PROCEEDINGS
MINN.
MO
CONFERENCE
April 15-16,1969
Council Bluffs, Iowa
2nd Session
WIS.
ILL.
To Consider the Establishment of Water Quality Standards
for the Missouri River Basin Interstate Waters—State of Iowa.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
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SECOND SESSION
OF THE
CONFERENCE
TO CONSIDER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS FOR THE MISSOURI RIVER BASIN INTERSTATE
WATERS - STATE OF IOWA
held in
Council Bluffs, Iowa
April 15 - 16, 1969
TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS
US Environmental Protec ion Agency
GLNPO Library Collection (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard,
ll 60604-3590
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C_0_NTENTS_
Murray Stein
Carl V. Blomgren
Edwin E. Geldreich
Gen. C. Craig Cannon
T. C. Ferris
Dr. Graham Walton
Dr. Aaron A. Rosen
Robert W. Sharp
Kenneth R. Roberts
Dr. Clarence M. Tarzwell
Bob A. Hegg
H. 0. Hartung
Robert S. Burd
Edward Lightfoot
William W. Amundson
Mrs. George G. Koerber
Carl R. Noren
Robert C. Russell
D. F. Beam
PAGE:
5
15
and 402
269
288
295
303
307
316
348
372
391
399
412
413
442
444
450
451
456
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C_0_NTENTS_
(CONTINUED)
B
RAGE;
Dr. Robert L. Morris
Dr. Roger ¥. Bachmann
R. J. Schliekelman
Dr. Jack H. Gakstatter
Harry M. Harrison
Robert Buckmaster
499
566
573
585
REBUTTAL
Carl V. Blomgren
Robert S. Burd
Dr. Aaron A. Rosen
Edwin E. Geldreich
R. J. Schliekelman
Melville ¥. Gray
John M. Rademacher
Frank L. Carlson
609
618
622
625
627
628
630
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The Second Session Conference to Consider
the Establishment of Water Quality Standards for Inter-
state Waters Subject to the Jurisdiction of the State of
Iowa convened at 9:30 o'clock a.m. on April 15, 1969, at
the Chieftain Hotel, Council Bluffs, Iowa.
PRESIDING:
Mr. Murray Stein
Assistant Commissioner for Enforcement
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C.
PARTICIPANTS:
William W. Amundson
City Engineer
City of Sioux City
Sioux City, Iowa
Dr. Roger W. Bachmann
Rural Route #3
Ames, Iowa
D. P. Beam
Vice Chairman, Nebraska Committee
for Pure Air and Water, Inc.
Omaha, Nebraska
Carl V. Blomgren
Director of Office Technical Support
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
Robert Buckmaster
Chairman, Iowa WateT Pollution
Control Commission
Des Moines, Iowa
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PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED):
Robert S. Burd
Deputy Assistant Commissioner for Operations
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Washington, D. C.
Brig. General C. Craig Cannon
Missouri River Division Engineer
Corps of Engineers
Omaha, Nebraska
Prank L. Carlson
Engineer, Genesee County, Michigan
Drain Commission Pollution Control
Flint, Michigan
T. C. Ferris
Water Hygiene Representative, Environmental
Control Division, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Region IV
Kansas City, Missouri
Dr. Jack H. Gakstatter
State Hygienic Laboratory - Des Moines
Des Moines, Iowa
Edwin E. Geldreich
Reserach Microbiologist
Bureau of Water Hygiene
U. S. Public Health Service
Cincinnati, Ohio
Melville W. Gray
Assistant Director of Environmental
Health Services, Kansas State
Department of Health
Topeka, Kansas
Harry M. Harrison
Iowa State Conservation Commission
Des Moines. Iowa
H. 0. Hartung
President, Missouri River Public
Water Supplies Association
University City, Missouri
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PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED)
Bob A. Hegg
Sanitary Engineer, Missouri Basin Region
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
Mrs. George G. Koerber
Director and State Chairman for Water
Resources, League of Women Voters of Iowa
Ames, Iowa
Edward Lightfoot
Missouri Water Pollution Board
Jefferson City, Missouri
Dr. Robert L. Morris
Associate Director, Iowa State
Hygienic Laboratory - Ames
Ames, Iowa
Carl R. Noren
Director, Missouri Department
of Conservation
Jefferson City, Missouri
John M. Rademacher
Regional Director, Missouri Basin Region
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
Kenneth R. Roberts
Fishery Biologist, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Dr. Aaron A. Rosen
Chief, Waste Identification and Analysis
Activities, Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio
Robert C. Russell
Executive Secretary, Iowa Division
Izaak Walton League of America
Iowa City, Iowa
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PARTICIPANTS (CONTINUED):
R. J. Schliekelman
Technical Secretary, Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission
Des Moines, Iowa
Robert W. Sharp
Regional Supervisor, Division of Fishery
Services, Bureau of Sport Fisheries &
Wildlife, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Dr. Clarence M. Tarzwell
Director, National Marine Water Quality
Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, West Kingston, Rhode Island
Dr. Graham Walton
Chief, Technical Services,
Water Hygiene, U.S. Public
Cincinnati, Ohio
Bureau
Health
of
Service
ATTENDEES:
Larry E. Albaugh
Spencer Packing Company
Spencer, Iowa
Lee Albaugh
Water Pollution Commission
Charles City, Iowa
L. E. Allen
Izaak Walton League of America
Great Trails Chapter
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Jean Amos
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
Richard D. Anderson
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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4-B
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
Richard K. Ballentine
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Cincinnati, Ohio
¥. L. Banks
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Kansas City., Missouri
Wilber A. Blain
Needham Packing Company
Sioux City, Iowa
Harvey L. Brake
Glenwood, Iowa
Dan Brindley
Iowa Health Department
Des Moines, Iowa
Ivan L. Burmeister
U. S. Geological Survey
Iowa City, Iowa
William A. Carle
Iowa Public Service Company
Sioux City, Iowa
J. A. Chittenden
Iowa Beef Packers, Inc.
Dakota City, Nebraska
Carl Chloupek
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Lincoln, Nebraska
Tom Corothers
City of Sioux City
Sioux City, Iowa
Health Department
Cal Cox
Soil Conservation Service
Council Bluffs, Iowa
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ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
Thomas 0. Dahl
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
James Diggins
Harrison County
Lagon, Iowa
Charles T. Evitts
Sioux City, Iowa
Ralph Pagan
City of Council Bluffs
Council Bluffs, Iowa
T. A. Filipi
Nebraska Water Pollution Control
Lincoln, Nebraska
Charles A. Geisler
City of Omaha
Omaha, Nebraska
Eugene Gilson
Mills County Conservation
Glenwood, Iowa
Charles H. Hajinian
Federal Water Pollution
Control Adminstration
Kansas City, Missouri
Frank E. Hall
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Chicago, Illinois
Paul Harley
Interior Department
Omaha, Nebraska
M. Don Harmon
City Manager
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Board
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ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
John Harrison
State of Nebraska
Omaha, Nebraska
Mrs. Leslie Hendrickson
Sioux Ikettes, Izaak Walton League
Sioux City, Iowa
G. I. Hoilien
Conservation Commission
Waukon, Iowa
Robert C. Horn
Terra Chemicals
Sioux City, Iowa
Int., Inc
P. J. Houser
Iowa State Health Department
Des Moines, Iowa
Calvin Hultman
Congressman Scherle's Office
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Randall S. Jessee
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
Richard L. Johnson
Iowa Conservation Commission
Missouri Valley, Iowa
John J. Kaplan
Blue Star Foods
Duane E. King
State Conservation Commission
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Richard Knowles
Denison Bulletin"
Denison, Iowa
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4-E
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
Anthony L. Kucera
Mississippi Vallen Association
Omaha, Nebraska
Paul Leach
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
Kenneth M. Mackenthun
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Cincinnati, Ohio
Kenneth A. Mackichan
U. S. Geological Survey
Lincoln, Nebraska
Daniel G. Manning
Corps of Engineers
Omaha, Nebraska
Robert L. Markey
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
Mrs. Mildred B. May
League of Women Voters
Omaha, Nebraska
Robert A. Maxey
Plant Pesticides Control, ARS
Omaha, Nebraska
William McLaughlin
Iowa Development Commission
Des Moines, Iowa
Othie R. McMurry
Iowa Water Pollution Commission
Des Moines, Iowa
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4-F
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
Art Meger
Hensingion, Durham, Richardson
Omaha, Nebraska
Donald M. Meisner
Simpco
Sioux City, Iowa
Dale J. Mills
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Dennis Mishek
Iowa Department of Health
Des Moines, Iowa
R. B. Moorman
Iowa Wildlife
Ames, Iowa
Federation
Dr. D. I. Mount
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Duluth, Minnesota
Ambrose Muenchratt
Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission
Earling, Iowa
Bill Nelson
Kirkham Michael & Associates
Omaha, Nebraska
William R. Nicholas
Tennessee Valley Authority
Chattanooga,Tennessee
R. G. Paulette
Stanley Consultants
Muscatine, Iowa
H. W. Poston
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Chicago, Illinois
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4-G
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
Thomas J. Powers
Director, Water Quality Standards
Office of Regulatory Programs
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Cincinnati, Ohio
M. E. Reul
Council Bluffs City Water Works
Council Bluffs, Iowa
John Samson
Omaha, Nebraska
Paul Schliesser
Omaha Chamber of Commerce
Omaha, Nebraska
Monte G. Scholten
Spencer Packing Company
Spencer, Iowa
A. D. Sidio
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Cincinnati, Ohio
Walter
County
Little
Sorensen
Supervisor
Sioux, Iowa
James Speers, M.D.
State Department of Health
Des Moines, Iowa
Mrs. Theressa Streitz
League of Women Voters
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Manlee J. Stueve
County Supervisor
Missouri Valley, Iowa
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4-H
ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
Harold Summers
S&H Products, Inc.
Audubon, Iowa
Rowena Taylor
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
A. L. Thomas
Harrison County Engineer
Logan, Iowa
John Thorson
Iowa Power & Light Company
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Bernice Trively
Randolph, Iowa
Rolland A. Trively
Fremont County Sup.
Health Board
Randolph, Iowa
Ed Weinheimer
Conservation Commission
Greenfield, Iowa
Mrs. Ed, Weinheimer
Greenfield, Iowa
W. J. Wells, Jr.
Bell, Galyordt and Wells
Omaha, Nebraska
A. T. Wicks
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Kansas City, Missouri
G. R. Wimmer
Industrial Development Council
Sioux City, Iowa
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ATTENDEES (CONTINUED):
Bern Wright
Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Washington, D. C.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
OPENING STATEMENT
BY
MR. MURRAY STEIN
MR. STEIN: The Conference is open.
¥e have opened a little late today because
of the change in place, and I hope everyone was able to get here.
This conference to consider the establish-
ment of water quality standards is being held under the
provisions of Section 10 (c)(2) of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act as amended.
It covers the waters of the Mississippi Ri|fer,
Missouri River, and designated tributaries of these water
subject to the .jurisdiction of Iowa which are considered
interstate waters under the Federal act.
This is the Second Session of the aonferen e,
as we had one last week in Davenport, Iowa. An official
notice of the Conference was entered into the record then
I don't think it will be necessary to keep that notice.,
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
but if anyone has any questions about the .jurisdiction Of
the conference or the rivers which are included, which I
think comes out of the reports as we go ahead, then get
in touch with Mr. Jessee and copies of the notice will be
made available to you so you can see all the particulars
The conference today will deal with the
Mississippi River basin--or Missouri--
MR. SAMSON: You mean the Missouri River
basin, don't you, Mr. Stein?
MR. STEIN: Thank you. I appreciate that
assist from Nebraska. Otherwise you wouldn't be here
MR. SAMSON: We are listening to you.
MR. STEIN: Right. That shows how well we
are doing.
It will be the Missouri River basin and th<>
tributaries of the basin.
The water quality standards established by
the State of Iowa in accordance with Section 10 (c)(l) of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act to be applicable
to these waters have been determined in part not to be
consistent with the protection of the public health and
welfare, the enhancement of the quality of the water, and
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7
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
the purpose of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, a
provided by Section 10 (c)(3) of that Act, with particula
reference to:
1. The treatment requirements and imple-
mentation plan for waste discharges to the Mississippi an
Missouri Rivers;
2. The requirements for disinfection of
controllable waste discharges which may be sources of
bacteriological pollution;
3. The temperature criteria for the inter
state waters of the States other than the Mississippi and
Missouri Rivers.
Therefore, in accordance with the provisior
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Secretary
of the Interior, in a letter dated January 16, 1969, to
Governor Ray of Iowa, has called this conference to con-
sider the establishment of water quality standards appli-
cable to the above interstate waters subject to the .juris-
diction of the State of Iowa.
Notice of this conference has been served
to appropriate parties as described in Federal regulations
and notice of this conference has been published in the
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8
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
Federal Register.
The parties to this donference are repre-
sentatives of Federal departments and agencies, interstat
agencies, States, municipalities and industries who are
contributing to, affected by, or have an interest in the
water quality standards for the waters to be covered by
the conference and who register their intent to be partie^
at the conference sessions, and such other persons whom
the Chairman, upon application and good cause shown,
admits as parties to the conference.
If anyone wants to be a party to the con-
ference or speaker to the conference, he should fill out
one of the slips and so indicate and we will try to
accommodate him.
My name is Murray Stein. I am from head-
quarters of the Department of the Interior in Washington
and the representative of Secretary Hickel.
A word about the procedures governing the
conduct of this conference.
This is the first conference of its
kind. The first session in Davenport last week was the
very first one and this is the second. I think the
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
procedures, therefore, may be a little new to a lot of
professional people who are attending.
So if you have any questions on the con-
ference, I would suggest that you get in touch with Mrs.
Rheta Piere--stand up, Mrs. Piere, so they can see you--
our National Conference Coordinator, and she can supply
the answers or she will find a person who can supply the
answers.
Under the law, as you can see, we have a
lot of parties to the conference, so we have to depend
on everyone's cooperation and good will if we are going
to run an equitable and fair hearing, which is our pur-
pose here today — to do this in as fair and as equitable
a way as we can. We substantially and I think almost
completely achieved that at Davenport. I hope we will
be equally successful here. I am talking just about
the procedural matters now. But if we are going to be
successful, it depends on your cooperation with this
large group.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-
istration has arranged for the presentation of material con-
cerning the quality of the waters to be covered by the conference,
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Opening Statement - Mr* Stein
the useSjboth existing and potential, of such waters, and
the criteria necessary to protect such uses, the person
or persons, if any, contributing 01* discharging arty matter
affecting the quality of such waters, and remedial
measures, if any, recommended by the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Administration. Each party to the con-
ference will be given an opportunity to make a statement
concerning the water quality standards for the waters
covered by the conference, and I hope we will confine the
remarks of this session to the Missouri River and its
tributaries.
An opportunity after all the parties have
been heard to make a further statement will be afforded
to any of the parties to the conference and this will
include rebuttal of other parties' views and an oppor-
tunity to make recommendations for water quality standard
in either a first or subsequent statement.
I think the procedure last week indicated
that with a group of this size, if you have the fortitude
! to stay here long enough for the rebuttal period, that
we can afford everyone an opportunity to not .just appear
once in rebuttal. If he feels it necessary to appear
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11
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
more than once, twice or three times, I think we may be
able to afford that opportunity so we can get a full recolrd
and everyone will have a chance to say what he feels he
has to say without being cut off. The only thing, again,
that I have to ask, please use your own discretion and
conscience and self-restraint to be sure that the material!
is relevant and germane to the issue. I think unless we
all do that, we are not going to be too successful.
Now, as Chairman, if it becomes necessary,
I may limit the presentations so that repetitious and
irrelevant statements may not come in. We did not have
to do that last week. I hope we won't have to do it here
A written record and verbatim transcript
is being made by Mrs. Virginia Rankin, and subsequent to
the conference the conference Chairman will submit
to the Secretary of the Interior the verbatim conference
transcript, including all charts, tabulations and similar
data, and then the Secretary, of course, will take any
action which is indicated under Federal law to proceed
with the establishment of the standards.
I would -suggest that all speakers and par-
ticipants come to the podium and identify themselves for
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12
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
purposes of the record. For the purpose of aiding the
reporter in making the transcript, we Would ask you, even
if your name is called, to introduce yourself and give
your affiliation from the podium before you give the
statement.
¥e also have .just one live microphone here
I think with using a little common sense and discretion
we can get "by with it. You have to recognize that if the
Chair wants to speak or if you are speaking up here that
we both have to share the microphone.
As a follow-up of last week's conference,
we have a telegram received from Mrs. Fred Wupper, Presi-
dent of the League of Women Voters of Nebraska, which we
would like to put in the record.
"The League of Women Voters of Nebraska
support the statement of the League of Women Voters of
Iowa to require secondary treatment of sewage from cities
towns and communities along the Missouri River."
In addition to that we have a statement
submitted by Mrs. George G. Koerber, State Chairman, Wate
Resources, League of Women Voters of Iowa, who would like
this appended to the first session, and she says:
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13
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
"in reply to the speaker who immediately
followed the presentation by the League of Women Voters
of Iowa, we would like to add the following comments to
the record.
"The League of Women Voters has been
active to support public referenda to construct sewage
treatment facilities. For example, the League in Illinois
supported the Natural Resources Development Bond Act of
1968 and is presently working for submission of a similar
proposal to the voters of Illinois. The Leagues in the
Northshore Sanitary District were particularly in their
recent efforts for a $35 million bond issue to provide
advanced treatment. This bond issue carried only in
League communities and fortunately by a sufficient ma.i'ori
so that it carried within the District as a whole. These
examples in the speaker's own State should suffice to shov
that the League takes action to pass public referenda for
funds to provide the degree of treatment the organization
believes is necessary."
I believe Mrs. Koerber is in the room?
MRS. KOERBER: Yes.
MR. STEIN: I wonder if with your
y
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14
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
permission I can make one suggestion. I understand your
reluctance to name another State, but we have to preserve
the record. No one knows who this refers to. I assume
this refers to Illinois,, is that correct?
MRS. KOERBER: Yes, to Mr. Morton.
MR. STEIN: Yes, all right.
Now, I also have one other statement from
Roger W. Bachmann, PhD., Rural Route 3* of Ames, Iowa.
Before I put this in the record, I would suggest that I
might give a copy of this to perhaps Mr. Schliekelman or
Mr. Rademacher for their consideration, and if they have
no comment I will .just put it in the record. But I think
this raises a technical question, and I do not want to
put this in the record without giving both these groups
an opportunity to look at this. (See p. 499 for statement.)
With that, we will call on the Federal
Government to make a presentation. Mr. Carl Blomgren.
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C. V. Blomgren
STATEMENT BY CARL V. BLOMGREN
DIRECTOR OF OFFICE TECHNICAL SUPPORT
MISSOURI BASIN REGION, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, I am Carl
Blomgren, Missouri Basin Region, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration.
This statement summarizes the report
entitled, "Water Quality Standards Conference - State of
Iowa, Iowa Interstate Waters of the Missouri River Basin,
convening April 15, 19&9* which was transmitted to the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission on March 19, 1969
I request, Mr. Chairman, that a corrected copy of this
report be admitted to the record and I hereby hand the
amended copy to the conference reporter.
MR. STEIN: Do you want the whole report
put in the record?
MR. BLOMGREN: If you want that, Mr.
Chairman.
MR. STEIN: That will be done.
(Which said report is as follows;)
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16
16
WITEIIUminSTUUIDS
CONFEIENCE
sine if
\m
Copy N*±
Iowa Interstate Waters
of the
Missouri River Basin
convening:
April 15,1969
Council Bluffs, Iowa
U S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
MISSOURI BASIN REGION
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17
MISSOURI RIVER DRAINAGE
IN CONFERENCE AREA
EXPLANATION
— SUBREGION BOUNDARY
— SUBBASIN BOUNDARY
SUBREGION 6 MIDDLE MISSOURI
MRS COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK STUDIES
MR6S BILLINGS.MONTANA QCT 1965 MOy-Q-t
ZO 40
SCALE IN MILES
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCTION 1-1
A. Purpose 1-1
B. Authority 1-1
C. Scope 1-2
II. SUMMARY II-1
III. BACKGROUND III-1
A. Description of Area III-l
B. Economy III-l
C. Hydrology III-7
IV. WATER USES, WASTE SOURCES ANT) WATER QUALITY IV-1
A. Water Uses IV-1
B, Existing Waste Sources IV-14
C. Impact of Water Quality on Use IV-32
D. Monitoring IV-41
V. QUALITY CRITERIA NECESSARY TO SUPPORT EXISTING
AND FUTURE WATER USES V-l
A. Treatment V-l
B. Disinfection V-l
C. Temperature V-l
D. Nondegradation V-2
E. Radioactivity V-3
F. Standards of Related States V-3
VI. RECOMMENDATION VI-1
VII. APPENDIX VII-1
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19
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose
The Secretary of the Department of the Interior directed, by
notice of March 5, 1969, that sessions of a conference be held in
Davenport and Council Bluffs, Iowa, on April 8 and 15, 1969,
respectively, to consider the establishment of water quality
standards for the interstate waters under control of the State
of Iowa.
B. Authority
The water quality standards established by the State of Iowa
in accordance with Section 10(c)(l) of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.) are determined in
part not to be consistent with the protection of the public health
and welfare, the enhancement of the quality and value of the water
and the purpose of the Act as provided by Section 10(c)(3) of that
Act.
Section 10(c)(2) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
as amended (33 U.S.G. 466 et seq.) provides that, should the
Secretary of the Interior find the water quality standards adopted
by the State do not protect the public health or welfare, enhance
the quality of the water and serve the purposes of this Act (The
Federal Water Pollution Control Act), taking into consideration
their use and value for public water supplies, propagation of fish
and wildlife, recreational purposes, and agricultural, industrial
and other legitimate uses, he may, after reasonable notice, call a
conference of representatives of appropriate Federal departments
1-1
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20
and agencies, interstate agencies, State, municipalities and
industries involved prior to preparing regulations setting
forth standards of water quality to be applicable to the inter-
state waters or portions thereof.
In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Secretary
of the Interior has called this conference to consider the
establishment of water quality standards relative to the three
excepted items below:
1. The treatment requirements and implementation
plan for waste discharges to the Missouri and
Mississippi Rivers;
2. The requirements for disinfection of controllable
discharges which may be sources of bacteriological
pollution;
3. The temperature criteria for the interstate
waters of State other than the Missouri and
Mississippi Rivers.
