 173, the importance of water itself was discussed as well




  as its relationship to recreation.  The following three paragraphs state




  that—Water is a prime factor in most outdoor recreation activities.  The




  Commission's National Recreation Survey reports that 44 percent of the




  population prefer water-based recreation activities over any others.  Water




  also enhances recreation on land.  Choice camping sites and picnic areas




  are usually those adjacent to or within sight of a lake or stream, and the




  touch of variety added by a pond or marsh enriches the pleasures of hiking




  or nature study.




       Recreation on the water is increasing.  This trend is likely to continue-




  as more young people acquire an interest in water sports, new reservoirs are






                                    -Cb-

-------
186
  constructed,  the boating industry wins new converts,  and relatively new




  forms of water-based recreation,  such as skindiving and water skiing,




  become increasingly popular.   The trend will be greatly accelerated if




  pollution control programs are successful in cleaning up streams,  lakes,




  and seashore  areas that are presently off limits for recreation,  or are




  now so unattractive as to preclude many activities.




       As the population grows  and  interest in water-based recreation




  increases, the already heavy  recreation pressures on water resourses




  will reach critical proportions.   The problems stemming from this  pressure




  are among the most difficult  in the entire outdoor recreation field.




       On Page  174, the importance  of water suitability for recreational




  purposes was  again mentioned.  It stated that--Limitations upon public




  access and poor quality are serious problems in many places.  Public




  policy at all levels of government should be directed toward eliminating




  these barriers to outdoor recreation.




       Page 176 states that.—Existing treatment facilities and practices




  are often inadequate to maintain the quality of water for recreation




  purposes	Recreation should be recognized as a motivating purpose




  in programs and projects for  pollution control and as a necessary objective




  in the allocation of funds therefore!
                                      C7

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                                                                        18?
OUTDOOR RECREATION TRENDS.




     The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation updated the ORRRC's recreation demand




study and published its findings in Outdoor Recreation Trends.   Basically,




it reiterated and emphasized the fact that every recreation activity




involving water will be sought in ever-increasing quantities in future




years.  The following table demonstrates this point quite vividly:




                    THE MOST POPULAR WATER RELATED
RECREATION ACTIVITIES IN AMERICA

Major Type
Swimming
Fishing
Boating*
Water Skiing
1965
Overall
Ranking
2nd
8th
10th
14th
1965 Occasions
of Participation
(Millions)
970
322
220
56
1980
Overall
Ranking
1st
8th
9th
13th
1980 Occasions
of Participation
(Millions)
1,671
422
387
124
1980
Percent
Increase
72
31
76
121
                  *0ther than canoeing and sailing
                                  -C8-

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188
  LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL




       One of the most noteworthy events  along the Missouri River  is  the




  reconstruction of Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-06.   It  has  been




  stated that historians have since come  to consider this Expedition  as




  one of the most important events in the development of the western  United




  States.   Economically, it provided the  first knowledge of the vast




  resources and eventually led to the opening of the western lands  for




  development and settlement.  Politically,  it secured the  1803 American




  purchase of the Louisiana Territory and extended American claims  to the




  Pacific.




       On October 6, 1964, the 28-member  Lewis and Clark Trail  Commission




  (L&CC) was established for the promotion and development  in reconstructing




  the Lewis and Clark Trail.  Included in the membership was Iowa's Governor,




  Harold E. Hughes.  Congress directed the Commission to—promote public




  awareness of the historic significance  of the Expedition, to  create an




  appreciation of the resources of the regions through which the Expedition




  passed,  to encourage the conservation of natural resources, and to  promote



  the protection and development of outdoor recreation resources along the




  route for public use and enjoyment.



       The Act itself (PL 88-630) reads in part—that the route traversed by




  Captains Meriwtther Lewis and William Clark ... be kept available for




  the inspiration and enjoyment of the American people . .  . and thereby to




  encourage deFirable long-term conservation objectives in  the  public interest




  of the people of that region and the Nation as well as the public use and




  outdoor recreation benefits therefrom.




       The following are a number of excerpts taken from the Lewis  and Clark




  Trail-Interim Report of October 1966:




                                    -C9-

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                                                                          189
     Page 1 - The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission's program for development




of the Trail proposes that many and varied resources be linked in several




ways for public use and enjoyment.  Visitors may travel by boat on natural




water courses or on man-made lakes along a portion of the route on the




Missouri and its tributaries.  Listed among the purposes of the Commission




were to (1) create an appreciation of the resources of the regions through




which the expedition passed; (2) encourage the conservation of natural




resource;  and (3) promote the protection and development of outdoor recrea-




tion resources along the route for public use and enjoyment.




     Page 5 - Among the problems confronting the L&CC were (1)  growing




population is using up areas of natural beauty for living space and demanding




more areas of natural beauty for playing space; and  (2) uncontrolled dump-




ing of waste products is polluting streams and making natural resources




unusable.




     Page 5 - The L&CC makes a recommendation that the FWPCA and HEW should




give continuing attention to the abatement and control of air and water




pollution along the Lewis and Clark Trail.




     Page 6 - The L&CC makes a recommendation that where needed State legis-




lation should be enacted and enforced to control water pollution along the




Lewis and Clark Trail.




     Page 8 - Resolutions adopted by the L&CC direct the Secretaries of




Health, Education, and Welfare and HUD accelerate measures to control




pollution of the Missouri.  Also, that BOR encourage States along the Lewis




and Clark Trail to include in Statewide outdoor recreation plans required




by the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 suitable outdoor
                                  -CIO-

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190





 recreation  developments  as  recommended by  the  LC  study  report.   Further




 it recommended  that  States  appoint Lewis and Clark Trail Committees  to




 carry  out the purposes of the National Commission.  Among  other  things




 it encourages States to  take steps to strengthen  State  measures  to




 reduce water pollution along the Missouri  trail.   In  Iowa,  a  7-raan




 State  committee was  created by Governor Hughes on February  3,  1966.   This




 Committee is working with all governmental  agencies  involved  to  plan




 development for the  Trail.  Apparently, location  of  the trail  has been




 identified  and  marked to date.




      Page 12  -  It  proposed  that  35 recreation  sites be  built  by  the  Corps




 of Engineers along the Missouri  River from Sioux  City,  Iowa,  to  Rulo,




 Nebraska.   (The Iowa L&CC concurred  in this recommendation.)




      Page 13  -  PLmrct: cu-vt ijp.-.  nt ot c a inline  facilities a-'iti  ci^ht river




 accesses on the Missouri to accommodate large  pleasure  boats.




      It  should  be  pointed out that the Commission's  resolutions  for  recrea-




 tional development of the Missouri River were  adopted after the  Commission




 accepted a  detailed  plan for the protection and development of the Lewis




 and  Clark Trail which had been prepared by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.




 The  BOR's plan  is  entitled  'The  Lewis and  Clark Trail - A Proposal for




 Development."   In  addition, it should be pointed  out  that  the  Corps  of




 Engineers prepared a publication entitled  Recreation  Aspects  of  the  Lower




 Missouri River  in  conjunction with the Lewis and  Clark  Trail  in  January 1968.




 This document lists  the  major historic, wildlife,  and recreational areas,




 both existing and  proposed  along the Missouri  River  in  Iowa.   Maps are




 utilized in identifying  the locations of these recreation resources.
                                     -Cll-

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                                                                          191




MISSOURI BASIN INTER-AGENCY COMPREHENSIVE BASIN PLANNING



     The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation prepared a preliminary report entitled




Outdoor Recreation in the Middle Missouri Tributaries Subregion as part of




its contribution to the Missouri River Basin Comprehensive Framework Study.




This report which centers on western Iowa provides one of the best analysis




of recreation needs and potential in the area under review.  The major




conclusions and recommendations are extracted as follows:




     Page 17 - Other factors expected to influence and increase future




recreation demand includes:  (1) greater interest in the Missouri River




as a play area as pollution and siltation control result in clearer and




cleaner waters and (2) greater interest in and use of the Missouri River




as the Lewis and Clark Trail plans are completed.




     On Page 23, it is stated that--the needs for additional water now and




in the future appear to be greatest in the area influenced by Omaha, Council




Bluffs, Lincoln, and Des Moines.




     On Page 25, the problem or need of the current shortage of scenic




drives, overlooks, trails, interpretive points, and parks along the Missouri




River is discussed.  It goes on to say that the problem--varies with loca-




tions and river bank topography, but a shortage of access combined with the




presence of agricultural areas, industrial developments and other competi-




tive land uses along the shores of the Missouri have tended to limit both




use and view-ability  of  the river.  This  in  turn has made it difficult




for Lewis and Clark Trail buffs,  for example,  to follow  the river and




make any kind of meaningful on-the-ground  tie-in between themselves,




as modern day "adventurers," and  those explorers of an earlier day.
                                    -C12-

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192
     It was found and stated on Page 27 that the most pressing current

needs are for (1) development of planned boat access points on and access

to the Missouri River; and (2)  improvement and development of the Missouri

River oxbow lakes.

     Later on Page 29, under opportunities for additional recreation

development, it stated that--the most important and widely mentioned Type I

potential (scenic, historic, and natural areas) is the promotion and develop-

ment of recreation sites, roads, trails, signs, interpretive facilities.

and other improvements in connection with the Lewis and Clark Trail.

     Page 31 contained the more outstanding State park, recreation area
                                    in Iowa
and program plans and possibilities/(listed below).  It stated--a total

of 4,800 acres or about 40 percent of the land area in State parks and

recreation areas  is intensively developed.  There is very little expansion

room left within  existing areas, so virtually all future needs must be met

at new areas or within acquired expansion areas.



     1.  Possible State parks or recreation areas at the following

proposed projects = 1,000-acre  lake near Sioux City, Boyer River Project,

Little Sioux Project, Nishnabota Project (all under study), and the four

oxbow lake complexes  (all authorized or under construction).

     2.  Continued development  of the 15 authorized Corps of Engineers

Missouri River access points  in Iowa.   (The Corps RecreationAspects  of

tb« Lower Missouri proposes tfce devclopwat of  19 sites on or near  the

Missouri River.   See  Appendix D for listing.)
                                    -C13-

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                                                                           193
     3.  Complete development of the new Lake Anita State Park in Cass




County.




     4.  Continuing acquisition of stream fishing accesses; acquisition




of new and recreational development of existing fish and game areas;




development of boat marinas in the natural lakes area of northwestern




Iowa; acquisition and development of expansion lands at existing State




parks.




     In addition, the bottom of Page 32, in talking of State and local




fishing and hunting areas, states that--there are good potentials both




for acquiring additional hunting and fishing areas and for developing




existing areas with recreation facilities.  Less than one-half percent




of the land acreage in these areas is now intensively developed.  In




addition to facilities for camping, picnicking, and water sports, there are




excellent possibilities at many areas for adding nature study-oriented




trails, signs, view points and exhibits, or visitor center-museums.




     Finally, on Pages 34 and 35, in reference to the private sector, it




is stated that — the opportunities for development and improvement of recrea-




tion areas and facilities on private land are good.  Hunting and fishing can




be greatly improved in both quality and quantity on privately owned lands.




There are opportunities for developing summer home sites and other facilities




on natural waterways and around natural and artificially created bodies of




water.  Good opportunities exist for providing a wide variety of the




"service" type facilities that are expected to be needed.  The private




sector can also provide service type facilities frequently needed in con-




nection with public developments.  In addition, there are growing opportunities
                                   -C14-

-------
in some areas for the establishment of industrial parks and other industry-




provided recreation areas, vacation farms or ranches, sandpit lake swim-




ming beaches, scenically located lodges and resorts, restful cabin developments,




and boat cruises on the Missouri River.




     In addition to the private sector, other opportunities include erne or




both of the unchannelized reaches of the Missouri River that may have the




necessary attributes to warrant classification as a National or State




scenic river or State waterway.  Finally, the Mormon Trail carries suffi-




cient potential and historic value to be classified as a National scenic




trail.



     Speaking at the December 5, 1964 Missouri Basin Inter-Agency Committee




Meeting in Sioux City, Iowa, Mr. Glen Powers, Planning Director, Iowa State




Conservation Commission, presented a paper on Iowa's Long Range Recreation




Plans.  This was presented as Appendix D in the meetings minutes.  Of




importance is this statement, '"The Missouri, on our western boundary,




probably has the greatest potential for recreational development of any




one area that we could mention.  With flood control a reality, a stable



river channel, navigation and other factors of progress, we suspect a




major buildup of people along the Missouri."



     In May  1968 the MBIAC  produced a report entitled, Tentative Needs and




Problems -Missouri River Basin, as part of the Comprehensive Framework




Study.  This report deals with the main stem of the Missouri River,  including




those lands  lying within a quarter mile depth on each side.  This report




further emphasizes the existing use and potential of the Missouri River.
                                    -C15-

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                                                                           195
     In talking of the entire main stem on page 3, this statement is made:



"All of the Missouri has great historical and/or aesthetic value and most




of the main stem offers good to excellent boating, water skiing, fishing,




and sightseeing opportunities."




     On page 11, it is pointed out that 33 percent of the recreation water




needs in the subarea (which includes western Iowa, parts of eastern Nebraska,




Minnesota, Missouri, and Kansas - known as subregion 6B in the MBIAC frame-




work study) might be met by the Missouri main stem by 1980.  If this




thought could be followed for any individual State, then 33 percent of




western Iowa's water-oriented needs could be met by the main stem of the




Missouri in 1980.



     Recreation demand in 1980 on the main stem in the 6B subarea, which




includes the Missouri in Iowa,is estimated at 10,520,000 activity-days.



This does not include fishing and hunting.  Sightseeing is the most popular




activity accounting for about 40 percent of the estimated use.




     In discussing specific problems and needs on page 14, this statement




is made:  "Water Pollution:  Primarily a problem below Sioux City; limits



recreation use and enjoyment of river.''



     In addition, on page 20, "Continued elimination of municipal and



industrial pollution in the Missouri River, especially that from the Great



Falls,  Sioux City,  Omaha, and Kansas City areas, so as to increase the




attractiveness and usability of the river for all types of recreation.''
                                   -C16-

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OUTDOOR RECREATION IN IOWA


     The Statewide comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP)

provides another basic source of information into the supply, demand

and needs for outdoor recreation in western Iowa and along the Missouri

River.  It should be pointed out that Iowa's population is increasing,

there are more visitors, there is more leisure time, more disposable

income, and a highly intricate highway system which are indicative

that the deiiand for recreation is on the upswing.  Although demand is

high for such activities as driving and walking for pleasure, sight-

seeing and bicycling, the need for facilities is apparently greatest

for such activities as outdoor games and sports, swimming, picnicing,

camping and boating.  Multiple use recreation areas located adjacent

to or around quality water bodies are highly desirable.

     The tables below were derived from data supplied in the Iowa

Recreation Survey of 1966 and depicts what the people of Iowa like to

do as well as when.  (Also on p. 118 and 121-123 in Outdoor Recreation

in Iowa.)

        Most Popular Outdoor Activities
      (in % participating during entire yr.)

 1.  Driving for pleasure               78.7%

 2.  Picnicking                         77.7%

 3.  Sightseeing                        58.8%

 4.  Walking for pleasure               58.6%

 5.  Attend ng outdoor sports events    48.37

 6.  Fishin;,                            40.7%

 7.  Games (outdoor)                    38.27.,

 8.  Swimming                           37.9%

                               -C17-

-------
                                                                        197
 9.  Boating

10.  Bicycling
35.0%

21.7%
       Most Popular Summertime Activities
                 (June-August 1966)

 1.  Picnicking                         75.8%

 2.  Driving                            74.1%

 3.  Walking                            54.9%

 4.  Sightseeing                        53.7%

 5.  Attending outdoor sports events    38.7%

 6.  Fishing                            37.8%

 7.  Swimming                           36.9%

 8.  Playing outdoor games              36.8%

 9.  Boating                            33.1%

10.  Bicycling                          19.0%

     The State, for planning purposes, divided up the land area  into

geographical planning regions.  Then based on supply and demand, and

recreation standards, recreation acres needed were projected to 1985.

The southwest ar; 1 northwest regions generally overlap the araa under

revLew.  Thus, t'ie following table illustrates a latent demand ior

rec-cation.  (Pa;,e 138 of the SCORP)

                      Gross-Area Recreation Needs by Region
Category
REGION IV
Municipal
County
State
Federal
REGION V -
Municipal
County
State
Federal
Existing
Acres Ac
- SOUTHWEST
770
13,063
3,749
NORTHWEST
2,612
32,774
none
Supply
./1000
2.8
47.8
13.7
7.3
92.2
none
Mi nimnm
Acres
5,361
21,445
26,806
7,928
31,712
39,640
Needed (}.98S)
Ac./lOOO
15.0
20.0
80.0
100.0
15.0
20.0
80.0
100.0
Deficiency (11>YJ
Acrv:,
4, 591
H.382
23,057
5,316
none
39,640
                               -CIS-

-------
198
       As can be seen,  a deficiency of approximately 81,000 acres will be
  apparent in 1985 in the two planning regions which coincide with the area
  under review.
       The proposed land acquisition as expressed in the capital improvement
  program (Appendix A of the report) for these two planning regions show that
  28,280 acres will be acquired between 1968-1985 by the Iowa State Conserva-
  tion Commission.  While this does not include municipal,  county,  or Federal
  proposed acquisitions, an outstanding deficiency of almost 58,000 acres
  would remain.
       The total public inventory of existing recreation resources within
  the area under review can be found in the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's
  MBIAC report.  As noted in these tables,  total recreation visitation figures
  are not available for the area under review.  The only figures tabulated
  involve use at 18 State parks and recreation areas.  The  total use amounted
  to 2,074,000 visitations.
       The private sector inventory of recreation enterprises in the area
  of review, as taken from the Iowa plan,  is contained in Appendix B.
       Appendix C shows the participation of lowans, 12 years and older,  in
  away-from-home activities for the years 1965 to 1985.  The basic  data for
  these projections were also taken from the Iowa plan and  relate speci-
  fically to planning Sections 4 and 5 (northwest and southwest  portions  of
  Iowa).  A relative percentage of Iowa's total population  was used in com-
  parison with the population of Sections 4 and 5.  The number of participants
  was then reduced by this percentage and total days computed.   Total  days
  of use in 1965 were 52,371,000, while in 1985 it increased to  54,132,000.
  Note the increase of nearly 2 million total days of participation in these
  two regions by 1985 and in particular note the significant rise in the
  water-related activities.
                                    -C19-

-------
                                                                           199
     In addition, it is important to note that the percent participating




as well as the mean days per participant were not increased for the 1985




projections.  Due to more leisure time, and the ever-expanding population,




these factors would increase the overall total quite drastically.  Similar-




ily, studies now show that a greater percentage of persons under 12 years




of age participate in outdoor activities more frequently than previously




thought.  Also, these projections of use do not consider non-resident




use which could be as much as the resident use.  (See Page 12 of the MBLAC




Report.)




     Finally, the Lewis and Clark Trail development in western Iowa is




sure to expand the role now played by out-of-state tourists.   By 1985,




the number of out-of-state recreationists visiting the various sites and




locations along the Missouri River will add immeasurably to the percent




participating as well as the total number participating.  All of the above




factors clearly spell out a rising demand and need.




     Perhaps, the best composite of existing and proposed, public and private




recreational developments on or near the Missouri River comes from the




Corps of Engineer's Report on the Recreation Aspects of the Lower Missouri




River.  This listing is found in Appendix D.




     It should be pointed out that the visitation projections accumulated




by the Corps with respect to their proposed developments indicates the




following recreational use.  Based on available data,  the Corps estimates




that some 250,000 visitor-days presently occur between Rulo,  Nebraska and




Sioux City (the Iowa stretch of the Missouri River is  situated within this




area).  After Corps development use is expected to increase to 500,000




visitor-days annually.   After 50 years the annual visitation  will  reach




1 million.

-------
200
       In defining the roles and responsibilities of the various agencies




  having an interest in recreation, the State plan outlines the following




  purpose for the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.




       The Water Pollution Control Commission was established in 1965 by the




  61st General Assembly in an attempt "to conserve the waters of the State




  and to protect, maintain, and improve the quality thereof for public water




  supplies, for the propagation of wildlife, fish, and aquatic life, and




  for domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational, and other legitimate




  (beneficial) uses; to provide that no waste be discharged into any waters




  of the State without first being given the degree of treatment necessary




  to protect the legitimate (beneficial) uses of such waters; to provide




  for the prevention, abatement and control of new, increasing, potential,




  or existing water pollution; and to cooperate with other agencies of the




  State, agencies of other States and the Federal Government in carrying




  out these objectives.




       In addition to an earlier section on the Lewis and Clark Trail, the




  following is found on p. 195 of the "Outdoor Recreation in Iowa" report.




  The concept of the Lewis and Clark Trail system is to preserve and/or




  develop the scenic, historic, recreational, and cultural significance of



  the route and adjacent areas.  The program below was recommended for the




  Iowa portion:



       a.  Designate a Lewis and Clark Trail Highway connecting with com-




  parably designated highways in Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota.  This




  route has been established as part of the scenic roads system in Iowa.

-------
                                                                          201
     b.  Develop a uniform system of information and directional signs




and markers along this highway.




     c.  Acquire and develop additional public recreation areas, including




a system of hiking and horseback trails.




     d.  Take corrective action to eliminate pollution in the Missouri




River.




     e.  Assist and cooperate with private recreation enterprise interested




in providing food, lodging, and other facilities associated with recreation




and travel use.




     f.  Enhance the scenic nature of the Lewis and Clark Highway by the




use of scenic easements.




     g.  Develop an extensive State campaign to promote the Trail.




     The State Conservation Commission is assuming a leading role in




encouraging development of the Iowa portion of the Lewis and Clark Trail.




The plans call for a long range program of preservation and development




of the area affected, and immediate efforts should be directed toward




instituting initial phases of the proposal.




     Finally on page 196 - Some interest has recently been indicated in




marking and developing the Mormon Trail route across southern Iowa  used




by the Mormons in their march to the Salt Lake region of Utah.   The Con-




servation Commission has begun preliminary investigation of this route  and




should expand its efforts to include other interested agencies  and  organi-




zations in marking the route and encouraging and  directing the  preservation




and development of significant sites and areas adjacent  to the  Mormon Trail.

-------
202
 THE MIDDLE MISSOURI




      The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's study report entitled,  The Middle




 Missouri proposes many actions for a 1,265-mile stretch of the  Missouri




 River upstream from Iowa.   It is worth mentioning that one of the recom-




 mendations is that "the States should enforce high standards of water




 quality."  The actions required include:




      1.  Early State action to reduce pollution threat.




      2.  Implementation and enforcement of 1965 Water Quality Act




          (PL-89-234).




      3.  Expand education and control programs.




      From this brief statement, it can be seen that Iowa's upstream neighbors




 will be called upon to provide its downstream users with the good water




 quality--the same as Iowa's downstream users have the right to  expect.




      It is understood that Governor Hughes requested the Lewis  and Clark




 Trail Commission to promote a similar "Lower Missouri" study by the BOR.




 At their June 28, 1968, Meeting the L&CC resolved to petition the Senators




 of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa to use their offices to secure  a




 study by the Department of the Interior.
                                    -C23-

-------
                                                                       203
COMCLUSIOH




     In the foregoing summaries an attempt has been made to show the




relative significance of recreational benefits in a water-oriented




environment.  The key role of state governments, the tremendous




recreational potential of the Lewis and Clark Trail, the detrimental




effects of any and all levels of water pollution, the surge and




importance of water related recreation activities—all of these tell




a story and it is one of an overwhelming need.




     As seen in the preceding pages a general concensus exists con-




cerning the development and potential of outdoor recreation in




western Iowa.  The concensus is two-fold.  It is simply that (1) a




huge latent demand for water-oriented outdoor recreation opportunities




and facilities exists and that (2) full satisfaction of this demand




can manifest itself only if a massive and intensified effort be made




to capitalize on the existing available opportunities.  This concensus




is shared by both the Federal and State establishments.




     Inherent is the fact that secondary treatment along the main




stem of the Missouri River will ameliorate the river's present con-




dition.  As we have seen, the future benefits to be gained are numerous.




     In addition to the recreation activities in western Iowa, the




downstream reaches of the Missouri River adjacent to Kansas and down




into Missouri may well experience desirable effects.  By enhancing




water  quality in the upper portions of the Missouri River, the




recreational needs of those downstream will be better served.
                                -C24-

-------
204
         Of tantamount importance is the value of intangible benefits




    to be had through improving the land and water resources.   These




    benefits cannot be measured in numbers--they can only be measured




    in words.  All the splendor and beauty of a natural setting has




    overwhelming value to many rural and city dwellers alike.   The




    quality of the experience is a direct reflection on the quality of




    the environment.   To improve the environment is to elevate the




    quality of the recreational experience many times over.  The experi-




    ence is, for thousands of Americans, a sort of self-realization and




    at its most basic level—a certain oneness with nature.  The unique-




    ness, the natural beauty, the quality and aesthetic values that could




    be preserved and improved along the Missouri are indeed worth the




    effort.




         Similarly, the forces acting on the recreation demand cannot be




    understated.  Take the expanding mobility of today's vacationists




    and travelers, the rising amounts of money available for fun as well




    as the ever increasing time for leisure.  Then add to these a




    mushrooming population and the overall situation suddenly becomes urgent.




         In conclusion, the recreational demands have been identified and




    the supply has been found deficient.  The resulting needs dictate




    that  further  enhancement  of  the quality  of  the Missouri River  is highly




    desirable.




         Yes, the  outdoor recreation demands have become imperative--and so




    also have the  needs.  It would be inimical to the development of




    effective pollution abatement goals and water quality enhancement




    measures if the only course of action to be taken is no action at all.
                                    -C25-

-------
                                                                      205
Enhancement of the Missouri River is necessary.  It will ultimately




improve water quality, it will yield more tangible as well as intangi-




ble benefits, it will provide the groundworks for satisfying quality




recreational needs, and it will do so for generations to come.




     And in the last analysis, who will benefit the most?  It is sure




to be the people of this land—the Kansans, the Nebraskans, the




Missourians--and most of all, the lowans themselves.
                                C26-

-------
206

























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-------
208
        From:  Outdoor Recreation in Iowa, pp. 283-305
      County

   Fremont
   Harrison
   Mills

   Konona
                       PRIVATE SECTOR RECREATION ENTERPRISES
                                (on or near Mo. River)

                                        Iowa
               Enterprise

1.  Kciox Basin

2.  Webb Foot Haven

3.  Stanley Boat Landing

4.  Hamburg Boat Landing

5.  American Legion

6.  Shall Faru

1.  Missouri Valley Boy Scouts

2.  Boy of Craft

3.  Western Iowa Fish and Wildlife Club

4.  Hor.k and Quack Lodge

5.  1,033:1-Missouri Valley Country Club

6.  Module Boy Scouts

7.  Horseshoe Lake

8.  Lir.n Lake

    (none)

    (none)

1.  Willaday Farm

2.  Onaua Country Club

3.  Ruth'a Marina

4.  Whitir-2 Gun Club

5.  Koriona Councy Rural Electric Co-op
      Roadside Park
Hamburg

Barclett

Thurman

Hamburg

Sidney

Riverton

Missouri Valley
                                                                        Modale
                                                                        Mondauiii
Whiting

Onawa

Whiting

      M

Onawa

-------
                                                                                     209-A
?iy;r.outh

Pottawattamie
Sioux
Woodbury
6.  Christian Church Camp, First Christian
      Church

      (nor.e)

1.  Hidden Valley Shooting Preserve

2.  Crc_cor.t  Ski Mills



4.  I'cr-^n'ii Goose Haven

5.  Rair.bow Ranch

6.  Cou.-._ii Bluffs Archery Range

7.  -lie;; Country Club

8.  S'is'.-. ar.d  Gar,;2 Protective Association
                      9.

                     1C.

                     11.

                     12.

                     13.

                     14.

                     15.

                     16.

                     17.

                     18.
    Ci.:-.ibcll's Eost Livery

    Council Bluffs Boat Club

    I-Ii-V Cauo

    Chalet  Club

    C-.-p Waconda (Eoy Scouts)

    rxcc:
-------
209-B
           4.   Sgt.  71oyd MoriU-vi^r.t: - Sport lend              Sioux Cizy




           5.   T<-r2,et  Rcnse                                 Sjt. Bluffi




           6.   Siou:-: City Gun Club                          Sioux City




           7.   Hawkeys Gun Club                                   "




           8.   South Siou:-: 1-lsrir.a                                 "




           9.   Button  Willows                                     "

-------
                                                                 210
                        APPENDIX C




PARTICIPATION OF IOWANS 12 YEARS & OLDER IN AWAY-FROM-HOME
ACTIVITIES (SEPTEMBER 1965
- SEPTEMBER
1966) FOR REGIONS 4 & 5

Activity
Bicycling
Horseback riding
Playing outdoor games
Golf, regular
Golf, miniature
Tennis
Badminton
Basketball
Baseball, softball
Archery
Horseshoes, croquet
Football, etc.
Fishing
Trout
Other
Canoeing
Sailing
Other boating
Swimming
Ocean
Lake
Stream
Pool
Water skiing
Hunting
Small game
Big game
Waterfowl
Camping
Developed (trailer)
Developed (tent)
Wilderness
Mountain-rock climbing
Hiking
Walking for pleasure
Bird watching
Wildlife photography
Nature walks
Picnics
Driving for pleasure
Sightseeing
Attend outdoor sports
I
Part.
21.7
11.9
38.2
9.4
10.0
6.5
9.6
8.2
21.7
3.6
7.9
11.6
40.7
2.0
40.4
4.6
1.6
35.0
37.9
3.0
24.5
5.4
22.4
5.9
18.5
17.2
0.7
0.9
15.1
6.6
7.4
2.2
0.7
3.2
58.6
9.8
3.3
15.3
77.7
78.7
58.8
48.3
No. Part.
120,365
66,006
211,887
52,139
55,467
36,054
53,249
45,483
120,365
19,968
43,819
64,342
225,754
11,093
224,090
25,515
8,874
194,137
210,223
16,640
135,896
29,952
124,247
32,726
102,615
95,404
3,882
4,992
83,756
36,608
41,046
12,202
3,882
17,749
325,041
54,358
18,304
84,865
430,985
436,531
326,151
267,909
Mean Days
Per Part.
27.9
9.6
15.7
19.8
4.5
7.0
5.7
9.6
12.4
4.1
6.1
7.8
10.4
3.9
10.2
4.6
2.1
6.7
13.3
3.8
6.5
4.1
13.9
5.2
8.7
7.0
4.7
7.3
7.3
9.2
5.4
3.2
3.3
4.2
15.3
7.3
4.0
5.5
7.4
17.8
7.5
9.0
Total Days
3,358,183
633,657
3,326,625
1,032,352
249,601
252,378
303,519
436,636
1,492,526
81,868
267,293
501,867
2,347,841
43,262
2,285,718
117,369
18,635
1 , 300 , 7 1 7
2,795,965
63,232
883,324
122,803
1,727,033
170,175
892,750
667,828
18,240
364,416
611,418
336,793
221,648
39,046
12,810
74,545
4,973,127
396,813
73,216
466,757
3,189,289
7,770,251
2,446,132
2,411,181

-------
211
Activity
Attend outdoor plays
Target-trap shooting
Motorcycling
Gardening
Ice skating
Snow skiing
Sledding
County fair
Sunbathing -re lax ing
Trampol ine
Hayrides, etc.
Marching band, etc.
Kite flying, etc.
Mushroom-berry picking
I
Part.
18.7
6.2
9.0
9.5
8.4
1.6
16.5
10.7
5.0
0.4
0.7
2.0
2.3
3.1
No. Part.
103,725
34,390
49,920
52,694
46,593
8,874
91,494
59,350
27,733
2,218
3,882
11,093
12,757
17,194
Mean Days
Per Part.
4.2
7.5
19.2
12.2
5.0
3.9
5.4
2.3
2.9
5.3
3.5
13.3
3.5
5.9
Total Days
435,645
257,925
958,464
642,866
232,965
34,608
494,067
136,505
80,425
11,755
13,587
147,536
44,649
101,^44
                                            GRAND TOTAL
52,371,000

-------
                                                                 212






PARTICIPATION OF IOWANS 12 YEARS & OLDER IS AWAY-FROM-HOME
ACTIVITIES (12 -MONTH
PERIOD 1985)
FOR REGIONS 4 & 5

Activity
Bicycling
Horseback riding
Playing outdoor games
Golf, regular
Golf, miniature
Tennis
Badminton
Basketball
Baseball, softball
Archery
Horseshoes, croquet
Football, etc.
Fishing
Trout
Other
Canoeing
Sailing
Other boating
Swimming
Ocean
Lake
Stream
Pool
Water skiing
Hunting
Small game
Big game
Waterfowl
Camping
Developed (trailer)
Developed (tent)
Wilderness
Mountain-rock climbing
Hiking
Walking for pleasure
Bird watching
Wildlife photography
Mature walks
Picnics
Driving for pleasure
Sightseeing
Attend outdoor sports
Attend outdoor plays
Target -trap shooting
Motorcycling
I
Part.
21.7
11.9
38.2
9.4
10.0
6.5
9.6
8.2
21.7
3.6
7.9
11.6
40.7
2.0
40.4
4.6
1.6
35.0
37.9
3.0
24.5
5.4
22.4
5.9
18.5
17.2
0.7
0.9
15.1
6.6
7.4
2.2
0.7
3.2
58.6
9.8
3.3
15.3
77.7
78.7
58.8
48.3
18.7
6.2
9.0
No. Part.
128,200
70,303
225,088
55,533
59,078
38,400
56,715
48,444
128,200
21,268
46,671
69,121
240,449
11,815
238,676
27,176
9,452
206,774
223,907
17,723
144,742
31,902
132,335
34,856
109,295
101,614
4,135
5,317
89,208
38,991
43,717
12,997
4,135
18,905
346,199
57,896
19,495
90,389
259,039
464,947
347,381
285,348
110,476
36,628
53,170
Mean Days
Per Part.
27.9
9.6
15.7
19.8
4.5
7.0
5.7
9.6
12.4
4.1
6.1
7.8
10.4
3.9
10.2
4.6
2.1
6.7
13.3
3.8
6.5
4.1
13.9
5.2
8.7
7.0
4.7
7.3
7.3
9.2
5.4
3.2
3.3
4.2
15.3
7.3
4.0
5.5
7.4
17.8
7.5
9.0
4.2
7.5
19.2
Total Days
3,576,780
674,908
3,533,881
1,099,553
265,851
268,800
323,275
465,062
1,589,680
87,198
284,693
539,143
2,500,669
46,078
2,434,495
125,009
19,849
1,385,385
2,977,963
67,347
940,823
130,798
1,839,456
181,251
950,866
711,298
194,345
38,814
651,218
358,717
236,071
41,590
13,645
79,401
5,296,844
422,640
77,980
497,139
1,916,888
8,276,056
2,605,357
2,568,132
463,999
274,710
1,020,864

-------
213
Activity
Gardening
Ice skating
Snow skiing
Sledding
County fair
Sunbathing -re lax ing
Trampoline
Hay rides, etc.
Marching band, etc.
Kite flying, etc.
Mushroom-berry picking

Z
Part.
9.5
8.4
1.6
16.5
10.7
5.0
0.4
0.7
2.0
2.3
3.1

Ho. Part.
56,124
49,625
9,452
97,479
63,213
29,539
2,363
4,135
11,815
13,588
18,314

Mean Days
Per Part.
12.2
5.0
3.9
5.4
2.3
2.9
5.3
3.5
13.3
3.5
5.9
GRAND TOTAL
Total Days
684,712
248,125
36,862
526,386
145,389
85,663
12,523
14,472
157,139
47,558
108.052
54,132,000

-------
                          IOWA  - LEWIS AND CLARK
                  HISTORIC, WILDLIFE AND RECREATION AREAS
                        (on or  near Missouri River)
                        Existing,  (private and public)

  1.  Hamburg Boat  and Gun Club  -  Ranp

  2.  Auldon Bar  Island  - State  Recreation Area

  3.  Shencndoah  Boat Club - Dock

  4.  Nottleman Island - State Recreation Area

  5.  Tri-County  Boat Dock

  6.  Lake Manawa State Park

  7.  Twin City Boat Marina

  8.  Council Bluffs Boat Club - Dock

  S.  Council Bluffs Historic Sites

10.  Wilson Island State Park

11.  DeSoto Bend National Wildlife Refuge

12.  H. A. Peterson Boat Marina

13.  S. Peterson Boat Marina

14.  Onawa Access Recreation Area

15.  Don Ruth Marina

16.  Honona County Recreation Area

17.  Sergeant Floyd Monument

18.  Sioux City Historic Sites

19.  Gifford Wildlife Sanctuary - State

20.  Saith State Wildlife Refuge


                      Proposed (private and  public)

 1.  State Line Island - State Recreation Area

 2.  Otoe Bend  Island -  State  Recreation Area

-------
215-A
         3.   Copeland  Bend  Island  -  State  Recreation Area




         4.   Percival  Area  (Corps  of Engineers)




         5.   Glenwood  Area  (Corps  c£ Engineers)




         6.   Gifford Area  (Corps of  Engineers)




         7.   Narrows Area  (Corps of  Engineers)




         o.   Rand  Bar  -  State  Recreation Area




         9.   Wilson Island  (State  and Corps  of Engineers River Access)




        10.   California  Bend  - State Recreation Area




        11.   Oxbow Lakes (Corps of Engineers and State)




        12.   Tyson Bend  -  State Recreation Area




        13.   Sandy Point Area  (Corps of  Engineers)




        14.   River Stone Area  (Corps of  Engineers)




        15.   River Stone State Recreation  Area




        16.   Pickle City Area  (Corps of  Engineers)




        17.   Blackbird Area (Corps of Engineers)




        IS.   Oxbow Lakes (Corps of Engineers and State)




        19.   Rabbit Island  -  State Recreation Area




        20.   Omaha Mission Bend Area (Corps  of Engineers)




        21.   Oxbow Lake  (Corps of  Engineers  and State)




        22.   Snyder Bend Area  (Corps of  Engineers)




        23.   Dakota Bend State Wildlife  Refuge




        24.   Floyd Bend  Area  (Corps  of Engineers)




        25.   Marina (Sioux  City and  Corps  of Engineers)




        26.   Hamburg Landing  (Corps  of Engineers)




        27.   Bartlett  Landing  (Corps of  Engineers)




        23.   Dodge Park  (Corps of  Engineers  and City of Council Bluffs)

-------
                                               215-B
           APPENDIX  D
WATER QUALITY MONITORING  STATIONS
      ON INTERSTATE STREAMS
               IOWA
               1969

-------
216
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-------
                                                                                                                                                         217-A
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-------
217-B
                                   APPENDIX  E
                    U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY TEMPERATURE STATIONS
                                        on
                            INTERSTATE  STREAMS OF IOWA

-------
                                                                    218
APPENDIX
          U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY TEMPERATURE  STATIONS
                               on
                   INTERSTATE  STREAMS OF IOWA
                                                Maximum Recorded
       Stream and  Station                        Temperature °F

       Rock River
             at  Rock Rapids,  Iowa                       79
             near  Rock Valley,  Iowa                     92

       Little Sioux River
             at  Gillett  Grove,  Iowa                    88
             at  Correctionville, Iowa                   90
             near  Kennebec, Iowa                       89
             near  Turin,  Iowa                          90

       West Nishnabotna River*
             at  Hancock,  Iowa                          82
             at  Randolph, Iowa                          91

       East Nishnabotna River*
             near  Atlantic, Iowa                       82
             at  Red Oak,  Iowa                          95

       Nishnabotna River
             above Hamburg, Iowa                       90

       Tarkio River
             at  Stanton,  Iowa                          91

       Nodaway River
             at  Clarinda, Iowa                          94

       East Fork of 102 River
             at  Bedford,  Iowa                          88

       Thompson  River
             at  Davis City, Iowa                       88

       Weldon River
             near  Leon, Iowa                            94

       Chariton  River
             near  Chariton, Iowa                       87
             near  Rathbun, Iowa                        87
  *Intrastate

-------
219-A
                                      APPENDIX  F






          GRAPHS OF SURVEILLANCE DATA FROM ST.  JOSEPH, MISSOURI,  OMAHA,




          NEBRASKA, AND YANKTON, SOUTH DAKOTA






                         TEMPERATURE, MAXIMUM °C            F-l




                         MEAN FLOW,  CUBIC FEET PER SECOND   F-2




                         DISSOLVED OXYGEN,                  1




                                   MINIMUM, MG/L            F-3




                                   MEAN,  MG/L               F-4




                         B.O.D.




                                   MAXIMUM, MG/L            F-5




                                   MEAN,  MG/L               F-6




                         COLIFORM,




                                   MAXIMUM, MF/100 ML       F-7




                                   MEAN,  MF/100 ML          F-8






          NOTE:   GRAPH WITH S,0,Y AFTER PAGE NUMBERS REFER TO ST. JOSEPH,




                 OMAHA OR YANKTON DATA.   STATIONS  ARE ALSO NUMBERED




                 30-31-32 AS PART OF THE WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE NETWORK




                 IDENTIFICATION.

-------
                                    219-B
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        APPENDIX  G
WATER USES - RECOGNIZED BY
     THE STATE OF IOWA

-------
244
                         G.  Water Uses - Recognized By
                                  The State of Iowa
                        (Missouri River--bordering Iowa)

 Uses

 I.  Public Water Supply (Council Bluffs only)

 2.  Aquatic Life--warm water area (full length of River)


 Criteria

     General Criteria.  The following criteria are applicable to all surface
     waters at all places and at all times:

     a.  Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial or other
         discharges that will settle to form putrescent or otherwise objection-
         able sludge deposits;

     b.  Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other floating materials
         attributable to municipal, industrial or other discharges in amounts
         sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious;

     c.  Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial or other
         discharges producing color, odor or other conditions in such degree
         as to be detrimental to legitimate uses of water;

     d.  Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial or other
         discharges in concentrations or combinations which are detrimental to
         human, animal, industrial, agricultural, recreational, aquatic or
         other legitimate uses of the water.

     Public Water Supply-Specific Criteria.  The following criteria for
     surface water quality apply to the point at which water is withdrawn
     for treatment and distribution as a potable supply (Council Bluffs
     water intake):

     1.  Bacteria:  Waters shall be considered to be of unsatisfactory
         bacteriological quality as a source when:

         A sanitary survey indicates the presence or probability of the
         presence of sewage or other objectionable bacteria-bearing wastes or

         A bacteriological survey using coLiform or other appropriate indices
         indicates bacteriological concentrations significantly higher than
         those normally found or expected in these waters when free from
         pollution by sewage.

     2.  Radioactive substances;  Gross beta activity (in the known absence of
         strontium - 90 and alpha emitters) not to exceed 1000 micro-micro-
         curies per liter.
                                    G-l

-------
3.  Chemical constituents:  Not to exceed the following concentrations:

                    Specific Constituents (rag/1)

    Arsenic                0.05        Cyanide           0.025
    Barium                 1.0         Fluoride          1.5
    Cadmium                0.01        Lead              0.05
    Chromium (hexavalent)  0.05        Phenols           0.02

    All substances toxic or detrimental to humans or detrimental to
    treatment processes shall be limited to nontoxic or nondetrimental
    concentrations in the surface water.

Aquatic Life—Specific Criteria.  The following criteria are designed
for the maintenance and propagation of a well-balanced fish population.
They are applicable to any place in surface waters but cognizance will
be given to opportunities for admixture of waste effluents with such
waters.

1.  Warm water areas.  Dissolved oxygen:  Not less than 5.0 mg/1
    during at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period and not less than
    4.0 mg/1 at any time during the 24-hour period.

        pH:  Not less than 6.8 nor above 9.0.

        Temperature:  Not to exceed 93° F during the months of May
        through November, and not to exceed 73° F during the months
        of December through April.

    Chemical constituents:  Not to exceed the following concentrations:

                    Specific constituents (mg/1)

    Ammonia Nitrogen (N)  2.0         *Copper            0.02
   *Arsenic               1.0          Cyanide           0.025
   *Barium                5.0         *Lead              0.10
   *Cadium                0.05         Phenols           0.20
   *Chromium (hexavalent) 0.05        *Zinc              1.0
   *Chromium (trivalent)  1000

   *A maximum of 5.0 mg/1 for the entire heavy metal group shall not be
    exceeded.

    All substances toxic or detrimental to aquatic life shall be limited
    to nontoxic or nondetrimental concentrations in the surface water.
                              G-2

-------
                  APPENDIX  H






INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY




    OF THE MISSOURI RIVER IN OCTOBER 1968

-------
                                                                                246
 I.   INTRODUCTION




          The following analysis was made on the 8-day, dry weather, navigation




     flow, data presented in Table A-I and Table A-4 of this report.  The effort




     was directed at determining the sources of bacteriological contamination




     to the Missouri River and at predicting the effect of treatment on these




     sources.  Figure H-l shows the coliform concentrations.




II.   METHOD OF ANALYSIS




          The coliform data on the Missouri River from Gavins Point to St.




     Jospeh were evaluated in terms of a coliform mass (i.e., the data were




     evaluated from a total number per day approach rather than a concentration




     approach).  The coliform masses were calculated for the various sources




     along the reach of the Missouri River from Gavins Point to St. Joseph.




     These coliform source data included measurements of the waste effluents at




     the Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant, the Council Bluffs Sewage Treatment




     Plant, the Monroe Street Sewer at Omaha, Nebraska, and estimates of the




     densities in the remaining outfalls from Omaha and Papillion Creek.  Also



     included were the measurements of coliform densities from the major tributaries




          A mass diagram of the data is shown in Figure H-2.  The mass diagram




     indicated that the major sources of coliforms in the Missouri during the




     dry weather  period of the October survey were contributed by major cities.



     The coliform contribution to the Missouri River from the Big Sioux River,




     the Soldier River, and the Boyer River was negligible during the normal




     flow period of the October survey.  These observations led to the next




     portion of the analysis.




          Based on the field observations, the major source of coliforms are




     from the wastewater effluents.  Consequently, an analysis was made to





                                         H-l

-------
247
      determine the effect of treatment on reducing the quantity of coliforns in




      the Missouri River.  This analysis was based on the work of Imhoff and




      Fair (1) and Kittrell and Furfari (2).  A 93 per cent reduction of coliform




      was assumed with secondary treatment and a 98.5 per cent reduction of coliform




      was assumed with secondary treatment and chlorination.  The predicted effects




      of these types of treatment on river coliform concentrations are shown in




      Figure H-3 and are tabulated in Table H-I.




III.  OTHER ANALYSES MADE




           A mass balance was also made on the fecal coliform organisms.  The




      results showed that approximately SO per cent of the fecal coliforms in the




      river could be accounted for in the reach from Sioux City to Omaha.  This




      includes only those fecal coliforms measured at the Sioux City Sewage Treat-




      ment Plant.  It does not include coliform organisms that may have been con-




      tributed from the other waste sources in the Sioux City area.  Greater than




      75 per cent of the fecal coliform organisms could be accounted for in the




      reach of the river from Omaha to St. Joseph.



           The effect of two stage chlorination with primary treatment on coliform




      densities was also calculated.  Pierce  (3) concluded that with two stage




      chlorination, coliform densities in a plant effluent could be reduced con-



      sistently to a concentration of 500 MPN/100 ml or lower.  This reduction is




      far  in excess of the 98.5 per cent reduction assumed for secondary treatment




      with chlorination.  This effluent concentration would virtually eliminate




      the  effect of the major cities on the river coliform concentration.  If this




      reduction were realized, the major sources of bacterial contamination would




      have been the Boyer River and the Platte River.  This conclusion is based on




      conditions existing in the river that were similiar to those in the October
                                          H-2

-------
    1968 survey.  The maximum value of coliform concentration in the river




    assuming two stage chlorination and primary treatment was estimated to be




    4250 MPN/100 ml.




IV. CONCLUSIONS




         The following conclusions are based on the above analyses and apply




    to the Missouri River conditions that existed during the dry weather




    period of the October 1968 survey.




         1.  Greater than 85 per cent of the total coliforms measured in the




             Missouri River were contributed by the major waste sources along




             the stream.




         2.  Approximately 50 per cent of the fecal coliforma measured in the




             Missouri River were contributed by the major waste sources that




             were measured during the October 1968 survey.




         3.  The total and fecal coliform contribution to the Missouri River




             from the Big Sioux River, the Soldier River and the Boyer River




             were negligible during the dry weather period of the October




             survey.




         A.  Secondary treatment alone would not be adequate to provide reduction




             of coliforms to meet the National Technical Advisory Committee's



             standard for public water supplies based on the analysis outlined




             above.




         5.  Chlorination following secondary treatment would be adequate to




             provide reduction of coliforms to meet the National Technical




             Advisory Committee's standard for public water supplies based on




             the analysis outlined above.






                                       H-3

-------
6.  Primary treatment with two stage chlorination would be adequate



    to provide reduction of coliforms to meet the National Technical



    Advisory Committee's standard for public water supplies based on



    the analysis outlined above.
                               H-4

-------
                                                                       249-B
                             BIBLIOGRAPHY








I.  Imhoff, K. and G.M. Fair, Sewage Treatment.   John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,




New York (1956).






2.  Kittrell, F.W. and S.A. Furfari, "Observations  of Coliform Bacteria




in Streams."  Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,  pp. 1361-1385,




(November 1963).






3.  Pierce, D.M.  "Two-Stage Chlorination -  An Effective and Practical




Method of Sewage Disinfection."  Sewage  and  Industrial Wastes.  Vol. 24, No. 8,




pp. 929-961, (August 1952).
                                   H-5

-------
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                                                      254
                     C. V. Blomgren
               MR. BLOMGREN:  This conference was called




by notice of March 5, 19&9, by the Secretary of the




Interior.  The purpose of the conference is to resolve




those excepted portions of the Iowa Water Quality Stan-




dards. The main exceptions are as follows:  (1) The




establishment of treatment requirements and an implemen-




tation plan for waste discharges to the Missouri and




Mississippi Rivers; (2) The specification of requirements




for disinfection of controllable discharges which may be




sources of bacteriological pollution; and (3) The develop




ment of water temperature criteria for the interstate




waters of the State other than the Missouri and Mississippi




Rivers.  The questions on phenols, radioactivity and non-




degradation were adequately discussed in the Davenport




session on April 8 and 9, 1969.




               This session of the conference is specif-



ically aimed at those interstate waters draining into the




Missouri River and the main stem of the Missouri itself.




We have demonstrated in our report .lust reasons for the




exceptions taken by the Secretary of the Interior.  Clean




water is no longer a free resource in unlimited quantitie




that is readily available at our doorstep.  The Water

-------
	255




                      C. V.  Blomgren






 Quality Act  of  1965  was based  on  public  recognition  of




 this  fact  and  clean  water  is the  primary reason  we are




 here  today.




                The Federal  Water  Pollution  Control




 Administration  is dedicated to the cooperation with  the




 States  in  protecting and enhancing the water  quality for




 the present  and future generations.




                In summarizing  our report, I want to  dwell




 on three major  topics.  These  are:   (1)  The recognized




 water uses;  (2)  The  present water quality and waste




 disposal practices;  and (3) The damages  to  or impairment




 of both present and  future  uses due  to the water quality




 degradation.




                The State of Iowa  has  identified  in its




 water quality standards only two  beneficial uses  for the



 Missouri River.  These uses are public water  supply  sourc




 for Council  Bluffs and support of aquatic life for the




 full  length  of  the river.   The Department of  the  Interior




 believes that from Sioux City  to  the  Iowa-Missouri border




 there are  at least six principal  categories of water use.




 Our personnel have made water  quality studies and on-site




 surveys.

-------
                                                      256
                     C. V. Blomgren
               The primary use is public water supply.



The Missouri River is the water supply source for over



3,000,000 people in 11 separate communities in the reach



between Sioux City and St. Louis.  Council Bluffs, Omaha



and St. Joseph alone use over 62 million gallons of water




per day for municipal water supply.



               Recreation on the Missouri is a reality.



Figures compiled from Iowa's outdoor recreation plan



indicate that 52 million days of recreation use occurred



in the western region of Iowa in 196~5.  In Iowa alone,



our survey personnel identified 27 public access sites



for the Missouri River.  Iowa has over 75,000 power boats



registered, many of which are used on the Missouri. There



are numerous private recreational developments on the



river bank.  The potential for further water-based



recreation is emphasized by the statement presented by



Mr. Glen Powers, Planning Director of the Iowa State



Conservation Commission, in which he stated, and I quote:




"The Missouri, on our western boundary, probably has the



greatest potential for recreational  development of any




one area that we could mention."



               Perhaps the best way to depict the recreation

-------
                                                      257
                     C. V. Blomgren
potential of bhe Missouri River is to outline the more




significant actions proposed and express some of the




pertinent extracts from the reference material.  Foremost




is the establishment of the Lewis and Clark Trail along




the full route of the Missouri River.  Since Congress




established the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission in
the Missouri River has been recognized as a national




resource worthy of development to a far greater degree



than heretofore.  The purpose of this act was to create



an appreciation of the resources, encourage their con-



servation, and to promote the protection and development



of outdoor recreation resources along the route for publi



use and enjoyment.  The development plan prepared by the



Bureau of Outdoor Recreation provides for many and varied



resources linked along the entire route to satisfy the



full spectrum of recreation activities from the most



active to the most passive.  Some 35 recreation sites



were identified for construction by the Corps of Engineerjs



between Sioux City and Rulo, Nebraska.



               The National Commission, in association



with all of the affected States including the Iowa State



Lewis and Clark Trail Committee,  is now implementing

-------
                                                      258
                     C. V. Blomgren
those actions necessary to achieve the national objective



To date, one of the principal tasks has been accomplished



that is, the marking and historical interpretation of the



route on the roads which parallel, ad.join, and otherwise



provide access to the river.  Among the problems mentione



as confronting full attainment of the recognized goals is



water pollution.  The Commission specifically recommended



that the FWPCA give continuing attention to the abatement



and control of water pollution and that States also take



steps to strengthen measures to reduce water pollution



along the Trail route.



               Commercial fishing is another category of



use which we recognize on the river.  In the State of



Iowa alone 17 commercial fishing activities were identi-



fied by interview.



               The Missouri River is an integral part of



the Mississippi flyway for migrating waterfowl.  As such,



it affords an intermediate resting a,nd feeding area for




the waterfowl.  It is important to protect the water



quality to sustain the food supply and resting areas.  In




addition, the area caters to thousands of duck and goose



hunters each year with the associated esthetic and economic

-------
                                                      259
                     G. V. Blomgren
benefits.  Eleven refuge or hunting sites were identified




¥e believe that many more exist.




               The river is used as a source of industrial




water supply, primarily cooling water, by two separate




power generation facilities in Iowa.




               The navigation activities carry considerable




tonnage of agricultural and industrial materials.  These



materials are transhipped each year from the five commer-




cial docking and loading facilities located in Iowa. Per-




sonnel on these craft are sub.ject to contact with potent!




disease producing agents found in the river.




               We have shown in our report specific docu-




mentation to support the six categories of use that must




be recognized.  This expanded scope of uses}when compared




to the two recognized in Iowa's water quality standards,




serves to emphasize the necessity for resolving the




exceptions taken by the Secretary of the Interior.  The




purpose and intent of these standards are to protect and




enhance quality for all beneficial uses.




               Having documented the uses,  I now want to




summarize the cause-effect aspects of existing water




quality and waste disposal practices.   The  data contained

-------
                                                      260
                     C. V. Blomgren
in the report to support this analysis are from baseline



surveys of the Missouri River conducted in October 1968



and January 1969; the Construction Grants Program; and



from our three surveillance stations located at Yankton,



South Dakota, Omaha, Nebraska, and St. Joseph, Missouri.



               In the Iowa portion of the Missouri drain-



age basin, there are a total of 1*1-6 municipal waste treat



ment facilities.  One hundred eighteen of these plants



are located on intrastate waters, twenty-six are on inter



state waters, and two discharge directly into the Missour



River.  In addition, there are 12 industrial or other




separate waste sources in the Iowa drainage area.  To com



plete the waste source inventory, the 12 municipal waste



discharges and 1 industrial source located on the main st



of the Missouri River in Nebraska and South Dakota are ci



in our report.  These States are committed to secondary




treatment.



               A further breakdown of the municipal waste




inventory shows that of the 146 plants discharging to



interstate and intrastate streams in Iowa,112 provide



secondary treatment, 23 primary treatment, and 11 have no



treatment.  The results of our survey shows the primary
m



ed

-------
                                                      261
                     C. V. Blomgren
plant at Sioux City discharges wastes equivalent to a



population of 250,000,while there are only 120,000 resi-



dents.  Council Bluffs shows the same picture.  The



population equivalent of their waste discharges after



primary treatment is 13^,000, while the population is




only 60,000. The load from Council Bluffs will increase



significantly with the addition of the new packing plant.



               The impact of these waste sources on the



quality of the Missouri is clearly demonstrated by the



data contained in Appendix A, B, and F of our report.



The ma.-jority of these data were collected during our




baseline survey of the Missouri River between Gavins



Point Dam and St. Joseph, Missouri.



               Three different hydrologic conditions




were encountered during this survey.  The first was the



dry weather normal autumn navigation flows, the second



was wet weather autumn flows as influenced by rainfall



runoff, and the third the winter flow conditions with



extensive ice coverage.  In general, the results of the



surveys demonstrated increasing water quality degradation



progressing in the downstream direction.




               Starting at Gavins Point Dam,  the data

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                                                      262
                     C. V. Blomgren
demonstrate a relatively high quality water suitable for



all "beneficial uses.  Indices of pollution such as sus-



pended solids, nutrients, dissolved organics and bacteria!.



indicator organisms are present in extremely low concen-



trations.  The biological habitat reflects essentially



nonpolluted conditions.



               Downstream from the Sioux City area, the



effects of waste discharges are immediately reflected by



the water quality changes.  Densities of bacterial indi-



cator organisms increase significantly.  Increased con-




centrations of quality parameters indicative of recent



pollution such as nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)



and dissolved organics are found.  There is also serious



destruction of the aquatic habitat in the Sioux City area



We know of no other factor affecting water quality that



is not man instigated.



               Below the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan



area^ the river quality again reflects the impact of wast<;




discharges.  The aquatic habitat for a distance of



miles downstream indicated a zone of water quality degrad^i



tion.  Large numbers of the same pollution tolerant




organisms were observed in contrast to the clean water

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                                                      263
                     C. V. Blomgren
forms.  Densities of bacterial indicator organisms




increase sharply.  The concentrations of dissolved




organics as measured by BOD and the nutrient concen-




trations are significantly higher.




               During the periods of high rainfall run-




off, the quality problems are heightened.  The suspended




load carried by the river is increased by a factor of 20.




The bacterial indicator organisms and nutrient concen-




trations are more than doubled.  This indicates a need




for extending pollution control practices beyond the




sewer and treatment plant systems.




               I have briefly summarized the waste




sources and the resulting water quality.  Now consider




the impact of quality degradation on water uses.




               First, let us examine the public water




supply use.  Large metropolitan areas are using millions



of gallons per day for human consumption.  In sport or




industrial contact with raw water, effort must be made




to eliminate the possibilities of contact or ingestion




of pathogenic organisms.   The Missouri River carries  as




many as 1,100 fecal coliform organisms per droo,  as shown




by our data. During the normal fall  navigation flows,

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                                                      264
                     G. V. Blomgren
which are similar to summer flows, we have demonstrated



that municipal waste effluents are responsible for over



85 percent of the total coliform bacteria contained in



the river.  These can be controlled at the source.



               The presence of grease balls and other noxious



materials cause problems with physical operation of water



treatment facilities.



               High ammonia concentrations in the water



prior to treatment add considerably to the cost of water



treatment by increasing the chlorine demand.  Effluents



from agricultural products companies, if untreated, can



greatly increase the amount of ammonia in the water, the



need for higher amounts of chlorine and an increase in



the cost of water.



               Another consideration is the nitrogen and



phosphorus in the river.  These materials are necessary



to support the aquatic biota.  If they are present in



excess and other conditions are proper, they can stimu-




late growths of aquatic organisms which may be toxic,



cause taste and odor problems and greatly increase the




operational costs of water treatment facilities.



               The impact of quality on recreational uses

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                                                      265
                     C. V. Blomgren
involves three separate considerations, one for esthetics



and one for water contact situations, and one for physi-



cal damage.  Recreational use involves esthetic apprecia-



tion of the environment, possible contact with the water



through wading, swimming or skiing, and hunting or fish-



ing.  Poor water quality in the Missouri has resulted in



such things as slime and grease on the lines of sports



fishermen, the hazard of contact with disease producing



agents by boat operators, fishermen, water skiers, and



swimmers.  The fouling of the river bottom with sludge



deposits and the grease and oil rings on the boat hulls




and shore appurtenances are evidence of inadequate treat-



ment .




               Primary treatment will remove only the



larger lumps.   Floating grease can be removed by skimming



but the emulsified forms, which are too often the case,



pass through the plant readily.   The dissolved fractions,



the finely suspended materials,  and organics of an ever-



increasing variation and sophistication are still present



and still persist in the effluent from the primary plants



Sioux City and Council Bluffs  are prime examples.




               But even more important,  billions  of  fecal

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                                                      266
                     C. V. Blomgren
bacteria are discharged in every gallon of waste processe



These residuals, the bacteria, the suspended solids and



dissolved fractions, singly and in combination, impair



the full and safe use of the water for recreation today a



will restrict optimum development for the future.  The



Lewis and Clark Trail Development for the Missouri River



could ill afford to advertise the wonders of that stream



having the knowledge of its quality hazards to the mil-



lions of people expected to enjoy it.



               Recreation usage is here today and expecte



to increase tomorrow.  Sioux City is proud of its annual



aquacade.  The numerous marinas,  park developments, and



recreation sites give promise of  more extensive use^pro-



viding the water quality can support such activity.



               If you were to make a boat trip on the



Missouri River, you would have the same experience as our



investigators.  Putting in at Sioux City, they waded in



the water to get into the boat and received splashes in




their faces, each drop containing 14 bacteria of fecal



origin.   As they progressed downstream, the fecal bacteri



become more numerous }reaching as  high as 1100 per drop.



Grease balls the size of oranges  bounced off their craft.
a

-------
                                                      26?
                     C. V. Blomgren
               Animal parts were seen in the stream.



Human refuse of all types were apparent.  Pleasure boat-



ing certainly is affected by these conditions.



               The quality degradation has impact on the



other recognized uses, too.  Commercial fishermen, Phil



Randall and Roy Auckenback, have found nets clogged with



grease and sewage solids along with a declining catch.



Customers  who find the fish flesh tainted and unpala-



table  want their money back.  For fishermen and others



who work on the River  the potential contact with disease



producing agents is ever present.  This water use needs



protecting, too.



               Severe degradation of stretches of the



river was indicated by the changes in populations of the



river bottom dwelling organisms.  This affects the food



chain for some types of fish and further reflects the



need to protect the aquatic habitat.



               We have detailed in our report  the impact



of quality on the other uses and shown quality criteria



necessary to support these uses.  These all lead us to



the conclusion that we must begin now to protect and



enhance the quality to support these  uses.

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	268





                      C. V.  Blomgren





                The  State  of Iowa  has  exhibited  concern



for  the  protection  of the quality of  the  interior  inter-



state  streams  through waste treatment requirements.   In



the  approved sections of  the Water Quality  Standards.,  the



State  has  shown an  implementation plan to achieve  secon-



dary treatment  by July 1, 1972.   However, this  does  not



apply  to the Missouri River.   Pollution from  the  primary



plants is  not  masked  by dilution.  The preservation  of



the  river  front environment for the  citizens  of Iowa and



for  the  Lewis  and Clark Trail  will result in  benefits  tha|t



extend well beyond  the boundaries of  the  State.



                Mr.  Chairman, at this  time I would  like to



introduce  some  of the technical people who  will ellabofa.t'e



on our summary statement  and bring out necessary points



concerning the  establishment of water quality standards.



                The  first  of these that I  would  like  to



introduce  is Mr. Ed Geldreich,, microbiologist,  Public



Health Service, Bureau of Water Hygiene,  Cincinnati, Ohio



who  will discuss the  bacteriological  criteria and  the



need for protection of uses through  the control of




bacterial  discharges.



                MR.  STEIN:   While  Mr.  Geldreich  comes up,

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                                                      269
                     E. E. Geldreich






let's go off the record a minute.




               (Off the record.)




               MR. STEIN:  Mr. Geldreich.









              STATEMENT BY E. E. GELDREIGH




                RESEARCH MIGROBIOLOGIST




          BUREAU OF WATER HYGIENE, U. S. PUBLIC




             HEALTH SERVICE, CINCINNATI, OHIO
               MR. GELDREICH:  Mr. Chairman, ladies and



gentlemen.



               My name is Edwin E. Geldreich, Research



Microbiologist, Bureau of Water Hygiene, Public Health



Service, located in Cincinnati, Ohio.



               At this time I would like to discuss some



of the magnitude of our concern with pathogens in



recreational waters.



               Our concern about fecal contamination



should not be limited to that portion associated with



human pollution alone.  Microorganisms pathogenic to man



may also be found in the excreta of farm animals, wild




animals and animal pets.  Apparently Salmonella are

-------
                                                      270
                     E. E. Geldreich
frequently found in clinically healthy farm anjmals.




Studies on large groups of cattle indicate the percentage




of such latent infections is about 13 percent in the




United States and about 14 percent in the Netherlands.




(Rothenbacker, J. H. , Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 14?.: 1211-1214,




1965.)  Between 3.7 to 15 percent of clinically healthy



sheep have been reported to also be carriers.  With




respect to pigs,, the percentage of symptomless carriers




has been reported to range from 15 to 20 percent in the




Netherlands; 7 percent in France; 12 percent in England;




13.4 percent in Norway and 22 percent in Belgium. (Prost,




E. and Riemann, H. Food-Borne Salmonellosis ; Ann. Rev.




Microbiol. 21; 495-528, 1967.)




               The Salmonella strains most frequently




isolated from both diseased and healthy farm animals




include the following 13 serotypes:  S. typhimurium, S.



derby, S. dublin, S. oranienburg, S. .lava, S. choleraesuli




S. anatum, S. newington, S. infantis, S. Stanley, S. abon;




S. Chester, and S. meleagridis.
               Nottingham, P.M. and Wiselmann, A. J.,



Salmonella infection in calves and other animals. New

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                                                       271
                      E.  E.  Geldreich
 Zealand J. Agri .  Res.  4:  449-460  (1961).