C. Scope
The interstate waters subject to the jurisdiction of the State
of Iowa are as follows:
The waters of the Missouri River, Chariton River, Middle Fork
Medicine River, Weldon River, Little River, Thompson River, East
Fork of the Big River, Grand River, Platte River, East Fork of the
102 River, Middle Fork of the 102 River, Nodaway River, West Tarkio
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21
River, Tarkio River, Nishnabotna River, Little Sioux River, Big
Sioux River, Rock River and Kanaranzi Ditch. These waters are
shared Jointly with other States. The scope of this report,
while limited to the Missouri River Basin waters in Iowa, has
included for the purposes of clarification the impact of water
quality in these interstate streams on the water uses and water
quality standards of the adjoining States.
1-3
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22
II. SUlfMARY
The following summarizes the more extensive text and appendices
of this report.
A. The area of Iowa covered by Part II of the Water Quality
Standards Conference is approximately 17,000 square miles or about 30
percent of the land area of the State. This area supports about 600,000
people. The population is projected to remain relatively stable although
people will migrate from rural to urban areas. Agriculturally associated
enterprises constitute the backbone of the economy with meat packing
being the largest industrial vater user and waste producer.
B. Municipal and industrial wastes amounting to approximately
1,500,000 population equivalents (P.E.) are discharged into the waters
draining to the Missouri River System.
C. The 30 sewer systems in Iowa municipalities in the Missouri
Basin discharging waste to interstate streams handle a total connected
waste loading of 483,000 population equivalents. Eighteeen of these
sewer systems handling less than 15 percent of the total connected load-
ing, provide secondary treatment. Eight of the systems handling 85
percent of the loading provide only primary treatment. Two discharge
to adjoining municipalities. Wastes collected by the other two systems
are discharged without treatment.
D. Of 167 industries in the conference area covered by this report,
9 have direct discharges to streams. The design organic waste loadings
before treatment is reported to be 342,000 population equivalents and
with treatment estimated to remove 85 percent of the BOD, with the dis-
charge P.E. approximately 50,000. A complete industrial -waste inventory
11-1
-------
23
based upon plant surveys is not available.
E. In addition to the wastes generated by the resident population
and direct industrial activities, there is a significant animal waste
problem. It is estimated that at least 3,300,000 cattle and calves
and 6,100,000 hogs and pigs were on farms. These animal wastes have
a population equivalent of 65,000,000 and can cause oxygen depletion,
bacterial and nutrient pollution problems, and esthetic degradation in
a stream.
F. The number of cattle--at present over five times — and the number
of hogs and pigs—almost ten times —the human population of the study
area is expected to increase substantially in the next decade. Unless
controlled, the wastes produced can be expected to increase bacterial
and nutrient levels in the tributary streams and the main stem of the
Missouri.
G. Sediment is a major pollutant in the Missouri River Basin.
Uncontrolled runoff in the Iowa portion of this Basin contributes
substantial amounts to the annual load.
H. Investigations of existing v/ater use by Department of the Interior
personnel have identified eight categories of beneficial uses. Of these
eight categories, public water supplies, recreation, navigation, wild-
life habitat, and commercial fishing are considered to have the greatest
potential for expansion.
I. The Missouri River on the western boundary of Iowa probably has
the greatest potential for recreation development in tha Conference area.
There arc over 30 known dev?loocd recreation areas along the Missouri
11-2
-------
24
River in Iowa. The Corps of Engineers has proposed 35 recreation sites
for construction between Sioux City and Rulo, Nebraska.
J. High bacterial densities have been observed in the entire reach
*r
of the Missouri River from Sioux City to St. Joseph. The bacterial
densities exceed the permissible limits which have been accepted by
common practice for water supply and recreation use to protect the public
health and welfare.
K. During dry weather streamflow conditions over 85 percent of the
total coliform densities in the River are attributable to municipal waste
effluents. Calculations of the effect of two-stage disinfection and
secondary treatment with disinfection on the coliform densities demonstrate
that concentrations of less than 10,000 organisms per 100 ml can be obtained.
L. High densities of bacteria and high concentrations of nitrogen and
phosphorous are found in Iowa tributaries to the Missouri River, especially
during periods of storm water runoff. Much of this is attributable to
intense agricultural land use with the consequent use of fertilizers and
the deposition of animal wastes on land.
M. Survey results from the main stream stretch of the Missouri River
in Iowa identified adverse changes in water quality. Turbidity increased
four-fold in the length of reach surveyed and cyanides and phenols were found.
N. Biological investigations revealed predominately clean water
organisms and associated aquatic life above Sioux City. However, a consistent
increase in pollution tolerant organisms and biota were observed in many
stretches of the river between Sioux City and St. Joseph.
0. The main stem of the Missouri is highly regulated with flow
characteristics determined by navigational and flood control needs. Hydro-
logically, 40 percent of the tributaries in Iowa are intermittent. The
II-3
-------
25
balance of the streams have measurable low flows except in their head-
waters. It is indicated, therefore, that the latter group of streams
could support a fishery.
P. Public water users relying on the Missouri River as a source of
supply report problems associated with turbidity, ammonia, coagulation,
taste and odors.
Q. Recreational activities on the main stem include boating, water
skiing, swimming and wading. These activities are directly affected by
presence of floating material and grease balls, high bacterial densities,
dissolved organics and turbidity. Samples of water taken in the survey
had as high as 2000 bacteria per drop.
R. Esthetic values of the waters in this area ore reduced due to
turbidity, floating materials, and other effects which reduce or eliminate
the opportunity for development of spectator oriented activities, e.g.,
boat or canoe races, etc.
S. Tainting of fish flesh has been reported by commercial and sport
fishermen in many areas of the main stem of the Missouri River.
T. Fouling of fishnets and lines with grease is common below major
municipal and industrial waste outlets. Similarly, boat hulls of recrea-
tional watercraft are fouled with grease and scum.
U. Every State which borders on the Missouri River, except for Iowa
has adopted as part of its Standards, a minimum requirement for secondary
treatment or its equivalent for wastes discharged into the Missouri River.
This provision, for secondary or equivalent treatment, has been enacted by
the States of South Dakota, North Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri,
and Montana. Iowa Standards require secondary treatment on all streams
except the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers.
11-4
-------
26
III. BACKGROUND
A. Description of Area
The conference area covered by the report includes the drainage
area of the Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls and the Missouri River
from Sioux City, Iowa, downstream to the Iowa-Missouri state line.
This portion of western Iowa includes slightly more than 17,000
square miles. The average annual precipitation in this area ranges
from 25 to 34 inches and the annual temperature ranges from -40 to
115° Fahrenheit.
The topography is varied, ranging from broad fertile flood
plains to bluffs bordering the flood plains (which sometimes reach
several hundred feet in height) and lands varying from steep slopes
to gently rolling hills.
Transportation routes, including two interstate highways, serve
all of the area. Interstate 29, a north-south route extending from
Kansas City to Sioux City east of the Missouri River, and Interstate
80, an east-west route, cross in the Council Bluffs and Omaha Stan-
dard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). Airlines, railroads and
pipelines also serve the area in both east-west and north-south
directions. Navigation on the Missouri River extends from St. Lou La
to Sioux City.
B. Economy
1. Past and Present
Total population of the conference area has increased steadily
since World War II. The conference area and the entire State of
Iowa have experienced "a decrease in farm population during this period.
III-l
-------
27
The rate of urban growth, however, has exceeded the decrease In farm
population resulting in a net increase in total population.
While the cities of Sioux Falls and Omaha are not in the conference
area, they do influence the area's economy and, therefore, must be con-
sidered. A total of about 1.3 million people influenced the area's
economy in 1960. About 600,000 people live in this portion of the
conference area and 35 percent live in rural areas. However, in the
conference area, over one-half of the 1960 population lived in rural
areas, reflecting a significant influence of agriculture in the conference
area's economy.
The Oroaha-Council Bluffs, Sioux Falls, and Sioux City SMSA's,
with an average population growth in the period 1940 to 1960 of 36
percent, represented most of the population increase. The large
SMSA's along the Missouri River with their population increases from
1940 to 1960 are listed below.
Population
City
Omaha-Council Bluffs
Sioux Falls
Sioux City
TOTAL
Agriculture is a major employer in the conference area. Agriculture
and the processing of food products are the backbone of the area's economy.
In 1960, over one-fourth of the area's employment were in agriculture and
agriculturally related industries. Most of the remaining workers were
employed in the service and trade sectors of the economy.
1940
325,153
57,697
113,463
496,313
1960
457,873
86,575
120,017
664,465
%
Increase
42
51
6
36
III-2
-------
28
Iowa is located on the western edge of the Corn Belt. The
soil is fertile and climatic conditions and topography are favor-
able for the production of corn and other feed grains. Iowa also
produces large numbers of calves and hogs. A good supply of feeder
calves, large numbers of hogs, available feed grains and roughage
and adequate transportation for distribution to markets, gives
Iowa a competitive advantage over other areas in raising livestock.
As a result, Iowa is the largest producer of finished cattle and
hogs ready for slaughter in the United States.
Farm activity in this area is about 60 percent livestock,
dairy and poultry farms with 40 percent cash grain, general or
special crop farms. Recent investigations reveal that about 80
percent of total monetary value of farm products are derived from
the sale of livestock and livestock products.
About 2 million cattle are on feed in farm feedlots in Iowa.
This is about 20 percent of cattle on feed for slaughter in the
United States. There are some large commercial operations and many
small farm feedlots spread throughout the State. Pottawattomie
County ranks first in numbers of cattle on feed in Iowa.
Iowa and its bordering states raise about 60 percent of all the
hogs produced in the United States. Iowa markets about 20 million
hogs annually, some of which are shipped out of the State for
processing. Iowa accounts for about 14 percent of the cattle and
22 percent of the hog production in the U.S.
III-3
-------
29
The large cities of Sioux Falls, Sioux City, and Omaha-Council
Bluffs are transportation and service centers for large surrounding
rural areas. The service and trade industries continue to increase
providing the supporting services required of a business community.
These service and trade industries include transportation and stor-
age, retail trade, communications, finance, insurance, etc.
In recent years, many of the meat slaughtering industries have
been decentralizing. They are locating throughout the farm belt
rather than remaining concentrated in large metropolitan areas. The
trend is to locate these slaughter plants near the supply of animals.
Mining activities in the area are limited to construction mater-
ials--cement minerals, sand and gravel, stone and clay. Mineral
production is concentrated in approximate proportion to the distri-
bution of population, which creates the market for such construction
materials.
2. Future
Population and economic growth through 1980 is expected to be
governed by historic trends. Growth rates calculated by the Office
of Business Economics for this area depict rates of growth, based
on the trends of an agricultural economy, lower than those of the
Missouri Basin Region or the United States. Mechanization of both
farm operations and subsequent processing operations of farm products
has led to reduced manpower requirements. In the conference area,
these trends have not been balanced by growth trends of other forms
of economic activity.
III-4
-------
30
Population projections for these cities are based on the entire
urban area or Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) in which
they are located. The major growth is expected to be in the Omaha-
Council Bluffs SMSA as illustrated in the following table.
SMSA 1960 1980 Percent Increase
Omaha-Council Bluffs 457,873 662,000 45
Sioux Falls 86,575 118,000 36
Sioux City 120,017 139,000 16
Council Bluffs and vicinity are expected to experience a high rate
of growth thru 1980. The 1960 population of 65,407 is expected to
reach about 84,000 by 1980. This would be a 28 percent increase.
Employment in major urban areas will reflect trade and service
concentrations with manufacturing employment being dominated by the
processing of agricultural products. Future increases in farm produc-
tion will be based upon the use of additional capital, increased
technology and improved cultural practices.
The largest industrial water user and waste producer is expec-
ted to continue to be the meat packing industry. The demand for
meat has been increasing and is projected to increase at a rapid
rate in the future.
Decentralization of the meat slaughtering industry is expected
to continue; however, the large metropolitan areas are also projected
to continue to increase in agricultural processing.
Future industrial growth in Council Bluffs should increase at
moderate rate. Emphasis will continue to be on trade and service
industries--transportation, communication, retail trade, insurance,
III-5
-------
31
government, etc. Manufacturing growth will be primarily in the
agricultural processing sector. A large livestock slaughtering
plant should begin operation during 1969. This will be a cattle
slaughtering operation and the waste will be discharged to the city
sewerage system. This plant could overload the present treatment
facilities to such an extent that expansion of the treatment plant
will be necessary. With the continued projected growth of feeding
around Council Bluffs, additional livestock slaughtering plants
will be needed to process these animals.
New specialized slaughtering plants similar to the one being
built in Council Bluffs can compete economically with the outlying
plants provided they have an adequate supply of livestock. The
Iowa Beef Packers processing plant at Dakota City, Nebraska is a
good example of a profitable slaughtering operation that is located
near an urban area. This plant is now one of the largest beef
operations in the country. The future increase of plants similar to
this one appears good.
Sioux City with a larger population and industrial base than
Council Bluffs has a slower rate of population growth. The two
cities, however, are very similar in their industrial characteristics.
Trade and service industries are expected to be the major employer.
Food processing is projected to be the largest manufacturing sector
by 1980. Both cities have a good supply of livestock in the area
with an increasing demand for meat, the opportunities for new livestock
III-6
-------
32
slaughtering facilities appear favorable. Projected industrial growth
and population increases will probably overload present treatment facilities
of both Sioux City and Council Bluffs by 1980.
The manufacture of chemical products, mainly fertilizers, pesticides
and other agricultural chemicals,is projected to increase three-fold.
Mineral production in the conference area is confined to non-
metallic construction materials and no change is foreseen.
C. Hydrology
That portion of Iowa drained by the Missouri River constitutes
nearly one-third of the State's total drainage area or about 17,380
square miles. The drainage basins in the western portion of the
State are relatively long and narrow and have a general course from
northeast to southwest. Of the interstate streams tributary to
the Missouri River, the Big Sioux has the largest drainage area of
9,030 square miles, including 1,970 square miles that are non-
contributing. The intrastate streams are typically much smaller
with the Boyer River ranking first with drainage of 1,188 square
miles. The Floyd and Maple Rivers are the only other large intra-
state streams with 921 and 742 square miles, respectively. Size rank-
ings of the remaining basins are shown in Table III-C-1.
Unlike the streams found in the northeast of Iowa, those of the
western portion are characterized by periods of excessively low
minimum daily discharge. Because groundwater does not play the
supporting role that it does in northeastern streams, the base
III-7
-------
33
TABLE I1I-C-1
DRAINAGE AREA OF IOWA ,
STREAMS GREATER THAN 100 SQUARE MILES IN MISSOURI RIVER BASIN
STREAM
Big Sioux River
Little Sioux Aiver
Nishnabotna River
Rock River
Boyer River *
Nodaway River
Floyd River *
Chariton River
Maple River *
Thompson River
Soldier River *
Platte River
Mosquito Creek *
Weldon River
West Fork Hundred and Two River
Kanaranzi Creek
Tarkio River
Grand River
Pidgeon River *
East Fork Hundred and Two
Sixmile Creek *
Little River
TOTAL DRAINAGE AREA
9030
4507
2819
1688
1188
1182
921
817
742
729
445
282
267
240
212
205
206
206
165
111
108
102
* Non-Interstate waters. Thoce without asterisk show only drainage area
at Iowa State line.
\J Modified from "Drainage Area of Iowa Streams" by 0. J. Larimer, December
1957, and U.S.G.S. .Vater Supply Papers. Those interstate streams referred
to in the Secretary's letter but less than 100 sq. miles are: i.'est Tarkio
Creek, 92.5 sq ui.; Middle Fork Hundred and Two 62.1; East Fork of Big
Creek, 13.4; and Middle Fork Medicine Creek, 13.3.
III-8
-------
flows of the streams in western and southern Iowa are much lower.
Consequently, they are dry for days and in some cases even for weeks.
The intermittent streams with average discharge below 100 cubic feet
per second (cfs) are affected the most in periods of even moderate
drought. Table III-C-2 lists eight such streams with "minimum daily
discharges" as well as "7-day lowest mean discharges." Some streams
have minimum daily discharges of zero cfs during several weeks
throughout the period of record. Similarly in periods of severe
drought, streams having an average discharge of several hundred cfs
are greatly affected and often have minimum daily discharge of only
1 or 2 cfs.
Of all the Iowa tributaries of the Missouri River, only the Little
Sioux River near Turin had a 7-day lowest mean discharge exceeding 20
cfs. This flow was estimated on a five year period of record. Nearly
80 percent of all streams with flow measurement showed 7-day lowest
mean values of less than 3 cfs and half of these had days with 0 cfs.
The periods of record varied as shown in Table III-C-2.
A 7-day, 10-year low flow period has been adopted by the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission as the criteria both for the
design of waste treatment facilities and the minimum flow to which
the criteria part of the water quality standards would be applicable.
This period shows the capricious nature of Iowa streamflows in relation
to applying valid water quality criteria and possible treatment requirements.
Table III-C-3 lists the most important rivers and shows a 1, 7 and 30
III-9
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35
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111-13
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39
day, 10-year low flow. It is noteworthy to point out that where
differences exist in drainage areas, the anomolies are due to smaller
subbasins being partially incorporated or duplicated when shown in a
major basin.
Numerous Low-Flow Volume-Frequency Duration Curves are also
supplied for eight of the more important tributaries. The selected
durations are for 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 90 days as well as an annual
period. The exceedence frequency of the points plotted for each
duration for all stations was based on the formula normally used
by the USGS where:
Return Period or
Recurrence Interval in Years - Nfl
H
or
Exceedence Frequency per 100 Years <• M
N+I
N - Number of Years of Record
M « Order of Magnitude (rank) of event
For the stations and durations where zero flows were experienced
during a significant number of the years of record, an arbitrary
assignment of a mean flow value of 0.1 cfs was made.
Footnote: The frequency curves drawn through the plotted points were
based on fitting the Pearson Type III function by use of moments of
logarithms of the annual minimum flow values in accordance with the
procedure developed by L. R. Beard, Hydrologic Engineering Center,
Sacramento District, Corps of Engineers.
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CXCCCOCNCC FREQUENCY «• HUNOttCO YfAMS
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1923-23,33-52 QE-B2QS.QQ
-------
As an example, the curves for Station 8195, 102 River at Maryville,
Missouri, (Curve G) show that the minimum values for the 7-day curve
were 1.4 acre-feet for 3 of the 30 years of record. Although the graph
shows 1.4 acre-feet, this value is equated to an actual base line value
of zero cfs. The eye-fit curve should not be extended below about 3.7
acre-feet (roughly .3 cfs). The exceedence frequency per hundred years
nearest this point is 90 percent. It is assumed that in future years
the minimum 7-day low flow expected from 102 River at Maryville will be
zero cfs 10 percent of the time.
(NOTE: All curves A through H shown are for the climatic year
ending March 31.)
The discharge rates of the Missouri River itself are briefly
summarized in Table III-C-4. Periods of record end in 1967 and date
back for the indicated number of years. It is essential to under-
stand that the flow of the Missouri is highly regulated on the main
stem and, therefore, the overall discharge values are somewhat
buffered.
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50
IV. WATER USES, WASTE SOURCES AND WATER QUALITY
IV-A - WATER USES
1. INTRODUCTION
Section l(a), Declaration o£ Policy, of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (33 USC 966 et seq.) states "The purpose of this Act is to
enhance the quality and value of our water resources and to establish
a national policy for the prevention, control, and abatement of water
pollution." The value of the nation's water resources for all beneficial
uses are ir.ipai.red to a degree proportional to the instances of poor
quality caused by discharge of controllable wastes. Adherence to the
Federal policy declared in the Act requires that all beneficial uses
of the water be recognized. Quality enhancement requirements must be
promulgated in such a manner as to protect those uses and increase the
value of the resource.
In the area of the Missouri River Br.sin between Sioux City, Iowa,
and St. Joseph, Missouri, information on beneficial uses were obtained
from: 1) water quality standards documents; 2) a synoptic survey of
the roain stem and selected tributaries by Department of the Interior
personnel; and 3) from reports prepared by other State and Federal
agencies.
The following eight categories of use arc? documented for the streams
in question and are recognized as deserving of protection from impair-
ment by quality degradation.
1. Public water supplies
2. Recreation, including body contact water sports, fishing,
boating and esthetic appreciation
3. Commercial fishing
IV-1
-------
51
4. Wildlife habitat
5. Industrial water supply
6. Navigation.
7. Agriculture
8. Animal Watering
A summary of the number of use points by category on the F>ain
stem Missouri found during the synoptic survey is displayed in Table-IV-A-1,
Table IV-A-2 contains a list of discrete use points.
Table IV-A-1
Summary of Existing Water Uses by Category, Missouri main stem
between River Mile 449.5 (St. Joseph Bend) and River Mile 734.0 (Con-
fluence of Big Sioux and Missouri River.)
Use Category Iowa Missouri Nebraska Kansas Total
1. Public Water Users
2. Recreational I/
3. Commercial Fishing
4. Wildlife Habitat 2f
5. Industrial Water Users^.'
6. Navigation Installations
3/
7. Agi lev."1, tural Wi thdravals—'
8. Aninr.". "atering Sites.3/
TOTAL
_!/ Public access sites only - docs not include private access developments
by iivlividuals.
2/ Migratory water£ov;l use the entire river reach during migration periods
as rest areas and provide extensive hunting opportunity for local
and out-oT-r-tate bird hunters.
_3/ Total sl;T..'n is expected to be less than actual use.
i\_! Fever generating plants,
IV-2
1
27
17
11
2
5
2
0
65
1
11
3
0
1
2
0
0
18
1
39
16
2
3
32
0
4
97
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
79
36
13
6
39
2
4
202
-------
TABLE-IV-A-2
EXISTING WATER USES OF THE MISSOURI RIVER KNOWN TO THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
(1) Public Water Supply (2) Industrial Water Supply (3) Recreation (4) Fishing (5) Wildlife Habitat
(6) Animal watering (7) Agriculture (8) navigation (9) Waste Assimilation
LOCATION*
732-734 Sioux City Bend
726-732 Floyd Bend
722-726 Dakota Bend
719-722 Omadl Bend
716-719 Brovers Bend
714-716 Snyder Bend
711-714 Glover 's Point Bend
708-711
702.5-708 Omaha Mission Bends
698-702.5 Monona Bend
693-698 Blackbird Bend
691-693 Tievllle Bend
686-691 Decatur Bends
681.5-686 Louisville Bends
676.5-681.5 Blencoe Bends
670-676.5 Little Sioux Reach
JS6-6YU Little Sioux Bend
663-666 Bullard Bend
661-663 Soldier Bend
657.5-661 Peterson Cut-Off
659-657.5 Sandy Point Bend
651-655 Tysons Bend
649-651 California Cut-Off
648-649 Blair
644-648 DeSoto Bend
642-644 DeSoto Cut-Off
637-642 Calhoun Bends
634-637 Boyer Bend
631-634 Rockport Bends
626.5-631 Pigeon Creek Bends
623.5-626.5 Florence Bend
IOWA (east side of river)
(Confluence of Big Sioux and Missouri Rivers) - 734
(3) Rivercade Flotilla (several boat clubs plus USCO
Auxiliary)
(9) Perry Creek inlet - 732.2
(4) Commercial fishing
(9) Drainage - 731.8
(3)(4) City Park (Boating, waterskllng, picnic, etc)
(8) Bock barge - 731.8
(8) Kay Dee Chemical (Ammonia plant) - 731.8
(9) Stockyards drainage
(7) Intermittent irrigation
(9) AFB primary plant outfall
(9) Terra Chemical Plant (Ammonia)
(2) Iowa Power and Light Co.-75 HGD Cooling Water-718.3
(8) Borden 's Chemical (Ammonia Storage)
(Planned Snyder-Winnebago Recreational Complex-709 to 716)
(9) Sloan (pop 600) secondary plant outfall
NEBRASKA (west side of river)
(9) So. Sioux City dump - 733
(9) Drainage - 732.5
(3) Thacker's Marina - 30 boats - 732.5
(3) So. Sioux Marina - 75 boats - 732.2
(3) City Park - boat ramp
(4) Commercial fishing
(7) Intermittent irrigation
(3) Rich's Harlna-20 boats-726.5 (Mike
Rich, Sioux City)
(9) Iowa Beef Packers effluent
(9) Dakota City (pop. 600) effluent
(4) Commercial fishing (James and Robt,
Satterwaite)
(3)(4) Omadl State Park
(9) Township dump
(3) Lighthouse Marina - 20 boats
(Planned Blackbird Bend Recreation Area)
(3) Ivy Island Area
(4)(5) Onawa Material Yards - County Conservation Area
(3) Marina-Tekamah Boat Club - 20 boats (Robt. Aronson)
(3)(4)(5) County Conservation Area
(5) Louisville Bend State Refuge
(3)(4)(5) County Conservation Area
(9) Kleghorn ditch (from Onawa and Whiting)
(4)(5) Deer Island Recreation Area
(4)(5) Three Rivers Recreation Area
(4)(5) Little Sioux Delta Recreation Area
(3) Marina - S boats (Elwood Peterson)
(7) Intermittent irrigation
(4) commercial (Chas. Hilton)
(3) Marina - 10 boats - cabins (Ivy Lane)
(3) soldier Bend Recreation Area
(3) Tyson Bend Recreation Area
(3)(4)(5) California State Recreation Area and Refuge
(3) Rand Access (Recreation Area under development)
(4)(5) Rand Bar Recreation Area
(3)(4)(5) National Wildlife Refuge (Kermit Dybsetter,
Mgr.)
(3)(4) Wilson Island Recreation Area
(3) Boat ramp
(3) Boat dock
(3) Goose Haven Cabins
(3)(4) Sandstone Bayou Recreation Area -
Boating
(6) Cattle access area
(3)(4) Big Elk Park
(3) Decatur Marina-cabins-50 boats
(Earl Hightree)
(8) robin's Island (C of E terminal)
(3)(4) Masonic Area
(6) Cattle feeders-(John Schneider and
Wm. Lydlck)
(3)(4) Lydick's Lake
(3) Bullard Bend Hunting Area
(3) Cottonwood Marina-50 boats - 20 cabins
(Duane Spanton)
(8) Gulf Chemical (Ammonia Storage)
(8) National Alfalfa Dehydrating and
Milling Co.
(3) Public boat ramp
(3)(8) Kelly Ryan-Farm Equipment manufacture
(8) Alfalfa Milling Co.
(8) chemical Storage (Ammonia)
(4) Commercial (Pat Mallett and James
Ryan, Blair)
(3) Waterfowl hunting area
(Nuclear Power Plant under construction-
Omaha Public Power District)
(8) Limestone guarry docks
(3) Boat dock
(3) Marlna-30 boats-Surf side North
(Robt. Vondrasefc)
(3) Boat dock
(3) Recreation Area (under development)
(8) Gov't Maintenance Base (C of E)
(3) Boat ramp - (Dodge Park under
development-picnic area, cabins)
(1) Omaha M.U.D.-capacity-140 MOD; use
thru 1968- 65 MGD; current use- 40 MGD;
after 1982- 70 MOD; (Robt. Bell,
Director; Richard Hawes, Mgr of Water
Supply)
(2) Omaha Public Power Dist. - cooling use-
210 MGD (Ted Hartung, Director)
* Location is referenced to channel mileage as indicated in Corps of Engineers publications:
1) Omaha District "Missouri River-Ponca to Rulo, Nebr." - 30 June 1968
2) Kansas City District "Part 1, River and Harbor Projects" - 30 June 1968
-------
53
EXISTING WATER USES
LOCATION*
623.5-626.5 Florence Bend-
Continued
618-623.5 The Narrows
615-618 Council Bend
612-615 Omaha Bend
607.5-612 Gibson Bend
605-607.5 Manawa Bend
601-605 Bellvue Bend
598-601 Bellvue Reaches
596-598 St. Marys Cut-Off
594-596 Papilllon Bend
589-594 Plattsmouth Bends
585-589
'583-585
582-583
579-582
576-579
574-576
570-574
563-570
Tobacco Bend
Bluff Bend
Calumet
Bartlett Bend
Pin Hook Bend
Van Horns Bend
Civil Bends
Copeland Bends
560-563 Nebraska Bend
557-560 Frazlers Bend
555.5-557 otoe Bend
551-555.5 Hamburg Bends
547-551 Barney Bends
543.5-547 Kansas Bends
542-543.5 Nishnabotna Bend
540-542 Peru Bend
535-540 Sonora Bends
532-535 Brownvllle Bends
TABLE-1V-A-2 (Cont'd)
OF THE MISSOURI RIVER KNOWN TO THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION—Continued
IOWA (east Bide of river) 'NEBRASKA (west side of river)
(8) West Central Co-op Grain Co. Terminal
(8) Pentzien, Inc. Boatways
(8) Mo. Portland Cement Co. Terminal
(8) Cargo Carriers Terminal
(Car body smelter under construction)
(1) City of Co. Bluffs Water Intake; capacity-11 MOD;
current use-7 MGD; after 1982- MGD; Barney Rev,
•*«••
(9) Outfall from City primary plant (39,000 P.E.)
(3) Boat Dock
(8) Peavey Co. of Omaha Terminal
(9) Rendering Plant (600 P.E.)
(3) Boat Ramp
(3)(4) Pottawattamie County Conservation Area (State
Rec. Area under development)
(2) Iowa Power and Light Plant-cooling; 68 MGD; (John
Thorson, Mgr.)
(3)(4) Boat Landing
(3) Boat ramp
(3) Boat Dock
(5) State Wildlife refuge
(3)(4) Boat ramp - Waubonsie River Access
(3)(4)(8) Hamburg Boat Landing
MISSOURI (east side of river)-552.6
(Confluence of Nishnabotna and Missouri Rivers)-542
(3) Boat Landing
(6) Cattle feed lot
(3) River Club Marlna-50 boats
(8) Aaron Ferer Scrap Metal
(8) Archer-Daniels Midland Co. Terminal
(8) Sioux City and New Orleans Terminals
(8) Cargill, Inc. Terminal
(8) Municipal Dock
(9) Omaha Packing Co. (2600 P.E.)
(9) Outfall from City Primary plant
(750,000 P.E.)
(8) Cargill, Inc. Terminal
(9) Outfalls from Packing Houses and
Stockyards
(3) Boat Landing
(4) Commercial (Bull Dusek, Omaha)
(9) Quaker Oats Furfural (250,000 P.E.)
(8) Mo. Valley Inc. Terminal
(3)(5) Fontenelle Forest (nature park-
refuge) (James Malkowskl, Mgr.)
(3) Boat Dock
(9) Outfall from Bellvue primary plant
(5200 P.E.)
(2) Nebr. Public Power Dlst.; Usage-
25 MGS (R. J. Rhodes, Mgr.)
(3) Boat ramps - City Recreation Area
(3) Offutt Lake Intake - Boating for AFB
(4) Sport
(8)(9) Allied Chemical Plant
(3) Boating-developed area
(4) Commercial Fishing (Melvin Barr,
Plattsmouth)
(Confluence of Platte and Missouri
Rivers) - 594 to 595
(5) State Wildlife Management Area
(Gary Drowns, Mgr.)
(3)(4)(8) Municipal Dock - Boat Ramp
Plattsmouth Boat Club-30 boats
(9) Outfall from Plattsmouth primary plant
(3600 P.E.)
(8) Equity Union Grain Co. Terminal
(8) Rock Dock - Quarry
(3X4) Boat Ramp
Rivervlew State Rec. Area
(8) Steinhart Terminal (City wells near
River-Vern Livingston)(873-3353)
(3)(4) Boat Ramp
(8) Mid States Grain Terminal
(8) Bartlett Grain Co. Terminal
(8) Steinhard Terminal-Municipal Dock
(9) Outfall from Nebr City primary plant
(12,000 P.E.)
(8) Nebr City Dock and Grain Terminal
(3) Boat Ramps
(3) Boat Ramp
(3) Boat Ramp
(3) Boat Landing
(4) Commercial (Ramon "Dutch" Henry, Peru)
(9) Peru Secondary Plant (250 P.E.)
(8) Continental Grain Co. Terminal
(8) Brownville Grain Co. Terminal
(Mr. Holland)
(3) Boat Ramp
-------
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55
2. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
Withdrawals for public vater supply needs represent the water use
strong the highest protection level requirements and value in the area
Seing considered. Ti*c cities of Council Bluffs, Iowa; Omaha, Nebraska
and St. Joseph, Missouri use the Missouri River as a source of supply.
These three withdrawals combined are approximately 62 million gallons
of water per day.
Withdrawal and use of water for public consumption, which is con-
taminated by inadequately treated wastes, is not consistent with accepted
practices for the protection of public health and welfare.
3. OUTDOOR RECREATION
In an attempt to identify and analyze the recreational assets and
uses of western Iowa and the Missouri River, many pertinent recreation
reports, studies, and plans were reviewed. Based on this review,
Appendix C was prepared x/hich is entitled Outdoor Recreation arvi >.'at°r
Pollution in Vestorn.Iowa and Along; the Missouri River. This appendix
should be referred to as it contains detailed and descriptive informa-
tion on the recreation resources of this area.
The numerous documents reviewed were prepared by various govern-
mental agencies and represent the findings and recommendations of
exhaustive efforts. All appear to be unanimous in their conclusions
of the Missouri River that recreation is an existing use; that there
is a latent and growing demand for additional resources and facilities;
and that the area is capable of meeting the unsatisfied needs and
IV-6
-------
demands. Furthermore, the Missouri River and its immediate environment
can provide recreational opportunities beyond those required by the
resident population.
Present recreation use along the Missouri River in Iowa has not
met its potential for the amount of land and water acreage involved.
While being light, however, it appears that most recreation activities
are participated in with sightseeing, boating, picnicking, and fishing
as the most popular. There are over 30 known developed recreation
areas along the Missouri River in Iowa. Included among this list are
boat clubs, marinas, city parks, conservation areas, refuges, recreation
areas, boat rarnps, commercial cabins, boat docks, and boat landing sites.
There are even a greater number of recreation areas on the Nebraska side
of the river. These generally include the Scune type of areas as in Iowa;
however, the list is expanded to include State parks, x^ildlife management
area, nature park, waterfowl hunting areas, and a river club.
While this relates a direct use of the river at developed recreation
sites, there is undoubtedly a considerable amount of use that occurs in
the natural undeveloped reaches for such activities as hunting, hiking,
camping,nuture study, fishing, etc. Also, there is undoubtedly a
significant c.-.r.oant of use resulting from persons driving roads and trails
in quest of pler.sure drives and sightseeing.
Water skiing surprisingly is enjoyed even though the river contains
a high silt load. S'.riviudng is not considered a cowmen activity due in
large pleasure to the dangerous water conditions and high turbidity. In
the Sioux City area there is an annual canoe race on the river which is
well attended. Fish species in this stretch of the Missouri include
IV-7
-------
57
„ catfish, drum, crappie, black bass, white bass, walleye, seuger and
paddlefish.
•
The Corps of Engineers estimate that 250,000 visitor-days are presently
initiated at limited access points between Sioux City and Rulo, Nebraska,
which includes the stretch of the Missouri River in Iowa. For cor.parative
purposes, another projection might be useful — that of fisherman-days on the
80-mile stretch of the Missouri between Sioux City and Yankton, South Dakota.
The BSF6.W estimates that 32,000 fishcrr.;an-days occur annually. This
stretch of the river below the Gavins Point Dam, is immediately upstream
from the Iowa border. It is not affected by multi-source waste discharges.
Figures compiled from data in Iowa's outdoor recreation plan indicate
that sore 52 million days of recreation use, by residents 12 years and
older, occurred in the western region of Iowa in 1955. Driving for
pleasure, picnicking, sightseeing, and walking for pleasure were the most
popular activities sought. Although an exact r> easurer.ent of prase-; uie
is unavailable, it can readily be seen that the Missouri River is used
for recreation purposes.
Peirhsps the best way to depict the recreation potential of the
Missouri River is to outline the more significant actions proposed, and
express some of the pertinent extracts from the reference material. Fore-
most, is the establishment of the Lewis avid Clark Trail along the. full
route of the Missouri River. Since Congress established the Lewis and
Clark Trail Commission in 1964, the Missouri IMver has been recognized as
a national resource worthy of development to a far greater dsgree than
heretofore. The purpose of this net was to create ?.n appreciation of the
IV-8
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58
resources, encourage their conservation, and to promote the protection
and development of outdoor recreation resources along the route for public
use and enjoyment. The development plan prepared by the Bureau of Outdoor
Recreation provides for many and varied resources linked along the entire
route to satisfy the full spectrum of recreation activities from the most
active to the most passive. Some 35 recreation sites were identified for
construction by the Corps of Engineers between Sioux City and Rulo, Nebraska.
The National Commission, in association with all of the affected States
including the Iowa State Lewis and Clark Trail Committee, is now implement-
ing those actions necessary to achieve the national objectives. To date,
one of the principal tasks has been accomplished--that is, the marking and
historical interpretation of the route on the roads which parallel, adjoin,
and otherwise provide access to the river. Among the problems mentioned
as confronting full attainment of the recognized goals is water pollution.
The Commission specifically recommended that the FWPCA give continuing
attention to the abatement and control of water pollution and that States
also take steps to strengthen measures to reduce water pollution along
the Trail route.
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's preliminary report on the Middle
Missouri Tributaries Subregion (part of the MBIAC Framework Study) indicated
that increased future recreation demands would result as "greater interest
in the Missouri River as a play area, as pollution and silcation control
result in clearer and cleaner waters and greater interest in and use of
the Missouri River as the Lewis and Clark Trail plans are completed."
Further, "That the most pressing current needs are for development of
IV-9
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59
planned boat access points on and access to the river and improvement and
development of the Missouri River Oxbow Lakes." Finally, "The most
important and widely mentioned Type I potential is the promotion and
development of recreation sites, roads, trails, signs, interpretive
facilities, and other improvements in connection with the Lewis and Clark
Trail."
In the MBIAC May 1968 Missouri River main stem study, it was esti-
mated that recreation demand would be 10,520,000 activity-days by 1980
exclusive of fishing and hunting. This generally involves the main stem
from Yankton, South Dakota, to St. Joseph, Missouri, and includes the
Missouri through Iowa. Sightseeing accounted for 40 percent of the esti-
mated use. Of significance in this report is that 33 percent of the water
oriented needs could be met by the main stem of the Missouri in 1980.
Based on data in Iowa's outdoor recreation plan, recreation use by resi-
dents 12 years or older, is expected to be over 54 million days in 1980,
in the western counties.
Speaking at a 1964 MBIAC meeting, the Planning Director of the Iowa
State Conservation Commission discussed Iowa's long range recreation plans.
Of Importance is this statement, "The Missouri, on our western boundary,
probably has the greatest potential for recreational development of any
one area that we could mention. With flood control a reality, a stable
river channel, navigation and other factors of progress, we suspect a
major buildup of people along the Missouri."
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has projected capacity
figures for fisherman use along the 161-mile stretch of the Missouri
IV-10
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6o
River in Iowa. The 71 miles from Sioux City through Burt County, they
estimate the capacity is 125 fisherman-days per mile per year. In the
lower 90 miles, it is reduced to 25 fisherman-days per mile per year.
Thus, the river's total capacity is 11,125 fisherman-days per year. This
is for the entire river and would be halved if Iowa's portion would be
separated. It should be pointed out that these figures represent capacity,
not actual use.
As in the case of existing recreation use, potential use defies
exact measurement for the Missouri River in Iowa. However, it has been
plainly demonstrated that the Missouri River, and its immediate enviorn-
ment, offer tremendous opportunity for public use and enjoyment to both
the local resident and the nation as a whole. The future use will expand
commensurate with access and facilities. It can be expected that use on
the waters of the Missouri will principally be in the form of fishing and
boating, and on the adjoining lands in the form of sightseeing, picnicking,
hiking, driving and walking for pleasure, and in historical interpretation.
4. COMMERCIAL FISHING
Thirty-six separate cotnmerical fishing use points were identified
in the conference area. Of this total, 17 were located in the State of
Iowa and the remaining 19 in the States of Nebraska and Missouri. Tae
true intensity of commercial fishing demand is probably not reflected
by these figures, since the use points were identified by interview
and not check of the numbers of commercial fishing permits issued by
conservation agencies.
IV-11
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6i
5. WILDLIFE HABITAT
The conference area is in one of the major migratory bird flyways.
Consequently, many of the marsh and wetland areas serve as nesting or
temporary resting sites for waterfowl in their annual migrations.
Thirteen conservation or waterfowl hunting locations were located by survey
along the Missouri River stressing the importance of the area in main-
taining suitable waterfowl populations in the flyway. With increasing
interest and enthusiasm by the sporting and conservation groups, it
is expected that many additional areas will be reserved in the future
for the support of wildlife.
6. INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
Discrete industrial water supply users identified by the synoptic
survey numbered six. Of this total, two were located in Iowa and
the remaining four in Missouri and Nebraska. Future economic develop-
ment of the major metropolitan areas will undoubtedly be based on
industrial growth and an increase in the industrial water use can be
expected. Unidentified are the numerous industries obtaining their
water supply from municipalities.
7. NAVIGATION
Navigation is an important use of the Missouri River. The Federal
Government has invested millions of dollars in structures to maintain
and improve a navigable channel in the river. Each year efforts are
made, weather depending, to extend the navigation season. The brief
survey identified a total of 39 navigation installations to assist in
IV-12
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62
loading materials on and off the river barges. A premise for future
development of the conference area certainly trust be trore extensive
use of waterborne comr.erce.
8. AGRICULTURAL WITHDRAWALS
Only two distinct agricultural withdrawal points were located by
the Department of the Interior purvey. More intensive farming practices
on the flood protected plains bordering the river would certainly
increase the quantity of water for agricultural ur.age through supple-
mental irrigation.
9. ANIMAL WATERING
The animal watering usage on the tmin stem was found entirely in
the State of Nebraska.
10. GENERAL
At the present time, the primary uses of the Missouri River -•'.ra
domestic w?tsr supply, navigation, recreation and commercial fishing.
Other use categories identified ere in the infancy of growth. Futura
development of the area will see a more intensive water use in sach
category.
IV-13
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63
IV-B - EXISTING WASTE SOURCES
1. MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES
A tabulation of municipal waste treatment systems discharging into
the main stem of the Missouri River between Gavins Point Dam and the Iowa-
Missouri State line and all municipal waste treatment systems in the State
of Iowa discharging to tributaries of the Missouri River is included on
pages IV-24 and IV-30.
Most treatment facilities constructed or enlarged since 1956 have
utilized Federal construction grants. These treatment facilities were
constructed at a total cost of $40,283,174 including Federal grants
amounting to $6,170,645.
All towns and cities located on the main stem section of the Missouri
River, with the exception of Omaha, have at least primary waste treatment
facilities in operation at the present time. The existing treatment
facilities for the city of Omaha will eventually receive all wastes
from land areas draining directly to the Missouri River, but at the
present time are only capable of treating approximately 50 percent of
the wastes. Omaha has under construction facilities which will pretreat
industrial wastes. When these are completed, all wastes will receive
primary treatment.
Of the 14 municipalities along the Missouri River between Yankton
and Rulo, nine provide only primary treatment and the other five provide
secondary. On Missouri River Basin interstate streams in Iowa there are
28 cities with sewage systems. Eighteen provide secondary, eight only
primary, two discharge to. adjoining municipalities, and two provide
no treatment of their wastes. Of the 118
IV-14
-------
municipal discharges to intrastate waters, 94 receive secondary
treatment, 15 primary and 9 have no treatment.
Total Number of Treatment Facilities
Secondary 117
Primary 32
None 11
TOTAL 160
Wastes discharged to these 160 municipal sewerage systems have
a total estimated population equivalent of 3,500,000. Secondary
treatment is provided for only about 48 percent of this connected
load. Fifty-one percent of the waste loading is discharged to 31
plants which provide primary treatment. Less than one percent of
the wastes is discharged without treatment.
2. INDUSTRIAL AND OTHER SEPARATE WASTE SOURCES
There are two hospital installations, one chemical plant and a
rendering company and eight packing plants of varying sizes in western
Iowa with separate waste systems. Their combined waste loadings
before treatment are estimated to equal 342,000 population equivalents
(P.E.). The rendering company at Alton, Iowa, is discharging raw
wastes to a stream. The remaining nine plants (1 chemical and eight
packing) operate their own treatment facilities which provide an
estimated BOD removal of over 85 percent. Sevan large meat packing
companies in this group account for about 337,000 P.E.'s. Significant
industrial or other waste disposal systems are listed in Table IV-B-1.
The estimated flow from these seven plants is about six million gallons
per day.
IV-15
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TABLE IV-B-1
Major Industri ".1 and Other Separate Waste Systems
Missouri Basin - Iowa
City
Harlan
Oakland
Oakland
Glenwood
Denison
Deaison
Cherokee
LeMars
Alton
Sioux City
Glenwood
Cherokee
Reported
Design Data
P.E.(BOD) Flow (spd)
Western Iowa Pork
American Beef Packers
Oakland Beef Feeders
Swift & Company
Iowa Beef
Farmbest
Wilson & Company
Blue Ribbon Beef
Rendering Co. (No Trmt.)
Terra Chemical Co.
State Hospital
Mental Health Institute
24,250
21,600
-
38,650
76,800
64,500
84 , 600
26,450
200
-
3,070
1,500
390,000
720,000
-
1,000,000
960.000
850,000
1,300,000
800,000
-
700,000
432,000
200,000
Reported
Efficiency
95%
95+%
(1)
(2)
98 . 5%
857o(3)
98+%
(1)
0
(*)
85%
35%
(1) No surface effluent
(2) Packing plant and treatment facility under construction.