                Pollach, W.,  Investigations  on  Salmonella



 in Slaughterhouse Waste Waters  in Vienna.   Wien.  Tierarzt



 Mschr. (Germany)  51.:  161-164 (1964).




                Miner,  J.  R.,  Fina,  L.  R., and  Piatt,  C.,



 Salmonella infantis in cattle feedlot  runoff.  Appl.



 Microbiol. 15:  627-628 (1967).




               Peterson,  K.  J.  and  Coon, R. E., Salmonella,



 typhimurium Infection  in  Dairy  Cows. Jour.  Amer.  Vet. Med



 Assoc. 151: 344-350 (1967).




               In man, typhoid  salmonellosis is specific,



 that is, it does not occur in farm  animals.  This disease



 is produced by S_. typhi and  the paratyphi strains A,  B



 and C.  However, Salmonella  species frequently found  in




 farm animals do cause  gastrointestinal disturbances in mar



 and have been observed to be  the infective  organism in a



number of epidemics.   Of  the  13 Salmonellae serotypes



 reported above to be frequently found in farm animals, 4



of these serotypes were among the 10 most common  Salmonell



listed in 1965 by the National Communicable Disease Centei



to be isolated from humans in the United States (Figure 1)



In recent years, a number of epidemics have been observed

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                                                      272
                     E. E. Geldreich
in the human population which were caused by 6 of these



13 Salmonella strains frequently found in farm animals.

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                                                                273
     ISOLATIONS OF SALMONELLAE SEROTYPES FROM  HUMANS

                  IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1965
Reference:
Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
national Cormnunicable Disease Center
Atlanta, Georgia  30333

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ISOLATIONS OF SALMONELLAE SEROTYPES FROM NOW-HUMAN SOURCES

                  IN THE  UNITED STATES IN 1965
 Reference;
 Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
 National Communicable Disease Center
 Atlanta, Georgia  30333

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                                                            275
NUMBER AMD PERCENT OF NON-HUMAN SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS

     FROM THE INDICATED SOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES
                          1965

     Reference:
     Bureau of Disease Prevention, and Environmental Control
     National Communicable Disease Center
     Atlanta, Georgia  30333

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                                                      2?6
                     E. E. Geldreich
               Recreational waters in Iowa have been reporte<




on occasion to be contaminated with pathogenic leptospires



which gain access to the blood stream through skin




abrasions or mucus membranes to produce severe infections



involving the kidneys, liver, and the central nervous




system.  The organism enters the bathing waters from the



direct urination of infected cattle, swine, and wild



animals that had access to the stream or from drainage of



adjacent livestock pastureland.  Although transmission



of leptospires from infected reservoir hosts does  occur




throughout the year, epidemics in the United States have



occurred almost exclusively during the summer months.



     Pathogenic leptospires have been isolated on



occasions in the following Iowa streams:  Shellbrock



River, Winnebago River, Mississippi River, Iowa River,



and the Cedar River.  They have also been isolated from



streams in the States of Washington and Pennsylvania,



which were frequented by infected cattle.



               Waterborne epidemics due to pathogenic




leptospires do occur.  One outbreak of leptospirosis was



reported from Philadelphia in 19^-1 in which seven  persons



contracted the disease by bathing in polluted water.
                                                         J

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	277





                      E.  E.  Geldreich






 Leptospires  were  isolated  in  the  urine  of  two  persons




 and  five  cattle who  had  access  to the sa'me stream  and




 had  been  used  for swimming by these  two individuals.




                In another  study,  50  cases  of leotospiro-




 sis  were  reported from persons  who had  become  ill  after




 swimming  in  a  slow-moving  stream  alongside a field where




 cattle  and swine  were pastured.   This pathogen has also




 been the  cause  of various  epidemics  involving  groups of




 persons who  swam  in  farm ponds  and streams in  California,




 from polluted  canals in  Europe, especially in  Holland




 where the pathogenic leptospires  were the  source of water




 borne outbreaks chiefly  among the bathers  in these canals




                Survival  of  leptospires  in  the  water environ




 ment depend  upon  the same  numerous factors that have been




 established  for bacterial  indicator  systems and for Sal-




 monella.  However, because  of the more  difficult culturinr




 procedures now  available for  leptospires,  many of  the  int£r-




 related influences in the  water environment are only




 partially evaluated.  Survival  in natural  waters at five




 to six  degrees  Centigrade  has been reported to be  eight t




 nine days and  five to six  days  at twenty-five  to twenty-




 seven degrees  Centigrade.   Leptospires  were reported in

-------
                                                      2?8
                     E.  E.  Geldreich
another study on the survival which indicated that in



lake water with low salinity survival time was more than



ten days.  In lake and river water with a salinity of



from 70 to 6,350 parts per million as chloride, leptospires



survived for less than a week.  During the summer months



in the East Indies pathogenic leptospires were noted to



survive in water for at least 22 days without apparent



loss of virulence.  Finally, in culture infected soil,



leptospires survived for 4-3 days and in urine infected



soils for 15 days.  Simulated studies using stormwater



runoff with the addition of rain water to dosed soil



indicated the recovery in the water at intervals ranged




up to 24- days after that soil had been flooded.



               Other pathogens have been found in fecal




pollution from farm animals, including Shigella, bovine



tubercle bacillus and the round worm ascuris  lumbricoides



which is pathogenic to man  and hog.  These studies on



pathogenic organisms illustrate and add  support to our




concern  about fecal pollution from all warm-blooded




animals, not just from man  alone.



               Let  me now briefly  talk to you a little




bit  about pathogen  occurrence in  raw sewage  and sewage

-------
                                                       279
                     E. E. Geldreich
treatment effluents.



               Pathogenic organisms  occur  in  polluted



streams and lakes as a result of  contamination  by  fecal



discharges from warm-blooded animals.   The access  of



fecal pollution to water may add  a variety of intestinal



pathogens at any time, and at one time  or  another  enteric



pathogenic bacteria will be present.  The  most  common



genera of pathogenic bacteria found  in  water  are:



                 i. enteropathogenic  Es_c_he_r_i_c_h_i_a coli_3



               Mycobacterium.



               There is sufficient evidence from the




literature to indicate pathogenic organisms can be



present in the excreta of poultry, livestock, cats,  dogs



wild animals.  Such microorganisms,  which  are equally



pathogenic to man and other animals, may be acquired from



contaminated food or water.  Even fresh water fish may



become actively infected with human  pathogens after



exposure to contaminated water and carry these  organisms



to clean stream recreational areas somewhat removed in



time and distance.



Pathogenic Conveyance to the__S_trearn



     Raw Sewage

-------
                                                       280
                      E. E. Geldreich
                Municipal sewage contaj ns the major domes-




 tic input of human fecal discharges plus other domestic




 additions of laundry wastes and food refuse.  In some




 cJties,  wastes from meat packing and dairy plant opera-




 tions may also be mixed in the domestic sewage collection




                §.§L™™?.:Li.5. an(^ §_!lLi.™dL?. nave frequently



 been detected in sewage.  Raw wastes frum .Institutions




 treating  tuberculosis patients will almost always con-




 tain large numbers of tubercle bacill.i .  Sewage from four




 sanitoria showed from 425 "to 10,000 tubercle bacilli per




 ml.  Municipal sewage containing wastes from dairies and




 slaughterhouses may also be expected to discharge M.




              ^n their wastes.
                Enteric viruses \tfhich are capable of



 producing diseases in humans are excreted by infected




 individuals into domestic sewage in large quantities.




 These viruses include those of the enterovirus group




 ( polioviruses, coxsackievi ruses A and B, and echoviruses)




 the adenoviruses ,  reovi ruses, and the infectious hepa-




jtltis virus.  The peak incidence of isolation of enteric




 viruses in sewage occurs du'ring the warmer months of the




 year and during periods of epidemic with fluctuations in

-------
                                                        281
                      E.  E.  Geldreich
the predominant  type  being related to what is  orevalent




in the cornmuni ty at a gjven time.  Kelly and Sanderson




found Ir5  strains of Coxsackie, ECHO and oolloviruses




present in  raw sewage.   Of 150 viruses Isolated  "bv  Bloom,




et al . , from  sewage samples,  31  were identified  as  ECHO




viruses,  4  as  polioviruses and 76 as coxsackie.   Many




septic tank effluents have been found to contain entero-




viruses.  In  one instance, seotic tank effluent  still




contained viable poliovlrus six months after a child from




that home had  contracted pol iomyeli ties .




     Trickling Filter Effluent




               Sewage treatment by the trickling filter




process has been found  to reduce S_al_mo_n_e_l_l_a s_ch _o_t_t m u TJ _e r '•




densities from 8-'l  to  99 percent, tubercle bacilli




( ?i^.2.2.^.?L2^.?JlLy£L ^.lill?.L2.1i;L2.§.i_5.N' copulations by 66  o e r c e n t ,



enteric viruses  in  a  range from UO to 60 percent, t




ova by values  ranging from 18 to 70 oercent,  and  cysts




                                      oercent.  Total
coliform reductions  were  reported in various investiga-




tions to range from  82  to 97  percent.




     Activated S ludge Systems




               In activated  sludge systems, coliform

-------
                                                        282
                      E. E. Geldreich






organisms,  S_almone_ll_ae_, Sh_i_ge_l_l_ae_,  and  M.  tu_be_:




were reduced  in  amounts ranging from  88 to 99 percent.




poliovirus, type I,  by 90 percent,  and  coxsackie A9




virus by 98 percent.




     Anae_ro^b_jLc__Di_g_es_t^3_g_n_




                Removal or S. typhosa  in anaerobic
digestion was  reported to range  from  2!?  to 9'^ •'•*• percent




depending upon retention time.   M.  t_u_be_rc_u_l_o_s_i_s_ reduction




after anaerobic digestion was reported  to be 69 or 90




percent, depending upon whose work  you  are citing.




Although this  sewage treatment method was quite effective




in reducing  cysts of E. h_i£.to_l_yt_i_c_a,  Gram found anaerobic




digestion comparatively ineffective in  the inact.5 vation  o




parasitic ova.



     Wast e S t ab i 1 i z^a 131g_n__P o n d s_



                The treatment of  sewage  in waste stabili-




zation  ponds will generally oroduce total coliform reduc-




tions ranging  from bO to 99-9 percent.   Studies on the




fate of S_al:mo_n_e_l_l_a_ in stabilization ponds indicate a




similar high order of destruction.




     Chlorination of_Effluents




                In a review of the  literature on removal

-------
                      E. S.  Geldreich




 of  pathogenic microorganisms by  trickling  filters,


 activated  sludge, anaerobic digestion  and  stabilization


 ponds, Kabler concluded that these  treatment  orocesses


 will markedly reduce the number  of  pathogenic  organisms


 present.   However, the resulting effluents will  contain


 a portion  of each kind of microorganism  originally


 present in the raw sewage.  Those pathogenic  bacteria,


 virus and  parasites that do remain  in  the  treated efflu-


 ents constitute  potential health hazards to oersons using


 the receiving waters for recreational  ourooses.  Where


 these waters are used as a  source of raw water supply,


 any accidental break in treatment could  quick!v  br'ng


 pathogens  to our oublic water supoiy systems.  Apolica-


 tion of appropriate chlorination procedures to effluents


 from secondary treatment of sewage  will  further  reduce th


 pathogenic bacterial populations to below  demonstrable


 densities.


                Many factors are involved in sewage


 chlorination, including organic residuals, effluent oH
I

 and temperature, chlorine contact time, uniformity of


 effluent-disinfectant mixing,  among others.  Primary


 sewage effluents are more difficult to chlorinate to a

-------
                                                      284
                     E. E. Geldreich
specific coliform content than are secondary effluents.



Ghlorination of primary effluents should not, under any



circumstances, be considered a substitute for secondary



treatment.  The primary measurement for the adequacy of



chlorine disinfection of treated sewage must be based



on the coliform count since methods for pathogens remain



too complicated for routine monitoring.  Finally, addi-



tional advanced waste treatment by chemical flocculation



with sedimentation may be necessary in special problems



involving re-use water for complete removal of parasitic



ova and virus.




               Finally a brief statement here about the



bacterial survivals in streams.



               Survival of bacterial indicators and any



pathogens present in a pollutional discharge to the



receiving stream are going to be influenced by many



interrelated environmental factors.  These factors includ



available nutrients, water temperature, water pH, turbidi ;y



and sedimentation, chemical constituents of the receiving
stream, chemical pollutants discharged,  antagonistic actj



of associated bacterial species and phage types and



exposure to the ultraviolet action of sunlight.
m

-------
                     E. E. Geldreich






               Research studies on bacterial survival




in streams indicate that bacterial nutrients in terms of




a nitrogen source and a carbon source and winter stream




temperature plus a source of fecal pollution can extend




the survival of this hazardous pollution many miles down-




stream.  With summer stream temperatures and bacterial




nutrients, some multiplication of pathogens is possible.




In either case, the public health hazard has increased.




This deterioration in water quality should not be tolerat




from a public health viewpoint, either for recreation wat




quality or for a raw water source to be processed into a




public water supply.




               Bacterial nutrients are derived from raw




sewage, food processing wastes, and poor quality sewage




treatment involving low BOD removal.   Practical removal



figures for primary treatment range from 40-60 percent




BOD removals;  secondary treatment 80-90 percent BOD




removal;  and tertiary treatment 95-98$ "BOD removal.   Thus




the natural stream purification rate  can be greatly




modified by this type of discharge.




               Frequently, chlorination of primary




effluent is attempted to further reduce the bacterial

-------
                                                      286
                     E. E. Geldreich
discharge.  This creates another bacterial problem down-




stream known as aftergrowth.  Aftergrowth is a product




of many interrelated factors associated with bacteria




and their environment.  Because disinfection by chlorina-




tion rarely is complete, some organisms survive to become




the inoculum that utilizes the available nutrients. These




organisms include strains which are protected from contac"




with chlorination by aggregates of suspended matter.  As




the aggregates disintegrate, viable cells are released




into the partially treated primary effluent.  Proper




environmental conditions for this specialized type of




bacterial regrowth occur with water temperature above 15




degrees Centigrade, a source of bacterial nutrients above




a critical level, adequate flow time between entry of



chlorinated effluent into the receiving stream and some




location downstream, plus other interrelated factors




associated with the bacterial flora and its water environ-




ment.  With reference to required flow time downstream,




most regrowth problems occur between a one- to  two-day




flow from the entry of chlorinated effluent.  This time ii




needed to permit organism  recovery from chlorination




damage and subsequent multiplication of the bacterial

-------
                                                       28?
                     E. E.  Geldreich
 population.




               With respect to  chlorinat.i on  of  effluent



 from sewage that has received secondary treatment, avail-



 able research data demonstrates no evidence  of  after-



 growth even though stream temperature was 22 degrees



 Centigrade, during a study on a small stream in  Californl



 This result reflects the excellent nutrient  reduction in



 the secondary treatment of sewage by this activated sludg



 process and the effect of blocking a key  requirement



 essential to aftergrowth development.



               It has been my observation that most



 aftergrowth problems occur as a result of either ooor



 sewage treatment for BOD removal or as a  result of



 nutrient waste additions downstream from  the chlorinated



 effluent discharge.



               Thank you.



               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr.  Geldreich.



               We will now call on General C. Craig



 Cannon, Missouri River Division Engineer,  Corps of



Engineers, Omaha.




               Gen. Cannon.

-------
	288





                     Gen,  C.  C.  Cannon








            STATEMENT BY  GENERAL C.  CRAIG  CANNON




              MISSOURI  RIVER  DIVISION ENGINEER




             CORPS  OF ENGINEERS,  OMAHA,  NEBRASKA








                GEN.  CANNON:   Thank  you, Mr,  Chairman.




                I  don't know  whether any of  you are  from




 Sioux  City,  but the  Sioux City  Chamber  of Commerce  has a




 tradition  of each  summer having a steak fry on a  sand




 bar  in the upper  Missouri.   Part of that  tradition  is  to




 invite the Army Division Engineer up there  and forcefully




 throw  him  into  the river.  Of course he is  expected to




 put  up a fight  and take  as many with him  as possible.




 After  hearing the  previous speaker, I  can assure  Sioux



 City that  I am  going to  put  up  more of  a  fight this year




 than last  year.




                (Laughter.)



                Ladies  and gentlemen, while  my  division




 of  the Corps of Army Engineers  is interested in all the




 uses of the Missouri River and  its  tributaries, this




 morning I  will  comment primarily on our work, below  Sioux




 City.   However, we must  continue to recognize  that  the

-------
                                                      289
                    Gen. C.
Cannon
chain of reservoirs extending from Montana across the




Dakotas exerts a profound influence upon the flow of




the Missouri.  In contrast to flood and drought periods




of the past, we now have a pattern of discharge much




better suited for utilization of the river.  In years




of normal runoff we are able to control the Missouri to




about 35,000 cubic feet per second at Sioux City through




the navigation season, and to about 15 to 20 thousand




cubic feet per second during the remainder of the year.




               Of course in abnormally wet years, such




as the present one, or in the unhappy event of a drought




year, these manifestations will affect the degree of our




control: for example,  on recent days we have been limit-




ing the releases from Gavins Point to 6,000 second feet.




               Increased upstream uses of water for irri-




gation, municipal and industrial water supply,  agricul-




tural and other purposes will eventually deplete the




available water supply so much that minimum releases at




Gavins Point Dam may be as low as 3,000 cubic feet per




second during the non-navigation season for extended




drought periods.




               In a 1951 report of the Missouri Basin

-------
                                                      290
                    Gen. C. C. Cannon
Interagency Committee on "Adequacy of Flows in the Missouri



River" a minimum release of 3,000 cubic feet per second



was stated to be necessary to maintain a dissolved oxygen



level of 5 parts per million in the stream.  And remember



that that was speaking of conditions as they existed in




the early 1950's.



               Below Sioux City our basic functions are



flood control, bank stabilization and navigation.  The



reservoirs play a major part in these functions, but Jn



addition we have municipal and agricultural levee systems



and numerous dikes and revetments.  Our work on the river



has resulted in more intensive use of the banks for



agricultural, residential, commercial and industrial



purposes.  The Corps has recognized the  beneficial effecfts



of reduction in the silt load and in uniformity of flow



on water supply and sewage dilution functions of the



river.  However, the Congress originally considered these



effects of the reservoirs as bonus benefits and no mone-




tary value, therefore, was credited to the projects.




               Subsequent to 19&1 and the amending legis-



lation of Public Law 87-88,, the Corps has had the authority



to assume a more specific role in water quality control

-------
                                                      291
                    Gen. C. C. Cannon
and to utilize resulting benefits as orolect ourposes.




In general the Corps' function in regulatory control of




x-jater pollution is limited.  However, we do have  certain




responsibilities regarding the discharge of pollutants




from floating or fixed installations when the discharges




are detrimental to the operation of the pro.iect.




               The past 20 years have seen a tremendous




increase in water-based recreation, boating, swimming




fishing, and general shoreline recreation.  The Corns has




for many years been authorized to provide facilities for




recreation at reservoirs in cooperation with local and.




State agencies.  Utilization of these facilities  has been




phenomenol and continues to increase.




               The general improvement of water condition




on the lower Missouri has also resulted in increasing




public use of the river.  In response to this "trend, and



in the interest of public safety and convenience, the




Corps was authorized, by the Flood Control Act of  1962




to extend its recreational development to all water




resource prelects.  The present oolicy is to cooperate




with local interests and the State agencies in the




development of boat ramps, parking and picnic areas and

-------
	292




                     Gen.  C.  C.  Cannon






 similar facilities  along  the  Missouri  from Sioux  City




 to  the  mouth of the river near  St.  Louis.




                Some of  these  facilities  have  been  built.




 Others  are  under construction or scheduled for  early




 construction and many more are  planned for the  future as




 the need develops and as  the  necessary participation by




 local  interests is  negotiated and funds  become  available




                It does  not require  a sanitary specialist




 to  see  that water pollution  is  inimical   to recreational




 use of  a river.    I shall leave to  those specialists the




 problem of  determining  what  levels  of  pollution are  tol-




 erable  and  consistent with intensive recreational  use.




 Esthetic enjoyment  of a river environment  js  adversely




 affected by obnoxious odors,  by floating matter and  by




 suspended or dissolved  materials affecting water  clarity,




 Pishing success and the edibility of fish  caught  are




 definitely  related  to xvater quality.




                Again, emphasizing that water  quality




 standards are not a major function  of  the  Corps of Engi-




 neers,  I can and do state that  we as an  agency  of  the




 Federal Government  charged with providing  certain  recre-




 ation factilities are interested in and  support the

-------
                                                      293
                    Gen. C. C. Cannon
adoption and maintenance of standards which are conducive




to and consistent with intensive and increasing public




use of the Missouri River.  The Corps would certainly




dislike seeing a reduction in the recreational utiliza-




tion of the river and a resulting loss of recreation




development due to pollution.  It appears that such a




reduction might come about as a result of public dis-




inclination to use a polluted river for either esthetic




or sanitary reasons or by regulation which would prohibit




or limit certain public uses in the interest of health




and safety.  In either event, non-use of the river for




recreational purposes would have an adverse effect upon




plans for the construction of facilities intended for




increased recreational use.




               I realize that my statement does




not provide any quantitative basis for pollution stan-




dards.  That is not my intent or purpose.  I hope I




have made it clear that the Corps of Engineers supports




wholeheartedly those antipollution programs and controls




which are conducive to true multi-purpose use of the




Missouri River, not only for flood control and navigation




but also for general recreational use by the people of

-------
                                                      294
                    Gen. C. C. Cannon
our Nation.




               Thank you very much.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Gen. Cannon.




               At this point we will take our morning




recess for 10 minutes.  Please come back.




                        (RECESS)




               MR. STEIN:  May we reconvene.




               We will continue with the Federal presen-




tation.  To give you a notion of what we are going to try




to do, we will recess for lunch at I'd o'clock for about




an hour and a half, and then we will have, presumably,




an afternoon session with, hopefully, one recess,and we




will conclude the day's session at 5 o'clock.  The way




it looks, this will go into tomorrow.



               Mr. Blomgren.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Mr. Chairman, we have with




us Mr. Ted Ferris, Water Hygiene Representative, Environ-




mental Control Administration, Department of Health,




Education, and Welfare, Kansas City, Region VI, who will




discuss the public health aspects.

-------
                                                       295
                      T.  G. Ferris
                STATEMENT OF T.  C. FERRIS




               WATER HYGIENE REPRESENTATIVE




           ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ADMINISTRATION




             DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,




       AND WELFARE, REGION VI, KANSAS  CITY, MISSOURI








               MR. FERRIS:  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and




gentlemen.




               My name is T. C. Ferris.  I am the Water




Hygiene Representative of the Environmental Control




Administration of the Department of Health, Education,




and Welfare, the Region VI office in Kansas City, Missouri




               The Department of Health. Education, and




Welfare, acting under the Public Health Service Act has



primary Federal responsibility for protecting the health




of the people.  The Public Health Service has strong




interest in the protection and enhancement of community




water supplies, both as to adequacy and purity for water




reaching the ultimate consumer.  Water as it is delivered




at the tap should be potable and should meet the recom-




mended Public Health Service drinking water standards.

-------
                                                      2Q6
                      T. C. Ferris
The discharge of pollutants and wastewaters to rivers



constitutes a threat to the health of people living in




these watersheds and utilizing these waters for domestic



supply, commercial and sports fishing, recreation, and



other purposes.  The health threat associated with water




is of three types: chemical, biological and radiological.



               The Public Health Service has long been



concerned about the quality of water.  The discharge of



inadequately treated municipal and industrial wastes can



cause impairment of water quality in the interstate river



covered by this conference.  The findings of the conferen



report indicate that untreated and/or inadequately treate




municipal and industrial wastes are being discharged to



these waters and that they could endanger the health and



welfare of persons, not only in the State of Iowa, but in



some of the adjoining States.  While the conventional



water supply treatment processes are capable of removing



or destroying pathogenic organisms, the presence of patho




gens in raw water supplies constitutes a hazard potential



which is dependent upon human or mechanical failure. Also



polluted discharges constitute a direct hazard to those



using the waters for contact recreational purposes.

-------
                                                      297
                      T. C. Ferris
               In 1914, the Public Health Service




established and., with periodic revisions, the last in




1962, has maintained and published drinking water stan-




dards for water supplies used on interstate carriers and




has responsibility for the certification of such water




supplies.  These standards have been adopted or are used




as the guidelines for drinking water quality in nearly




all of the States.  The Publjc Health Service has also




served as consultant and technical assistant to State




and local health departments in their orograms for safe-




guarding the quality of community water supplies.




               There are several surface water supplies




in Iowa as well as a considerable number of surface water




supplies in other States which have their intakes below




the waste discharges from municipalities and -.industries




in Iowa.  It is also interesting to note that there are




more cattle and hogs in the State of Iowa than there are




people,  and this source of pollution must also be recog-




nized in control measures.   The bacterial pollution from




cattle and hogs cannot be ignored.




               The Iowa surface water quality criteria




were submitted to our agency for comments,  and on

-------
                                                      298
                      T. C. Ferris
September 27, 19685 the following letter was transmitted



to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration:



               "Under the provisions of the Interdepart-



mental Agreement of September 2, 1966, we offer for your



consideration the following comments on the oublic health



aspects of the Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria.



               "These comments are limited to those



criteria considered important to protection of the public



health and are primarily concerned with the following



subjects:  Discussion of Criteria and Surface Water



Quality Criteria, relating to Public Water Supply and




Recreation.
c u s
            o f C r i t e r i a
               "The discussion or the General Criteria



Section notes, 'Treatment less than secondary will not



be accepted unless it can be shown that the legitimate



uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment.1



Where legitimate uses of affected waters include public




water supply or whole body contact recreation, the Public



Health Service does not consider as satisfactory any




degree of treatment less than secondary.



               "Although no bacteriological criteria have

-------
                                                       299
                       T. C. Ferris
 been adopted in the Specific Criteria for the Designated




 Water Uses Section, the discussion includes definition of




 bacteriological guidelines for optional aoplication to




 situations where known controllable sources of coliform




 bearing wastes are affecting the suitability  of a water




 source for public water supply or recreational use.




 While the variability of total coliform levels with




 runoff is recognized, the specification of a sanitary




 survey backed by a guideline to be used optionally is not




 considered an adequate criterion.  The fact that zoonoses




 as well as human carried diseases are transmittable to




 man through fecal matter should be recognized.  Adoption.




 of fecal coliform criteria as an acceptable indicator of




 fecal pollution is appropriate where total coliform con-




 centrations are known to be greatly affected by soil and




 plant coliform.  The Iowa criteria should provide for




 such criteria as are recommended in Section I of the




 Public Health Service 'Health Guidelines for Raw Water




! Quality,' previously submitted to your office for review.




                The next section of the letter:




          Water Qual i ty Crite r i a




                "The water quality criteria in the section

-------
                                                      300
                      T. C. Ferris
on Public Water Supply should also be made applicable to



waters used in the processing of food.




               "Limiting concentrations for the specific



constituents arsenic, barium,, cadmium, hexavalent chromiu^,



cyanide, fluoride, lead, and phenols are included in the



section on Public Water Supply.  The concentrations speci



fled for arsenic, cyanide,  and phenols exceed those speci



fied by the Public Health Service 'Health Guidelines for



Raw Water Quality1 and should be changed to conform to



the health guidelines.  In addition, a number of the



chemical constituents specified by the Public Health



Service 'Health Guidelines for Raw Water Quality' have



been omitted in the specific constituents limited by the



Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria.  These constituent



limits including those for Radium 226 and Strontium 90



should be included In the Iowa Criteria.



               "As has been stated under Discussion of



Criteria, fecal coliform criteria for public water supply




and recreational uses should be added to the Iowa Crjterii



The minimum degree of public water supply treatment



necessary to produce potable water from water meeting such



criteria should also be stated.

-------
	301





                       T.  C. Ferris






                "The  opportunity  to  present  this  review




 is appreciated."




                That  is  the  end of the  letter, quoting.




                You will note  in  this letter  that we  do




 not  consider any  degree of  waste treatment  less  than




 secondary including  disinfection to be adequate where  the




 downstream waters are  to  be used for public  water  supply




 or whole body  contact  recreation.   In  our opinion, fecal




 coliform criteria are  appropriate;  these criteria  should




 not  be modified even on the basis of findings from a




 sani.tary survey.  The  criteria to be used in Iowa  should




 be no less stringent than the limits placed  in our oubli-




 cation, "Health Guidelines  for Raw Water Quality,"   These




 guidelines provide standards  for water to be used  for




 domestic and food processing  uses,  recreation, shellfish,




 agriculture, as well as for control measures when  conside




 ing  vectors or  the disposal of solid wastes.  To cite  a



 few  of the standards, we  would like to emphasize that  the




 total coliform  density  shall  not exceed 20,000 oer 100




 mllliliters as measured by  monthly geometric mean  or that




 the  fecal coliform density  shall not exceed  4.000  per  100




 milliliters as measured by  monthly geometric mean  for

-------
                                                      302
                      T. C. Ferris
intake water to a water treatment olant providing




coagulation, sedimentation, filtration., and disinfection.




For water contact recreational uses, the fecal coliform




density should not exceed the geometric mean of 200 per




100 milliliters with a sampling frequency of 5 samples




per 30-day period taken during peak recreational use.




Not more than 10 percent of the samples1 fecal coliform




densities during any 30-day period should exceed 400 per




100 milliliters.




               I am pleased to represent the Department




of Health, Education, and Welfare at this meeting.  ¥e in




the Public Health Service are ready to do whatever we can




to cooperate and assist in the lob of safeguarding and




improving the quality of these waters.



               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.



               MR. BLOMGREN:  Mr. Chairman, at this time




I would like to introduce Dr. Graham Walton, Chief of




Technical Services,, Bureau of Water Hygiene, Public Healt




Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.




               MR. STEIN:  There is one thing these




conferences accomplish:  I get to see people I haven't

-------
                                                      303
                      Dr. G. Walton
seen for a long time.








              STATEMENT BY DR. GRAHAM WALTON




           CHIEF, TECHNICAL SERVICES, BUREAU OP




        WATER HYGIENE, U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE




                    CINCINNATI, OHIO








               DR. WALTON:  Thank you, Carl.




               I am Graham Walton, Chief, Technical




Services, Bureau of Water Hygiene, U. S. Publac Health




Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.




               In the manual "Public Drinking Water




Supply Evaluation" now in press, which will renlace the




1946 "Manual of Water Sanitation Practice," the Public




Health Service recommends permissible bacterjological




quality for surface waters receiving "Complete Conven-




tional Treatment" to produce a public water supply.




This publication defines "Complete Conventional Treatment




as consisting of chemical coagulation, sedimentation,




rapid granular bed filtration, and pre- and post-chlori-




nation.  It specifies that the total coliform density




of the intake water, as measured by the monthly Geometric

-------
                                                      304
                      Dr. G. Walton
Mean, shall not exceed 20,000 per 100 millillters unless




fecal coliform examinations are made and their density




as measured by the monthly Geometric Mean does not exceed




4,000 per 100 milliliters.




               The Subcommittee for Public Water Supplies




National Technical Advisory Committee on Water Quality




Criteria,, in their 1968 report, proposed permissible




criteria for intake waters receiving treatment by "the




most common processes in use in this country in their




simplest form" for production of waters for public use.




The defined conventional treatment included chemical




coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and




chlorination.  This subcommittee recognized that many




small surface water treatment plants were operated



without sophisticated technical control.  Starting with




these assumptions, this committee recommended that the




coliform density, as determined by the monthly arithmetic




average of an adequate number of samples, should not




exceed 10,000 per 100 milliliters.  This limitation,




however, may be relaxed provided fecal coliform exami-




nations are made and their monthly average does not excee




2,000 per 100 milliliters.

-------
                                                      305
                      Dr. G. Walton
               Many State water pollution control agenciejs




have adopted bacteriological standards for surface waters




for use in the production of public supplies.  Such stan-




dards may specify the following:




               The monthly average coliform density shall




not exceed 5>000 per 100 milliliters nor shall the coli-




form density exceed 5,000 per 100 milliliters in more thafi




20 percent, nor shall it exceed 20,000 in more than 5




percent, of all samples examined during each month.




               Although we have the technical knowledge,




as demonstrated by equipment developed by the"Space




Program,"to produce drinking water from sewage, it is




neither desirable nor economically feasible.  Those con-




cerned with the production of "Biologically Safe"Dublic




water supplies generally accent the desirability of




erecting multiple barriers against waterborne disease-




producing organisms.  Such barriers include:




               1.  Effective treatment of sewage and




other wastewaters.




               2.  Natural purification processes which




are active in the surface waters receiving the wastes.




               3.  Water treatment processes,  such as

-------
	306




                       Dr.  G. Walton






 clarification  and  disinfection.



                The Public  Health  Service  recommends  that



 every  practical effort should  be  made  to  secure  intake



 water  from  the best available  source and  to  reduce



 existing  and control future  pollution  of  those waters.



                The recommended maximum acceptable colifor



 density,  a  monthly geometric mean of 20,000  total colifor



 bacteria  per 100 milliliters,  or  of 4,000 fecal  coliform



 bacteria  per 100 milliliters,  should not  be  taken as



 poetic license to  unnecessarily permit maximum acceptable



 bacterial levels in intake waters to water treatment  planjfcs



                In  summary,, intake water bacteriological



 standards have been established to permit water  treatment



 plants with rather mediocre  facilities  and unsophisti-



 cated  technical control to produce biologically  safe



 water. Moreover,  improvement  in  the bacteriological



 quality of  the intake water  frequently results in



 improvement of other intake  water characteristics that




 may  enhance the overall quality of the public water




 supply.



                Thank you.




                MR. STEIN:  Thank  you,  Dr. Walton.
IE!

-------
                                                      307
                     Dr. A. A. Rosen
               May we go on?




               We don't often get Dr. Walton, and I say




this to the Interior people and anyone else, if you have




some questions on water supply, you may find it convenien




to take it up with him while he is here.




               MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, at this time




I would like to introduce Dr. Aaron Rosen, Chief, Waste




Identification and Analysis Activities, Advanced Waste




Treatment Research Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution




Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio.









              STATEMENT BY DR. A. A. ROSEN




        CHIEF, WASTE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS




          ACTIVITIES, ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT




      RESEARCH LABORATORY,  FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION




        CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, CINCINNATI, OHIO









               DR. ROSEN:  It was suggested I tip this




microphone up so I will be talking into it, but I pointed




out that for me the microphone doesn't need to be tipped




up.




               At the meeting last week I made some "

-------
                                                      308
                     Dr. A. A. Rosen
comments on the subject of specific trace organics in




water and the relationship to municipal waste treatment.




I have now prepared this in the form of a written state-




ment, which I have presented to the recorder, with your




permission, Mr. Chairman, and, therefore, at this time




I would like to only very briefly summarize the contents




of that statement in order to save time, but at the same




time to put on record the gist of this point so that




subsequent people who may wish to will have the oppor-




tunity to refer to it.



               MR. STEIN:  Without objection, your full




statement will appear as if read.  There are no substan-




tial departures in that from what you said last week?




               DR. ROSEN:  No, there are not.  It is




essentially what I said last week.



               MR. STEIN:  Right.



               DR. ROSEN:  The essential point of that




statement is that municipal wastes include substances not




ordinarily considered as sewage materials.  They are




chemicals that find their way into the wastes from house-




hold uses, such as detergents and disinfectants, from




industries and from commercial enterprises.  An example

-------
                                                       309
                     Dr. A. A. Rosen
of the  commercial  enterprise would "be  automobile  servi ce




stations that dump  large quantities  of used  oil into  city




sewers.




               The  question then that  comes  at issue  is




what does secondary treatment or its equivalent accomolis^




in removing these  materials and what effect  does  that




have on streams?   It is pointed out  that many of  these




chemicals have specific adverse effects.  The grouo at




Washington University in St. Louis making studjes with




specific reference  to the Missouri River have oointed out




that such trace organics can have effects on humans el the




consuming or making recreational use of water, on the




aquatic organisms  in the river, and  on industries making




use of this water.




               Many of these chemicals are readily




removed in secondary treatment.  Examples would be



certain phenols that affect drinking water,  certain




industrial chemicals that are picked UD and  accumulated




in the tissues of fish and, therefore,  make  them  inedible




among these being things like waste oil material  that




gives an oily taste to fish.  Many of these  are removable




because they are readily oxidized,  others because they

-------
                                                      310
                     Dr. A. A. Rosen
combine with the activated sludge flock and are physi-



cally removed.



               Certain others are not readily oxidized



but are reduced markedly.  When they are reduced by this



kind of treatment, the stretch of river that they would




pollute is also then proportionately markedly reduced.



Instead of 50 miles downstream affected, perhaps 25 miles



is affected and, therefore, there is a gain of 25 miles



of river that is improved.



               Now, not all harmful chemicals in sewage



are removed by secondary biological treatment.  Many such



compounds are discharged directly to the streams and thes



primarily arise in industrial operations.  The problems



that they cause are combatted by applying appropriate



industrial waste treatment methods that are equivalent in



effectiveness to secondary treatment of municipal wastes



but are not necessarily based on biological process.  The




combination, then, of secondary treatment of municipal



wastes and the equivalent of industrial will remove a



large part of the organic material which constitutes the



trace organic content of surface waters, that these



materials have adverse effects on many uses and are

-------
 	__	311


                      Dr. A. A. Rosen


 harmful in a number of ways, even including  potential

 effect on the health of users, and for this  reason

 secondary treatment is advantageous to the uses of

 surface waters apart and completely separate from the

 question of the amount of bacteria, the amount of BOD

 which may, as we heard earlier, support further growth

 of bacteria, and apart from the actual discharge of

 pathogenic organisms themselves.

                That is all I have to say now.

                (Dr. Rosen's written statement is as

 follows:)

        SUMMARY OF STATEMENT BY DR. A. A. ROSEN AT

          CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY STANDARDS,

   IOWA - MISSOURI BASIN, COUNCIL BLUFFS, APRIL 15, 19^9

                I am Aaron A. Rosen.  My position is:

 Chief, Waste Identification and Analysis Activities,

 Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory, Federal

 Water Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio.

 My principal research activity at this time deals with
i
\ the identification of the many organic chemical substances

 in municipal waste and with how they affect and are

 affected by various waste treatment processes.

-------
                                                      312
                     Dr.  A.  A.  Rosen
               At the outset, let us underline the




fallacy of considering municipal wastes as simply a




water dispersion of human wastes.  Most sewer systems




also collect the wastes of many of the city's industries




and businesses.  Auto service stations dump large quan-




tities of used oil into city sewers.  Even households




discharge many chemicals of industrial origin—detergents




disinfectants, dyes, bleaches, paint solvents, etc.




               These industrial or commercial chemicals




can damage the quality of a receiving stream in soecific




ways not related to their aggregate BOD values or their




effect on dissolved oxygen.  These effects can be serious




at concentrations so slight that they do not appear in




the figures fpr overall dissolved matter.  Some of the




adverse effects that can arise or may be suspected are:




foaming, taste in drinking water (alone or with chlorine)




tainting the flesh of fish, toxicity to aquatic life,




and even possibly toxic or mutagenic effects on humans




engaged in water sports or drinking water drawn from the




affected stream.  These effects are completely apart from




BOD and similar effects of waste.



               One of the desirable results of secondary

-------
                                                       313
                      Dr. A. A. Rosen
 treatment  of  municipal wastes,  as by  the  activated  sludge




 process  or equivalent, is  to destroy  by oxidation many of




 the  chemical  compounds responsible for the kinds of harm




 mentioned.  The  compounds  destroyed are biodegradable and




 therefore  would  ultimately be destroyed in the stream




 also, if discharged in primary  effluents.  But meanwhile,




 there will  be stretches of stream damaged for some valu-




 able uses,  that  would not  be damaged  in this way if




 secondary  treatment had been carried  out.  Many factors,




 both chemical and hydrologic, act to  determine how long



 the  affected  stretch may be.




               Not all harmful  chemicals in sewage are




 removed by  secondary biological treatment, and many such




 compounds  are discharged directly to  streams.  These




 primarily  arise  in industrial operations.   Therefore the




 problems they cause must be combatted by applying aporo-




 priate industrial waste treatment methods, equivalent in




 effectiveness to secondary treatment of municipal  wastes,




 but not necessarily based  on a biological  process.




               Some of the specific  chemicals that  are




known to or can  reasonably be suspected of adversely




affecting the receiving stream and that are  effectively

-------
                                                      314
                     Dr. A. A. Rosen
removed by secondary biological treatment are listed belov



     Ox i di z ab 1 e Waste Mat er ial s that _May Cau s e Tas t e
               Phenols:  phenol, cresols, o-chlorophenol,



1-naphthol, p-chlorophenol



               Alcohols:  amyl ,  butyl, most aliphatic



               Aldehydes:  formaldehyde, furfural



               Acids:  formic, valeric



               Ketones:  most aliphatic (used in paint



solvents), acetophenone



               N-compounds:  pyridine, picolines



               Petroleum and hydrocarbons (trapped in




sludge, not oxidized) .



     ^x^d^zable Waste Materials With Potential Phy s^i^o -



     logical Effects



               Detergents:  Especially LAS, causes pro-



nounced foam, affects fish



               Cyanides:  NaCN,  acetonitrile ,  benzonitrile



adiponitrile , lactonitrile



               N-compounds:  acrylamide, diethanolamine



               Natural hormones:  progesterone, estrone,




17-B-estradiol, androsterone, 17- O( -methyltestosterone, et
c.

-------
                                                      315
                     Dr. A. A. Rosen
               Synthetic (contraceptive) hormones:




ethynyl estradiol, mestranol (ethynyl estradiol-3-methyl




ether) , ethynodiol diacetate, chlormadj none, etc.




               Detergent builders:  nitrilotriacetic acid




(NTA) (this substance chelates heavy metals and can cause




their carry over in primary effluents)




               Carcinogens:  Polynuclear hydrocarbons,




aromatic amines, dioxane.




                            The alDove lists show that
there are many specific chemical substances, occurring mo




than rarely in municipal wastes, that have serious observec




or potential effects, too serious to be tolerated, when




discharged into receiving waters in the form of primary




effluent.  These substances are very greatly reduced in




abundance during secondary biological treatment.  The



removal of such substances justifies secondary treatment




apart from the basic objectives of removing BOD and




eliminating microbiological pathogens .

-------
                                                      316
                       R. W. Sharp
               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Dr. Rosen.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Our next statement, Mr.




Chairman, will be given by Robert ¥. Sharp, Regional




Supervisor for the Division of Fishery Services, Bureau




of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Minneapolis, Minnesota.








              STATEMENT BY ROBERT W. SHARP




      REGIONAL SUPERVISOR, DIVISION OF FISHERY SERVICES




            BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE




                    MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA








               MR. SHARP:  Mr. Chairman, ladies and




gentlemen.




               My name is Robert W. Sharp, representing



the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the Depart-




ment of the Interior.  To those of you unfamiliar with




our activities, we are the Federal fish and wildlife




agency, in close cooperation with the Iowa Conservation




Commission.



               The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife




has a ma.jor interest in -the fish and wildlife resources of
Iowa
and the water quality necessary for the well being of thftaie

-------
                       R. W". Sharp






resources. The Bureau operates four national wildlife



refuges and three national fish hatcheries within the




State.  For many years,  the Bureau has worked closely




with the Iowa Conservation Commission in cooperative




ventures in fish and wildlife management.  As the Federal




fish and wildlife agency, our interest in these proceed-




ings is to see that the waters of Iowa are maintained at




such quality to provide maximum fishing and hunting




opportunities for the people of the State.




               To further clarify our stand on the matter




before this hearing, it is the position of the Bureau of




Sport Fisheries and Wildlife that the ultimate goal of the




clean waters program of this Nation should be to maintain




or achieve such quality in every stream, lake, estuary,




bay or other water as will support the full potential of




that water for production and human use of aquatic life




and water-dependent wildlife resources.  To the extent




that a State standard or classification of waters as to




use falls short of this goal,  this Bureau disapproves of




that standard and that classification.




               The 1,600 miles of meandered Iowa rivers




represent a ma.lor aquatic resource,  the basis for much of

-------
                                                      318
                       R. W. Sharp
the water-based recreation of the State, fishing, hunting

boating, water skiing, swimming, as well as an important

source of domestic and industrial water.

               Iowa lists 52,353 acres of surface waters

in its interior streams (National Survey of Hatchery Fish

Needs, 19&9), plus an additional 190,000 acres in Missis-

sippi River boundary waters and 13,500 acres in Missouri

River boundary waters.  The 414,921 fishermen listed for

the State (1967) exerted 3,456,000 man-days of angling

pressure, 53 percent of this on the rivers of the State.

Total man-days of angling are expected to increase to

3-1/2 million in 1973 and 3-3A million in 1980.

               Due to markedly different physical

characteristics, the Missouri River provides a less

varied aquatic habitat than the Mississippi River, and

it lacks the wide range of species found in the Uoper

Mississippi River.  Nevertheless, it supports a rather

varied fish population of interest to sport and commercia

fishermen.  The principal species are:

               White crappie
               Black crappie
               Channel catfish
               Flathead catfish
               Paddlefish

-------
                                                      319
                       R. ¥. Sharp
               White bass
               Walleye
               Sauger
               Largemouth bass
               Bluegill
               Bullhead, several species
               Yellow perch
               Northern pike
               Green sunfish
               Freshwater drum, or sheepshead as they
                   are known
               Gar
               Carp
               Buffalofish, two species
               Goldeye
               Redhorse
               And many small species of forage minnows
                   that the fishermen people call the
                   Cyprinids.

               Many of these species are found in the

interstate streams of western Iowa, tributary to the

Missouri River.  The Rock River is a unique stream, some-

what atypical of western Iowa, its good quality water

supporting smallmouth bass, channel catfish, sauger, and

walleye.  The Little Sioux and the Big Sioux Rivers suppo

a sport fishery for channel catfish,  smallmouth bass,

sauger, northern pike, walleye, and secondary species.

Stream channelization in the lower reaches of some of

these streams has reduced the quality of the habitat.

Pollution is a limiting factor in others, particularly

in the Big Sioux and originating,  I might say,  in the
rt

-------
                                                      320
                       R. W. Sharp
State of South Dakota. In the better quality reaches of




these streams, the catch rate compares favorably with




that of similar warm-water fish habitats elsewhere, 0.4




to 1.8 fish per hour.  The smaller streams crossing the




Iowa line, such as the Tarkio and the Nodaway, are mainly




bullhead-channel catfish waters.




               Mr. Chairman, at the Davenport hearing the




Bureau presented a considerable volume of material on the




temperature requirements of fishes .  In the interest of




saving time, I will attempt to paraphrase and condense




this material.




               MR. STEIN:  But your statement will appear




in full as if read.




               MR. SHARP:  Very well, sir.




               In summary, temperature is the most




important but least discussed parameter in determining




water quality.  A stream or lake may thrive or die because




of water temperature factors.




               The rapidly expanding use of streams for




industrial and domestic purposes is artificially warming




the surface waters of the United States.  As an example,




the mean annual temperature of the Mississippi River at

-------
                                                      321
                       R. ¥. Sharo
St. Paul, Minnesota, rose three degrees from 1923 to 1962




from 51 degrees in that year to 5^ degrees in 1962.  This




rise in water temperature occurred -in the face of a four




degree drop in the mean air temperature over the same




period.




               The water temperature is a critical factor




in the life of fish and other water organisms and conse-




quently in fish production.  It affects to a considerable




degree respiration, growth, and reproduction of fish.




               Each species of fish has a thermal tolerant




zone in which it behaves in a normal manner; also there




is a zone of higher temperature and one of lower tempera-




ture in which the species can survive for a certain length




of time.  A gradual and regular acclimation allows certair




species to survive in temperatures that would be fatal if



they occurred suddenly.  Fish adapt themselves quickly to




a rise in temperature,  but less easily to a drop in tem-




perature .




               A distinction must be made between tolerabl




environmental conditions determined experimentally in the




laboratory and those conditions under which fish can be




expected to occur and thrive in nature.   Their ability

-------
                                                      322
                       R. ¥. Sharp
merely to survive under unnatural experimental conditions



requiring no sustained activity obviously is not a reli-



able indication that the quality of the medium is satis-



factory.  The optimum temperature for activity of a



species does not necessarily bear any relationship to



its lethal temperature.  Temperature extremes or sudden



changes are often lethal.  Elevated sub-lethal tempera-



tures may induce estivation and a depressed one - hiber-



nation.



               In general, the upper limits are more



quickly critical than the lower limits, despite the fact




that many organisms appear to function more efficiently



toward the upper limits of their tolerance ranges.



               The preferred temperature range of some of



the common fishes of Iowa may be of interest.  Preferred



temperatures, again, I repeat, of the blue gill, 90.2



degrees--all of these in Fahrenheit — the largemouth bass



86 to 89.6, the carp 89.6, the pumpkinseed sunfish 88.7,



smallmouth bass, 82.4, yellow perch, 75-6, the green




sunfish 81.2.



               The preferred temperature and temperature



for optimum activity and growth in warm-water species of

-------
                                                       323
                       R. ¥. Sharp
 interest are, for  the most  part,  considerably below  the




 maximum allowable  limit of  93°F.  (33.9  C.) which is




 recommended in many water quality standards.  Although




 probably not lethal to most warm-water  species, a tem-




 perature of 93 F., if maintained  for a  long period,




 would  probably reduce activity and growth and ultimately




 be detrimental to  many of the warm-water  species.




               A 93° upper  temperature  limit is con-




 sidered unacceptably high for most of the year.  This




 upper  limit, being above the median tolerance limit for




 many aquatic organisms, does not begin  to consider the




 synergistic effects of temperature and  other pollutant




 conditions which might be present in given situations.




 The fact that 90°F. may be approached and/or exceeded




 under natural conditions does not .justify allowing




 thermal wastes to  duplicate or aggravate an unhealthy



 aquatic condition.




               Equally important, from  the aquatic life




 standpoint, is the fact that any single upper temperature




 limit (even one lower than 90 )  represents a very unsatis




 factory solution to the problem of establishing tempera-




ture standards.   Such a single upper limit does not "take

-------
                                                      324
                       R. W. Sharo
into consideration normal,, subtle aquatic life patterns,




which involve gradual warming periods, and temperature




plateaus.  In other words, an upper limit that would be




perfectly satisfactory in July or August would represent




a wide-open license for thermal pollution during the rest



of the year.




               The effects of temperature on reproduction



of fishes is of interest here.




               Many  temperate  zone fishes take  their




seasonal cues for specific behavioral sequences from the




length of the daily photo period acting in conlunction




with the temperature.   In addition to maximum temperature




in summer,  many water quality standards also state a




limit on winter maximum or a maximum rise above ambient.




While the evidence is  limited, low temperatures do appear




necessary,  in some species at least,  for normal developmen




of the germ cells.  Available evidence suggests that winte




temperatures should not rise above 60°, while 50° is more




areferable  in northern latitudes.




               The winter maximum is  apparently the most




critical temperature and must be sufficiently low to permi




?onad maturation.   While-specific data are lacking, winter

-------
                                                       325
                       R. W. Sharp
tolerance limits for game fish species apparently do exist




               The egg temperature tolerance of some warm-




water fishes in Iowa may be of interest.




               For the  wall eye, the optimum range




62 degrees to 67 degrees Fahrenheit.  Larvae die at 75




degrees.




               The northern pike, optimum hatching tem-




perature, 54 degrees to 56 degrees Fahrenheit.




               The smallmouth bass, no hatch at all above




80 degrees Fahrenheit.




               The largemouth bass, complete egg mortality




at 90 degrees.




               For northern pike--excuse me, this is




repetition.




               For white bass, normal hatch at 60 degrees



to 70 degrees Fahrenheit.




               Channel catfish,  optimum spawning tempera-




ture 80 degrees Fahrenheit.   Temperatures above 85 degrees



lethal to eggs.




               It is notable that in the rivers of England




fish populations,  including rough fish,  were reduced when




temperatures  reached 86 degrees  Fahrenheit,  supporting

-------
                                                      326
                       R. ¥. Sharp
observations in this country that this temperature is



close to the incipient lethal level for many warm-water



fish and their associated biota.



               Direct thermal death of fish is not



believed to be significant ecologically.  Except in



unusual cases of rapid temperature rise^ gradual increase



apparently result in avoidance of lethal temperatures



by fish.  The effect of temperature on growth, develop-



ment and activity is usually more significant because if



the sub-lethal temperature is too high for the fish to



successfully reproduce, be active and grow, the ultimate



failure of the population is as decisive as a lethal




temperature.



               The effects of temperature on fish food



organisms should be considered in these circumstances.



There is some evidence that plankton production, the



basis for most fish food, may be disrupted or altered



in normal cycle by higher than normal late winter, spring




or early summer water temperatures.  Low winter tempera-



tures are apparently necessary to complete the resting




stage of autumn Daphnia eggs; thus species composition



of zoo plankton may change under conditions of higher

-------
                                                       327
                       R. W. Sharp
winter temperature.



               Bottom fauna organisms, another ma.-jor



component of fish food, may suffer from unusually high



temperatures.  Trembly's I960 work in Pennsylvania



indicated that 90 degrees Fahrenheit was a maximum




tolerance limit at which a normal population structure of rijffle



macroinvertebrates could be maintained.  An extensive



loss in numbers, diversity  and biomass occurred at a



temperature greater than 90 degrees F.



               Insects in deeper waters cannot emerge



through heated surface waters nn most cases, and snails



and other animals that must come to the surface to



breathe are either eliminated or have their life history



interrupted.



               Research results to date suggest that



species of fish food organisms in general are less



tolerant of high temperatures than most species of fish.




               A brief comment on the need for secondary



treatment.



               Increasing pollution loads resulting from




burgeoning human populations and expanding industrial



development will impose  mounting pollution loads on Iowa

-------
                                                       328





                       R. W.  Sharp






rivers.  If these waters are  to make  their expected




contribution to  the future recreational needs of the




State they should be maintained in the best possible




condition.  Since there will  continue to be uncontrolled




pollution sources, principally from agriculture, it is




important that full control be exercised over pollution




loadings originating from population  centers.  Where




secondary treatment is not provided in plants, it will




take place within the stream, with the resultant accumu-




lation of sludge beds, production of  hydrogen sulfide,




and a general habitat degradation.




               In summary, then, Mr.  Chairman, the Bureau




of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife endorses the requirement




for secondary treatment or the equivalent for all domes-




tic and industrial wastes discharged  into the interstate




waters of Iowa.



               The Bureau endorses the standards for the




control of added heat as set  forth by the Federal Water




jPollution Control Administration.




               Third, many chemical compounds cause




objectionable tastes and odors in fish flesh, resulting




in their rejection by the fishermen.  Standards should be

-------
                                                      329
                       R. W. Sharp
adopted for Iowa interstate waters which will lim.1t the




concentration of these compounds to levels which will




not impart unpalatable flavors or undesirable odors to




fish.



               And fourth and last, the Bureau endorses




the principle of nondegradation of streams; that is, thosje




waters higher in quality than established by the stan-




dards should not be permitted to decline in quality to




the level of the standards.



               Mr. Chairman, that concludes our statement








               (The following is the report submitted by




Mr. Sharp:)



                     PRESENTATION BY




         BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE




   DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
          Council Bluffs, Iowa, April 15, 19^9
               The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife




has a major interest in the fish and wildlife resources

-------
                                                      330
                       R. ¥. Sharp
of Iowa and the water quality necessary for the well




being of these resources.  The Bureau operates four



national wildlife refuges and three national fish



hatcheries within the State.  For many years, the Bureau



has worked closely with the Iowa Conservation Commission



in cooperative ventures in fish and wildlife management.



As the Federal fish and wildlife agency, our interest in



these proceedings Is to see that the waters of Iowa are



maintained at such quality to provide maximum fishing and



hunting opportunities for the people of the State.



               To further clarify our stand on the matters



before this hearing:  It is the position of the Bureau of



Sport Fisheries and Wildlife that the ultimate goal of the



clean waters program of this Nation should "be to maintain



or achieve such quality in every stream, lake, estuary,



bay or other water as will support the full potential of



that water for production and human use of aquatic life



and water-dependent wildlife resources.  To the extent




that a State standard or classification of waters as to



use falls short of this goal,this Bureau disapproves of




that standard and that classification.



               The 1,600 miles of meandered Iowa rivers

-------
                                                      331
                       R. V. Sharp
represent a ma.i'or aquatic resource, the basis for much




of the water-based recreation of the State, fishing,




hunting, boating, water skiing, swimming, as well as an




important source of domestic and industrial water.




               Iowa lists 52,353 acres of surface waters




in its interior streams (National Survey of Hatchery




Fish Needs, 1969), plus an additional 190,000 acres in




Mississippi River boundary waters and 13,500 acres in




Missouri River boundary waters.  The 414,921 fishermen




listed for the State (1967) exerted 3,456,000 man-days




of angling pressure, 53 percent of this on the rivers of




the State.  A seven-mile reach of the Des Moines River,




west of Ames, has supported 10,000 to 13,000 fishermen




hours per mile per year.  Total man-days of angling are




expected to increase to 3-1/2 million in 1973 and 3-3/4




million in 1980.




               Due to markedly different physical




characteristics, the Missouri River provides a less




varied aquatic habitat than the Mississippi River, and




it lacks the wide range of species found in the Upper




Mississippi River.  Nevertheless, it supports a rather




varied fish population of interest to sport and commerciajl

-------
                                                      332
                       R. W. Sharp


fishermen.  The principal species are:

               White crappie
               Black crappie
               Channel catfish
               Flathead catfish
               Paddlefish
               White bass
               Walleye
               Sauger
               Largemouth bass
               Bluegill
               Bullhead
               Yellow perch
               Northern pike
               Green sunfish
               Freshwater drum
               Gar
               Carp
               Buffalofish - two species
               Goldeye
               Redhorse
               Small Cyprinids - Minnows - Several
                                           species
               Many of these species are found in the

interstate streams of western Iowa, tributary to the

Missouri River.  The Rock River is a unique stream,

somewhat atypical of western Iowa, its good quality

water supporting smallmouth bass, channel catfish,

sauger and walleye.  The Little Sioux and the Big Sioux

Rivers support a sport fishery for channel catfish, small

mouth bass, sauger, northern pike, walleye, and secondary

species.  Stream channelization in the lower reaches of

some of these streams has reduced the quality of the

-------
                                                      333
                       R. ¥. Sharp
habitat.  Pollution is a limiting factor in others,




particularly in the Big Sioux. In the better quality




reaches of these streams, the catch rate compares




favorably with that of similar warm-water fish habitats




elsewhere, 0.4 to 1.8 fish per hour. The smaller streams




crossing the Iowa line, such as the Tarkio and the Noda-




way, are mainly bullhead-channel catfish waters.






Ternper a ture Factors




               Since temperature criteria are at issue,




several factors should be considered in this connection.




               Temperature is probably the most important




but least discussed parameter in determining water quaint




a stream or lake may thrive or die because of water tem-




perature factors.




               The rapidly expanding use of streams for



domestic and industrial purposes is artificially warming




the surface water of the United States.   The mean annual




temperature of the Mississippi River at St.  Paul rose




3° from 1923 to 1962 (51° in 1923 to 54° in 1962).   This




occurred in the face of a 4° drop in mean air temoerature




over this period.

-------
                        R.  W.  Sharp






                The  water  temperature  is  a  critical




 factor  in  the  life  of  fish  and  other  water  organisms and




 consequently in  fish production.  It  affects to a con-




 siderable  degree  respiration, growth  and reproduction of



 fish.




               Each species of  fish has a thermal




 tolerance  zone in which it  behaves in a normal manner;




 also there is a  zone of higher  temperature  and one of




 lower temperature in which  the  species can  survive for




 a certain  length of time.  A gradual and regular acclima-




 tion allows certain species to  survive in temperatures




 that would be fatal if they occurred suddenly.   Pish




 adapt themselves quickly to a rise in temperature, but




 less easily to a drop in temperature.




               A distinction must be made between tolerab




 environmental conditions determined experimentally in the




 laboratory and those conditions under which fish can be




 expected to occur and thrjve in nature.   Their  ability




merely to survive under unnatural experimental  conditions




requiring no sustained activity  obviously is not a reli-




able indication that the quality of the  medium  is satis-




factory.  The optimum temperature for activity  of a species
e

-------
                                                      335
                       R. W. Sharp
does not necessarily bear any relation to its lethal



temperature.  Temperature extremes or sudden changes are



often lethal.  Elevated sub-lethal temperatures may



induce estivation and a depressed one - hibernation.



               The growth rate normally increases with




temperature to a maximum and then decreases, perhaps



becoming negative at temperatures approaching the lethal



level.



               In general, the upper limits are more



quickly critical than the lower limits, despite the fact



that many organisms appear to function more efficiently




toward the upper limits of their tolerance ranges.
(Ootimum temperature for activity1*




                      F.
                                                C.
     Bluegill




     LM bass




     Carp




     Pumpkinseed
                     90.2




                   86-89.6




                     89.6




                     88.7
  32.3



30.0-32.0




  32.0




  31-5
     * Median tolerance limit for 50 percent of the
population.

-------
                                                      336
                       R. W. Sharo
     Goldfish




     Smallmouth bass




     Yellow oerch




     Muskellunge




     Green sunfish




     Fathead minnow
82.6




82.4




75.6




75-3



81.2




74.0
28.1




28.0




24.2




24.0




27-3




23.4
               It is generally accepted that fish are



sensitive to temperature; can recognize a change as



little as 0.05 C. and readily select preferred tempera-




tures .



               The preferred temperature and temperature



for optimum activity and growth in warm-water species of



interest are, for the most part, considerably below the



maximum allowable limit of 93°F. (33-9 C.) which is



recommended in many water quality standards.  Although



probably not lethal to most warm-water species, a tempera



ture of 93°F., if maintained for a long period, would



probably reduce activity and growth and ultimately be




detrimental to many of the warm-water species.



               A 93° upper temperature limit is considere



unacceptably high for most of the year.  This upper limit

-------
                                                      337
                       R. ¥. Sharp
being above the "^PLM for many aquatic organisms, does not

begin to consider the synergistic effects of temperature

and other pollutant conditions which might be present in

given situations.  The fact that 90°F. may be approached

and/or exceeded under natural conditions does not .justify

allowing thermal wastes to duplicate or aggravate an

unhealthy aquatic condition.

               Equally important, from the aquatic life

standpoint, is the fact that any single upper temperature

limit (even one lower than 90°) represents a very unsatis-

factory solution to the problem of establishing tempera-

ture standards.  Such a single upper limit does not take

into consideration normal, subtle aquatic life patterns.

which involve gradual warming periods, temperature plateaifs

etc.  In other words, an upper limit that would be per-

fectly satisfactory in July or August would represent a

wide-open license for thermal pollution during the rest

of the year.
Effects of Temperature on Reproduction of Fishes
               Many temperate zone fishes take their

seasonal cues for specific behavioral sequences from the
    *  Median tolerance limit for 50 percent of the
       population.

-------
                                                       '-'38
                       R. W. Sharp
length of the daily photo period acting in conjunction

with the temperature.  In addition to maximum temperature

in summer, many water quality standards also state a  limi

on winter maximum or a maximum rise above ambient. While

the evidence is limited, low temperatures do appear neces

sary, in some species at least, for normal development of

the germ cells.  Available evidence suggests that winter

temperatures should not rise above 60°, with 50° being

more preferable in northern latitudes.

               The winter maximum is apparently the most

critical temperature and must be sufficiently low to

permit goriad maturation.  While specific data are lacking

winter tolerance limits for game fish species apparently

do exist.
     Walleye


     Northern pike


     Smallmouth bass
              Some Ggmmgn_ Warm_-W^ate^r JF_^shes_

                                      O   /Tr^O
Optimum 62° - 67F .   Larvae
die at 75°.

Optimum hatching temperature-
    to 56°F.
No hatch above 80°F .

-------
                                                       339
                       R. W. Sharp
      Largemouth  bass
     Wh1t e  has s
     Channel catfish
        Complete mortality at 90°F.
        Survival best at 6o.5°F.

        Normal hatch at 60° to 70°F

        Optimum s pawning temperature
        80°F.  Temperatures above
        85°F. apparently lethal to
        eggs .
Lethal Temperature Data
Species
*Upper Incipient
 Lethal Tempera-
 ture
                     F.
Channel catfish      90.0
LM bass
Bluegill
Fathead minnow
Brown bullhead
Rock bass
Common white sucker  84.7
         C.
         32.5
          **Lethal
            Temperature
            F.      C.
            92.3
            97.5
            92.8
            91.8
            97.7
33.5
36.4
33.8
33-2
36.5
36.7
Western blacknose
dace
 84.7
29.3

29.3
     *  Where a lethal effect is first noticed.

    **  Some of these appear high and are apparently based
on short exposure times.

-------
                                                      3^0
                       R. ¥. Share
                    *Upper Incipient
                     Lethal Tempera-   **Lethal
                     tujre

                     F.

Northern creek chub  86.5

Bluntnose minnow     91-9

Common shiner        87.8

Lake Emerald shiner  87.3

Yellow perch         85.5

Pumpkinseed sunfish
                                         Temperature
                             C.

                             30.3

                             33-3

                             31.0

                             30.7
F.
C.
                             29.7

                                        102.0    38.9

               The tolerance of Gentrarchid fishes

(sunfish group) is apparent; the Cyprinids (minnows)

less tolerant, with the catfish group between these two.

               It is notable that in the rivers of England

fish populations including rough fish were reduced when

temperature reached 86 F., supporting observations in this

country that this temperature is close to the incipient

lethal level for many warm-water fish and their associated

biota.

               There are four indices that determine the

tolerance of a fish species to raised temperatures:

               1.  The upper lethal temperature

     for adults.

-------
                       R. ¥. Sharp






               2.  Temperatures (the range) that




     will allow satisfactory growth to maturity




     and spawning.




               3.  Temperature (range) for satis-




     factory development of eggs and fry.




               4.  Temperatures that permit normal




     development of fish food organisms.




	o^H^a^lLJ^LL^ifJl!!. " Migratory species may be halted



by an unfavorable barrier in a stream, a possible factor




in walleye and sauger management.




               Thermal death of fish is not believed to




be significant ecologically.  Except in unusual cases of




rapid temperature rise, gradual increases apparently




result in avoidance of lethal temperatures by fish.  The




effect of temperature on growth,  development,  and activit




is usually more significant because if the sub-lethal




temperature is too high for the fish to successfully




reproduce, be active and grow,  the ultimate failure of th




population is as decisive as a lethal temperature.
                                         i s m s
               There is some evidence that olankton

-------
                       R. ¥.  Sharp






production, the basis for most fish food,  may be dis-




rupted or altered in normal cycle by higher than normal




late winter, spring, or early summer water temperatures.