(Estimated completion April 1969.)
(3) Surfpac filter unit under construction.
(4) Ammonia waste - 1.5 day of flow equalization in ponds.
IV-16
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66
The Iowa Directory of Industries lists in the Missouri Basin in
Iowa the following number of industries by selected classification:
Food and Kindred Products 121
Chemical and Allied Products 29
Petroleum Products 3
Rubber and Plastics 10
Primary Metals 3
Electro Plating 1
TOTAL 167
Many of these industries discharge their wastes to municipal sewerage
systems.
The number of industrial waste sources relating to meat processing
Is a reflection of the extent of agricultural activity in the conference
area.
3. FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
There are five significant Federal installations on or near the
Missouri River bordering the State of Iowa.
The Corps of Engineers' dock and service base at Omaha is served
by a septic tank and subsurface soil absorption system. The DeSoto
National Wildlife Refuge has a number of waste treatment systems. The
headquarters and major recreational areas are served by seven septic tanks
and subsurface soil absorption systems. All of these are of adequate
size and are functioning satisfactorily. Some of the low use areas in
the refuge are served by pit or vault toilets. All of the pit toilets
are scheduled for replacement by more adequate facilities.
The Offutt Air Force Base has a complete sewage system. The wastes
IV-17
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67
have a volume of 1.1 mgd X7ith an estimated P.E. strength of 14,700. The
treatment facilities provide an 88 percent removal of BOD. The effluent
has an estimated P.E. of 1,800 and discharges to Papillion Creek about
2\ miles above the confluence with the Missouri River.
The Omaha Air Force station has been deactivated; however, a por-
tion of this station will be operated by the Federal Aviation Administra-
tion. The existing septic tank-lagoon is adequate for the loading. The
effluent is discharged to a small watercourse several miles from its
confluence with the Missouri River.
The Sioux City Air Base operated as a tenant of the Sioux City
Municipal airport until 1 July 68 when the base was deactivated. The
City of Sioux City continues to provide sewage service for some housing
that remains in use. A lagoon provides treatment for the wastes. This
flow will be intercepted and the lagoon abandoned upon completion of an
interceptor sewer now under construction. Some wastes from the airport
and Sergeant Bluff also discharge to the lagoon.
Uinnebago Indian Agency has a complete sewerage system. The wastes
are estimated to have a volume of 600 gpd with an estimated strength
of 100 P.E.'s. Treatment provides a 90 percent removal of BOD. The
lagoon which provides the treatment had no overflow as of May 1968
and at the time of this inspection, the water level was from 1 to 2
feet below the overflox^ level.
4. VATERCRAFT POLLUTION SOURCES
a- Recreation Craft
There are no available compiled records of recreational boating on
the main stem of the Missouri in the area. There are reports that
IV-18
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68
a number of houseboats are seasonally anchored below Gavins Point Dam
on the main stem of the Missouri River. Houseboats and floating dormitories
are usually anchored during the warmer season in sheltered coves.
There are a number of marinas for the launching and servicing of
recreational craft and the indications are that the recreational use
of this stretch of the Missouri River will increase. As of December 1968,
approximately 70,000 boats are registered by the Iowa Conservation
Commission and 10,250 by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. A
question regarding available onboard toilet facilities is included in
the Iowa registration form. It is estimated less than one percent of
the registered boats have toilet facilities.
Meetings have been held by the Conservation and Health Departments
of Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota for the purpose of discussing uniform
watercraft regulations to avoid difficulties that would result from non-
uniform requirements. Regulations requiring holding tanks for storage
of water from marine toilets will be considered by States as a positive
means of control. An agreement has been reached among the State agencies
and the Corps of Engineers requiring "pump out1' facilities in the newly
developed marinas to accommodate boats wi th holding tanks.
b. Commercial Craft
The river has considerable commercial use. There are 29 commercial
towboats operating on the Missouri River. There were 319 tows during
1968 with an average of 15 tows on the river daily, with a total operation
of 97,700 hours during the year. Table IV-B-2 shows the operating time
in 1966 and the types of waste disposal provided on the commercial and
Federal boats.
IV-19
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69
A trial run of transporting cattle by barge apparently was quite
successful and there may be additional barging of cattle on the river.
Should this practice be continued, it could result in considerable
pollution with the washing overboard of animal wastes.
c. Accidental Spills and Discharges
Accidental spills may result from collisions, sinking of barges
or the loss overboard of open containers. Spills may also result
from the servicing of boats which could introduce oil, gasoline or
grease into the water. This discharge of petroleum material may result
in fire hazards and affect taste and odor of water used for domestic
purposes. Discoloration of vessels, piers, docks and other water
structures will also occur.
Serious land-based spills have occurred. One resulted from a fire
at a chemical plant in Omaha. Two were the result of a. ruptured storage
tank of fertilizer chemical in the Sioux City area. Public water supplies
were endangered and a fish kill occurred.
5. Agricultural Waste Sources.
The study area in Iowa includes the western reaches of the Corn
Belt with extensive feeding areas of both cattle and hogs. It includes
the drainage area of the Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls and the
Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, downstream to St. Joseph, Missouri.
Surveillance station data indicate that the Nebraska-Iowa-Missouri
reach of the Missouri River at times carries an organic pollution burden
equal to that of the discharge of the untreated wastes of 80,000,000
people. This loading, then exceeds by 10 times the human population of
the entire basin. The pollution of the basin caused by industrial
activity may equal that of the population; therefore, the balance must
IV-20
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70
TABLE IV-B-2
Type
Craft
Dredge
Towboat
Launch
Commercial and Federal Hatercraft Operating In the Missouri Basin
Op. Time 1966
Avg. No Avg.
Pass. Craft Days Hrs.
Owned or & Crew in Per Per
Operated By Ea. B_oat Operation Boat Da_y Months Type Disposal
Army Engrs . , Omaha
Army Engrs., Omaha
Army Engrs . , Omaha
Survey Boat Army Engrs., Omaha
Survey Boat Array F.ngrs . , Omaha
53
2
2
2
3
1
4
4
1
2
0
150
40
176
150
0
8
8
8
8
0 Central Aerobic
Package Maceration
Package Maceration
Package Maceration
Package Maceration
Cutter
Coast Guard
Work Boats River Const.
Cntrctrs.
Pile Driver River Const.
Cntrctrs.
13
18
170
70
24 9 Ptickag? Maceration
ea .
Towboats
Commercial Barge
Lines
14
*29
**25a
NlHK-
*Total of 29 commercial towboats in Missouri River scrvi c and an avorapL' of li are
in river dailv.
**258 is average for ib towboats with total operation m ,000 hours for 1966.
Total number of trios in 1966 was 359.
IV-21
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71
represent that caused by agricultural endeavors and so-called natural
sources.
The main causes of agricultural associated water pollution are:
(1) sediments; (2) nutrients; (3) chemicals; and (4) animal wastes.
Some four billion tons of sediment are washed into tributary
streams in the United States each year. The estimated losses incurred
by such pollution and the inherent problems cost the American people
half a billion dollars annually. Heavy rains cause large amounts of
silt, debris and other solid materials to be carried into the river.
As the river level rises, turbidity, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
and bacterial count increase tremendously. After the river crests and falls
back to lower stages, the turbidity, BOD and bacterial count all decline.
This physical and biological pollution phenomena is largely the result
of agricultural operations.
Land runoff and natural drainage contribute significant quantities
of silt and other materials which are carried as a suspended load by
the Missouri River. The silt portion, including valuable top soil is
reflected by the four-fold increase in turbidity observed between Gavins
Point Dam and St. Joseph. The sediment load causes economic damages
to water users as exemplified by increased water treatment costs at
municipalities, high channel and harbor maintenance costs for navigation
interests, depressed esthetic values for recreational uses, and fish
kills associated with sediment clogged gills.
Land runoff can increase the bacteriological content and the nutrient
level of the waters. Fertilizer usage is extensive in Iowa. Iowa is
number 2 in the Nation in consumption of primary plant nutrients using
636,250 tons of N, 345,656 tons available P205 , 282,308 tons of K20
IV-22
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72
for a grand total of 1,264,214 tons of fertilizer in the year ending
June 30, 1968. This represents approximately nine percent of the total
fertilizer used in the United States.
Studies on land runoff have shown that 10-25 percent of the
fertilizers applied to the land may be lost through drainage.
Iowa is the leading State in the United States in the production
of swine and beef cattle and is among the leaders in the production of
other meat animals. There are approximately 46,000 feeder lots in the
State and the 1967 marketing statistics show four million fifty-seven
thousand beef cattle sold. The population equivalent (P.E) of livestock
on Iowa farms in the Missouri drainage, based on the BOD of the animal
wastes, is over 65 million. This includes approximately 3,300,000
cattle and calves and 6,100,000 hogs and pigs on farms.
IV-23
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73
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81
IV-C - IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY ON USE
Current information on the changes in water quality of the
Missouri River as the reach between Gavins Point Dam and St. Joseph
is available from two sources. These are the FWPCA water quality
monitoring stations at Yankton, South Dakota; Omaha, Nebraska; and
St. Joseph, Missouri and the results from the baseline survey
conducted in October 1968 and January 1969. These data demonstrate
significant quality degradation downstream from the Iowa-South Dakota
Border.
Samples from the Gavins Point Dam releases and at the Yankton,
South Dakota monitoring show a relatively high quality x^ater suit-
able for all recognized beneficial uses. Turbidity, nutrient,
dissolved organics and bacterial indicator organism concentrations are
low and the biological habitat reflects essentially non-polluted
conditions.
Downstream from the Sioux City area the effects of waste
discharges are immediately reflected by the water quality changes.
Densities of bacterial indicator organisms increase significantly.
Concentrations of quality parameters indicative of recent pollution
such as nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus), dissolved organics,
cyanides and phenol are increased. There is also serious destruction of
the aquatic habitat in the Sioux City area.
Below the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area the river quality
again reflects the impact of waste discharges. The aquatic habitat
IV-32
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82
for a distance of 54 miles downstream supports numbers of pollution
tolerant organisms. Densities of bacterial indicator organisms
increase sharply. The concentrations of dissolved organics as
measured by BOD and the nutrient concentrations are significantly
higher.
Overall, there is a significant deterioration of water quality
between Gavins Point Dam and St. Joseph, Missouri. This degradation
is the result of point source pollution from municipalities and
industries and from siltation caused by land runoff. The existing
data show a constantly increasing suspended load of pollutants and
turbidity carried by the Missouri River. Detailed reports on the
physical, chemical and biological quality are contained in Appendixes
A, B, and F.
The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of an area's
water resource have an important impact on regional development patterns,
overall economics and esthetic well-being of the area residents.
The eight major use categories considered applicable to the main
stem reach of the Missouri River under consideration in the conference
report are discussed in Section IV-A. How these use categories are
affected by present water quality conditions will be considered here.
In the National Technical Advisory Committee Report on "Water
Quality Criteria" (April 1, 1968), the Subcommittee on Public Water
Supplies developed a tabulation of desirable criteria for waters for
public consumption. Certain of these criteria are shown in Table IV-C-1.
It can be assumed that if a raw water source which consistentlv
IV-3 3
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83
TABLE IV-C-1 SURFACE WATER CRITERIA FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
Constituent or Characteristic Permissible Desirable
Criteria Criteria
Physical:
Color (color units) -75 <10
Odor Virtually absent
Temperature* do Narrative
Turbidity do — Virtually absent
Microbiological:
Coliform organisms - ---10,000/100 ml1 --- <100/100 ml1
Focal conforms 2,000/100 ml1 - <20/100 ml1
Inorganic Chemicals: (mg/1) (mg/1)
Alkalinity Narrative Narrative —
Ammonia 0.5 (as N) -- <0.01
Arsenic* 0.05 Absent
Barium* 1.0 do
Boron* 1.0 -- do
Cadmium* 0.01 do
Chloride* - - - - 250 - <25
Chromium,* hexavalent 0.05 Absent
Copper* 1.0 Virtually absent
Dissolved oxygen ^4 (monthly mean) Near saturation — --
>3 (individual sample)
Fluoride* -- Narrative Narrative -
Hardness* do---- do
Iron (filterable) - --0.3 Virtually absent
Lead* 0.05 Absent
Manganese* (filterable) 0.05 do -
Nitrates plus nitrites* 10 (as N) Virtually absent
pH (range) - -- 6.0-8.5 Narrative -
Phosphorus* Narrative — do
Selenium* 0.01 Absent
Silver* - 0.05 do
Sulfate* 250 <50 --- -
Total dissolved solids* - 500 -- <200 -
(filterable residue).
Uranyl ion* 5 Absent
Zinc* 5 Virtually absent
*Most Common Treatment Processes Have Little Effect on This Constituent.
_!/ See Original Reference for Discussion.
IV-34
-------
showed these desirable characteristics were available, it would represent
the safest, cheapest possible source of domestic supply. This situation
is not encountered frequently in major urban areas and hence consumers
must either settle for water of less desirable characteristics or pay
additional monies to have the water quality improved by treatment
processes. Fortunately treatment processes exist which, at a price,
can convert almost any water including grossly polluted fresh water into
a potable product. However, since the price of delivered water is
proportional to the quality of raw water source, prevention of water
quality degradation is of benefit to each consumer and water treatment
becomes of importance to all water users in downstream locations.
The survey information demonstrates the presence of materials in
sufficient concentrations which present problems to water treatment
plants. The high bacterial densities observed during normal flows were
in excess of those commonly accepted by standard public health practice.
Heavy silt loads increased treatment costs and created sludge disposal
problems and short filter runs. Phenols and other organic material
when combined with chlorine can result in taste and odor problems
causing consumer complaints. The presence of ammonia in high concentra-
tions greatly increases the chlorine demand resulting in higher water
treatment costs. During storm runoff these problems are intensified.
During the synoptic survey conducted by the Department of the
Interior certain conditions, as outlined below, were discovered which
indicate substantial degradation of the water source from controllable
waste djscharges. The geometric mean coliform densities at all stations
downstream from Sioux City, Iowa in the reach being considered were in
1V-35
-------
excess of desirable criteria. Nutrient levels encountered in the stream
increased below the first major waste source on the main stem and
throughout the reach under consideration.
The levels of nutrients created are adequate to support excessive
biologic growths and generate taste and odor problems in water supplies.
Water quality requirements for industrial uses vary widely but the
same general development as used for public supplies will hold in this
category. In addition, it should be noted that desirable criteria for
contact recreation use are more stringent than for public water supply.
In the case of esthetic appreciation and recreational values,
desirable characteristics expressed in "Water Quality Criteria" are in
Table IV-C-2.
During the survey conducted by FWPCA personnel, many observations
were made which demonstrated a direct contravention of quality shown
in the above Table. The survey biologists found areas of severe bio-
logical habitat degradation. Many of the benthic organisms found were
those associated with polluted water. Significant quantities of float-
ing debris including greaseballs the size of oranges were seen in the
river. Traces of phenolics were measured in the water. Phenol when
combined with chlorine will impart offending tastes.
The undesirable esthetic and hazardous conditions created by solid,
floating, suspended, and dissolved material to boaters, water skiers,
waders, and fishermen demonstrates the need for improvements in
waste treatment. The possible disease agents present with these
IV-36
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86
Table IV-C-2
Water Quality Criteria For Esthetics
And Recreation
A. General Requirements For Esthetics
I. All surface waters should be capable of supporting life
forms of esthetic value.
II. Surface waters should be free of substances attributable
to discharges or wastes as follows:
(a) Materials that will settle to form objectionable deposits.
(b) Floating debris, oil, scum, and other matter.
(c) Substances producing objectionable color, odor, taste,
or turbidity.
(d) Materials, including radionuclides, in concentrations or
combinations which are toxic or which produce undesirable
physiological responses in human, fish, and other animal
life and plants.
(e) Substances and conditions or combinations thereof in
concentrations which produce undesirable aquatic life.
B. Primary Contact Recreation Requirements
I. Criteria for mandatory factors.
(a) Fecal coliform should be used as the indicator organism
for evaluating the microbiological suitability of recrea-
tion waters. As determined by multiple-tube fermentation
or membrane filter procedures and based on a minimum of
not less than five samples for any 30-day period of the
recreation season, the fecal coliform content of primary
contact recreation waters shall not exceed a log mean of
200/100 ml, nor shall more than 10 percent of total samples
during any 30-day period exceed 400/100 ml.
(b) In primary contact recreation waters, the pH should be
within the range of 6.5 - 8.3 except when due to natural
causes and in no case shall be less than 5.0 nor more
tha'n 9.0. When the pH is less than 6.5 or more than
8.3, discharge of substances which further increases
unfavorable total acidity or alkalinity should be limitc-d.
IV-37
-------
87
materials and the hazard presented to persons handling boats and
other gear coming in contact with these waters should not be overlooked.
In addition, this debris in the river can cause significant damages to
equipment. The fouling of fish nets and boat hulls results in many
dollars in maintenance by the owners. Many boaters have suffered
engine failures due to the destruction or clogging of cooling water
pumps by silt. The larger more solid debris, when hit by a moving
boat, can puncture boat hulls with ease, causing a real danger to
life and limb. The potential for pathogenic organisms to be present
is thoroughly documented by the high total and fecal coliform densities
measured in the river samples. In common terms, densities of coliform
indicators found vary during normal flows from 2 to 250 per drop.
During storm flows these levels may rise as high as 2000 per drop.
The main stem, as it flows through or by Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas
and Missouri, forms the historic center of Missouri River commercial
fishing. Available records indicate that no significant commercial
fishery existed on the upper main stream in Montana and North Dakota
until the advent of the main stem reservoirs.
Carp, buffalo and catfish have dominated the annual production of
river fishes since 1908. These species have consistently comprised
over 92 percent of the catch. A progressive decline has .occurred in
annual production since 1908. In 1963 total production was 12 percent
of that of the 1908 catch, although showing constant percentages of
the three primary groups--carp, buffalo and catfish. Since 1908 there
has also been an accompanying decrease in numbers of commercial fisher-
men within the four-state area. These declines are at least partially
IV-38
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88
attributed to a progressive degradation of Missouri River water quality.
In particular, some of the recent decrease in fishing pressures both
in th • commercial and private sector can be attributed to complaints
concerning fish flesh tainting. Technical studies to identify com-
pounds which taint fish flesh are a relatively undeveloped and diffi-
cult study area. Definitive results and clarification of the magnitude
of the tainting problem and its specific causes will be difficult to
obtain.
Closely related to the fishing resource is the use for wildlife
habitat. Thirteen separate conservation or designated waterfowl
hunting areas are located within the study reach. In addition perhaps,
several hundred private "blinds" are constructed in the study reach
during the fall months of the migration period.
It is axiomatic that water quality that can be tolerated by, and is
productive of fish and their food organisms is generally adequate for
waterfowl and their habitat. Indeed, fish and many of the organisms
upon which they feed are also important in the diet of many species
of wildlife; e.g., loons, mergansers, other ducks, herons, otters,
raccoons, etc. It is obvious that requirements for survival of fish
and aquatic organisms also constitute the same requirements for pre-
servation of the wildlife habitat.
Very little attention has been given to the optimum quality of
drinking water for farm animals. While the standards of quality for
human consumption ma\ not be justified for farm animals, there are
certain contaminants which may be hazardous to livestock. The danger
IV-39
-------
of direct infection to livestock through the consumption of water con-
taminated with pathogenic agents is a possibility and deserves attention.
Protection of water quality for other agricultural uses involves
similiar safeguards to industrial and domestic criteria. The potential
of this water resource to provide a supplemental irrigation supply for
food production should not be destroyed or allowed to be degraded.
Water quality requiremnnts for commercial navigation are not
critical if demands for other use categories are met. It should be
recognized that benefits from water quality enhancement for other
purposes will also cause benefits to accrue in the areas of esthetics
and health protection to those same persons involved in navigation
activities.
Review and comparison of data available make it clear that man
and his activities ha^e caused and are now causing substantial degra-
dation of water quality and causing damages to the beneficial use
potentials in the reach of the Missouri River between Sioux City, Iowa
and St. Joseph, Missouri.
IV-40
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90
IV-D - MONITORING
Water quality monitoring in the Missouri River drainage of Iowa
should accomplish the objectives of providing baseline water quality
information and determining compliance with water quality standards.
Baseline water quality data are obtained for determining long
term quality trends of the major streams and for determining water
quality of streams where information is lacking or incomplete. This
information is used in water quality management.
In accomplishing the second objective, determining compliance
with water quality standards, water quality data are obtained to detect
violations of stream quality criteria established by the State standards
and detect pollutants which interfere with the legitimate uses of streams.
This requires a monitoring effort involving: (1) establishing stream
sampling stations above and below major or significant waste outfalls;
(2) selecting parameters pertinent to measuring effects of various
types wastes discharges on stream water quality; (3) adopting an optimum
sampling frequency at monitoring stations, particularly on streams where
rapid changes in stream quality can occur from slug discharges of treated
and untreated wastes. Thr following measures should be taken in develop-
ing and operating a comprehensive monitoring network on the streams which
affect the quality and uses of interstate waters:
1. Acquire and analyze basic water pollution control information
to determine monitoring needs. This would require the following:
(a) assessing treatment facilities of all municipalities, industries
and agri-industries through studies of existing information collected
and through on-site invest igations; and (b) assessing historical and
IV-41
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91
current water quality data and conducting stream surveys on streams
where water quality information is inadequate or lacking.
2. Develop a cooperative monitoring plan through agreements
between all local, State and Federal agencies engaged in stream sampl-
ing activities. The implementation of a cooperative monitoring plan
would accomplish the following: (a) minimize duplication of monitor-
ing efforts; (b) permit an optimum number of stations to be operated;
(c) satisfy the water quality parameter needs of all entities; and
(d) facilitate the exchange of water quality and related data between
all agencies concerned with water quality problems.
3. The scheduled sampling frequencies of existing and proposed
monitoring stations operated by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission are on a quarterly basis for physical, chemical and bacteri-
ological parameters. The sampling frequencies for these parameters
should be increased to at least weekly intervals on the following streams:
a. Missouri River
b. Big Sioux
c. Rock River
d. Little Sioux River
e. Nishnabotna River
f. Nodaway River
g. East Fork of 102 River
h. Chariton River
i. Floyd River
j. Boyer River
IV-42
-------
4. Monitoring stations should be established on the following
interstate streams:
a. Middle Fork Medicine River
b. Weldon River
c. Little River
d. Thompson River
e. Middle Fork of 102 River
f. West Tarkio River
g. Tarkio River
h. Grand River
i. Platte River
j. East Fork of Big River
(NOTE: A listing of proposed and existing Federal and State
monitoring stations is shown in Appendix D)
IV-43
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93
V. QUALITY CRITERIA NECESSARY TO SUPPORT EXISTING AND FUTURE WATER USES
A. Treatment
The degree of waste treatment consistent with the protection
of all stipulated beneficial uses ard with the purposes and intent of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act must be stated in the water
quality standards. The present and future water uses recognized
for the conference area are already impaired by quality degradation.