Low winter temperatures are apparently necessary to com-




plete the resting stage of autumn Daphnia eggs,  thus




species composition of zoo plankton may change under con-




ditions of higher winter temperature.



               Bottom fauna organisms, another maior com-




ponent of fish food, may suffer from unusually high




temperatures.  Trembly's I960 work in Pennsylvania indi-




cated that 90 F. was a maximum tolerance limit at which




a normal population structure of riffle macroinvertebrate




could be maintained.  An extensive loss in numbers, diver




sity, and biomass occurred at temperatures greater than




90°F. (32.2 C.)



               Insects in deeper water cannot emerge




through heated surface waters in most cases, and snails




and other animals that must come to the surface to




breathe are either  eliminated or have their life history




interrupted.



               Research  results to date suggest that




species of fish-food organisms, in general, are less

-------
                       R. W. Sharp
tolerant of high temperatures than most species  of fish
      ^____


               Evidence would suggest that disease and


parasitism of fish may "be a greater factor at higher


temperatures, but data on the sub.lect remains scattered


and inconclusive at the present time.



Ne_e_d_f_o_r_S_e_c_ondary_Tre_atme_nt


               Increasing pollution loads resulting from


burgeoning human populations and expanding industrial


development will impose mounting pollution loads in Iowa


rivers.  If these waters are to make their expected con-


tribution to the future recreate onal needs of the State.


they should be maintained in the best possible condition


Since there will continue to be uncontrolled pollution


sources, principally from agriculture, it is important


that full control be exercised over pollution loadings


originating from population centers.  Where secondary


treatment is not provided, it will take place within the


stream, with the resultant accumulation of sludge beds,


production of H S,  and habitat degradation.
               2

               The effectiveness of the three phases of

-------
                                                      344
                       R.  W. Sharp






sewage treatment are listed below:




     Primary;




               BOD - 20*




               Suspended Solids - 60




               Nitrogen - 15




               Phosphorus - 15
     Secondary:
               BOD - 95



               Suspended Solids - 95



               Nitrogen - 40



               Phosphorus - 40
     Tertiary:
               BOD - 99



               Suspended Solids - 99



               Nitrogen - 99



               Phosphorus - 99-



               In summary, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries



and Wildlife endorses the requirement for secondary
     * Percent of waste removed.  Source - Walter K




Johnson, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering,



versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

-------
                       R. W. Sharp






treatment or the equivalent of all domestic and indus-



trial wastes discharged into the interstate waters of



Iowa.




               The Bureau endorses the standards for the



control of added heat as set forth by the Federal Water




Pollution Control Administration.



               Many chemical compounds cause objection-



able tastes and odors in fish flesh, phenolic compounds,



hydrocarbons, gas wastes, alcohols, and petroleum



refinery wastes are the worst offenders, sometimes to



the point of causing rejection of the fish by the angler.



Standards should be adopted for Iowa interstate waters



which will limit the concentration of these compounds to



levels which will not impart unpalatable flavors or



undesirable odors to fish.



               The Bureau endorses the principle of non-



degradation of streams--that is,  those waters higher in



quality than established by the standards should not be



permitted to declare? in quality to the level of the stan-



dards .

-------
                       R. W. Sharp






                       - Temper a ture Mat e r i al_



               Brown.  1957.  Physiology of Fishes.




Volumes 1 and 2 .
               Lagler,^ Bardach and Miller.




Icthyology .



               Odum.  196^.  Fundamentals of Ecology.




               Storer.  1951.  General Zoology.




               Tarzwell, C. M.  1962.  Biological Problems




in Water Pollution.  3rd Seminar.  1962.  Department of




Health, Education, and Welfare.  U. S. Public Health




Service .



               Calhoun,  Alex.  1966.  Inland Fisheries




Management.   California Department of Fish and Game.




               UMRCC.  1967.  Fisheries Compendium -




Upper Mississippi River.



               Welch, E. B. and T. A. Wojtalik.  1968.




Some Effects of Increased Water Temperature on Aquatic




Life T.V.A.   Division of Health and Safety - Water Qualitj




Branch.  Chattanooga, Tenn.



               Blakely, J. F.  1966.  Temperature of




Surface Waters in  Conterminous U.  S.  U.  S. Geological




Survey.

-------
                       R. W. Sharp
               Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.




1969.   National Survey of Hatchery Fish Needs.




               P.W.P.G.A.  1968.  Industrial Waste Guide




on Thermal Pollution.
               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Sharp.  At




this point we will recess for lunch and reconvene promptl




at 1:30.




                      (NOON RECESS)

-------
	348





                     AFTERNOON SESSION






                MR.  STEIN:   Let's  reconvene.




                Mr.  Blomgren.




                MR.  BLOMGREN:   Mr.  Chairman,  at  this  time




 I will  introduce  our next  person  presenting  a statement.




                Mr.  Kenneth Roberts,  Fishery  Biologist,




 Bureau  of  Commercial Fisheries, Ann  Arbor, Michigan.




                Kenneth.








               STATEMENT  BY KENNETH ROBERTS




         FISHERY  BIOLOGIST, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL




        FISHERIES,  U. S.  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR




                    ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN








                MR.  ROBERTS:  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies and




 gentlemen.



                I  am Kenneth R. Roberts,  representing the




 U.  S.  Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.  I have a prepared




 statement  for the record,  from which I am going to read




 excerpts.   However, Mr.  Chairman, I  would like the entire




 statement  in the  record.



                MR.  STEIN:   Without objection, that will




 be  done as if read.

-------
                      K. R. Roberts






               MR. ROBERTS:  Iowa lies in the center of




the traditional Mississippi-Missouri River commercial




fishery.  During the late l890's Iowa was one of the




foremost States of the interior United States in commerciajl




fish production.  Both the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers




and certain tributaries were fished extensively.  Records




indicate the waters in 1901 were well supplied with fish




in great variety and abundance.




               On the Missouri River as it flows through




or by Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri, the outstanding




trend has been a progressive decline in annual production




from 1908 to the present.  This trend is readily observable




in Table 1, which summarizes commercial catch for these




States.  In 1963 total production was 12 percent that




of the 1908 catch, although showing roughly constant per-




centages of the three primary groups—carp, catfish and




buffalofish. Over the period 1954^63, Iowa landings from




the Missouri River, although somewhat fluctuating, have




averaged only 66,000 pounds, valued at roughly $9*000.




               There has been extensive reduction of river




surface area as a result of channel development as well as




a progressive degradation of Missouri water quality.

-------
                                                      350
                      K. R. Roberts
Primary pollutants include:  sewage discharges, rendering




plant wastes, animal wastes, accidental spills and dis-




charges of oil, gasoline, grease and other chemicals and




compounds and fertilizer runoff.  Although economic and




institutional factors have played an important role in




the generally downward trend of commercial fishery pro-




duction, water quality problems have further aggravated




an already difficult situation.  At various places and




times the introduction of waste materials which directly




or indirectly impart undesirable taste and odor character




istics to fish has seriously limited the marketability of




the catch.  Under such circumstances,  one more element of




risk is added to the commercial fishing operation as




markets are lost and fishing is temporarily halted in the




affected stream stretch.  This is a serious problem for




an industry whose products are sold for human consumption




               Iowa's Missouri River commercial fishing




industry has clearly been vulnerable to a progressive




trend of river habitat degradation and will continue to




be sensitive to fluctuations in water  quality.  The effec




of increased water temperature, overenrichment, and Indus




trial wastes which are lethal to aquatic organisms or whi

-------
	_	_____„	351




                       K.  R.  Roberts






 cause  undesirable taste  and  odor in  food fishes  are  of




 particular significance.  Thus,  it is important that  ade-




 quate  standards  be defined and  adopted for application




 to  Interstate  waters  of  Iowa.




               With respect  to  temperature:   Perhaps more




 than any other environmental factor,  temperature  has




 multiple and  diverse  effects on aquatic organisms.   It




 limits  the distribution  of aquatic organisms  and  at  the




 same time determines  their level of  activity.  Sharp or




 long-lasting  temperature  changes cause new biological




 systems  to appear,  and old ones to vanish.




               ¥e need not ordinarily be concerned so




 much about high  (or low)  temperatures that are immediatel




 lethal  as about  the effects  of  chronically sublethal




 temperatures whose  effects are  delayed but ultimately




 just as  dramatic.   In the long  run,  temperature levels




 that adversely affect the animals' metabolism, feeding,




 growth,  reproduction,  and other vital functions are  just




 as harmful as  rapid heat  death.




               Occasionally  the question of potential




 beneficial side  effects on fishery resources  from heated




 water effluents  is  raised.   For example,  it is often

-------
                                                      352
                      K. R. Roberts
pointed out that heated effluents do at certain times




attract fish,  and they may become more available for




angler harvest.  But looking beyond this seeming benefit,




what harmful effects are at the same time imparted to the




river?  The same heated water may disrupt important life




history patterns and create a net negative ecological




effect upon the river.  What good is fish attraction




under these circumstances?  With all due respect to the




eventual beneficial uses of heated effluents, one is hard




pressed to find one such use which is sufficiently well




developed or defined to be useful in making a midwestern




water area ecologically more desirable within the next




20 years.  In other words, harnessing of benefits is year




off, while the potential damages of these effluents are




here now.  As  with badly needed studies of potential




dangers, constructive use of potential benefits will




require research and investigation.  Thus, it is necessar




that realistic temperature standards be set at this time




which will protect aquatic life.




               With respect to nutrients:  The more




abundant the nutrient supply, the more dense the aquatic




vegetative growth, provided other environmental factors

-------
                                                      353
                      K. R. Roberts
are favorable.  Substances involved are nitrogen, phos-




phorus, carbon, vitamins and other compounds and elements




In aquatic habitat, such substances stimulate growth of




bacteria, fungi, phytoplankton, filamentous algae, and




submerged, submersed, floating, and marginal water plants




Excess nutrients readily create conditions undesirable




from the fishery standpoint.  Resulting growths can




interfere with commercial fishing by fouling lines and




clogging nets.  Excess metabolic demands of such plants




while they are living and their decomposition after death




impose a high BOD load on the streams and are capable of




severely reducing and even depleting dissolved oxygen.




Dense growths of filamentous algae and other plants can




seriously reduce total fish production, as well as inter-




fere with harvest of fish.




               Available information shows that excess




amounts of nutrients and other wastes are entering the




Missouri River and its tributaries and causing substantia




degradation of water quality.  The FWPCA's 196? biologi-




cal survey of the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa,




to Herman, Missouri, showed that at least 5^ of the 286




river miles were severely degraded by pollution.  Severel

-------
	334





                      K. R.  Roberts






 degraded  waters  were  also  found  in the  Missouri River




 tributaries  of  the  Big  Sioux,  Floyd,,  Soldier  and Boyer




 Rivers.




                Reduction of  nutrient  levels in the




 affected  stretches  and  tributaries of the  Missouri River




 can  provide  considerable benefits to  the  commercial




 fishery.  Quantitatively,  fish production  may increase.




 Qualitatively,  a large  measure of stability would be




 added  to  the  commercial fishery  as periodic fish kills




 and  cases of  tainting are  reduced or  limited.  The




 capability exists within reach of present  technology to




 greatly eliminate inputs of  nitrogen, phosphorus, organic




 residues  and  suspended  solids  from sewage  and industrial




 effluents.  From the  standpoint  of the  fishery resource




 it is  desirable  and necessary  that such elimination be




 effected.




                With respect  to taste-and  odor-inducing




 substances:   A  large  number  of compounds  can  impart ob-




 jectionable  tastes  and  odors to  fish  flesh.   These com-




 pounds include:   hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, coal




 tar  wastes,  gas  wastes, sewage containing  phenols, and




 petroleum refinery  wastes.   It has been found that

-------
                      K. R. Roberts






chlorophenol could produce unpleasant flavor in fish at




a water concentration of one part per "billion.  Apparentl




certain algaes are also capable of imparting taste and




odor to fish flesh.



               Occasional spills of chemicals and other




substances on the Missouri River and its tributaries




have rendered commercial ca.tches unsaleable due to taste




and odor problems.  Certain reaches of the Missouri River




and its tributaries are from time to time unsuitable for




commercial production because fish present have been




rendered unmarketable.  Taste and odor problems are




serious problems to the commercial fisherman.  Since




phenols, oil and other taste-inducing compounds are




potential destructive contributors, it is desirable that




standards be adopted for Iowa interstate waters which




will limit the concentrations of these substances to




levels which will not Impart unpalatable flavors or




undesirable odors to fish.




               In conclusion, on August 7, 19^7., a memo-




randum summarizing the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries '




comments on Iowa's proposed criteria were forwarded to




the Regional Director of the Missouri Basin Region,

-------
	356





                      K. R. Roberts






Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.  The




subjects of criteria for temperature and undesirable




tastes in edible aquatic organisms are covered in the




memorandum.  Since these aspects are of prime importance




at this hearing, we wish to emphasize that our present




views are basically the same as those advanced on




August T, 1967.  We wish to emphasize further that our




views past and present are essentially identical to those




being advanced for secondary treatment, temperature, phenc




and protection of high quality waters by the FWPCA at thi




hearing.  Therefore, we firmly endorse and support the




FWPCA recommendations as they will soon be presented by




Mr. Blomgren.




               A great deal has yet to be learned about




adequate aquatic life criteria, and additional research




may demonstrate the need for redefinition and refinement




of the standards to meet fishery requirements.  Until




careful research demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt




that degradation of existing water quality to the level




of the finally approved standards will not result in




harmful effects upon fish and aquatic life resources, it




is the position of the BCF that the goal of pollution
Is

-------
                                                       357
                      K. R. Roberts
abatement should be maintenance or Improvement  of  water




quality in the waters under  consideration  a.t  this  hearing




Therefore, BCF also endorses the Federal Water  Pollution dontrol




Administration   recommendation for an  anti-degradation




clause in the final Iowa standards.




               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mr.  Roberts.









               (The following is the report submitted




by Mr. Roberts:)




     STATEMENT PRESENTED BY  THE BUREAU  OF  COMMERCIAL




     FISHERIES, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,,  5




     RESEARCH DRIVE, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN,  AT  THE




     DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR  WATER QUALITY  STANDARDS




     CONFERENCE ON IOWA INTERSTATE WATERS  OF  THE




     MISSOURI RIVER, APRIL 15, 1969, COUNCIL  BLUFFS, IOWA




               Iowa lies in  the center  of  the traditional




Mississippi-Missouri Rdver commercial fishery.  During




the late 1890's Iowa was one of the foremost  States of




the interior United States in commercial fish production.




Both the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and  certain




tributaries were fished extensively.  Records indicate

-------
                                                      358
                      K. R. Roberts
the waters in 1901 were well supplied with fish in great




variety and abundance.




               On the Missouri River as it flows through




or by Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska  and Missouri, the outstand-




ing trend has been a progressive decline in annual produc-




tion from 1908 to the present.  This trend is readily




observable in Table 1, which summarizes commercial catch




for these States.  In 19&3 total production was 12 percen"




that of the 1908 catch, although showing roughly constant




percentages of the three primary groups--carp, catfish anc




buffalofish.  Over the period 195^—63, Iowa landings fron




the Missouri River, although somewhat fluctuating, have




averaged 66,000 pounds, valued at $9*000.




               There has been extensive reduction of



river surface area as a result of channel development




as well as progressive degradation of Missouri water




quality.  Primary pollutants include:  sewage discharges,




rendering plant wastes, animal wastes, accidental spills




and discharges of oil, gasoline, grease, and other chemi-




cals and compounds and fertilizer runoff.  Although




economic and institutional factors have played an important




role in the generally downward trend of commercial fisher?

-------
                                                                         359
                                -2-
TABLE 1.—MISSOURI RIVER COMMERCIAL FISH PRODUCTION IN THOUSANDS OF
POUNDS FOR TH3 STATES OF IOWA, KANSAS,  NEBRASKA,  AND MISSOURI  (1894-1965)*
YEAR
1894
1898
1908
1922
1931
1954
1955
1956
195S
1959
1960
1962
1963
1964**
1965**

IOWA
564
257
144
167
132
13
30
16
143
141
136
36
11
321
42

KANSAS
134
107
431
54
143
112
145
115
78
63
60
52
44
38
42
STATE
NEBRASKA
311
309
399
136
145
212
194
268
127
151
123
129
131
281
422

MISSOURI
570
712
1,302
314
169
163
166
138
151
152
154
98
86
105
106
TOTAL
1,579
1,385
2,276
671
589
500
535
536
499
507
473
315
272
745
612
*Taken from Fishery Statistics of the U.S.,  U.S.  Bureau  of Commercial
Fisheries, 1894-1985.

**Production data for certain inland waters  have  been  included  in
these data.

-------
                                                      360
                      K. R. Roberts
production, water quality problems have further aggra-




vated an already difficult situation.  At various places




and times the introduction of waste materials which




directly or indirectly impart undesirable taste and odor




characteristics to fish has seriously limited the market-




ability of the catch.  Under such circumstances, one more




element of risk is added to the commercial fishing opera-




tion as markets are lost and fishing is temporarily




halted in the affected stream stretch.  This is a serious




problem for an industry whose products are sold for human




consumption.




               Iowa's Missouri River commercial fishing




industry has  clearly been vulnerable to a progressive




trend of river habitat degradation and will continue to



be sensitive  to fluctuations in water quality.  . The




effects of increased water temperature, overenrichment




and industrial wastes which are lethal to aquatic organises




or which cause undesirable taste and odor in food fishes




are of particular significance.  Thus, it is important




that adequate standards be defined and adopted  for appli-




cation to interstate waters of Iowa.

-------
                                       	361





                      K.  R.  Roberts






                        TEMPERATURE




               Temperature,  perhaps more  than  any  other




environmental factor, has multiple and  diverse  effects on




aquatic organisms.  It  limits the distribution  of  aquatic




organisms and at  the same time determines their level  of




activity.  Sharp  or long-lasting temperature changes




cause new biological systems to appear, and old ones to



vanish.




               We need  not ordinarily be  concerned so




much about high (or low) temperatures that are  immediately




lethal as about the effects  of chronically sublethal tem-




peratures whose effects are  delayed but ultimately just




as dramatic.  In the long run, temperature levels  that




adversely affect the animals' metabolism, feeding, growth,



reproduction, and other vital functions are just as harm-



ful as rapid heat death.




               There is a lack of specific information




required to determine the total effects of heated effluentjs




on aquatic ecology.  However, a good deal is knoxvn about




the effects of temperature changes on aquatic organisms.




Basically, water temperature influences the rate of all




biochemical reactions,  the solubility and rate of oxygen

-------
                                                      362
                      K. R. Roberts
uptake, metabolism,, the heart beat, viscosity of body




fluids, permeability of membranes, and even the volume




of gas in the swim bladder of fishes.  Besides acting




as a lethal factor, increased temperatures have been




demonstrated to: interfere with normal incubation periods




of fish eggs; disrupt reproductive cycles; accelerate




weight loss; inhibit maturation of fish and other organis:




aggravate parasitic infections; induce bacterial epidemic




disrupt normal activity patterns; decrease appetite,




digestion rate, and growth; induce respiratory difficul-




ties; and increase oxygen consumption. In addition, tem-




perature increases can: synergize effects of pesticides,




heavy metals, dissolved gases, detergents, sulfite waste




liquors, and other toxic or debilitating pollutants;



decrease dissolved oxygen content of water; and under




certain conditions may also accentuate development of




algal blooms, particularly bluegreen species.




               Occasionally the question of potential




beneficial side effects on fishery resources from heated




water effluents is raised. For example, it is often




pointed out that heated effluents do at certain times




attract fish, and they may become more available for
is ;

-------
                                                      363
                      K. R. Roberts
angler harvest.  But looking beyond this seeming benefit,




what harmful effects are at the same time imparted to the




river?  The same heated water may disrupt important life




history patterns and create a net negative ecological




effect upon the river.  What good is fish attraction




under these circumstances?   With all due respect to the




eventual beneficial uses of heated effluents, one is




hard pressed to find one such use which is sufficiently




well developed to be useful in making a midwestern water




area ecologically more desirable within the next 20 years




In other words, harnessing of benefits is years off,




while the potential damages of these effluents are here




now.  As with badly needed studies of potential dangers,




constructive use of potential benefits will require




research and investigation.  Thus, it is necessary that




realistic temperature standards be set which will protect




aquatic life.



                        NUTRIENTS_




               The more abundant the nutrient supply,




the more dense the aquatic vegetative growth, provided




other environmental factors are favorable.  Substances




involved are nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, vitamins and

-------
                                                      364
                      K. R. Roberts
other compounds and elements.  In aquatic habitat, such




substances stimulate growth of bacteria,, fungi, phyto-




plankton, filamentous algae, and submerged, submersed,




floating, and marginal water plants.  Excess nutrients




readily create conditions undesirable from the fishery




standpoint.  Resulting growths can interfere with com-




mercial fishing by fouling lines and clogging nets.




Excess metabolic demands of such plants while they are




living and their decomposition after death impose a high




BOD load on the streams and are capable of severely




reducing and even depleting dissolved oxygen.  Dense




growths of filamentous algae and other plants can seriousljy




reduce total fish production, as well as interfere with




harvest of fish.



               Available information shows that excess




amounts of nutrients and other wastes are entering the




Missouri River and its tributaries and causing substantial




degradation of water quality.  The FWPCA   196? biological




survey of the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to




Herman, Missouri, showed that at least 54 of the 286 rive*




miles were severly degraded by pollution.  Severely




degraded waters were also found in the Missouri River

-------
                                                      365
                      K. R. Roberts
tributaries of the Big Sioux, Floyd, Soldier and Boyer




Rivers.  In the areas of severe biological habitat




degradation, most benthic organisms found were those




associated with polluted waters.  Nutrient levels adequate




to support undesirable biological growths as well as




excessive numbers of coliform bacteria were found down-




stream from Sioux City, Iowa.  Available data show the




Nebraska-Iowa-Missouri reach of the Missouri River at




times carries an organic pollution load which exceeds by




10 times the human population of the entire basin.  The




balance is caused by agricultural and natural sources.




The main agricultural sources of pollution are: (1)  sedi-




ments; (2) nutrients; (3) chemicals; and (4) animal  waste;




               Reduction of nutrient levels in the affectdd




stretches and tributaries of the Missouri River can  provice




considerable benefits to the commercial fishery.   Quan-




titatively, fish production may increase.  Qualitatively,




a large measure of stability would be added to the com-




mercial fishery as periodic fish kills and cases  of




tainting are reduced or limited.  The capability exists




within reach of present technology to greatly eliminate




inputs of nitrogen,  phosphorus, organic residues  and

-------
                                                      366
                      K. R. Roberts
suspended solids from sewage and industrial effluents.




From the standpoint of the fishery resourc-e it is desirab




and necessary that such elimination be effected.




            A £>TEAND 0 PRI NDUC I NG SUBS TAN C ES
               A large number of compounds can impart




objectionable tastes and odors to fish flesh.  These




compounds include: hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds,




coal tar wastes, gas wastes, sewage containing phenols,




and petroleum refinery wastes.  It has been found that




chlorophenol could produce unpleasant flavor in fish at




a water concentration of only 0.0001.  Apparently certain




algaes are also capable of imparting taste and odor to




fish flesh.




               Occasional spills of chemicals and other



substances on the Missouri River and its tributaries




have rendered commercial catches unsaleable due to taste




and odor problems.  Certain reaches of the Missouri River




and its tributaries are from time to time unsuitable for




commercial production because fish present have been




rendered unmarketable.  Taste and odor problems are




serious problems to the commercial fisherman.  Since phen




oil, and other taste-inducing compounds are destructive
le

-------
                                                      367
                      K. R. Roberts
contributors.,  it is desirable that standards be adopted




for Iowa interstate waters which will limit the concen-




trations of these substances to levels which will not




impart unpalatable flavors or undesirable odors to fish.
               The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has




been involved for many years with the water quality




aspects of fishery research through its Biological Labora-




tories.  We are, therefore, very concerned with the impad




of pollution on the total fishery environment.




               As a result of the Water Quality Act of




1965, the Bureau and a number of other Federal water




resources agencies were called upon to review and comment




upon Iowa's proposed Water Quality Criteria and Plan of




Implementation, May 1967.  On August 7, 19^7, a memorandur




summarizing BCF's comments on Iowa's proposed criteria




was forwarded to the Regional Directors of the Great




Lakes and Missouri Basin Regions, Federal Water Pollution




Control Administration.  A copy of that memorandum is




attached as Appendix A.




               The subjects of criteria for temperature




and undesirable tastes in edible aquatic organisms are

-------
                                                      368
                      K. R. Roberts
 overed in the memorandum.  Since these aspects are of

prime importance at this hearing, we wish to emphasize

that our present views are basically the same as those

advanced on August 7> 19&7.  We wish to emphasize further

that our views past and present are essentially identical

to those being advanced for Secondary Treatment,
the FWPCA at this hearing.  Therefore, we firmly endorse

and support the FWPCA recommendations as they are proposed

for this conference.

               A great deal has yet to be learned about

adequate aquatic life criteria, and additional research

may demonstrate the need for redefinition and refinement

of the standards to meet fishery requirements.  Until

careful research demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt

that degradation of existing water quality to the level

of the finally approved standards will not result in

harmful effects upon fish and aquatic life resources, it

is the position of the BCP that the goal of pollution

abatement should be maintenance or improvement of water

quality in the waters under consideration at this hearing.

Therefore, BCF also endorses the FWPGA ~ recommendation
for an anti-degradation clause in the final Iowa standards

-------
             . FOf'M r-'u 10
         CSA CtM Fl'-G NO. 33
         UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
         Memorandum
                                         369
Appendix A.   BCF Cotr.rr.ents to FWPCA on the 'Vater
Quality Criteria and Plan of Impler.'entatiou for
Iowa 1967.
TO     :  Regional Directors, FWPCA,  Great  Lakes Region,     DATE:  August 7, 1967
         Chicago, Illinois and Missouri  Basin  Region,
         Kansas City, Missouri
FROM   :  Regional Director, BCF,  Ann Arbor, Michigan
         (Acting)

SUBJECT:  BCF Comments on The Water Quality Criteria and Plan of Implementation
         for Iowa, May, 1967.


         We have reviewed the subject  submittal which you have forwarded with a
         request for our comments.   Since  the  standards advanced in the submittal
         are common to appropriate interstate  waters for both your regions, we
         have combined our formal response into this one memo.

              1.  General Comment.--Water  quality standards required to maintain
         "healthy aquatic life" conditions in  Iowa are far more complex than c;m
         be covered on one single spaced typewritten page.  This fact becomes
         apparent after review of the  ten  page "...incomplete, tentative..."
         summary of key criteria  for fresh water organisms advanced in the
         excellent interim report of the FWPCA's National Technological Advisory
         Committee on Water Quality  Requirements for Fishes (hereafter referred
         to as the N.T.A.C. interim  report).   The treatment given to aquatic
         life criteria in the present  submittal is considered inadequate, and
         we recommend that a more thorough aquatic life treatment be prepared
         and included, at least for  the  areas  covered by the following comments,
         before final approval is made on  the  Iowa submittal.

              2.  Updating.--The  Iowa  submiLtal contains no formal indication that
         the standards specified  are susceptible to future changes, when warranted
         by experience and future research findings.  We recommend that a detailed
         procedure for enacting such updating  be prepared and included in the
         submittal.

              3.  Definition of_JCerms.--The submittal includes a number of very
         important key words and  phrases which are not adequately defined.
         Among these are:   fish propagation (p. £); sufficient distance downstream
         and adequate mixing (p.  7;  also see Comment 4 of this memo); detrimental,
         harmful (p. 8);  permanent fish  population (p. 11); unsightly, deleterious
         (p. 13); aquatic ... use of the water (p. 14); and well balanced fish
         population (p. 15).  We  recommend that these terms, as well as other
         significant terms, be clearly defined and the definitions be included
         in an appropriate section of  the  submittal.
                  Bay U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan

-------
                                                                         370

Reg.Dirs.,FWPCA,GLR,MBR           -2-                 August 7, 1967

    4- Zones of Admixture.--Item 2 of Section 2.1 on page 7 indicates
aquatic life criteria would apply at, "All points in the stream from
the mouth up to the designated cutoff point...".  The first sentence
of page 7's last paragraph states that sampling would occur after
"adequate mixing" of effluents, thus indicating aquatic life criteria
are not intended to apply at all points as stated Item 2.1.  These
two statements of the submittal conflict literally,  and involve at.
least in Iowa streams designated for aquatic life the difficult subject
of effluent mixture areas.

    As treated in the submittal, the designation of  Iowa zones of admix-
ture are arbitrary and not well defined.  The terms  sufficient distance
downstream and adequate mixing are open to unreasonably broad interpre-
tation.  A license exists within the present wording which would permit
legal use of Iowa streams for further indiscriminate disposal of
wastes with resultant destruction of fishery habitat and migration
patterns.

    We are of the opinion that admixture., of effluents in aquatic life
zones can be regulated effectively using the approach advanced in ZONES
OF PASSAGE AND MIXING (pages 31, 32) of the N.T.A.C. interim report.
We consider this to be the most reasonable and realistic approach
available and recommend its adoption in toto into the submittal.

    5.  Undesirable Tastes in Edible Aquatic Organisms.--Section 2.2
presently has no reference tc regulation of substances in the water
which will impart undesirable tastes to the flesh of fish and other
edible aquatic organisms.  We recommend that wording to the following
extent be worked into the first paragraph of Section 2.2:

        "Taste and odor producing substances shall be limited to
        concentrations in the stream that will not impart unpalat-
        able flavor to fish or other edible aquatic  organisms."

    6.  Temperature.--The proposed 93 F upper temperature limit is
considered unacceptably high for most of the year.  This upper limit,
being above the TLm for many aquatic organisms, does not begin to
consider synergistic effects of temperature and other pollutant condi-
tions which might be present in given situations. The fact that 93 F
may be approached, and/or exceeded under thoroughly  natural conditions
does not justify allowing thermal wastes to duplicate or aggravate
such an unhealthy aquatic life condition.

    Equally important, from the aquatic life standpoint, is the fact
that any single upper temperature limit (even one lower than 93 F)
represents a very unsatisfactory solution to the problem of establishing
temperature standards.  Such a single upper limit does not take into
consideration normal subtle aquatic life patterns, which involve
gradual warming periods, temperature plateaus, etc.   In other words,
an upper limit that would be perfectly satisfactory  in July or August
would represent a wide opan license for thermal pollution during the

rest of the year.

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                                                                          371
Reg.Dirs.,FWPCA,GLR,MBR
-3-
                                                   August 7, 1967
     We recommend  that the water temperature criteria presented in the
N.T.A.C. interim report (pages 4-6) and utilizing a standard 5 F above
the monthly average of the natural maximum daily water temperatures be
adopted for Iowa aquatic life zones.  Maximum surface water temperatures
should range between 86-90 F, depending on local stream characteristics
and biota.

     7.  Toxic Substances. --The existing portion of the submittal
concerning toxic substances is considered abbreviated and inadequate.
We recommend that  the standards for toxic substances advanced in the
N.T.A.C. interim report (pages 11-13) be adopted in to to for the Iowa
standards.

     8.  Oil and Grease. --The aspect of oil and grease pollution is
not even broached  in the Aquatic Life standards on page 15,  although
this is an extremely significant and common source of pollution.  We
recommend that the standards advanced in the N.T.A.C. interim report
on oil (p. 8) be adopted in to to for Iowa waters.
We appreciate the opportunity to review and comment on the Iowa
subraittal.  If any questions should arise concerning our comments,
don't hesitate to call upon us.  We would like to be advised as soon
as possible on the disposition of our comments (i.e. We would like  to
know which are acceptable in your judgement).
                                   Sincerely,
                                   Ernest D.  Premetz

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                                                     372
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
               MR. STEIN:  Mr. Blomgren.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  One additional statement




to be made by Dr. Clarence Tarz;well, Director of National




Water Quality, Marine Laboratory, West Kingston, Rhode




Island.




               Dr. Tarzwell.








             STATEMENT BY DR. C. M. TARZWELL




         DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MARINE WATER QUALITY




       LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION  CONTROL




       ADMINISTRATION, WEST KINGSTON, RHODE ISLAND








               DR. TARZWELL:  Mr. Chairman, conferees,




ladies and gentlemen.



               I  am  Clarence  M. Tarzwell, Director  of




the National Marine  Water Quality Laboratory, which is




the laboratory of the FWPCA at West Kingston, Rhode




Island.  I have  a prepared  statement, Mr. Chairman,




which  I would like to submit  for the  record.




               MR. STEIN:   Without  objection, this  will
 be  done.
                DR.  TARZWELL:   However,  I  shall  not read

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                                                      373
                    Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
it.  I shall summarize it and also emphasize some of the




basic considerations which have been brought out by some




of the other speakers.




               Among these, I have listed eight:




               No. 1.  We should realize that the con-




ditions to which organisms have become adapted over geo-




logical time have now become their environmental require-




ments and any change introduced by man in comparison to




geological time is a raoid change and when these are




sudden or large, they are significantly harmful or can be




to the aquatic life.




               2.  I think it is basic that we must




realize that dissolved oxygen and temperature must be




considered together as they are interrelated.  In other




words, when there is a high temperature you need a high




dissolved oxygen.  When the dissolved oxygen is low you




must also have a low temperature if you are to provide




conditions which allow full activity for the aquatic
organisms
               Carbon dioxide also has some influences on
oxygen requirements and in turn on the effects of tempera-



ture from the standpoint of the amount of oxygen required

-------
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell






for activity of the organisms.




               No. 3-  In establishing water quality




standards we must consider the most sensitive species




in the biota, that is the most sensitive important




species.  If we do not do this, the whole biota can be




disrupted.  In other words, the chain of life is no




stronger than its weakest link, and in establishing water




temperatures which are conducive to the survival, growth,




reproduction, general well being, and the production of




a crop, we must consider the species that are most




sensitive to temperature changes and especially high




temperatures.  The criteria cannot be based upon the




most tolerant species.




               No. 4.  In considering water quality




requirements, we must consider the most sensitive life




stages.  These must be protected if an organism  is to




complete its life history.  In other words, we must con-




sider the temperatures for the maturation of the sex




products, the spawning act, the develooment of the eggs,




the development of the larvae or fry or nymphisms, what-




ever it might be.  And in this regard, seasonal varia-




tions to which the organisms have become accustomed are

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                                                     375
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
very important. We cannot depart greatly from these and




expect to have a well balanced biota.




               No. 5-  Peak temperatures observed in




nature cannot be endured for long periods.  Sometimes we




have natural kills of aquatic organisms due to unusual




heat.  Peak temperatures which are observed in nature




occur for only short periods and very often they are very




near to lethal temperatures.  Considering these peak




temperatures as favorable is a mistake that non-biolo-




gists very often make.  In the setting of peak tempera-




tures, of course, you have to be realistic.  You cannot




say that aquatic organisms cannot withstand temperatures




that occur naturally just because they are very close to




lethal temperatures.  However, it seems that many people




do not realize that these peak temperatures cannot be




withstood for considerable periods.  Further, temperatures




which can be resisted for even considerable periods by




adults may be unsuited for the young and are no measure




of temperatures which are favorable  and necessary for




the survival of the species.




               Also it must be realized that in nature




there are daily variations in temperature which are -now

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                                                     376
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
environmental requirements.  There is naturally a cool-




ing off period at night.  ¥e have observed in our fishery




studies that while water temperatures may be unfavorably




high during the day, they can be endured if there is a




cooling off period during the 2^-hour cycle.  Without




this cooling off period, serious harm can be caused




either directly or from weakening of a species so that




its competitors can take over and produce an undesirable




change in the fish population.




               6. High temperatures in the transition




periods from winter to spring can be critical and detri-




mental.  A 10-degree increase in temperature in March




and April or early May, depending on the part of the




country that you are in, will convert temperatures which




are normally in the 40's and 50's to temperatures which




are in the 50's and 6o's.  This change can be very




important from the standpoint of the bass which spawn




after the temperatures reach 60 and are maintained at




that level or above for a few days.  For example, when




the temperatures are in the 50"s they don't spawn and if




a cold spell comes and temperatures drop back down into




the 40's there is no direct harm because the eggs haven't

-------
                                                     377
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
yet been laid.  However, if the water temperatures are




raised 10 degrees Fahrenheit into the 60' s- and then drop




back into the 50's, due to the cold spell the spawn for




the year would be wiped out,because, as you know, the




daddy bass leaves the nest when water temperatures drop




below 60 degrees Fahrenheit.   When this occurs, the eggs




either fungus up, are eaten by other organisms or they




die from lack of oxygen because the daddy bass is no




longer there to keep the water circulating so they have




an oxygen supply.




               No. 7-  In warm streams an increase of




10 degrees Fahrenheit with a 93 degree maximum can result




in significant harm.  If all temperatures are raised 10




degrees Fahrenheit,the minimum daily temperature will




approach 90 or be in the area of 90 to 93 degrees during




considerable periods in the summer.  Then if the maximum




temperature of 93 degrees Fahrenheit is  met by the use




of cooling towers, temperatures may be in the vicinity of




93 around the clock for several days or .more in successio^




From the evidence that has been presented by the Fish and




Wildlife Service representatives,  it is evident that thes




continued high temperatures are harmful and may be lethal

-------
                                                     378
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
               No. 8.  A rise of 10 degrees above natural



temperature lengthens the hot water period and increases



stress which can change the qualitative and quantitative



makeup  of the aquatic population.  I would like to list



briefly some of the effects of increased temperatures.



               (a)  Increased temperature speeds up



metabolism and increases the need for higher dissolved



oxygen concentrations.  Temperature influences growth



and if a temperature increase is not too great growth



is more rapid. After a certain point is passed, growth



is actually retarded and detrimental effects are produced




Water temperature influences the development of sex




products and the time of spawning or it can inhibit



spawning.



               (b)  High temperatures can limit the



ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen.  At the



higher temperatures oxygen is less soluble and less




oxygen is available at the time when more oxygen is



needed.




               (c)  The higher temperatures generally



favor coarse or less desirable species, dogfish, gar,



shad, suckers, carp, and so forth, such as you see in

-------
                                                     379
                   Dr. G. M. Tarzwell
many of our southern streams.



               (d)  High temperatures favor dense growths




of undesirable algae, such as the "bluegreen algae.  With




increase in temperatures algal growth increases up to a




certain point and then with further increases in tempera-




tures there is a succession of species, the diatoms, the




greens and the bluegreens.  The bluegreens are somewhat




undesirable, sometimes very undesirable, from the stand-




point of the fishermen for the use of the water and the




fishes themselves.



               (e) Increased temperatures bring about




unseasonal emergence of some of the food organisms and




can cause a decrease in food through limiting important




species.



               (f)  Increased temperatures increase acute




toxicity.



               (g)  Increased temperatures require more




stringent quality standards for the other parameters.




               (h)  Temperature changes may produce




temperature blocks to migration.



               (1)  High temperatures encourage most




parasites and disease.  Parasites and disease generally

-------
                                                     380
                   Dr. G. M. Tarzwell
are most severe in their action when the organisms are




under stress at the higher temperatures. They disrupt




the delicate biological cycles in several ways.




               (j)  Temperatures above a certain level,




depending on the species, produce sub-lethal undesirable




physiological results.




               (K)  Temperature changes cause shifts in




species and the qualitative and quantitative makeup of




the biota.




               In summary, I think that it is evident




that in our research and investigation programs and in




the setting of water quality standards for temperature




it is essential to consider not only lethal but all sub-




lethal and other effects.  Because temperature has both



direct and indirect effects,it can influence in several




ways many of the other environmental requirements




required for the well being and the production of aquatic




life.



               MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Tarzwell.
               (The following is the report submitted by
Dr. Tarzwell:)

-------
                                                     381
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
               Some 17 years ago, I proposed a classi-




fication of pollutants in six groups as follows:  (11




inert, inorganic and organic wastes; (2) putrescible




wastes; (3) toxic wastes; (4) wastes of a significant




heat content; (5) radioactive wastes; and (6) contami-




nants.  In the first group,, silt and other materials




brought into streams and lakes by land erosion are the




most important.   In fact, not many years ago, eroded




materials were the most important pollutant in our




streams.  In recent years, toxic materials in industrial




wastes have increased greatly and are now very important.




However, settleable and suspended solids and turbidity




are still outstanding pollutants in our waters.   These




materials influence productivity in a variety of ways.




Settleable solids blanket the bottom, rendering it much




less productive  of those organisms essential as  food for




the fish; shifting sand bottoms are virtual aquatic




deserts; materials which settle out on sand or gravel-




rubble bottoms cover and destroy spawning beds and greatl;




reduce productivity by filling up the spaces between the

-------
                                                     382
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
rocks.  Turbidity reduces light penetration and adversely



influences the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton.




Thus, increases in turbidity can constitute pollution



and a decrease in turbidity is an important means of



improving stream conditions.




               Control of land erosion is a difficult



problem, the attainment of which is largely dependent



upon those agencies having to do with road building,



housing developments, placer and strip mining, agricul-



ture, grazing, forestry, fire control and coal and



gravel washing.  If we are to decrease this tyoe of



pollutant in our streams, we will have to initiate a



multiple agency, multiple discipline program.  There can



be little plant life and bottom fauna where turbidity is



maintained continuously above 200 Jackson Turbidity Units
               The addition of putrescible wastes to a



stream may result in minor enrichment, in enrichment



which produces excessive growths and growths of undesir-




able organisms or blooms or the enrichment may be so



great that the breakdown of the organic material by



bacteria results in the depletion of oxygen and fish




kills.

-------
                                                     383
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
               Organic enrichment which encourages the




excessive growth of filamentous algae and rooted aquatics




can be detrimental from the standpoint of interfering




with other uses of the water such as fishing or boating,




swimming and water skiing. Algal growths may become so




dense that during the day they supersaturate the water




with oxygen due to photosynthetic action and at night




their respiration and that of the bacteria depletes the




oxygen.  Wide fluctuations in oxygen levels with super-




saturation due to photosynthetic action is a mark of




organic enrichment and often an indication of pollution.




               Dissolved oxygen levels are of outstand-




ing importance for aquatic life. In the determination of




water quality requirements for aquatic life, special




attention must be given to dissolved oxygen concentra-




tions and their variations. When minimum concentrations




of dissolved oxygen are listed as water quality require-




ments,  these minimums represent the lowest desirable




concentrations and daily and seasonal fluctuations must b




above these concentrations.  The amount of oxygen present




largely determines temperatures which may be harmful or




which may be survived by the aquatic biota.  As the

-------
                                                     384
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
temperatures rise, more and more oxygen is required.  If



oxygen levels are low, temperature levels must be kept



low.  In the setting of water quality criteria, there-




fore, temperature and oxygen levels must be interrelated.
               Temperature is a very important factor




in the aquatic environment.  Because the fishes and the




lower aquatic organisms are all cold-blooded, metabolism




in these organisms is largely dependent upon temperature.




Therefore, in the aquatic environment temperature and




dissolved oxygen must be considered together. As tempera-




ture rises to the upper levels of normal temperatures, th




dissolved oxygen must be near to or at saturation in ordei




to insure full activity.  Temperature influences aquatic



life in a number of ways.  It may be lethal, it may




initiate or prevent migration, and it triggers or retards




spawning activities.  It controls to a certain extent the




metabolism, activity, feeding and growth of organisms.




It is important in the governing of productivity.  It is




very important in determining the qualitative and quan-




titative makeup of the aquatic biota.  Even small changes




in temperature can make the environment more favorable

-------
                                                      385
                   Dr.  C. M. Tarzwell
for  one species and  less favorable for another with the




result one species decreases while another becomes domi-




nant. Temperature influences the digestion of food and




certain enzymatic and  physiological  processes.




               During  geological time, the organisms




present in a given region gradually  adapted to the envi-




ronmental conditions in that region  or perished.  In time




therefore, the environmental conditions to which these




organisms have adapted have now become their environ-




mental requirements.   Sudden or large changes in the




environmental conditions due to man's activities can be




very destructive to  the aquatic biota.  Aquatic organisms




have become adapted  to seasonal temperature patterns




which are essential  for their physiological activities




and those of the organisms on which  they deoend as food.




Aquatic organisms have also adapted  to daily fluctuations




in temperature which in some instances are quite wide.




In the setting of temperature standards, attention must




be paid to maintaining daily and seasonal patterns of




temperature fluctuation.  Excessive warming of the water




during the winter, early spring or late fall months can




have disastrous effects from the standpoint of spawning,




emergence or food production.  While aquatic organisms

-------
                                                     388
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
Peak allowable temperatures for certain fish associations




for both summer and winter have been listed in the Nation




Technical Advisory Committee Report on Water Quality




Criteria.




               As has been indicated previously,  high




allowable temperatures must be of only short duration.




Temperatures which adult fish can withstand for short




periods are entirely unsatisfactory for long-term




exposures.  Further, temperatures which may be resisted




by adults for considerable periods can be entirely




unsatisfactory for the survival of the species. When




fish and other aquatic organisms are subjected to the




stress of high temperatures, they require periods of




cooler water such as naturally occur at night.  High



temperatures must not be maintained around the clock.




               Seasonal variations are also of outstand-




ing importance.  There must be a gradual acclimatization




to summer and winter temperatures, with a gradual warming




up in the spring and a gradual cooling off in the fall.




Temperatures which would be normal and favorable in the




summer would be rapidly lethal under winter conditions;




conversely, temperatures which would be entirely favorabl

-------
                                                     389
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
in the winter season would be rapidly lethal after the




fish have become acclimated to the higher summer tempera-




tures.  In most of the warm water fishes, spawning is




induced by a rising temperature and an increasing day




length.  If temperatures are artificially raised before




the increase in day length, harmful effects can occur.




The food of many fishes, or their young, consists of




phytoplankton or those organisms that directly feed on




phytoplankton. Since the phytoplankton development is




influenced by the length of day as well as temperature,




with artificial temperature rises, it is possible to have




the young produced before their customary food is avail-




able.  The same principle applies to the emergence of




aquatic insects. The higher temperatures may speed up




their life process such that they emerge into a cold and




uninviting climate.




               An allowable artificial temperature increa;e




of 10°F in those streams having natural temperatures whic!




range from the mid to upper eighties during July and




August can have very harmful effects even though a maxi-




mum temperature of 93 F is imposed.  This is because with




an increase of 10°F the minimum daily temoeratures become

-------
                                                     390
                   Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
93°F or more and if cooling towers are used to .just meet




the maximum allowable, temperatures at or near 93 F will




be maintained around the clock.  Such prolonged high




temperatures have been demonstrated to be harmful to




many fishes.




               A study of temperature records of some




Iowa streams for March, April, May and June indicates




that temperatures range in the 40's and 50's during




March and April and even into May, but the range in May




is usually in the upper 40' s and in the 50's. In June,




temperatures are more stable and in the 60's and above.




A rise of 10 F will push temperatures normally In the




40's and 50's into the 50's  and 60's  with resultant




damage to the black bass reoroduction. A rise of 10 F




will lengthen the summer season and may result In a




change in the biota.

-------
                                                     390-A
                       C. V. Blomgren





               MR. BLOMGREN:  Since our report was




prepared, Mr. Chairman, and transmitted to the Iowa




Pollution Control Commission, we have done some




additional analysis on bacterial loadings to the




Missouri River.  We have a young engineer in our




office, Bob Hegg, who will paraphrase and discuss




the material in Appendix H which we transmitted to




the Commission by Air Mail Special last weekend and




we have made a distribution to the staff members of




the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
               MR. STEIN:  All right, we will accept
that.
               MR. SAMSON:  Mr. Blomgren, will that




be an Appendix to the Water Quality Standards Con-




ference for the State of Iowa?




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Yes, Mr. Samson, we




have a supply of the apoendix out in the hall.




               MR. STEIN:  They will be distributed,

-------
                                                      391
                       'B. A. Hegg
               (Appendix H appears herein at pages 245-B
to 2530
              STATEMENT BY  BOB  A. HEGG




        SANITARY ENGINEER, MISSOURI BASIN REGION




      FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION




                  KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI









               MR. HEGG:  Mr. Chairman, my name is Bob




Hegg.  I am a Sanitary Engineer with the Missouri Basin




Region of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-




tion.




               An analysis was made on the eight-day dry




weather navigation flow data, which is presented in table




in this appendix.  This data is taken from the October




1968 survey conducted by the FWPCA.  The effort of this




analysis was directed at determining the effect of treat-




ment on removing the bacterial contamination in the




Missouri River.




               The coliform data on the Missouri River




from Gavins Point to St. Joseph were evaluated in terms




of a coliform mass.  For example, the data were evaluated

-------
                                                      392
                       B. A. Hegg
from a total number per day approach rather than a con-



centration approach.  The coliform masses were calculated




for the various sources along the reach of the Missouri



River from Gavins Point to St. Joseph.  These coliform




source data included measurements of the waste effluents



at the Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant, the Council



Bluffs Sewage Treatment Plant, the Monroe Street Sewer



at Omaha, Nebraska, and estimates of the densities in



the remaining outfalls from Omaha and Papillion Creek.



Also included were the measurements of coliform densities



from the major tributaries.



               A mass diagram of this data is presented



in the appendix.  The mass diagram indicated that the



major sources of coliforms in the Missouri River during



the dry weather period of the October survey were contrib-



uted  by the major cities.  The coliform contribution to



the Missouri River from the Big Sioux River, the Soldier



River, and the Boyer River was negligible during the




normal flow period of the October survey.  These observa-




tions led to the next portion of the analysis.



               The major source of coliforms are from the




wastewater effluents.  Consequently, an analysis was made

-------
                                                       393
                       B. A. Hegg
to determine  the  effect of treatment  on  reducing  the




quantity of coliforms in the Missouri River,  A 93 percen




reduction of  coliform was assumed with secondary  treat-




ment and a 9^.5 percent reduction of  coliform was assumed




with secondary treatment and chlorination.  The estimated




effects of these  types of treatment on river coliform




concentrations are also shown in a graph in the appendix.




               Other analyses were made also.  A  mass




balance was also  made on the fecal coliform organisms.




The results showed that approximately 50 percent  of the




fecal coliforms in the river could be accounted for in




the reach from Sioux City to Omaha.  This includes only




those fecal coliforms measured at the Sioux City Sewage




Treatment Plant.  It does not include coliform organisms




that may have been contributed from the other waste




sources in the Sioux City area.  Greater than 75 percent




of the fecal coliform organisms could be accounted for




in the reach of the river from Omaha to St. Joseph.




               The effect of two stage chlorination




was also evaluated.  It ivas  assumed that with two stage




chlorination,  a concentration of 500 MPN/100 ml could be




attained in effluent.  This  reduction is  far in excess of

-------
                                                      39^
                       B. A. Hegg
the 98-5 percent reduction assumed for secondary treatment




with chlorination.  This effluent concentration would




virtually eliminate the effect of the major cities on the




river coliform concentration.  If this reduction were




realized, the major sources of bacterial contamination




would have been the Boyer River and the Platte River.




This conclusion is based on conditions existing in the




river that were similar to those in the October 1968




survey conducted by the FWPCA.  The maximum value of




coliform concentration in the river, assuming two stage




chlorination and primary treatment, was estimated to be




4250 MPN/100 ml.




               The following conclusions are based on




the above analyses and apply to the Missouri River




conditions that existed during the dry weather period




of the October 1968 survey.




               1.  Greater than 85 percent of the




     total coliforms measured in the Missouri River




     were contributed by the major waste sources




     along the stream.




               2.  Approximately 50 percent of the




     fecal coliforms measured in the Missouri River-

-------
                                                 395
                  B. A. Hegg






were contributed by the major waste sources




that were measured during the October 1968




survey.




          3.  The total and fecal coliform




contribution to the Missouri River from the




Big Sioux River, the Soldier River and the




Boyer River were negligible during the dry




weather period of the October survey.




          4.  Secondary treatment alone would




not be adequate to provide reduction of coli-




forms to meet the National Technical Advisory




Committee's standard for public drinking




water supplies based on the analysis outlined




above.  And that standard is 10,000 MPN/100 ml,




          5.  Chlorination following secondary




treatment would be adequate to provide reduc-




tion of coliforms to meet the National Techni-




cal Advisory Committee's standard for public




water supplies based on this analysis.




          6.  Primary treatment with two stage




chlorination would be adequate to provide




reduction of coliforms to meet the National

-------
                                                      396
                       3. A. Hegg
     Technical Advisory Committee   standard for




     public water supplies also based on this




     analysis.




               Thank you.




               MR. SAMSON:  Mr. Stein, I would ask you,on




this analysis made on the eight-day dry weather period,




was there any correlation by the Federal Government on




this analysis with either the authorities in Nebraska




or Iowa?




               MR. STEIN:  Can you answer that, Mr. Hegg?




               MR. SAMSON:  I am asking you that as




Chairman, was any correlation on this work as set out




here in the--
               MR. STEIN:  What do you mean by correla-
tion?
               MR. SAMSON:  Did they correlate work with




the State authorities on this investigation?




               MR. STEIN:  Do you mean is this a coopera-
tive study?
               MR. SAMSON:  Yes.
               MR. STEIN:  Again you are going to have to




ask the technical staff.  I am not any more familiar with

-------
	397





                       B. A. Hegg






 this  than  you  are.




                Mr. Hegg  or  anyone?




                MR. HEGG:  I  can't answer  that.




                MR. BLOMGREN:  You weren't  running any




 concurrent studies of  that  nature, were  you, Mr. Schlieketman?




                MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:  No.




                MR. BLOMGREN:  This was data  collected  by




 the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.




            MR. RADEMACHER:  Both States  were invited to




 cooperate  with  us on this.




                MR. BLOMGREN:  Certainly.   They partici-




 pated in the survey from the standpoint  of--




                MR. STEIN:   Let me try to get this ques-




 tion.   Mr.  Samson of Nebraska asked a question.  As I




 understand it,  your answer  was yes?




                MR. RADEMACHER:  Yes.



                MR. STEIN:   All right.




                DR. MORRIS:   Mr. Stein.




                MR. STEIN:   Yes.




                DR. MORRIS:   I am Dr. Morris  from the Iowa




 Water Pollution Commission.




                I did visit  the installation  which

-------
                                                      398
                       B. A. Hegg
included the mobile laboratory for chemical work and the




bacteriological work on the upper part of the river.  I




visited out here in October and again in January.  So I




saw the operation, discussed what was going on, but we




had no data collection process going from the State of




Iowa, at least.




               MR. SAMSON:  Thank you.




               Thanks, Mr. Stein.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               Mr. Blomgren, do you have any more?




               MR. BLOMGREN:  This next statement is




addressed to the "Chairman, Water Quality Standards




Conference, State of Iowa, Convening April 15, 1969,




Council Bluffs, Iowa.




               "Dear sir:




               "The Missouri River Public Water Supplies




Association represents all of the major public water




utilities using the Missouri River as a source of supply,




except Kansas City, Kansas.  This statement is the




collective judgment of the utilities comprising the




association.




               "The Missouri River Public Water Supplies

-------
                                                      399
                       H. 0. Hartung
Association is concerned that the present Missouri River




raw water quality does not further deteriorate and that the




Missouri River shall remain a suitable and desired source




of drinking water for the 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 persons




supplied by the utilities of the association.




               "The water treatment plants of the Asso-




ciation's members are designed and operated to produce a




quality water for drinking and other uses, from the




present normal quality Missouri River water.  If the




Missouri River water quality is additionally polluted,




existing water treatment may no longer be adequate for




the production of a quality drinking water.  Taste and




odor, disinfection and coagulation problems which have




already occurred at all of the water treatment plants on




the Missouri River because of ammonia, oil and fertilizer




spills into the Missouri River, and because of unusual




runoffs from agricultural lands, clearly show that there




is a definite limit to the amount of pollution which




can be removed in existing water treatment plants.




               "The Missouri River Public Water Supplies




Association supports the FWPCA statement to the Water




Quality Standards Conference - State of Iowa, convening

-------
                                                      400
                      H. 0. Hartung
April 15, 1969, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in all matters



which can be demonstrated to result in Missouri River



water quality improvement."




               This letter is signed "Very truly yours,



H. 0. Hartung, President, Missouri River Public Water



Supplies Association."



               I ask that that be placed in the record,



Mr. Chairman.
in the record.
transcript.
               MR. STEIN:  It has been when you read it
               MR. BLOMGREN:  That is the copy in the
               (Which said letter is as follows:)

-------
C        t  \
  IVI        *^  )  ST' LOU'S COUNTY WATE" CO-  • 8390 Delma, Blvd. .  Univers.ty City, Mo. 63124 & (3141 091-3404
  Wafer
    Chairman
    Water Quality Standards conference
    State of Iowa, Convening April 15, 1969
    Council Bluffs, Iowa

    Dear Sir:

    The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association represents all
    of the major public water utilities using the Missouri River  as a
    source of supply, except Kansas City, Kansas.  This  statement is the
    collective judgment of the utilities comprising the  Association.

    The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association is  concerned that
    the present Missouri River raw water quality does not further deterio-
    rate and that the Missouri River shall remain a suitable and  desired
    source of drinking water for the 3,000,000 to ^,000,000  persons sup-
    plied by the utilities of the Association.

    The water treatment plants of the Association's members  are designed
    and operated to produce a quality water for drinking and other uses,
    from the present normal quality Missouri River  water.  If the Missouri
    River water quality is additionally polluted, existing water  treatment
    may no longer be adequate for the production of a quality drinking
    water.  Taste and odor, disinfection and coagulation problems which
    have already occurred at all of the water treatment  plants on the
    Missouri River because of ammonia, oil and fertilizer spills  into the
    Missouri River, and because of unusual run-offs from agricultural
    lands, clearly show that there is a definite limit to the amount of
    pollution which can be removed in existing water treatment plants.

    The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association supports the
    FWPCA statement to the Water Quality Standards  Conference - State of
    Iowa, convening April 15, 1969, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in all matters
    which can be demonstrated to result in Missouri River water quality
    improvement.
                                               Very truly  yours,
                                              H. 0. Hartung, President
                                              Missouri River Public Water
                                              Supplies Association
    HOH:rb

-------
                                                      402
                     C. V. Blomgren
               MR. BLOMGREN:  Mr. Chairman, as our con-




clusions in this matter, we again site the water uses




detailed in our report, the need for quality criteria




to support those uses, and the necessary changes in Iowa1




water quality standards to achieve conformance with the




Federal Water Pollution Control Act.  The following




recommendations are made for addition to the Iowa water




quality standards to insure that we fulfill our legal




responsibilities.  These recommendations are consistent




with those items contained in the Secretary's conference




notice and are based on the best information available at




this time.  I will repeat the three major recommendations




in total for the benefit of those not present at the




Davenport session on April 8th.



               The three which I mentioned in my summary




statement, radiological, phenol and non-degradation, I




believe have been resolved by your counterstatement there




at least there was some measure of agreement, and it woul




serve no purpose for me to repeat those recommendations.




               Recommendation No. 1.  All significant




municipal wastes discharged into the interstate waters




of Iowa shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment

-------
                                                      403
                     C. V. Blomgren
prior to discharge.




               MR. SAMSON:  What page are you on there,




Carl?




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Page VI-1, Mr. Samson.




               MR. SAMSON:  Thank you.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  All significant industrial




wastes shall receive an equivalent of secondary treatment




prior to discharge into any interstate stream. For the




Missouri River, a timetable of compliance shall be sub-




mitted no later than December 31* 1969.  In no case shall




the compliance date be any later than December 31, 1977.




               Recommendation No. 2.  Control of bacterio-




logical pollution by continuous disinfection shall be




implemented.  A timetable for implementation shall be




established by September 30, 1969.   In no case shall the




compliance date for the installation and operation of




continuous disinfection facilities  extend beyond Decem-




ber 31,  1970.




               No. 3-  For the production and well being




of locally occurring desirable stream fish populations,




heat additions should be limited as  follows.




               At no time shall the  addition of heat be

-------
                     C. V. Blomgren






authorized which will raise the water temperature more




than 5 degrees Fahrenheit; but in any event the addition




of heat shall not raise water temperatures above a




maximum tailored for each individual lake or stream and




necessary to protect the production of locally occurring




desirable fish populations and their associated biota.




               That completes the Federal Water Pollution




Control Administration   presentation.




               MR. STEIN:  Let me just ask a question




here for clarification.




               You say that all significant municipal




wastes discharged into the interstate waters of Iowa




shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment prior to




discharge, all significant industrial wastes receive an




equivalent to secondary treatment prior to discharge




into any interstate stream.  Then the next sentence says,




"For the Missouri River" and talks about a timetable to b




completed not later than December 31, 19&9, compliance




December 31, 1977.



               The question I have is the interstate




rivers, as I read it in the call of the conference, go




beyond the Missouri River?"  Do you mean this timetable

-------
                     C. V. Blomgren






to include those streams or just those discharging to




the Missouri River?




               MR. BLOMGREN:  In our summary statement,




Mr. Chairman, we recognize that Iowa has designated




secondary treatment for those interstate streams tributar




to the Missouri and established a timetable which will




secure this secondary treatment for all those wastes prio




to July 31, 1972.



               Is that correct, Mr. Buckmaster?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I am Robert Buckmaster,




Chairman of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.




               Let me just clarify one thing.  The dates




are not wrong, but you have assumed at Davenport and you




have assumed here something which is erroneous.




               We have never required secondary treatment




as such on the interior streams.  What we have required




is whatever treatment is necessary to maintain the water




quality standards, and there isn't an interior stream in




the State, because of the volume of flow,  that doesn't




require secondary treatment in order to meet those




standards.




               But you misstate our position when you

-------
                     C. V. Blomgren






state that we require secondary treatment.  We require




whatever it takes, as we do also on the interstate stream




               MR. STEIN:  Yes.  I think his point is




well taken.  All I am doing is trying to clarify this




and make the issue.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Yes.




               MR. STEIN:  I don't want anything to fall




within the cracks, so to speak.




               The point is, if you mean to say that we




can strike that phrase "for the Missouri River" and if




this is your recommendation that we should have a time-




table of compliance to meet these dates for all the




internal streams—for all the interstate streams, do you




mean that?



               MR. RADEMACHER:  No, sir, just the Missour




River.



               MR. STEIN:  How about those other rivers?




What do you mean for them?




               MR. RADEMAGHER:  It again refers, sir,




to the charge of the Secretary in terms of what was to be




considered.  This is the Missouri River that we are talk-




ing about in setting this particular standard.

-------
                     C. V. Blomgren






               MR. STEIN:  No, no, no, no, no.




               Let me stay with this.  This is not a




question of argument.  This is a question of trying to




join the issues so we know what the situation is.




               Let me say in all candor, I think I under-




stand Mr. Buckmaster's position.  I am not sure that the




position of the Federal people, as I find it now, joins




with it and makes the issue.




               The point is you have asked for secondary




treatment on the Missouri River in this case, a time-




table of compliance to be submitted no later than




December 31* 19&9*  -^n no case shall the compliance



date be any later than December 31* 1977.




               I can understand your position on that,




I can understand Mr. Buckmaster's position on that.




               MR. SAMSON:  Mr. Chairman--



               MR. STEIN:  Just a moment, Mr. Samson.




               Now let's come to the streams, the inter-




state streams in the notice, which have been covered by




the Secretary's call.  As I understand it, Mr. Buckmaster




says his State's position is they do not require secondar




treatment or any other necessary form of treatment except

-------
                                                      408
                     C. V. Bloragren
what is required by the facts of the case.  As I under-




stand it, in here, since we say "for the Missouri River,"




the Federal Government is not making any recommendations




for a timetable or a degree of treatment for the wastes




in those streams.  Is that the way?  This is the way this




reads to me.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  You are referring to the




interior streams here?




               MR. STEIN:  Yes.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  But interstate?
               MR. STEIN:  But which the Secretary calls
interstate.
               Now, if it is your judgment that we are




supposed to have secondary treatment for those streams,



then we have an issue joined.  But the difficulty is I




don't get a Federal recommendation on those streams.



               The point is, to say that you agree with




what Iowa has done on these streams, I am not sure you




and I are saying the same thing.  Therefore, I think we




have to really zero in on this.



               Do you mean that for all the interstate




streams covered you want secondary treatment?

-------
                                                      409
                     C. V. Blomgren
               MR. RADEMACHER:  Mr. Stein, I think that




the approval of the standards for the State of Iowa, with




the exceptions cited, the three conditions that were set,




and I will repeat them: The treatment requirements and




implementation plan for waste discharges to the Missouri




and Mississippi Rivers;  2,  the requirements for disin-




fection of all discharges which may "be sources of bacter-




iological pollution; and 3> the temperature criteria for




the interstate waters of the State other than the Missour




and Mississippi Rivers.




               I will defer to Mr. Burd to comment about




approval of standards for the interior streams, the inter




state waters.
               MR. STEIN:  Do you want to answer that,
Bob?
               You see, I want to be sure--this is not an




argument here—but I want to be sure that the Federal




people and Iowa understand each other and you are saying




the same thing.  In other words,  we can't come back and




say--I guess we can come back if  we want to, but I think




it would be a fruitless thing to  come back and say we




haven't understood each other on  the interior streams of
he

-------
                     C. V. Blomgren






the State, that we meant one thing and Iowa meant another




 when  we were together.  As far as I can see,  I am




not sure we mean the same thing.



               MR. BUCKMASTER: I will state it again




and make sure if they have any argument about it.




               Our position is basically no different on




the Mississippi and Missouri than it is on the interstate




streams that feed these streams or, for that matter, on




our interstate streams ourselves.  ¥e apply the same




policy to all of them.  I am just citing from memory,




but I believe this is accurate.



               Out of almost 500 treatment plants, and




I am not differentiating between intra and interstate




waters, but of almost 500 plants on the interior of Iowa




there are four or five that we have determined or may




determine do not require  secondary treatment to meet the




water quality standards.  These are small  cities, in the




area, as  I recall, of two or three hundred, most of them.




But our tests and our philosophy are the same all the




way through.  We  require  whatever  treatment it takes to




meet the  water quality standards,  and in roughly 500




 interior  treatment plants there may be four or five in

-------
                                                      411
                     C. V. Blomgren
small cities that we would not require secondary treatmen




of because in our judgment it wasn't necessary to maintain




the water quality standards.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Does that explain our




position?




               MR. STEIN:  I think I understand your




position.  What I want to know is if the Federal Govern-




ment wants to make a recommendation on that, are they




satisfied with that position, or whether we have an




issue.




               MR. BURD:   My name is Bob Burd, Deputy




Assistant Commissioner for—




               PROM THE FLOOR:  We can't hear him.




               MR. STEIN:    Come up here.  I do think



this is a key question that we can zero in on now because




it might give us a lot of trouble later.

-------
                                                      412
                         B. Burd
                STATEMENT BY ROBERT BURD




            DEPUTY ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FOR




       OPERATIONS, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL




               MR. BURD:  My name is Bob Burd, Deputy



Assistant Commissioner for Operations, FWPCA.




               The Secretary of the Interior approved the




standards for the interior interstate streams of Iowa,




that is those streams other than the Missouri and Missis-




sippi Rivers, with the exception of the temperature cri-




teria and the bacteriological criteria.  He did approve




the implementation plan which relates to waste treatment




requirements and  time schedules.



               The recommendation that FWPCA is making




at this time is that all significant wastes discharged




into the Missouri River shall receive a minimum of



secondary treatment prior to discharge.  All significant




industrial wastes will receive  an equivalent of secondary




treatment prior to discharge into the Missouri River.




               So when we talk  about  treatment require-




ments and the recommendation, we are  talking about  dis-




charging to  the Missouri River.

-------
                                                       413
                      E. Lightfoot
               MR. BUCKMASTER:  That is my understanding




of the posture of both of us, with one exception.   I




thought we had agreed on disinfection because of the




letter you sent me and I didn't think that was any  longer




an argument either.




               But other than that I agree with you.




               MR. STEIN:  Edward Lightfoot, Missouri




Water Pollution Control Board.




               Mr. Lightfoot.








              STATEMENT BY EDWARD LIGHTFOOT




     ON BEHALF OF JACK K. SMITH, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY




              MISSOURI WATER POLLUTION BOARD








               MR. LIGHTFOOT:  My name is Edward Lightfool




and I am presenting this statement on behalf of Mr. Jack K




Smith, Executive Secretary of the Missouri Water Pollutior




Board.




               Staff members of the Missouri Water Pol-




lution Board have reviewed the "Water Quality Standards




Conference, State of Iowa," a document published by the  '




U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution

-------
                      E. Lightfoot






Control Administration, Missouri Basin Region.  We offer




the following comments:




               The interstate waters common to Missouri




and Iowa of concern to Missouri at this hearing are the




Missouri River, Nishnabotna River, Tarkio River, Nodaway




River, Platte River, West Tarkio River, One Hundred and




Two River, Grand River, East Fork of the Grand River,




Thompson River, Little River, Weldon River, and the




Chariton River.  We have attached a table of the estab-




lished water uses in Missouri for waters of these streams




               The Missouri Water Pollution Board sub-




mitted a statement in  letter form at the original water




quality hearing held at Council Bluffs, December 2, 1966;




at Ottumwa on December 5* 1966; and at Muscatine on



December 6, 1966.  Then on December l6, 1966, the




Missouri Water Pollution Board submitted an attachment




which pointed out the  minor differences between Missouri.




and Iowa   criteria.




               The recommendation for secondary treatment




and disinfection are effluent regulations, a part of the




plan for implementation.  We are concerned that the




quality of the interstate waters from Iowa does not

-------
                      E. Lightfoot






interfere with the legitimate water uses established for




waters in Missouri, not the degree of treatment to be




provided.



               Temperature requirements in Missouri




interstate waters is a maximum of 90 degrees Fahrenheit




with a maximum of 5 degrees Fahrenheit cross sectional




change.  We now have data available indicating that the




water temperature of the shallow, flat north Missouri




streams approaches the ambient air temperature.  High




temperature measured in the north Missouri streams to




date is 97 degrees Fahrenheit.  On other occasions the




temperature had exceeded the 90 degrees Fahrenheit in




our standards.  We have attached water quality data col-




lected to date on the Iowa-Missouri interstate streams




in the Missouri River Basin.



               Recommendations for phenol concentration




in Iowa's streams is proposed at one microgram per liter




Missouri, in cooperation with Illinois, has collected




one grab sample per month from the Mississippi River at




Canton, Quincy, and other downstream water plant intakes




over the past five years.  Concentrations of phenol or




phenolic like compounds have been measured at Canton

-------
                      E. Lightfoot






from 0 to 50 micrograms per liter.  From July 1964, to




June 1968, 15 out of 46 samples measured 2 micrograms




per liter to 50 micrograms per liter with a medium value



of 7 micrograms per liter and an average value of 11.4




micrograms per liter.




               No taste or odor problems have been asso-



ciated with these concentrations of phenol or phenolic-



like compounds in the Canton water supply or the downstre4m



water supplies on the Mississippi River.  Furthermore, we



do not know of any taste and odor problems due to phenolic




compounds at Missouri cities using the Missouri River as




a water supply.



               We have been informed by Dr. Louis HemphillL



University of Missouri, Sanitary Engineering Department,



that "The quantitative specificity of the present standard



methods 4-Aminoantipyrine is insufficient to determine the



specific nature of phenolic materials.  Experimental



laboratory work has shown that this test has high quanti-




tative response for phenol and enolic materials.  However,



the nature of phenol and creosol ortho, meta and para




isomers gives a confused value."



               Therefore we do not believe that one

-------
                                                      417
                      E. Lightfoot
microgram per liter is a realistic value for the criteria




If a taste and/or odor problem occurs in- a water supply,




we will take necessary steps to identify the source and




to correct the problem regardless of the measured con-




centration of phenols.




               (The following tables were submitted by




Mr. Lightfoot:)

-------
                                 II.  WATER USES
                                    TABLE 2
                                 MISSOURI RIVER
Name of stream
Future | Present
Irrigation
Livestock watering
Propagation of
commercial fish
Propagation of warir.
water sport fish
Propagation of cold
water sport fish
Wildlife watering
Industrial cooling
water
Industrial process
water
Drinking water
supply
Hydroelectric
power
Boating and
canoeing
MISSOURI RIVER
Missouri
River













P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
X
X






















X
X






















X
X






































































X
X






















X
X






















X
X






















X
X














































X
X






















Fishing
Whole body water
contact recreation
Aesthetic value

X
X














































X
X






















Receive effluents
Navigation
Receive surface
runoff

X
X






















X
X






















X
X






















Future uses not herein specified are not expressively  excluded,  however,  such
future uses are not anticipated.

-------
                                 II. WATER USES
                                    TABLE 3
                           LOWER MISSOURI RIVER BASIN
                               Interstate Streams
Name of stream
4J
c
0)
01

-------
                                                                              420
                                     TABLE   5
                            LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
                                       FOR
                            GRAND-CHARITON RIVER BASIN
                                Interstate Streams


GRAND
Grand River near Grant City
Grand River near Stanberry
Grand River near Darlington
Grand River near Pattonsburg
Grand River near Gallatin
Grand River at Chillicothe
Grand River near Sumner
Annual 7 day low flow, in cubic feet
per second, for indicated recurrence
interval in years.
2 5
RIVER
1.7
3.3
8.2
11
20
78
105







6


41
10 20 30

Vl
e
0-1
el-3
el-3
3.6

17

25







2.7


17







2.4


13
EAST FORK OF GRAND RIVER
East Fork Grand River at Albany
1.9

eo-i


THOMPSON RIVER
Thompson River near Mt. Moriah
Thompson River at Trenton
11
16


5.4
d
_J3,2
	 _
2.0
	
1.6
LITTLE RIVER
The U.S. Geological Survey has insufficient flow data for the Little Rive on which
to base a flow analysis.




































d-Insufficient data for estimate
e-Range in discharge estimated on basis of frequency curve slopes  at nearby
  continuous-record stations and extension of regression curves
f-Short-time continuous-record station which was analyzed as a partial-record
  station due to scant data

-------
                                                                              421
                                     TABLE 5_
                            LOW .FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
                                       FOR
                     GRAND-CHARITON RIVER/BASIN (continued)
                               Interstate Streams


WELDON
Weldon River near Mercer
Weldon River at Mill Grove
Weldon River near Trenton
Annual 7 day low flow, in cubic feet
per second, for indicated recurrence
interval in years.
2
c
RIVER
0.3
2.2
6.2

0
0.3


10 20 30

0
0
(d)
0
0


0
0


CHARITON RIVER
^hariton River at Novinger
^hariton River near Prairie Hill
















7.4
21
















2.1
9.5
















1.0

6.5

















0.5
5.0
















0.3
4.6
















b-Discontinued continuous-record station
d-Insufficient data for estimate

-------
      422
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-------
                      E. Lightfoot






               MR.  LIGHTFOOT:   Thank you.




               MR.  STEIN:  Thank you.




               Let  me indicate what we may have on the




program for the rest of the day.




               By the way,  does anyone from Nebraska want




to speak or not?



               If not--




               MR.  SAMSON:   Mr. Chairman,  I have indicatec




that I didn't have  any remarks to make, and I am accom-




panied here by our  Executive Secretary, Mr. Filipi, who




I know loves to make a speech.



               But  I am somewhat confused, which isn't




unusual.  In your Water Quality Standards  Conference,




State of Iowa, you  made a requirement here or a recom-




mendation that all  significant municipal wastes dischargee




into the interstate waters  of Iowa shall receive a mini-




mum of secondary treatment  prior to discharge, and then




you have a timetable there  that compliance shall be sub-




mitted not later than December 31, 1969, and the compli-




ance date of not later than December 31, 1977.




               Now, if my memory serves me correctly,

-------
                                                      435
                         J.  Samson
and you can correct me if I am wrong, I think there is




a provision in the Federal Act that requires some con-




sistency between areas.  Isn't there some provision like




that?




               MR. STEIN:  I don't know about it.




               MR. SAMSON:  I thought that there was some




generally areas that were neighbors, that there should be




some consistency.




               MR. STEIN:  I think we try to be consisten"




Of course we are from the east, and you know Emerson was




from the east too and he is the man who said, "Consistency




is the hobgoblin of mediocre minds."




               (Laughter.)




               MR. SAMSON:  Well, aside from that, our




provisions in Nebraska, the water quality standards which




were approved by the Secretary of the Interior sometime




ago, in connection with the Missouri River provides that;




                The date for compliance v/ith the standards




on all municipal and industrial wastes, except for those




facilities located on the main stem of the Missouri River.




shall be by 1972.  A special timetable for facilities dis-




charging into the Missouri River will be developed- by

-------
                                                      436
                        J. Samson
December 31, 1969.  A continuing program of waste treat-




ment plant construction will go forward with the assistam




of the grants.



               I wonder if there isn't some inconsistency




here on the position of the Federal authorities on what




is required here in Iowa and what we have done in Nebrask^,.




               And the second point I wanted to raise is




on this continuous disinfection shall be implemented as a




control of bacteriological pollution.   I don't recall




as far as Nebraska was concerned that there was ever any




problem raised by you folks on the Federal level involving




the control of the bacteriological pollution and we are




going to run into this question of continuous disinfectioji.




               MR. STEIN:  We will throw all those ques-




tions up to our staff.  I think you have a point on several




of those.



               One, let me indicate that as far as I see




the standards program, and the staff can check me, dealing




with 53 jurisdictions and in dealing with Federal-State




relations,  I don't think you are going to have complete




uniformity  or it  may depend on your definition of con-




sistency.   Every  State program is not going to be the

-------
                         
-------
                                                      438
                         J.  Samson
Missouri River, and I think what we worked out on thermal




pollution was approved by your agency.




               Isn't that right, Mr. Rademacher, on the




thermal pollution, that is at Desoto--and if there is




such a thing--at Desoto and at Falls City?




               MR. RADEMACHER:  Again I think that the




question of thermal standards on the Missouri River is




not an issue.  It is on the interior streams of Iowa that




this question arises.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I agree.




               MR. STEIN:  Well, this still raises a




question, you see, if you are going to look for consistent




I am not sure that there was any requirement on--is there




a thermal requirement on the interior streams in Nebraska"?




               MR. SAMSON:  ¥ill you restate that?




               MR. STEIN:  Is there a requirement on the




thermal pollution?  Is it about the same as this that you




are recommending here?




               MR. BURD:  Yes.




               MR. STEIN:  All right.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  What is it?




               MR. STEIN:  I don't know.
y<

-------
                        J. Samson






               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Let's have somebody tell




us who does know.




               MR. STEIN:  Does anyone remember this?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I think it is important




that we know because we have spent almost a total day




In Davenport and here by people who have been pulled in




all over the United States talking about a difference of




three degress, and if it didn't require any for Nebraska




it would be interesting to Iowa to know why, although we




don't claim that would be any defense for us, but it




would be an interesting exercise in how the Federal mind




works.




               (Laughter.)




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you for a double compli-




ment, that we have a mind and it works.




               (Laughter.)




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Now show us how,  Mr. Steiji




               (Laughter.)




               MR. STEIN:  Well, I think we can produce




that, but let's not hold up the proceedings for that.




               Let's move on.  Can we answer that second




question that Mr. Samson raised on disinfection?   Do we

-------
                         J.  Samson






have a requirement for disinfection in Nebraska?




               MR. SAMSON:  No.




               MR. STEIN:  ¥e don't?




               MR. SAMSON:  None.




               MR. STEIN:  All right.  We don't have a




requirement in the internal streams or in the Missouri?




               All right.




               I suggest we go on and we will give you




an opportunity later when we find the temperature, if




there is a temperature requirement, to get that informa-




tion in the record.  0. K.?




               Let me indicate the people we have left




this afternoon.




               MR. SAMSON:  Mr. Stein, may I inquire,



what is the response from the government on that bacterio




logical disinfection, what is the position of the govern-




ment?




               MR. STEIN:  You heard the recommendation




here.  They said they had none for Nebraska.




               MR. SAMSON:  I mean  inasfar  as Iowa is
concerned.
               MR. STEIN:  I think they agree.  It says

-------
                                                      441
                         J.  Samson
control—unless I am mistaken — control of bacteriological




pollution by continuous disinfection shall be implemented.




A timetable for implementation shall be established by




September 30, 19^9- In no case shall the compliance date




for the installation and operation of continuous disin-




fection facilities extend beyond December 30, 1970.




               MR. SAMSON:  All right.  Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  And that is the position as




far as I know of the people preparing this report for




Iowa.  As far as I can see, and check my recollection




if this isn't correct, I think the region—this is not the




Kansas City region, but the region in Chicago made the




same recommendation in Davenport last week or essentially




the same recommendation.




               What we do have is a list of three more




participants this afternoon.  One is W.  W. Amundson of




Sioux City,  second is Mrs. Koerber of the League of Women




Voters, and the third is Dr. Morris.  Is there anyone




else?   Because we are going to recess -before we hear




these three.




               Is there anyone else who  would want to be




heard this afternoon?  If you do, would  you come up to me

-------
                       W. Amundson






during recess.  We will stand recessed for 10 minutes




                        (RECESS)




               MR. STEIN:  May we reconvene.




               May we have Mr. Amundson, please, of




Sioux City.
              STATEMENT BY WILLIAM AMUNDSON




                      CITY ENGINEER




                     SIOUX CITY, IOWA








               MR. AMUNDSON:  Mr. Chairman and conferees,




I am Bill Amundson, City Engineer for Sioux City.  I have




no written statement.  I merely want to reiterate the




position of Sioux City in this matter.




               I would like, in speaking for Sioux City,




to take the position of thanking the Iowa Water Pollution




Control Commission for the stand that they have taken in




this matter and to indicate that the city of Sioux City




is in full agreement with it.




               Sioux City, as many of you know, holds the




unfavorable and unpopular and dubious distinction of




having been one of the few cities put under Federal order

-------
                       W. Amundson






to cease and desist polluting the Missouri River prior to




the construction of our primary treatment plant.  We have




constructed this primary treatment plant and we feel that




we have probably as tight a rein on our situation and the




packing industry in our city as anyone on the river.  We




deplore the situation that goes on in other areas on the




Missouri River, particularly on the other side with our




adjacent State Nebraska.




               We feel that we wonder whether the measure




ments that have been taken by the Federal Water Pollution




Control Administration were taken specifically from the




Sioux City--our name has been bandied around here today




as being a serious contributor to this pollution; we




wonder whether these measurements were taken as repre-




senting Sioux City's outfalls rather than the many,  many




other outfalls that contribute to the downstream areas



Just below Sioux City.




               I would repeat again that the city of




Sioux City takes the stand of supporting the position of




the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.




               MR.  STEIN:   Thank you,  Mr.  Amundson.




               You know, we were up in Sioux City ma'ny

-------
                                                      444
                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber
years, and I will say after they got the plant in it was




very nice up there because they used to invite me to that




annual steak dinner they had in Washington.




               Let's go off the record for a minute.




               (Off the record.)




               MR. STEIN:  May we have Mrs. Koerber, of




the League of Women Voters.








          STATEMENT BY MRS. GEORGE G. KOERBER




    DIRECTOR AND STATE CHAIRMAN FOR WATER RESOURCES




            LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF IOWA








               MRS. KOERBER:  I am Mrs. George G. Koerber,




an elected Director of the League of Women Voters of Iowa




and State Chairman for Water Resources.  The League of




Women Voters is a volunteer, non-partisan group working




to promote informed and active participation of citizens




in government.  I am grateful for this opportunity to




present the views of Iowa League members regarding surface




water quality standards.




               For many years, the League in Iowa and in




the United States has been concerned with water resources

-------
                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber






We have expressed our concern by supporting measures to




encourage coordinated planning and management of water




resources on a river basin or regional basis.  At the




same time, we have worked for enactment and enforcement




of pollution abatement legislation as well as for State




and Federal appropriations and local bond issues to con-




struct treatment facilities.  In 19&5* the League with




other interested groups supported the formation of the




Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.




               We were particularly pleased that the




statute establishing the Commission declared that the




public policy of Iowa is "to conserve the waters of the




State and to protect,maintain, and improve the quality




thereof for public water supplies, for the propagation of




wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic, agri-




cultural, industrial, recreational and other legitimate




uses of such waters; to provide that no waste be discharg




into any waters of the State without first being given th




degree of treatment necessary to protect the legitimate




uses of such waters; to provide for the prevention, abate




ment, and control of new, increasing, potential, or exist




ing water pollution."  The statute, in addition, specific illy

-------
                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber






empowers the Commission "to develop comprehensive plans




and programs for the prevention, control and abatement




of new, increasing, potential, or existing pollution of




the waters of the State."




               Acting under this authority, the Iowa




Water Pollution Control Commission has made Iowa a




leader in pollution control.  Iowa has the highest




percentage of its urban population served by sewage




treatment facilities.  The Commission has proposed




regulations to prevent and control water pollution by




cattle feedlots.  Thus Iowa is among the first group of




States to deal constructively with this problem.  For




providing this leadership, the Commission deserves wider




recognition of its achievements than it has received.




               In addition, the Commission should be com-




mended for adopting a preventive policy toward water




quality standards for low flow streams.  This policy is




stated on page 8 of the Water Quality Criteria and Plan




for Implementation and Enforcement as revised  June 1968.




It reads "to protect legitimate uses on low flow streams,




the wastes will be given the highest practicable degree




of treatment without respect to dilution in order to

-------
                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber






 prevent the development of nuisance or health  problems




 below discharge.  Treatment  less than secondary  treatment




 will not be accepted unless  it can be shown that the




 legitimate uses can be protected with a lesser degree of




 treatment."




               Now, if this  means what I think it means,




 I ask these questions:  If it is possible to require




 secondary  treatment on low flow streams without  proof by




 the Commission that water quality has been affected




 adversely,  is it not possible to require the same degree




 of treatment on high flow streams as well?  Is it not




 equally valid to place the burden of proof that  primary




 treatment is not detrimental on those discharging into




 high flow streams as well as those on low flow ones?




 After all,  a high flow has at least one disadvantage--evei




 though it provides greater dilution,  it has the effect of




 decreasing the distance between communities so that the




 stream has  less time between communities to cleanse itsel:




               The League of Women Voters of Iowa believe




 secondary treatment or its equivalent by municipalities




 and industries along the Missouri River is necessary to




prevent and control new,  increasing,  or potential pollution

-------
                                                      448
                   Mrs. G. G. Koerber
if not existing pollution.  We ask the Iowa Water Pollu-




tion Control Commission to continue to look ahead, to



anticipate problems and to adopt measures to prevent the



development of nuisance or health problems.



               With our present population, let's assume




for a moment that primary treatment is adequate, what



happens if we wait to require secondary treatment?  Even



with the best monitoring system possible, water quality



would be lowered unless we can install treatment facilities



on an overnight basis.



               We urge the Iowa Water Pollution Control



Commission to adopt a requirement for secondary treatment




or its equivalent along the Missouri River and to initiat



plans for implementation and enforcement now.  Action now



will prevent pollution from accompanying the predicted



increase in population for the urban areas along this



river, because action now means the necessary treatment



facilities will be in operation when the increase occurs- •




not five or more years later.  Action now will save the



public money.  It costs less to treat the wastes entering




the river than it does to treat the water to make it



potable or usable by industry.  Action now will avoid

-------
	449





                    Mrs.  G.  G.  Koerber






 some  of  the  annual  increase in cost  of  constructing




 facilities.



                On the  remaining matters  under  discussion




 here,  the League as  a  lay group cannot  speak on  the




 technical points involved.   We can,  however, speak to  the




 policy that  will govern  the technical decisions.  The




 League believes the  Commission when  setting quality




 standards should abide by policy which  gives greater




 weight to protecting the public and  to  protecting the




 environment  than to  other factors.




                We know that other areas  of the Nation




 have  greater pollution problems.   This  fact, however,




 does  not remove the  need to prevent  or  control pollution




 in  this  basin.  On  the contrary,  the severe problems




 elsewhere should be  justification for preventive action




 here  because it demonstrates so well the  result  of pro-




 crastination and undue reliance upon dilution as a means




 of  water quality control.   We  must learn  from experience




 and take this opportunity to keep history from being




 repeated.  As taxpayers  and consumers,  League members




 are willing  to  pay  their share of the cost to conserve




 water  quality for succeeding generations.

-------
                        C. Noren






               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you, Mrs. Koerber.




               I will put this in next because it comes




from an official State agency.




               "This telegram is to emphasize the concern




of the Missouri Department of Conservation regarding the




detrimental effects of pollution on the fish, wildlife,




and recreation resources of the Missouri River and its




tributaries.  We believe that a high degree of waste




treatment is necessary to improve the condition of the




Missouri River and that a non-degradation policy is




essential to prevent further damage to the aquatic




resources of waste, heat or other pollutants unforeseen




at this time.



               "Sincerely,




               "Carl R. Noren, Director



               "Missouri Department of Conservation."




               Now, Mr. Bob Russell.




               Mr. Russell.

-------
                                                       451
                      R. C. Russell
             STATEMENT BY ROBERT C. RUSSELL




           EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, IOWA DIVISION




             IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OP AMERICA




                    IOWA CITY, IOWA
               ME. RUSSELL:  Mr. Chairman, as Chairman




of this conference, we thank you for allowing us to




present the following.  My name is Robert C. Russell,




and I am the Executive Secretary for the Iowa Division




of The Izaak Walton League of America (I.W.L.A.).  As




such, and having received a copy of the March 5* 19^9,




notice by Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel




setting this conference, I brought it to the attention




of the Iowa Division I.W.L.A. State Board of Directors at




their meeting of March 15, 1969. After discussing the




content of the notice and how it related to our interest




in water pollution abatement, I was delegated to prepare




and present a statement that would contain the sentiments




of the Board's discussion and other pertinent commentary.




The following is that statement.




               It has been the policy and indeed the

-------
                                                      452
                      R. C. Russell
history of the Iowa Division of the I.W.L.A. to have a




strong interest in and to support a strong water pollutioi




abatement program.  Our effort and support in the estab-




lishment of the present Iowa Water Pollution Control Law;




our statements presented at the November-December, 1966.5




hearings on water quality criteria for all Iowa waters;




and our statement given at the four April,1968,public




hearings on the subject of cattle feedlot waste disposal




all bear this out.



               Because of these involvements and our




knowledge of the program and actions of the Iowa Water




Pollution Control Commission, we would be remiss at this




time if we did not publicly thank them for the work that




they have done.  It should also be noted that many of




their accomplishments have been made to date in spite of




inadequate financing, lack of departmental personnel, and




perhaps even the very Iowa laws under which they administer




and operate.



               Now to grips with the purpose of this




conference, as we understand it:  Namely, resolving the




differences between the water quality standards of the




State of Iowa and the Federal Water Pollution Control

-------
                                                       453
                      R.  C.  Russell
Administration  regarding  the  interstate waters  of  Iowa,




as noted in  the  conference notice  and  determined in  part




not to  be  consistent with the  protection  of  the public




health  and welfare, the enhancement of the quality of




the water, and  the purposes of the Federal Water Pollutioji




Control Act  with particular reference  to:




                1.  The treatment requirements and




     implementation plan for waste discharges to the




     Mississippi and Missouri Rivers;




               2.  The requirements for disinfection




     of controllable waste discharges which may be




     sources of bacteriological pollution;




               3.  The temperature criteria for the




     interstate waters of the State other than the




     Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.




               First it is important to point out that ou




views  on these points  are from a non-technical standpoint




and to note that we believe the following to be relevant



to this conference:




               1.  From the FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION




     CONTROL ACT, AS AMENDED,  "DECLARATION OF POLICY,




     Section 1.  (a)  The  purpose  of this  Act is  to

-------
                 R. C. Russell






enhance the quality and value of our water




resources and to establish a national policy




for the prevention, control and abatement of




water pollution."




          2.  From the IOWA WATER POLLUTION




CONTROL LAW, CHAPTER 4-55B.1, Statement of




policy, excerpt, "...it is hereby declared




to be the public policy of this State to




conserve the waters of the State and to




protect, maintain and improve the quality




thereof..."




          3.  From the CONSERVATION POLICIES




OF THE IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA in the




section on WATER POLLUTION, No. 6.  "Since




water courses know no political boundaries,




pollution control is rightfully a Federal as




well as a local, State, and interstate re-




sponsibility.  Although control measures should




be initiated at the lowest effective level,




the Federal Government should have clear




authority to strongly enforce pollution




abatement .and prevention in cases when lower

-------
                                                      455
                      R. G. Russell
     authority proves ineffectual or inadequate."




               If these stated Federal and State policies




of water quality enhancement and improvement are to have




any meaning, for the reasons which this conference was




called, and because this organization historically has




supported an enhancing clean waters program, we urge the




Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission to resolve the




issues upon which this conference was called and thereby




qualify the Iowa Water Quality Standards with a program




acceptable to the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis




tration.




               Should the Iowa Water Pollution Control




Commission feel the need for changes or additional Iowa




legislation that affects its ability to comply with the




Federal Water Pollution Control Act, it is suggested that




they immediately petition the Iowa Legislature for such




authority.




               In closing we would like to note the




splendid example set by the City of Dubuque, Iowa,  in its




recent move to improve its sewage treatment program.




Perhaps their action will set a pattern for other cities




on Iowa's border streams.   It could hopefully be ind'icati'

-------
                                                       456
                        D.  F.  Beam
 that cities,  industries  and agriculture are seeing the




 "light"  towards  a better environment.   It is also hoped




 that the Federal and State water pollution control agencies




 involved with this conference can show a good example of




 cooperation.




                Thank you.




                MR. STEIN:   Thank you,  Mr. Russell.




                Now,  before we call on  Dr. Morris, is




 there anyone  else from other than the  Iowa official




 agencies who  wishes  to make a statement?




                Yes,  come on up here, please.




                MR. BEAM:  Did you want me to follow Docto




                MR. STEIN:   No.  Come on up here.








                  STATEMENT OF D. F. BEAM




           VICE CHAIRMAN, NEBRASKA COMMITTEE FOR




         PURE  AIR AND WATER, INC., OMAHA, NEBRASKA








                MR. BEAM:  I am Mr. Beam and I am from




I Nebraska, from Omaha.  I am Vice Chairman of the Nebraska




 Committee for Pure Air and Water, Inc.  We, too,  thank




 the Secretary of the Interior and Mr.  Stein as his

-------
                                                      457
                       D. F. Beam
representative for having this regional hearing.  I do




not have a prepared statement except that I jotted down




some notes from attending the meeting this morning.




               It seemed to me that the concern seems to




be on aquatic life in the streams, and my thought and my




question was because we are humans perhaps maybe I missed




the point of the whole study, but I think that part of




it was brought out when food processing was mentioned,




and so forth, when foods are prepared from this water




after it is treated.  But if we are concerned about the




fish life, I think the Federal Government as well as the




Iowa Water Pollution Commission needs to be concerned




about such matters as toxicity as far as the human being




is concerned and I think that the public hearing is




threshing out some of the solutions and controls.  I




think to report back to the public, the taxpayer, that is




you and I, you also, myself included, I think this needs




to be done, because we need to be made aware of how our




money is being spent and if it is being spent wisely.




               And then also I am wondering about the




Commission staffs, if there is enough public represen-




tation on these councils.  Nebraska,  I understand,  has a

-------
                                                      458
                       D.  F.  Beam
council,  Nebraska Water Pollution Council.   I am wondering




if there is enough representatives.  I think there is one




representative to represent the public in Iowa,  but I am




not too sure about Nebraska.  That is one of the question^




that I noted down.



               Now, one of the other things that I didn't




have too much time to delve into was the possibility of




the recent heavy construction of nuclear  powerplants.  I




think the Federal Government has adequate technical staff




to delve into this and I don't know whether the Federal




water pollution council has included this in their




studies.  This would be a radioactive waste byproduct




accident, possibly, and this was just recently brought




to the attention of the public through the Des Moines




Register of this past Sunday which was summarized from




the national history publication about the increase in




numbers of nuclear  powerplants throughout the country.



               I think that your publicity that you have




received  locally is very  good.  As far as a lay person,




I would like to see more publicity ahead of the conferenc




although maybe this conference was really earmarked for




the people  that are concerned, such  as the \vater treatmen

-------
                                                     459
                       D. F. Beam






and sanitation engineers.




               Is that true, Mr. Stein?




               MR. STEIN:  No, no, no.  Let rne




Interrupt since you have paused.  Don't go away; I




don't want to cut you off.




               These are always delicate issues. I




think you have raised some good questions and we




are going to let Nebraska, hopefully, answer you.




However, I will give you my philosophy on this.




               In dealing with publicity before the




conference vie have certain enforcement actions under




the law.  One runs the risk of using whatever the




forum is--newspapers, radio and T.V.--to try a case




or wait until you come before a forum such as this




where all sides can be represented.  With the best




of intentions,  when you put all this material out




in advance you don't have the traditional face-to-




face confrontation that we like in our society, which




seems to be the best way of getting at the truth.




               We follow the law strictly.  First




we prepare our reports.   I hope they got them out




in advance so everyone could see them.  We made a

-------
                                                     46o
                       D. F. Beam
distribution to the appropriate congressional members,,




to the appropriate State agencies, to everyone else we




thought would be interested in a technical report.  We




sent out notices of the conferences, and I like to use




the phrase "deadpan notices."  I know one mailing from




the Kansas City office alone was,  what,  800 names, wasn't




it?  How many names did we get from the  Chicago office




on the other side?  Perhaps a like number.




               In other words, we  sent out over 1,500




notices.  Anyone who received those notices could have




come in and asked for the information.  The information




is all public.




               However, as you see, with issues such as




we have here—and again trying to  have an even-handed




administration of the law--I believe that is about as




far as an agency can reasonably go before a conference




to distribute or disseminate the information and put out




what you might call, in quotes, "publicity."  The reason




for that is apparent.  We are trying to  set up a forum




or a procedure where we have all the points of view and




are able to make a judgment.  In other words, we wouldn't




be calling a conference of this type if  we didn't have

-------
                       D. F. Beam






questions  like that  and we  didn't  recognize there might




be differing points  of view that are to be aired and




adjudicated.




               I know how much you are interes ted—and




I am just  as much—in the widest dissemination of informa




tion.  But under the American system of government, the




jurisprudence, and in the interest of fair play, every




governmental agency--! don't care whether it is State,




Federal or local—when you have a situation of this type,




has to exercise a reasonable amount of restraint in the




kind of, again, "publicity" engaged in before the con-




ference.  This is the avenue by which we get all the




various views, some agreeing, some opposing, so we can




try to arrive at truth,  if we can, and agreements if at




all possible.  But this  does not mean that we by the use




of any term have a closed society or we have any secret




information.  It is just that we make the information




available through normal channels and do not try to push




this  too far before we have the conference.




               By the way,  this is the  essence of the




Federal-State relations.  Where a lot of the  problems come




up—again let me give you my experience--! would say that

-------
                                                     462
                       D. F. Beam
70 percent or 80 percent of the problems that I have




found in Federal and State relations, Federal-State-local




industrial relations, emanate from someone reading a stor




or an alleged quote or a release in a newspaper or in a




magazine and going back.  Again, as you know, they always




come to me.   I have never felt that I have ever had to telll




a magazine or a newspaper to change a story.  They do the




best they can and we are dealing with very technical




matters.  By and large, I would say they have been pretty




accurate and they generally get the main point of the




story across, which is all you can expect.  I certainly




have never had a complaint.




               But this is the kind of thing we all have




to watch.  I believe we have struck a balance and ive come




to this as fast as we can.  I know the conservation group




and a lot of the public groups would like to see some-




thing different, but again I really do not think there is




a substitute for face-to-face confrontation.




               Feel free to comment on that, or we can




ask the Nebraska people to talk first if you want to.




               Mr. Samson.




               MR. SAMSON:  Mr. Beam, I think it is very

-------
                                                      463





                       D. F. Beam






gratifying that you as a citizen take the time to come




over and. attend this conference.




               I just want to call your attention to our




statute in Nebraska provides for a membership of 10, and




of those 10 members on the Nebraska Water Pollution




Control Council 4 of them are ex officio members of the




official bodies in the State House, that is the Director




of Fish and Game, Director of Health, Director of Soil




and Conservation.  And then there are six who were




appointed by the Governor, citizens over the State, and




they are divided two representing municipalities, I mean




citizens such as you and others that the Governor picks




out who are interested in water pollution, one represents




agriculture and three represent industry.  So that is the




way the Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council is




constituted.




               Thank you.




               MR. BEAK:  Yes, that is very good.  That




is what I was waiting to hear.  I had not seen, you know,




a regulation or statute which shows how it is composed.




I appreciate that.




               I think that is all.

-------
 paper.
	464



              Dr.  Morris




      MR. STEIN:   Thank you.


      Is there  anyone  e.ise?


      If not, may  we have  Dr.  Morris.






    STATEMENT BY DR. ROBERT L.  MORRIS


ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, IOWA STATE HYGIENIC


        LABORATORY, AMES,  IOWA






      DR. MORRIS:  I do not have  a  prepared






      I would like to  make a few  comments  on  som
 of the things that were in the basic initial report from


 the Federal Government.  Some things I do not feel quite


 represent the feeling of technical people and I would


 like to point them out.  I had planned one of them before


 this last gentleman talked, but because of his comment


 I doubly want to discuss it.


                I want to talk for a moment about radio-



i activity.  It says in the basic report in the blue cover
i

• on V-3, section E under "Radioactivity":


                "Water treatment plants remove little



 radioactive pollution from raw water supply."

-------
                                                       465
                       Dr.  Morris
                I hope  this  isn't  true, because at  reactor




sites we use  rather  conventional  water treatment processe




to  remove many  kinds of  radioisotopes.  We  precipitate




and filter them off  to concentrate the waste, they are




passed through  ion exchange materials and the cations,




many of them  are the isotopes of  interest,  are taken out




in ion exchange and  either  eluted or taken  away from




those resins  and concentrated in  other kinds of fluids




so that they  can be  disposed of in a variety of manners.




                And if this  statement is true, we are in




a very difficult position in  handling   radioactive




wastes.  The  division of radiological health of the




Public Health Service has for many years done very




excellent research and given us techniques and procedures




to handle these kinds of wastes.  They are classical



water treatment plant procedures.




               Also,the research done by the State




Hygiene Laboratory in Iowa has indicated at times follow-




ing weapon detonations, at least, and this is where our




experience has been gained because we really have no




industrial radiation industry in Iowa of any size,   we




have found time and time  again in our national  rivers,

-------
	___	466





                       Dr. Morris






 especially  the Mississippi,  the  Iowa and  the  Cedar,




 where we have worked  primarily,  that 50 to 75 percent




 of  the  radioactivity  in  our  streams is in suspended




 material.




               Well,  the  purpose of a water treatment




 plant in the first  step  of surface water  treatment is




 to  remove suspended material,  and many of our plants




 are highly  efficient  at  this,  either in just  simple




 sedimentation or  chemically-produced coagulation and




 then sedimentation, and  it is  a  demonstrated  fact that




 this significantly  reduces the concentration  of radio-




 isotope s .




               If we  go  through  classical lime softening,




 which is quite common in  surface water supplies as well




 as  some  ground water  supplies  in Iowa, these  are the




 materials that are  taken  out.  Strontium, for instance,




 which is a  well-known isotope, reacts to  softening




 processes just like calcium  and  magnesium and iron and




 manganese,  which  are  the  things  we are taking out.  So




 that this again is  effective as  a removal technique.




               I  am not  going  to get complicated and




 talk about  percentage removals and some of the variables

-------
	467





                        Dr.  Morris






 in  it,  but  nevertheless  I  think  that  statement  shoul^




 be  understood.




               In  Iowa  it is  not  uncommon  bo  zeoV be




 soften  municipal  supplies,  some  of  them even  surface




 waters.   And we know for a fact  that  radium  226,  which




 is  a  common natural  isotope in  ground water  supplies




 in  southeastern Iowa,  is removed to some  place  around  the




 97  to 98  percent  removal level by passage  through zeo-




 lite.



               The Public  Health Service  for  about three




 years had what they called the midwest environmental




 study based out of our laboratory in  Iowa  City  where




 hundreds  of samples naturally coming  from  the wells and




 those which had been passed  through zeolite  softeners




 were  shown  to  have reduced this  isotope to a  very sig-



 nificant  extent.




               I  think because of the comment that this




 last  gentleman made about  bhe concern about  reactors,




 nuclear   powerplants,  someone should  at least comment on




 this  statement.




               In addition  to the radioisotope  idea of




 removal,  I  would  like  to state that our standards^ such

-------
                                                      468
                       Dr. Morris
as  existed  the last time we considered it, are in




essential conformance with what the Water Pollution




Control Administration is recommending and I think they




are non-controversial and I think they are very adequate.




Our research in the Iowa environment during the time when




we were getting fallout materials indicated that we never




came anywhere near the limit of 1,000 micro-microcuries




or picocuries.  This is a value that I think we can live




with and it is certainly our intent to do what we can




from a State level to see that the nuclear installations




meet these standards.




                 So,  I don't think there is any reason




for concern in this respect. I think the Federal Govern-




ment   requirements or philosophy on this is sound and




we have no argument with it.



               The second item I would like to discuss




a little bit is bacteria.  Mr. Buckmaster mentioned that




we had a letter from an FWPCA official talking about




bacteriological standards and essentially accepting our




attitude on this.  We feel that in this environment the




highest coliform organism density, which is the parameter




that practically everyone uses, at least in part, in thei

-------
                                                      469
                       Dr. Morris
evaluation of water quality, is at an extremely high




level in the early stages of runoff which reaches or




cleanses the upper surface of our soil.  Thousands of




acres, maybe hundreds of thousandsr-I have never tried




to figure it out--in a broad Statewide rain of a sig-




nificant amount, in our experience a half inch to an




inch normally is sufficient to do this, pollute  our




streams with agricultural land runoff of which the




coliform organism group is a major constituent to a very




extensive degree. And after many conferences with the




Federal people we finally hammered out an agreement,which




we thought was permanent,that we would evaluate the




quality of our waters at what was termed low flow.




               Now, there are many waters in the State




where we can meet the levels which the Federal Government




has established and that we have agreed with,  and I will




only quote one of them for recreation, which seems to be




the guiding impetus of these conferences, 200  fecal colif




organisms per 100 milliliters.  We can meet this in a




geometric mean in many of the recreational waters in




Iowa.  We can't meet these levels at periods of high flow




We exceed them many, many times and I don't quite see how
rm

-------
                       Dr. Morris






  we  can arraign   150,000 farmers from the State of Iowa




to change their agricultural practices.




               By that I do not mean to infer — and I




think the whole Commission agrees with this—that the




Iowa Water Pollution Commission is not going to exert




every possible effort we can to produce better soil




conservation conditions so that the i^ater is held on




the individual farm where it falls.  What we are really




trying to do, and there is some argument against this,




but it is the best way we know how to go about it, is




to force the water into the ground water aquifer rather




than force it into the streams.  We are limited to some




extent "by this because we don't want to have all the




water flowing down our streams coming from ground water



to a river watershed recharge.  We wouldn't have enough




to dilute some of the products that get into the river,




including effluents from secondary or tertiary treatment.




It still needs dilution.




               So we are going to try and do what we  can




to hold the water where it is.  Until we do this to an




adequate extent, we are only going to meet these standard^




or any conceivable bacteriological level, at the low  flow

-------
                                                      471
                       Dr. Morris
periods in our State, and I strongly suspect many of the




States in the midwest are in exactly the same position




whether they know it or not as yet.  If they look, they




will see that it is something logical and we don't know




how to reverse it except by holding water where it falls.




               Actually, the Federal Government survey




that was performed, I think  in October last year, at




least in part brings this out.  If you look on page A-2




you can see that the geometric mean below Sioux City was




62,800 total coliforms and 26,600 fecal coliforms, and




this was by their description of the hydrology of the




period a relatively dry or low flow period.




               Over on the top of the next page, A-3, the




make a statement that a two-day rain-affected period at




19 of the 21 stations showed the total coliforms at




1.44 million, and the fecal coliforms, which is an




important point,were 1.12 million.  This is a vast




increase, but there is one other salient point here.




If you calculate percentages, and I didn't bring my




slide rule along and I make all kinds of mistakes with a




pencil and paper, fewer with a slide rule, it looks to me




like about 77 percent of the total coliforms were fecal

-------
                                                      472
                       Dr. Morris
in nature, meaning that they came from the intestinal




tract of warm-blooded animals.  We are quite inadequate




to determine whether the fecal coliforms are coming from




human beings or from livestock, but we can separate




those   which   are of intestinal origin and,  there-




fore, possible disease transmitters from those which are




of natural soil forms which normally have less important




effect as far as disease transmission.




               So the data which the people fro.m the




Federal Government produced here corresponds with what




we have found in Iowa on the internal streams, what we




have found on the Mississippi, and what we have found




with some of the work we have done on the Missouri.  And




as Mr. Stein so aptly stated, when we get together and




talk with each other, we reach some conclusions while we




are looking each other in the eye that you don't always




bring out in reports that are flown back and forth.  This




is one of the points. I think we must recognize that we




can set any bacteriological standard we want and the




environment in this situation doesn't make it possible




to meet a number.  You have to live with the environmenta




condition.  I think we should understand this about

-------
                                                      473
                       Dr. Morris
bacteriological levels.




               I think there is some question as to whether




we can meet this on the Missouri, and anybody who looks




at the data which was collected by this study in October




has to ask himself this question.  To make the decision




that you can't meet it is one thing.  To decide what you




should do about it is another, and there is more than




just secondary treatment involved.  Disinfection of waste;




can reduce the bacteriological load. This gets, in my




opinion, to be an engineering decision and an economic




one . Which way you want to approach the problem?




               The third thing I would like to discuss




is phenols.  We had a discussion of this in Davenport, and




I am not going to spend the time on it here that I did




there, except to say that the commonly accepted and agreec




to level of phenols pretty much around the country is one



part per billion.  Again I lean on our environment and




the monitoring data which we have and on some theory which




I think supports what we find.  The State of Missouri




made the comment that they can't meet the one part per




billion.  ¥e can't meet it either.  The State of Illinois




has signified that they can't meet the one part per billidn

-------
                                                      474
                       Dr. Morris
maximum permissible concentration of phenols in the




Mississippi River and other of their internal streams,




and the question becomes why.




               It is a quite well documented fact that




phenolic compounds can result from nature herself.  Many




natural materials can degrade into phenolic compounds




by a variety of pathways, and if people will read the




California Water Standards in the section for phenols,




this is so stated in here with bibliographies that can




be looked up to at least show you where these materials




come from.




               The best article on this I have read any




place in a single spot is an article in Air and Water




Pollution Journal, which happens to be a British journal,




but it is an extremely well done article.  It is entitled,




"Recovery and Identification of Organics  in Water" by




Richard D. Hoak.  He was working at the Mellon Institute




in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  This documents, in my




opinion, in a very well done fashion, some of the sources




of these materials naturally.




               We have noticed the same phenomenon




in the phenol, problem that we have just been discussing

-------
                       Dr. Morris






in the bacteriological densities at dry periods and high




runoff periods.  We find in our work on the streams in




Iowa that the phenol concentrations are higher in early




stages of runoff.  This confirms the fact or at least makajs




it logical to assume that these are of natural origin,




because their increase fits with this kind of a cleansing




action on the soil.




               Actually, from my own experience and from




discussions with the engineers in the State Health Depart-




ment, we have very little industrial input of phenols




into our environment.  We are recording quite significant




levels in our streams. On the Mississippi we record an




average of about 10 parts per billion, we have recorded




levels as high as 18.  This is the reason why our standarc




is not one part per billion.  It isn't consistent with




our environment.



               And the other salient point on this, and




reason why the one part per billion was chosen,  is that




there is a lot of work which shows that certain  phenols




at the one part per billion level can produce compounds




when chlorinatedjthat do produce measurable tastes.  And




I am not here to argue with this.  It has been done by

-------
	476





                       Dr. Morris






some very  competent researchers.




               But I think it is reasonable to assume




that the types of phenolic compounds that are in our




natural environment are not producing the same levels




of  taste and  odor when they are chlorinated in our




natural water supplies.   Constitutuents entering a mole-




cule can change these taste levels and I think most




people working in this field realize this.  So that I




think we have to take a look at the natural input of




phenols into  our environment.




               There was  a discussion of this by the




State of Missouri, and I  don't recall having heard, and




I would like  to be informed if it exists, an actual




standard for  phenols in the State of Missouri. I have



heard it stated twice that they concur with our level of




20  parts per  billion, but I am not in possession of what




level they have actually  accepted and, unless I misunder-




stood the  statements, their standards have been approved




by  the Federal Government.  I would like to know whether




they are higher than ours or lower than ours.




               I also, in my ignorance, do not know what




the standards for Nebraska are with respect to phenols.

-------
                                                       477
                        Dr.  Morris
 If  it  is  one  part  per  billion,  we  are  going  to  have  to




 sample  on the  other  side  of  the river,  I-guess,  because




 the  part  that  we sample in Iowa is not  going to  meet




 that one  part  per  billion level.   I  have  no  information




 to  indicate that the other side of the  river is  really




 any  better than ours with respect  to this  type  of  runoff.




               Fourthly,  I am deeply disturbed,  because




 it  is a responsibility which at least in  part would  be




 directed  to me and the State Hygienic Laboratory and the




 Water Pollution Commission and  the State  Department  of




 Health, over a statement  on IV-42 which talks about  a




 matter very dear to my heart, monitoring  of  water  quality




 or surveillance, and it says:




               "The scheduled sampling frequencies of




 existing  and proposed monitoring stations operated by




 the  Iowa Water Pollution  Control Commission  are  on a




 quarterly basis for physical, chemical and bacteriologica:




 parameters."




               Now, I have in front of me a  cooperatively




worked out agreement or suggestion, I guess,  proposal,




 by the, I think it is,  Region V group out of Chicago,




 a Mr.  Risley came to Des  Moines and  worked with Mr.

-------
                                                      478
                       Dr. Morris
Schliekelman and myself and Dr. Gakstatter from our




staff, discussing proposed sampling points in Iowa, and




we worked out, after a full day of going over our data




and what the Federal people had, what I believe to be a very




adequate surveillance program for Iowa streams.  A certair




class of surveillance is done quarterly, some things




semi-annually, by the way this includes phenols, pesti-




cides, radioactivity, which happen  to be monthly, and




detergents, which is on a quarterly basis.  We sat down




and tried to work out with reason and judgment, as engi-




neers and chemists and liranologists, what it would take




to evaluate our environment, and we came up with a




detailed but variable type program.



               The statement goes on in the Missouri Rivei




report:



               "The  sampling frequencies for these




parameters should be increased to at least weekly




intervals" on a group of streams.  Some of these are




those on which we have worked out these sampling




frequencies.



               If I  may be permitted a  probably pre.judicec




statement, one. which I mean  to put politely, I don't know

-------
                          	479





                       Dr. Morris






whether any  chemists were involved  in making  that  state-




ment, but there is a whale of a  lot of work and  a  lot  of




money and an enormous amount of  leg work  in the  field  to




collect a broad spectrum of samples like  this  on at  least




a weekly basis.  I can assure you the State Hygienic




Laboratory, plus the Health Department in  Iowa,doesn't  have




this kind of manpower muscle, nor do I see where we will




get it,nor do I see the necessity for it.




               I would like to ask  that that  statement be




looked at again in a little more realistic manner.  Some




of our streams deserve daily analytical control, others




of them weekly, others monthly, some quarterly, and we




have tried to work this out.




               Now, I was very pleased when Mr. Risley




representing the Federal Government, came out  and sat




down in what I considered to be a very fine technical




fashion and worked this program out.  I would  hope that




we would get the same sort of a cooperative attempt from




the Missouri Basin Region



               I want to assure you that we will make




available any of the experience our laboratory has and I




am sure the  Health Department staff will do exactly the
 the way in which he has operated  these  conferences.   I





                                                  Vlll'f".

-------
                       Dr. Morris






same thing, but I don't like to see someone from outside



tell us what our sampling frequency should be on an



internal stream without at least discussing the problem






                                                      482
                        Dr. Morris






                Thank you very much.




                MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




                I have one comment.  You had better




 listen to this, because you may want to strike it




 yourself.  I direct this comment not only to the




 Iowa people but to the Federal people.  Over and




 over again I have heard in both reports whether we




 can tell whether a coliform or some kind of patho-




 gen, fecal eoli, fecal strep, what-have-you, is




 coming from field runoff, from a plant, from a




 packing house, etc.




                Now, if my recollection is correct,




 and I think it is, there are still two people in the




 room who started on this case on the Missouri River--




 Virginia Rankin, whose name used to be Hough then,




 and myself.  We were much younger then.  Paul Houser




 is here too.  At any rate, as I recall  Harold Clark's




 work during the 1950's, he was subjected to the most




 piercing cross examination by top notch attorneys




 who were hired by the packing house plants and municipali



 •Hi' 00  (-HO O -f-4- ^TAV^ r^-crr. ~~ -f-U^ „ 4- „ -P-P  	--£« -I-1- -

-------
                                                      483
                        Dr. Morris
 to too cross examination.  As I understood Mr. Clark's




 testimony in the late 1950's, it was this:




                He could determine whether that bug




 came from a field runoff or from a, waste discharge




 ana could distinguish between them.  I believe I




 recognize another face in the room; I think Mr.




 Samson was involved as a member of the Hearing Board.




 Harold Clark could distinguish whether the bug came




 from a packing house or from human wastes.  He also




 could distinguish by the viability in the length




 of flow, if he picked it up, say, below Omaha arid




 ?,ouncM Bluffs, whether it came from Sioux City or




 from Omaha.




                I am not arguing the facts one way




 or i:he other.  But if we are talking in terms of what




 kind of treatment exists and where the flow is coming




 from, it seems to me, gentlemen--and we will  check this




 until tomorrow, although Mr. Geldreich is in  the room




 who works in the same technique—it seems to  me, sir, if




> we had these techniques in the 1950's and they were  em-




 ployed then to give us the information and we have the




 same questions today, I just wonder why we shouldn't be ajble

-------
                                                      484
                       Dr. Morris
to use that methodology,if it is valid,to give us the




same results now as we had then.  And I just raise that




               May I call Mr. Geldreich for a moment.




Is what I said substantially correct?




               MR. GELDREICH:  That is correct.
this--
               MR. STEIN:  All right.  I would just ask
               Go ahead.
               DR. MORRIS: May I speak to that just a
minute?
               MR. STEIN:  Surely. By the way, it should




be clear, I have drawn no conclusions, you know, but it




just seems to me that we have a method to get the answers




               DR. MORRIS: I see Mr. Geldreich back there



and I Know that Mr. Clark, Dr. Kabler, Mr. Geldreich, and




a lot of people at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering




Center did an enormous amount of work on this.    on the




surface of things I too have read and talked with Harold




Clark a number of times about this.  The only hooker to




this system as you described it is that they don't use




the standard coliform test in making this differentiation.




They go into more sophisticated bacteriology, into the

-------
                                                      485
                       Dr. Morris
streptococci, and so forth, and these not only can




differentiate whether it came from one kind of animal,




a cow, a sheep, a pig, but the sad part of it is, unless




I read the articles wrong—and I hope Mr. Geldreich will




clarify this because I know he was in on it—also these




same kinds of organisms have origin in the soil and




plants also and this muddies the water, so to speak; so




that even with this ability to differentiate above and




beyond what the coliforms permit you to do, there have




been a lot of scientists--and I think this includes the




articles that Clark and Kabler and Geldreich have pub-




lished--are not absolutely certain in this differentiatior




There are breakouts where these organisms are not absolutely




identified with that single source.




               A lot of bacteriologists have taken rather




vigorous exceptions.  Now,  I don't know about Mr. Geldreidh



He may believe very firmly in the differentiation cap-




ability.  But a lot of people don't quite accept it 100




percent.  I am not one of them.  I am not as developed in




this field, but I have read the articles and there are a




lot of people that don't accept that in total.




               MR. STEIN:   Why don't you--

-------
	486





                       Dr. Morri'3






               I defer to Mr. Geldreich.




               MR. STEIN:  Why don't you come up, Ed.




               Here is what I am trying to get at.  If




this is a crucial issue--and as far as I know, ever since




I have been on the Missouri, certainly, and I think on




the Mississippi too, but certainly on the Missouri, this




is the crucial issue.  Let me just give it in the terms




that everyone can understand.




               Where do the bugs come from?  Do they come




from human wastes, do they come from a packing house or




did they run off from the land?  And you may have




different effects.  And also once you differentiate




that, what city do they come from or what industrial




outfall do they come from so we can pinpoint the source?




               Now, unless we can provide these answers,




we are going to find ourselves wallowing around through




the years, and I don't care what we do here in the dis-




position of this, just the equities of the situation are




going to require you to have these kinds of answers.  I




think we will make a great advance if we can agree on




the methodology.



               Not intending to preempt Ed, I used to

-------
                                                      487
                       Dr. Morris
think that Harold Clark had this down to such a fine




point that I used to ask him what the sex of the animal




was .



               (Laughter.)




               MR. GELDREICH:  Thank you, Mr. Stein.




               We have spent about 15 years working on




this  particular problem, that is finding a better




indicator of fecal pollution, and we believe we have it,




in fact, I will go so far as to say I know we have it,




in the fecal coliform group.




               First of all, we have looked at the




environment in every aspect, we have looked at warm-




blooded animals,  be ;".hey -ian or animals other than man.




We have looked at the soil, we have looked at fish, we




have  looked at water, we have looked at plants, we have




looked at insects, we have looked at everything that




would somehow or other contribute possible pollution to




our water environment that we are concerned with and




we have concluded and have published in probably about




25 papers and 1 book our findings over this period of




time.  We believe that the fecal coliform test is




measuring the fecal coliforms from all of these animals,

-------
                                                      488
                       Dr. Morris






be they men or be they some other animals that is warm-




blooded.  We find these organisms only in the contami-




nated environment when man or these animals are the




contaminators. They are not in soils remote from man's




habitation.  In fish they are not a normal inhabitant




of the intestinal tract, and when fish do have them it




is a reflection of the food they eat, the water they




swim in.




               In plants this is a reflection--and this




has been reported by others also besides ourselves--this




is a reflection of contamination from fertilizers, from




contaminated soil and from insect pollinators. Insect




polliners quite frequently spent part of their li-fe




cycle in manure piles and other areas where they do




pick up the contamination.



               The fecal coliform test is in standard




methods, it is in the current edition. I am on the




methods committee for the next edition, the thirteenth




edition, and we have further refined it to put in a




fecal coliform membrane filter media in addition to the




multiple tubes procedure which is in the current edition.




We have the methodologics,they are standardized, they

-------
                                                      489
                       Dr. Morris
have been recognized in the hearings in Sioux City and




Kansas City in the 1950's that we spoke of before.




               As far as fecal strep are concerned, this




particular indicator does have some room for an improve-




ment in methodology before it is as precise as the fecal




coliform procedure.  By the way, the fecal coliform




procedure will detect 93 percent of all of the fecal




coliforms found in warm-blooded animals feces of one




sort or another.




               The fecal strep in conjunction with the




fecal coliform in the development of a relationship or




a ratio has been used and we do use it in our stream




pollution investigations to pinpoint sources of pollution




We have found repeatedly that in domestic sewage there




are more fecal coliforms than there are fecal strep, in



the order of a ratio 4 to 1 or higher.  In cattle feedlot




wastes, slaughterhouse wastes, we find this ratio is




reversed from this.  There are more fecal streptococci,




a tremendously greater number, than t-here are fecal




coliforms and, therefore,  our ratio instead of being




4 to 1 is very frequently less than 0.6 to 1.  This is




the way we can quickly differentiate the two.

-------
                                                      490
                       Dr. Morris
               Yes, sir.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I am a layman, most of




the people here are^ and I don't understand it.  I think




you and Dr. Morris are having fun talking this way.




               MR. GELDREICH:  Talking shop.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  The question is can you




distinguish between coliform out of warm-blooded animals




and man?




               MR. GELDREICH:  No, sir.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Well, we are dancing,




then,  on the head of a pin, because--




               MR. GELDREICH:  No, let me —




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Let me finish.  It will




take you a couple of minutes.  It won't take me a fractior




of that time.




               MR. GELDREICH:  0. K.



               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Our contention is that




the runoff of animal manure from the large number of




animals we have, warm-blooded animals, cannot be dis-




tinguished from that of a human being.  There is no




quarrel,  I believe, with the question of that that comes




from plants and other forms.  It is this differentiation

-------
                       Dr. Morris






between all warm-blooded animals, man  being  one  of  them.




               MR. GELDREICH:  Right.




               MR. BUCKMASTER: Can you differentiate




between man and cows?




               MR. STEIN:  Just a moment,  please.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Yes.




               MR. STEIN:  Save the question, because  if




we go back and forth it gets confused.




               I think the answer is that  as far as I




can understand, although I know he answered  no,  the answe




as I understood they gave me was yes.   In  other words,




if they take the coliform and check,they  will be able  to




tell you if this came from a feedlot or whether this




came from a sewage treatment plant by  checking the  ratio




of the fecal coliform--




               MR. GELDREICH:  Only if we  do it in  con-




junction with a fecal strep test.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  We are not talking about




a feedlot.  We have thousands of acres with  cattle and




hogs on pasture,  so it doesn't come from one source, it




comes from individual animals.




               MR. STEIN:   Yes.  Let me rephrase the

-------
                                                      492
                       Dr. Morris
question.




               When you ask an expert a question, you




know, he answers with a question.




               You said can you distinguish fecal coli-




form; the answer is no.  What you do is to put the




question this way:




               Can you take the fecal coliform plus the




fecal strep test, do a test on both, put those together




and distinguish?




               MR. GELDREIGH:  Very good, that is correct,




               MR. STEIN:  Then the answer is yes, you




see.  All right.




               MR. GELDREICH:  What we are trying to say--




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Do you get indication




or do you prove it?



               MR. GELDREICH:  We prove it.



               MR. BUCKMASTER:  All right, I understand.




               MR. STEIN:  I am not trying to argue.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I am not either.  I was




just trying to find out what he is saying.




               MR. STEIN:  Yes, sir.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  We lawyers can finally

-------
                       Dr. Morris






work it out, Mr. Stein.




               MR. STEIN:  Right.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  It may be difficult, but




we finally get it.




               DR. SPEERS:  I am Dr. Speers from the




State Department of Health.




               Let me ask another question now.  Supposin




you have two sources upstream, one of which is of animal




origin and one of which is of human origin.  Can you take




this ratio then and make any meaning out of it and say




from that result that we have two sources, one of human




and one of animal origin and how much of each?




               MR. GELDREICH:  If they are mixed, I




assume that somewhere., at this point where you are samplin




both the fecal coliforms from the domestic sewage and




the fecal coliforms from the cattle feedlot are mixed




in the stream and now we have this mixture, can we sort




this out?   This becomes somewhat difficult because you




get into a ratio which is meaningless in an area between




the high one and the low one.  It is in these dramatic




areas near the runoff and within 2k hours downstream that




we can use this material successfully in interpreting.

-------
                       Dr. Morris






Beyond that I would not want to venture an answer.




               DR. SPEERS:  The reason I asked this ques-




tion, because it seems to me that many of the points of




controversy on the Missouri River are exactly this  kind




of situation where you have got several sources and they




are going to be mixed and it is going to be hard to sepa-




rate .



               MR. STEIN:  Let me try to get at that.




               Just look at the record.  I am not trying




to draw a conclusion.  But when we went up and down the




Missouri in the late 1950's with Harold Clark,we in a




sense--and I am just talking from a legal evidentiary




sense--were lucky that we didn't have these masses  of




pollution.  We had separate sources.  In other words, you




had a concentration.  You know them as well as I do.  We



had Yankton and Vermillion, then we had Sioux City, then




we had Omaha and Council Bluffs, you moved down to  St.




Joseph, Atchison, Leavenworth, Kansas City, Independence,




Columbia, and so forth.  And in between those it was




relatively clear.



               Now, what Harold Clark did wag use a third




variable, as I recall the testimony, and I think I recall

-------
                               495
Dr. Morris
it because  it made  a  tremendous  impression  on  me  at  that




time.  What he  did  was he  took the  fecal  coliform, the




fecal strep, used them together'  in  a  ratio,  and he also




took the point  of discharge  at which he  could figure  what




coming out  from the point  of discharge  and  traced the




flow down the river;and he got what to  him  was a pretty




accurate picture of where  the bugs  came from at all  these




points down the river.




                The  thing that I  am  saying as we are




standing here 10 years llater is: either we find  defects in




the method that we  can't go along with, or if someone




could do this 10 years ago,why can't they do it now?




Again,! don't know what the results are going  to be  if




they do it,  but this is the issue.




                Yes.



               DR. MORRIS:   I think we  do that, Mr. Stein,




when we ask to  do our bacteriological work,  fecal coli-




forms,  at low flow. We essentially are  evaluting the




input of municipal and industrial wastes,  and I know they




both exist,  in the stream when we have cancelled out a




variable.   Now,  any mathematician knows that one way to




simplify the solution to an equation is to cast a variable
                                   as

-------
                                                     496
                       Dr. Morris
and that is all we have done, cast a variable.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  That is very reasonable.




               MR. STEIN:  That is right.  Again,, and as




I understood from Mr. Hegg's statement this morning, I




understand substantially that this is what they did.




Again I have no brief with the figures because that




you are going to have to do.  They found that 50 percent




of the loadings,, at least in dry flow, below the big




city centers of Ornaha and Sioux City came from the muni-




cipal waste sources, which included the industries.  Now,




this is as I understood it and as I understood the thesis




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  You are right, you are




right, and we have agreed to disinfection of those areas.




Our only quarrel comes on the recreational areas other




than seasonal.  We have no quarrel with this.




               MR. STEIN:  But what we should do between




State and Federal people is that if we have the




methodology—and as far as 1 can se;:se we do--we




should be able to come up with some reasonable state-




rne">t that all hands can agree on just about how much is




coming from the industrial sources; how much is coming ou|t




from the municipal sources; how much is coming off the

-------
                                                       497
                        Dr.  Morris
 land, and proceed from there.




               The  only point  I  am  making, is--




               MR.  BUCKMASTER:   I don't  think we  have any




 quarrel  on it.




               MR.  STEIN:  All right,  I  think this  will




 put us ahead if we  have that.




               Is  there anything else?




               MR.  GELDREICH:  I would like  to  add  one




 more comment.




               Dr.  Morris, the fecal  strep  procedure  will




 be in the next edition of Standard  Methods,  the one which




 we used.  There are some methods currently used in  the




 book.  The methods, as I say, in all  cases are  available.




               DR.  MORRIS:  We have been  using  them for




 years.




               MR.  GELDREIGH:  Yes, I know.  I  have




 evaluated your laboratory in the past.  I know  you  do it.




               Thank you.




               MR.  STEIN:  Let me again make this point.




We have a lot of experts in the room here and Dr. Morris




 and company are familiar with them.  I have  always  pushed




 for the notion,  and I hope Iowa and the other States  will

-------
                                                      498
                       Dr. Morris
join me in  this—I think they have in the past—that



if a n y of the bright young people wherever they are



located come up with a method and it looks like it is goir
to work that we use it and we not wait until one of these



committees, which gets encrusted like any bureaucracies,




including ours, puts it in one of their books and enshrines



it in a method book.  In other words, if the technique



works, we use it as fast as we can.




               I think this,what Mr. Geldreich has been



talking about is a case in point.  As far as I can see,



this thing on the fecal coliform has been percolating



through their committee for about 10 years now before



it has finally made it.    I think 10 years is a long



time to wait in the pollution business.  If you have a



method, let's use it for those 10 years and not wait



until it gets into Standard Methods.



               Does anyone have anything more to say?



               With that we will be recessed until 9:30



tomorrow.  I think we can finish this tomorrow.



               (Whereupon, an adjournment was taken




until 9:30 o'clock a.m, April 16, 1969.)
g

-------
                                                     499
                                     (9:30 a.m.)






               MR. STEIN:  May we reconvene.




               I have here a letter from Roger Bachmann




of Ames,  Iowa,  which we will put in the record.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I didn't hear you,  Mr.




Stein.




               MR. STEIN:  This is a letter from Roger




Bachmann, which we showed to the technical staff,  and




there was no objection from either side that this  be put




into the  record.




               (Which said letter is as follows:)

-------
                                                                          500

                                        April  }k,  1969
Mr. Murray Stein
Assistant Commissioner for Enforcement
Federal  Water Pollution Control  Commission

Dear Mr. Stein,

     I would like to enter the following into the proceedings of the
Iowa water quality hearings held in Dubuque,  Iowa on April  8 and 9»  1969.

     On page 15 of the April  1969 statement of the Iowa Water Pollution
Control  Commission in support of the Iowa water quality standards and
plan for implementation and enforcement reference is made to my communi-
cation of November 22, 1966 with regard to temperature criteria.  This
was presented to the public hearing on proposed water quality criteria
held by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission at Fort Dodge,  Iowa
on November 30, 1966.  Since this statement is being used as a justification
for the Iowa temperature criteria, I would like to quote that portion
of the communication that dealt with temperature criteria.