Consequently, secondary treatment, including at least 8570 removal
of BOD, is required.
B. Disinfection
The protection of public water supplies, certain industrial
uses, full and partial body contact sports, including swimming,
water skiing, wading and fishing, requires a maximum reduction or
elimination of opportunity for individual contact with disease pro-
ducing agents. Since municipal waste discharges are a major source
of pathogenic organisms, disinfection of these wastes is mandatory.
C. Temperature
Temperature, a catalyst, a depressant, an activator, a
restrictor, a stimulator, a controller, a killer, is one of the most
important and most influential water quality characteristics to life
in water. Temperature determines those species that may be present;
it activates the hatching of young, regulates their activity and
stimulates or suppresses their growth and development; it attracts
and kills when the water becomes too hot or becomes chilled too
V-l
-------
suddenly. Colder water generally suppresses development; wanner
water generally accelerates activity and may be a primary cause of
aquatic plant nuisances when other environmental factors are suitable.
Temperature is also a factor in recreational enjoyment. Exces-
sivelv high temperatures may lessen the pleasure of water contact
sports. The maximum water temperature that will not induce undesir-
able physiological effects after prolonged exposure must be less than
90° F. with 85° F. considered the safe maximum limit for continuous
exposure for several hours. Limited exposure to water warmer than
85° F. can be tolerated for short periods of time without causing
undesirable physiological effects, especially under unique circum-
stances such as bathing in hot springs where physical exertion is
limited.
For waters serving as a raw water source for domestic uses,
temperature is an important factor. From an esthetic viewpoint,
water over 85° F. loses its desirability and appeal. Over a 1° F.
hourly temperature variation adversely affects the coagulation in
the treatment process. Rapid changes in temperature or excessive
temperatures which kill the stream biota can ultimately result in
taste and odor problems.
D. Xondegradation
The declaration of policy contained in the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act states that the purpose of the Act is to
enhcaco the quality and value of the Nation's water resources.
Enhancement of quality can be achieved only through improving
V-2
-------
95
existing low quality water, protecting high quality waters and in
no case permitting further degradation of existing quality. There-
fore, it is imperative that all water quality standards, in order to
be consistent with the purposes and intent of the Act, contain a
statement of policy concerning nondegradation.
^' Radioactivity
Water treatment plants remove little radioactive pollution
from raw water supplies. The Department of the Interior is interested
in upgrading radiological criteria to conform to the latest recommen-
dation of Federal agencies. Iowa concurs with this objective.
F. Standards of Related States
One of the guidelines designated by the Department of the
Interior to be used in establishing water quality standards for inter-
state waters was that the State standards were to be reviewed in terms
of their consistency and comparability with those for affected waters
of downstream or adjacent states. The results of this review arc
reflected in the items excepted from the Secretary of the Interior's
approval of Iowa's standards. With regard to these items, the fol-
lowing paragraphs summarize the criteria and requirements from the
standards of states adjacent to or downstream of Iowa.
1. Treatment
Every state which borders on the Missouri River, with the
exception of Iowa, has adopted as part of its standards a minimum
requirement of secondary treatment or its equivalent for wastes dis-
charged into the Missouri River. The language used by these states
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varies, but all essentially have this requirement. The final com-
pliance dates for implementation of secondary treatment vary with each
State.
The Nebraska standards for the Missouri River provide for a
minimum of secondary treatment. These standards have been approved
by the Secretary of the Interior. Nebraska treatment facilities
shall be in operation prior to completion of equivalent downstream
facilities. The December 1982 date for Missouri is the final compliance
date. An earlier compliance date will be required when survey results
show such a need. The Kansas standards for the Missouri River provide
for the best practicable treatment of all significant wastes. The
Kansas standards have not been approved by the Secretary of the Interior.
2. Disinfection
All of the states adjoining Iowa in the Missouri River Basin
have established acceptable bacterial criteria for interstate waters.
Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri have set limits on the bacterial
concentrations for all interstate waters and all uses in the Missouri
River Basin. South Dakota has set limits on the bacterial concentra-
tions on domestic water supply, fish life propagation, recreation, and
irrigation uses. The criteria in Missouri are not applicable when
streams are affected by storm water runoff. Minnesota standards
require the effective disinfection of any discharges, including com-
bined flows of sewage and storm water, where necessary to protect the
specified uses of the interstate waters.
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3. Temperature
Minnesota has established temperature criteria on these waters
which limit the temperature increase to 5° F. above ambient temper-
ature except in Class A fishery waters where no increase is permitted
or to a maximum temperature as shown in the following table:
Maximum Temperatures °P.
Class of Water Ja F Mr Ap My Jn Jl Ag Se Oc N D
2A Fisheries &
Recreation No material increase above natural
3A Industrial
Consumption 35 35 40 50 60 70 75 75 70 60 50 40
2B Fisheries &
Recreation 37 37 43 55 67 80 86 86 80 67 55 43
2C Fisheries &
Recreation 45 45 51 63 75 87 90 90 87 75 63 51
Note:
2A Propagation and maintenance of warm or cold water (sport or
commercial) fishes, aquatic recreation and bathing.
2B Propagation and maintenance of sport or commercial fishes,
aquatic recreation and bathing.
2C Propagation and maintenance of locally found common fish
species and recreation not requiring prolonged, intimate
contact.
Missouri standards state that effluents shall not elevate or depress
the average cross-sectional temperature of the stream more than 5° F., and
the stream temperature shall not. exceed 90° F. Missouri has set a
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maximum temperature of 93° F. in the Des Moines River to be con-
sistent with the Iowa standards.
South Dakota standards designate "Fish Life Propagation--Warm Water
Semi-permanent" as a use of the Big Sioux River. The stream temperature
shall not exceed 90° F. and the maximum temperature change is limited
to 8° F.
Nebraska does not shire waters with Iowa except for the Missouri
River. Nebraska standards limit the allowable change from background to
5° F. May through October and to 10° F. November through April in the
Missouri River.
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VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Treatment and Control
1. All significant municipal wastes discharged into the interstate
waters of Iowa shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment prior to
discharge. All significant industrial wastes shall receive an equivalent
of secondary treatment prior to discharge into any interstate stream.
For the Missouri River, a timetable of compliance shall be submitted
no later than December 31, 1969. In no case shall the compliance date
be any later than December 31, 1977.
2. Control of bacteriological pollution by continuous disinfection
shall be implemented. A timetable for implementation shall be established
by September 30, 1969. In no case shall the compliance date for the
installation and operation of continuous disinfection facilities extend
beyond December 31, 1970.
3. For the production and well-being of locally occur ing desirable
stream fish populations, heat additions should be limited as follows.
At no time shall the addition of heat be authorized which will raise
the water temperature more than 5° F; but in any event the addition
of heat shall not raise water temperatures above a maximum tailored
for each individual lake or stream and necessary to protect the pro-
duction of locally occurring desirable fish populations and their
associated biota.
4. On March 6, 1969, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
agreed to a motion supporting statements as adopted by some western
States and approved by the Department of the Interior concerning the
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protection of waters whose quality may exceed that of established
standards.
Typical language is as follows:
Waters whose existing quality is better than the established
standards as of the date on which such standards become
effective will be maintained at high quality; provided that
the State has the power to authorize any project or development
which would constitute a new source of pollution or an increased
source of pollution to high quality water, when it has been
affirmatively demonstrated that a change is justifiable to
provide necessary economic or social development; provided
further that the necessary degree of waste treatment to maintain
high water quality will be required where physically and econ-
omically feasible. Present and anticipated use of such waters
will not be precluded under the conditions aforesaid. In
implementing this policy the Secretary of the Interior will be
kept advised and will be provided with such information as he
will need to discharge his responsibilities under the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
The following recommendations are made in addition to the exceptions
taken in the Secretary's letter of January 16, 1969, and Notice of
Conference dsted March 5, 1969.
5. The quality of effluents or other waste v?ater discharged to
the Missouri River and its interstate tributaries in Iowa shall be of
such quality as to assure that the concentration of phenol in the receiv-
ing stress shr.ll not exceed 1 part per billion.
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6. a. Radioactive materials of other than natural origin shall
not be present in any amount which shall cause the concentra-
tion of such materials to exceed the limi-ts established in the
1962 Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards or 1/30
(168 hour value) of the values for radioactive substances
specified in the National Bureau of Standards Handbook 69.
b. The annual average concentration (dissolved) of a specific
radionuclirle, excluding Radium—-226 and Strontium—90, should not
exceed l/3n of the appropriate maximum permissible concentra-
tion for the 168-hour week given in the Report of the Inter-
national Commission on Radiological Protection and the National
Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Limiting
concentrations of Radium-226 and Strontium-90 are those set forth
in the Public Health Service "Drinking Water Standards'" 3
and 10 picocurie per liter, respectively.
c. It may be necessary to limit the concentration of radio-
activity in the water to a value substantially less than that
permitted by the criteria of paragraph (a). It would appear
likely that the average daily intake from air, food, and water
of an exposed population would otherwise exceed the permissible.
Because any human exposure to ionizing radiation is undesirable,
the concentration of radioactivity in natural water should be
maintained at the lowest practicable level.
B. Waste Treatment Schedule (Implementation Plan)
Refer to Table 11 of the Iowa Standards, dated May 1967. The words
'expansion," "replacement," "additions," '"new plant" should be more
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exactly defined. These terms in themselves are not explicit as to
exactly what type of treatment is proposed. It is suggested that words
be used such as: Expand present plant to include secondary treatment;
Replace existing facility with new facility which includes secondary
treatment; Add secondary treatment; New plant to include secondary
treatment for a municipality or industry not providing any treatment at
present.
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VII. APPENDIX
*
> A. Report on Baseline Survey - October 1968 and January 1969.
B. Report on Biological Investigation of Missouri River, October 1968.
C. Outdoor Recreation and Water Pollution in Western Iowa and
along the Missouri Riveir
D. Water Quality Monitoring Stations on Interstate Streams, Iowa,
1969
E. U.S. Geological Survey Temperature Stations on Interstate Streams
of Iowa
F. Graphs of Surveillance Data from St. Joseph, Missouri; Omaha,
Nebraska; and Yankton, South Dakota
G. Water Uses - Recognized by the State of Iowa
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Adsorption. The adherence of dissolved, colloidal, or finely
divided solids on the surfaces of solid bodies with which they are
brought into contact.
Algae. Primitive plants, ons or many-celled, usually aquatic
and capable, of elaborating their "oodstuffs by photosynthesis.
Bacteria. Primitive plants, generally free of pigment, which
reproduce by dividing in one, two, or three planes. They occur as
single cells, groups, chains, or filaments, and do not require
light for their life processes. They may be grown by special cultur-
ing out of their native habitat.
Aerobic. Bacteria which require free (elementary) oxygen
for their growth.
Anaerobic. Bacteria which grow in the absence of free oxygen
and derive oxygen from breaking down complex substances.
Coli-Aerogenes. See Bacteria, Coliform Group.
Coliform Group. A group of bacteria, predominantly inhabi-
tants of the intestine of man but also found on vegetation,
including all aerobic and facultative anaerobic gram-negative,
non-spore-forming bacilli that fenr.ent lactose with gas formation.
This group includes five tribes of which the very great majority
are Eschericheae. The Eschericheae tribe comprises three genera
and ten species, of which Escherichia Coli and Aerobacter Aero-
genes are dominant. The Escherichia Coli are normal inhabitants
of the intestine of man and all vertebrates whereas Aerobacter
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— Aerogenes normally are found on grain and plants, and only
to a varying degree in the intestine of man and animals.
Formerly referred to as B.Coli, B.Coli group, Coli-Aerogenes
Group.
Facultative Anerobic. Bacteria which can adapt themselves
to growth in the presence, as well as in the absence, of
uncombined oxygen.
Parasitic. Bacteria which thrive on other living organisms.
Pathogenic. Bacteria which can cause disease.
Saprophytic. Bacteria which thrive upon dead organic matter.
Total Coliforms. "The total coliform group includes all of
the aerobic and facultative anerobic, Gram-negative, nonspore-
forming, rod shaped bacteria which ferment lactose with gas
formation within 48 hours at 35°C." (Standards Methods, 12
ed., pg. 594)
Fecal Coliforms. The portion of the coliform groups which
is present in the gut or the feces of warmblooded animals which
are capable of producing gas from lactose in a suitable culture
medium at 44.5°C. (Standard Methods, 12 ed., pg. 568)
Bio-Assay. A determination of the concentration of a given
material by comparison with a standard preparation; on the determi-
nation of the quantity necessary to affect a test animal under stated
laboratory conditions
Biochemical. Resulting from biologic growth or activity, and
measured by or expressed in terms of the ensuing chemical change.
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Biochemical Action. Chemical changes resulting from the
metabolism of living organisms.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The quantity of oxygen utilized
in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter in a specified time
and at a specific! temperature. It is not related to the oxygen
requirements in chemical combustion, being determined entirely by
the availability of the material as a biological food and by the
amount of oxygen utilized by the microorganisms during oxidation.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Standard. Biochemical oxygen demand
as determined under standard laboratory procedure for five days at
20°C, usually expressed in parts per million or milligrams per liter.
Chlorination. The application of chlorine for disinfection.
Break-Point. The application of chlorine to water, sewage
or industrial wastes containing free ammonia to provide free
residual chlorination.
Post. The application of chlorine to water, sewage, or
industrial wastes subsequent to any treatment. The term refers
only to a point of application.
Pre. The application of chlorine to water, sewage, or
industrial wastes prior to any treatment. This term refers only
to a point of application.
Coarse or Rough Fish. Those species of fish considered to be
of poor fighting quality when taken on tackle and of poor food
quality. These fish may be undcrsirable in a given situation, but
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at times may be classified differently, depending upon their
usefulness. Examples include carp, goldfish, gar, sucker, bowfin,
gizzard shad, goldeneye, mooneye, and certain kinds of catfish.
Cubic Foot per Second. A unit of discharge for measurement of
flowing liquid, equal to a flow of one cubic foot per second past
a given section. Also called Second-Foot.
Disinfection. A method of reducing the pathogenic or objectionable
microorganisms by means of chemicals or other acceptable means.
Eu t rophication. The intentional or unintentional enrichment
of water.
Eutrophic Waters. Waters with a good supply of nutrients.
There waters may support rich organic productions, such as algal
blooms.
Effluent. (1) A liquid which flows out of a containing space.
(2) Sewage, water, or other liquid, partially or completely treated,
or in its natural state, as the case may be, flowing out of a
reservoir, basin, or treatment plant, or part thereof.
Final. The effluent from the final unit of a sewage treatment
plant.
Stable. A treated sewage which contains enough oxygen to
satisfy its oxygen demand.
Game Fish. Those species of fish considered to possess sporting
qualities on fishing tackle. These fish may be classified as
undesirable, depending upon their usefulness. Examples of fresh
water game fish are salmon, trout, grayling, black bass, muskellunge,
walleye, northern pike, and lake trout.
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Grease. In sewage, grease including fats, waxes, free fatty
acir's, calcium and magnesium soaps, mineral oils, and other non-
fatty materials. The type of solvent used for its extraction should
be stated.
Influent. Sewage, water, or other liquid, raw or partly treated,
flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment plant, or part thereof.
Membrane Filter (MF) - A technique of bacteriological analysis.
This technique involves the running of a certain volume of water
through a cellulose ester wafer which is then impregnated with growth
media for bacteria.
Milligrams per Liter (mg/1) - Milligrams of solute per liter of
solution. Equivalent to parts per million assuming unit density.
Microgram per Liter = 0.001 Milligrams per Liter
"Most Probable Number" (MPN) - A test of bacterial density
expressed as a number of organisms per hundred milliliters. It is
a number most likely to occur, using statistical methods, under the
given circumstances or conditions of the test.
Oxygen. A chemical element.
Available. The quantity of uncombined or free oxygen dissolved
in the water of a stream.
Balance. The relation between the biochemical oxygen demand
of a sewage or treatm nt plai t effluent and the oxygen available
in the diluting water.
Cornsuined. The quantity of oxygen taken from potassium per-
manganate in solution by a liquid containing organic matter.
Commonly regarded as an index of the carbonaceous matter present.
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Time aad temperature must be specified. The chemical oxygen
demand (COD) uses potassium dichromate.
Deficiency. The additional quantity of oxygen required to
satisfy the biochemical oxygen demand in a given liquid.
Usually expressed in parts per million.
Dissolved. Usually designated as DO. The oxygen dissolved
in sewage, water or other liquid usually expressed in parts per
million or percent of saturation.
Residual. The dissolved oxygen content of a stream after
deoxygenation has begun.
Sag. A curve that represents the profile of dissolved oxygen
content along the course of a stream, resulting from deoxygenation
associated with biochemical oxidation of organic matter, and
reoxygenation through the absorption of atmospheric oxygen and
through biological photosynthesis.
Parts Per Million. Milligrams per liter expressing the concen-
tration of a specified component in a dilute sewage. A ratio of
pounds per million povnds, grams per million grams, etc.
Pollution. The addition of sewage, industrial wastes, or other
harmful or objectionable material to water.
pH. The logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concen-
tration. The pH value indicates the relative intensity of acidity
or alkalinity of water with the neutral point at 7.0.
Population Equivalent. (1) The calculated population which
would normally contribute the same amount of biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) per day. A common base is 0.167 Ib. of 5-day BOD per
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capita per day. (2) For an industrial waste, the estimated number
of people contributing sewage equal in strength to a unit volume of
the waste or to some other unit involved in producing or manufacturing
a particular commodity.
Purification. The removal, by natural or artificial methods,
or objectio lable matter from water.
Sewage. Largely the water supply of a community after it has
been fouled by various uses. From the standpoint of source it may
be a combination of the liquid or water-carried wastes from residences,
business buildings, and institutions, together with those from indus-
trial establishments, and with such ground water, surface water, and
storm water as may be present.
Domestic. Sewage derived principally from dwellings, business
buildings, institutions, and the like. (It may or may not contain
ground water, surface w«ter, or storm water.)
Fresh. Sewage of retent origin containing dissolved oxygen
at the point of examination.
Industrial. Sewage in which industrial wastes predominate.
Stable. Sewage in which the organic matter has been stabilized.
Raw. Sewage prior to receiving any treatment.
Sanitary. (1) Domestic sewage with storm and surface water
excluded. (2) Sewage discharging from the sanitary conveniences
of dwellings (Including apartment houses and hotels), office
buildings, factories, or institutions. (3) The water supply of
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a community after it has been used and discharged into a
sewer.
Septic. Sewage undergoing putrefaction under anaerobic
conditions.
Settled. Sewage from which most of the settleable solids
have been removed by sedimentation.
Stale. A sewage containing little or no oxygen, but as
yet free from putrefaction.
Treatment. Any definite process for modifying the state of
matter.
Preliminary. The conditioning of an industrial waste at
its source prior to discharge, to remove or to neutralize
substances injurious to sewers and treatment processes or to
effect a partial reduction in load on the treatment process.
In the treatment process, unit operations which prepare the
liquor for subsequent major operations.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
By this treatment most of the settleable solids or about 40 to
60 percent of the suspended solid.-; are separated or removed from
the sewage by the physical process of sedimentation in settling tanks.
When certain chemicals are used with primary tanks much of the
colloidal as well as the settleable solids or a total of 80 to 90
percent of the suspended solids are removed. Biological activity
in the sewage is of negligible importance to the process.
SECONDARY TREATMENT
Secondary treatment depends primarily upon biological aerobic
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organisms for the biochemical decomposition of organic solids to
inorganic or stable organic solids. It is comparable to the zone
of recovery in the self-purification of a stream.
The devices used in secondary treatment may be divided into
four groups.
(1) Trickling filters with secondary settling tanks
(2) Aeration tanks--(a) activated sludge with final settling
tanks, and, (b) contact aeration
(3) Intermittent sand filters
(A) Stabilization ponds
CHLORINATION
This is a method of treatment which may be employed for many
purposes in all stages in sewage treatment, and even prior to prelimi-
nary treatment. It involves the application of chlorine to the
sewage for the following purposes.
(1) Disinfection or destruction of pathogenic organisms
(2) Prevention of sewage decomposition--(a) odor control, (b)
protection of plant structures
(3) Aid in plant operation--(a) sedimentation, (b) trickling
filters, (c) activated sludge bulking
(4) Reduction or delay of biochemical oxygen demand
Water, Potable. Water which does not contain objectionable
pollution, contamination, minerals, or infection agents, and is con-
sidered satisfactory for domestic consumption.
Warm and Cold-Water Fish. Warm-water fish include black bass,
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sunfish, catfish, gar, and others; whereas cold-water fish include
salmon and trout, whitefish, miller's thumb, and blackfish. The
temperature factor determining distribution is set by adaptation
of the eggs to warm or cold water.
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APPENDIX A
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL
WATER QUALITY
of the
MISSOURI RIVER
October 1968
and
January 19b9
Prepared by
POLLUTION EVALUATION SECTION
TECHNICAL ADVISORY & INVESTIGATIONS BRANCH
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
CiKCinnati, Ohio
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115
SUMMARY
1. This report covers the 360-mile reach of the Missouri
River from Gavins Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota,
to St. Joseph, Missouri
2. Two surveys were conducted in this reach. The first
occurred from October 7 to October 18, 1968; the second
from January 20 to January 31, 1969.
3. Thirty-seven separate chemical, biochemical, and bac-
teriological examinations were made on the various
samples from twenty-eight locations for the October
1968 survey and fourteen sampling locations for the
January 1969 survey. Main stem, tributary and waste
source stations were included in the surveys.
b. Three hydrologic conditions were encountered during the
two surveys:
a. Normal fall weather and navigation flows for the
first eight sampling days of the October 7-18,
1968 survey with stream temperatures ranging from
14°C. to l6°C. and flows of 36,650 cfs at St. Jos-
eph, Missouri.
b. Two days o' a general, inter.se rainfall causing
nearly double normal navigation flows in the St.
Joseph, Missouri, part of ti,e study reach for
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116
these last two days of the October 7-18, 1968
survey with stream temperatures decreasing to
10°C. to l6°C. and flows increasing to 70,^50
cfs at St. Joseph, Missouri.
c. Winter weather and no Tnal non-navigation flows
with stages affected >y ice jams occurring for
the January 20-31, 19<>9 survey with stream
temperatures ranging r.'rom -OA°C. to 1.6°C. and
flows at 19,920 cfs at St. Joseph, Missouri.
5. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were equal to, or exceeded,
8.3 mg/1 &t all main stem Missouri River stations during
the 8-day normal weather period of the October 1968 sur-
vey. The lowest average dissolved oxygen concentrations
for the 2-day rain-affected period was 5.2 mg/1 upstream
from St. Joseph, Missouri. Dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions exceed 9-0 mg/1 at all main stem stations during
the January 1969 survey.
6. For the 8-day normal weather period in the October 1968
survey:
a. The highest geometric mean coliform densities down-
stream from Sioux City, Iowa were 62,800 MPN/100 ml
total coliforms and 26,600 MPN/100 ml fecal coli-
forms. Downstream from Omaha, Nebraska-Council
Bluffs, Iowa, the highest geometric mean densities
were 256,000 MPN/100 ml toti-l coliforms and 6l,200
MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.
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117
b. For the 2-day rain-affected period in October 1968,
both total and fecal coliforms exceeded 100,000 MPH/
100 ml at 19 of the 21 river stations. The highest
2-day densities vere 1,1*1*0,000 MPN/100 ml total coli-
forms and 1,120,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.
c. For the January 1969 survey, coliform densities were
much lower than those observed during the 8-day normal
period in October 1968. Downstream from Sioux City,
Iowa, densities were ^5,000 MPN/100 ml total coliforms
and 11,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms. Downstream from
Omaha-Council Bluffs, densities were 5^,000 MPN/100 ml
total colifcrms and 14,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.
7- Total suspended solids for the 8-day normal period in
October 1968 increased from k$ mg/1 at Gavins Point Dam to
the highest average concentration of 278 mg/1. Fourteen
of the twenty main stem stations averaged over 700 mg/1
during the 2-day rain-affected period in the October 1968
survey. The highest concentration during this period was
2,780 mg/1. Total suspended solids concentrations were
greatly reduced during the January 1969 survey, when con-
centrations ranged between kQ mg/1 and 2 mg/1.
8. Total phosphorus (as P) concentrations for the 8-day normal
period in October 1968 increased from 0.0^ mg/1 in releases
from Gavins Point Dam to 0.30 mg/1 downstream from Omaha-
Council Bluffs. Concentrations increased during the rain-
affected period in October. Avrrage concentrations reached
0.92 mg/1 upstream from St Joseph, Missouri.
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9. Total Nitrogen (ammonia, nitrate and total organic nitro-
gen; all as N) ranged from 0.7 mg/1 to 2.9 mg/1 during
the normal veather period. The highest concentration for
the rain-affected period vas k.l mg/1.
10. Cyanide concentrations raxged from less than 1.0 to 6.2
jig/1 in the samples from six of seven stations selected
for analysis in October 1968 and all five stations selected
for the January 1969 survey. During the October 1968 rain-
affected period, concentrations exceeded 10 jig/1 at four
of the seven stations and reached a maximum of 15.2 ug/1
downstream from Sioux City, Iowa.
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EXISTING WATER QUALITY
Survey Description
Survey Periods
Two stream surveys were conducted to determine the present
day (1968-69) Missouri Ri-ver water quality along the 700-mile reach
from Gavins Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota, to Hermann, Mis-
souri.
The first survey was conducted during the high flow naviga-
tion season when the river discharge vas regulated to maintain navi-
gation channel depths. This survey was conducted in two phases. The
upper reach, extending from Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri,
was sampled from October 7 to October 18, 1968. The lower reach, ex-
tending from St. Joseph to Hermann, Missouri, was sampled from Oct-
ober 28 to November 8, 1968.
The entire 700-mile reach was sampled in a single phase dur-
ing the second survey. Sampling was conducted from January 20 to
January 31, 1969, to determine water quality during the winter, low
flow, non-navigation season.
Station Locations
The coverage included in this report will be limited to the
reach from Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri (Figure A-l).
Sampling periods of interest are the October 7-18, 1968 period and
the January 20-31, 19^9 period. This river reach encompasses the
Iowa borders along the Missouri River and Includes parts of the
borders of South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, and Kansas.
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120
Planning of the two surveys was designed to give more exten-
sive river coverage during the October survey when the river was
readily accessible, arid when sampling could be accomplished from boats.
The January survey was designed to re-examine water quality near urban
areas with less extensive coverage at intervening, less accessible
areas. Because of reduced flows and ice in the river, sampling during
the January survey was conducted from automobiles.
Twenty-eight sampling stations were selected in the Gavins Point
Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri, river reach for the October 1968 survey
(Figure A-l and Table A-7). Twenty stations were located on the main
stem of the Missouri River, five stations were on tributary streams,
and three stations were waste sources.
Fourteen sampling stations vere used in this same reach during
the reduced January 1969 survey (Figure A-l and Table A-7). Ten sta-
tions were on the main stem at, or near, the earlier survey stations,
two stations were on tributary streams, and three stations were waste
sources.
Stations sampled during the January 19&9 survey were located
as closely as possible to the October 1968 locations. Where locations
were not identical, a letter symbol was added to the station number to
distinguish this difference.
Analyses
Many analyses were necessary to determine the existing, present
day water quality in the Missouri River. Excluding biological exami-
nations (covered separately), 37 separate chemical, biochemical, and
bacteriological constituents were included in the laboratory analysis
series. Some analyses were performed on daily discrete samples from
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each station. Five-day composite samples vere made and preserved for
analysis of other constituents at selected stations. Sample composit-
ing was used to keep the required number of analyses within manage-
able limits. Unfortunately, several analyses on preserved and/or
composited samples from the January 19^9 survey were not completed in
time for inclusion in this report.
Analyses performed daily were dene in mobile laboratories. Two
mobile laboratories were located at the Florence Pumping Station of the
Omaija, Nebraska, Metropolitan Utilities District Water Plant. These
two laboratories performed all field analyses for the Gavins Point Dam -
St. Joseph, Missouri, reach during the October 1968 survey and all but
the two lower stations in this same reach during the January 1969 sur-
vey The lower two stations were handled by laboratories of the FWPCA
Missouri Basin Region in Kansas City, Mssouri.
Analyses performed daily at every station in the reach included:
1. Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.).
2. 2- and 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
3. pH.
k. Alkalinity.
5. Specific Conductance.
6. Turbidity.
7. Total and Fecal Coliforms.
8. Fecal Streptococci (January only).
9. Chlorides (3 times per week in October).
10. Sulfates (3 times per week in October).
11. Totax Dissolved Solids (3 times per week in October).
12. Total Suspended Solids (3 times per week in October).
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122
Weekly composites from five samples vere made and preserved
for every statioi in the reach for the following determinations:
1. Old urn.
2. Magnesium.
3. Organic Carbon.
1*. Total Phosphorus.
5. Nitrogen Series (ammonia, nitrates and total organic
nitrogen).
For the study reach, nine stations for the October 1968 sur-
vey and four of these stations for the reduced January 1969 survey
were selected for the following determinations:
1. Sodium.
2. Potassium.
3. Fluoride.
4. Boron.
Samples were also filtered with the filtrate being composited
for determination of soluble heavy metals. Eight stations were se-
lected for the October 1968 survey, with six of these also being
sampled during the reduced January 1969 survey. Metal analyses were:
1. Arsenic. 6. Chromium.
2. Iron. 7. Copper.
3. Barium. 8. Lead.
U. Manganese. 9. Nickel.
5. Cadmium. 10. Zinc.
Samples at selected stations were collected for phenol analysis
on two occasions during the October 1968 survey and on four occasions
during the January 1969 survey. Samples for cyanide analysis were
A-8
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123
collected on four occasions during each survey. Seven stations were
selected for these analyses during the October 1968 survey vith five
of these stations being repeated during the January 1969 survey.
Separate samples for organic chlorine analysis and for a chloro-
form extract analysis vere collected at the same six stations during
both the October 1968 and January 1969 surveys.
Long-term (20-day) biochemical oxygen demands (BOD) were run
twice at eight stations during the October 1968 survey, and once at
five of these same stations during the January 1969 survey.
Five-day composite samples from waste source stations for each
sampling week were analyzed for grease content. This analysis was
in addition to the other analyses performed on the samples. Samples
from the Monroe Street and South Omaha sewers containing the meat-
packing wastes from Omaha, Nebraska, and the effluent from the Sioux
City, Iowa, sewage treatment plant were collected during the October
1968 survey. Effluent samples from the Omaha, Nebraska-Missouri River
sewage treatment plant, Council Bluffs, Iowa sewage treatment plant,
and the Sioux City, Iowa sewage treatment plant were collected during
the January 19&9 survey.
Five-day composites for radioactivity analysis were made at
two main stem stations and at four tributary stations during the
October 0.968 survey. Only results for uranium (U-235 and U-238) and
radium-226 are available Thorium-232 and strontium-90 analyses are
still in progress.
Analytical Methods
All chemical analyses conformed to "FVPCA Official Interim
A-9
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124
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Surface Waters. Except for
modifications required for automated chemistry, methods contained in
this volume are essentially the same as those contained in the 12th
Edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
(2)
water."v Most meta.s were analyzed by atomic absorption spectro-
scopy.
Bacterial exar inations were performed in accordance with Stand-
ard Methods. In this report, the term, "total coliforms," refers to
bacteria identified as the "Coliform Group" in Standard Methods.
"Fecal coliforms" refer to the "Section I Coliform Group" in Standard
Methods.
Total and fecal coliforms were enumerated by the multiple tube,
fermentation test which yields a density as a most probable number
(MPH). Bacterial densities are reported as a number per 100 milli-
liters (ml) of water.
Survey Results
Missouri River and Tributary Flows
Water released from Gavins Point Dam is the major controlling
factor affecting Missouri River flows during dry weather conditions
in the Gavins Point Dam - St. Joseph, Missouri river reach. During
periods of heavy rainfall the hydrology of tributary streams greatly
affects discharges in the main stem Missouri River. Ice Jams in the
^ ' Anon., "FWPCA Official Interim Methods for Chemical Analysis of
Surface Waters," Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
September 1968.
!v\
"' Anon., "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
vater," 12th .-.dit ton, APHA, 1965.
A-iO
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125
river during cold, vinter weather can also interfere with normal stages
and discharge rates.
For the period October 7-16, 1968, which included the first 8
sampling days, river discharges reflected normal weather conditions
with an average of 31,930 cubic feet per second (cfs) being released
from Gavins Point Dam (Table A-l). Tributary inflows increased the
flow to an average of 36,650 cfs at St. Joseph, Missouri, 360 miles
downstream. Rainfall for this period was recorded as O.U6 inches in
Omaha, Nebraska. This time period will be referred to as the "8-day
average" in figures, tables and text of this report.
Beginning October l6, 1968 a general, heavy rainfall occurred
in the basin. During the period of October 16-17, 1968, Sioux City,
Iowa, recorded 4.63 inches of rain; Omaha, Nebraska recorded 3.6l
inches and St. Joseph, Missouri, recorded 1.32 inches. Average water
released from Gavins Point Dam of 28,500 cfs for the period October
17-18, 1968 was slightly less than the average of the 10 previous days,
being only 91 percent of the earlier flows. However, flows increased
to 105 percent of the earlier period flows, or 3^,050 cfs, at Sioux
City, Iowa; increased to 139 percent, or ^5,900 cfs at Omaha, Nebras-
ka; and increased to 192 percent or 70,^50 cfs at St. Joseph, Missouri,
(Table A-l). The ratio of rain-affected flows to dry weather flows
increased in the downstream direction. This period will be referred
to as the "2-day average" in figures, tables and text of this report.
Tributary streams exhibited even greater percentage flow in-
creases between the normal weather period and the rain-affected period.
The Big Sioux River increased to 4l5 percent of the 8-day period
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126
(169 cfs vs 701 cfs); the Boyer River increased to 563 percent (270 cfs
vs 17,100 cfs). The October 1968 survey, therefore, reflects two
distinctly different river conditions. Samples from the October 7-16,
1968 period reflect river conditions during "normal" weather; samples
from the October 17-18, 1968 period reflect river conditions warped
by extremely heavy rains.
Flows during the January 1969 study were affected by ice Jams
in the river. F3r much of the survey period, river stages were higher
than normal summer navigation levels upstream from St. Joseph, Missouri.
Flow rates were also affected by the damming effect of the ice jams.
Flows at Omaha, Nebraska, averaged about 1,800 cfs (16,925 cfs to
15,080 cfs) less than that released from Gavins Point Dam (Table A-l).
Flow at St. Joseph, Missouri, downstream from the ice Jams averaged
19,920 cfs.
Dissolved Oxygen
For the fxrst 8 sampling days in the October 1968 survey, aver-
age dissolved ox.'gen (D.O.) concentrations were 8.3 mg/1 or greater
in the main stem Missouri River (Figure A-2 and Table A-2). The high-
est average D.O. concentration was 9.5 mg/1 and occurred at Station
M-52 (RM-736) up-tream from Sioux City, Iowa.
Downstreai. from Station M-52, significant quantities of wastes
were discharged Tom the Sioux City area. D.O. concentrations de-
creased slightly in the reach from Sioux City, Iowa to Omaha, Nebras-
ka. The average D.O. concentration at the Omaha, Nebraska, Metro-
politan Utilities District (M.U.D.) water works intake at Station
M-^2 (RM-626.2) vas 9-1 ng/1. Downstream from the water works, wastes
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127
from Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs, Iowa enter the Missouri River.
D.O. concentrations decreased to 8.4 mg/1 approximately one day's
time-of-water travel downstream at Station M-36 (RM-591.2). D.O.
concentrations improved slightly during the remainder of reach aver-
aging 8.6 mg/1 at M-28 (RM-452.3) at the St. Joseph Water Company
intake.
The rain-affected 2-day average D.O. concentrations general-
ly decreased from Sioux City, Iowa to St. Joseph, Missouri (Figure
A-2). D.O. concentrations varied inversely with river flows; as the
ratio of wet weather flows to dry weather flows increased, D.O. con-
centrations tended to decrease.
Two-day average D.O. concentrations of 10.0 mg/1 at Station
M-52, 9.7 mg/1 at Station M-50, and 9.k mg/1 at Station M-48 were
greater than corresponding 8-day averages. Two-day and 8-day average
D.O. concentraticns were both 9.2 mg/1 at Station M-47 near Whiting,
Iowa.
Downstream from Whiting, Iowa, 2-day average D.O. concentra-
tions were less than corresponding 8-day averages. Two-day averages
decreased from 9.0 mg/1 at Station M-U6 (RM-676.5) to 8.0 mg/1 at
Station M-M* (RM-65^.6) with the Little Sioux and Soldier Rivers
entering between these two stations.
Two-day average D.O. concentrations were 8.0 mg/1 at Station
M-^2 (RM-626.2) at the Omaha, M.U.D. water intake. A further D.O.
concentration decrease to 7.6 mg/1 at Station M-38 (RM-601.3) near
Bellevue, Nebraska, was observed followed by a slight increase to
7.8 mg/1 at Station M-36 (RM-571.2) dovnstream from the Platte River.
B.O. concentrations downstream had a downward trend until the lowest
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128
two-day average of 5.2 mg/1 occurred at Station M-29 (RM-469.0) up-
stream from St. Joseph, Missouri. The two-day average at the St.
Joseph Water Company intake was 5.6 mg/1.
January 1969 survey results show the effects of an ice cover
which extended from a point upstream from St. Joseph to upstream
from Omaha, Nebraska, during the second week of the survey. Upstream
from the ice cover D.O. concentrations exceeded 12.5 og/1 with a
conceatration of 13.2 mg/1 occurring at Station M-42 (RM-626.2) at
the Omaha M.U.D. water works intake.
With the introduction of wastes from the Omaha-Council Bluffs
area and the ice cover eliminating reaeration, D.O. concentrations
decreased steadily to the lowest average of 9.1 mg/1 at Station M-30
(RM-488.3) near White Cloud, Kansas (Figure A- 2). Downstream from
the ice jam, the D.O. concentration increased to 9.6 mg/1 at the
St. Joseph water works intake (RM-^52.3).
5-Day, 20 C. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD,.)
The BOD,- for the 8-day normal weather period in October 1968
reflected the waste discharges from the Sioux City, Iowa and the
Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs, Iowa metropolitan areas (Figure A- 3
and Table A- 2).
From background concentrations of 0.9 mg/1 at Station M-52
(RM-736.0) upstream from Sioux City, the BOD,, was increased to 1.6
mg/1 at Station M-Vf (RM-699-5) by waste from the Sioux City area.
The BOD- concentration was 1.9 mg/1 at Station M-42 (RM-626.2)
at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake. Downstream waste discharges from
the Omaha-Council Bluffs area increased the BODt- to 5.8 mg/1 at
Station M-39 (RM- 610.5).
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129
The average BOD- concentrations for the 8-day rain-affected
period increased substantially throughout the entire survey reach.
•
• In addition to waste "being added from the Sioux City and the Omaha-
Council Bluffs areas, significant BOD,, loads from tributary streams,
I including the Little Sioux River, Soldier River and Boyer River are
evident (Figure A-3). For example, the 2-day average for BOD was
three times the dry weather concentration (6.9 mg/1 vs 2.3 mg/1) in
the Soldier River and increased from 9.2 mg/1 to 14.0 mg/1 in the
Boyer River.
The January 1969 survey data indicate concentration increases
similar to the 8-day average of the October 1968 survey. BOD- con-
centrations in the Sioux City area increased from 1.1 mg/1 at Station
M-52A. (RM-732.8) to 2.0 mg/1 at Station M-Vf (RM-699.5). The increase
in Omaha was from a BOD,, of l.k mg/1 at Station M-^2 (RM-626.2) to
3.6 mg/1 at Station M-38 (RM-601.3).
Coliform Bacteria
Water released from Gavins Point Dam contained low densities
of coliform bacteria during the October 1968 and January 1969 sur-
veys (Table A.-k fvnd Figures A-4 and A-5). Total colif orms occurred at
\ mean* 'densities of 250 MPN/100 ml and fecal coliforms at less than
120 MPN/100 ml during the October 1968 survey. There were less than
30 MPN/100 ml total coliforms and less than 20 MPN/100 ml fecal coli-
forms during the January 1969 survey.
Mean coliform densities for the 8-day normal weather October
1968 period at Station M-52 (RM-736.0) were 1,380 MPN/100 ml total
* ' In discussion of coliforms and fecal coliforms, mean refers to
geometric mean throughout this re;port section.
A-15
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130
coliforms and 220 MPN/100 ml fecal conforms. Wastes from the Sioux
City, Ijwa, area increased total conforms to 62,800 MPN/100 ml and
fecal coliforms to 1^,300 MPN/100 ml of Station M-U8 (RM-717.4). An
increase in fecal coliforms density to 26,600 MPN/100 ml occurred at
Station M-Vf (RM-699-5).
A major cause of this increase in bacterial densities was the
unchlorinated discharge from the Sioux City, Iowa, sewage treatment
plant. Eight-day average mean densities in this waste discharge were
75,000,000 MPN/100 ml total coliforms and 20,000,000 MPN/100 ml fecal
coliforms.
Coliform densities at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station
M-42, RM-626.2) were less than those at Station H-kJ (RM-717.4) even
though the Boyer River contributed mean densities of 110,000 MPN/100 ml
total conforms and 15,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms. Eight-day
normal weather mean densities at Station M-42 were 52,300 MPN/100 ml
total conforms and 8,300 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.
Wastes from Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs, Iowa increased
mean coliform densities at Station M-39 (RM-610.5) to 256,000 MPN/100 ml
total conforms and 6l,200 MPN/100 ml fecal conforms. The major cause
of this increase was unchlorinated wates from Omaha, Nebraska and
Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Downstream from Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs, Iowa, a decreas-
ing pattern in c iliform densities occurred. At the St. Joseph, Missou-
ri, Water Company intake, densities had decreased to 57,700 MPN/100 ml
total conforms ind 6,500 MPN/100 ml fecal conforms.
During th 2-day rain-affected period, coliform bacteria in-
creased to very dgh densities throughout the entire reach. Nineteen
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131
of the twenty-one sampling stations had both total fecal coliform
densities that exceeded 100,000 MPN/100 ml. The highest densities
vere at Station M-34 (RM-559-7) vhere densities were 1,^0,000 MPN/
100 ml total coliforms and 1,120,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.
Tributary streams also exhibited increases to very high dens-
ities during the 2-day wet-weather period. The Soldier River had
mean densities of 2,UOO,000 MPN/100 ml total coliforms and 2,000,000
MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms. The Boyer River had densities of
2,000,000 MPN/100 ml total coliforms and 1,1*00,000 MPN/100 ml fecal
coliforms. The Platte River also increased to densities of 620,000
MPN/100 ml total coliforms and 290,000 MPN/100 ml fecal coliforms.
Much of the increases observed during this vet period is due to run-
off from the large number of feedlots in the basin.
Coliform bacteria densities for the January 1969 survey were
less than the 8-day normal-weather period in October 1968. Total
coliform densities at Station M-U8A, for example, were ^5,000 MPN/
100 ml which is 72 percent of the October 1968 density; fecal coli-
forms were 11,000 MPN/100 ml which is 77 percent of the October 1968
density. Downstream at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station M-42,
RM-626.2), total coliform densities were approximately 6,000 MPN/
100 ml which is 11 percent of the October 1968 survey; fecal coli-
forms were 4,900 MPN/100 ml which is 59 percent of the October 1968
densities.
The decrease in the January 1969 densities within the Sioux
City-Omaha reach is caused principally by the reduced densities in
the vaste flows from the Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant between the
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132
January 1969 and October 1968 surveys (Total coliforms: 19,000,000
MPN/100 m3 vs 75,000,000 MPN/100 ml; fecal conforms: 5,200,000 MPN/
100 ml vs 20,000,000 MPN/100 ml).
A pattern similar to the reach downstream from Sioux City, Iowa
occurred downstream from Omaha, Nebraska. For example, the January
1969 total coliform density at Station M-38 (RM-601.3) was 5^,000 MPN/
100 ml whiih was 33 percent of the October 1968 density. Similarly
the January 1969 fecal coliform density was 1^,000 MPN/100 ml which
was 31 percent of the October 1968 density.
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133
Total Suspended Solids
The total suspended solids concentration for the October 1968
survey for water released from Gavins Point Dam (RM-811.0) averaged
1*5 mg/1 (Table A-2 and Figure A-6). Data at this station were not
separated into "normal" and "wet-weather" periods since the rain did
not affect water quality at this station.
For the normal weather 8-day period, the total suspended solids
increased to 55 n»g/l downstream from the dam at Station M-52 (RM-736.0),
The concentration remained relatively uniform at this level for 60
miles downstream to Station M-k6 (RM-676.5).