     "I do not believe that the proposed water temperature  criteria  will
adequately protect aquatic life.  While many Iowa fishes may withstand
temperatures as high as 95  F for a few days at a time during the summer,
the normal temperatures for these species are 10 to 20 degrees lower.
Furthermore, many species need periods of cold and seasonal  changes  in order
to complete their life cycles.  For more adequate protection of aquatic
life I would recommend that water temperatures not be more  than 10  F
above the normal or upstream temperatures and in no case exceed 95  F."

     I would like to point out that the proposed criteria to which I
was referring in the above quotation was:  "Temperature;  Not to exceed
95  F at any time."  as listed in the hearing notice of the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission of 28 October 1966.  My main concern
at that time was that the proposed criteria allow for a seasonal temperature
cycle as well as specifying a maximum temperature.  The use of a temperature
differential appears to be a practical way to meet this objective and is
commonly used in water quality criteria recommendations.

     With our present state of knowledge about the complex relationships
between stream organisms and water temperature I feel that  the choice
between a 5  F and a 10  F differential is arbitrary and that I cannot
presently provide objective support for either one over the other for
the Iowa standards.
                                        Sincerel y,
                                        Roger W. Bachmann,  PhD.
                                        R. R. #3
                                        Ames , Iowa
RWB:rh

-------
                                                     501
                        Mr. Stein
               MR. STEIN:  I think it behooves us all
to get this record completed as soon as possible.
However, I would like anyone here to think about how
long he would like to keep the record open if he wants
to put in additional material.  I would like a sug'
gestion toward the end of this.  I would not like to
keep this open too long, because the longer we keen
the record open the longer the issue is going to be
pending and we are not going to be able to come to a
conclusion.
               We will now continue with Iowa.   Mr
Buckmaster.

-------
	502






                       R.  Buckmaster









              STATEMENT BY ROBERT BUCKMASTER




          CHAIRMAN,  IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL




               COMMISSION,  DES MOINES,  IOWA









                MR.  BUCKMASTER:   Mr. Stein, Dr.  Morris is






 not  able  to  be with us today, but he called me  this






 morning and  wanted  me  to  put something in the record






 before we  started in response to the colloquy we had at






 the  close  yesterday between  Mr.  Geldreich and Dr.  Morris






 in connection  with  fecal  coliforms.






                I make  reference  now to the report  of the






 Committee  on Water  Quality Criteria,  which was  the officis






 advisory  committee  established by the  Department of the






 Interior  on  water quality and was submitted to  the Sec-






 retary of  the  Interior,  at that  time Mr.  Udall,  by Mr.

-------
                                                      503
                      R. Buckmaster
Moore, which contained the recommendations of the Nationa




Advisory Committee.




               I am going to quote from page 12 of that




report:




               "Fecal streptococci in combination with




total coliforms are being used in sanitary evaluation.




Selection of techniques to be applied and the interpre-




tation of results are in a state of  flux  and




uncertainty.  Problems include the unresolved question of




whether or not all types of fecal streptococci found in




warm-blooded animals are revealed by the tests, the fact




that appreciable numbers of streptococci from other




sources (plants and insects) yield positive test results,




and added time and manpower requirements for monitoring




agencies.  Fecal streptococci should not be used as pri-




mary criteria,but are useful as a -supplement to fecal




coliforms where more precise determination of sources of




contamination is necessary."




               Which, as Dr. Morris understands it,




supports the statements he made yesterday in connection




with that subject.




               MR.  STEIN:   I see Mr.  Geldreich.  I don't

-------
                                                      504
                      R. Buckmaster
want to interrupt.




               Does this substantially support your




position too?




               MR. GELDREIGH:  That is exactly what I am




trying to say.  I want you to use fecal coliform,period.




We went off on a tangent yesterday.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  At long last we got what




you were trying to say.




               MR. STEIN:  I think we have agreement, at




least in one area.  Thank you.




               Mr. Buckmaster, will you continue.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Mr.  Schliekelman will be




the first one to present a matter he would like to bring




before this conference.








             STATEMENT BY R. J. SCHLIEKELMAN



         TECHNICAL SECRETARY, IOWA WATER POLLUTION




           CONTROL COMMISSION, DES MOINES, IOWA








               MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:  My name is R. J.




Schliekelman.  I am the Technical Secretary for the Iowa




Water Pollution Control Commission.

-------
	305





                   R. J. Schliekelman






               The statement which we will enter into



the  record has been given to the recorder, and I will try




to summarize a portion of this for the sake of saving



time and may also add a few additional statements that



do not completely follow the statement itself.




               (Which said statement is as follows:)

-------
                   STATEMENT
IN SUPPORT OF THE IOWA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
  AND PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
             MISSOURI RIVER BASIN
    IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION

                  APRIL 1969

-------
507

-------
                                                                          508

A.  INTRODUCTION

By notice of March 5, 1969, the Secretary of Interior called a conference
to consider water quality standards for the interstate waters of Iowa.
This is a statement of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission's
position on the matters to be considered at the April 15, 1969 Council
Bluffs, Iowa session of the conference.  A similar statement, with emphasis
on Iowa waters of the Mississippi River basin, was presented at the Davenport,
Iowa session of the conference which convened on April 8, 1969.  The Iowa
Standards apply to all waters of the state and much of the Mississippi
statement is repeated herein.  However, this statement will discuss matters
more specifically pertaining to waters of the Missouri River basin.

The Iowa Wat^r Pollution Control Law, enacted in 1965, created the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission and charged the Commission, through the
administrative and technical staff of the State Health Department, with
the general supervision, administration, and enforcement of all laws relat-
ing to pollution of the waters of the state.  Among the powers and duties
of the Commission are those of prescribing rules and regulations, adopting
reasonable water quality standards, and developing comprehensive plans
and programs for the prevention, control, and abatement of pollution.

The Water Quality Act of 1965, amending the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, provided for establishment of water quality standards for interstate
waters.  The Act requires the states to adopt such standards which ultimately
become Federal standards, after approval by the Secretary of the Interior.
With that authority, the State of Iowa ahead of the schedule specified by
the Federal Act, filed a letter of intent to adopt standards, held public
hearings on the proposed criteria, and adopted the standards which include
the water quality criteria and a plan for implementation.  The standards
were submitted to the Secretary, and after clofie liason between state and
Federal representatives and after numerous conferences and correspondence
attempting to agree on a mutually acceptable document, the Secretary
determined that certain of the provisions were not approvable as Federal
standards, and called a standards setting conference.

The purpose of this statement is to set out the State of Iowa's position
on tha matters of disagreement.  The Federal position is outlined in a
report prepared by the Missouri Basin Region of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, for the Water Quality Standards Conference convening
April  15, 1969.  The report is comprehensive and contains a wealth of detailed
background information arid technical discuesion, so no attempt will be made
to duplicate  or enlarge on that aspect.  However, as with the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration report on the Mississippi River basin,
there  is considerable discussion of such aspects as turbidity and bacterial
and nutrient  loa.ling from agricultural  land runoff, and also of conditions
resulting in  large part from waote discharges from Nebraska.  Such aspects,
while  appearing to discredit the water  quality and the state's pollution
control efforts, but being actually outside the scope of Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission control, are not at  all at issue in the matters being
considered by  the conference.  To the casual reader, such discussion tends
to create false impressions of wide spread pollution and ineffective control.
This statement  therefore,  is an attempt to put the issues in context, to
clarify the Iowa position  on matters actually in controversy, and to present
the positive  aspects of the Iowa program.
                                  -1-

-------
                                                                          509
Part B will outline the Iowa policy and review past  and present  pollution
control in the state.  Parts C and D will comment  on the background  inform-
ation and summary and conclusions and recommendations presented  in the
Federal report.  Finally,  the Iowa Water Pollution Control  Commission has
during past months of negotiation agreed on certain  revisions  of the standards
and implementation plan, and these are summarized  in Section E.
                                   -L-

-------
                                                                          510
B-  .STATEMENT OF POLICY AND THE PAST AND PRESENT IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
    PROGRAM

The present authority for stream pollution control in the State of Iowa is
embodied in Chapter 455B of the state code, the "Iowa Water Pollution Control
Law".  Enacted in 1965, it created the Iowa Water Pollution Control  Commission.

The conduct of the program, as intended by the legislature and as actually
being implemented by the Commission and the State Health Department, can
best be expressed by the statement of policy as written into the law;

     "4553.1 Statement of Policy. Whereas the pollution of the waters of
     this scate constitutes a menace to public health and welfare, creates
     public nuisances, is harmful to wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and
     impairs domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational and other
     legitimate beneficial uses of water, and whereas the, problem of water
     pollution in this state is closely related to the problem of water
     pollution in adjoining states, it is hereby declared to be the  public
     policy of this state to conserve the waters of the state and to protect,
     maintain and improve the quality thereof for public water supplies,
     for the propogation of wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic
     agricultural, industrial, recreational and other legitimate (beneficial)
     uses;  to provide that no waste be discharged into any waters of the
     state without first being given the degree of treatment necessary to
     protect the legitimate (beneficial) uses of such waters; to provide for
     the prevention, abatement and control of new, increasing, potential,
     or existing water pollution; and to co-operate with other agencies of
     the state, agencies of other states and the federal government  in
     carrying out these objectives. (61GA, ch 375, §1)"

This policy, not in the least inconsistent with the present Federal  Act, was
enacted prior to approval of the amendments in the Water Quality Act of 1965.

As present policy, it evolves from and reflects long and continued progress
of stream pollution control in Iowa.  The progress can be seen in a  brief
history of stream pollution control accomplishments.

The first law, passed in 1923, gave the State Department of Health regulatory
and enforcement authority.  Even before that, Iowa was "ahead of the program".
The Department of Health working under legislative authority for supervision
over the installation and operation of sewerage works and control of nuisances,
and towns recognizing the public health and clean streams need for sewage
treatment, had already begun stream pollution control.  At the time  the 1923
law was passed, nearly 200 municipal sewage treatment plants were already
in operation.  These being in the smaller towns, only 350,000 some persons
were being served by the plants, and this represented only 30T4 of the
population being served by municipal sewer systems.  However, this was a
good start.

The program operated under the same authority for many years.  Then  in 1949,
the law was changed, among" other things, adding a sewage disposal permit
feature.  By reviewing treatment plant construction plans and specifications
required to obtain a permit, the State Health Department could insure that
any proposed plant was capable of producing an effluent of sufficiently high

                                   -3-

-------
                                                                           511
quality to protect the receiving stream.  Essentially no sanitary sewer
permits have been granted unless served by a treatment plant, and in
particular, a treatment plant operating satisfactorily.  Although this
philosophy had been in effect as a matter of policy for many years, the
permit feature formalized the policy.

No combined sewers have been approved in Iowa for the last 40 years.

At the time of the 1949 legislation, some 230 municipal treatment plants
were in operation.  Some of the new plants were constructed by the larger
municipalities, so the capacity of the 230 plants was almost three times
that of 1923, and the plants were serving approximately 70% of the sewered
population.

In recognition of the fact that treatment plant construction is effective
only if operation is efficient and competent, an operator training and
voluntary certification program was implemented in 1952.  In 1965, legis-
lation was passed and implemented, and Iowa is now one of only 17 states
with a mandatory operator certification law.  The operator training program
has expanded and thrived.  Under the cooperative effort of the State Health
Department, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Association, and the State
Universities, laboratory courses are conducted at the Universities and
regional basic and advanced operation courses are conducted throughout the
state.

From 1949, plant construction steadily and dramatically progressed, and in
1965 some 400 plants were in operation.  This represented an increase in
population served by treatment to approximately 97.57o of the sewered popula-
tion.

The 1949 law lifted a previous restriction, so that effective in 1951,
Mississippi and Missouri River cities and towns were subject to all provis-
ions of the stream pollution control law.  In recognition of common interests
in water quality, Iowa in 1952 entered into a tri-state agreement with
Illinois and Wisconsin, resolving to require any such corrections of
pollution conditions needed to render Mississippi River waters suitable for
all purposes.

On the Missouri River also, loxja as a member of the Missouri Basin Health
Council, agreed to and participated in adoption of a similar "Guide for
Water Pollution Control Activities."  The several states of the Council in
1952 agreed to a program for elimination of toxic substances and settleable
and floatable solids, and treatment of industrial wastes as necespary to
prevent deterioration of water quality, and to provide treatment over and
above removal of settleable and floatable solids as necessary to protect
downstream water uses.  The Guide also provided for future programs for
legislation, construction of treatment plants, improvement of plant opera-
tion and maintenance and stream surveillance.

1965 was the year of enactment of the present pollution control law and
formation of the Commission.  In addition to retention of the perrait feature,
the new law provided improved enforcement provisions, and authorization for
rules and regulations and water qual:?;y standards.  It should be noted that
this Iowa requirecent for water quality standards, proven to be consistent
with the Federal act, was imposed prior to the water quality amendments of
the Federal act.

                                   -4-

-------
                                                                           512

Since the current law was  passed,  the  Commission has adopted three regulations
to aid in surveillance and enforcement.   The first is a regulation relating
to the General Criteria of the water quality standards, which makes
mandatory the effective removal  of settleable and floatable solids from
municipal waste water discharges.   The water quality criteria which apply
to all surface waters at all  times and places,  require that the surface
waters be free from floatable and  settleable solids x^hich could form
putrescent and objectionable  sludge deposits and be otherwise unsightly
and deleterious.  This general criteria  has  been effective in demonstrat-
ing conditions of pollution and  has been used as the basis for ordering
corrections.  Hox;ever, removal of  settleable and floatable solids in most
cases does not satisfactorily meet the standards, and the public water
supply, aquatic life and recreation criteria have necessitated secondary
treatment on Virtually all interior streams.

Rules arid regulations also require submission of monthly treatment plant
operation reports.  By specifying  format and content, the Department can
require reporting of sufficient  flow and laboratory testing data to evaluate
plant effectiveness, and thereby obtain  an indication of the plant's affect
on receiving stream water  quality. To aid in more efficient and effective
use of the repofcts, a program for  computer scanning of the reports is in
the final stage of development.

The Iowa "Mail Order BOD"  program  has  also proven effective in surveillance
of treatment plants.  This program, which utilizes a technique for fixing
samples in tha field in preparation for  BOD determination in the State
Laboratory, eliminates the need  for refrigeration and enables transportation
to the laboratory by ordinary mail. It  is a unique procedure and was
developed in the State Hygienic  Laboratory.

Although not yet having legislative approval, a third regulation has been
adopted by the Commission  requiring control of feedlot runoff.  Feedlot
pollution is being effectively controlled through the present enforcement
provisions of the Law, utilizing the water quality standards and definition
of stream pollution, but approval  of the regulation x?ill hopefully reduce
staff time required and prove to be a  more efficient and effective means
cf control.

Using the various regulations and  enforcement provisions, the Commission
since its inception in 1965 hflo  isrsued 114 order,:s for correction of pollution
conditions.  The poin*: is  tlmt tl.c. orders, aloug with more informal education
and per3uasi.cn. efforts c• r:>.j and lar^c ".'-.nnunities rL- have
s'•-.•\:;c treatir.jvt.  This; roccrd raci • "Lth the highest in the uc.tiou.
                                   -5-

-------
                                                                          513

Of the industries, the Iowa Meat Packing Plants are the largest potential,
sources o£ pollution.  Every meat packing plant in the state has a treatment
plant in operation or under construction, and this represents some 3.5
million population equivalent being treated.  Some of the plants are realiz-
ing as much as 90 or 997= BCD removal, due in significant part to pioneering
and development of anaerobic/aerobic lagoon treatment in Iowa.  With the
exception of those on border streams, all packing plant wastes receive at
least secondary treatment.

Other wet process industries, though not producing the magnitude of waste
produced in meat packing, are subject to and complying with treatment
requirements (or if more appropriate, some type of inplant control), to
meet Iowa water quality standards.  Iowa has no provision for untreated
waste discharge permits.

It is significant that Iowa docs not have stream classification.  Although
the standards do specify recreation, fishing, and public water supply uses,
and areas of applicability have been defined, minimum defined standards of
high quality apply to all waters of the state.

In summary, Iowa has through the years recognized the need for clean streams
and continued and expanded its programs to meet the need.  The regulatory
agency has exercised it's authority to abate pollution and maintain and
improve water quality, and municipalities and industries have complied with
tha requirements.  The accomplishments shown by the record can be compared
with the best in the nation.  DGspit£ the adverse impressions created by
the Federal reports and the Secretary's decision to except certain provisions
of the Standards, Iowa has in the past and will in the future exercise it's
regulatory authority to the fullest legal extent.

-------
                                                                                                           514
           IOWA  LEADS  NATION  IN,SEWAGE  TREATMENT

           No  Urban  Population  Without  Treatment

       TABLE 3. URBAN POPULATION SERVED BY ADEQUATE AND LESS THAN ADEQUATE
                MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES AND URBAN POPULATION
                NOT SERVED, BY STATE:  FY 1968
                               (In thousands, except percent)
State

u.s I/...
Ala..... 	
Alaska-'. 	
Aril 	
Ark.... 	
Calif2-'. 	
Colo 	

Del 	
D. C. . 	
Fla-. 	 ,
Ga 	
Hawaiii/ 	
Idaho. 	
Ill 	
Ind 	 ,
Iowa U ?_/
Kan? / 	
Ky 	
La 	
Maine 	
Md.... 	 ,
Ma»2-/. 	
Mich 	
Minn 	
Miss 	
Mo2-/ 	
Monti/ 	
Nebr1/2/ 	
Nev 	
N.H 	
N.J 	
N. Mex 	
N. Y. 	
N.C 	
N. Dak1/ 	
Ohio 	
Okla 	
Oreg 	
Pa 	
R.I 	
S.C 	
S. DakL/ 	

Tex 	
Utah 	
Vt 	
Va 	
Wash2/ 	
W. Va 	
Wis 	
Wyo1/2/ 	
Total
Urban Population
....:. 145,602
	 2,140
	 121
	 1,411
	 937
	 17,651
	 1,602
	 2, 342
	 356
	 832
	 4, 860
	 2, 727
	 591
	 349
	 8, 923
	 3, 182
1.5261-'
	 1,475
	 1,539
	 2, 479
	 509
	 2, 785
4,563
	 6, 377
	 2, 370
	 988
	 3,141
379i/
	 846
	 376
	 414
	 6, 444
	 764
	 16, 003
	 2, 138
	 2541/
	 7, 870
	 1, 694
	 1, 320
	 8, 428
	 793
	 1,134
287i/
	 2, 214
	 8, 874
	 825
	 162
. . 2 756
	 2, 139
	 710
	 2, 804
1981-/
Population Served By (Facilities)! * of Pop. with less than
Adequate Less than Adequate None Adequate or None
81, 703
819
19
711
684
12, 766
854
312
9
832
1,741
1,081
162
160
7,410
2,286
1,590
1,267
536
818
37
2,119
1,729
1,340
769
460
2,522
123
833
366
43
1,629
671
8,017
1,447
278
4,591
1,332
552
5 325
395
540
290
750
6,819
500
9
1,092
681
149
2,049
189
31, 865
678

34
156
36
593
1,286
267

864
1,003

134
586
529

192
792
515
60
162
1,173
4,223
1,324
23
183
263
100
6
102
3, 179
5
3,733
125
15
2,071
199
SO4
2,916
190
178
39
319
130
19
121
1, 328
444
348
689
29
32, 293
643
102
666
97
4,849
155
744
80

2,255
643
429
55
927
367
I/
ir
211
1,146
412
504
1,661
814
277
505
436
V
I/
4
269
1,636
88
4,253
566
V
1,208
163
264
187
208
416
J/
1,145
1,925
306
32
336
1,014
213
66
V
44.1
61.7
84.2
49.6
27.0
27.7
46.7
86.7
97.5

64.2
60.4
72.6
54.2
17.0
28.2 Nl

14. i wi
65.2
67.0
92.7
23.9
62.1
79.0
67.6
53.4
19.7
69.4
11.8
2.7
89.6
74.7
12.2
49.9
32.3
5.9
41.7
21.4
58.2
36.8
50.2
52.4
13.6
66.1
23.2
39.4
94.4
60.4
68.2
79.0
26.9
14.6
                                                                                     No population
                                                                                    without treatment
!_/  Population served by treatment facilities exceeds total urban population of these States by 259, 000 persons.

    Thus the detail adds to 259,000 more than the total U. S. urban population.
2J  Water quality standards adopted call for primary waste treatment in some urban areas of this State.
    Standards adopted for other States call for at least secondary waste treatment.

Source:  1962 Inventory, Municipal Waste Facilities in the United States, updated by FWPCA Construction Grants
       Awards; urban population estimates based on U. S. Census of Population, 1960j Bureau of Census

       Population Estimates, Series P-25.

                      From:  THE COST OF  CLEAR MATH - Volume I SuMaary Report,
             0  S Departoent of Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Aoblniitration
                                   January 10, 1969

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                                                                          517

C.  COMMENTS ON SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.. OF THE, FEDERAL^EjgjRT

The extensive text is summarized in Section II of the Missouri River Basin
Water Quality Standards Conference report.  Several of the items deserve
comment and are discussed below.  The parenthesis indicates material quoted
or paraphrased from the Federal report.

Agricultural Runoff Effects

Items E, G, and K on pages II-2 and II-3 deal generally with agricultural
runoff effects.  While of interest, this particular aspect is actually
outside the scope of controllable standards, and the manner of the statements
could lead the less than totally informed ceader to unwarranted conclusions.

E.  (It is estimated that at least 3,300,000 cattle and calves and 6,100,000
hogs and pigs were on farms.  These animal wastes have a population equivalent
of 65,000,000 and can cause several conditions of stream degradation.',)
There is no particular problem, from animal waste until such time as rain-
fall, snox? melt or water passes through the feed lot dissolving material
from the manure and carrying it to the stream.  Since the load of dissolved
and suspended material vjater carried to the stream is only a fraction of
that on the feed lot, the 65,000,000 population equivalent of animal waste
on the feed lots should not at all be interpreted as the load on the stream.

(There are approximately 46,000 feeder lots in the state - page IV-23,)
This statement is misleading in that a feeder lot could be defined as an
area from which one or more grain-fed beef was marketed during  the year.
This could not be much of a pollution problem, and certainly not one over
which control could be exercised.  Iowa does however, effectively control
large confinement feed lot runoff pollution.

G.  (Sediment from uncontrolled runoff is a major pollutant of the Missouri
River.).     The reference to  low turbidity of water discharged from Gavins
Point Dam, compared to the turbid condition through Iowa is understandable.
The effect of settling of sediment in the pool above the dam is not avail-
able in the lower reaches.  Again, this aspect is outside the scope of
controllable standards and is  not an issue of the Standards conference.

K.  (High densities of bacteria and high concentrations of nitrogen and
phosphorus are found in Iowa tributaries  to the Missouri River, especially
during periods of stormwater runoff.)    This statement could be expanded to
include the agricultural  land  and streams in all states.  Furthermore,
while some control may be imposed, the bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorus
in storawater runoff can never be fully abated.  Storawater runoff effects
negate at  least in part,  the desirable effect of continuous disinfection
of  treatment plant effluents.

Recreational Uses

Items P, Q, and S deal generally with recreational uses and give emphasis
to  impairment of use by grease.

P.   (Recreational activities on the main  stem include boating, water skiing,
swimming and wading.  These activities are directly affected by presence of
floating material and grease balls, high  bacterial densities, dissolved
organics and turbidity.   Samples of water taken in the survey had as high
as  2000 bacteria per drop.)
                                  -7-

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                                                                          518

Q.  (Esthetic values of the waters in this area are reduced due to turbidity,
floating materials, and other effects which reduce or eliminate the oppor-
tunity for development of spectator oriented activities, e.g., boat or canoe
races, etc.)

S.  (Fouling of fishnets and lines with grease is common below major municipal
and industrial waste outlets.  Similarly, boat hulls of recreational water-
craft are fouled with grease and scum.)

The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has not designated the main
stctn of the Missouri as a recreation stream involving whole body contact
sports (swimming and water skiing).  The Iowa Health Department has for
many years recommended that Iowa streams not be used for this purpose
because of the injury and drowning hazards involved.  Section IV of the
Federal report contains the following statements which would appear to bear
out this position.

Second paragraph, page IV-7 (Present recreation use along the Missouri River
in Iowa has not met its potential for the amount of land and water acreage
involved.  While being light, however, it appears that most recreation
activities are participated in with sightseeing, boating, picnicking and
fishing as the most popular.)     Last paragraph, page IV-7(Water skiing,
surprisingly is enjoyed even though the river contains a high silt load.
Swimming is not considered a common activity due in large measure to the
dangerous water conditions and high turbidity.)     Third paragraph, page
IV-ll-(It can be expected that  use on the waters of the Missouri will prin-
cipally be in the form of fishing, and boating, and on the adjoining lands
in the form of sightseeing, picnicking, hiking, driving and walking for
pleasure, and in historical interpretation.)

From this, it would appear that there is general agreement that the value
of the Missouri River for whole body sports is dictated principally by
factors other than controllable water quality criteria, and that maintenance
of the general criteria and the criteria for public water supply and aquatic
life should adequately protect recreational uses.

The grease ball, grease and scum problems mentioned in items P and S have
not been shox>m to be attributable  to the Sioux City or Council Bluffs
municipal sewage plant discharges.  The discharges which would be most
suspected of containing large amounts of grease would be the Iowa Beef
Packers discharge at Dakota City, Nebraska, the municipal sewage treatment
plant  effluent at Sioux City, Iowa, and the City of Omaha discharges.  Grease
is discussed on  paga A-26 of the Federal report and this discussion is
quoted  in its entirety as follows:

(The concentration of grease from  the daily composite from the Konroe" Street
and South Omaha  sewers averaged 299 mg/1 during the October 19C8 survey.
The actual  amount of grease reaching  the Missouri River following a privately
operated  recovery operation at  the Monroe Street sewer was not determined.)

(The grease concentration in the effluent from the Sioux City, Iowa, sewage
treatment plant  during  the October  1968 survey averaged  17 mg/1.  The amount
of grease removed  through the sewage  treatment plant was not determined.)
                                   -8-

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                                                                          519

(Grease results from the January 1969 survey were not available for inclusion
in this report.)

The amount of grease being discharged (in the Monroe Street sewer) to the
private recovery operation, using a total daily flow of 40 million gallons
per day as shown in Table A-l, is fifty (50) tons per day.  In comparison,
the 17 mg/1 of grease found in the Sioux City effluent is not significant.
The Iowa State Department of Health has found that this amount of grease
is not visible in effluents or in the receiving stream.  The 17 mg/1 of
grease amounts to a little over one (1) ton in the Sioux City effluent, as
compared to fifty (50) tons being discharged in the Omaha Monroe Street
sewer.

The Federal report speaks of grease balls as big as oranges, but does not
say x^here these were observed.  Nor does it contain information concerning
the grease content of the Iowa Beef Packers effluent at Dakota City,
Nebraska.   The waste being discharged from Iowa Beef Packers is not treated
in a municipal plant and can be expected to contain appreciable amounts of
grease.  The waste treatment, facility consists of an air flotation grease
removal unit, the type of which past Health Department observations have
shown, present operator  problems and  is subject to operational outages.

The Iowa State Department of Health has information that the State of
Nebraska permitted lova Beef Packers at Dakota City to discharge wastes
which may be over 200,000 population equivalent, compared to 195,000
population equivalent listed in the Federal report for the Sioux City
sewage treatment plant effluent.  Grease removals in the Sioux City plant
would be much more effective than the IBP industrial unit, so that the
grease observation should not be attributed to Sioux City.

Water Quality Effects.

Items L, 0, and R on pages H-3, and II-4, discuss certain other vater quality
effects.

L.  (Survey results from the main stream of the Missouri River in Iowa identi-
fied adverse changes in water quality.  Turbidity increased four-fold in the
length of reach surveyed and cyanide and phenols were found)     It is true
that phenols were found in the Missouri River, however, the Federal report
failed to mention in the summary that the maximum observed phetiol concentra-
tions (Table No. A-5) did not change from station M-52, which is located
above Sioux City, to station M-38, which is located below the Omaha-Council
Bluffs area.  These maximum levels, which shoued no .relation to waste dis-
charges, were 2 parts per billion (ppb), which is twice as high as the
suggested FWPCA standard of 1 PPb.  These data further substantiate Iowa's
position that phenol concentrations resulting from natural degradation pro-
ducts often exceed the FWPCA standard of 1 ppb, and that this standard is
therefore unreasonable.

During the January, 1969 FWPCA survey, turbidity values were shown to decrease
from 19 units above Sioux City to 8 units below Omaha-Council Bluffs.  During
this period storm water runoff was minimal and these data show that sewage
treatment plant discharges had no effect on the turbidity of the Missouri
River.  High turbidity in the Missouri is caused exclusively by land drainage
and that subject is not relevant to the conference.
                                  -9-

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                                                                          520

Cyanide concentrations up to 15.2 ppb were measured in the Missouri River.
These concentrations given in Table A-5 bear no apparent relationship to
municipal or industrial discharges.  12.2 ppb of cyanide were found above
Sioux City while less than 1 ppb x
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                                                                          521

Failure of the Omaha meat packing plants to remove paunch manure and other
solids in pre-treatnent produced such severe plant operation problems that
the packing plant wastes and the south half of the City of Omaha still
remain untreated.  Four additional conference sessions ending March 1966
produced an agreement between the packers and the City of Omaha for construct-
ion of packing plant waste pre-treatment facilities, scheduled for completion
in 1969.

FWFCA Biological Study

The manner in which the biological data was presented did not deviate from
the rest of the Federal report.  Conclusions were "not objective" and
pertinent facts were buried which tended to create the illusion that Iowa is
a major polluter of the Missouri River.

The FWPCA summary (part M, page II-3) regarding the biological study states
the following.  (Biological investigations revealed predominately clean water
organisms and associated aquatic life above Sioux City.  However a consistent
increase in pollution tolerant organisms and biota were observed in many
stretches of the river between Sioux City and St. Joseph.)     This statement
leads one to believe that all is well above Sioux City, whereas the Missouri
downstream from Sioux City is polluted.  If the data (Table B2-Federal Report)
is examined objectively, it is obvious that this statement is misleading.

The fact is that the study shov;ed little difference in the biological quality
between station 736 and 730 above the Sioux City sewage treatment plant
discharge, whereas every sample taken in the first 74 miles below the Sioux
City discharge definitely demonstrated a biological fauna which was superior
in quality to that observed upstream from Sioux City.  Stoneflies, which are
noted for being extremely pollution intolerant, were found at three stations
downstream from Sioux City, while the data indicate that no stoneflies were
found above Sioux City.  Likewise there was a greater diversity of mayflies
in the first 74 ruiles below the Sioux City discharge than there was above
Sioux City.  Mayflies are also pollution intolerant organisms which require
high water quality.  The FWPCA data (Table B-2) demonstrate that pollution
intolerant forms were present in greater diversity in the first 74 miles
below the Sioux City discharge than above it.  This not a claim that the
treated waste discharge from Sioux City enhances biological quality in the
Missouri River, but merely points out that the biological quality was not
deteriorated at these stations by the Sioux City discharge.

It is stated in the Federal report (page B-l) that severe degradation of
the bottom associated organisms occurred for 54 miles downstream from the
Omaha-Council Bluffs area, and that floating solids (grease and chunks of
animal fat) were observed for 166 miles downstream.

It is interesting to compare the waste contribution of Omaha, Nebraska and
Council Bluffs, Iowa. This can be readily done by a few simple calculations
using the data given on page IV-24 of the Federal report.  Omaha, Nebraska
discharges 1,801,640 P.E. to the river, or 46 times as much as the Council
Bluffs 39,000 P.E. discharge.  Omaha's waste load to the river thus exceeds
the sum total waste load discharged by the 20 Iowa municipalities (including
industries) which are located on the Mississippi River.

                                  -11-

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                                                                          522

Eighty-eight percent of Omaha's raw waste load receives no treatment or,
in other words, is discharged directly to the Missouri River.  All of the
Council Bluffs waste receivescprimary treatment.

It is therefore not all surprising that the Missouri is biologically degraded
for 54 miles below Omaha, nor is it surprising that grease balls are found
as far as 166 miles downstream.  However, these conditions can hardly be
attributed to Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Water Quality Monitoring

(Pages IV-41, IV-42 and IV-43 of the Federal report contain discussion of
the need for water quality monitoring and recommendations that Iowa establish
additional monitoring stations and increase sampling frequency.)

The Iowa Uater Pollution Control Commission agrees that an adequate water
quality monitoring program is necessary and that this program should fit the
needs of all the agencies involved in water pollution control.  This is
further emphasized by sections of this statement recommending additional
study of parameters at issue in the Standards Conference.  However, the
extent of monitoring is directly dictated by staff manpower capability.
This, being an extremely small staff agency, priorities must be established.

Iowa has recently expanded its limnology program, which is a direct increase
in monitoring effort.  Iowa has also moved forward by development of the
mandatory treatment plant operation report program.  This, together with
automatic data processing, mandatory operator certification, and mail order
EOD, is a form of monitoring, but monitoring of sources of waste discharge
rather than stream water quality.  However, priority must be given to
correction of poor effluent discharges rather than stream sampling, and
this effort is a more efficient utilization of staff resources.  Such
sampling as is now possible is being carried out, and every effort will
be made  to expand the monitoring station network and increase sampling
frequency as manpower increases permit.
                                   -12-

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                                                                          523

D.  COMMENTS ON FEDERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommendations of the Department of the Interior are set out,  starting
on page VI-1 of the Water Quality Standards Conference Report-Missouri
River Basin.  The Iowa position on each of the recommendations is outlined
below, in the same order as it appears in the Federal Report.

SeconSsry Treatment

The Department of Interior blanket requirement for secondary treatment of
all municipal and biodegradable wastes cannot be justified on the basis
of Congressional intent, nor can such a requirement be adopted by the
Commission under present Iowa statutory authority.  An effluent standards
provision, such as this secondary treatment requirement, was rejected during
early Congressional hearings, and the standards provision reported out of
Committee contemplated the setting of water quality standards for receiving
waters only.  However, on the basis of Guideline 8, the Department of
Interior has attempted to impose a uniform requirement of secondary treat-
ment or the equivalent, in all State water quality standards.

The Commission, under Icwa law, has no direct statutory authority to establish
or enforce effluent standards.  There is no authority to specify a type
of treatment, except that based on the water quality criteria of the receiving
stream.  Treatment can be regul :ted only to the extent that it will produce
an effluent that will protect the stream and meet the water quality criteria.

On the basis of stream water quality requirements, secondary treatment will
be needed, and therefore has or will be required for all but 4 or 5 of the
490 municipal sewage treatment plants located on interior streams.  However,
the Mississippi and Missouri rivers have very high stream flows furnishing
very high assimilative capacity, and the need for a degree of treatment
higher than primary is difficult and in most places impossible to demonstrate.
Extensive Mississippi River water quality studies during the middle 1950's
and a 1950 pollution investigation on the Missouri River, demonstrated
relatively little effect of even untreated wastes on these border streams.
But as the result of water pollution hearings and voluntary compliance, all
cities and towns, with the exception of the small Mississippi River towns
of Marquette and Lansing, completed primary or secondary treatment during
the 1950 to 1966 period.

The dissolved oxygen values presented in Figure A-2 of the Federal report
indicate no significant decrease in dissolved oxygen during the October 1968
survey period, and an actual increase progressing downstream to the Omaha
area during the January 1969 period.

The principal oxygen demanding sources now existing in the Sioux City area
are the primary treated effluent of the City of Sioux City and the relatively
untreated waste from the Iowa Beef Packers plant at Dakota City, Nebraska,
approximately 4 miles downstream from the Sioux City municipal sewage
treatment outfall.  As determiaed from samples collected by FWPCA and from
composite plant operation" reports submitted to the State Department of
Health, the Sioux City plant effluent has a population equivalent waste
loading in the range of 200,000.  No similar composite samples were collected
by the FWPCA from the effluent of the Iowa Beef Packers plant at Dakota
City, but information available to this Department indicates that the State

                                  -13-

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of Nebraska has permitted the Iowa Beef Packers plant to discharge an organ-
ic load of over 200,000 population equivalent to the Missouri river.  It
can be seen that this oxygen demanding waste load figure may be equal to
that contributed by the entire domestic population of Sioux City and its
packing plant waste load combined.

The table of municipal discharges to the Missouri river on page IV-24 of
the Federal report lists a plant discharge population of 39,000 for Council
Bluffs, Iowa and over 1,801,000 for Omaha, Nebraska.  The oxygen demanding
wastes for Omaha are thus 46 times that of Council Bluffs.  Some oxygen
depression was created by the discharge of primarily untreated wastes in
this area but could not be declared to have a serious detrimental effect.

These water quality studies have shown no significant reduction in dissolved
oxygen levels below sources of oxygen demanding wastes, even prior to
primary treatment.  This is a fortunate condition, and fares well compared
to others of the nation's major streams where secondary treatment jl£ needed.
For instance, the 1968 report of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
Commission showed that dissolved oxygen levels of below 4 ppm occurred
33% of the time in the lower reaches of the Ohio River.  Likewise, the lower
reaches of the Delaware River now have very low oxygen levels, and hundreds
of millions of dollars must be expended for secondary treatment, simply to
maintain 3.5 ppm dissolved oxygen.

It also deserves comment that most of the larger border cities proceeded
with primary treatment in the early years of the Federal construction grant
program, and did not enjoy the degree of financial assistance that will be
available to cities in other States that have delayed any plant construction
to this point.

Using cost figures compiled by Smith and published in the JWPCF, it has
been estimated that construction of secondary treatment facilities for
all waste discharges to the Mississippi and 'Missouri Rivers would cost
over $25 million.  Furthermore, according to figures published in a 1969
FWPCA report, the cost of operation and maintenance of these secondary
plants would be approximately $1.7 million per year more than for primary
treatment.

The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has no hesitancy to require
secondary treatment of any waste discharge to either the Mississippi or
Missouri Rivers, when the need to satisfy water quality requirements is
shown.  However,  it is the Iowa position that a naed for uniform secondary
treatment of all waste discharges has not been shown, and there is no
scientific reason to believe that secondary treatment of every waste
discharge on the border streams will enhance the water quality.

Some degradation of water quality was evident below the Omaha-Council Bluffs
area due to the lex? percentage of wastes receiving treatment.  It is
suggested additional water quality studies be conducted following completion
of meat packing plant pretreatment facilities to permit evaluation of
Missouri river water quality when receiving full primary treated effluents
from the City of Omaha.
                                  -14-

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                                                                          525

Disinfection

At a meeting on February 9, 1968 with Robert S. Burd, Director of the FWPCA
Water Quality Standards Staff, Iowa agreed to adopt definite numerical
bacteriological limits compatible with National Technical Advisory Committee
recommendations for waters used for public water supplies 'and primary contact
recreation (swimming and water skiing).  Interior further agreed that the
standards would recognize these values as applying during dry weather, but
will state that all reasonable efforts will be made to reduce bacteria
concentration increases during periods of storm water runoff.

The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission at its April 4, 1968 meeting
approved a motion accepting these provisions, and the Iowa water quality
standards have been revised to include the following numerical bacteriologic-
al limits:

          Public xvater supply

          Numerical bacteriological limits of 2000 fecal coliforms
          per 100 ml for public water supply raw water sources will
          be applicable during low floxv periods when such bacteria
          can be demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by
          sewage.

          Recreation

          Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliforms
          per 100 ml for primary contact recreational waters will
          be applicable during low flow periods when such bacteria can
          be demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by sewage.

The water quality criteria and plan for implementation and enforcement tor
the surface waters of Icwa, adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission in May 1967, designated the surface waters to be protected for
public water supply uss as well as the recreation use areas on lakes,
impoundments and rivers.  The treatment needs in the plan have specified
colifonn reduction or effluent disinfection by the municipalities to protect
this use during the recreational season.  Information provided by other
state agencies and presentations at the public water quality hearings were
used to designate interior stream recreation areas, and coliform reduction
has been specified for interior municipalities where necessary to protect
recreational uses.

The State of Iowa therefore feels that acceptable bacterial criteria have
been established for interstate streams in Iowa.  These criteria are
compatible with criteria of adjoining states established for public
water supply and for recreation.  Other state bacterial criteria generally
take into consideration the effect of land runoff, and are applied when
necessary to protect specified uses.   Disinfection of treatment plant
effluents is required by states adjoining Iowa, generally where  public
water supplies are involved and where, necessary to protect public health
for recreational waters during the recreational season.  The State of Iowa
had previously gone on record in its  implementation plan as requiring
effluent disinfection where necessary to protect downstream water uses.

                                   -15-

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                                                                          526

Land runoff contributes high bacterial densities and bacterial studies in
the State of Iowa and elsewhere have shown that commonly acceptable coli-
forra levels have been greatly exceeded even in the absence of wastes
attributable to human sources.  The following is quoted from a long term
study (1) of total coliforms in the Iowa River at Iowa City.

          "If a stream contains coliform organisms that are of domestic
sewage origin, one might expect the MPN to vary inversely with the dilution
capacity of the stream.  High MPN values would be expected during the dry
seasons.  On the other hand, high turbidities would be expected with high
water conditions due to increased erosion and scour.

          "In the Iowa River, increases in stream flow are accompanied by
increases in both turbidity and coliform organisms.  This pattern has
been apparent over the entire 1950-64 period and is true whether one
examines daily or monthly average data.

          "Apparently, large numbers of coliform organisms are carried
into the river after each rainfall and snow melt.  The increase in turbidity
also indicates the agricultural land adjacent to the river as the source
of many of these coliform organisms.  Storm sewer overflow is not considered
a significant factor because the nearest upstream city is 30 mi. above Iowa
City, and above the impoundment.

          "In view of the apparently high numbers of nonfecal coliform
organisims, and the correlation of high coliform densities with high flow,
one might question the significance of such MPN data as related to the
bacterial safety of the Iowa River Water.  Does a high MPN, expecially a
high monthly average, which may be caused by runoff from a single rainfall,
mean that this water is an undesirable source?  Probably not."

Among his conclusions Professor Powell states:  "There are considerable
seasonal differences in water quality.  The impoundment has tended to reduce
this variation, for example, by distributing the poor water from spring
runoff  over a longer period of time.

          "Stream flow, turbidity, and bacterial density follow the same
seasonal pattern.  Increases in flow are accompanied by increases in the
other two.  During high flows the extremely high coliform densities are
due to  agricultural land drainage.

          "Improved methods of evaluating bacterial quality and recommend-
ing treatment are greatly needed.  In view of present day treatment capabilit-
ies, the worst rivers  in the country can probably be purified with relative
ease."
 (1)  Water Quality Changes Due to Impoundment, Marcus P. Powell &
     P. M. Berthouex, JAWWA July 1967
                                    16-

-------
                                                                          527
Figure 1 illustrates the pattern, on a monthly average basis, of the direct
relationship of increasing stream flows accompanied by increases in both
turbidity and total coliform density.  Figure 2 indicates that the monthly
coliform MPN average is less than 5000 per 100 m/1 about 46% of the months
both before and after impoundment above the supply in 1958.  Figure 3
illustrates coliform variations with flow and turbidity on the Raccoon
River at Des Moines,

Tables 2 and 3 contain total coliform data for the years 1964 & 1965
raw water at the University of Iowa water treatment plant intake at Iowa
City, Iowa.  This data indicates that commonly accepted total coliform
criteria both for public water supply and recreation uses are exceeded
due to land runoff a high percentage of the time.

The following are estimates of the costs for continuous disinfection
(chlorinatiori) of municipal waste treatment plant effluents, including
effluents from industrial wastes which may contain pathogenic agents as
recommended by the Department of Interior.

                      Estimated Chlorination Costs
             Iowa Cities and Towns on Interstate Streams
                                                 Construct.        Annual
                               Raw      Eff.     & Equip.          Chlorine
                               PE       PE        costs              cost

Major Mississippi River cities 1,029,000  700,000 $   642,000     $390,000
Major Missouri River cities      447,000  295,000     307,000      176,000
Interior Interstate Streams                         1,400.OOP      291.000

               Total Chlorination Costs            $2,394,000     $857,000
The expenditure annually of the large sums of money required for year-
round disinfection of municipal and industrial wastes as recommended by
FWPCA, will not improve the bacterial quality of interstate waters during
periods of run-off, and these are the periods when high bacterial levels
have been found.  The lona Water Pollution Control Commission has agreed
to disinfection of waste discharges where these discharges can be expected
to affect recreational or public water supply uses.  Primary body contact
(swimming and water skiing) recreational uses of Iowa streams is limited
by nature to summer months.  It has not been demonstrated to the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission that year round Chlorination is required to
protect secondary contact (boating and fishing) recreational uses.

The Missouri River being unsuitable for whole body contact recreational
sports (swimning and water skiing), precludes the need for disinfection
to protect this use.  The one possible need for disinfection would be at
the Sioux City area to protect the downstream water supplies.  However,
that naed, as demonstrated by the FWPCA water quality study, appears to be
rather borderline, and the study was relatively brief.  Therefore before
definitely establishing a compliance requirement and making the large expendi-
ture that will be required, additional study should be undertaken to more
accurately determine the coliform densities and sources.
                                  -17-

-------
    528
w
o

-------
                          529
0001  X  NdW
9|qoqoJd

-------
                                         530
 SJO-MC/M
TUiQOT/NdW

-------
                                                                              531
                                 TABLE 	2_

                                IOWA RIVER
                            WATER PLANT INTAKE
                            UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
                        TOTAL COLIFORM M.P.N. DATA
                                   1964
                        Public Water Supply          Recreation
Month  Number   Ave.      % > MPN   % > MPN     % > KPN         % > MPN
of MPN per
Samples 100 ml
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
17
19
20
22
19
22
22
21
21
21
20
21
2,780
1,335
5,890
478
10,240
22,980
2,240
1,450
3,700
4,970
206
51
5,000
per
100 ml
11
05
20
0
31
50
18
04
14
14
0
0
20,000
per
100 ml
05
0
10
0
05
22
0
0
04
09
0
0
1,000
per
100 ml
41
31
55
09
78
81
63
14
61
38
0
0
2,000
per
100 ml
41
21
45
09
78
77
45
14
52
38
05
0
2,400
per
100 ml
23
15
45
09
78
77
36
14
52
33
0
0
5,000 Mean
per Flow
100 ml cfs
11
05
20
0
31
50
18
04
14
14
0
0
187
655
467
803
1,391
1 , 040
1,355
452
637
213
294
419
      *When averaging MPN values all values  less  than  30 were  considered 30.

-------
                                                                               532
                                  TABLE _3	

                                 IOWA RIVER
                             UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
                             WATER PLANT INTAKE
                           TOTAL COLIFOkM MPN DATA
                                    1965
                        Public Water Supply           Recreation
Month  Number   Ave.      % > MPN   % > MPN     % > MPN        % > MPN
of MPN per
Samples 100 ml
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
20
20
23
27
20
22
21
22
21
20
21
20
37
46,000
15,000
32,000
17,000
5,100
6,100
27,000
38,000
2,100
670
12,000
5,000
per
100 ml
0
30
48
52
65
18
29
41
77
5
0
15
20,000
per
100 ml
0
30
13
33
20
9
14
27
53
0
0
10
1,000
per
100 ml
0
35
96
78
85
46
62
77
90
40
14
30
2,000
per
100 ml
0
35
87
74
85
41
57
77
90
30
5
25
2,400
per
100 ml
0
30
70
59
80
32
48
59
86
15
0
20
5,000 Mean
per Flow
100 ml cfs
0
30
48
52
65
18
29
41
77
5
0
15
1,282
2,039
3,388
6,257
4,989
5,633
2,661
513
2,651
3,593
4,025
3,807
      *When averaging MPN values all values less than 30 were consider-ed
       30 and all values greater than 110,000 were considered 110,000

-------
                                                                          533

Te-.r.perature

The temperature criteria for interior streams was excepted from approval by
Secretary of Interior.  During the lengthy negotiations, the temperature
criteria has been the subject of wide variation and inconsistency in the
Department of Interior's position.  In five separate expressions, for
instance, Interior has gequested different maximum temperature requirements,
ranging from 86°F to 93 F.

Agreement uas reached on the 93°F maximum on interior streams but not on
permitting a differential of 10°F above the natural background.  Interior
has insisted that this follox* the pattern of the larger streams, like the
Mississippi and the Missouri, dictating a differential of 5°F above natural
background from May 1 through October 1, and then 10°F October 1 through
May 1.  This issue is unx\rarranted and would seriously add to the expense of
power plane oparations where applicable.

The thermal loading in Iowa is primarily from electrical power generation.
Other industries using river water for heat exchange work are not believed
to be of such magnitude as to exceed the lower limit proposed when operating
plants on respective streams at low flow conditions.  This leaves then,
only those power plants which can properly and economically use this re-
source when able to stay below the maximum stream temperature set forth
by the criteria.

The trend in this area should be noted.  Older power plants are being closed
rather than expend funds for modernization of air and water pollution
control facilities and for other operational reasons.  These services are
being replaced by transmission of electrical currents from other larger and
more modern plants.  With the forthcoming of the atomic power plants in
this region, increases in the thermal loading at these smaller local points
on the interior streams, does not appear to be a problem for the near future.

The several guidelines issued by the National Technical Advisory Committee,
describing considerations for setting temperature limits, frequently refer
to the need for local study and for specific analysis of each habitat at
the zone in question.  Iowa believes this to be a most valid consideration
and submits to the expert opinions of those professional authorities who
have conducted investigations and have knoxjledge of the aquatic life on the
streams where such concern may exist.

The temperature limits in the standards were not finally established until
after the seven hearings conducted throughout the state.  The final criteria
were considered to be a fair representation of values recommended by and
acceptable to various biologists who testified at the hearings.  The views
of the Superintendent of the Biology Section of the State Conservation
Commission and the Principal Limnologist of the State Hygienic Laboratory
are also firm in the contention that the temperature maximums and the 10°F
temperature rise on interior streams are acceptable standards for aquatic
life.
                                   -18-

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                                                                          534

The recommendations of the Federal Report on the Missouri Basin water are
quite vague in regard to temperature maximums, but a February 21, 1968
letter from Robert S. Burd, director of the FWPCA Water Quality Standards
Staff, definitely stated that the maximums then proposed in the Iowa Standards
were acceptable, and indicated that the 10°F rise on interior streams was
the only point at issue.

Iowa believes however, that the first hand knowledge of the problems involved
and the subsequent testimonies of the professional authorities who counseled
in preparation of the temperature standards, are logical and valid reasons
for retaining the 10° tolerance above natural temperatures on interior
streams.  The 93° maximum temperature should also be retained.

Further, it should be recorded that all industry sharing this thermal
pollution problem has cooperated with the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission and adjusted its agreements to assure compliance within the
parameters desired by the Commission.  Industry is seriously concerned when
reviewing the various thinking, and changes in position expressed in letters
coining from the FWPCA, each adding to and further restricting their right
for using this resource.  Iowa believes the balance it has recommended to
be both reasonable and valid for water quality temperature criteria in Iowa.
                                   -19-

-------
                                                                          535

Protection of High Quality Waters

The October 2, 1960 minutes of the Iowa Water Pollution Control  Commission
state that the language of the non-degradation clause which was  accepted
by the state of Colorado and adjacent states is acceptable to the  Water
Pollution Control Commission.  This action is considered firm, and the
following non-degradation statement is incorporated as a part of the water
quality standards:

          Waters whose existing quality is better than the established
          standards as of the date on which such standards become  effect-
          ive will be maintained at high quality unless it has been
          affirmatively demonstrated to the State that a change  is
          justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social
          development and will not preclude present and anticipated use
          of such waters.  Any industrial, public or private project or
          development which would constitute a new source of pollution
          or an increased source of pollution to high quality waters will
          be required to provide the necessary degree of waste treatment
          to maintain high water quality.   In implementing this  policy,
          the Secretary of the Interior will be kept advised and will
          be provided with such information as he will need to discharge
          his responsibilities under the Federal Water Pollution Control
          Act, as amended.
                                  -20

-------
                                                                          536
Phenols

Phenol concentrations in Iowa streams are highly variable ranging from less
than one part per billion to a maximum of 20 ppb.  This variation occurs at
given sampling points at different times of the year being a function of
hydrologic flow, climatic conditions and other factors.

Experience indicates that the highest phenolic compound concentracions occur
at the early stages of high flow conditions rather than at low flows.  This
phenomenon causes us to discount the significance of industrial or municipal
input as this type source would tend to produce the highest phenol levels
during low flow-low dilution conditions.

Aromatic ring compounds abound in nature and bacterial and fungal organisms
are well known producers of hydroxylated ring metabolites.  The probability
is high that phenolic type compounds reactive to 4-aminaontipyrine could
have a potential metabolic pathway resulting from such natural materials as
wood tars, plant proteins, tannins, etc.  Since Iowa waters at times are
loaded with natural soluble organics due to soil surface leaching, the
correlation with early stage run-off and elevated phenol concentrations is
logical.

Iowa data bears this postulation out and sotae typical data illustrating
phenol levels are delineated in tabular form attached.

The summary data (Table A-5) in the Federal report shows maximum phenol
concentrations of 2 ppb did not change from above Sioux City to below
the Omaha Council Bluffs area.  These maximum levels which showed no
relation to waste discharges are twice as high as the suggested FWPCA
standard of 1 ppb and again indicate  phenol concentrations resulting from
natural degredation products often exceed the suggested standard.

          Iowa river cities using surface water showing phenol levels
          in the 10-20 range have not experienced taste and odor episodes
          attributable to phenol concentrations subsequent to normal
          chlorination for disinfection purposes.

          In view of the high and variable levels of phenolic compounds
          found in Iowa surface waters not traceable to industrial or
          municipal sources, it is the recommendation of the Iowa Water
          Pollution Commission that the maximum permissible concentration
          of phenolic type compounds be retained at 0.020 parts per
          million in all waters.

          There is no evidence or logic to suggest the pertinency of an
          individual standard for aquatic use specifically as most of our
          streams are multiple use including public water supply.  While
          aquatic life is far less affected by phenols, it is realistic
          to provide the single standard at 0.020 parts per million
          on the basis of the most critical potential use.
                                   -21-

-------
                                                   537
           TABLE  4

  PHENOL CONCENTRATION  IN
        IOWA  STREAMS
DATE
1-24/25-67
it
M
ii
ii
ii
n
ti
n
n
10/9/68




n
10/24/68
2/12/69
n
2/13/69
M
2/3/69
n
RIVER
Des Moines -Euclid
" Ipalco
11 Ottumwa
Raccoon
Missouri-Co Bluffs
Cedar- Cedar Rapids
lox^a River-Iowa City
Mississippi-Davenport
" Burlington
" Keokuk
Mississippi-Ups tream from
Des Moines River
11 Keokuk
it it
it it
DCS Moines -Keokuk
Mississippi-Lansing
" Davenport
11 tt
" Burlington
M n
" Keokuk
n n
PHENOL ppb
2
18
3
2
< 1
5
5
11
11
11


l(Iowa Side)
2 (Channel)
2 (Illinois Side)
2
1
9(481.3 channel)
8(480.1 channel)
8(404.1 channel)
12(400.3 channel)
10(363.6 channel)
QC^SQ 1 rhnnnpn
Des Moines-Keokuk

-------
                                                                          538

Radioactivity

The original brief criteria on radioactive substances had been acceptable
to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration during earlier
discussions.  There was no indication of any disagreement on this criteria
until the Federal reports x\rere prepared for the conference, and there is
no particular disagreement now.  The State of Icwa has an adequate radio-
activity sampling program and will accept the more detailed radiological
limits now suggested by the FWPCA.  The following limits on radioactive
substances have now been adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission:

          Gross beta activity (in the known absence of 90 strontium and
          alpha emitters) shall not exceed 1000 picocuries per liter.

          The concentration of 226 radium and 90 strontium shall not
          exceed 3 and 10 picocuries per liter respectively.

          The annual average concentration of specific radionuclides,
          other than 226 radium and 90 strontium, should not exceed
          1/30 of the appropriate maximum permissible concentration for
          the 168 hour week as set forth by the International Commission
          on Radiological Protection and the National Committee on
          Radiation Protection.

          Because any human exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation is
          undesirable, the concentrations of radioisotopes in natural
          waters should be maintained at the lowest practicable level.
                                  -22-

-------
                                                                          539

E.  SUMMARY OF ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS REVISIONS AND ADDITIONS.

The following are the various revisions or additions to the surface water
quality criteria and plan of implementation which have been adopted by the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission:

Section 1.2(455B) Surface water quality criteria
     1.2(3)
         a.  Public Water Supply
           (1)  Bacteria:  Numerical bacteriological limits of 2000 fecal coli-
                forms per 100 ml for public water supply raw water sources will
                be applicable during the low flow periods when such bacteria
                can be demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by sewage.

           (2)  Radioactive Substances:

                Gross beta activity (in the known absence of 90 strontium
                and alpha emitters) shall not exceed 1000 picocuries per
                liter.

                The concentration of 226 radium and 90 strontium shall not
                exceed 3 and 10 picocuries per liter respectively.

                The annual average concentration of specific radionuclides,
                other than 226 radium and 90 strontium, should not exceed
                1/30 of the appropriate maximum permissible concentration
                for the 168 hour week as set forth by the International
                Commission on Radiological Protection and the National
                Committee on Radiation Protection.

                Because any human exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation
                is undesirable, the concentrations of radioisotopes in
                natural waters should be maintained at the lowest practic-
                able level.

         b.  Aquatic life
           (1)  Warm water areas.

                Temperature:
                    Mississippi River-Not to exceed an 89°F maximum
                temperature from the Minnesota border to the Wisconsin
                border and a 90°F maximum temperature from the Wisconsin
                border to the Missouri border nor a 5°F change from back-
                ground or natural temperature in the Mississippi River.

                    Missouri River-Not to exceed a 90°F maximum
                daily temperature nor a 5 F change from background or natural
                temperature during the months of May through October and a
                10 F change during the months of November through April.

                    Interior streams-Not to exceed a 93 F maximum temperature
                nor a maximum 10°F increase over background or natural temper-
                ature.

                    Heat should not be added tc any water in such a manner
                that the rate of change exceeds 2°F per hour.
                                  -23-

-------
           (2)  Cold water areas.

                Temperature:

                Not to exceed a 70°F maximum temperature.  The rate of change
                due to added heat shall not exceed 2°F per hour with a 5°F
                maximum increase from background temperature.

         c<  Recreation
           (1)  Bacteria:

                Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliforms per
                100 ml for primary contact recreational waters will be applic-
                able during low flow periods when such bacteria can be
                demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by sewage.

Non-degradation statement

     Waters whose existing quality is better than the established standards
     as of the date on xvhich such standards become effective will be main-
     tained at high quality unless it has been affirmatively demonstrated
     to the State that a change is justifiable as a result of necessary
     economic or social development and will not preclude present and antici-
     pated use of such waters.  Any industrial, public or private project
     or development which would constitute a new source of pollution or an
     increased source of pollution to high quality waters will be required
     to provide the necessary degree of waste treatment to maintain high
     water quality.  In implementing this policy, the Secretary of the
     Interior will be kept advised and will be provided with such information
     as he will need to discharge his responsibilities under the Federal
     Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
                                  -24-

-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






               (See also Appendix A and B.)




               MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:  The purpose of the




statement is to set out the State of Iowa's position on




the matters of disagreement with the FWPCA.  The Federal




position is outlined in the report which was presented




yesterday.  We feel, however, that there has been con-




siderable discussion of some aspects, such as turbidity,




bacterial loading, nutrient loading, agricultural land




runoff  and other conditions which may not be entirely




accurate.  Some of these aspects do actually appear to




discredit the water quality and the State's water pol-




lution control efforts.  In addition to that,  some of




these items are outside, really, the scope of the Iowa




Water Pollution Commission control.




               To the casual reader some of the discussion



tends to create false impressions of widespread pollution




and ineffective control.  This statement,  therefore,  is




an attempt to put the issues in context to clarify the




Iowa position on  matters actually in controversy and  to




present the positive side of the Iowa program.




               I  might get a little bit into the history




of the Iowa water pollution control program from actually

-------
                                                      542
                   R. J. Schliekelman
a long ways back.




               The first Iowa water pollution control law



was passed in 1923* and I think even at that time Iowa



was considerably ahead of a lot of the other States as



far as water pollution control program is concerned. At




the time this law was passed we had nearly 200 municipal



sewage treatment plants in operation in the State of Iowa.



               In recognition of the fact that treatment



plant construction is effective only if operation is



efficient and competent, an operator training and volun-



tary certification program was implemented in 1952.  In



1965 the Legislature passed and implemented a mandatory




certification law, and Iowa is now one of 17 States which



has such a mandatory certification law.



               Also in 1949 the law at that time lifted



a previous restriction so that effective in 1951 the



Mississippi and Missouri River cities and towns were sub-



jected to all provisions of the stream pollution control




which was in effect at that time.



               On the Missouri River, Iowa is a member of




the Missouri River Basin Health Council.  They agreed in



1952 to participate in the adoption of a guide for water

-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






pollution control activities.  The several States of the



Council at that time agreed to a program for elimination



of toxic substances and settleable solids, and treatment



of industrial wastes as necessary to prevent deterioration



of water quality.




               In 1965 we did have the enactment of the



present water pollution control law which did create the



Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.  Since this law



was passed, the Commission has adopted three regulations



to aid in surveillance and enforcement.  The first is a



regulation relating to the general criteria of water




quality standards, which makes mandatory the effective



removal of settleable and floatable solids from municipal



wastewater discharges.




               The second regulation requires submission



of monthly operation reports from treatment plants.  By



specifying the format and content, the department can



actually evaluate the plant effectiveness and obtain an



indication of the plant's effect on the receiving stream




water quality.



               Also a couple of years ago Iowa adopted



what they call an Iowa--or rather we adopted a mail order

-------
                                                      544
                   R. J. Schliekelman
BOD program, which also has proven effective in surveil-




lance of treatment plants.  This program utilizes a




technique for fixing samples in the field in preparation




for a BOD determination in the State laboratory.




               The third regulation, which has not yet




received legislative approval, has been adopted by the




Commission requiring control of feedlot runoff.  Actually,




at the present time feedlot pollution is being effectively




controlled through the present enforcement provisions of




the law.




               Under various provisions in enforcement




procedures, the Commission since its inception in 1965




has actually issued 114 consent orders for correction of




pollution conditions.



               Iowa is one of the large meat packing




States in the Union, and the meat packing plants do con-



stitute one of the largest potential sources of pollution.




Every meat packing plant in the State has a treatment




plant in operation or under construction, and this




represents some three and one-half million population




equivalent.  We feel that some of the plants are getting




really good removal, up to 98 and 99 percent  BOD removal,

-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






and I think a lot of this has been due in part to the




pioneering of the anaeboric/aerobic lago.on treatment proc




by the State of Iowa.




               We think it is significant that Iowa does




not have stream classification.  We have all streams




classified to the highest extent.  Although the standards




do specify recreation, fishing, and water supply uses,




and the areas of applicability have been defined, minimum




defined standards of high quality apply to all waters of




the State.




               In summary,  Iowa has through the years




recognized the need for clean water and continued its




expansion of the program to meet needs.  The regulatory




agency has exercised its authority to abate pollution and




to maintain and improve water quality, and municipalities




and industries have complied with the requirements.   The




accomplishments shown by the record can be compared  with




the best in the Nation.   Despite the adverse impressions



created by the Federal report,  and the Secretary's decisic




to except certain provisions of the standards,  Iowa  in th<




past and will in the future exercise its  regulatory




authority to the fullest extent.
ss
n

-------
                                                      546
                   R. J. Schliekelman
               I might make a little comparison with



some of the other States as far as the percent of treat-



ment of urban population is concerned.  The State of




California at the present time has about 4.8 million of



its urban population without treatment out of a total




urban population of 17 million.  The State of Florida



has 2.2 million urban population without treatment as



compared with 4.8 million total urban population.  The




State of Maine has 412,000 population without treatment



out of a total population of 509,000.



               Now we will try to get a little bit into




the discussion of the summary and conclusions made in the



Federal report.  We feel that some of these items do



deserve comment and they will be discussed to some extent,



¥e have a section here which we have entitled "Agricul-




tural Runoff Effects."



               Items E, G and K of the Federal report




deal generally with agricultural runoff effects.  While



of interest, this particular aspect is actually outside



the scope of controllable standards, and the manner of



the statements as they have been presented in the report




could lead the less than totally informed reader to

-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






unwarranted conclusions.




               To take up section E, this is  a quote  from




the report:




               "it is estimated that at least 3,300,000




cattle and calves and 6,100,000 hogs and pigs are on




farms.  These animal wastes have a population equivalent




of 65,000,000 and can cause several conditions of stream




degradation."




               There is no particular problem from animal




waste until such time as rainfall, snow melt or water




passes through the feedlot dissolving material from the




manure and carrying it to the stream.  Since the load of




dissolved and suspended matter carried by the water to




the stream is actually only a fraction of that on the




feedlot, therefore the 65,000,000 population equivalant of animal




waste on the feedlot should not be interpreted as a load



on the stream.




               There is another comment quoted:




               "Sediment from uncontrolled runoff is a




major pollutant of the Missouri River."




               This reference to low turbidity water dis-




charged from Gavins Point compared to the turbidity

-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






conditions through Iowa is understandable.  The effect




of settling of sediment in the pool above the dam at




Gavins Point is not available in the lower reaches.  Agai:i




this aspect is outside of controllable standards and is




not an issue at the present time.




               Item K from the Federal report.  This is




quoted as follows:




               "High densities of bacteria and high




concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are found in




Iowa tributaries to the Missouri River, especially during




periods of stormwater runoff."




               This statement could be expanded to includ




the agricultural land and streams in all States.  Further




more, while some control can be imposed, the bacteria,



nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff can never be




fully abated.Stormvrater runoff effects negate at least in part




the desirable effect  of continuous disinfection of treat




ment effluents.



               We will have a few comments also on




recreational uses.  This is covered in one section,




Item P of the Federal report.  This is quoted as follows:




               "Recreational uses on the main stream include

-------
                   R. J. Schliekelman






boating, water skiing, swimming and wading.  These




activities are directly affected by the presence of




floating material and grease balls, high bacterial




densities, dissolved organics and turbidity.  Samples




of water taken in the survey had as high as 2,000




bacteria per drop."




               Another quote from the report states:




               "Fouling of fish nets and lines with




grease is common below major municipal and industrial




waste outlets,  Similarly, boat hulls of recreational




watercraft are fouled with grease and scum."




               The position of the Iowa Water Pollution




Control Commission has been that we have not designated




the main stem of the Missouri as a recreation stream




involving whole-body contact, namely swimming and water



skiing.  The Iowa Health Department also has for many




years recommended Iowa streams not be used for this




purpose because of the injury and drowning hazards




involved.  Actually, section IV of the Federal report




contains the following statements which appear to bear out




this position:    The second paragraph on page IV-7  of the




report is quoted as  follows:

-------
                                                      550
                   R. J. Schliekelman
               "Present recreation use along the Missouri




River in Iowa has not met its potential for the amount of




land and water acreage involved.  While being light, how-




ever, it appears that most recreation activities are




participated in with sightseeing, boating, picnicking




and fishing as the most popular."




               We have another quote that says as follows




               "Water skiing, surprisingly, is enjoyed




even though the river contains a high silt load.  Swim-




ming is not considered a common activity due in large




measure to the dangerous water conditions and high




turbidity."




               This is quoted from the Federal report.




               Another quote is as follows:



               "it can be expected that use on the waters




of the Missouri will principally be in the form of fish-




ing and boating, and on the adjoining lands in the form




of sightseeing, picnicking, hiking, driving and walking




for pleasure, and in historical interpretation."




               These are the end of the quotes.




               From this we believe that it would appear




that there is general agreement that the value of the

-------
                                                      551
                   R. J. Schliekelman
Missouri River for whole body sports is dictated prin-




cipally by factors other than controllable water quality




criteria and that maintenance of the general criteria and




the criteria for public water supply use and aquatic life




should adequately protect recreational uses.




               We also wish to comment on some of the




discussion regarding the grease balls, grease and other




problems mentioned in items P and S of the Federal report




The discharges which would be most suspected of containing




large amounts of grease would be the Iowa Beef Packers




discharge at Dakota City, Nebraska, the municipal sewage




treatment plant at Sioux City, Iowa, and the city of




Omaha, Nebraska.  Grease is discussed on page A-26 of the




Federal report, and this discussion is quoted as follows:



               "The concentration of grease from the




daily composite from the Monroe Street and South Omaha




sewers averaged 299 milligrams per liter during the




October 1968 survey.  The actual amount of grease reach-




ing the Missouri River following a privately-operated




recovery operation at the Monroe Street sewer was not
determined.
               Another quote continues as follows:

-------
                                                      552
                   R. J. Schliekelman
               "The grease concentration in the effluent




from the Sioux City, Iowa, sewage treatment plant during




the October 1968 survey averaged 17 milligrams per liter.




The amount of grease removed through the sewage treatment




plant was not determined."




               That is the end of the quote.




               Actually, the amount of grease discharged




to the Monroe Street sewer in Omaha can be computed to




be about 50 tons per day.  In comparison, the 17 milligrams




of grease found in the Sioux City effluent is not sig-




nificant.  The 17 milligrams of grease amounts to a little




over 1 ton in the Sioux City effluent as compared to the




50 tons being discharged to the Omaha Monroe Street sewer.




               Studies conducted by the Public Health




Service, I believe, in 19^5 at the time of reconvened



session of the Omaha conference on the Missouri River




also came up with the conclusion that there were about




100,000 pounds of grease discharged from the Omaha area.




That is, I think, really from the Omaha sewers, not the




Omaha area.



               The Federal report also speaks of grease




balls as big as oranges, but does not say where these

-------
                                                      553
                   R. J. Schliekelman
were observed.  Nor does it contain information concernin




the grease content of the Iowa Beef Packers' effluent at




Dakota City, Nebraska.  This particular effluent is




located about four miles downstream from the effluent




of the Sioux City sewage treatment plant.  We don't want




to appear to be actually putting the Iowa Beef Packers




Company in a bad light.  Our relations actually in the




State of Iowa have been very good, they have had a very




good record on the two plants that they have at Denison,




Iowa, and also Port Dodge, Iowa, so actually they are doiijig




a good job as far as the Iowa side of the stream is con-




cerned.  But we do not have information as to what is




being done at Dakota City.



               The Iowa Department of Health has informa-




tion that the State of Nebraska has permitted Iowa Beef




Packers at Dakota City to discharge wastes which may be




over 200,000 population equivalent compared to 195,000




population equivalent listed in the Federal report for




the city of Sioux City sewage treatment plant effluent.




Grease removals in the Sioux City plant we feel would




be much more effective than the Iowa Beef Packers indus-




trial unit, so that the grease observation should probabl,

-------
                                                      55^
                   R. J. Schliekelman
not be attributed to the city of Sioux City.




               ¥e have a section on water quality effects




which will be discussed further by Dr. Gakstatter of the




State Hygienic Laboratory.




               ¥e also have a section on fish tainting




\tfhich will be discussed by Mr. Harry Harrison of the




Iowa State Conservation Commission.




               We do have a comment regarding treatment




requirements in other States as described in item T of




the Federal report.  This states as follows:




               "Every State which borders the Missouri




River, except for Iowa, has adopted as part of its stan-




dards a minimum requirement for secondary treatment or




its equivalent for wastes discharged into the Missouri




River."



               This department has been informed by the




State of Kansas that Kansas, which borders on the Missour:.




River, has not agreed to a blanket requirement for secon-




dary treatment without such need being demonstrated.




Kansas standards have not been approved by the Secretary




of the Interior.



               We have a section in our statement regarding

-------
                                                      555
                   R. J. Schliekelman
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration bio-




logical study which will also "be discussed by Dr. Jack




Gakstatter of the State Hygienic Laboratory.




               In our next section we wish to comment on




some of the recommendations that have been made by the




Department of the Interior for the Missouri River Basin.




The Iowa position on each of the recommendations is out-




lined in the same order as they appear in the Federal



report.




               Secondary treatment.




               The Department of Interior blanket require




ment for secondary treatment of all municipal and bio-




degradable wastes cannot be justified on the basis of




Congressional intent,  nor can such a requirement be




adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission




under present Iowa statutory authority.




               The Commission,  under Iowa law,  has no




direct statutory authority to establish or enforce




effluent standards.  There is no authority to specify




type of treatment except that based on water quality




criteria of the receiving stream.   Treatment can be




regulated only to the  extent that  it will produce an

-------
                                                      556
                   R. J. Schliekelman






effluent that will protect the stream and meet the water




quality criteria.




               On the basis of stream water quality




requirements, secondary treatment will be needed and,




therefore,  has or will be required for all but four or




five of the 490 municipal sewage treatment plants




located on interior streams.  However, the Mississippi




and Missouri Rivers have very high assimilative capacity,




and, therefore, we did not feel that there should be




treatment applied without a necessity being actually




demonstrated.  Extensive studies made during the 1950's




on the Mississippi River and also a 1950 pollution




investigation on the Missouri River demonstrated a




relatively low effect of even untreated wastes on these



border streams.  However, as a result of water pollution




investigations and voluntary compliance, all cities and




towns, with the exception of the small Mississippi River




towns of Marquette and Lansing, completed primary or




secondary treatment during the 1950 to 1966 period.




               The dissolved oxygen values actually




presented in figure A-2 of the Federal report indicate




no significant decrease in dissolved oxygen during the

-------
                                                       557
                    R.  J.  Schliekelman
 October  1968  survey  period,  and  there  was  an  actual




 increase  progressing downstream  to  the  Omaha  area  during




 the  January 19^9  period.




                The principal  oxygen demanding sources




 now  existing  in the  Sioux  City area are  the primary




 treated  effluent  of  the city  of  Sioux  City and the




 relatively untreated waste from  the Iowa Beef Packers




 plant at  Dakota City, Nebraska.  As  determined from




 samples  collected by FWPCA and from composite  plant




 operation reports submitted to the  State Department of




 Health,  the Sioux City effluent  has  a population




 equivalent waste loading in the  range of 200,000.  No




 similar plant composites were collected  by the FWPCA




 from the effluent of  the Iowa Beef  Packers plant at




 Dakota City, but actually the information available does




 indicate that the Iowa Beef Packers  plant may be dis-




 charging a load of approximately 200,000 to the Missouri



River.




               The oxygen demanding wastes for Omaha as




given on page  IV-24 of the Federal report is  1.8 hundred




thousand, which is ^6 times that of the city  of Council




Bluffs.   Some  oxygen  depreciation was created  by the

-------
                         	558




                   R. J. Schliekelman






discharge of this primarily untreated effluent in the




Omaha area.




               These water quality studies which have




been made show that there has been little significant




reduction of dissolved oxygen levels below sources of




oxygen demanding wastes, even prior to primary treatment.




This is a fortunate condition, and actually fairs well




as compared with some of the other major streams where




secondary treatment is needed.  For instance, the 1968




report of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commissicjn




showed dissolved oxygen levels of below 4 parts per




million occurred a~bout 33 percent of the time in the lowei




reaches of the Ohio River.  Likewise, the lower reaches




of the Delaware River have had  very low oxygen levels



and hundreds of millions of dollars must be expended




by communities and industries along this stream for




secondary treatment simply to maintain three and a half




parts per million of dissolved oxygen.




               Using cost figures published in the Journa]




of the Water Pollution Control Federation, it has been




estimated that construction of secondary treatment




facilities for all waste discharges to the Missouri and

-------
                                                       559
                   R.  J.  Schliekelman
 Mississippi  Rivers would  cost  over  25  million  dollars.




 Furthermore,  according  to  figures published  in the  19&9




 Federal Water Pollution Control  Report,  the  cost  of




 maintenance  and  operation  of these  secondary plants would




 be  approximately 1.7  million dollars  per year  more  than




 for the existing primary  treatment.




               The Iowa Water  Pollution  Control Commission




 has had no hesitancy  to require  secondary treatment of an;




waste discharge to either the Mississippi  or Missouri River




 when the need to satisfy water quality requirements is




 shown.  However,  it is  the Iowa  position that aneed far uniform




 secondary treatment of  all waste discharges  has not been




 shown and that there  is no scientific  reason to believe




 that secondary treatment  of every waste  discharge on the




 border streams will enhance the  water  quality.




               Some degradation  of water quality  is




 evident below the Omaha-Council  Bluffs area  due to  the




 low percentage of wastes actually receiving  treatment




 during this  particular  period.   It is, therefore, sug-




 gested that  additional  water quality studies be conducted




 following completion  of the meat packing plant pretreatmei




 facilities to permit  evaluation  of Missouri  River wat&e*

-------
	56 o





                    R. J. Schliekelman






 when receiving primary treated effluents from the city



 of Omaha.




                The next section is on disinfection.




                At a meeting on February 9,  1968,  with Robert




 S. Burd,  Director of the Federal Water Pollution  Control




 Administration Water Quality Standards Staff,  Iowa agreed




 to adopt  definite numerical bacteriological .limits compatible




 with the  National Technical Advisory Committee recommen-




 dations for  waters used for public water supplies and




 primary contact recreation, namely swimming and water




 skiing.   The Department of  the Interior further agreed




 that the  standards would recognize these values as




 applying  during dry weather,  but will state that  all




 reasonable efforts will be  made to reduce bacteria con-




 centration increases during periods  of stormwater runoff.




                The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commissio




 at its April ^,  1968,  meeting adopted a motion accepting




 these provisions,  and the Iowa water quality standards




 have been revised to include  the following  numerical




 ["bacteriological limits:




                Public water supply.   Numerical bacterio-




 logical limits  of 2,000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml for

-------
	56i





                   R. J. Schliekelman






 public water  supply  raw water  sources will "be




 applicable during low flow periods when such bacteria




 can be demonstrated  to be attributed to pollution by




 sewage.




               The same terminology applies to recreation




 use, except the bacteriological limit is specified as




 200 fecal coliforms  per 100 ml.




               The water quality criteria and plan for




 implementation and enforcement for the surface waters of




 Iowa was adopted by  the Iowa Water Pollution Control Com-




 mission in May 196?  and this plan did designate the




 surface waters to be protected for public water supply




 use as well as the recreational use areas on lakes,




 impoundments and rivers.  The treatment needs in the




 plan specified coliform reduction or effluent disinfec-




 tion by the municipalities to protect this use during




 the recreational season.  Information obtained from other




 State agencies and information at the public water




 quality hearings were used to designate these recreational




 areas, and the plan  does specify for interior municipalit:




 chlorination where necessary to protect these uses.




               The State of Iowa therefore feels that
es

-------
                                                      562
                   R. J. Schliekelman
acceptable bacteriological criteria have been established




for interstate waters in Iowa.   These criteria are com-




patible with criteria from adjoining States which have




been established for public water supply and recreation.




These other States also generally specify or take into




consideration the effective land runoff and are also




applied when necessary to protect specific water uses.




               Land runoff does contribute high bacterio-




logical densities, and bacterial studies in the State of




Iowa and elsewhere have shown that commonly acceptable




coliform levels have been greatly exceeded even in the




absence of wastes attributable to human sources. The




following is quoted from a long term study of total




coliforms in the Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa:



              "if a stream contains coliform organisms




that are of domestic sewage origin, one might expect




the MPN to vary inversely with the dilution capacity of




the stream.  High MPN values would be expected during




the dry seasons."



               Quoting further:




               "in the Iowa River, increases in stream




flow are accompanied by increases in both turbidity and

-------
                                                      563
                   R. J. Schliekelman
coliform organisms.  This pattern has been apparent over



the entire 1950-1964 period and is true whether one



examines daily or monthly average data.



               "Apparently, large numbers of coliform



organisms are carried into the river after each rainfull



and snow melt.  The increase in turbidity also indicates



the agricultural land adjacent to the river as the source



of many of these coliform organisms.  Storm sewer overflow



is not considered a significant factor, because the



nearest upstream city is 30 miles above Iowa City and



above the impoundment.




               "in view of the apparently high numbers



of nonfecal coliform organisms and the correlation of



high coliform densities with high flow, one might questior



the significance of such MPN data as related to the



bacterial safety of the Iowa River water.  Does a high



MPN, especially a high monthly average which may be



caused by runoff from a single rainfall, mean that this



water is an undesirable source?  Probably not."




               We have made some estimates on the cost of



continuous disinfection or chlorination of municipal




treatment plant effluents of 77 municipalities  which are

-------
                                                      564
                   R. J. Schliekelman
located on interstate streams in Iowa.  It is estimated




that the construction and equipment costs for these 77




municipalities,which are located on both the Missouri and




Mississippi Rivers as well as interstate streams, would




cost approximately 2.4 million dollars and the annual




chlorine cost would be in the neighborhood of about




$850,000.




               The expenditure annually of these large




sums of money required for year-round disinfection of




municipal and industrial wastes as recommended by FWPCA




will not improve the bacteriological quality of inter-




state waters during periods of runoff, and these are the




periods when high bacterial levels have been found.  The




Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has agreed to




disinfection of these waste discharges,ones that can be




expected to affect recreational or public water supply




uses .




               The Missouri River is considered as being




unsuitable for whole body contact recreation, and this




precludes the need for disinfection to protect this




particular use.  The one possible need for disinfection




would be in the Sioux City area to protect downstream

-------
                                                      565
                   R. J. Schliekelman
water supplies.  However, that need, as demonstrated by




the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration water




quality report, appears to be rather borderline and the




study covered a relatively brief period of time.  There-




fore, before definitely establishing a compliance require




ment and making the large expenditures that will be




required, additional study should be undertaken to more




accurately determine the coliform densities and sources.



               Temperature requirements will be covered




rather briefly by Mr. Harrison of the State Conservation




Commission.



               We apparently are in agreement on the non-




degradation clause and this will not be covered this




morning.



               Phenols were also discussed yesterday by




Dr. Morris.  I don't know if Dr. Gakstatter will comment




a little bit more fully on this or not this morning.



               Radioactivity was also described yesterday




and I think our position is that we are acceptable to the




Federal requirements on this particular phase of the




recommendations.




               I  believe that is our summary, then, of

-------
                                                      566
                    Dr. J. Gakstatter
the position.




               MR. STEIN:  Do you want to introduce your




next speaker?




               MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:  Dr. Gakstatter, would




you want to present your portion of the statement?








              STATEMENT BY JACK GAKSTATTER




          PRINCIPAL LIMNOLOGIST, STATE HYGIENIC




              LABORATORY, DES MOINES, IOWA








               DR. GAKSTATTER:  Mr. Chairman, ladies and




gentlemen.



               My name is Jack Gakstatter and I am Prin-




cipal Limnologist for the Des Moines Branch of the State




Hygienic Laboratory.  I would like to begin with some




comments of the FWPCA biological study.



               The manner in which the biological data




was presented did not deviate from the rest of the Federa




report.  Conclusions were not objective and pertinent




facts were buried which tended to create the illusion




that Iowa is a major polluter of the Missouri River.




               The FWPCA summary, and this in part M

-------
                                                      567
                    Dr. J. Gakstatter
on page II-3, regarding the biological study states the




following, and I quote:




               "Biological investigations revealed pre-




dominately clean water organisms and associated aquatic




life above Sioux City.  However a consistent increase in




pollution tolerant organisms and biota were observed in




many stretches of the river between Sioux City and St.




Joseph. "




               This statement leads one to believe that




all is well above Sioux City, whereas the Missouri down-




stream from Sioux City is polluted.  If the data, and




this is on Table B-2 of the Federal report, is examined




objectively, it is obvious that this statement is mis-




leading.




               The fact is that the study showed little




difference in the biological quality between station 736




and 730--these are river mileages,  station numbers are




M-52 and M-50--above the Sioux City sewage 'treatment




plant discharge,  whereas every sample taken in the first




74 miles  below the Sioux City discharge definitely




demonstrated a biological fauna which was superior in




quality to that observed upstream from Sioux City.

-------
                                                     568
                    Dr. J. Gakstatter
stoneflies, which are noted for being extremely pollution




Intolerant, were found at three stations downstream from




Sioux City, while data indicate that no stoneflles were




found above Sioux City. Likewise there was a greater diversity




of mayflies in the first 7^ miles below the Sioux City di




charge than there was above Sioux City.  Mayflies are als




pollution intolerant organisms which require high water




quality.  The FWPCA data, also on Table B-2, demonstrate




that pollution intolerant forms were present in greater




diversity in the first 7^ miles below the Sioux City dis-




charge than above it.  This is not a claim that the treated




waste discharge from Sioux City enhances biological quality




in the Missouri River,, but merely points out that the bio




logical quality was not deteriorated at these stations




by the Sioux City discharge.




               It is stated in the Federal report, page




B-l, that severe degradation of the bottom associated




organisms occurred for 5^ miles downstream from the Omaha




Council Bluffs area, and that floating solids, this refer




to grease and chunks of animal fat, were observed for




166 miles downstream.




               It is interesting to compare the waste




contribution of Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs, Iowa

-------
                                                      569
                    Dr. J. Gakstatter
This can be readily done by a few simple calculations




using the data given on page IV-24 of the Federal report.




Omaha, Nebraska, discharges 1,801,6^0 population equiva-




lents to the river, or 46 times as much as the Council




Bluffs 39,000 population equivalent discharge.  Omaha's




waste load to the river thus exceeds the sum total waste




load discharged by the 20 Iowa municipalities (including




industries) which are located on the Mississippi River.




               Eighty-eight percent of Omaha's raw waste




load receives no treatment or, in other words, is discharged




directly to the Missouri River.  All of the Council Bluff




waste receives primary treatment.




               It is therefore not at all surprising that




the Missouri is biologically degraded for 5^ miles below




Omaha, nor is it surprising that grease balls are found a




far as l66 miles downstream.  However, these conditions




can hardly be attributed to Council Bulffs.




               Now I have some comments regarding parts



L and 0 in the Federal summary, which are found on page




II-3.  Part L states, and I quote:




               "Survey results from the main stream of th>




Missouri River in Iowa identified adverse changes in wate:

-------
                                                      570
                    Dr. J. Gakstatter
quality.  Turbidity increased fourfold in the length of




reach surveyed and cyanide and phenols were found."




               It is true that phenols were found in the




Missouri River.  However, the Federal report failed to




mention in the summary that the maximum observed phenol




concentrations in table number A-5 did not change from




station M-52, which is located above Sioux City, and




station M-38, which is located below the Omaha-Council




Bluffs area.  These maximum levels, which showed no




relation to waste discharges, were two parts per billion,




which is twice as high as the suggested FWPCA standard




one part per billion.  These data further substantiate




Iowa's position that the phenol concentrations resulting fr




natural degradation products often exceeded the FWPCA



standard of one part per billion, and that this standard




is therefore unreasonable.



               During the January 1969 FWPCA survey,




turbidity values were shown to decrease from 19 units




above Sioux City to 8 units below the Omaha-Council




Bluffs area.  During this period stormwater runoff was




minimal and these data show that the sewage treatment




plant discharges had no effect on the turbidity of the

-------
                                                      571
                    Dr. J. Gakstatter
Missouri River.  High turbidity in the Missouri is caused




exclusively by land drainage and that subject is not




relevant to this conference.




               Cyanide concentrations up to 15.2 parts




per billion were measured in the Missouri River.  These




concentrations given in Table A-5 of the Federal report




bear no apparent relationship to municipal or industrial




discharges.  12.2 parts per billion of cyanide were found




above Sioux City while less than one part per billion was




found below the Omaha-Council Bluffs area.  In no case




was the Iowa aquatic life standard of 25 parts per billion




of cyanide violated.




               Part 0 of the report states, and I quote:




               "Public water uses relying on the Missouri




River as a source of supply report problems associated




with turbidity, ammonia, coagulation, taste and odors."




               These are common problems of most surface




water treatment plants, whether or not being affected by




upstream waste discharges.  We have already established




that turbidity problems in the Missouri are not caused




by waste discharges but by land runoff over which we have




no control.

-------
                                                      572
                    Dr. J. Gakstatter
               Sewage treatment plants are designed to




eliminate settleable materials and organic carbon, not




ammonia.  Waste effluents from secondary treatment plants




contain concentrations of ammonia which are many times




greater than concentrations in the average receiving




waters.  Nevertheless, increased ammonia concentrations




in the Missouri and in other Iowa streams are generally




the result of agricultural land drainage and not sewage




treatment plant discharges.  This is substantiated by the




fact that 85 percent of the Missouri River stations had




greater ammonia concentrations during the runoff period




than during the period of normal flow, and this could be




verified in Table A-3 of the FWPCA report.




               Finally, in conclusion, it has been widely




recognized by Iowa that taste and odor problems frequentlj




are encountered during periods of surface runoff, particu-




larly in late winter and spring.  However, again this is




something which isn't related to sewage treatment plant




discharges.



               That is the end of my statement.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               Who is next from Iowa?

-------
	573





                      H.  M.  Harrison






                MR.  BUCKMASTER:   Mr. Harrison








              STATEMENT BY HARRY M.  HARRISON




            IOWA STATE CONSERVATION  COMMISSION




                     DES  MOINES,  IOWA  .








                MR.  HARRISON:  My name  is  Harry M.  Harri-




 son.   I  work  for the Iowa State  Conservation Commission.




 I  have  been employed by  that  agency for 23  years.   Seven-




 teen  years  of that  time  was spent in the  field as  a field




 biologist.




                I would like to  say  to  begin with,  ladies




 and gentlemen,  that I am very, very happy to be here this




 morning.  My  interest in wildlife and  fisheries goes way




 back  to  my  youth, and in this time  I have spent a  lot of



 time  in  the rivers  of this State, much of it without the




 protection  of  a bathing  suit.  After -listening to  Mr.




 Geldreich's report  yesterday, and considering the  exposur*




 that  I have had to  pathogens, added to the  good will that




 I  heaped on myself  over  at Davenport last week,  I  should




 say that I  am  happy to be any place today.




                (Laughter.)

-------
                     H. M. Harrison






               I heard a talk Monday of this week by a




reputable sanitarian, and he mentioned that the big prob-




lems in this day are really caused by very little things,




and then he went on to mention the ovum, the atom, a




little bit of skin pigment, and to that list I would




like to add one more thing, pathogenic organisms in flow-




ing water.




               Over at Davenport I began my remarks with




words to the effect that I was accusing FWPCA of practic-




ing legerdemain with biological facts and statistics to




create some illusions that were misleading, confusing,




had very little basis in fact, and not germane to the




conference. This about sums up my impression of the




present conference.




               With that, I would like to wade in--excuse




me, discuss with youj  I don't want to wade into anything




any more (laughter)--discuss with you some of the dis-




cussion here that we had with temperature.




               I am not sure that the people that dis-




cussed temperature were familiar with the facts as they




are in this day«  We have no dispute with FWPCA on tem-




peratures in the Missouri River.  This was settled before

-------
                                                      575
                     H. M. Harrison
the time of the conference.  ¥e have no dispute with the



maximum temperature.  This was decided before the con-




ference.  The dispute that we have involves whether or



not we should permit or whether or not a difference or



an increase in 5 degrees or 10 degrees will protect




aquatic life in Iowa.



               It is my considered opinion that 10 degree^



will protect aquatic life.  I would, therefore, point out



again that the other discussions are really not germane,



but there is one thing that I would like to call atten-



tion to. The data was cited that the preferred tempera-




ture of smallmouth bass was 82.^,  for the yellow perch



it was 75.6 and for the green sunfish it was 8l.2.  I



guess I kind of favor the green sunfish.  My preferred



temperature is 8l.3«  How about that?



               (Laughter.)



               MR. STEIN:  Mine is 96.8.



               (Laughter.)



               MR. HARRISON:   Now  there have been some



other illusions that our fisheries populations in Iowa




are suffering from pollution  and probably in jeopardy,




and I would like to clarify some of my remarks or some

-------
                                                      576
                     H. M. Harrison
of the things that I think were misinterpreted over at



Davenport by citing a little history.




               Back in 1886 to 188? a gentleman by the



name of Seth Meek traveled through Iowa and collected



fishes at various places in the State of Iowa.  I have



his publication and have looked at it many, many times.



In 19^-0 Dr. Reeve Bailey, a fishery scientist of great



renown, retraced Mr. Meek's steps and collected in the



same area.  I followed Dr. Bailey with my collections



in 1950, and I have people assigned to me  today that



will do this work again in 1969 and 1970.  So we have



some idea of what the fisheries picture is in the whole




State of Iowa.



               I might point out that my own collections



in the 1950's, 1951 and 1952, amounted to about 1,000



collections in various places in the State of Iowa.



               We know pretty well what the distribution




by species is, and some of the facts that were stated




here yesterday were facts, but they were not complete.



We know, for instance, that in the Missouri side of the



State of Iowa that there are probably in the order of



75 different kinds of fish.  In the whole State there are

-------
                                                      S77
                     H. M. Harrison
140.  It depends upon the taxonomist how they want to




split them up.  It may be l4l or 1^2, but to come to




some of the differences you have to count the number of




scales that go around the body and if it is 13 it is




one fish and if it is 14 it is another.  I could never




figure out myself what difference that made to anything




except another fish of the same kind.




               But I did point out over at Davenport




that this was a channel catfish and carp State.  I assume




that the people In the audience knew that I was referring




to the species of fish that are of importance to the Iowa




angler.  The Iowa angler doesn't care anything about a




brassy minnow or a golden shiner.  These are of interest




only to me and a few other people.




               Dr. Tarzwell yesterday made a statement,




and I don't think that we can really argue with it too




much,  that evolution has set the stage for the present




fish populations.   To a degree this is true.   However,




the fish populations that were in Iowa at the turn of




the century must have received a shock when the white




man started plowing the ground,  straightening the rivers,




and so forth,  and  although evolution may have set the

-------
                                                      578
                     H. M. Harrison
scene, the fish populations that exist in Iowa today are



here because of habitat and habitat alone.




               The habitat in western Iowa has been



destroyed, particularly in the Missouri River, by



channeling, straightening, and so forth.  ¥e do not have



a species, to my knowledge, in our State that is adapted



to life in the Missouri River.  Now, that does not say



that some fish don't get by and that some fish do not




reach fair numbers there.  But the Missouri River in



this day is a millrace.  Now, there may be a fish some



place in the world, a species, that we could import and




put into the Missouri River that would make a good



species for that river.  I don't know what it is.  If



anybody does, why, we would be glad to know about it.



               The streams in southwestern Iowa, starting




with the lower reaches of the Little Sioux, the Maple



River, the Boyer, Nishnabotna, the Nodaway, the Tarkio,




and other streams that were named, have all been straighte




between—well, before 1920.  Fish populations in those




areas are really not too good.



               Now, we do have good fish populations in




some of our artificial impoundsments and some of the othe
ed

-------
                                                       579
                     H. M. Harrison
 streams  in  the  slope  that  drains to  the Missouri River.



 I would  call your  attention to some  of the work that is



 carried  on  by my department on the Little Sioux River.




 This is  considered one of  the better catfish  streams in



 the United  States.  We have done life history studies out




 there on the channel  catfish, population estimates, and



 so forth, and in some of our tagging experiments one of



 our biologists was  able to capture about 5,000 channel



 catfish  one summer, tag those fish and release them to



 study their movements.




               Our  fish hatchery that specializes in the



 production of channel catfish goes to the Missouri River



 or did for three years in a row to get the brood fish for



 the hatchery.  They take about 1,000 brood fish per year



 from the river—they took these out of about  a three-mile



 stretch  of the river--to our hatchery to propagate channe]



 catfish.  I think this indicates  something of the quality



 of the fish there that they could go in and take brood fi



numbering nearly a thousand out of perhaps three miles of



 stream.




               In another study that we conducted over



 there  with  respect to  movement, we  transported channel

-------
                                                      580
                     H. M. Harrison
catfish from one area to another to see what would happen




to them.  In this project we were able to capture below




a little stabilizer, which is another way of saying a




low head dam, I guess, 10,000  channel catfish in less




than a month's time.  We moved those fish upstream in the




Maple River to a little town of Ida Grove and released




them to see what would happen. It might be of interest




to you to know that the returns that we got were right




back to where we picked them up in the first place, and




it points out the fact that habitat is very important in




fish  life.  They just didn't have the habitat up there




where we stocked them, so they turned on their tails and




returned to where they could find habitat.




               There has "been some thought, I think, or



some illusions that secondary treatment might enhance




fishery populations in western Iowa.  I doubt very




seriously that secondary treatment would do anything for




the fish populations out there.  Again you have the prob-




lem of habitat and it just won't get the job done.




               I scribbled these notes down this morning




and I want to make sure that I get everything.




               I would like now to go to the discussion

-------
                                                      581
                     H. M. Harrison
on commercial fisheries.  Some mention was made about the




catches of 1901 as compared with 1969.  .1 don't believe




this can be a valid comparison for a couple of reasons.




We have had lots of changes since 1901 to  19^9«




               I would also point out to you that the




catch statistics reported upon are collected by people




that work for me, and the reason that we collect these




statistics is because the code of Iowa requires us to.




We have absolutely no confidence in the data that we get,




and the reason is that commercial fishermen just do not




report their catches.  They operate out of their hind




pocket, and if they can pick up $10 here and $10 there




and do not have to report it as an income, why, that is




just a little more for them.




               To offer a simple answer to a complex



question,  I discussed this last week and I don't think




there is such a thing as a simple answer to a complex




question.   It has been suggested that pollution is the




reason for the drop in the catch of commercial fish.   I




submit another simple answer now.  I think that the




reduction in commercial fisheries catch in the Missouri




River is inversely proportional to the income  tax  schedule's.

-------
	582





                      H.  M. Harrison






                Taste  and odors.  I  am not  aware that we




have  a  real  significant  problem  with taste  and odors  in




fish  populations  in the  Missouri River, and I do not




wish  to  discount  the  testimony that was offered here




yesterday.   Some  gentleman named two fishermen, I believe




that  had to  throw away fish  because of taste and odor




problems.  I can  understand  and  believe this, and I am




sure  that it does happen from time to time.  However,  if




taste and odors was a very,  very significant problem  in




the fish flesh, I am  sure that I would be aware of this.




This  sort of thing comes directly  to my desk, and in  the




time  that I  have  been in the Des Moines office, five  and




a  half  years,  I don't believe that I have ever had a




complaint, at least a written complaint,  of the problem




of taste and odors in fishes from  the Missouri River.



                Our department is also concerned somewhat




with  water-based  recreation, not my department in particu




lar,  but our Commission, and I would like to call your




attention to one  other thing that  has been  touched on by




Mr. Schliekelman. I  don't believe that if  you had dis-




tilled  water running  down the Missouri River it would be




much  of a place for outdoor  recreation.   The Missouri Riv

-------
                                                      583
                     H. M. Harrison
is a hazardous body of water, and most certainly I




wouldn't put my small children out there with a pair of




water wings and tell them to go swimming.  It just doesn'




lend itself to this type of recreation.  We will hope tha




some things that the Corps of Army Engineers have in




mind will become a reality some day and we will have




some impounded waters beside the Missouri River,, and this




is where we will send our people to water ski and swim,




and so forth.




               In closing, I would like to repeat pretty




much something that I said over at Davenport and point




out to those of you who were not over there last week




that I am not  a member of the Iowa Water Pollution Contro




Commission.  I have had the privilege to keep a watchful




eye on them to see what they are doing, and I have come t|D




some conclusions about them that I think everybody ought




to be aware of.




               This is not a troop of boy scouts nor is




it a fraternity of do-gooders.  These are dedicated men,




they come from a broad spectrum of our society,  they are




competent and  they are aggressive.  I have seen them take




on many, many  problems of pollution in the State of Iowa

-------
	584





                     H. M. Harrison






and work them out and correct the situation.



               I would like to mention something about



the competence and dedication of these men.  You heard



Dr. Morris yesterday.  He is a very, very fine scientist.




The State of Iowa employs him to head up their State



Hygienic Laboratory.



               This is no small responsible job.



               Mr. Buckmaster is a successful businessman




an attorney, and he has taken a lot of his time to serve



on this board.  And for those of you that are concerned



about conservation, I don't think that Mr. Buckmaster



really got into pollution first and foremost because of




pollution but because he was a smallmouth bass fisherman



and he thought maybe something is happening to the waters



of Iowa that he could correct.



               These other gentlemen represent State



agencies. They head up State agencies. They are success-



ful farmers and businessmen. They represent cities and




towns, and so this organization is taking care of pollu-




tion in Iowa.



               Now, if the Great White Father in Washing-




ton isn't resting easy because he thinks the people in lo
a

-------
                                                      585
                     H. M. Harrison
are wallowing in some squalor  out here, you people when




you go back tell them it isn't so, that these people take




care of pollution in Iowa and I am sure we will all get




along fine.




               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               Is there anyone else from Iowa?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I might make a few remark




               MR. STEIN:  This is off the record.




               (Off the record.)








             STATEMENT BY ROBERT BUCKMASTER




         CHAIRMAN, IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL




              COMMISSION, DES MOINES, IOWA








               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Mr. Stein, ladies and




gentlemen.




               I will jump around and cover some things




and try to  sum up Iowa's position.  I always talk extem-




poraneously and sometimes worse, and I will probably do




that on this occasion.




               As I indicated in Davenport, Mr.  Stein,  I

-------
                                                      586
                      R. Buckmaster
am deeply appreciative of the many courtesies that you




as hearing examiner have extended to us in Iowa in pre-



senting our views.



               I am, as indicated there,  deeply concerned



about the public's reaction as a result of press stories-



I am not critical of the press for this--of what it has




done to Iowa's position nationally and in the State of



Iowa.  Some of us who worked most of our lives fighting




pollution are now being attacked by former friends who ar



quoting from the New York Times, other periodicals and



Iowa periodicals, saying that Iowa has the worst pollu-



tion situation in the United States.  You know and I know
it isn't true.
               What this conference is about is a differe
of opinion on the matter of attacking the problem,  but it



has resulted in putting us in the position of being the



fellows with the black hats and you are the great white



knights in Washington who are saving Iowa for posterity.




               I think the people of Iowa should know, an



I think some of them do, that we need no experts from any




place to come out and lecture or instruct us on the value



of the Mississippi and the Missouri River to this State.
ce

-------
                                                      58?
                      R. Buckmaster
Nor do we need any instruction on the values of wildlife



or the necessity of maintaining our environment.  Nor do




we need any instruction on the fact that pollution




destroys these values.  We have no difference of opinion



on this.




               I think our record in Iowa, going "back



for a good many years, indicates that lowans are deeply



concerned about this and have expressed their concern in



having adequate treatment of industrial and municipal



wastes, and as your own figures show, Iowa leads all the



States in the United States in the percentage of people




having treatment of municipal wastes.



               As a matter of fact, just so we get the



record straight, your figures, in which you use the term



urban population, show that there are approximately



1,500,000 people in Iowa who live in urban areas with



sewage treatment.  Now, I don't recall presently whether



you use the figure 2,000 or 2,500 in defining an urban



area.   Your figures show that in every one of those we



have treatment.  We are the only State that has 100 per-



cent treatment of urban sewage,




               Let me add to that some other figures.

-------
                                                      588
                      R. Buckmaster
¥e have a number of small towns in the State of Iowa




that are under 2,000 or under 2,500, a large number.




As a matter of fact, another 400,000 people in Iowa live




in towns that are not called urban in your figures.  Of




those 400,000 people that live in cities and towns with




sewers, and these go down to even a couple of hundred




people, all but 13,000 have at the present time sewage




treatment, and that other 13,000 that live  in small town;




are now under orders from our Commission to have treat-




ment and are either in the planning process or the con-




struction process.



               So you can say that every town, every city




whatever population, in the State of Iowa, with the




exception of the total of 13,000, now has treatment and




they are now under  construction, which gives us 100 per-




cent.  There is no  other State that I know of that can




boast this kind of  a record.



               Let  me give you something else about that.




Iowa has no State aid to cities, towns and municipalities




for the construction of treatment plants.  The only aid




that they have received is the 30 percent from the Federa




Government, and I know of small towns in Iowa who have

-------
                                                      589
                      R. Buckmaster
voted bonded indebtedness in the area of $2,000 per home




in order to have treatment, and many of them run in the




area of $900 to $1,200 per home.




               Yes, I am a little emotional that we are




selected, Iowa, as the culprits and when we have been




given national and local publicity so the people think




we are not doing the job in Iowa.




               I don't want to give the impression that




we don't have problems.  Some plants are not properly




operated, some need additions, some need new plants.




But we understand this.  It will be taken care of.  And




I don't mean to imply that we don't have problems on




both the Mississippi and on the Missouri River, although




I think the Missouri is minor compared to our others.   Bu




if we are talking about the main thrust, I feel very




proud of the job that Iowa has done and is doing.



               Let me jump around to a couple of other




things.  One thing I want to mention.   Mrs. Koerber




yesterday from the League of Women Voters, I am sorry




she is not here today, asked a very penetrating question,




and she is entitled to an answer.  As  a matter of fact,




I thought she asked a more penetrating question and made

-------
                                                     590
                      R. Buckmaster
a more penetrating point than all the staffs of Chicago




and Kansas City and Washington with the engineers, the




sanitation people, the scientists and the lawyers.  In




fact she, I think, deserves an answer.




               Her point was, in looking at our total pro




gram for water quality criteria and its implementation,wh




is the provision under General Criteria.  Now,  we said:




               "in general, those small intermittent




streams experiencing low or zero flows or which cannot




under natural conditions support a permanent fish popu-




lation, will have their quality governed by the General




Criteria.  It is the intent of the General Criteria to




protect the water quality in these areas for the legiti-




mate uses to which they are presently being used."




               I don't believe in her statement she gave




the first sentence that starts out what streams we are




talking about.




               "Legitimate uses in this category are




those such as: irrigation, livestock watering,  wildlife




propagation, etc.  To protect these uses on low flow




streams, the wastes will be given the highest prac-




ticable degree of treatment without respect to  dilution

-------
                                                      591
                      R. Buckmaster
in order to prevent the development of nuisance or




health problems below the discharge.  The requirements




are such that the effluent will be suitable for limited




downstream use.  Treatment less than secondary will not




be accepted unless it can be shown that the legitimate




uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment."




               Her point was if you can require in that




case secondary treatment, and the proof has to be on the




other people (it isn't required), why can't you do the same




thing generally.  And on the face of it this is a legiti-




mate thrust.




               But what we were covering there and which




is clear, I think, to anybody that has gone into this,




we were talking about streams,  and there are about--!




think out of 510 treatment plants in the State of Iowa




there are about 160 treatment plants on areas that can




support warm-water aquatic life.  These are the larger




streams.




               Now, the balance of these are on inter-




mittent streams, and at low flow there may not be any




water in them at all.  In fact, the only flow may be the




sewage effluent.  And, therefore,  it was our judgment

-------
                                                      592
                      R. Buckmaster
that on the basis of nuisance conditions, as a matter of




public health, on that type of stream we could require




secondary treatment to meet the criteria of nuisance and




health requirements, not to support  -because they couldn'-




meet the water quality standards no matter what they did.




It doesn't change our basic jurisdictional requirement




that treatment has to be such as to protect the water




quality criteria.



               Again, just to summarize, as I understand




the Secretary of the Interior's order of January which




approved our standards, which was 99-99/100'th of what we




did and accepted certain areas, I just want to go back




again and get it focused what we are talking about here a




I understand it. I won't get into radioactive, phenols,




and so on.  We all understand that.




               There are two areas in addition to the




secondary treatment matter.  One is the area of disin-




fection.  We stated our position in Davenport, state it




again. On those interior streams that we are talking




about in this hearing, and regardless of interstate or




intrastate, we will require disinfection by chlorine the




year round where it is used for public water supply.

-------
                       	393





                      R. Buckmaster






In those areas defined as recreational area we will do




it seasonal.




               Again because there are some people here




locally that didn't hear the presentation at Davenport,




it is the judgment of the Iowa Water Pollution Control




Commission that in the months other than May through




October there is no water contact sport in Iowa. Again




as I stated in Davenport, if you will check with the




Federal meteorologist you will find that in those months




in Iowa we do very little swimming, water skiing or




anything else that has to do with body contact in water.




               This is not Florida, and as you indicated,




consistency is the hobgoblin of mediocre minds.  The way




I heard it was it is the hobgoblin of little minds, but




I guess we are talking about the same thing.  Consistency




in this, it seems to me, is a hobgoblin and the condition




are different.  We do not propose to protect for recrea-




tional uses while the streams are frozen.



               Now, on the Missouri River on disinfection




we have a different position.  We are not convinced that




disinfection is required on the Missouri River.  We don't




think that your studies show it, because they are

-------
                                                      594
                      R. Buckmaster
non-selective.  I don't want to get into this whole thick




other than I think that if there are means, as your exper



indicate, to differentiate and determine the source of



these, then why in the hell don't we do it.  Base the



judgment on what that study shows, and on that you will




have no problem with us.  We will meet the water quality



standards if the area in which we control is what is



causing them.  ¥e do not believe from an examination of



the preliminary data collected by your people this




establishes that.  This in general is our position on



disinfection.




               Let's go back to temperature.  ¥e have




no quarrel--! believe it has been adopted in Missouri,



I think we have the same question involved here as we



did in Davenport--of the interior streams.  Our standard



provides for 90 degrees and a 10 degree range.  As



indicated by Missouri, and we have got the same area,




the same type of streams, their experience shows that



these extreme temperatures are pretty much the ambient




air temperature.



               Again a cursory check with any meteorolo-



gist will indicate that we have temperatures consistently
t,



s

-------
                                                      595
                      R. Buckmaster
above 95 degrees up to 100 degrees over this area all




during the summer months.  Therefore,, it seems to us that




90 degrees as a maximum is unrealistic, and for these




reasons, our own studies show the same thing in the




water temperature, that perhaps 93 is even too low, but




we go along.




               All right, so much now, as far as I am




concerned that covers our position on the areas having




to do strictly with water quality criteria.  Now we talk




about secondary treatment, and this is our difference




of opinion and I think it is our really only major area




of disagreement.




               I saw some statement from somebody, from




the Federal pollution people back along before these




hearings, about he gave the impression that the States




surrounding us adopted something different and were




pretty irritated with Iowa because we were fouling up




the whole mess.   But I have noticed,  and I am sure you




have, that the people who have given  formal statements




from other States haven't taken that  position in regard




to secondary treatment.     I recall  for your con-sidera-




tion the statement from the State of  Illinois,  with whom

-------
                                                      596
                      R. Buckmaster
we share a good many miles of stream, the Mississippi




River.  And they indicated, just as we have indicated,




that they didn't have any interest in what the type of




treatment was.  They were interested, as we were, in




maintaining the water quality standards.




               I think it is interesting to note the




statement given by the gentleman from Missouri yesterday




on those streams which are interstate in that they




originate in Iowa and are shown on the map and go into




Missouri, that again Missouri did not care about what




theoretical requirement was made on treatment, but they




were interested that the quality of the water be main-




tained.  So the States that have testified in both of




these hearings that are our neighbors we find have taken




the same position that we have.



               Because there are some people at this




hearing that weren't at the other. That is the reason




I am covering some of these things even though they are




in the record, and I guess your people have done the




same thing--we have plowed some of the same ground in




both hearings, Our position on secondary treatment is




this :

-------
                                                     597
                      R. Buckmaster
               No. 1. It is our judgment that the




Federal Water Pollution Control Act does not give the




Federal Government power to require secondary treatment.




In other words., our position there is that their juris-




dictional basis is in fact no different than ours, both




by the language and by the intent of Congress and by, in




my judgment, the historical common law basis for it.




Let's touch on that for just a minute because I didn't




talk about it at the other hearing.




               Any lawyer who has made any research




into the history of water pollution control knows that




the common lav; base of riparian rights to water was based




on--and 1 am putting it generally--the right to reasonabl




use of water so long as he did not adversely affect other




riparian owners.  And I think this was adopted in most




States and in our State as the basic Jurisdiction for




control of pollution.  The reasonable use doctrine could




be maintained in private action in a case at common




lav;.   In the case where you have adopted pollution contro




that the State could enforce,  where the action is not a




private controversy between two individuals,  the statutes




hold that any user of a stream had a right to reason-




able  use of that stream so long as he did not adversely

-------
                                                     398
                      R.  Buckmaster
affect other users.




               Now, this is what the whole basis  of water




quality standards is based on.   You scientifically




establish what pollution is.  As far as  I am concerned,




when you have established the standards  you have  said on




the basis of valid research that these values do  not




adversely affect any of the other uses — recreation,




aquatic life, public water supply, industrial,  agricul-




tural.  I think that about covers the gamut of  it.  And




you are required to do whatever is necessary so that




what you introduce into a stream does not exceed  these




water quality standards which have been  determined to




protect these uses.




               Now, it has never been the philosophy of




the law so far as I Know in this country — it hasn't been




in Iowa as far as I know—where we take  the other standar




or at least one other test philosophically and  say, we




are going to require everyone to give any waste the




highest possible degree of treatment regardless of




whether we can show it is required to protect other users




and regardless of the economic cost. It seems to me that




the water pollution control people have  somewhat adopted

-------
                                                      599
                      R. Buckmaster
this philosophy, that regardless of whether or not we




can show an adverse effect on users and irregardless of




the economic balance of interests, this is going to be




our test. And I think this is where we are in conflict




on these two basic philosophies.




               There is no question about the Iowa law,




in ray judgment, as I stated before, I drew the Iowa law.




I was on the Governor's committee that studied what Iowa




needed in the way of pollution laws and it came out of




our study.  Our Commission has submitted this matter to




the Attorney General of Iowa.    He has stated to us in




writing that in his judgment our jurisdictional base is o|n




preventing pollution, which means maintaining water




quality standards and that we have no power to require




any specific type of treatment other than our ability to




show that that is required to maintain those standards.




This is the legal base for our Judgment.




               Now, the basis for our judgment on the




merits is that neither our studies, which admittedly are




sketchy, nor your studies, which on the Mississippi




River are no better--in some cases not as good because




we have some d&ta in 1950  better on the Missouri Riverr-

-------
                                                      6oo
                      R. Buckmaster
but neither established a case for secondary treatment




on its merits  that that would enhance the water quality,




or that it is required to mean the Iowa water quality




standards which you accept.




               You have put people on the stand here who




have stated, and I will summarize them — this is what I




think they stated—secondary treatment is better than




primary.  Well, there wasn't any reason to come all the




way from Washington to say that. I think we would have




accepted that.  It takes out more things than primary




treatment does.  Tertiary takes out more than secondary.




And if you don't have any effluent at all, it takes it




all out.  I think you can start with that as a premise




and we won't quarrel with that.




               You have also brought people in to say




that certain things can cause taste and odors in drinking




water and fish.  Well, this didn't come as any great news




to us either.  We are familiar with that.




                  What we have talked about is general




things as  "could" or "might" or "possibly1 or "have"  but very




little has been said about 'wili' or "do."




               As I indicated at Davenport and I indicate

-------
	601





                      R. Buckmaster






today, we will join with you in studies, we will do it




any way it can be done.  We don't have the people; you




have got a lot of them.  They tell me you have got 75 in




the Kansas City office and I don't know how many in




Chicago, and I have been falling all over them at both




of these hearings.  Actually,if we had spent just about




a third as much t:!me surveying the Missouri and Mississipp




Rivers as we have running around having conferences and




writing letters and doing all the folderol that has kept




us really from the pollution jobs for the last two years,




we might have some facts on which we could--




               Would you pardon me while I take this phone




call?



               MR. STEIN:  Do you want to recess now?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Yes, five minutes and ther




I will go another ten minutes.




               MR. STEIN:  Yes.  We will have to recess




anyway, because we have to have rebuttal and then we will




run through it without a recess after that.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  All right.




               MR. STEIN:  May we recess now for ten




minutes.  When we come back, Mr. Buckmaster will complete

-------
                                                      602
                      R. Buckmaster
his statement, then we will have rebuttal and comments.,




and we will try to go right through with it.




                        (RECESS)




               MR. STEIN:   May we reconvene.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Mr. Stein, I omitted one




thing in connection with disinfection on the interior str




¥e are  at a loss to  understand--! indicated this at




Davenport and I indicate it here—that the standard which




we adopted for year-round treatment of public water




supplies and seasonal treatment of recreational areas




was accepted, we thought,  by the Federal Government,




because 1 had a letter, I referred to today, from L'r.




Burd in September of 1968 where he said that this criteri




was acceptable.  Yet we have spent, both here and at




Davenport, a good many manhours talking about something




which we thought was all over with.



               It seems to me that the Federal people




here have overlooked one requirement entirely of the




Federal Act.   I refer to the portion on what happens




after the standards improve and we get to enforcement,




The,  act  itself provides what the Secretary has to




show in order to enforce either water quality or the
ams

-------
                                                      603
                      R. Buckmaster
implementation of the program.  And again I want to




quote from the Act itself.



               "in any suit brought under the provisions




of this subsection  the court shall receive in evidence




a transscript of the proceedings of the conference and




hearing provided for in this subsection, together with




the recommendations of the conference and Hearing Board




and the recommendations and standards promulgated by the




Secretary,and such additional evidence, including that




relating to the alleged violation of the standards, as




it deems necessary to a complete review of the standards




and to a determination of allotherissues relating to the




alleged violation.  The court, giving due consideration




to the practicability and to the physical and economic




feasibility of complying with such standards,shall have




jurisdiction to enter such judgment  and orders enforcing




such judgment  as the public interest and the equities




of the case may require."



               So ultimately when the Federal Government




gets all through, both in meetings and confrontations,




and the gold stars are put behind the States that said,




"Yes, I will sometime in the future," not one bit of wate

-------
	oOJI





                       R.  Buckmaster






 has  been  improved  at  that point.   Now  comes  the  question




 of  improving  it, and  when we  come  to improve it,  the




 Act  sets  out  what  the standard  has to  be.




                It  would  seem  to me, it doesn't make any




 difference  what standards you adopt or what  plan of




 implementation,  you are  ultimately going  to  face the




 fact that it  has got  to  be proven  in court,  with the




 Act  g.1ving  what the criteria  are for the  court to take




 into consideration.   Where in this hearing,  either at




 Davenport or  Council  Bluffs,  has the Federal Government




 introduced  one  lota of evidence about  the  economic feas-




 ibility or  the  practicability of  what it proposes?   It




 seems  to  me that is a part of your burden  of proof.  I




 knew very well  it  is  going to be when  you  attempt to




 enforce it.  It seems to  me it  is  a part  of  your burden




 and  you haven't introduced any  evidence on it.




                It  is  a great  thing to  sit  in an  ivory




 tower  and dream up water  quality standards without any




 consideration to other matters  that have  to  be taken




 into consideration by a  responsible public official




 charged with  the responsibility of making  orders that




 people have to  reach  down in  their pockets and pay for.

-------
	605





                       R.  Buckraaster






                And  if  we  forget  .just  a  minute  and concede




 which  I  don't,  that we legally could  require  secondary




 treatment,  and,  number two,  that we should,  right across




 the  board,  as  a responsible  public official  let  me tell




 you  what I  would be facing as a.  matter  of  judgment.   Cur




 projections show that  on  the interior streams  of the




 State  of Iowa  in the next four years  expenditures will




 be required in  a magnitude that  will  require  a Federal suf)




 sidization, based  on  the 30 percent,  of about $13




 million.  In other  words, the program on the  interior




 streams,  which  we consider in many areas will  present us




 with a problem  in the  next four  years  and  a  real problem,




 and  I  am talking about a  problem of meeting  our  water




 quality  standards,  the Federal contribution  of 30 percent




 will be  all eaten up for  the next four  years  because  we




 get $3.4  million  a year.



                If you  take the figures, which  are $25




 million--and my experience with  these  type of  figures




 in an  inflationary  era is before you.have  got  the figures




 put  down they  have  increased--and if  we say $25 miHi°n




 today, which is  the educated guess is  the  cost of going




 to secondary treatment on the Missouri  and Mississippi

-------
                                                      6o6
                      R. Buckmaster
Rivers, we are probably talking something more in the




area of $30 million, this would take all of the Federal




contribution for the next 4 years and we would do nothing




on the interior streams.




               As a public official in the State of Iowa




charged with the responsibility of doing the most with




the dollars available to us to protect water quality




standards, I couldn't justify spending one dime on the




basis of the record that you have shown or what we know




to be on either the Missouri or the Mississippi River if




it meant depleting or cutting out the work that we think




is necessary to protect water quality on the interior




streams.



               Let me point out again that Iowa does not




have any State participation in the construction of these




facilities.  The 70 percent comes from the city or town




itself .




               I would consider it to be irresponsible




action on the part of our Commission to give a priority




to secondary treatment on the Mississippi or Missouri ove




the demonstrated need on the interior streams, and this




is entirely independent of the question of either our

-------
                                                      607
                      R.  Buckmaster
legal right to do it or the merits of whether or not it




should be done.



               So I say in conclusion that in our judgmen




the testimony and evidence that you have adduced here




does not, or even approach  showing a requirement of




general across-the-board secondary treatment.  I am also




going to concede that very well if such proper evidence




were adduced that we may have some areas on both streams




that might require it.



               So there isn't any question again about




our position. I now state that the Iowa Water Pollution




Control Commission is ready and willing to engage with




your Cepartment on definitive studies of both streams.




We are willing to jointly agree on setting up the




parameters and agree to be bound and require whatever




treatment is required to protect the water quality in




both these streams, but we do not intend to require




secondary treatment without such scientific basis, and




I think I have to say in all fairness that we intend to




pursue that position just as far as it is required.




               Thank you.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.

-------
                                                      608
                      R. Buckmaster
               Does that conclude the Iowa presentation?




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I believe it does.  You




and I will now get into nits and lice, and scientists




will come up and say this and that, and so forth, and




we will go through that, but as far as I know, except




for answering some of that, we are through.




               MR. STEIN:  All right.  ThanK you very




much, Mr. Buckmaster.




               As you know, the regulations require that




we have an opportunity for comment and rebuttal, and we




intend to follow the conference requirements and regu-




lations, of course, to the letter.




               Is there anyone here now that wishes to




make a comment, have rebuttal or make a recommendation as




to standards in water quality? I just ask you to do one




thing.  I think we aired this quite a bit in Davenport




and in here.  I would hope that this would really be a




rebuttal statement and we do not bring in new material




at this stage unless you really feel compelled to do so.




               Yes.  Mr. Blomgren.

-------
                                                      609
                     C. V. Blomgren
                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF




                    CARL V. BLOMGREN








               MR. BLOMGREN:  Mr. Chairman, we have




listened with interest to the comments presented by the




State representatives.  ¥e respect their dedication,




professional integrity and technical competency.  ¥e




feel there are several statements in their report that




need clarification.




               We have presented documentation which




shows a greatly expanded scope of water uses when com-




pared to the two shown in Iowa's standards for the




Missouri River.  These uses must be recognized and




protected.   Nonrecognition does not reduce the hazard




to the user nor can the assumption be made that it makes




it an illegal activity.




               Recreational use of the Missouri River




is a reality.  The State of Nebraska recognizes this




use.  The Corps of Engineers projects more intensified




recreational use of the river and is planning consider-




able expenditures in the development of recreational

-------
                                                      6io
                     C. V. Blomgren
access sites.  This fact was highlighted by the statement



of Gen. Cannon of the Corps of Engineers.  The Lewis and



Clark Trail development will intensify the recreational




use by focusing national attention on the Missouri River,



emphasizing the historical significance of the river




system.  And we cannot overlook that today the States




of Iowa and Nebraska have 66 developed access sites for



recreation.



               Iowa recognizes water supply use only at



the water intake for Council Bluffs.  Yet Omaha, Nebraska



on the opposite bank from Council Bluffs uses the river



as a water supply source, and St. Joseph, Missouri, 160




miles downstream also depends on the river for water



supply.  Full consideration must be given to these other



water users through full protection of the river quality.



               Over 85 percent of the coliform bacteria



in the river during dry weather flow studies were con-



tributed by municipal waste discharges.




               The material presented by Mr. Geldreich




establishes the high degree of control of the bacterial




densities that can be obtained from properly operated




secondary treatment with disinfection. Dr. Walton

-------
                      C. V.  Blomgren






 emphasized  the  importance  of  this  control  in his




 description of  the multiple barrier  concept for the




 protection  of the water users.  The  waste  treatment




 plant  is  the first line of  defense between the wastes




 of a community  or industry  and the downstream water




 users.  This concept  is further supported  by the  state-




 ments  submitted by the Missouri River Public Water




 Supplies  Association.  The  protection of the health and




 well being of their consumers is dependent on the pro-




 duction of high quality drinking water.  With only men




 and machines standing between the river and the consumer,




 the river must be of the highest possible quality.




               Disinfection is required on a year-round




 basis.  During the warmer seasons, disinfection is




 necessary to reduce the hazard of contact with disease-




 producing agents by recreational and other users and to




 provide a more acceptable source for domestic supplies.




 During the cold weather periods,  disinfection is equally




 important.  Mr.  Geldreich discussed the bacterial  per-




 sistence at lower temperatures  fully supporting the need




 to provide all possible protection for the downstreajn
user.
               Wet weather flows do not negate the

-------
                                                      612
                     C. V. Blomgren
effect of disinfection of waste effluents.  Elimination




of potential sources of pathogenic organisms before they




reach the river is common sense.  The control of bypassin




because of storm flows or mechanical failure is an




objective of all water pollution control agencies.




               The State of Nebraska has adopted criteria




for coliform organisms.  These criteria were set to pro-




tect the river for domestic water supply and for partial




body contact, fishery propagation,  agricultural,  indus-




trial uses and others.  Basically, the coliform group




shall not exceed a geometric mean of 10,000 total  or




2,000 fecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml, based on at




least 5 samples per 30-day period.  These stream criteria




can be achieved only through disinfection of waste




I believe this question arose yesterday, Mr. Chairman.




You will recall that specific treatment requirements




calling for disinfection on the Missouri River were not




spelled out in the Nebraska standards for the Missouri.




However, the stream quality criteria dictate that  dis-




infection is essential.




               Agriculture runoff effects on the quality




of the Missouri River are now outside the scope of
effluents

-------
                                                      613
                     0. V. Blomgren
controllable standards.  The farm animal population with




an estimated 65 million population equivalent of waste




products presents a real threat, at least in part if not




in total, to the water quality of the basin.  Mr. Geld-




reich's statement concerning the pathogenic organisms




present in the excreta of animals emphasizes the disease




potential.  There are about 46,000 feedlots within the




State of Iowa, but only the larger control facilities are




State regulated.  If the larger ones can be controlled,




the smaller ones can too.




               Yesterday at the close of the FWPCA




summary statement, a question arose about the Department




of Interior'^ interpretation of the requirements for




secondary treatment on the interior interstate streams




of Iowa, and at this time I would like to again bring



Bob Burd forward for a clarification of that point,  Mr.




Chairman.

-------
	6l 4





                         R.  Burd








                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF




                       ROBERT  BURD








                MR.  BURD:  Mr.  Chairman.




                I would like  to make a brief  statement




 to  clarify  a  point  raised yesterday concerning the Federal




 approval  of water quality standards for  Iowa's interior




 interstate  streams.




                It was the Secretary of the Interior's




 understanding that  the standards he approved as Federal




 standards,  standards applicable to the interior streams




 of  Iowa,  included a general  requirement  of secondary




 treatment for municipal and  industrial wastes discharged




 to  these  streams.   Why did he  reach this  conclusion?




 The Iowa  standards  include the following  statements:




                "All municipalities on interior streams




 will  generally need secondary  treatment  and  some already




 have  two  stage filtration or other tertiary  treatment




 furnishing  up to 96 percent  BOD removal.




                "All industries will be required to




 provide the same degree of treatment or  control that

-------
                                                      615
                         R. Burd
is required of municipalities on the same reach of




stream.  This degree of treatment will generally be the




equivalent of secondary treatment" as a quote from the




Iowa standards.




               Furthermore, the Iowa implementation




plan, what we consider to be the action part of the




standards, supports these two statements.  It shows




that secondary waste treatment has been installed or




will be installed by all but a very few dischargers.  I




would like to quote Iowa's statement prepared for this




conference:




               "Secondary treatment will be needed, and




therefore has or will be required for all but four or




five of the  490 municipal sewage treatment plants located




on interior  streams."




               We were impressed with this record;  99.2




percent of the municipal facilities discharging to




interior streams to provide a minimum of secondary




treatment.




               On the basis of this admirable record and




the general  policy statements on secondary waste treat-




ment, the Secretary approved the standards of the

-------
                                                      6i6
                         R. Burd
interior streams, with exceptions for temperature and




the approach to disinfection.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  Gould I answer one state-




ment he made before we get on this other subject?




               MR. STEIN:  Yes, go right ahead, sir.




               MR. BUCKMASTER:  I don't think I need to




come up there.  I think you can hear me.




               I am disturbed by the statement about agri'




cultural and animal wastes that you mentioned.  Now, we




all recognize that a great deal of the coliform bacteria




come from animal wastes.  But it seems to me you indi-




cate a real lack of knowledge about the agricultural




industry in the State.



               You keep talking about feedlots and you




give the assumption to somebody that doesn't know about




it that a great part or all of animals in the State are




in feedlots.  Well, this is absolutely not true. The




vast majority of the swine and cattle in the State of




Iowa are on open pasture and in fields, are not confined,




and the coliform come not from feedlot sources but from




animals all over our terrain.

-------
                                                      617
                         R. Burd
               And you make the statement if we could




control large feedlots we can control small ones.




Explain to me how over the whole State of Iowa, which




is all agriculture and which has cattle and swine on




pretty nearly every acre of it, the Iowa Water Pollution




Control Commission is going to control runoff from those




fields .




               MR. STEIN:  Do you want to address your-




self to that or does someone else want to answer that or




do you want to continue?




               MR. BLOMGREN:  I want to continue.




               ME. STEIN:  All right.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Now, Dr. Morris, although




we have requested that the phenol question on criteria




will not be discussed because we felt we had some agree-




ment, there was a question from Dr. Morris and I would




like to call on our technical consultant,  Dr. Aaron




Rosen, at this time to speak to some of the points that




Dr. Morris brought up.

-------
                                                      6l8
                      Dr. A.  Rosen
                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF




                     DR. AARON ROSEN








               DR. ROSEN:  I understand that yesterday




it was stated that the question of a standard on phenols




is not an issue and, therefore, I am not going to say




anything as to what modification of the original pro-




posed standard has been arrived at, but rather I am




under the understanding that it includes a terminology




relating to phenols of municipal and industrial origin




as opposed to the natural ones that Dr. Morris spoke




about.  Let me point out that Dr. Morris and I are on




a number of committees in this field of organic material




in water, including especially those relating to taste




and odors, and we have no conflict at all on a scientific




basis.



               ¥e can distinguish between those materials




of natural origin of the type that he mentioned, and I




agree that what he said was a proper statement of the




source of many such materials and their occurrence in




streams.  We can distinguish between these which, as he

-------
                                                      619
                      Dr. A. Rosen






said, have, at least so far, not been reported to be




causes of taste and odor from those which he agrees are




causes of taste and odor, that is those materials of




;vaste origin.  Analytical means are available and they




are sensitive enough for the purpose of determining and




identifying quantities as low as one microgram per liter,




or in the engineers' terms, which are the ones most of




us use, one part per billion.




               There are several approaches to these, to




doing this.  I don't want to enumerate all the different




analytical methods.  I just want to mention that there




was a recent publication specifically directed to this




and specifically stating that sensitivities for the




identification and determination of phenols, by this we




mean the kind of phenols that do chlorinate and do produc




a problem, that these sensitivities range as low as one-




tenth part per billion.  So that from the viewpoint of




the chemist,a viewpoint which says we apply these criteri




to the kind of phenols that produce the specific adverse




effect, that such a criteria can be implemented in terms




of the analytical capability.




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Mr.  Chairman, in response

-------
	                             620





                      C. V.  Blomgren






 to  Dr.  Morris's  question  about  monitoring,  I will  ask




 that  this  be  placed  in  the  record  in  response  to Dr.




 Morris  and offers  cooperation in setting up a  joint




 monitoring system  and program.




               MR. STEIN:   That will  be done.




               (Which said  document is as follows:)








                        MONITORING




               Although monitoring is not an issue at




 this  hearing, we believe  the record should  show FWPCA's




 position on this matter.  We feel  that it is unfortunate




 that  Section  IV-D  of  the  FWPCA  report, dealing with




 monitoring, was  interpreted by  Dr. Morris as a criticism




 of  Iowa's  monitoring  program.