Downstream from Station M-l+6 (RM-676.5), the total suspended
solids increased until the highest average concentration of 278 mg/1
occurred at Station M-32 (RM-525.1). The total suspended solids
decreased downstream from Station M-32 to a concentration of 142 mg/1
at Station M-31 (RM-507.5). The concentration averaged 131 mg/1 at
the St. Joseph Water Company intake at Station M-28 (RM-452.3).
The rain-affected two-day average total suspended solids con-
centrations were several times greater than the 8-day normal weather
concentrations. Upstream from the Soldier River, which includes
stations M-52 (RM-736.0) to M-46 (RM-676.5), total suspended solids
concentrations ranged from 87 mg/ at Station M-50 (RM-730) to 1*4-7
mg/1 at Station M-W3. Total suspended solids increased to 3,530 mg/1
in the Soldier River (S-14-5, RM-661»-.0) which contributed to an increase
to 715 mg/1 in the Missouri River at Station M-l*4 (RM-65i<-.6).
Total suspended solids concentrations followed an irregular,
although generally upward trend for the remaining stations in the
A-19
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reach during the two-day rain-affected period. Downstream from
and including the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station M-42, RM-626.2),
all of the remaining 13 main stem stations exceeded TOO mg/1 total
suspended solids, 10 stations exceeded 1,000 mg/1 and two stations
exceeded 2,000 mg/1. The highest average for the 2-day period was
2,78^ mg/1 at the St. Joseph Water Company intake (Station M-28,
RM-452.3).
Total suspended solids concentrations during the January 1969
survey were quite low when compared with results from the October 1968
survey. The highest average concentration was U8 mg/1 at Station M-52A
(RM-732.8) upstream from Sioux City, Iowa. The nine remaining main
stem stations downstream from Sioux City had concentrations between
9 and 28 mg/1. The water released from Gavins Point Dam (RM-811.0)
contained only 2 mg/1 total suspended solids concentrations.
The clarity of the Missouri River in January 1969, as compared
with October 1968, is attributed to the frozen condition of the
drainage basin. Tributary runoff carrying clay and silt particles
was small.
The damming effect of the ice jams reduced water velocity,
which allowed sedimentation and contributed to water clarity.
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135
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Total nitrogen, which consists of ammonia, nitrates and total
organic nitrogen forms, and total phosphorus were determined for two
separate 5-day composites for all stations vrithin the survey reach.
Results for the first composite were collected during normal weather
conditions while the second composite included the rain-affected
period (Figures A-7 and A-8).
Phosphorus^
Average total phosphorus concentrations were O.OU mg/1 in
water released from Gavins Point Dam (RM-811.0) during the October
1968 survey. Concentrations during the 8-day normal weather period
increased to 0.07 mg/1 at Station M-W3 (RM-717.1*-) downstream from
the Sioux City, Iowa, area. Total phosphorus concentrations generally
increased downstream and were 0.12 mg/1 at the Omaha M.U.D. water
intake (Station M-te, RM-626.2).
Downstream from the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, the total
phosphorus increased to Q.2k mg/1 at Station M-39 (RM-610.5) during
the normal weather period. The concentration again increased to
0.30 mg/1 at Station M-36 (RM-591.2) downstream from Papillion Creek
and the Platte River. The total -phosphorus concentration remained
essentially unchanged during the remainder of the reach. The concen-
tration at the St. Joseph Water Company intake (Station M-28, RM-^52.3)
was 0.26 mg/1.
Total phosphorus concentrations increased greatly in the
rain-affected composite samples reflecting the agricultural land use
of the drainage ;>asin. For example, concentrations in the Soldier
A-21
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136
River Increased .'rom 0.17 og/1 to 3-00 mg/1. Total phosphorus con-
centrations inert ased irregularly downstream from Gavins Point Dam
reaching the higl est average concentration of 0.92 mg/1 at Station
M-29 (RM-469.0).
Nitrogen
Normal weather total nitrogen concentration increased from
0.7 ag/1 at Gavins Point Dam (RM-811.0) to 1.5 mg/1 at Station M-52
(RM-736.0) upstream from Sioux City. A general decreasing trend in
total nitrogen concentration occurred downstream from Sioux City to
a concentration of 1.1 mg/1 at Station M-H (RM-654.6). Total nitro-
gen concentrations increased downstream from the Boyer River, which
had a concentration of 9.3^ mg/1 (Station B-^3, RM-635.1), to 1.3
mg/1 at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station M-^2, RM-626.2).
Concentrations exhibited a generally increasing trend downstream
from the Platte River reaching a concentration of 2.3 mg/1 at
Station M-32 (RM-525.1). The highest concentration in the reach
occurred at the St. Joseph Water Company intake (Station M-28,
RM-^52.3) and was 2.9 n?/l.
The rain-affecte i composite samples had an irregular trend
although generally increasing downstream. Concentrations were less
than the normal-weather data for the Gavins Point Dam (RM-811.0) to
Sioux City, Iowa, reach; approximately the same from Sioux City to the
Soldier River (RM-66^.0); and greater than the normal-weather concen-
trations downstream from the Soldier River. The highest total nitro-
gen concentration was k.l mg/1 at Station M-29 (RM-469.0). Five of
the main stem stations had total nitrogen concentrations of 3.0 mg/1
or greater.
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137
Nitrogen and phosphorus analyses are not presently avail-
able for the January 1969 survey.
Cyanide
Positive cyanide results were obtained for samples from
six of seven stations selected for analysis in October 1968 and all
five stations selected for the January 1969 survey (Table A-5).
Average concentrations which indicate a "less than (<)" average had
at least one analysis less than 1 microgram per liter (fig/l), which
is the sensitivity of the analysis method.
The highest single result of 15.2/ug/l occurred during the
October 1968 rain-affected period at Station M-33 (RM-5^6.7). Four
of the seven stations had concentrations greater than 10 /ug/1. The
highest average concentration during the October 1968 survey was 6.2
/ug/1 at Station M-Wi (RM-TU.^) downstream from Sioux City, Iowa.
The highest average cyanide concentration during the January
1969 survey was < 3.6 /ug/1 at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake (Station
M-42, RM-626.2).
Water Temperature
Average water temperatures during the 8-day normal period
ranged from l6°C. at the St. Joseph Water Company intake to 1^°C. at
Station M-52 (RM-736.0) upstream from Sioux City, Iowa (Table A-2).
Average temperatures decreased during the two-day rain-affected period
in the upper reaches. Temperatures remained unchanged at Station M-28
at 16°C. but decreased to 10°C. at Station M-52.
Average water temperature during the January 1969 survey
ranged from 1.6°C. at the St. Joseph Water Company intake to -O.VC. at
Station 52 upstream from Sioux City.
A-23
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138
pH
The pH of Missouri River water was about 8.3 for most
stations during the October 1968 normal -weather period (Table A -5).
The highest average was 8.6 at Station M-38 (RM-601.3). The lowest
average was 8.1 at Station M-35 (RM-5&0.9).
The pH decreased slightly at several stations during the
2-day rain-affected period. The lowest average pH during this
period in the main stem Missouri River was 7.8 at Station M-30
(RM-488. 3) .
The average pH was lower during the January 19^9 survey than
the 8-day normal period in October 1968. The pH ranged from 7.8
at the 3t. Joseph Water Company intake (M-28, RM-^52.3) to 8.1 at
Station M-52 (RM-736.0) upstream from Sioux City, Iowa.
Alkalinity
The October 1968 survey normal -weather 8-day average alka-
linity (Table A- 2) of the Missouri River ranged from a low of 160 mg/I
(as CaCO ) at Station M-46 (RM-676.5) to the highest average of 197
rag/1 (as CaCO ) at Station M-M* (RM-65^.6). The 2-day rain-affected
period averages ranged from 11^ mg/1 (as CaCO ) at Station M-39
(RM-610.5) to 180 mg/1 (as CaCO ) at Station M-35 (RM-5&0.9). Rainfall
reduced alkalinity slightly.
Alkalinities during the January 1969 survey were approximately
the same. Concentrations ranged from 165 nig/1 (as CaCO ) at Station
M-30 (RM-^88.3) to 191 mg/1 (as CaCO ) at the Omaha M.U.D. water
intake (M-42, RM-626.2).
A-24
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139
Total Dissolved Solids
The total dissolved solids (Table A-2) of the water released
from Gavins Point Dam averaged k^k mg/1 during the October 1968
survey. Averages for the 8-day normal-weather period for the remain-
der of the reach ranged between a high of 6*4-5 mg/1 at Station M-32
(Rfc-525.1) to ^68 mg/1 at Station M-29 (RM-469.0). Nineteen of the
20 stations averaged less than 552 mg/1.
Total dissolved solids concentrations were higher during the
January 1969 survey than during October 1968. The water released
from Gavins Point Dam (RM-Sll.O) averaged 5l8 mg/1. The highest
average concentration was 629 nig/l at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake
(Station M-^2, RM-626.2). The lowest average of kQ6 mg/1 occurred
at Station M-30 (RM-^88.3). Ten of the 11 main stem stations
exceeded 500 mg/1 total dissolved solids.
Sulfates
Average sulfate concentrations (Table A-2) for the 8-day
normal-weather October 19*>8 survey ranged between 166 mg/1 at Station
M-29 (RM-1+69.0) and 220 m*;/l at Station M-32 (RM-525.1). Water re-
leased from Gavins Point lam (RM-811.0) averaged 208 mg/1.
The sulfate concentrations for the January 1969 survey were
similar to the October 1968 results. Concentrations ranged from 170
mg/1 at Station M-30 (RM-1*£8.3) to 224 mg/1 at the Omaha M.U.D. water
intake (Station M-^2, RM-626.2).
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140
Soluble Heavy Metals
A soluble Iron concentration of 0.60 mg/1 for the second
5-day composite at station M-39 (RM-610.5) "was the only heavy metal
concentration found within detectable limits of analytical methods
for the October 1968 survey (Table A-3). Other metals were either
absent or present in minute quantities.
Analyses for the January 1969 survey were not completed in
time for inclusion in this report.
Grease
The concentration of grease from the daily composite from the
Monroe Street and South Omaha sewers averaged 299 mg/1 during the
October 1968 survey. The actual amount of grease reaching the
Missouri River following a privately operated recovery operation at
the Monroe Street sewer was not determined.
The grease concentration in the effluent from the Sioxuc City,
Iowa, sewage treatment plant during the October 1968 survey averaged
17 mg/1. The amount of grease removed through the sewage treatment
plant was not determined.
Grease results from the January 1969 survey were not avail-
able for inclusion in this report.
A-26
-------
TABLE NO. A-l
SUMMARY OF AVERAGE DISCHARGES
MISSOURI HIVER
OCTOBER 1968 and JANUARY 1969 SURVEYS
STATION
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavin's Pt. Dam,
South Dakota
Sioux City, Iowa
Omaha, Nebraska
Nebraska City, Nebraska
Hulo, Nebraska
St. Joseph, Missouri
TRIBUTARIES:
Big Sioux River
at Akron, Iowa
Boyer River
at Logan, Iowa
Oct. 7-16
Normal Fall
31,200
32.lt.00
33,100
35,600
36,300
36,600
170
270
1968 DISCHARGES^/
cfs
Oct. 17-18
Extremely Wet
?6,500
3^,000
1*5,900
57,300
70,600
70,400
700
1,520
Flow Ratio:
Wet/Normal
0.91
1.05
1-39
1.61
1.91*
1.92
I*.15
5.63
1969
Jan. 20-31
Non-Navigation
16,900
16,700
15,100
17,600
18,700
19,900
-
.
DISCHARGES^
cfs
Flow Ratio:
1969/1968 Normal
0.5!*
0.5?
O.U6
O.U9
0.52
0.5!*
-
.
Platte River near
South Bend, Nebraska
WASTE SOURCES:^/
Sioux City, Iowa - STP
Council Bluffs, Iowa - STP
Omaha, Nebraska
Missouri R. STP
Monroe St. Sewer
Omaha, Nebraska
3A50
17,100
4.96
25.1 (=16.2 mgd)
7.7 (=5-0
3,350
22.6 (=11*.6 mgd)
8.0 (.5.? mgd)
o5/ - &.B (=.16 mgd)
61*.!*(=!*!.6 mgd)
—' Average flows based on provisional U.S. Geological Survey data, except for waste sources.
—' Average flows estimated by U.S Corps of Engrs., except for waste sources.
y
5/
0.97
Waste source flows are averages for sample days only and may be raifl-affooted.
Flow estimated from information provided by Plant Personnel.
No flow due to shutdown for system repairs. All sewage was bypassed raw from many outfalls along the waterfront.
-------
142
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146
•J3UJLE SO. A-i»
Collform Bacteria
Summary of 8-and 2-Day Geometric Means for Discrete Samples
Missouri River
October 1968 Survey
Station
Desig- River
nation Mileage
Total Coliforms
MPH/100 ml
8-Day 2 -Day
Fecal Coliforms
MPN/100 ml
8 -Day 2 -Day
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavins
Pt. Dam
M-52
M-50
M-48
M-47
M-46
M-44
M-42
M-41
M-39
M-38
M-3f
M-35
M-34
M-33
M-32
M-31
M-30
M-?9
M-28
TRIBUTARIES
BS-51
S-45
B-43
PA-37A
P-37
811.0
736.0
730.0
717.4
699-5
676.5
654.6
626.2
618.3
610.5
601.3
591-3
580.9
559-7
546.7
525.1
507.5
488.3
469.0
452.3
V
734.0
664.0
635-1
596.5
594.8
250 i/
1,380
2,400
62,800
57,100
53,000
39,500
52,300
46,600
256,000
165,000
174,000
130,000
167,000
189,000
100,000
134,000
154,000
148,000
57,700
1,100
15,000
110,000
-
27,700
74,800
74,800
265,000
230,000
213,000
852,000
414,000
802,000
330,000
460,000
790,000
790,000
1,440,000
> 727,000
767,000
838,000
-
-
852,000
17,000
2,400,000
2,000,000
16,000,000 2/
620,000
<125i/
225
240
14,300
26,600
18,900
9,000
8,300
11,200
61,000
45,000
53,500
38,000
50,800
38,500
18,900
28,100
28,400
14,600
6,500
110
3,900
15,000
-
11,100
30,300
47,000
116,000
108,000
149,000
278,000
207,000
207,000
230,000
330,000
490,000
330 ,000
1,120,000
460,000
352,000
435,000
280 ,000
-
232,000
4,000
2,000,000
1,400,000
11,000,000 2/
290,000
WASTE SOURCES •?
SC-49
OM-40 A
CB-40 B
729.0
611.5
6l4
75,000,000
19,000,000
160,000,000 3/
49,000,000
30,000,000
_
20,000,000
7,800,000
35,000,000 -'
49,000,000
11,000,000
_
I/ Average of two grab samples.
2/ Average for 3 days influenced by extremely wet weather.
3/ Single grab sample during typical PJJ. weather.
4_/ River Mileage refers to point where tributary or waste source enters Missouri River.
Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.
-------
TABIE HO. A-5
Summary of
Other Constituents
Missouri River
October, 1968 Survey
147
Station
Desig- River
nation Mileage
MISSOURI
RIVER:
Cyanide
Avg.i/
» J«/l
Maximum
Phenol, M/l
2/
Avg.— ' Maximum
Gavins
Ft. Dam 811.0 -
M-52
M-l*8
M-l*2
M-39
M-38
M-36
M-33
M-28
736.0
717.1*
626.2
610.5
601.3
-
51*6.7
!*52.3
< i*.3
6.2
<• 2.7
< 5.1
12.2
11*. 0
5.U
8.1*
< 1.0 < 1.0
-
5.e2/
1*.7
-
15.2
11.2
< 1.5 2.0
< 1.5 2.0
-
<1.5 2.0
< 1.5 2.0
-
< 1.5 2.0
< 1.5 2.0
Total^/
Organic
Chlorine
126.0
-
56.5
138.2
-
261*. 3
-
-
32.8
Chloroform^/ ^ / . <
Extract Uranium-^ Ra226 -'
mg/1 >»g/l pc/1
5.5
1*.3 0.02
0.0
26.1
-
9.U
2.5 0.07
-
3.7
TRIBUTARIES:^
BS-51 734.0
S-l*5 661*. 0
B-l*3 635.1
P-37 59^.8
WASTE SOURCES-^
OM-1*0 A 611.5
J*.3
3-9
6.1*
0.07
0.07
0.19
0.12
133.5
I/ Average of 3 to 1* grab samples during typical Fall and wet weather.
2/ Average of 2 grab samples during typical Fall weather.
3/ Single grab sample during typical Fall weather.
kf Composite for 10 samples collected both during typical
Fall and extremely wet weather.
5_/ Includes a maximum discrete value of 15.2 ug/1.
-I River Mileage refers to point where tributary or waste source enterg Missouri River.
Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.
-------
148
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-------
149
TABLE Ho. A-7
STATION DESCBimOHS
Missouri River Basin Surrey
149
Station River Mile
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-3*
M-35
M-36
P-37
M-38
M-39
OM-40
M-Ul
M-l»2
B-U3
M-W
S-U5
M-46
MJ.T
M-kS
SC-49
M-50
BS-51
M-52
Gavin* Paint
On
PA-37A
OH-14QA
CB-ltOB
M-MIA
M-52A
U52.3
U6g.o
U88.3
507.5
525.1
5W.T
559.7
580.9
591.2
59^.8
601.3
610.5
611.5
618.3
626.2
635.1
65^.6
66U.O
676.5
699.5
717.1*
729.0
730.0
73't.O
736.0
811.0
596.5
611.5
61U.O
718.3
732.8
Description
Missouri R. at St. Joseph Waterworks Intake (0.3 ml. belov Daymark
right bank).
Missouri R. 0.5 nl. above Charleston landing (Daymark - left
bank).
Missouri R. at White Cloud, Kan. (at power cable X-lng).
Missouri R. 9.5 ml. above Rulo, Heb. (at landing 0.2 ml. belov
light - left bank).
Missouri R. at boat landing (at Morgan Bend, upper light - left
bank).
Missouri R. at Peru Sportsman's Club ramp (0.2 nl. above Barney
Bend light - right bank).
Missouri R. belov Hebraska City (0.2 mi. above Frazlers light -
left bank).
Missouri R. at Bartlett, Iowa (at Shenandoah Boat Club ranp).
Missouri R. at Plattsnouth, Heb. (0.2 ml. belov Pollock light -
right bank).
Flatte R. at U. 3. Rvy. 75 bridge, Hebraska
Missouri R. at Bellevue, Heb. (0.1 ml. belov St. Bvy. 370
bridge).
Missouri R. belov Omaha STP outfall (at power cable X-lng).
Composite sample of 7 parts Monroe St. Sever effluent and 1 part
South Omaha Sever, Omaha, Hebr. (appro*, river mileage)
Missouri R. at I. C. RR bridge.
Missouri R. at Omaha Waterworks Intake (0.3 •!. belov Bvy.
36 bridge).
Boyer R. at 1-29 Hvy. bridge, lova.
Missouri R. above Blair, Reb. (at Tyson Boat Marina 0.2 ml.
above light - right bank).
Soldier R. at 1-29 Bvy. bridge, lova.
Missouri R. (at Upper Sioux Reach upper light - left bank).
Missouri R. at Lighthouse Mtrlna (also called Don Ruth Marina,
6 ml. from Whiting, Ion).
Missouri R. belov Sioux City STP outfall (at power cable X-lng).
Sioux City Sevage Treatment Plant effluent (approx. river mileage).
Missouri R. belov Floyd R. confluence - Sioux City, lova (at pover
cable X-lng).
Big Sioux R. above confluence.
Missouri R. 2 ml. above confluence (at 1-29 Bvy. bridge).
Dam above Yankton, S. D. (Corps of Engrs.).
Big Papllllon Creek at Offut Air Force Base Road to Capehart,
Hebraska - off U. S. Bvy. 75.
Omaha Missouri River Sevage Treatment Plant effluent (approx.
river ml.).
Council Bluffs Sevage Treatment Plant effluent (approx. river
ml.).
Iowa Pover and Light Co. Pover Plant - left bank.
Missouri River 0.5 mile above U. S. 73 B.«y. bridge.
-------
150
GAVINS POINT DAM •• «»
FIGURE A-l
LOCATION MAP
MISSOURI RIVER
October, 1968 - January, 1969
738.0 (M-S2)
73O.O fM-SO)
718.3 (M-48A)
717.4 (M-48)
699.3 (M-47)
676.5 (M-46)
6S4.8 (M-44)
346.7 (M-33)
329.1 (M-32)
9O7.3 (M-31)
488.3 (M-30)
46».0 (M-29)
NESKASKA
KANSAS
4S2.3 (M-28)
440.3 (M-27)
SIOUX CITY S.TR
729.0 (SC-49)
SOUTH DAKOTA
IOWA
626.2 (M-42)
616.3 (M-41)
610.5 (M-39)
601.3 (M-38>
591.2 (M-36)
IOWA
380.9 (M-33)
MISSOURI
339.7 (M-34)
-------
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-------
158
APPENDIX B
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER QUALITY
IN IOWA REACHES OF THE MISSOURI RIVER
-------
159
CONCLUSIONS
The 286 miles of the Missouri River downstream from
Sioux City, Iowa, reflected different degrees of water quality
degradation. At least 5^ miles were severely degraded by
pollution. The remaining approximately 232 miles were good
water quality.
1. From Sioux City, Iowa to Omaha, Nebraska and
Council Bluffs, Iowa, stream bed animals re-
flected unpolluted conditions with the exception
of localized degradation in the Sioux City area.
2. Wastes discharged from the Omaha and Council
Bluffs area polluted the river, both aesthetically
and biologically. Severe degradation of the bottom
associated organisms occurred for 5^ miles downstream.
Objectionable floating solids (grease and chunks of
animal fat) were observed from the Omaha and Council
Bluffs area downstream past the St. Joseph, Mo. water
supply intake, a distance of approximately 166 miles.
3. Severely degraded waters were found in tributaries of
the Missouri River; tributaries with polluted water
were the Big Sioux River, Floyd River, Soldier Creek
and Boyer River.
B-l
-------
160
A. Big Sioux River (Iowa and South Dakota) bottom
organisms indicated unsuitable conditions for
sensitive forms. The presence of organic sludge
results from inadequately treated wastewaters.
B. The Floyd River (Iowa) bottom was composed of
paunch manure and organic sludge, and supported
only the most tolerant bottom organisms.
C. Water luality in both the Soldier Creek and
Boyer River was degraded. However, water flow
from each stream vas low in volume and the
streams had no observable effect on the Missouri
River.
Suspended algae in the Missouri River increased in
numbers from 1,000 cells per ml to 6,000 cells per
ml downstream from Omaha, Nebraska and Council
Bluffs, Iowa. However, the algal population created
no known nuisances or problems.