               The monitoring section of the report was




 intended to support  current and future monitoring  efforts




 of  the  Iowa Water  Pollution Control Commission.  The
                                                        cal
recommended increases in sampling frequencies for chemi




physical and bacteriological parameters at stations locat




on the ten streams cited in the report represent our




current thinking on optimum surveillance needs on streams




receiving significant ampunts of wastes.
                                                          ed

-------
                                                      621
                     C. V. Blomgren
               The FWPCA Missouri Basin Region is




actively engaged in coordinating the development of a




cooperative Federal-State-local monitoring plan.  One of




the principal benefits of such a cooperative approach




would be the elimination of duplication of monitoring




efforts and would permit greater numbers of sampling




stations to be operated as well as increased sampling




frequency.  ¥e have discussed monitoring with all of the




Missouri Basin States except Iowa.  Hopefully, we can




meet with the technical staff of the Iowa Water Pollution




Control Commission in the near future to discuss monitor-




ing needs and determine the technical and financial




resources required to carry out an effective monitoring




program.                 _ _ _




               MR. BLOMGREN:  Relative to Kansas water




quality standards, which was brought up yesterday and oar




o f this  morning by reference, we do have a commitment




from the State of Kansas, and I will quote from their



treatment requirements, a commitment for secondary treat-




ment.   I can't inform you of the status of the approval




or disapproval of those standards, but based on a letter




from the Governor of January 16, 19o93  we have a commitment

-------
                                                      622
                     C. V. Bloragren
for secondary treatment from the State of Kansas.




               Under treatment requirements in their




standards, the objective of treatment or control will




be to reduce the organic levels, oil, grease, solids,




alkali, acids, toxic materials, color and turbidity,




taste and odor products, and other deleterious materials




to the lowest practicable level.




               Mr. Schliekelman's reference to the cost




of clean waters, a sheet taken from our publication, was,




we believe, adequately covered by Mr. Prank Hall's state-




ment which went into the Davenport record.




               There were some questions that arose




yesterday with reference to bacteriological pollution,




differentiation, and Mr. Buckmaster brought them up again




this morning.  Ed Geldreich, our last technical consultan




would like to make just a few brief remarks on that and




that will be our closing.








                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OP




                      E. GELDREICH








               MR. GELDREICH:  Mr. Chairman, as I did in

-------
                                                      623
                      E. Geldreich
Davenport, I would like for the record to comment on the




Iowa statement, on page 15 under Public water supply and




recreation,the suggested numerical bacteriological limits




They state that their "bacteriological limits are com-




patible with the National Technical Advisory Committee's




recommendation, and the values, as I said at that time,




now are compatible, but there was one phrase in there




that I would like to comment on:  "when such bacteria




can be demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by
sewage.
               There is nowhere in the recommendations of
the water quality criteria book that was put out by the




committee that so specifies or selectively narrows in on




the fecal coliform population that we are concerned with.




Just as an illustration, I would like to quote that




particular recommendation as it is on page 12 of the




water quality- criteria book:




               "Fecal conforms should be used as the




indicator organism for evaluating the microbiological




suitability of recreational waters."




               There is no mention here in any of the




phraseology that it is to be specific for pollution,

-------
	624





                       E.  Geldreich






 fecal  pollution,  from  sewage  only,  and  I would  like  to




 make that  comment.




               And  as  we  have  said  yesterday morning




 and this morning  again it was  reiterated, we are  con-




 cerned with  all fecal  pollution.  There is no need to




 go into the  differentiation of the  types of fecal




 pollution, because  we  are concerned with a hazard from




 all.   The  fecal coliform  test  is  all we need to do.




 You don't  need all  the supplemental tools that  we have




 available  for this  particular  problem.




               Thank you.




               MR.  STEIN:  Thank  you.




               Are  there  any  other  comments?




               MR.  BLOMGREN:   Yes,  I would like to speak



 to Mr.  Buckmaster's question  concerning feedlots  and




 particularly his  expression of some doubt about the  size




 of the number of  feedlots we  had  in our statement.




               This is certainly  a  problem and  I  won't




 pretend to set up a criteria  for  the control of all




 feedlots regardless of size at this time, but it  will




 take a lot of cooperative effort, undoubtedly some re-




 search and demonstration  grants could be used to  achieve

-------
                                                      625
                   R. J. Schliekelraan






this purpose.  Certainly we stand ready to assist the




State of Iowa in this.
or statements?
               MR. STEIN:  Are there any other comments
               Mr. Schliekelman.
                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF
                   R. J. SGHLIEKELMAN
               MR. SCHLIEKELMAN:  I might add, sir, Mr.




Geldreich's comment on this public water supply and




recreational use limits that was set up here, this




actually should follow the portion of the criteria




which we have dealing with bacteria, which is as follows




               "Water shall be considered to be of




unsatisfactory bacteriological quality as a source when:




               "A sanitary survey indicates the presence




or probability of the presence of sewage or other




objectional bacteria-bearing wastes or




               "A bacteriological survey using coliform




or other appropriate indices indicates bacteriological




concentrations significantly higher than those normally

-------
                                                      626
                   R. J. Schliekelman
found or suspected in these waters when free from pol-




lution by sewage."




               Actually this phrase that we have at the




end of this addition does not particularly apply or is




not intended to actually demonstrate in our testing




sewage bacteria. We are talking about sources where




these bacteria might be coming from. I think you have




got to read everything together.




               MR. STEIN:  Thank you.




               Are there any other comments?




               Mr. Buckmaster.




               MR. BUGKMASTER:  Since there has been




some controversy about what Kansas has done and since




a representative of Kansas is here, I would like to




have him state what their position is at this time.




               MR. STEIN:  We will be delighted.




               MR. GRAY:  Would you like to hear from me




with a few comments?




               MR. STEIN:  Yes, sure.

-------
                                                      627
                       M. W. Gray
              STATEMENT BY MELVILLE W. GRAY




           ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL




         HEALTH SERVICES, KANSAS STATE DEPARTMENT




                OF HEALTH, TOPEKA, KANSAS








               MR. GRAY:  I am Melville W. Gray,




Assistant Director of Environmental Health Services,




Kansas State Department of Health.




               As a result of passage of the Water




Quality Act of 1965, Kansas submitted proposed water




quality standards to the Department of the Interior.




At that time Kansas had 3^- primary treatment plants




throughout the entire State.  The remainder were secondarfy




treatment plants.  Since that time, through routine




programming, these have been reduced to 28 primary




treatment plants.




               The Department of the Interior requested




the State of Kansas to require secondary treatment from




all facilities and later amended this to include sig-




nificant sources and listed 16 municipalities which should




be providing the secondary treatment.  The Governor of

-------
                                                      628
                       M. W. Gray
Kansas submitted a letter to the Secretary of the



Interior indicating that with considerable reluctance




and against the advice of his technical staff he would



agree to a date of 1985 as a goal for the provision of



secondary treatment from these 16 plants.




               The Kansas State Board of Health, which



is by law the official water quality regulatory agency,



accepted the Governor's letter and attached it as an



appendage to the plan of implementation with no further




action.
               MR. STEIN: Are there any further comments
or questions?
               Mr. Rademacher.








                  REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF




                   JOHN M. RADEMACHER








               MR. RADEMACHER: I am John M. Rademacher,




Regional Director for the Missouri Basin Region, FWPCA.




               I believe that there is one significant




point that has to be made in response to Mr. Gray's




comment that the date of 1985 was a goal.  I believe as

-------
                                                      629
                    J. M. Rademacher
submitted by the Governor and also accepted by the




Department of Health or the Board of Health in Kansas




on February 7th, and I quote the submission—now, I




don't know what the status of approval or disapproval is,




but our understanding as we read this is a commitment




to secondary treatment:




               "This policy shall be applicable to all




interstate waters in the State with the provision that




an abatement timetable will be submitted to the Depart-




ment of the Interior by or before December 31* 19^9*




for the significant municipal and industrial waste




sources and further that all facilities shall be in




operation prior to completion of equivalent Missouri




River downstream facilities but in no case later than




1985."



               And, of course, the comment that Mr.




Blomgren made earlier about "The objective of treatment




or control will be to reduce the organic levels,  oil,




grease, solids, alkali, acids, toxic materials, color




and turbidity,  taste and odor products, and other




deleterious materials to the lowest practicable level."




               In our view,  this is a commitment to

-------
                                                      630
                    J. M. Rademacher
secondary treatment and a time schedule to it.




               MR. STEIN:  Are there any further comments




or questions?




               Maybe we had better cover this.  There is




one advantage to this comment period. What we eventually




do is get Gray and Rademacher up to the stand and I am




glad to see you both.




               Are there any others?  Mr. Carlson, did




you have something?








              STATEMENT BY PRANK L. CARLSON




            ENGINEER, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN




            DRAIN COMMISSION POLLUTION CONTROL




                     FLINT,  MICHIGAN








               MR. CARLSON:   I am Carlson and I am from




Genesee County in Michigan.




               I am one of the Indians that has to do




the work of producing these pollution control sewage




disposal plants, etc* like that.  We are the Genesee




County Drainage Commission.   We put in the sewer pipes,




we build the disposal plants, and we think we could make

-------
                                                      631
                      F. L. Carlson
some recommendations to you chiefs on how maybe this




could be done a little bit better and we could suggest




that you integrate a little bit with your air pollution




and land pollution and water pollution.  If this was




integrated in one big program, perhaps it would work




for the betterment of the whole solution, the whole




problem.




               I would like to make a couple of drawings




on your board here for just a suggestion on how to contro]




pollution, water, air, and so forth.




               MR. STEIN:  You know, what we are intereste




in, really, is the record.  Now,  I have no objection to




you drawing it on the board, but we have no way of intro-




ducing that in the record.  0. K.?




               MR. CARLSON:  I don't want to take too




much of your time.  I know this is probably not relative




to your particular problem here,  but I was just passing




through and I felt obliged to make a comment on it. Add




anything that you might--




               MR. STEIN:  Did you want this material




in the record?




               MR. CARLSON:  No,  I have nothing to put
d

-------
                                                      632
                      F.  L.  Carlson
in the record.




               MR. STEIN:  0. K.  Thank you.




               Are there any other comments or statements




any at all?



               (No response.)




               I think we are about to the point where




we are going to close.




               Let me make one observation from sitting




up here for a couple of days.  You know, when you look




at things carefully you see things that possibly you




don't expect in a situation.




               For example, when I got into this hotel




I thought that I was in a traditional hotel public room




that is repeated over and over again through the United




States.  For example, if you look at the decorations




on the wall, they all seem to be derived architecturally




from the late Roman period.  I think the one there over




the door, they seem to have replaced the medallion in




the middle with the seal of Iowa.  But if you look very,




very carefully at this and look at that place where they




have the seal of Iowa, you see those two figures, and




what do we have?  The legs on the two figures and the

-------
                                                      633
                        M.  Stein
feet extend outside the frame and outside the panel, and




this is something that obviously you would never get jn




the pure Roman form.




               So I think if you look hard enough, you




may find things that ordinarily are not apparent and




maybe we can do that here too.




               I would like to thank "both the represen-




tatives from the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-




tration in Iowa and all the other people who have




participated in Davenport and in Council Bluffs in these




conferences.




               I think the conferences have been




characterized by a clear statement of the problem.  Some




of you who have sat through both may not think it is so




clear, but I think everybody has to use Mis  own mode




of expression in getting  his  point  of view across.




Obviously, a representative of a women's organization or




citizens'  group is going to put its view forward in one




way, a State or Federal administrative official is going




to say it in another way,  the biologists and the chemists




and the microbiologists all have their way of putting




what they think their views are on the record.  What this

-------
                                                     634
                        M. Stein
has done is provide a forum where we have been able to




get these views.




               At least I have a clear understanding




of where we are going, not necessarily where we are




going but what everyone wants to say.  There may be




certain points on which the technical people in a




particular specialty may not have resolved every last




little issue.  However^ I am not overstating this when




I say Iowa and we probably can arrive at a .judgment




without resolving all these minutia.  We have enough




of the views from all the parties concerned and they




are really set forward on the record.



               I know both we and Iowa have a formidable




task ahead.  I would like to give a personal opinion on




one.  It is abundantly clear that the officials in Iowa




and the officials in the Federal Government both want




to get an  equitable and an expeditious program going




forward to assure that we will control and prevent water




pollution  and have  clean' waters in the Missouri and




Mississippi Basin.  I don't  think there is any question




about that.



                  There  is  another  point  that  we

-------
                                                      635
                        M. Stein
should recognize before this gets out of perspective.




Setting the standards, like any other one of the aspects




of the program we have, is just a tool toward achieving




these objectives.  One thing about the setting of stan-




dards, and I think this is clear, no matter how much you




refine them or how much you set the standards, by Iowa,




by the Federal Government, by any other instrumentality




of government or jurisdiction, I don't think just the




setting of standards is going to clean up water one bit.




               This is a method whereby we get to the




real problem of cleaning up water.  If we are going to




clean up water, what is necessary, and I say where it




is appropriate, is for the wastewater sources to be




gathered together in a place where they can be treated




or diverted and the water be kept clean.  What I would




hope is that the governmental agencies do not spend all




their time in this preliminary area when we have the hard




job of going out and controlling pollution.  ¥e don't




want to get the methodology to exceed the aims of the




program.  And I think it behooves us all not to get




caught up in a proceeding, however entertaining you




might think this is, without keeping the idea that the

-------
                                                     636
                        M.  Stein
real objective that we have is the preservation of the

water quality in the Mississippi and Missouri Basin in
this area.  This is the job on which we have to move

forward.
               I would hope that wo would be able to not

only come to a full agreement with Iowa, but with all the
States in the basin so that the Federal Government and

the various States can move on in concert to get the job
done.  In addition to that, as we well realize, unless we

have the  real cooperation of the municipalities, counties
and the cities, the job is going to be that much harder.
Let us not get on a sidetrack or a siding, let's not, I
hope, get into a cul-de-sac where we can't find our way
out, but let's get on with the job of providing the
cleanest possible water for the maximum number of water
uses in an equitable way so that the municipalities, the
industries, the States, and the Federal Government can

all live with that.
               With that, we will stand adjourned and

I would hope that a resolution of this problem which is

satisfactory to all parties can be forthcoming.
               'Thank you all for your participation.
                       (ADJOURNMENT)

-------
                                                                  637
                         UNITED STATES
                  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
            FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                        MISSOURI BASIN REGION
                        911 Walnut Street, Room 702
                        Kansas City, Missouri 64106
 IN REPLY REFER TO:
                        April  28,  1969
TO:
            Commissioner, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
            Attn:   Assistant Commissioner,  Office of Enforcement
FROM:       Regional Director, FWPCA

SUBJECT:    Water Quality Standards Conference, State of Iowa

Attached  are  additional statements which we desire to have
included  in the official record of the Water Quality Standards
Conference, State of Iowa,  Council Bluffs session.

Copies are  being provided to the conference recorder and the
Iowa State  Water Pollution Control Commission.
Attachment
Iowa Beef Packers' Report
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation^  Statement
Nebraska Water Quality Criteria

-------
                                                                  638
                          UNITED STATES
                  DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
            FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                        MISSOURI BASIN REGION
                       91 1 Walnut Street, Room 702
                        Kansas City, Missouri 64106
 IN REPLY REFER TO:
                        April  28,  1969
TO :        Record
FROM:      Regional Director, FWPCA

SUBJECT:   Nebraska Water Quality  Criteria

The following is a verbatim extract  from  the  "Water  Quality Standards
Applicable to Nebraska Waters," adopted by Water  Pollution Control
Council, State Department of Health, Lincoln,  Nebraska,  and dated
January 1969.

Waste water shall not degrade the  receiving waters below the follow-
ing criteria.  These criteria ....
5.  Temperature

For Class "A" Use -
And Class "B" Use -
                     (Domestic Water  Supply)
                     (Full Body Contact  Sports)
The temperature of the receiving water  shall  not  be  increased  by
a total of more than 5° F  from May  through  October and  not more
than a total of 10° F from November through April.   Maximum rate
of change limited to 2° F  per hour.
For Class
          "C" Use - (Agricultural uses  including  irrigation and
                     Partial body contact sports.
livestock watering.  Partial body  contact  sports.  Growth  and
propagation of fish, waterfowl,  fur bearers  and  other  aquatic  and
semi-aquatic life and wildlife.  Industrial.)

Trout Streams

Allowable change 5° F - Maximum  limit  65   F.

Warm Water Streams

Allowable change 5° F May through  October; 10° F November  through
April.  Maximum limit 90  F - maximum  rate of change - limited to
2° per hour.  For Missouri River from  Gavins Point Dam to  Sioux
City, Iowa - maximum temperature 85° F, allowable change 4°  F.

The classification of waters of  the State  is covered in detail
in Appendix XI of the Nebraska Standards.
                                  rf j
                                r
                                       JOHN M.  RADEMACHER

-------
TO
        OPTIONAL FORM NO. Iff
        MAY Wl EDITION
        OSA FPMR <4t CFR) toi-it.i
                                                                               639
        UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
        Memorandum
C. V. Blomgren
Director, Technical  Support
                                                          DATE:  April 24,  1969
FROM
           Sanitary Engineer
SUBJECT:    Report on Iowa Beef Packers -  Sampling and Plant Inspection Trip,
           March 26-28, 1969

           During the three day trip,  the following persons were contacted at the
           Iowa Beef Packers'  Dakota City, Nebraska, installation:

           Henry Blumm, Nebraska Department of Health
           James Chittenden, Technical Director, Iowa Beef Packers
           David Osborn, Chemist, Iowa Beef Packers

           Pertinent details of plant  facilities and operations are listed below:

           1.  Kill period - 16 hours  - 2-8 hour shifts
           2.  Cleanup - 8 hours
           3.  Kill - 2000 to  2500 head
           4.  Total employees - 1100
           5.  Average water usage - 1650 gpm from a well system through pressure
               sand filters
           6.  Waste treatment

           Domestic Treatment  - Pacific Industrial Engineering

           This plant at the time of inspection has suspended solids of 10 mg/1
           in the contact tank.   There  was no recirculation,  no skimming on the
           final tanks and no  indication that the plant was receiving any maintenance
           at all.

           Process  Wastes

           All process wastes  go through an air flotation tank for grease and
           grit removal.   At the time of the visit,  no air was being supplied
           and no suction on the grease removal trough.   A four-inch layer of
           grease covered the  flotation tank.

           Stockyard Wastes

           Wastes from the stockyard area are  washed into two settling  basins
           designed  to remove  settleable solids with a 30 minute minimum detention.
           At the time of the  visit,  both tanks were full of  wastes and short-
           circuiting  directly to the outlet.
                 Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan

-------
                                                                          640

                                 -  2  -

 Mr.  Blomgren-—-4/24/69


 There are no BOD data available  for  the  combined wastes  from this
 plant.  A year ago,  the Nebraska Department of Health ran one set
 of samples and lost  all BOD's  because of insufficient dilution.
 At that time,  the effluent's suspended solids ranged from 800 mg/1
 during cleanup to 1500 mg/1 during kill  periods and grease concen-
 trations  were  approximately 550  mg/1.

 At the Dakota  City plant, all  wastes are combined into one main
 sewer.  Analytical values for  comparable wastes at the company's
 West Point Nebraska  plant are:

 Operation Period         Kill        Cleanup $1           Cleanup #2

 Grease ppm               364         370                 161
 Susp.  Solids ppm         404         506
 Total  Solids 7.           0.261       0.298
 Volume of Water (gal)     476,200     132,000              95,000
 BOD5                     1175        1375                 900

   Total kill for the West Point  plant is  1050 to 1100 head.

 At the Dakota  City plant, 11 samples were collected at two-hour
 intervals during the operational period  on March 27, 1969, and pictures
 were taken of  the  outfall and plant waste treatment devices.

 Plant Operation

 During the survey  period, the plant was  operating on a 13 hour kill.
 On March  27 and 28,  a perfect kill (no stoppages during kill period)
 was  obtained and with a chain speed of 163 animals per hour, this
 amounts to 2,119 head per day.  Water use during the two days varied
 from 2.5  to 2.75 million gallons per day based on pumping records on
 the  company-owned water supply.  Operations during the sampling period
were as follows:

 Start Kill                            05:25
 15 Minute  Break & Cleanup             08:30 to 08:45
 30 Minute Lunch & Cleanup             10:30 to 11:00
 15 Minute Shift Change & Cleanup      14:15 to 14:30
 15 Minute Break & Cleanup             17:30 to 17:45
 30 Minute Shift Change & Cleanup      19:30 to 20:00
Peak Cleanup Flow, Approximately      22:30

 Sampling  Operations

 During the period  from 5:00 a.m., March 27 to 1:00 a.m.,  March 28,
samples were collected from the combined waste line from the Iowa
Beef Packers plant.  These samples were air lifted to the interim
laboratory of FWPCA  in Kansas City and analysed for BOD and solids

-------
                                                                                641
                                          - 3 -
            Mr. Blomgren—-4/24/69
            according to the standard methods.  Data for the samples listed as
            3:00 a.m., March 28, were estimated to provide a complete 24-hour
            sequence.
Date
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/28
3/28
Total
Avg.
Time
0500
0700
0900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
0100
0300


Estimated .
Flow (me)-'
0.154
0.228
0.247
0.247
0.228
0.214
0.247
0.228
0.214
0.228
0.294
0.214
2.75 mgd

Temp.
25
26.5
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
26.0
26.5
25.5
26.0
25.5


26.0
BOD5
mg/1
386
812
1500
1285
1489
1895
1676
1616
2481
1399
1636
950

1427
Calculated
Ibs.of BODt
495
1544
3089
2647
2831
3382
3452
3072
4428
2660
4071
1693
33363

TSS
mg/1
165
530
1180
1400
1300
1760
1160
860
1080
740
1240


1038
SS
mjt/1
2.5
3.0
8.0
7.0
4.0
7.5
5.0
7.0
6.0
8.5
3.5



Grease
ppm
188

297


305








I/  Flows were estimated for each two-hour period from invert  elevations  on
    discharge line at the sampling location.   Total  flow of 2.75 mgd  agrees with
    the figure furnished by IBP officials. The 0300 sample is extrapolated data.

            Settleable solids were also run in the field using an Imhoff  Cone.
            Results of these tests are:

            0800     3/27/69    Combined Wastes               14 ml
            1000     3/27/69    Domestic Waste Effluent       10 ml
            1200     3/27/69    Combined Wastes                9 ml

            At several times during the day's  sampling,  excessive floating
            solids (meat scraps and grease) were  observed in the samples
            collected at the combined waste sampling point.

            Remarks

            We can assume that a representative raw  domestic sewage would
            contain approximately 0.167 pounds  5-day BOD/P.E./day.  On this
            basis, the IBP effluent represents  an organic load as listed
            below:

            1.   Equivalent to 200,000 population  community raw discharge.

            2.  Assuming 35 percent BOD removal equivalent  to  300,000 population
                primary discharge.

-------
                                                             642

                           - 4 -
Mr. Blomgren	2/24/69
3.  Assuming 85 percent BOD removal  equivalent  to  1,250,000
    population secondary discharge.
                                  WILLIAM J. KEFFER

-------
                                                                           643
IN REPLY REFER TO«
                                 UNITED STATES

                         DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

                         BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
                                 MID-CONTINENT REGION
                            BUILDING 41. DENVER FEDERAL CENTER
                                DENVER. COLORADO 8O225
       D 6431
                                                                  APR 11 1969
       Memorandum
       To:        Regional Director, Federal Water Pollution
                    Control Administration, Kansas City, Missouri

       From:      Regional Director, Mid-Continent Region

       Subject:   Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Statement - Water Quality Setting
                  Conference - Iowa Interstate Waters of Missouri River Basin
                  Council Bluffs, Iowa - April 15, 1969
       Enclosed are five copies of the subject statement.  Since we do not
       propose to have a representative at the Council Bluffs Conference it
       is requested that the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation statement be read
       and entered into the record of the hearing.  We would appreciate
       receiving a copy of the hearing minutes or summary when complete.
                                     Maurice D. Arnold
       Enclosures

-------
                                                                          644
                Water Quality Standards Conference
        Iowa Interstate Waters of the Missouri River Basin
                       Council Bluffs, Iowa
                          April 15, 1969

                            Statement

                  U.S. Department of the Interior
                    Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
                       Mid-Continent Region
                         Denver, Colorado


During the last decade, the people of this country have become increasingly

conscious of the current and potential values of outdoor recreation, and much

of this interest has been centered around the use and enjoyment of our water

resources.  All indications point toward a future need to provide not only

more but a wider variety of outdoor recreation opportunities.


Recent trends indicate a rapidly increasing interest and participation in

water-based recreation activities, especially in swimming, boating, water-

skiing, and skin diving.  There is also a growing interest in nature photog-

raphy and study, often involving the aquatic environment.


We estimate that the number of occasions in which people will engage in water-

oriented recreation activities will increase about 160 percent during the

next 40 years.  In the Missouri River Basin, a portion of which is  the sub-

ject of this conference, our studies indicate that there is a large demand

for outdoor recreation opportunities which remains unsatisfied.  Obviously,

any factor which tends to endanger or reduce the amount or number of clean

water areas, and aesthetically attractive streams, lakes, or shore areas

suitable for recreation purposes should be of great concern to everyone

involved in managing our natural resources for public benefit.


Water serves three basic needs of recreationists:  consumptive, i.e. drinking

and cooking supplies; surface and volume for water contact activities, fishing,

-------
                                                                           645
and boating; and for aesthetic enjoyment.  Water areas also are vital to




the preservation of fish and wildlife, unique biotic communities and, in




combination with adjacent lands, the highly valued scenic natural character




of certain areas.






The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation is interested in seeing quality recreational




opportunities provided.  Polluted water is not compatible with this goal.




It is not only undesirable for boating, water-skiing, and swimming, but is




unattractive for camping, picnicking and may be a health hazard in connection




with these and other water contact uses.  The polluting of recreational




waters results in decreased use and can render areas totally unsuitable for




such use.  Although progress in the abatement of pollution is considerable,




large amounts of pollutants still are being discharged into our water courses.






We are vitally concerned about the maintenance of good water quality in all




streams in the State of Iowa, and we have specific concerns about the water




quality of the Missouri River Basin and especially in the Floyd, Nishnabotna,




Big Sioux and Little Sioux River.






Surveys have revealed that the Missouri River Basin, including a portion of




Iowa, is endowed with a wide variety of recreation, scenic, historic, and




natural values.  Many of these values depend upon the quality of water avail-




able.  Interest has been shown for development of state parks and recreation




areas including a 1,000 surface acre lake near Sioux City, Iowa.  Corps of




Engineers' projects involving approximately 18 reservoirs in the Boyer,  Big




Sioux, Nishnabotna and Little Sioux River Basins are presently under study.

-------
                                                                           646
Also being considered is the development of Oxbow Lake projects which will




provide approximately 2,400 acres of water valuable for recreation and fish




and wildlife uses.






It is clear then that national goals as well as local and State interests




in outdoor recreation and environmental quality are effected by the




availability of clean water.







In regard to the water quality standards in the State of Iowa, the Bureau




of Outdoor Recreation recommends that all interstate waters be designated




for outdoor recreation use and be maintained at a quality which will support




primary or secondary contact recreation use.  Specific water quality for




these uses are set forth in the April 1, 1968 Water Quality Criteria, Report




of the National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior.

-------
                                                                        647
                                UNITED STATES
                        DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                  FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                              MISSOURI BASIN REGION
                             911 Walnut Street, Room 702
                              Kansas City, Missouri 64106
      IN REPLY REFER TO:
                               April 30, 1969
TO:
Commissioner, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Attn:  Assistant Commissioner,  Office of Enforcement
FROM:      Regional  Director,  FWPCA

SUBJECT:   Water Quality Standards Conference, State of Iowa

Attached is an additional statement which we desire to have included
in the official record  of the  Water Quality Standards Conference,
State of Iowa, Council  Bluffs  session.

Copies are being provided to the conference recorder and the Iowa
State Water Pollution Control  Commission.
Attachment
                         ,/£j
                                                       r'^*
                                         JOHN M. yRADEMACHER

-------
                                                                      648
            CONTINUATION OF MISSOURI BASIN REGION, FWPCA,

                         REBUTTAL STATEMENT
     In deference  to  the statement  (Iowa Water Pollution Control


Coranission's  statement, 1969, page  11, paragraph 3, line 4), that the


first 74 miles downstream  from Sioux City discharges reflect water


quality conditions "superior" to those upstream from Sioux City is


not entirely  correct.  The basis for this statement results from the


comparison of types of bottom assoicated organisms and their relative


numbers.  It  must be  remembered that the majority of collections were


of a qualitative nature and can, therefore, be misleading in terms of


relative numbers and  the presence or absence of a particular species


of benthos.   In many  instances, a qualitative collection may miss


certain individuals because of habitat restrictions, etc.  When this


happens, the  total evaluation of an area may be biased in terms of


the numbers of different kinds found.  Benthic sampling of large


streams or rivers is  difficult due, in part, to the variety of natural


substrates encountered.  It is impossible to obtain representative


fauna, even within a  limited area, beceuse of shifting substrates,


variable or high streanflows and a host of other physical factors.


     A number of artificial substrate samplers have been built by


investigators to facilitate or improve benthic sampling,  Scott—;

                2/
Hester and Dandy—.  During the Missouri River Survey (October 1968),


the biology unit utilized artificial substrate samplers described by

              3/
Mason, et. al.— , to monitor water quality in the Sioux City area.


The samplers were installed on the Iowa side of the river and remained


submerged for a period of 40 days (10/11-11/19/68).

-------
                                                                      649
                                 -  2  -


 Results and Discussion
      Station 737,  approximately  3  miles upstream from the Big Sioux
 River confluence,  reflected  a diverse and clean water assemblage of
 benthos.  The total  number of organisms numbered 396.  Of this number,
 97 percent  was pollution  sensitive,  3 percent intermediate forms,
 and  no pollution tolerant forms  recorded.
      Station 730,  approximately  1  mile downstream from the Floyd
 River confluence exhibited a considerable reduction in total numbers
 and  pollution sensitive forms, while there was an increase in inter-
 mediate and pollution  tolerant forms.  Of the 131 organisms collected,
 only 59 percent of the benthos was pollution sensitive, while 40
 percent was intermediate  forms and 1 percent was pollution tolerant.
      Station 723,  approximately  6 miles downstream from the Sioux
 City STP reflected severe degradation of water quality.  From
 the  133 organisms  collected, 45 percent was pollution tolerant,
 29 percent  intermediate forms and  26 percent was of the pollution
 sensitive type.
     The artificial substrate sampling in the Sioux City area clearly
defines an  abrupt  change in water quality affecting the benthic
community.  It is  interesting to note that the stonefly which Iowa
based much of their rebuttal on was absent from all  of  the  samples,
and the diversity of mayflies in this case was restricted  to  one
genera.  However,   the number of mayflies  encountered  at  each  station
is significant.   Iowa states  that "mayflies  are  also  pollution
intolerant organisms  which require  high water quality."  The  number

-------
                                                                      650
                                - 3 -


of mayflies was reduced from 65 (Station 737) to only 1 individual
(Station 723).  Caddisflies not mentioned by Iowa, but which are in
the pollution sensitive group, were reduced in numbers from 320
(Station 737) to 33 individuals (Station 723).
     Also of considerable importance is the occurrence of tubificidae
in large numbers (60) at Station 723.  The tubificidae commonly
termed "sludgewonns" prefer and thrive in a highly organic environment.
The sampler at Station 723 was suspended off the bottom but nevertheless
collected large amounts of drift organic material creating a favorable
environment for the sludgewonns.
     The results from the artificial substrate program reflect water
quality degradation of a high degree downstream from the Sioux City
area.  This is contradictory to Iowa's statement (page 11,  paragraph 4,
line 15) that the biological quality was not "deteriorated" by the
Sioux City discharge.

-------
                                                                     651
                             REFERENCES






1.  Scott, D.C., 1958.   Biological Balance  In Streams.  Sewage and




    Industrial Wastes,  30(9):1169-1173.



2.  Hester, F.E. and J.S.  Dendy,  1962.  A Multiple-Plate Sampler




    for Aquatic Macroinvertebratea, Trans.  Amer. Fish. Soc.,




    91(4):420-421.




3.  Mason, Wm.T., Jr.,  J.B.  Anderson, and George E. Morrison, 1967.



    A Limestone-Filled  Artificial Substrate Sampler for the Collection




    of Macroinvertebrates  from Large Streams.  Prog. Fish Cult.

-------
                                                                         652
STATION 737

POLLUTION SENSITIVE
Hydropsyche
Cheumatopsyche    75
Neureclipis       96
Stenonema         65
                 385
INTERMEDIATE

Hyella         2
Asellus        5
Erioptera      1
Polypedilum    1
Conchapelopia _2
              11
         POLLUTION TOLERANT
STATION 730

POLLUTION SENSITIVE

Hydropsyche      5
Cheumatopsyche   4
Neureclipis     67
Stenonema       __2
                78
INTERMEDIATE

Hyella       46
Orthocladiua  4
Cricotopus    1
Polypedilua  _J.
             52
         POLLUTION TOLERANT
         Tubificidae   1
STATION 723

POLLUTION SENSITIVE

Hydropsyche      6
Cheumatopsyche  17
Neureclipio     10
Stenonema       _1
                34
INTERMEDIATE

Cricotopus
Polypedilum
Orthocladius
Glyptotendipes
Conchapelopia
Asellus
 2
 1
 1
 1
 1
11
39
         POLLUTION TOLERAOT
Tubificidae   60
                                                                       60

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                                                                          653
                                    Sotoa
                      &tate Department of
                             LUCAS STATE OFFICE BUILDING
                               DES MOINES. IOWA 5O319
JAMES F. SPEERS, M.D., M.p.H.                            Environmental Engineering Service

                                            P. J. Houser, M.S., P.E., Chief

                              15 May 1969

           David D.  Dominick
           Commissioner,  Federal Water Pollution
           Control Administration
           Washington,  D.C.  20242

           Attention:   Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner,
                       Office of Enforcement

           RE:   WATER  QUALITY STANDARDS CONFERENCE, COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA
                SESSION
           Enclosed is  an answer to the Federal Water Pollution Control
           Administration rebuttal of the Iowa Water Pollution Control
           Commission Statement,  page 11 (Missouri Basin) which we wish
           to  have  included in the official record of the Water Quality
           Standards Conference,  State of Iowa, Council Bluffs Session.

           The FWPCA biological data referred to had been collected in
           October  and  November 1968 but was not included in the Standards
           Conference Report.

           Copies have  been provided to the Regional Director, FWPCA,
           Missouri Basin Region.
                 Schliekelman,  Director
                 Pollution Division
          RJS/ab
          Enclosure

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                                                               654
     ANSWER TO CONTINUATION OF FWPCA REBUTTAL OF IOWA WATER
     POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION'S STATEMENT, 1969, page 11.
                      (Missouri Basin)
Iowa's initial statement regarding the biological quality of the

Missouri River was based exclusively on the biological data which

was presented in Appendix B of the FWPCA's Missouri River Basin

Report.


Since the data presented in the FWPCA rebuttal statement of

April 30 was not included in the original report, it is obvious

that the remarks in the initial Iowa statement were not directed

toward the newly presented data and should not be interpreted as

such.


It is recognized that quantitative biological sampling in a large

river is difficult because of the habitat variety and that the

shifting substrate which is typical of a large portion of the

Missouri River,  is unproductive biologically.  The value of an

artificial substrate sampler is also recognized as providing a

quantitative estimate of numbers and kinds of biota.


Assuming that the numbers of organisms found at each of the three

stations in the Sioux City area were obtained from equal numbers

of substrate samplers, we would be in agreement that there is some

evidence of biological degradation below the Sioux City discharge.

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                                                               655
                            -2-
Whether this degradation at Station 723 is "severe" as stated by

the FWPCA is debatable because species diversity in addition to

total numbers of organisms is important as an indicator of biologi-

cal quality.  Although the number of pollution sensitive organisms

was considerably decreased at station 723, the diversity or kinds

of pollution sensitive organisms had not changed.

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APPENDIX A

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                                               APPENDIX A
        WATER  QUALITY CRITERIA

                   AND

PLAN FOR  IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT

                FOR  THE

        SURFACE WATERS OF IOWA
              ADOPTED BY
                  THE
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL  COMMISSION
      STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
              DES MOINES
               MAY 1967
        (Revised June 1,  1968)

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                  FOREWORD
The Water Quality Criteria and Plan for Implemen-
tation and Enforcement for the Surface Waters of
Iowa was originally prepared for and submitted to
the Department of the Interior in May, 1967.

Since that time, the numerous requests received
from consulting engineers, educators and the
general public have necessitated the publication
of this revised edition.

The Criteria and Plan have been left unchanged.
However, Table 11 has been updated to June 1, 1968.

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The Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, signed into
law on October 2, 1965, required all states to de-
velop water quality standards for the interstate
streams within their state boundaries.

Revisions to the Iowa Water Pollution Control Law
effective July 1965 established the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission and the authority for
adoption of water quality standards.  The law pro-
vided the Commission with the authority to adopt,
"such reasonable quality standards for any waters
of the state	," and to "develop comprehensive
plans and programs for the prevention, control and
abatement of new, increasing, potential or existing
pollution of the waters of the state."

After conducting seven public hearings throughout
the state, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
adopted the Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria Rules
and Regulations on February 28, 1967.  The Rules and
Regulations were approved by the Attorney General
of the State of Iowa on March 6, 1967 and by the
Legislative Departmental Rules Review Committee on
March 17, 1967.  They were filed with the Secretary
of State on March 20, 1967, and as provided by law,
became effective 30 days thereafter.

The Implementation and Enforcement Plan for the
Surface Water Quality Criteria was adopted by the
Commission on May 26, 1967.  The Surface Water
Quality Criteria and the Implementation and
Enforcement Plan have been combined and are called
the Iowa Surface Water Quality Standards.  The
Standards as presented are the result of a joint
effort of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
and the Iowa State Department of Health to abate
pollution of the waters of the State of Iowa

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                TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Section I-General 	   1
   A. Topography	   1
   B. Hydrology   	   1
   C. Flow Regulation & Augmentation  	   2
   D. Present & Future Uses - Iowa Waters	   4
   E. Population	   5
Section II - Surface Water Criteria 	   7
   A. Discussion of Criteria  	   7
       1.  General Policy Considerations  	   7
       2.  General Criteria 	   8
       3.  Specific Criteria  	   9
           a.  Public Water Supply  	   9
           b.  Aquatic Life	11
           c.  Recreation	  11
   B. Surface Water Quality Criteria  	  13
   C. CSmpatability with adjoining states 	  17
Section III Implementation & Enforcement Plans  ....  19
   A. Statutory Autority  	  19
       1.  Statutes	19
       2.  Rules & Regulations	21
   B. Enforcement Procedures  	  22
   C. Surveillance Program  	  23
       1.  Operation reports  	  23
       2.  Plant & operation surviellance 	  25
       3.  Stream Surviellance  	  27
           a.  Existing program   	  27
           b.  Proposed program   	  28
       4.  Existing water quality 	  29
   D. Pollution Control Programs  	  30
       1.  Municipal & Industrial Waste Treatment ...  30
           a.  Significant pollution sources  	  30
           b.  Compliance with water quality  	  30
           c.  Construction schedules 	  32
       2.  Combined Sewer Overflow  	  33
       3.  Agricultural waste waters  	  33
       4.  Waste from boats and marinas	36
Section IV Public Hearings  	  37
Tables
   1.  Low-Flow-10 year Recurrence  	  39
   2.  Public Water Supplies  	  41
   3.  Streams-Aquatic Life..Warm Water Areas 	  43
   4.  Natural Lakes-Aquatic Life Warm Water Area ...  45
   5.  Artifical Lakes-Aquatic Life Warm Water Area .   .  47
   6.  Aquatic Life - Cold Water Areas	49

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS
                        (continued)
Tables...continued..
     7.  Recreation Areas-Streams Impoundments & Lakes ..51
     8.  Surface Water Sampling Stations-ABS-Pesticides-
         Radioactivity	53
     9.  Surface Water Sampling Stations-Public Water
         Supplies-Major Cities	55
    10.  Chemical Quality - Iowa Streams	57
    11.  Status Waste Treatment Facilities	59
         Mississippi River Basin
         Missouri River Basin
    12.  Municipal Sewerage Systems	83

Figures
     1.  Monthly Coliform Average - Iowa River	85
     2.  MPN Frequency Distribution - Iowa River	87
     3.  Raccoon River Coliform Study	89

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                     SECTION I
                      GENERAL
A.  TOPOGRAPHY OF IOWA

Iowa is situated in the Upper Mississippi River drainage
basin, bounded on the east by the Mississippi River and on
the west by the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers.  In general
the surface shows but slight relief with the highest point
in the northwest corner (1,675 feet) and the lowest point
in the southeast corner (480 feet).

The entire state is drained by either the Mississippi
River or its tributary, the Missouri River.  The drainage
areas are 38,860 and 17,379 square miles respectively.

Iowa streams entering the Mississippi River flow in a
general course from northwest to southeast.  The major
drainage basins are long and narrow and have fairly regular
outlines with the lateral boundaries tending to be parallel.

The stream drainage basins which drain into the Missouri
River are also relatively long and narrow and extend from
the northeast to the southwest.  They lie nearly perpendicular
to those streams tributary to the Mississippi River.

B.  HYDROLOGY
A seven-day, ten-year low flow has been selected to
recognize the variability of Iowa stream flows in the
aoplication of water quality criteria and in the economic
analysis and evaluation of treatment requirements.  There
also exists a tremendous variability in Iowa streams with
reasonably well sustained low flows, from ground water,
in northeast Iowa and decreasing progressively to the
south and west portions of Iowa.  A review of Table 1,
taken from Low Flow Characteristics of Iowa Streams,
Bulletin No. 9, Iowa Natural Resources Council 1958, shows
this variation quite clearly.

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                        — 2 —

HYDROLOGY	continued

With the exception of upland portions and minor  trib-
utaries the northeast Iowa basins including the  Iowa-
Cedar basins have seven-day, ten-year low flow values
in the range of 0.04 to 0.08 cubic  feet per second  (cfs)
per square mile.  The remainder of  the streams in the
state, south and west of the Iowa-Cedar basins,  have
very poor low flow characteristics.  No stream in this
area of the state has a flow above  0.01 cfs per  square
mile, for the seven-day, ten-year low flow magnitude.
Many streams have less than one-half this value.

For a specific example, the seven-day, ten-year  low
flow for the Cedar River at Cedar Rapids is compared
in the following table, to the Des  Moines River  at
Boone which has a comparable drainage area.
Drainage
Area
Sq. Miles
Yield
cf s/sq.
mile
10 year-
7-day
Flow-cfs
Cedar River at Cedar Rapids       6510    0.047       306
Des Moines River at Boone         5511    0.0065       36

For an equivalent drainage of 6510 square miles, the
Des Moines River basin would yield 42 cfs as compared
to 306 cfs for the Cedar River or only one-seventh of
the comparable flow of the Cedar River.  A similar
comparison indicates that the Upper Iowa River has a
seven-day ten-year low flow approximately 200 times
that of the Skunk River at Ames, with somewhat compar-
able drainage areas.

C.   FLOW REGULATION AND AUGMENTATION

The Surface Water Quality Criteria for the waters of
the State of Iowa are related to and affected by the
existing flows in the streams.  It is, therefore,
important that governmental controls be exercised
where applicable to maintain adequate flows in these
streams.

The Iowa  Natural Resources Council,  the state agency
responsible for administering the water use permit
system,  has adopted a policy that water use permits

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                          -3-

FLOW REGULATION AND AUGMENTATION...continued

will not be granted for the withdrawal of water for
consumptive use which will reduce the flow in the stream
below a given amount.  The cut-off point below which no
consumptive withdrawals can be made is generally much
higher than the seven-day, ten-year low flow used as a
basis for the Water Quality Criteria application.

The principal consumptive uses from streams that are
being regulated are withdrawals for supplemental irri-
gation and for filling of off-stream reservoirs.

When deemed necessary to protect downstream uses, storage
permits require the release of that portion of the natural
flow into the reservoir that is required to prevent material
damage to downstream uses.  In special circumstances,
installation of facilities for the release of certain
minimum flow is included in the storage permit.

Soil conservation and soil management programs controlling
farmland runoff tend to increase ground water reserves,
thereby augmenting low flow when the main source of flow
is ground water.  With increasing soil management programs
this effect might be further realized in the future.

The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission endorses the
flow regulation policies of the Natural Resources Council
and all other programs designed to prevent soil erosion
and retain farmland runoff and therefore maintain a greater
flow in the state streams.  Maintenance of higher flows
in streams will provide for additional beneficial uses
to be supplied by these streams.

A number of multiple purpose reservoirs have been construct-
ed or authorized in Iowa.  These will generally provide
benefits for flood control, water quality control, water
supply, recreation, and fish and wild life.  Reservoirs
presently constructed or planned with storage for water
quality control will benefit only four major cities.

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                         -4-
D.  PRESENT AND FUTURE USES OF IOWA WATERS

The surface waters of the state are currently being used
in the following ways:  municipal water supply, indust-
rial water supply, livestock watering, fish propogation,
recreation, wildlife habitat and..irrigation.

These uses are relatively uniform throughout the state.
The use of these stream resources -for their full poten-
tial is hampered mainly because of the great variability
of flow and high turbidities occuring in these streams
during certain times of the year.

Currently there are 39 municipalities using surface
water sources for public water supply use.  It is not
anticipated that new surface water supplies will be
developed in the near future although it is expected
that eventually seme municipalities may need to change
from underground soirecee to more adequate surface
supplies.

The demand for increasing the fishery resources through-
out the state will be constantly enlarged due to the
emphasis put on outdoor recreation and also the increas-
ing amount of leisure time available.  Fisheries in Iowa
have been considerably restricted due to heavy siltation
and variable flows in the majority of Iowa streams.
Enhancement of the fishery resources by stream and land
management will, in itself, increase the demand for this
resource.

Activities enhanced by water are camping, hiking and
picnicking.  The principal water based recreational
activities are fishing and boating.  Water skiing and
swimming is generally limited to natural lakes and
impoundments created by dams, including tha Mississippi
River and swimming is generally limited to the artificial
lakes.  The demand for recreational use of surface
water is increasing and it is anticipated that the
demand will be met by construction of artificial impound-
ments.

All surface waters of the state are used at least to a
limited extent for livestock watering and wildlife pro-
pogation.  Presently agricultural use is basically live-
stock watering with limited supplemental irrigation
practiced.

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                          -5-
E.  POPULATION

Iowa's population has been increasing at a substantially
slower tate than the national population since 1900.
Because of farm consolidation and mechanization, many
rural trade centers have lost population and trade
volume, and the larger urban centers have experienced
growth in population and in service and manufacturing
employment.  Population and employment projections
indicate eastern Iowa will experience the greatest
growth in these areas.

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                          -7-
                       SECTiON  II

           IOWA SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

A.  DISCUSSION OF CRITERIA

The Iowa Water Pollution  Control Commission, pursuant
to authority granted  in Section 455B.9  and 455B.13, Code
of Iowa 1966, has adopted Rules and Regulations govern-
ing Surface Water Quality Criteria for  the State of Iowa.
These criteria of water quality are intended as guides
for determining the suitability of surface waters  in
the State  of Iowa for  various  uses, and to aid decision
making in  the establishment of waste control measures.

Following  is a discussion of the Water  Quality Criteria
which is presented in  paragraph B of this Section.  The
discussion is divided  into sections corresponding  to
those of the Rules and Regulations.

1-Sec. 2^.1 General Policy Considerations

The surface waters of  Iowa have been classified as to
designated legitimate  uses by  the Water Pollution  Control
Commission.  The classifications of Iowa Waters are found
in tables  2,  3, 4, 5,  6 and 7  listing the public surface
water supplies, streams and lakes, designated as fishing
areas, and lakes and impoundments designated as recreation
areas.  Table 11 in Section III enumerates the water use
criteria at the municipal and  industrial waste discharge
points.

The water quality for  the designated uses will comply with
the criteria at:

      1.  The raw water intake for Public Water Supply Use.
      2.  All points in the stream from the mouth up to
          the designated  cutoff point as well as all
          artificial and  natural lakes  for Aquatic Life Use.
      3.  All points in the recreation pool for Recreation
          Use.

Sampling to determine  conformance to these criteria shall
be done at sufficient  distances downstream from waste dis-
charge points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents
with the surface waters.  In the performance of tests or
analytical determinations to determine  compliance with  the
established surface water criteria, samples will be collected
at such locations, times,  frequencies,   and in such a manner
as approved by the Commission.

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                          -8-

l-Sec.2,1 General Policy Considerations..continued

The collection, preservation, and testing of samples
will be made in conformance with the methods given in
the latest edition of "Standard Methods of the Examin-
ation of Water and Sewage."  Where more than one method
is prescribed, that method designated by the Commission
shall be used.  Any methods deviating from those pre-
scribed must be approved by the Commission.

2._, Sec. 2.^2 General Criteria

The General Criteria shall apply to all water courses
and lakes at all times.  For designated water use areas,
the General Criteria will be supportive to the specific
criteria applicable to these areas.  Where a surface
water has not been designated for a specific water use,
these criteria will govern.  The General Criteria shall
be interpreted to mean that no raw or treated wastes,
attributable to municipal, industrial or other sources,
shall be discharged into any waters of the state which
will produce putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge
deposits, floating debris, oil slicks, scum, odors, color,
chemical  concentrations or combinations to such a degree
as to be detrimental or harmful to legitimate downstream
water uses.

In general, those small intermittent streams experienc-
ing low or zero flows or which cannot under natural
conditions support a permanent fish population, will
have their quality governed by the General Criteria.
It is the intent of the General Criteria to protect the
water quality in these areas for the letitimate uses
to which they are presently being used.  Legitimate uses
in this category are those such as« irrigation, live-
stock watering, wildlife propogation, etc.  To protect
these uses on low flow streams, the wastes will be
given the highest practicable degree of treatment with-
out respect to dilution in order to prevent the develop-
ment of nuisance or health problems below the discharge.
The requirements are such that the effluent will be
suitable for limited downstream use.  Treatment less
than secondary will not be accepted unless  it can be
shown that the legitimate uses can be protected with
a lesser degree of treatment.

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                          — 9—

3. Sec. 2.3 Specific Criteria for Designated Water Uses

The criteria in this subsection apply to the water use
areas designated by the Water Pollution Control Commission.
The designation has been made by the Commission with the
advice and assistance of the Iowa Natural Resources Council,
State Conservation Commission, State Department of Health,
public hearing testimony, the faculties of the three state
universities and other interested parties.  The designation
does not limit beneficial uses or prohibit beneficial uses
other than those listed.

The minimum weekly flow which occurs once in ten years
shall be used as the design parameter to determine the
degree of treatment necessary to protect the specific
water use.  Flow will be based on a statistical analysis
of existing flow data, if such data are available.  This
specific surface water criteria shall be met at all times
when the flow exceeds the ten year low flow.  When the
flow is less, the municipality or industry shall not be
held responsible for lower stream quality when their
waste effluent is receiving the necessary degree of treat-
ment or control to comply with criteria at the ten-year
low flow.

The extreme variability of low flow at the seven-day
ten-year magnitudes in Iowa streams has been given
consideration in the application of the criteria to
designated water areas.  The natural water quality may
be degraded naturally by the aquatic environment at these
low flows.  It must be recognized that at the selected
low flow probability, many municipalities in central,
southern and western Iowa will be discharging treated
municipal waste water into essentially dry streams.

a.  Public Water Supply

This criteria has been developed to protect the quality of
the influent raw water for the 39 existing surface water
supplies and will be applied to any future supplies.  The
designated surface waters where the Public Water Supply
Criteria apply are listed in Table 2.

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                         -10-
a. Public Water Supply...continued....

Numerical bacterial limits have not been specified
because of the following reasons:

1.  The Standard Coliform organisms found in streams
are not specific for human sources but members of this
group are found in enteric discharges of warm-blooded
animals, and in the guts of cold-blooded animals, in
soils and in many plants.

2.  Bacterial studies have shown that commonly accept-
able coliform levels have been greatly exceeded in
the absence of wastes attributable to human sources.

If a stream contains coliforms that are of a domestic
sewage origin one might expect the most probable number
(MPN) to vary inversely with the dilution capacity of
the stream and that high MPN values would be expected
during the dry seasons.  A long term coliform study on
the Iowa River at Iowa City, beginning in 1950, indi-
cates high bacterial densities are associated with
high stream flows and turbidity.  Due to intense farm-
ing in the drainage basin, each snow melt or rainfall
carries into the river large quantities of silt and
apparently large number of coliform organisms from the
agricultural land.  Sanitary sewage is not considered
a significant factor since the nearest town is approx-
imately 30 miles upstream.

Figure 1 illustrates the pattern, on a monthly average
basis, of the direct relationship of increasing stream
flows accompanied by increases in both turbidity and
coliform density.  Figure 2 indicates that the monthly
coliform MPN average is less than 5000 per 100 m/1 about
46% of the months samples, both before and after impound-
ment above the supply in 1958.

Much data are available from other studies and sources
to substantiate the influence of land runoff on coliform
densities.  Figure 3 includes additional data.

For the above reasons, the Commission has specified that
a sanitary survey be conducted with the results being"
evaluated according to the particular situation investi-
gated.

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                         -11-

a. Public Water Supply...continued

When  a  source of coliform bearing waste which can be
feasibly controlled is  affecting the suitability of a
water supply the Commission may use the following values
as a guide: Coliform organisms are not to exceed a MPN
or MF of 5000/100 ml as  a monthly average value, nor to
exceed  this value in more than 20% of the samples examined
during  any one month nor to exceed 20,000/100 ml in more
than 5% of the samples examined in any one month.  This
value may be used as a guide until suitable indices can
be developed.

b.  Aquatic Life

In the  classification of surface waters, all lakes and
perennial streams capable of supporting a permanent fish
population have Seen designated for Aquatic Life Use.

These areas have been designated by the Water Pollution
Control Commission with the advice and assistance of the
Iowa State Conservation Commission and others.  The warm
water areas are those streams and stream reaches delineated
in Table 3 and the natural and artificial lakes listed
in Tables 4 and 5.

The cold water areas are those waters designated by the
Commission as trout streams and are those which are annual-
ly stocked with trout on a "put and take" basis, by the
State Conservation Commission.  These areas are listed in
Table 6 which is a summary of the current "Guide to Iowa
Trout Waters" published by the State Conservation Commission.

The criteria list only those factors which appear to be of
utmost importance to the preservation of a well-balanced
fish population.  However,  all other waste constituents
that are determined harmful to the stream aquatic life
will also be subject to control by the Commission.

c.  Recreation

The recreational use criteria are designed to reasonably
protect surface waters where the whole body contact sports
of swimming and water skiing are concentrated during the
recreational season.

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                         -12-

c.  Recreation...continued

Use of lakes and streams constitute a much greater
drowning hazard to the swimmer than the supervised
swimming pool due to the lack of water clarity,
presence of hidden obstructions or strong currents,
but it is the intent to provide a reasonable bacterial
water quality for the natural bathing areas.

Information provided from other state agencies, present-
ations at the public hearings, etc., was used by the
Commission to designate the Recreation Use areas on
lakes and Federal impoundments.  These areas are listed
in Table 7.  The Recreational Use areas have also been
classified for Aquatic Life Use since these two uses
are closely related to each other and require a high
quality of water.

No numerical values have been specified for bacterial
limits since studies have shown high bacterial concentra-
tions associated with land runoff, and public health
studies to date have shown little direct correlation
between coliform concentrations and water-borne diseases.
Supportive data collected from Iowa streams showing high
background coliform counts are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Where a controllable waste discharge is the proven source
of increased bacterial concentrations, the Commission may
use the following as a guide:  The arithmetical mean
coliform density is not to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml as
a monthly average nor exceed this value in more than 20%
of the samples in any one month nor exceed 2,400/100 ml
in any one sample.  This value will be used as a guide
until suitable indices can be developed.

Where a significant coliforn or other bacterial increase
in a designated Recreation Use Area can be identified
with a controllable waste discharge, chlorination or
other control procedures to reduce the bacterial concen-
tration below the guide limits may be required.

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                          '13-
B. SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

The following rule and regulation was adopted by the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission on February 28, 1967.

       IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
                RULES AND REGULATIONS
               WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Pursuant to the authority of sections 455B.9 and 455B.13,
Code of Iowa, 1966, the water quality standards found in
the July, 1966, Supplement, Iowa Departmental Rules, page
70, are hereby amended by adding the following to Chapter 1.

   Section 1.2.  (455B) Surface water quality criteria.

     1.2(1) General policy considerations.  Surface waters
are to be evaluated according to their ability to support
the legitimate (beneficial) uses to which they can feasibly
be adapted, and this specific designation of quality areas
shall be done by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.

       Sampling to determine conformance to these criteria
shall be done at sufficient distances downstream from waste
discharge points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents
with the surface waters.

     1.2(2)  General criteria. The following criteria are
applicable to all surface waters at all places and at all
times:

     a.  Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges that will settle to form
putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits;

     b.  Free from floating debris,  oil, scum and other
floating materials attributable to municipal, industrial
or other discharges in amounts sufficient to be unsightly
or deleterious;

     c.  Free from materials attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges producing color, odor or
other conditions in such degree as to be detrimental to
legitimate uses of water;

     d.  Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges in concentrations or
combinations which are detrimental to human, animal.

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                          -14-

B. Surface Water Quality Criteria....continued

industrial, agricultural, recreational, aquatic or other
legitimate uses of the water.

    1.2(3)  Specific Criteria for designated water uses.
The following criteria are applicable at flows greater
than the lowest flow for seven consecutive days which
can be expected to occur at a frequency of once every
ten years.

      a.  Public water supply.  The following criteria
for surface water quality apply to the point at which
water is withdrawn for treatment and distribution as
a potable supply:

         (1)  Bacteria:  Waters shall be considered to
be of unsatisfactory bacteriological quality as a source
when:

      A sanitary survey indicates the presence or
probability of the presence of sewage or other object-
ionable bacteria-bearing wastes or

      A bacteriological survey using coliform or other
appropriate indices indicates bacteriological concentra-
tions significantly higher than those normally found or
expected in these waters when free from pollution
by. sewage,

         (2)  Radioactive substances:  Gross beta activity
(in the known absence of strontium - 90 and alpha emitters)
not to exceed 1000 micro-micro-curies per liter.

         (3)  Chemical constituents:  Not to exceed the
following concentrations:

              Specific Constituents (mg/1)

Arsenic                0.05        Cyanide       0.025
Barium                 1.0         Fluoride      1.5
Cadmium                0.01        Lead          0.05
Chromium(hexavalent)   0.05        Phenols       0.02

      All substances toxic or detrimental to humans or
detrimental to treatment processes shall be limited to
nontoxic or nondetritnental concentrations in the surface
water.

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                         -15-

      b.  Aquatic life.  The following criteria are
designed for the maintenance and propagation of a well-
balanced fish population.  They are applicable to any
place in surface waters but cognizance will be given to
opportunities for admixture of waste effluents with
such waters.

         (1)  Warm water areas.  Dissolved oxygen:  Not
less than 5.0 tng/1 during at least 16 hours of any 24-
hour period and not less than 4.0 mg/1 at any time during
the 24-hour period.

         pH:  Not less than 6.8 nor above 9.0.

         Temperature:  Not to exceed 93°F during the months
of May through November, and not to exceed 73°F during the
months of December through April.

         Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the follow-
ing concentrations:

             Specific constituents (mg/1)

    Ammonia Nitrogen (N)     2.0   *Copper       0.02
    *Arsenic                 1.0    Cyanide      0.025
    *Barium                  5.0   *Lead         0.10
    *Cadium                  0.05   Phenols      0.20
    *Chromium(hexavalent)    0.05  *Zinc         1.0
    *Chromium(trivalent)     1.00

    *A maximum of 5.0 mg/1 for the entire heavy metal
group shall not be exceeded.

    All substances toxic or detrimental to aquatic life
shall be limited to nontoxic or non-detrimental concen-
trations in the surface water.

         (2)  Cold water areas.  All criteria stated for
warm water areas apply to cold water areas except as
follows:

         Dissolved oxygen:  Not less than 7.0 mg/1 during
at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period nor less than 5.0
mg/1 at any time during the 24-hour period.

         Temperature:  No greater than 70°P.

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                         -16-

      c.  Recreation.  The following criteria are appli-
cable to any waters used for recreational activities
involving whole body contact such as swimming and water
skiing:

         (1)  Bacteria:  Waters shall be considered to be
of unsatisfactory bacteriological quality for the above
recreational use when:

         A sanitary survey indicates the presence or
probability of the presence of sewage or other objection-
able bacteria-bearing wastes or

      A bacteriological survey using coliform or other
appropriate indices indicates bacteriological concentra-
tions significantly higher than those normally found or
expected in these waters when free from pollution by
sewage.

These rules are intended to implement sections 455B.9 and
455B.13, Code of Iowa, 1966.

These rules shall become effective as provided in Chapter
17A of the Code after filing in the office of the Secretary
of State after review by the Departmental Rules Review
Committee.

EXAMINED AND APPROVED
DATE
/s/ '
         March 6, 1967
     JFred Henderickson
ATTORNEY GENERAL
DATE ADOPTED  February.23, 1967
/s/  Robert Buckmaster	
DEPARTMENT HEAD
REVIEWED AND APPROVED
DATE
         March 17.1967
/s/  Adolph W,_Elver.3_
CHAIRMAN, DEPARTMENTAL RULES
REVIEW COMMITTEE

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C.  COMPATABILITV WITH ADJOINING STATES

Notices of public hearings and proposed water quality
data for Iowa streams were submitted to the adjoining
states of Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Illinois arid Missouri.  Representatives from Minnesota
attended one hearing, Illinois - two hearings, and
Missouri - two hearings.  Oral and written statements
were presented at the hearings.

The content and general requirements of the standards
were discussed at specific meetings with the states
of Illinois and Missouri as early as December 1965.
Correspondence and discussion have been carried on with
all adjoining states.

Iowa representatives attended one hearing in Wisconsin,
two in Illinois and two in Missouri and oral and written
statements regarding general consistency and compatability
of the criteria were submitted.  The water quality criteria
and uses for the common waters between Illinois and Iowa
are identical.  The entire Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission attended one hearing in Illinois.

Reasonable agreement has also been reached with all
states as to the water uses to be made of common inter-
state waters.

Following study of the testimony submitted at the public
hearing the Commission ammended a number of the water
quality criteria parameters.  The phenol concentration
was increased to a more attainable and realistic figure
and the cyanide concentration for the public water
supply used was reduced to correspond to the aquatic
life concentration.  The temperature limit for the
warm water areas was reduced slightly to 93° as a more
generally accepted figure and provision was made to
prevent extreme temperature changes.

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                          -19-

                       SECTION III

          IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT PLAN
Ob.iectj.ye

The purpose of the plan  is  to provide  a  means by which
the water quality criteria  can  be  enforced and the quality
of surface waters protected and enhanced for  beneficial
uses.  The plan has been developed to  protect all surface
waters and not only interstate  waters  as required by the
Federal Water Quality Act of 1965.

A.  STATUTORY AUTHORITY

The Water Pollution Control Cornnsission and the State
Department of Health make use of the following authority
to control or abate pollution of the surface  waters of
the state.

1.  STATUTES

.Iowa.. Wa ter
Specific statutory authority for the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission for adoption and enforcement of water
quality criteria is found in Chapter 455B/ Code of Iowa,
1966.  Exerpts of the law pertaining to the authority
follow:

4jL5j3._3.  There is hereby created and established the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission.  The Commission is
established as an agency of the state government to
prevent, abate, or control the pollution of the waters
of the state.

45 5B j&  The Commission is hereby given and charged with
the following powers and duties:

     1.  The Commission through the State Department of
Health shall have general supervision over administration
and enforcement of all laws relating to the pollution of
any water of the state, except as provided in Section 135.11
of the Code.

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                         -20-

1.  Statutes...continued

     2.  To develop a comprehensive plan and program
for the prevention, control and abatement of new,
increasing, potential or existing pollution of the
waters of the state.

     3.  The Commission may cause the State Department
of Health to conduct investigations....

     4.  To adopt, modify, or repeal such reasonable
quality standards for any waters of the state in re-
lation to the public uee to which they are or may be
put as it shall deem necessary for the purposes of
this Act.

     6.  To direct the State Department of Health to
issue, revoke or modify permits	.for the discharge
of sewage, .... or for the installation or operation
of disposal systems....

     8.  To prescribe rules and regulations....

     9.  The Commission shall cooperate with other
state or interstate water pollution control agencies
in establishing standards, objectives, or criteria
for quality of interstate waters. . . .

45SB.10.  The State Department of Health shall conduct
such investigations as may be necessary to carry out
the provisions of the Act.

455B.11  The State Department of Health in accordance
with the direction and policies of the Commission may
issue, modify, or revoke such orders as may be required
for the prevention or discontinuance of the discharge
of sewage,industrial waste or other waste in any waters
of the state resulting in pollution in excess of the
applicable quality standard....

Iowa State Department of Health

Section 135.11, paragraph 7, Code of Iowa, requires that
the State Department of Health shall "make inspections
of ...., sewer systems, sewage treatment plants,....
and direct the method of installation and operation
of the same."

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                           -21-

Mandatorv Certification

Chapter 136A, Code of Iowa, 1966, is an act to certify all
public Water Supply Systems and Waste Water Treatment
Systems and require the examination of operators and cert-
ification of their competency to supervise the operation
of these facilities.

Miscellaneous Statutory Provisions

Section 732.3 declares that it is unlawful to throw any
dead animal, night soil, or garbage into any river, well,
spring, cistern, reservoir, stream or pond or in or upon
any land adjoining which is subject to overflow.

Section 657.2(4) declares it is a nuisance to corrupt or
render unwholesome or impure the water of any stream,
river or pond.

2.  RULES AND REGULATIONS

Rules and Regulations have been approved as authorized by
the statutes and have the full effect of law.

Municipal.Effluent Standard

This rule requires that no municipality shall discharge
any sewage to the waters of the state without effective
removal of floatable and settleable solids as the minimum
degree of treatment.

Surface Water Quality Criteria

This rule and regulation is discussed and given in
Section II,  Paragraphs A and B.

Records of Operation of Waste Disposal Systems

This joint rule of the Water Pollution Control Commission
and State Department of Health requires all owners of
waste disposal systems to submit monthly operation reports
to the State Department of Health.

Certification of Water Supply System and Waste Water
Treatment Plant Operators

This rule of the State Department of Health classifies waste
water treatment plants and establishes operator education and
experience qualifications.

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                          -22-

B.  ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES

To accomplish pollution abatement four different methods
of action can be instigated by the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission to abate pollutional conditions:

1.  The Commission may direct the State Department of
Health to conduct an investigation of alleged pollution.
If the Commission finds that pollution exists, a
negotiation meeting is arranged between the Commission
and the alleged polluter.  If agreeable to both parties,
a time schedule of pollution abatement is arranged and
a consent order is drawn by the Commission and signed
by both parties.

If a satisfactory agreement as to a construction time
schedule cannot be reached between the Commission and
the alleged pollutor, a hearing is ordered by the
Commission as provided by law.  If the evidence presented
indicates that pollution does exist,  the Commission
issues an order to abate the pollution within a reason-
able period of time.

2.  If a municipality is discharging raw or inadequately
treated wastes to a state water, the Commission notifies
the municipality that they are in violation of the state
effluent standard requiring a minimum removal of settle-
able and floatable solids.  A negotiation proceeding or
hearing follows as in the first method except that an
investigation is not required.

3.  If a municipality or industry is operating a waste
treatment plant which is in violation of a permit issued
by the Health Department for its installation, the State
Department of Health initiates legal action through the
Attorney General's Office.  The Attorney General notifies
the municipality or industry to take appropriate action
to comply with the stipulations of the permit.

4.  The permit provision of the law provides that permits
for extensions to existing sewer systems can also be
denied where a condition of pollution already exists
below the outlet, unless active planning is underway
for the installation of treatment facilities.

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                         -21-

C.  SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS

Routine monitoring of waste discharges will be accomp-
lished in three ways:  (1) operation reports,  (2) plant
and operation surveillance, (3) stream surveillance.

1.  Operation Reports;  Rules and Regulations have been
adopted which require monthly submittal of operation
reports by all owners of waste disposal systems which
discharge sewage or wastes into any waters of the state.
where practicable the Commission will require the larger
treatment facilities to initiate a downstream sampling
program.

Five different operation report forms are now being used.
These are differentiated according to the type of waste
disposal system:

               WWTR I     Waste Stabilization Lagoon
               WWTR II    Imhoff and Trickling Filter
               WWTR III   Trickling Filter..Separate
                          Sludge Digestion
               WWTR IV    Extended Aeration
               WWTR V     Industrial Lagoon

Checking the data and actual monitoring of the waste
disposal plant will be done by data processing equip-
ment.  The equipment to be used is the state's IBM 360-40
computer,  which is to be replaced by a 360-65 in the
future.  On order,  but not yet received,  is an IBM 360-20
computer which will be used more directly by the Health
Department.

A description of the computer monitoring process follows:

Each incorporated city or town has been given a code
number according to alphabetical listing.  All waste
producers in the locale of a municipality have been
given the town number.  The waste producers are further
classified as to type:

     1.  Municipality       5.  Recreational
     2.  Industry           6.  Commercial
     3.  Mobile Home        7.  Sanitary District
     4.  School

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                          -24-

 1.  Operation Reports...continued

 The discharge of the waste is further classified as to:

   1.  Treated to City Sewer       5.  Raw to Another
   2.  Untreated to City  Sewer         Municipality
   3.  Treated to State Waters     6.  Raw to a Sanitary
   4.  Untreated to State Waters       District
                                   7.  No recognized
                                       Sewer System

 Explanation of Card Information:

   Card 1.  Plant location information and design data.
   Card 2.  Operator in direct responsibility number,
            type of treatment and construction and
            improvement data.
   Card 3.  Status of the plant according to Commission
            actions with  orders and time schedule for
            pollution abatement.
   Card 4.  Permits for sewer extensions with sizes and
            lengths.
   Card 5.  Operational data required and limits set
            on parameters.

The computer will check on each plant according to:

     1.  Receipt of operation report.
     2.  Compliance of submitting required data.
     3.  Data complying with loading or effluent limits
         established.

Eeery treatment plant requiring operation reports will
receive a monthly statement acknowledging receipt of
 the report and compliance or ommission of required data.
 It is felt that monthly communication with the operator
 is of prime importance to insure adequate report sub-
mittal.  The statement will also indicate if any of the
parameters have exceeded  the limits established.

Periodically, the computer will check on the plants to
determine if the design parameters are being exceeded.
Action will be initiated  to update the waste treatment
plant with overloaded facilities.  The computer system
will, therefore,  be able  to determine current pollution
 conditions and future pollution due to overloading of
 the plant facilities.  The waste treatment plant owners
will be notified that plant improvements are needed and
encouraged to take appropriate corrective action.

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                         -25-

The base files in the storage system will be continually
updated to provide more adequate information on which
to judge operation and facility adequacy.

2.  Plant and Operation Surveillance;

The plant and operator surveillance programs of the
state are aimed to check the operation, maintenance and
efficiency of the treatment plants and to increase the
competency of the operators in charge of these plants.
To achieve these goals the State Department of Health
has in effect the following programs:

a.  Treatment Plant Inspection

The State Health Department field engineers located in
seven regional offices situated throughout the state
periodically inspect all the waste treatment plants in
the state.  Reports stating the condition of the receiving
stream, plant operation, performance and recommendations
for improvements are transmitted to the responsible muni-
cipal or industry officials.  Pertinent data from this
report will also be used to update the computer records
on each treatment plant.  The regional engineers also
offer advice and assistance to the treatment plant operators
on plant operation procedures, report completion, laboratory
procedures or other problems concerning their plant.

b.  BOP Mai1ing Program

In May of 1967 the State Hygienic Laboratory, in conjunction
with the State Department of Health, began the BOD Mailing
Program.  This program enables BOD samples to be collected
in the field and mailed to the State Hygienic Laboratory
without refrigeration.  To facilitate this procedure
samples are acid fixed directly upon collection and then
neutralized and seeded following return shipment to the
laboratory.  Laboratory studies showed that results were
reproducible  with sufficient accuracy to use the field
BOD samples as a check on the plant effluent strength.

Initally,  the BOD samples will be collected by the treat-
ment plant operators upon receipt of request from the
State Hygienic Laboratory.  Each plant effluent will be
sampled at least four times yearly.  As the program
develops,  the regional engineers will also be equipped to
collect additional samples during their plant surveys to
gain additional data concerning the treatment facilities
and final plant effluent.  A future possibility of the

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                          -26-
BOD Mailing Program if additional personnel and equip-
ment are available, might be to permit treatment plants
to submit BOD samples for analysis on a fee basis.

The laboratory BOD results will be tabulated on a computer
coded card and then stored in the data storage record for
each plant.  The results will be analyzed by the computer
and results compared to previous samples and any limits
placed on the effluent.  The BOD results will be included
in the tnonthly operation report analysis sent to the
plant operator.  The BOD Mailing program will thus facil-
tate the continual monitoring of the waste treatment
plant effluents and check the operational report data
submitted.

c.  Operator Competence

Hand a to r y Ce r t i f i c a t i on - To support the plant operation
surveillance the General Assembly enacted a Mandatory
Certification Law, effective in July 1965.  Operators
in direct responsibility of public waste water treat-
ment plants must be certified.  Education and operation-
al experience and a comprehensive examination are graded
according to the classifiication of the certificate.
Certificates are classified as to complexity, type and
size of plant.  All municipalities have complied.

Operator Basic JTraininct Courses - Basic training courses
have been conducted since 1952 when a Voluntary Certifi-
cation Program was initiated.  With the enactment of
the Mandatory Certification Law six courses for approxi-
mately 30 persons each,  (3 hours per week for 9 weeks)
have been held annually with instruction furnished prim-
arily by the two Universities.  Plans are being developed
for an advanced course for the larger and more complex
plants.

Laboratory Course - Currently a laboratory course for
treatment plant operators is being conducted yearly at
Iowa State University in Ames.  This program will need
expansion and plans are being made to arrange funds
and facilities to meet this need.  Advanced laboratory
control courses and seminar are being planned at the
University of Iowa and the State Hygienic Laboratory.

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                         -27-
Laboratory Course..continued

It is felt that through the mandatory certification
program and the operator training couses, the overall
competence of the operators throughout the state will
be greatly increased.  Increased operational efficiency,
accomplished by operator training will greatly benefit
the State surface waters.

3.  STREAM SURVEILLANCE

a.  Existina program

The State of Iowa is currently carrying on the following
surface water surveillance programs:

Municipal Water Supplies - Currently 29 surface water
sources of municipal water supplies are being surveyed
of which 15 are located on interstate streams.  Samples
are being collected send-annually by local officials
and the following analyses are made by the State Hygienic
Laboratory.

     COD                  NA                 Cl
     Hitrogen cycle       K                  SO^
     Solids               CA                 HCO--CO
     pH                   Mg                 Silica
     Hardness             Pe                 Specific conduct-
     PC^ (Soluble)          Mn                 ance
     PO (Total)           F

     Six stream locations are under surveillance for ABS.

Pesticides  Pesticide surveillance began in 1965 and is
presently being expanded to include smaller streams in
the state.  Currently chlorinated hydrocarbons are being
analyzed at six stream locations.

Radioactivity  Alpha and beta-gamma activity are being
determined on the total, dissolved and suspended solids
of the surface waters at 15 stream locations, 2 lake
locations and 3 impoundments.  These samples are collected
on a monthly schedule.

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                        -28-
W.JP.C. Surveillance Network  River stations are being
sampled generally on a monthly basis for the Water
Quality Surveillance System at Dubuque, Burlington
and Omaha.  Sample Analyses include:  plankton, radio-
activity, delayed incubation membrane coliform tests,
and extensive elemental and compound determinations.

Taste and Odor  The Missouri River Public Water Supply
Association has furnished data on extensive taste and
odor studies relative to the Missouri River.  Studies
were conducted on the Boyer, Soldier, Maple and Missouri
Rivers.

Cedar River research studies on biological precursors of
oderiferous compounds have been in progress since 1961.
The Des Moinss River is also receiving similar surveill-
ance because of "fish taints".  The State Hygienic
Laboratory is conducting the research in conjunction with
the State Conservation Commission, the Iowa State Depart-
ment of Health and the Water Pollution Control Commission.

b.  Proposed program

In addition to the current surveillance programs, the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission plans the addition
of 66 new surface water sampling stations.  The initiation
of these new stations and the frequency of sampling de-
pends upon financing and facilities being made available.
  These proposed stations will survey additional reaches
of streams and the downstream conditions below waste water
treatment plant outlets.  Initially it is proposed that
samples be collected semi-annually with the following
analyses being made:

   BOD       Turbidity    Heavy metals*     *Analysis at
   COD       Temp         F*                 less frequent
   NH^cycle  PH           Phenols*           intervals
   D. O.     PO (Total)    Cyanide*
Solids       PO*(Soluble)

The designated recreational and water supply areas which
are downstream from a significant bacterial waste discharge
will be sampled with the Belp of local participation.

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                        -29-

b.  Proposed program.... continued
Coordination of the Stream Surveillance Program will be
accomplished with other agencies also concerned with
stream quality.  Those agencies are:

            1.  U. S. Geological Survey
            2.  Corps of Engineers
            3.  State Conservation Commission
            4.  State Universities
            5.  Bordering states
            6.  Public water supplies

By law the State Hygienic Laboratory provides laboratory
services for the Commission and the Health Department.
The Laboratory has the facilities and qualified personnel
to perform the necessary analyses required by the state
in its current surface water surveillance program.  How-
ever, expansion of the Laboratory staff and facilities
will most likely be necessary when the proposed surveill-
ance program is initiated.

The locations of the existing and proposed sampling
stations for the various parameters involved in the
surveillance of waters of the state are tabulated in
Tables 8 and 9.

4.  Existing Water Quality

The existing quality of a major portionof Iowa surface
waters is considered satisfactory for the present and
future water uses.  It is the opinion of the Water
Pollution Control Commission that as a minimum effect
the Surface Water Quality Criteria will maintain the
quality of those waters currently in satisfactory condi-
tion and upgrade those waters of lower quality to support
the designated legitimate beneficial uses.

Table 10 is a tabulation of the data from one of the exist-
ing water quality surveillance programs collected over
the past five (5)  years.

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                        -30-

4.   Existing Water Quality....continued

In  addition to  the regular  sampling  stations,  there  has
been extensive  miscellaneous  sampling  in routine pollution
investigations  below municipalities  and also entire
stream  reaches.   These  samplings  have  generally included
pH,  DO, BOD and Coliform MPN.   These data  are  not pre-
sented  since they are not easily  retrievable and because  the
pollutional conditions  have since been or  are  in the process
of  being corrected.

D.   WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS

The following is  a summary of the Water Pollution Control
Commission policies and programs  to  control and abate
pollution:

1.   Municipal and Industrial Waste Treatment

a.   Significant Pollution Sources

A listing of the  significant pollution sources to surface
waters  is shown in Table 11.  This table divided into
the  Mississippi  and Missouri River Basins  lists the
municipalities  and major industries, the type  of treatment
provided, the treatment needs and a  time schedule for
construction of needed  facilities.   These  listings will
change  as new facilities are provided  and  existing facili-
ties depreciate or become overloaded.

This table also lists the downstream water uses which have
been categorized  in the water quality  criteria.  Any
reach of stream not designated  for a specific water  use
will have its water quality governed by the general
criteria.  The  numerical listings represent the follow-
ing  specific water use  criteria:

            1.  Public  water supply  (point of withdrawal)
            2.  Aquatic life - Warm  water  area
            2a. Aquatic life - Cold  water  area
            3.  Recreation
            4.  General Criteria

b.  Compliance with Water Quality Criteria

Table 11 also presents  the best estimate of treatment needs.
All municipalities on interior streams will generally need
secondary treatment and some already have  two stage  filt-
ration or other tertiary treatment furnishing up to
96% BOD removal.

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                        -31-

b.  Compliance with Water Quality Criteria...continued...

At the present time the Missouri River is  in compliance
with the criteria since the water quality  is not degraded
by the discharge of wastes receiving primary treatment
due to dilution presently afforded.  A greater variety
of beneficial water uses on the Mississippi river neces-
sitates coliform reduction in addition to primary treatment.
Generally a lesser degree of treatment than secondary on
these two large streams will not effect the water quality
criteria due to the great dilution available.

The characteristics of a receiving stream, including its
seven-day ten-year probable low flow, will continue to
be used in determining the type of treatment needed.
Treatment less than secondary will not be  accepted on
low flow streams unless it can be shown that legitimate
uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment.

All industries will be required to provide the same
degree of treatment or control that is required of
municipalities on the same reach of the stream.  This
degree of treatment will generally be the equivalent
of secondary treatment.  A more complete inventory of
industrial plants and their pollution producing potential
is underway.

Table 12,  showing the Municipal Sewerage Systems in Iowa
as of December 31, 1966 presents some of the treatment
needs.  97.6% of the sewered population is provided with
treatment facilities and the majority of the remaining
39 communities with a combined population of 42,427 are
under orders to provide treatment.  It will be noted 466
communities out of the total of 944 do not have community
sewer systems.  The majority of these communities are
under 500 population (average 280 pop.)  and do not
present serious pollution problems.  Federal financing
programs have stimulated great interest in sewer systems
and treatment facilities among these small communities.

Knowledge regarding the extent of pollution caused by
nutrients from sewage treatment plants is limited and
may be relatively insignificant compared with nutrients
from land wash.  Further research in both areas is
necessary before considering a time schedule for nutrient
removal.

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                         -32-

b.  Compliance with Water Quality Criteria..continued..

Thermal pollution has not constituted a problem but may
grow important with growing power production and a trend
to very large plants.

Supplemental irrigation is very limited and return flows
create no solids buildup problem.

c.  Construction Schedules

Table 11 indicates the time schedule for the municipality
or industry that has been established by the Water Pollu-
tion Control Commission to bring about compliance with
.the standards.  Contract award dates have been given for
projects where the Commission has given an order to pro-
ceed with pollution abatement.  Project completion dates
have not been set by the Commission due to the great
variability and uncertainty of construction projects.
Projects listed with the July 1, 1972 date will be ex-
pected to have construction underway by that date.  More
specific and earlier time schedules will be established
by the Commission in most instances. If it appears that
there will not be compliance with the construction time
schedules, the Commission will hold a hearing and issue
orders setting up the construction schedule.

As time progresses, additional schedules will be set
according to the available data on stream quality surveys
and monitoring which will be expanded to cover all the
streams of the state where pollution can occur.

A project completion schedule typical of those which have
been negotiated or ordered by the Water Pollution Control
Commission is as follows:

               Orders for pollution abatement
               Preliminary report due in 6 months
               Final design due in 6 months
               Contract award due in 4 months
               Construction completed in 6-24 months

Since nearly all present and future municipal treatment
plant construction will be partially financed by Federal
grant funds, certain time allowances have been incorpor-
ated to allow 'for Federal processing of grant applications
and a review of design plans and specifications.

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                        -33-

 c.   Construction  Schedules..continued...

 Ample  Federal Water  Pollution  Control Administration
 construction grant funds will  be  available  for  all
 projects  on a "first come-first served" basis if
 Congressional appropriations are  made at  authorized
 levels.

 2.   COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

 It has been the policy  of  the  State Department  of Health
 since  1930 not to approve  combined sewer  systems and
 has  recommended a program  of complete separation of
 sanitary  and storm sewers.  Under the Iowa  Water Pollution
 Law, the  overflow from  the combined sewers  is pollution
 and  the Water Pollution Control Commission  has  taken
 the  position of recommending the  separation of  the systems.
 It is  recognized  that separation  is a long  and  costly
 project since the combined systems are located  in the older
 and  larger cities where development has increased their
 replacement costs.   A majority of the cities have accepted
 recommendations to initiate a  sewer separation  program on
 a schedule spaced over  a period of time.

 3.   AGRICULTURAL  WASTEWATERS

 Agricultural pollution  in the  State of Iowa occurs basically
 in three  forms:

            1.  Turbidity from soil erosion
            2.  Toxicity from  agricultural  chemicals
            3.  Wastes  from feedlots

 The  Commission has appointed an Agricultural Advisory
 Committee comprised  of  faculty members from two of the
 State  Universities to assist the  Commission in matters
 relating  to agricultural wastes.  This committee is
 subject to call by the  Commission to study  specific
 agricultural problems and to make recommendations for
 corrective action.   The lack of practicable methods for
 corrective action precludes the setting of a timetable
without further research and technology.

 Soil Erosion

 Currently there is no legislation requiring farmland
 owners and operators to practice soil and water conser-
vation measures which control  farmland runoff.   Soil

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                       -34-

Soil Erosion...continued...

erosion and consequent turbidity in the receiving streams
is an increasing problem  throughout the State of Iowa.
Several factors contribute to the problem of erosion.
Agriculturalists expect at least 18 million acres of
corn and soybeans will be grown in Iowa by 1970, an
increase of 4 million acres over 1964.  To get this
increased acreage, farmers on rolling farm land are
farming their steeper land much more instensively to row
crops than in the past and erosion is accelerated great-
ly.  Less pasture and hay land is needed as dairying
decreases in Iowa, therefore, much of the land formerly
in rotation meadow and pasture is now in row crops.
This reduces the use of strip cropping tremendously.  As
farms get larger, farmers are reluctant to use any con-
servation practices that  slow down planting and caring
for row crops.  Thus the use of contouring, older style
terracing and waterways have been difficult to maintain
and expand.

The State Soil Conservation Committee is carrying on an
active program through its Soil Conservation Districts
to assist landowners and operators in developing soil
conservation plans.  Currently over 60,000 farmers have
developed soil conservation plans for over 12,500,000
farmland acres using the advice and aid of the Soil
Conservation District offices.

The Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture is active  in planning and financing water-
shed programs under Public Law 566 to reduce soil erosion.
Currently 635,000 acres of watershed have been developed
or are under construction and an additional 800,000 acres
are in the planning stages.

Marked results in soil loss reduction have been effected
on lands under soil management programs; however, these
programs cover less than half the farmland acreage.  In
addition, changing farming practices and the trend to-
ward larger farms and machinery as described previously
tend to increase the erosion problem.

The Water Pollution Control Commission endorses the action
of the State Soil Conservation Committee, the Soil Conser-
vation Service and others, and plans to continue to work
with them to further reduce agricultural wastes resulting
from erosion.

-------
                         -35-

Aqricultural Chemicals

With the increasing demand for higher yields, farmers
are increasing the amount of herbicides, pesticides and
fertilizer applications to their lands.  Invariably,
considerable amounts of these chemicals find their way
to the waters of the state.  In sufficient concentration
many of these chemicals can exert a toxic effect upon
the aquatic life present in the receiving water.
Fertilizers of nitrate and phosphate base supply nutrients
which can support undesirable algal populations capable
of producing taste and odors or possible toxic wastes.
The control of these wastes must be in the application
methods and the prevention of farmland runoff.

The state has been monitoring the surface waters since
1965 for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide levels.  Plans
are being made for the expansion of the monitoring
program.

Feedlot Wastes

An increasing potential source of stream pollution is the
waste from sizeable farm feedlots.  Currently there are
100 farms feeding over 1,000 head of cattle, 10 farms
feeding over 2,500 hogs and 2 farms raising over 50,000
chickens.  Although there are few records available re-
garding feedlot waste problems in the state, a few
individual cases indicate that some problems of pollution
do exist.  The increasing concentration of livestock on
fewer farms and the resulting larger operations will
present additional waste disposal problems.

A study committee comprised of three Commission members,
two agricultural engineers and a veterinarian from Iowa
State University was formed in November of 1966 to study
the feedlot waste problem and recommend corrective measures
toward waste control.  The committee advised the Commission
that:

    1.  Feedlots can be a source of considerable stream
        pollution when improperly designed.
    2.  A permit system for large operations may be a
        control measure.
    3.  Education of the feedlot owners may produce
        effective results to control feedlot runoff.
    4.  The control of feedlot wastes could be insti-
        gated through Rules and Regulations of the
        Commission.

-------
                         -36-

Feedlot Wastes...continuedi.*.

As additional information and experience becomes
available providing an effective means of control-
ling feedlot wastes, the Commission will consider and
adopt those measures which  are best suited to control
the pollution problem.

4.  WASTE FROM BOATS AND MARINAS

Wastes from marinas and boats in the opinion of the
Water Pollution Control Commission and the State Con-
servation Commission do not  currently present a serious
pollutional problem to the  state waters.  Representatives
of the State Conservation Commission and State Depart-
ment of Health attended a joint meeting with western
bordering states, concerning marina and boat wastes, to
discuss methods for the prevention of pollution from
these sources.

It is the plan of the Water  Pollution Control Commission
and the State Conservation Commission to initiate legis-
lation in the next General Assembly that would control
marina and boat wastes.  It  is anticipated that the
legislation will require holding tanks which store wastes
from marine toilets for subsequent shore disposal.  Suf-
ficient time will be incorporated in the legislation to
allow existing facilities to comply with the requirements.

-------
                        -37-

                      SECTION IV
                    PUBLIC HEARINGS

 The Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria are designed
 to protect the waters of the state for those present
 and future uses which are most beneficial to the people.
 To accomplish this goal,  the Iowa Water Pollution Control
 Commission developed tentative standards and presented
 these to the  public at seven public hearings throughout
 the state.

 The procedures which the Commission followed to conduct
 the public hearings are outlined and discussed below:

    1.  Hearing Notice

        The Commission distributed 6500 hearing notices
 to all parties interested and affected by the criteria.
Those maim groups which received hearing notices were:
 Agriculture,  Conservation,  Government,  Industry,  and
 Municipalities.    The distribution list is shown in
 Appendix A-l.   The hearing notice contained the follow-
 ing information:

    a.  Hearing locations,  times,  etc.
    b.  Explanation of hearing
    c.  Streams and water  sheds pertaining to each
        hearing location(map)
    d.  Tentative criteria

 A  copy of the  hearing notice  is presented in Appendix  A-2.

    2.   Hearing Advertisement

    The Commission advertised  the  hearing  times  and
 locations in  the  newspapers  of the seven  municipalities
 where the hearings were scheduled in three publications
 at weekly intervals.   The  newspapers and  publication
 dates and copies  of the advertisement  of  the hearings
 are shown in Appendix A-3  and 4 respectively.

    3.   Hearing Proceedings

    At the opening of each  hearing a  Commission  member
 acting as chairman read the opening  statement which  is
 presented in Appendix A-5.  The statement presented  the
 history of  the proposed criteria,  application of  the
 criteria, purpose of the public hearing and  the means  by
 which the criteria  will be enforced.

-------
                       -38-
3.  Hearing Proceedings ... continued...

     All seven public hearings were well attended by a
broad representation of the public interested and affect-
ed by the proposed criteria.  A listing of all those
attending and those who presented oral or written state-
ments is shown in Appendix A-6.  Attendance averaged
over 100 persons per hearing.

     4.  Statements

     Oral and written statements presented at each hearing
expressed the interests of all major groups,  organizations
and individuals.  Tape recordings were made at all hear-
ing locations and a summary of statements presented was
compiled and is presented in Appendix A-7.

Upon completion of the seven hearings the Commission re-
viewed the opinions expressed towards all aspects of the
proposed criteria.  It was felt that much was gained
towards knowledge of public opinion concerning the criteria
and changes that were proposed.

A majority of statements presented were in total agree-
ment with the proposed criteria.  The remaining state-
ments were again in agreement with the criteria with some
exceptions regarding parameters, water uses or classi-
fications .

Upon review of the hearing record and data available
the Commission revised the proposed criteria and adopted
them as the Iowa Surface Water Criteria on February 28,
1967.
*Appendices A-l through A-7 referred to in Section IV
 have been omitted from this copy.

-------
  TABLES
FIGURES

-------
-39-






















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                                                                            -40-
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-------
                                    -41-
                                 TABLE  2
                      Public Surface Water  Supplies
 Lake or Stream Supply

 Municipality

 Adel
 Arnolds Park
 Bedford
 Burlington
 Cedar Rapids
 Clarinda
 Clear Lake
 Council Bluffs
 Davenport
 Des Moines
 Fort Madison
 Glenwood
 Iowa City
 Keokuk
 Lake Park
 Milford
 Okoboji
 Ottumwa
 Panora
 Spirit  Lake
  Source

  Raccoon River
  W. Okoboji  Lake
*102  River
*Mississippi River
*Cedar River
*Nodaway River
  Clear Lake
*Missouri River
*Mississippi River
  Raccoon River
*Mississippi River
 Keg Creek
  Iowa River
*Mississippi  River
  Silver Lake
 W. Okoboji Lake
 W. Okoboji Lake
*Des Moines River
 Raccoon River
 Spirit Lake
Consumption
   MOD

   0.2 mgd
   0.2
   0.15
   5.0
  Standby
   0.5
   0.5
   6.0
  14.0
  30.0
   1.2
   0.1
   4.0
   3.0
   0.1
   0.15
   0.1
   5.0
   0.1
   0.5
 Treatment
 Provided


 F  S  D
     n
 (i    it
 ft  n  n
 «  n  n

 «»    ii
 11    11
 ii  ti  it

 it    ii
 ii  ii  ii
 ii    n

 ii  ii  ii
 it  ii  ii
 ii  it  n
 ii  it  ii
     ii
     it
ii ii ii
ft n !•

II II  II
* Denotes  Interstate  Stream
F - Filtration           S - Softening
                            D - Disinfection
Impoundments
Afton
Albia
Allerton
Blcornfield
Centerville
Chariton
Corning
Corydon
Creston
Fairfield
Greenfield
       Humeston
       Lamoni
       Lenox
       Montezuma
       Mount Ayr
       Osceola
       Seymour
       Tabor

-------
                               TABLE 3
                   AQUATIC LIFE - WARM WATER AREAS
                                 -43-
      Streams

Missouri River Basin

* Chariton River

* Thompson River

* Nodaway River

     E. Nodaway River
     W. Nodaway River
     Mid. Nodaway River

* Nishnabotna River

     E. Nishnabotna River
     W. Nishnabotna River

* Missouri River

Boyer River

* Little Sioux River

     *0cheyedan River
     W. Fk. Little Sioux
     Maple River

* Big Sioux River

     *Rock River

Mississippi River Basin

* Des Moines River

     *E. Fk. Des Moines River
     *W. Fk. Des Moines River
     Middle River
     Raccoon River

          S. Raccoon River
          N. Raccoon River

           M. Raccoon River
     Boone River

Skunk River

     N. Skunk River
     S. Skunk River
            Reach of Stream
Missouri State Line to Bridge on Highway
#65
Missouri State Line to Union County Line

Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nodaway
Nodaway to Highway #148
Nodaway to Morton Hills
Nodaway to Adair County Line

Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nishnabotna
Nishnabotna to Atlantic
Nishnabotna to Avoca

Western Iowa border from Missouri State
Line to Sioux City
Missouri River to Denison

Missouri River to Milford

Little Sioux River to Highway #9
Little Sioux River to Climbing Hill
Little Sioux River to Ida Grove

Missouri River to Minnesota State Line

Big Sioux River to Minnesota State Line
Mississippi River to confluence of East
and West Forks of Des Moines River
Des Moines River to Burt
Des Moines River to Minnesota State Line
Des Moines River to Town of Middle River
Des Moines River to confluence of North
and South Raccoon
Raccoon River to Guthrie Center
Raccoon River to Buena Vista County
Line
Raccoon River to Coon Rapids
Des Moines River to Goldfield

Mississippi River to confluence of North
and South Skunk
Skunk River to Highway #92
Skunk River to Colfax

-------
                                   -44-
TABLE 3 CONTINUED
*Mississippi River


Iowa River

     *Cedar River
          W. Fk. Cedar River
          *Shell Rock River
                *Winnebago River
          *Little Cedar
     English River

*Wapsinicon River

     Buffalo Creek
     Little Wapsipinicon River

Maquoketa River

     N. Fk. Maquoketa River

Turkey River
     Little Turkey River
          Crane Creek
     Volga River

Yellow River

*Upper Iowa River
Eastern Iowa border from Missouri
State Line to Minnesota State Line

Mississippi River to Belmond

Iowa River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Cerro Gordo County Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Shell Rock River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Iowa River to Kinross

Mississippi River to Minnesota State Line

Wapsipinicon River to Stanley
Wapsipinicon River to Sumner

Mississippi River to Backbone State Park

Maquoketa River to Dyersville

Mississippi River to Vernon Springs
Turkey River to Highway #24
Little Turkey River to Saratoga
Turkey River to Maynard

Mississippi River to Highway #51

Mississippi River to Chester
* Denotes Interstate Stream

-------
      -45-
   TABLE 4

NATURAL LAKES
County
Allamakee

Buena Vista
Calhoun
Cerro Gordo
Clay

Delaware
Dickinson








Emmet



Hamilton
Hancock

Harrison
Johnson
Kossuth
Lee
Louisa
Monona
Muscatine
Os ceo la
Palo Alto


Pocahontas
Pottavattamie
Sac
Winnebago
Woodbury
Worth
Wright
Lakes
Kains Lake
Lansing Big
Storm Lake
North Twin
Clear
Dan Greene Slough
Elk
Silver
Center
Diamond
East Okoboji
Lower Gar
Upper Gar
Minnewashta
Hottes
Jenmerson Slough
Little Spirit
Cheevers
Four Mile
High
Iowa
Little Wall
Crystal
Eagle
Nobles (Pott. Co,)
Babcocks
Goose
Green Bay
Wapello (Klum)
Blue
Keokuk
Rush
Five Island (Medium)
Lost Island
Rush
Clear
Manawa
Black Hawk (Wall)
Duck (Harmon)
Browns
Brights
Cornelia
Acres
200
679
3,060
569
3,643
285
261
45
264
166
1,875
_.-
«•«»••
<•••••
312
100
214
341
219
467
308
273
283
906
160
58
103
272
212
918
511
359
945
1,260
460
187
660
957
72
840
122
385
Lakes
Mud
New Albin Big
Pickeral (Clay Co.)
South Twin

Round
Trumbull

Marble
Pleasant
Prairie
Silver
Spirit
Swan
Welch
West Okoboji

Ingham
Tut tie
Twelve Mile
West Swan

East Twin
West Twin

Swan
Swag



Muscatine Slough
Iowa
Silver
Virgin

Lizzard


Rice (Worth Co.)

Silver
Elm
Acres
164
200
176
600

450
1,190

175
82
136
1,068
5,684
371
75
3,939

421
981
290
1,038

193
109

44
46



237
116
638
200

268


612

318
463

-------
                                   -47-
                                 TABLE 5
                            Artificial Lakes
        County

 Ad air
 Carroll
 Cass
 Davis
 Decatur

 Des Moines and Henry
 Franklin
 Greene
 Guthrie
 Hancock

 Hardin
 Hardin
 Jasper
 Johnson
 Lucas

 Mahaska
 Monroe
 Montgomery
 0'Brien
 Shelby

 Tama
*Taylor
 Union
 Van Buren
 Warren

 Washington
 Wayne
       Lake

Meadow Lake
Swan Lake
Cold Springs
Lake Wapello
Nine Eagles

Geode
Beeds Lake
Spring Lake
Springbrook
Pilot Knob

Pine Lake
Upper Pine Lake
Rock Creek Lake
Lake MacBride
Red Haw Hill

Lake Keomah
Miami
Viking Lake
Mill Creek
Prairie Rose

Union Grove
Lake of Three Fires
Green Valley Lake
Lacey-Keosauqua
Lake Ahquabi

Lake Darling
Allerton
Acres

  42
 130
  16
 287
  56

 205
 130
  49
  27
  15

  63
 101
 640
 950
  72

  82
 143
 150
  25
 218

 110
 125
 390
  30
 130

 302
 115
    On lakes of over 100 acres no motor in excess of 6 H.P.  allowed.

-------
                      -49-

                   TABLE 6
     AQUATIC LIFE  USE - COLD WATER AREAS
  COUNTY
ALLAMAKEE
STREAM            MILES
CLAYTON
DELAWARE
DUBUQUE
FAYETTE
HOWARD
           Bear  Creek                     1
           Clear Creek                    1
           French  Creek                   4
           Hickory Creek                  4
           Little  Paint Creek             2.5
           Livingood Springs and
           Yellow  River Confluence area   1
           Paint Creek                    7
           Teeple  Creek                   2.5
           Village Creek                  6
           Waterloo Creek                 6.5
           Wexford Creek                  1.5
          Bloody Run Creek              9
          Buck Creek                    6
          Ensign Hollow                 2
          Joy Springs & Maquoketa Riv.  2
          Klienlein Creek               3
          North Cedar Creek             2
          Plum Creek                    1.5
          South Cedar Creek             3
          Turkey River Adjacent to Big
          Springs Hatchery               .75
          Elk Creek                     1
          Maquoketa River               2
          Richmond Springs              1
          Spring Branch                 2
          Turkey Creek                  1
          Plum Creek                     .5
          Swiss Valley Creek            1.5
          Glovers Creek                 1
          Grannis Creek                 1
          Mink Creek                    2
          Otter Creek                   4
          Bigalk Creek

-------
Table 6 cont.
                                   -50-
               COUNTY
              JACKSON
              MITCHELL
STREAM
                        Big Mill greek
                        Brush Creek
                        Dalton Lake
                        Little Mill Creek
                        Spring Creek
                        Turtle Creek
                        Wapsie River
MILES
              WINNESHIEK
                        Bohemian Creek
                        Coldwater Creek
                        North Bear Creek
                        South Bear Creek
                        Trout River
                        Trout Run
                        Twin  Springs
                        West  Canoe Creek
                    1.5 acres
                    5
                    2
                    2
                    2.5
                    3
                    2.5
                    5
                    5
                    2.5
                    2
                    0.5

-------
                                   -51-

                                 TABLE 7
               DESIGNATED RECREATION AREAS ON IOWA STREAMS
River or Stream Areas

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
NEAREST TOWN
Minnesota-Missouri
A Id en
Anamosa
Bonaparte
Cedar Falls
Cedar Rapids
Central City
Charles City
Clarksville
Coralville Reservoir
Decorah
Delhi
Des Moines
Elkader
Fort Dodge
Greene
Hopkinton
Humboldt
Independence
Iowa City
Iowa Falls
Lime Springs
Manchester
Maquoketa
Mitchell
Monticello
Nashua
Oakland Mills
Ottumwa
Palisade State Park
Quasqueton
Red Rock Reservoir
Saylorville Reservoir
Steamboat Rock
Waterloo
Waver ly
                                         STREAM

                                   Mississippi River
                                   Iowa River
                                   Wapsipinicon River
                                   Des Moines River
                                   Cedar  River

                                   Cedar River
                                   Wapsipinicon River
                                   Cedar River
                                   Shell Rock River
                                   Iowa River

                                   Upper Iowa River
                                   Maquoketa River
                                   Des Moines River
                                   Turkey River
                                   Des Moines River

                                   Shell Rock River
                                   Maquoketa River
                                   Des Moines River
                                   Wapsipinicon River
                                   Iowa River

                                   Iowa River
                                   Upper Iowa River
                                   Maquoketa River
                                   Maquoketa River
                                   Cedar River

                                   Maquoketa River
                                   Cedar River
                                   Skunk River
                                   Des Moines River
                                   Cedar River

                                   Wapsipinicon River
                                   Des Moines River

                                   Des Moines River

                                   Iowa River
                                   Cedar River
                                   Cedar River
RECREATION ZONE

Iowa Border
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam

Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Recreation Pool

Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam

Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam

Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam

Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam

Above Dam
Recreation Pool
(Under construction)
Recreation Pool
(Under construction)
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam

-------
                                -52-
Table 7 cont.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LAKES

All natural and artificial lakes listed in TABLES 4 and 5 Aquatic Life
Warm Water Areas shall be also classified for Recreational Use.
FUTURE POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS FOR RECREATIONAL USE;

When the following reservoirs are built their impounded waters will be
classified for Recreational Use.
         NAME

Ames Reservoir
Central City Reservoir
Davids Creek Reservoir
Jefferson Reservoir
Rathbun Reservoir
Rochester Reservoir
Squaw Creek Reservoir
   STREAM

Skunk River
Wapsipinicon
Davids Creek
Raccoon River
Chariton River
Cedar River
Squaw Creek
   STATUS

Authorized
Authorized
Needs Authorization
Study Conducted
Authorized
Authorized
Planning Stage

-------
                                  -53-
                                TABLE 8

                    SURFACE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
                   ABS, PESTICIDES AND RADIOACTIVITY
ABS
PESTICIDES
RADIOACTIVITY
 STREAMS

 Cedar  River
 Des Moines River
 Des Moines River
 Iowa River
 Raccoon River

 Cedar River
 Iowa River
 Mississippi River
 Mississippi River
 Missouri River
 Raccoon River

 Big Sioux River
 Cedar River

Des Moines River
                       Iowa River
                       Mississippi River
                       Missouri  River

                       Raccoon River
                       Skunk  River

                          Lakes

                       Clear  Lake
                       Okoboji

                          Impoundments

                       Corning
                       Fairfield
                       Greenfield
 LOCATION

 Cedar Rapids
 Des Moines upstream
 Des Moines downstream
 Iowa City
 Des Moines (IPALCO)

 Cedar Rapids
 Iowa City
 Dubuque
 Davenport
 Council  Bluffs
 Des Moines

 Hawarden
 Osage
 Cedar Rapids
 Des Moines upstream
 Des Moines downstream
 Estherville
 Ottumwa
 Iowa City
 Lansing
 Dubuque
 Davenport
 Ft,  Madison
 Sioux City
 Council  Bluffs
 Des Moines
Ames

-------
                                   -55-
                                 TABLE  9

                     SURFACE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
                  PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES AND MAJOR CITIES
 Stream

 Big Sioux River


 Cedar  River
Charitem River
Des Moines River
East Fork Des Moines River


Fox River

Little Sioux



Mido Fork Medicine Creek

Mississippi River
Missouri River


Nishnabotna River

Nodaway River

102 River

Rock River
 Location

 Hawarden
 Sioux City

 St. Ansgar
 Charles  City
 Waterloo
 Cedar Rapids
 Columbus Jet,

 Chariton
 Centerville

 Fort  Dodge
 Des Moines
 Ottumwa
 Keokuk

 Do1liver
 Dakota City

 Bloomfield

 Spencer
 Cherokee
 Jet. with Mo,

Allerton

Dubuque
Clinton
Davenport
Burlington
Fort Madison
Keokuk

Sioux City
Council Bluffs

Hamburg

Clarinda

Bedford

Rock Rapids
Jet. with Big Sioux
 A,  B
 A*

 A
 A,  B
 A,  B
 A*,  B
 A,  B

 B
 A,  B

 A*,  B
 A*,  B
 A*,  B
A

 A
 A

 A,  B

 A,  B
 A,  B
 A

 B

 A*,  B
A*,  B
 A*,  B
A*,  B
A*,  B
A*,  B

A*,  B
A*,  B

A, B

A*,  B

A*,  B

A, B
A

-------
TABLE 9 CONTINUED
                                   -56-
Streata

Shell Roclc River

Upper Iowa River


VJapsipinicon River



West Fork Des Moines River



Winnebago River
Location

Northwood                  A

Decorah                    A, B
New Albin                  B

Independence               A, B
Anamosa                    A, B
Jet. with Mississippi      A

Estherville                A, B
Emmetsburg                 A, B
Humboldt                   A

Lake Mills                 A
Mason City                 A, B
     A - Location above water supply inlet or waste outlet
     B - Location below waste outlet after adequate mixing
     * - Locations presently sampled

-------
-57-



















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APPENDIX B

-------
                                APPENDIX B
         Iowa
 Water Pollution
   Control Law
      CODE OF IOWA
          1966
          IOWA

 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

       COMMISSION
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
   ROBERT LUCAS BUILDING
    DES MOINES, IOWA 50319

-------
                                                    APPENDIX B
        Address Communications To:
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
    Iowa State Department of Health
           Robert Lucas Building
          Des Moines, Iowa 50319
            Telephone 281-5345

-------
                                                         APPENDIX B
             CHAPTER 455B
      WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
               Referred to in J455.22
          Pesticides, §206.3, subsection 2(d)


 455B.1  Statement of policy.
 455B.2  Definitions.
 455B.3  Commission created.
 455B.4  Membership.
 455B.5  Terms.
 455B.6  Vacancies—removal of member.
 455B.7  Compensation.
 455B.8  Organization.
 455B.9  Powers and duties.
 455B.10 Investigations.
 455B.11 Orders.
 455B.12 Scope of investigation.
 455B.13 Quality standards.
 455B.14 Permission to enter lands or waters.
 455B.15 Hearings.
 455B.16 Subpoena.
 455B.17 Notice of hearing—orders—records.
 455B.18 Appeal.
 455B.19 Transcript on appeal.
 455B.20 Stay order.
 455B.21 Conclusiveness of action.
 455B.22 Trial term.
 455B.23 Injunction.
 455B.24 Contempt—penalty.
 455B.25 Unlawful acts.
 455B.26 Plans of every disposal  system to be
          filed.
455B.27 Assistance  by governmental agencies.
455B.28 Discharge of waste into lakes.
  455B.1  Statement of  policy. Whereas  the
pollution of the waters of this state constitutes
a menace to public health and welfare, creates
public nuisances,  is harmful to wildlife,  fish
and  aquatic life, and  impairs domestic, agri-
cultural,  industrial,  recreational  and  other
legitimate   beneficial  uses   of   water,   and
whereas the problem of water pollution in  this
state is closely related to the problem of water
pollution in adjoining states, it is hereby de-
clared to be the public policy  of this state to
conserve the waters of the state and to protect,
maintain and  improve the quality thereof for
public water supplies, for the propagation of
wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic,
agricultural, industrial, recreational and other
legitimate  (beneficial) uses; to provide  that
no waste be discharged into any waters of the
state without  first being given the degree of
treatment necessary to protect the legitimate
(beneficial) uses of such  waters; to provide for

                     -3-

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                                                         APPENDIX B
the prevention, abatement and control of new,
increasing, potential,  or  existing water pollu-
tion; and to co-operate with other agencies of
the state, agencies of  other states and the fed-
eral government in  carrying  out  these  ob-
jectives.  [61GA, ch 375,§1]
  455B.2  Definitions.  When used in this chap-
ter:
  1. "Sewage" means  the water-carried waste
products from residences, public buildings, in-
stitutions,  or other buildings, including  the
bodily discharges from human beings or ani-
mals  together  with such ground water infil-
tration and surface water as may be present.
  2. "Industrial waste" means  any  liquid,
gaseous  or  solid  waste  substance  resulting
from  any process of industry, manufacturing,
trade or business or from the development of
any natural resource.
  3. "Other waste"  means  garbage,  municipal
refuse, lime, sand, ashes, offal, oil, tar, chem-
icals  and  all other substances which are  not
sewage or  industrial waste which may pollute
the waters of the state.
  4. "Pollution" means the  contamination of
any waters of the state  so as to create a nui-
sance or render such waters unclean, noxious
or  impure so as to be actually harmful, detri-
mental or injurious  to  public health, safety
or welfare, to domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural or recreational use or to livestock,
wild  animals, birds, fish or other aquatic  life.
  5. "Sewer  system"  means pipe lines or con-
duits, pumping stations, force mains and  all
other constructions,  devices and  appliances
appurtenant thereto used for conducting sew-
age or industrial waste or other wastes to a
point of ultimate disposal.
  6. "Treatment works" means any plant, dis-
posal field, lagoon, holding or flow regulating
basin, pumping  station, or other  works  in-
stalled for the purpose of treating, stabilizing
or  disposing of  sewage, industrial  waste or
other wastes.
  7. "Disposal system"  means  a  system for
disposing  of  sewage,  industrial  waste  and
other wastes  and  includes sewer  systems,
treatment works,  and dispersal  systems.
  8. "Waters of the state" means all  streams,
lakes, ponds,  marshes,  watercourses, water-
ways, wells, springs, reservoirs,  aquifers,  irri-
gation systems, drainage systems, and all other
bodies or  accumulations of  water,  surface or
underground,  natural or artificial, public or
private, which are  contained  within,  flow
through or border  upon the state or  any  por-
tion thereof.

                     -4-

-------
                                                         APPENDIX B
  9.  "Person"  means the state or  any agency
or institution  thereof,  any municipality, gov-
ernmental  subdivision,  public or private cor-
poration,  individual, partnership,  or other
entity and includes any  officer or governing or
managing body  of any municipality,  govern-
mental subdivision or public  or private corpo-
ration.
  10. "Commission"  means  the  Iowa water
pollution  control  commission.   [61GA,  ch
375,§2]
  Referred to in {4S6B.2S

  455B.3  Commission created. There  is  here-
by  created  and established  the  Iowa water
pollution control  commission. The  commis-
sion is established as an agency  of the  state
government to prevent, abate, or control the
pollution of the waters of the state.  [61GA,
ch 375,§3]
  455B.4  Membership.  The commission  shall
consist of nine members as follows:
  1. The  commissioner of public health.
  2. The  director  of the state conservation
commission.
  3. The director of the Iowa natural resources
council.
  4. A member  from the staff of one of the
universities or colleges of the state who has
technical background, training and knowledge
in the field of water pollution.
  5. The secretary of agriculture.
  6. Four electors of the state who shall be
selected from the state at large  solely  with
regard to their qualifications and fitness to
discharge the  duties of office without regard
to their political affiliation. Of these four, one
shall represent industry,  one shall  represent
municipal government, one shall be an owner-
operator  farmer, and one shall represent the
public at large.  [61GA, ch 375,§4]

  455B.5  Terms.  The members  of  the  com-
mission not holding public office shall be ap-
pointed by  the governor for overlapping terms
of six years.  The members  of the  first  com-
mission not holding public office shall be ap-
pointed for the following terms:  two  electors
for a term  to  expire July 1, 1967; two  electors
for a term to  expire July 1, 1969; and  a mem-
ber of one  of the state universities for a term
to expire July 1, 1971.  Said terms shall begin
immediately upon  the appointment. Thereafter
the term of each  member of the  commission
shall be six years. [61GA, ch 375,§5]
  455B.6  Vacancies—removal of member. Any
vacancy or vacancies on the commission which
                     -5-

-------
                                                       APPENDIX  B
may occur shall be filled by appointment by
the governor for the unexpired portion of the
regular term.
  The  governor may remove any member  of
the commission  for  malfeasance in office  or
for any cause that renders him ineligible for
membership or incapable or unfit to discharge
the duties of his office  and his removal when
so made shall be final.  [61GA, ch 375,§6]
  455B.7  Compensation.  Each member of the
commission, not otherwise in  the full-time em-
ployment of any public body,  shall receive the
sum of twenty-five dollars for each day actually
and necessarily employed in  the discharge  of
official duties  and  each member of the  com-
mission shall be entitled to receive the amount
of his traveling and other necessary expenses
actually incurred while  engaged in the per-
formance of any official duties when  so author-
ized by the commission.  No member  of the
commission shall have  any direct financial in-
terest in any of the operations of the commis-
sion, nor may any member participate in mak-
ing any decision in which he  may have a per-
sonal interest. [61GA, ch 375,§71
  455B.8  Organization.  The commission shall
organize by the election  of  a  chairman and
other officers deemed necessary and the state
department of health shall provide the services
of a technical secretary to the commission and
shall  hold quarterly regular meetings  each
calendar year on the last Monday of each quar-
ter and at such  other  times  and places  as it
may deem necessary. The chairman and other
officers shall be elected  annually.  Meetings
may be called by the chairman at any time and
shall be called as soon as possible by the chair-
man on the written request of four members
of the  commission.  The majority of the  com-
mission shall  constitute  a quorum and the
concurrence of a majority of the commission
in any matter within  its duties shall be re-
quired for its determination. [61GA, ch 375,§8]
  455R.9  Powers and duties.  The commission
is hereby  given and. charged  with the follow-
ing powers and duties:
  1. The commission through the state depart-
ment of health shall have general supervision
over administration  and  enforcement of all
laws relating to the pollution of any water of
the state, except as provided in section 135.11.
  2. To develop comprehensive plans and pro-
grams  for  the prevention, control and abate-
ment of new, increasing, potential, or existing
pollution of the waters of the state.
  3. The commission may cause the state de-
partment  of health to conduct investigations

                    -6-

-------
                                                         APPENDIX  B
 upon the written petition of:
  a. The governing body of any city or town.
  b. The local board of health.
  c. The supervisors of  any county.
  d. Twenty-five residents of the state.
  e. Any state agency or agencies.
  4. To adopt, modify, or repeal such reason-
 able quality standards  for  any waters of the
 state in relation to the public use to which
 they are or may be put as it shall deem neces-
 sary for the purposes of this chapter.
  Provided that where the quality of water is
 inter-related to the quantity of water the con-
 currence of the Iowa natural resources council
 shall be secured for the  adoption, modification
 or repeal of such standards, prior to the effec-
 tive date thereof.
  5. To  require plans  and  specifications for
 disposal systems or any part thereof to be sub-
 mitted to them for approval or disapproval by
 the state department of health.
  6. To direct the state  department of health
 to  issue, revoke,  modify,  or deny  permits,
 under such conditions  as it may prescribe for
 the prevention or abatement  of pollution, for
 the discharge of sewage, industrial waste or
 other wastes or for the  installation or opera-
 tion of disposal  systems  or parts thereof.
  7. Existing permits shall be recognized by
 the commission for the  continuance of every
 disposal system  now  operating under  legal
 authority.   However,  the  commission   may
 modify  or revoke  such permit in the  same
 manner as other permits.
  8. To prescribe rules and regulations for the
 conduct  of the  commission  and other matters
 within the scope of the powers granted to and
 imposed upon it.
  9. The  commission  'shall  co-operate  with
 other state or interstate water  pollution con-
 trol agencies  in  establishing standards,  ob-
 jectives  or criteria for  quality of interstate
 waters  originating or  flowing through  this
 state.
  10. To hold such hearings  as it  may  deem
 advisable and necessary for the discharge of
 its duties and to authorize any member, em-
 ployee or agent to hold such hearings. [61GA,
ch 375,§9]
  See SS456A.25. subsection 3, 469.6 to 469.8 inc.
  455B.10  Investigations.  The state  depart-
ment of health  shall conduct such investiga-
tions as may be necessary to carry out  the
 provisions of this  chapter.  [61GA, ch 375,§10]
  455B.11  Orders.  The  state department of
health  in accordance with  the  direction and
policies of the commission may issue, modify,

                    -7-

-------
                                                         APPENDIX  B
or revoke such orders as may be required for
the prevention or discontinuance of the dis-
charge of sewage,  industrial waste or  other
wastes in any waters of the state resulting in
pollution  in excess of  the applicable  quality
standard  established   by  the  commission.
[61GA, ch 375,111]

  455B.12 Scope of investigation.  Whenever
an investigation is made, it  shall be full and
complete  and may include such engineering
studies, bacteriological, biological, and chemi-
cal analyses of the water and location and
character of the source or  sources of contami-
nation as may be  necessary.  If pollution is
found to  exist, taking  into consideration  the
criteria set forth in section 455B.13, the com-
mission shall  first notify the alleged offender
and by informal negotiation attempt to resolve
the problem and failing to do so within four-
teen days, up to and during which time nei-
ther the commission, nor any member of  the
commission, nor its staff or employees shall
make any public statement regarding the firm
or individual as an  alleged offender, shall then
make an order fixing the time and place of
hearing which shall be not later than twenty
days thereafter. Such hearing shall be public
and shall be conducted so far as possible in
the same manner as a court hearing and  every
alleged  offender  shall  have  the right  to  ap-
pear, be  represented by counsel, present testi-
mony and examine witnesses.  [GIGA, ch 375,
§12]
  Examinations made by bacteriological laboratory, J263.8
  455B.13 Quality  standards.   In  adopting,
modifying, or repealing quality standards  for
any waters of the state, the  commission shall
give consideration to:
  1. The protection of the public health;
  2. The  size,  depth,   surface area  covered,
volume,  direction  and  rate of flow, stream
gradient,  and  temperature of the water;
  3. The character and uses of the  land area
bordering said waters;
  4. The  uses which   have  been  made,  are
being made, or may  be made of said waters
for public,  private, or domestic water sup-
plies, irrigation; livestock  watering;  propaga-
tion of wildlife,  fish,  and other aquatic life;
bathing,  swimming, boating, or other recrea-
tional activity; transportation; and disposal of
sewage and wastes;
  5. The  extent  of contamination  resulting
from natural causes including the mineral  and
chemical  characteristics;
  6. The extent to which floatable or settleable
solids may be permitted;

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                                                        APPENDIX  B
  7. The extent to which suspended solids.
colloids, or a combination of solids with other
suspended substances may be permitted;
  8. The extent to which bacteria  and other
biological organisms may be permitted;
  9. The amount of dissolved oxygen that is to
be present and the extent of the  oxygen de-
manding substances which may be  permitted;
  10. The extent to which toxic  substances,
chemicals or  deleterious conditions  may  be
permitted;
  11. The need for standards for effluents from
disposal systems.  [C1GA, ch 375,§13]
  Referred to in J455E.12
  455B.14 Permission to  enter iands or waters.
The commission, its agents, and employees of
the state department of health may enter upon
any lands or waters in the state and bordering
on the state, for the purpose of making any in-
ves'.igaaon,  examination, survey, or study con-
cerning the  quality or pollution of surh waters.
[61GA, ch  375,§14]
  -I55B.13 Hearings.   When  the commission
or  state department  of  health conduct? any
hearing or  investigation,  any member of the
commission  or  any employee or  agent au-
thorized in  writing by the commission or em-
ployee of the state department of health may
administer oaths, examine witnesses and issue,
in the  name of the commission, subpoenas  re-
quiring the  attendance and testimony of wit-
nesses and the production of evidence  relevant
to any matter invch ed in such hearing or  in-
vestigation.  Witnesses shall receive the  siine
fees and mileage  as in civil actions.  [61GA,
ch 375,§15]
  455B.1C Subpoena.   If  any person refuses
to obey a subpoena issued under this  chapter,
the district court of the county where the pro-
ceeding  is  pending shall have jurisdiction,
upon application of the commission or its au-
thorized member, employee, or agent,  to  issue
to such person an order  requiring him to ap-
pear and testify or produce evidence  and any
failure to obey such order of the court may be
punished by said court as a contempt thereof.
[61GA, ch 375,§16]
  455B.17 Notice of hearing—orders—records.
  1. Notice  of the time and place  of  hearing
shall be served upon each alleged  offender at
least ten days before said  her ring.  Such notice
shall be in tne manner  required for the service
of notice of  the commencement of an ordinary
action in a court of record.
  2. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsec-
tion 1 the commission  or state department of
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                                                       APPENDIX  B
health, when it has first been determined that
an  emergency  exists respecting any  matter
affecting or likely to affect the public  health,
may make a temporary order without notice
and without hearing.  A copy of such  tempo-
rary order shall be served as provided  in sub-
section 1.  Any such temporary order entered
by the commission or the state department of
health, shall be binding and effective immedi-
ately until such order is reviewed by a hear-
ing or is modified or reversed by the court.
  3. After such hearing the commission may,
if it finds the alleged offender is guilty of the
charges,  enter an order directing such  person
to desist in the practice found to be the cause
of such pollution, taking into account the use
to which the water is being or may be put or
the commission upon the recommendation of
the state department of  health  may order a
change in the method of discharging sewage,
industrial wastes  and  other wastes into  the
water so that the same will not result in pollu-
tion and  the method shall  be in compliance
with  the  effluent or water  quality standards
adopted by the commission.
  4.  If any such change is ordered, unless such
practice is rendering such water dangerous to
the public health, a  reasonable time shall be
granted to the offender in which to put in use
the method ordered.
  5. The commission shall  keep a  complete
record of such proceedings, including  all the
evidence taken, and such record  shall be open
to public inspection.  However, it shall be un-
lawful for any person in connection with his
duties or employment by the commission, to
make public or give any information relating
to secret processes or methods of manufacture
or production at any public hearing or other-
wise, and all such information shall be kept
strictly confidential.  [61GA, ch 375,§17]

  455B.18  Appeal.  An appeal may be taken
by  any aggrieved party from any order en-
tered in such proceedings to the district court
of the county in which the alleged offense was
committed or such final  order  was entered.
Such appeal  shall be perfected  by serving a
written notice on the chairman of the commis-
sion within thirty days of the entry of such
order. The hearing on appeal  shall be tried as
a suit in equity  and  shall be de  novo.  The
court may receive additional testimony  and
may affirm, modify or reverse the order of the
commission.  The setting aside of such order
by the court shall not preclude the commission
from again instituting proceedings against the
same person if the commission feels that the

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                                                         APPENDIX  B
public health is endangered.
§18]
[61GA, ch 375,
  455B.19  Transcript on appeal. Within thirty
days after an application for an appeal is filed
with the commission, it shall make, certify and
file in the office of the clerk of  the court  to
which an appeal is taken a full and complete
transcript of all documents  and  papers  relat-
ing to the case including a  copy  of the order,
rule, regulation or decision appealed from and
a copy of any findings of fact, rulings or con-
clusions  of  law made by the commission  in
the matter.  [61GA, ch 375,§19]

  455B.20  Stay order. Action of the commis-
sion shall not be stayed by  an appeal except
by order of the court for good cause  shown by
the appellant. The granting of a stay may be
conditioned upon the furnishing by the appel-
lant of such reasonable security  as  the  court
may direct.  A stay may be vacated on appli-
cation of the commission or any other  party
after hearing by the court.   [61GA, ch 375,§20]

  455B.21  Conclusiveness of action.  If no ap-
peal is taken from an order, rule, regulation,
or other decision  of the  commission  as pro-
vided by  this chapter, or if  the action of the
commission is affirmed on  appeal, the  action
of the commission in the matter involved shall
be deemed conclusive and the validity and rea-
sonableness thereof shall not be raised in any
other action or proceeding,  but this shall not
preclude the commission from modifying  or
rescinding its action.  [61GA, ch  375,§21]

  455B.22  Trial term.  The  first term after
appeal is taken shall be the  trial term. [61GA,
ch 375,§22]

  45515.23  Injunction. Any  person,  firm, cor-
poration, municipality, or any officer or  agent
thereof causing pollution as  defined  in section
455B.2 of any waters of the  state  or placing or
causing to be placed  any  sewage,  industrial
waste, or other wastes in a location where they
will probably cause pollution of any waters of
the state may  be enjoined from continuing
such action.
  It shall be the duty of the attorney general,
only upon the request of the commission,  to
bring an action for an injunction against any
person,  firm, corporation,   municipality,  or
agent thereof violating the  provisions of this
section.  In any  such  action, any previous
findings of the commission after due notice and
hearing shall be  prima-facie evidence of the
fact or facts found therein.  [GIGA, ch 375,§23]

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                                                        APPENDIX B
  455B.24  Contempt—penalty. Failure to obey
any order issued under the provisions of this
chapter made by the commission with refer-
ence to matters  pertaining to the pollution of
waters of the state shall constitute prima-facie
evidence of contempt.  In such event the com-
mission may certify to the district court of the
county  in  which such alleged  disobedience
occurred the  fact of such failure. The district
court after notice, as  prescribed by  the court,
to the parties in interest shall then proceed to
hear the matter and if it finds that the order
was  lawful and reasonable it shall  order  the
party to comply with the order.  If the person
fails to comply with the court order, he shall
be punished for contempt.
  Any person, firm, corporation, or  any officer
or agent  thereof found  guilty of  contempt
under this section shall be fined in a sum  not
to exceed one hundred dollars for each offense.
The penalties provided in this section shall be
considered as additional to any penalty which
may  be imposed under  the  law relative  to
nuisances or  any other statute relating to  the
pollution of waters of the state and a convic-
tion  under this  section shall  not be a bar to
prosecution  under  any other penal  statute.
[61GA, ch 375J24]

  455B.25  Unlawful acts.
  1. It shall be unlawful to carry on any of the
following  activities without first securing a
written permit from  the  state department of
health as may be required by the commission
for the disposal of all  sewage, industrial waste,
or other wastes which are  or may  be  dis-
charged into  the waters of the state.
  a. The construction, installation or mod.ifica-
tion of any disposal system or part thereof or
any extension or addition thereto.
  b.  The construction or use of any new outlet
for the discharge of any sewage or  wastes di-
rectly into the waters of the state.  However,
no permit shall be required for any new  dis-
posal system or extension or addition to any
existing disposal system  that receives only
domestic or sanitary  sewage from a building,
housing or occupied by fifteen persons or less.
  2. Plans  and  specifications for any waste
disposal system covered by subsection 1 of this
section shall  be submitted to the commission
before a written permit may be issued and the
construction  of  any such waste  disposal sys-
tem  shall be in accordance  with  plans and
specifications as approved by the state depart-
ment of public  health.  If it is necessary or
desirable to  make  material  changes in such
plans or specifications, revised plans or specifi-

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                                                        APPENDIX  B
cations together with reasons for the proposed
changes must be submitted to the  commission
for a supplemental written permit.
  Any person convicted of violating this sec-
tion shall be fined in a sum not to exceed one
thousand dollars.  [61GA, ch 375,§25]

  455B.26   Plans of every  disposal system to
be  filed.  The commission  may  require the
owner of a waste disposal system,  discharging
sewage or wastes into any of the waters of the
state to file with it complete plans of the whole
or any part of such system and any other in-
formation and records concerning  the installa-
tion and operation of such system. [61GA, ch
375,§26]

  455B.27   Assistance by  governmental  agen-
cies.  The  commission  and the state  depart-
ment of health may request and receive from
any  department, division, board, bureau, com-
mission, public body, or agency of the  state,
or of any political  subdivision thereof, or from
any  organization,  incorporated  or unincor-
porated, which' has for its object the control or
use of any of the water  resources of the  state,
such  assistance  and  data as will  enable the
commission or department to  properly  carry
out  its activities and effectuate its purposes
under  the provisions of this chapter. The com-
mission or department  shall reimburse such
agencies  for special  expense  resulting  from
expenditures not normally a part of the oper-
ating expenses of  any  such agency.  [61GA,
ch 375,§27]
  455B.28   Discharge of waste  into lakes. No
sewage,  industrial  waste  or  other  wastes
whether  treated or  untreated  shall be dis-
charged directly into any state-owned natural
or artificial lake but this section shall not be
construed  to  prohibit the discharge of  ade-
quately treated  sewage  or  industrial  wastes
into a stream tributary to a  lake upon the
written permission of the commission.  [GIGA,
ch 375,§28]
  Appropriation, 61GA, ch 375,§35
      MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

  135.11  Powers  and  duties.  The  commis-
 sioner of public health shall be the head of the
 "State Department of Health", which shall:

  7. Make inspections of the public water sup-
 plies, sewer systems, sewage treatment plants,
 and  garbage  and  refuse  disposal   plants
 throughout the state, and direct the method of
 installation and operation of the same.

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                                                          APPENDIX  B
  455A.25  When  permit  required.  For the
purpose of administering sections 455A.19 to
455A.32, inclusive, a permit as herein provided
shall be required for the following:

  3.  Any  person who  diverts water or  any
material from the surface directly  into  any
underground watercourse  or  basin.  Provided,
however, that any diversion of water or mate-
rial from the  surface directly into any under-
ground watercourse or basin existing upon
May 16, 1957 shall not require a permit if said
diversion does not create waste or pollution.
No permit shall be issued under this subsec-
tion until the  approval of the Iowa water pol-
lution control commission has been  obtained.
  469.6  Certificate of  approval.  No  permit
shall be granted for the construction or oper-
ation of a dam where the water is to be used
for manufacturing purposes, except to develop
power,  until a  certificate of the Iowa water
pollution  control commission has been filed
with the council showing its approval of the
use  of the water for the  purposes specified in
the  application.  [C24, 27, 31, 35, 39,§7772; C46,
50, 54, 58, 62,§469.6; 61GA, ch 375,§30]
  Iowa water pollution control commission, ch 455B
  469.7  Application  for  certificate.  When it
is proposed to use the water for manufactur-
ing purposes, except to develop power, or for
condensation  purposes,  application must be
made to the Iowa water pollution control com-
mission, accompanied by a description of the
proposed use of the water and what, if  any,
substances are to be deposited in such water
and chemical changes  made in the same, and
such other information as the department of
health may require to enable it to determine
the advisability of the  issuance of such certifi-
cate.  [C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §7773;  C46, 50, 54, 58,
62,§469.7; 61GA, ch 375,§31]
  40ExGA, SF 186J4, editorially  divided
  Iowa water pollution control commission, ch 466B
   469.8  Granting  or refusing.  If the  Iowa
 water pollution control commission is satisfied
 that the use of the water in any such project
 will not cause pollution of the same or render
 it  materially   unwholesome or  impure,  or
 deleterious to fish life, it may issue  a  certifi-
 cate, and if it is not so satisfied, it shall refuse
 to issue same. [C24, 27, 31, 35, 39,§7774; C46, 50,
 54, 58, 62,§469.8; 61GA, ch 375,§32]
   Iowa water pollution control commission, ch 465B

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                                                        APPENDIX  B
         ADDRESS COMMUNICATIONS TO:

  Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
      Iowa State Department of Health
            Robert Lucas Building
           Des Moines, Iowa 50319
             Telephone 281-5345
CP50043 11/67
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                                   ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PKINTING OFFICE : 1969 O - 362-980

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