B-
-------
161
INTRODUCTION
Requested by the Regional Director of the Missouri Basin
Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, a bio-
logical survey to determine water quality of the Missouri River
from Sioux City, Iowa, downstream to Hermann, Missouri, was
conducted from October 7 to October 16, 1968. Results of the
survey from Sioux City, Iowa, to St. Joseph, Missouri, are
presented in this report.
The Missouri River included in this survey flows southeast
from South Dakota and is the boundary between Nebraska and Iowa,
and a portion of Kansas and Missouri (Figure Bl). This stream
reach is 286 miles long and drains approximately ^2^,300 square
miles. Major tributaries entering this reach are the Big Sioux
River, Floyd River, Soldier Creek, Boyer River, and Platte River.
This reach is bordered by agricultural lands and has
industrial complexes located in the larger cities. Major cities are
Sioux City, Iowa; Council Bluffs, Iowa; Omaha, Nebraska and St. Joseph,
Missouri. The river is used mainly for water supply, transportation
and irrigation. Water-associated sports such as fishing and boating
are not fully developed.
-------
162
The river's high velocity of three miles per hour con-
tinually erodes unprotected banks and constantly shifts the sandy
bottom. The water is turbid. To limit floods, bank erosion, and
to stabilize the channel, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers con-
structed six main stem impoundments upstream from Sioux City and
channelized the river downstream from Sioux City. Flows are
controlled by the release of water from upstream impoundments.
The channel has been stabilized and erosion has been controlled by
placing pile dikes (rock braced with piling) parallel or perpendicular
to river flow.
Biological features studied were bottom inhabiting inverte-
brate organisms and suspended algae (phytoplankton). Sampling was
at approximately ;>0 river mile intervals except in areas affected by
waste discharges vhere additional stations were established. Twenty
stations on the M ssouri River and one station on each of the major
tributaries were sampled. Stations are designated as river miles
measured upstream from the Missouri River confluence with the
Mississippi River (Table Bl).
Channelization and a shifting sand bottom have restricted
bottom animals to pile dikes and adjacent backwater areas. Pile
dikes were examined to determine the representative kinds of benthic
B-4
-------
163
animals inhabiting a reach of river. Backwater areas were
sampled for bottom organisms with either a Petersen or Ekman
dredge. Dredgings were washed and strained through a U. S.
Standard No. JO sieve, and organisms remaining in the sieve
were preserved for laboratory identification.
Suspended algal (phytoplankton) samples of one liter
vere collected at pre-determined sampl; ng stations and were
preserved with five percent formalin fc r later identification.
This survey was conducted by aruatic biologists from
the Missouri River Basin and Technical Advisory and Investigations
Branch, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. The report
was written by Messrs. Delbert Hicks, Loys Parrish and Steve Bugbee.
-------
164
BOTTOM ANIMALS
Many invertebrate animals are found living on the beds
of rivers. In a clean water environment, this community includes
numerous kinds of pollution sensitive animals which serve as food
organisms for desirable game fish. Pollution tolerant organisms
are present but are few in number. As the environment receives
increasing amounts of organic wastes, clean water animals are
reduced or eliminated from the community in the order of their
sensitivity to resultant water quality. This adverse change in
the bottom associated community is indicative of the extent of
pollution. Further evidence of organic pollution is indicated by
increases in floating solids and in formation of sludge deposits
that may undergo rapid decomposition that produces sulfide, methane
and other gases, and reduces disso?ved oxygen in the water.
The river upstream from Sioux City (river mile 736) and
downstream to Omaha City (river mile 601) supported a stream bed
animal community indicative of unpolluted water. Clean-water
stoneflies, mayflies, and caddisflies were the predominant kinds
of bottom organisms throughout most of this reach. The number of
B-6
-------
165
pollution tolerant forms remained proportionately lower than
sensitive kinds except in the reach bordered by Sioux City,
Iowa, and Dakota City, Nebraska, river mile 730 (Figures B2 & B3) •
Here degradation was from inadequately treated wastewater. Float-
ing solids consisting of manure, chopped garbage and similar
materials were observed. These were found upstream from the
municipal waste treatment plants, thus, they originate from un-
treated wastes. The Big Sioux River contained k kinds of pollu-
tion tolerant anim&ls, but only 1 sensitive form, and the bottom
contained deposits of organic material and oil thus typifying
water of poor quality.
The bottom of the FloyI River was covered with organic
solids and Tianure that exuded the rotten egg odor of hydrogen
sulfide. Vater quality was degraded so severely that most
tolerant bcttom animals could not inhabit these waters. Down-
stream at river mile 66k, Soldier Creek (Iowa) discharged degraded
water to tha Missouri River. The creek supported ? kinds of pollu-
tion tolerant bottom organisms and no clean water kinds (Table B?)
an indication that the creek was polluted. The. sandy bottom of
the Boyer River (lowa), river mile 635, supported only one kind
of sensitive clean-water bottom organism and three kinds of tolerant
B-7
-------
166
bottom organisms (Table B2). Water from this stream was moderately
degraded. Flows from both streams were low in volume and degraded
water discharging from these streams had no observable effect on
the Missouri.
Downstream from Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs, Iowa,
adverse effects of discharged wastes were discernible for more
than 166 miles. Floating solids were evident; unsightly globular
masses of grease, chunks of animal fat, and paunch manure accumulated
in eddy areas. Grease-balls were observed in the reach of river
extending from downstream of Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs,
Iowa, to past the St. Joseph, Missouri, water supply intake. Clean-
water animals were destroyed for a distance of 5U miles downstream
to river mile 5^7, except at Bartlett, Iowa (river mile 581) where
an aberrant increase in kinds of sensitive and tolerant forms
occurred (Figure B3). Available information indicates that the
animals found here were temporary inhabitants of this reach of river.
The ELatte River enters upstream and during the survey was swollen
by rains that washed Platte River invertebrates into the Missouri
River. The community found at river mile 58l was composed of
nearly the same kinds as found in the Platte River. These particular
forms found in the Missouri River would be temporary inhabitants
B-8
-------
16?
until sufficient time had passed for the pollutants to destroy
or drive them fron the area.
Downstream from Brownville, Nebraska (river mile 525), the
number of sensitrxe kinds of bottom animals were proportionately
greater than pollution tolerant animals (Figure B2). This increase
resulted from water quality improvement through natural purification
of the wastes from the vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska. The river
continued to support a community of benthic animals indicative of
good quality water downstream to St. Joseph, Missouri. The slowly
decomposing grease globs remaining in these waters did not induce
changes sufficient to affect the aquatic life but they were
aesthetically objectionable for recreation and in community water
supplies.
B-9
-------
168
SUSPENDED ALGAE
The phytoplankton (suspended algal community) in large
flowing streams originates in lakes and backwaters associated
with the streams. This community is affected by environmental
factors characteristic to each stream such as: turbidity, water
velocity, and available nutrients. Turbidity restricts the
amount of light that penetrates the water and thus restricts
algal photosynthesis, which is necessary for food production.
Water velocity affects suspended algae (phytoplankton).
Phytoplankton are principally static water organisms and their
presence in flowing water results from facultative adaptations.
Swift turbulent currents are detrimental to many of these fragile
organisms because of molar action from suspended solids and by
preventing the organism from maintaining a position for optimum
light. In the Missouri River, a swift current, high turbidity,
and lack of adjoining still water environments (due to channeli-
zation of the river) tend to limit the phytoplankton community to
low numbers except when nutrients are discharged to the river.
Nutrients produce changes in numbers and kinds of algae.
Increased quantities of nutrients discharged to a stream produce
an increase in numbers of algal cells unless physical factors are
limiting.
B-10
-------
169
Suspended algae ranged in nvmbers from 870 cells per
milliliter (ml) to 1,000 cells per ml in the river reach from
Sioux City, Iowa to Omaha, Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa
(Figure B^ Table Bj). Downstream from Omaha and Council Bluffs
(river mile 601), the algal population increased almost six
fold to a high of 6,000 cells per ml at river mile 560. This
was the result of nutrients being discharged to the river.
Downstream from this point to St. Joseph, Mo. (river mile U50),
the population of algae gradually declined.
Most of the tributary streams contained high populations
of phytoplankton but the stream flows were too small to contribute
significant quantities of algae to Missouri River algal populations.
In the reach of the Missouri River surveyed, there were no
nuisance conditions or problems created by algae. The algal popu-
lation downstream from Omaha, Nebraska, was predominately diatoms
which in some waters have been known to contribute to water supply
filter clogging problems. However, in the Missouri River, the
high concentrations of suspended solids and resultant filtering
problems minimize effects from the algal population.
B-ll
-------
170
Table Bl• Station Descriptions
Missouri River Basin Survey
Missouri
Riv. Mi. Description
736.0 Missouri R. 2 mi. above confluence (at 1-29 Hwy. bridge)
734.0-1.0 Big Sioux River.
731.0-0.01 Floyd River
730.0 Missouri R. below Floyd R. confluence—Sioux City, la.
(at power cable X-ing).
717.4 Missouri R. below Sioux City STP outfall (at power
cable X-ing).
699.5 Missouri R. at Lighthouse Marina (also called Don Ruth
Marina, 6 mi. from Whiting, la.)
676.5 Missouri R. (at Upper Sioux Reach upper light - left bank).
664.0-1.0 Soldier R.
65^.6 Missouri R. above Blair, Neb. (at Tyson Boat Marina
0.2 mi. above light - right bank).
635.1-3.0 Boyer River.
626.2 Missouri R. at Omaha Waterworks intake (0.3 mi. below
Hwy. 36 bridge).
618.3 Missouri R. at I. C. RR bridge.
610.5 Missouri R. below Omaha STP outfall (at power cable X-ing).
601.3 Missouri R. at Bellevue, Neb. (0.1 mi. below St. Hwy. 370
bridge).
594.8-0.5 Platte R.
591.2 Missouri R. at Plattsmouth, Neb. (0.2 mi. below Pollock
light - right bank).
580.9 Missouri R. at Bartlett, Iowa (at Shenandoah Boat Club ramp).
559.7 Missouri R. below Nebraska City (0.2 mi. above Fraziers
light - left bank).
546.7 Missouri R. at Peru Sportsman's Club ramp (0.2 mi. above
Barney Bend light - right bank).
525.1 Missouri R. at boat landing (at Morgan Bend, upper light -
left bank).
507.5 Missouri R. 9.5 mi. above Rulo, Neb. (at landing 0.2 mi.
below light - left bank).
488.3 Missouri R. at White Cloud, Kan. (at power cable X-ing).
469.0 Missouri R. 0.5 mi. above Charleston landing (Baymark -
left bank).
452.3 Missouri R. at St. Joseph Waterworks intake (0.3 mi.
below Baymark - right bank).
-------
Table B2. Bottom Associated Animals Collected from
Missouri River, October 1968
171
Station (River Mile)
Organism ^
Stoneflles
Perlodidae
Acroneuria
Mayflies
Ameletus
Caenls
Heptagenia
Hexagenla
Isonychia Q
Stenonema Q
Tricorythodes
Caddisflies
Cheumatopsyche
Hydropsyche Q
NeureclipslB Q
Potamyla
Psychomyia
aubtotal/aq. ft. k
Subtotal/kinds It
730 717 69L
} 676
655
Sensitive Organisms
Q
Q - Q
Q
e « - Q
Q Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q Q
Q
Q Q Q Q Q
« Q Q - Q
Q
-
3 5 7
3 5 7
Q
6
6
Intermediate
Midges
Cricotopus
Glyptotendipes Q
Orthocladlus
Polypedilum
Procladius
Psectrocladius
Pseudochironomus
Tanytarsus
Craneflles
Erloptera
Blackflies
Simulium
Damselflies
Anphiagrlon
Argia
Scuds
Gaananu>
Hyalella Q
JSicylidae
Clams
Sphaerlldae
Sow Bugs
Asellus
Subtotal/sq. ft. 2
Subtotal/kinds 2
Snails
Physa
Leeches
Hirudidae Q
Bloodworms
Chlronomus Q
Sludgeworms
Tublficidae Q
Subtotal/sq. ft. 3
Subtotal/kinds 3
Grand Total/sq. ft. 9
Number of Kinds 9
Q - Q
e
...
...
_
Q
_
-
- - -
.
. . -
- - -
« - -
...
.
...
Q Q Q
1* 2 2
422
« Q Q
« Q
Q Q Q
It - Q
6 3 It
3 3 It
13 10 13
10 10 1}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
e
-
-
Q
2
2
Tolerant
Q
Q
Q
-
3
3
11
11
-
8
8
626
Q
Q
Q
Q
-
u
u
618
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
-
6
6
Big
Sioux
River
a
•
1
1
Floyd
River
-
-
0
0
Soldier
Creek
-
-
0
a
Boyer
River
\
-
1*
1
Organisms
-
-
Q
Q
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Q
.
Q
-
-
Q
5
5
Q
-
.
Q
Q
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
Q
-
-
Q
-
Q
-
Q
-
-
-
-
-
Q
-
-
-
5
5
-
Q
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Q
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
.
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
Q
-
8
-
Q
Q
-
-
4
Q
Q
.
-
e
it
-
19
9
-
-
-
Q
-
-
-
-
<<
-
-
-
Q
Q
Q
-
-
5
5
Organisms
-
Q
-
-
1
1
1U
lit
-
Q
«
-
2
2
9
9
Q
-
-
Q
2
2
13
13
Q
Q
Q
280
283
It
286
7
-
-
-
6
6
1
6
1
-
-
U
8
12
2
31
11
-
Q
Q
304
306
3
315
9
Q - Organisms collected qualitatively, arbitrarily given value of one for
computing numbers per square foot.
-------
172
Table JECont. Bottom Associated Animals Collected from
Missouri River, October 1968
Organisms 610 601 591
Mayflies
Ameletus Q
Heptagenia - _ _
Isonychia ...
rftenonema Q
Caddisflies
Cheumatopsyche Q Q -
Hydropsyche -
Neureclipsis ...
Subtotal/sq. ft. 3 1 0
Subtotal Kinds 310
Beetles
Cymbiodyta - - Q
Madges
Cardiocladius - Q -
Chironomus ...
Cllnotanypus 0
Cricotopus Q Q -
Glyptotendipes -
Orthocladius ...
Pentaneura - . -
Polypedilum Q 't Q
Procladius - q .
Psectrocladius Q
Spaniotoma Q Q -
Tanytarsus Q Q -
Tanypus - . -
Psectrotanypus ...
Craneflies
Erioptera -
Limonia ...
BlacWlies
Deraselflies
Amphiagrion - - -
Argia _ - -
Scuds
Crangonys -
Gammarus -
Hyalella Q
Sow Bugs
Asellus Q
Limpet
Ancylldae
Subtotal/sq. f t . It 12 3
Subtotal Kinds It 9 3
Snails
Physa q q
Leeches
Hirudidae q q
Bloodworms
Chlronomus -
Sludge vorms
Tubificidae q 190 100
Subtotal/sq. ft. 2 192 101
Subtotal Kinds 232
Grand Total/sq.ft. 9 ^ SOk 104
Number of Kinds 9 13 5
581
q
q
q
q
.
Q
-
5
5
-
-
.
-
.
-
.
Q
Q
Q
-
-
-
Q
.
-
Q
Q
-
Q
-
-
7
7
q
q
q
Q
it
it
16
16
Station (River Mile)
560 5U7 525 507
Sensitive Organisms
....
q
....
q - q q
Q
Q
Q
1033
1033
Intermediate Organisms
-
....
.
-
....
Q
q
5 Q Q q
....
Q
Q - q -
Q
k
-
....
Q
....
Q
q - q
....
q q • q
Q
5269
5266
Tolerant Organisms
q
q
Q
200 180 320 120
201 ISO 321 121
2122
207 182 330 133
8 3 11 11
It88
_
.
.
q
2
.
-
3
2
-
-
2
.
.
.
_
q
.
_
Q
.
.
-
-
-
-
-
Q
_
-
-
5
It
-
-
-
90
90
1
98
7
U69
q
q
.
q
q
q
q
6
6
-
q
.
.
Q
.
Q
q
.
_
q
q
.
-
.
-
-
-
q
_
q
q
9
9
-
q
8
580
589
3
60U
18
it 52
q
Q
.
Q
-
.
q
it
it
-
Q
_
-
Q
.
Q
q
.
_
Q
.
.
-
q
-
-
q
-
.
Q
-
8
8
q
-
-
q
2
2
12
1U
Platte
River
.
q
.
q
q
q
it
it
-
.
.
.
.
.
_
Q
Q
_
.
Q
.
-
.
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
9
It
-
q
-
q
2
2
10
10
q ' Organisms collected qualitatively, arbitrarily given value of one for
computing numbers per square foot.
-------
173
Table BJ. Suspended Algae, Missouri River Survey,
October - November, 1968
River Mile
736
734-1.0
730
717
699
676
664-1.0
655
635-3.0
626
618
610
601
595-0.5
591
581
560
547
525
507
488
469
452
Number/ml
872
11,653
728
339
749
687
644
893
961
966
996
1*53
817
9,236
947
1,6:*
5,995
3,791
2,584
3,046
1,769
1,905
1,366
Volume (ppm)
0.84
11.75
1.34
1.01
1.24
0.93
0.61
1.54
0.88
1.85
2.28
0.65
5.44
13.04
1.92
2.17
5.82
3-53
2.51
2.93
2.63
3.51
1.85
-------
174
MINN.
S. DAKOTA
NEB
*P\734-IO/—FLOYD R
ii
X 7 31-0.01
-SIOUX CITY
729
717
736 —
730
664-1.0 —
— 635-3.0
— 626
— 618
OMAHAQJb COUNCIL BLUFFS
610—
t
N
* SAMPLING STATIONS
Missouri River Reach
Surveyed ;
S.Dgk. ! Minn.
^^[lowa
-•s Neb. _^K""
•Kansas ,^0.
050 10 20 30 4
4 — 507
NEB. V
^~ "k ABO
KANSAS X
^^/^
469 /
452~
0 miles
ST. JOSEPH
Scale
FIGURE Bl.
SAMPLING STATIONS, MISSOURI RIVER, SIOUX
CITY, IOWA TO ST. JOSEPH, MO. .(RIVER MILES
UPSTREAM FROM CONFLUENCE WITH MISSISSIPPI
RIVER.)
-------
60
en
i 50
o
40
30
20
10
60
w
o
50
< 40
o
"- 30
20
10
750
175
SENSITIVE KINDS
TOLERANT KINDS
SIOUX CITY,
IOWA
COUNCIL BLUFFS,
IOWA
OMAHA ,
NEB.
700
650
600
RIVER MILE
ST. JOSEPH,
MO.
600
550
500
450
RIVER MILE
FIGURE B2.
RELATIVE NUMBER OF POLLUTION SENSITIVE AND
TOLERANT KINDS OF ORGANISMS IN THE MISSOURI
RIVER SURVEY, SIOUX CITY, IOWA TO ST. JOSEPH,
MO., OCTOBER, 1968 .
-------
en 8
Q
Z
* 6
U.
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o: 4
UJ
CD
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7
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^
/
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/
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\
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O 0
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P-I
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650 600
RIVER MILE
8
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ST. JOSEPH
MO.
p
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y
V
p
/
1 1 /
pj 1 *
\4 \ /
i i
._
P
L*
N
V
600
550
500
450
RIVER MILE
FIGURE B3. NUMBER OF KINDS OF BOTTOM ORGANISMS, MISSOURI
RIVER SURVEY , SIOUX CITY, IOWA - ST. JOSEPH, MO.
OCTOBER,1968 .
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177
BIG SIOUX RIVER
* (11,653)
PLATTE RIVER
* (9,236)
7000-
6000-
_ 5000-j
I
d
LU
(3
Q
LU
Q
Z
LU
Q.
(ft
4000-
3000-
2000-^
1000-
SIOUX CITY,
IOWA
COUNCIL BLUFFS,
IOWA
OMAHA,
NEB.
SOLDIER °
RIVER
ST. JOSEPH
MO.
700
TRIBUTARY RIVER
600
1
500
RIVER MILE
400
FIGURE B4. SUSPENDED ALGAE (number/ml.), MISSOURI RIVER,
OCTOBER - NOVEMBER , 1968 .
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178
APPENDIX C
OUTDOOR RECREATION AND
WATER POLLUTION IN WESTERN IOWA
AND ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER
-------
179
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION 2
THE OUTDOOR RECREATION RESOURCES REVIEW COMMISSION REPORT 5
OUTDOOR RECREATION TRENDS 8
LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL 9
MISSOURI BASIN INTER-AGENCY COMPREHENSIVE BASIN PLANNING 12
OUTDOOR RECREATION IN IOWA 17
THE MIDDLE MISSOURI 23
CONCLUSION 24
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
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i8o
SUMMARY
Both the Federal and State Governments concur that western Iowa and
the Missouri River have existing recreation deficiencies, much of which
is associated with water-oriented activities. This is documented in the
recreation plans, studies, and reports which were reviewed in the prepara-
tion of this statement.
Because of projected increases in population, leisure time, disposable
income and mobility, and a greater interest in outdoor recreation, the
demand for recreation resources and facilities is expected to surge upward.
While the area under review is not richly endowed with pristine wilder-
ness conditions, extensive forests, mountains, clear trout streams, or other
outstanding scenic attractions, there are opportunities available to satis-
fy this latent recreation demand.
Among the key recreation potentials in proximity to the population
concentration is the Missouri River, its Oxbow Lakes, and the lands immedi-
ately adjoining them.
Outdoor recreational opportunities along the Missouri River are now
recognized as a national resource worthy of development to a far greater
degree than heretofore. This gained national significance in 1964 when
Congress established the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission. The Commission's
purpose was to advise and stimulate the activities of all levels of govern-
ment and the private sector to create an appreciation of the resources,
encourage their conservation, and to promote the protection and development
of outdoor recreation resources along the route for public use and enjoyment.
The National Commission, in association with the Iowa State Lewis and
Clark Trail Committee, is now implementing the recommendations contained
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181
in the Commission's interim report. Among the problems confronting full
attainment of the recognized goals is water pollution. The Commission
specifically recommends that the FWPCA and HEW should give continuing
attention to the abatement and control of water pollution along the trail
route. Also, that States take steps to strengthen measures to reduce
water and air pollution along the trail.
Raw or treated wastes which are discharged into these waters which
will produce putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits,
floating debris, scum, odors, color, chemical concentrations, etc., are
detrimental to outdoor recreation use and enjoyment. This is true whether
it involves a direct contact sport like fishing, boating, or water skiing,
or a secondary activity like sightseeing, camping, or picnicking.
The Nation, Iowa, or parts thereof do not have unlimited recreation
resources. Each segment of real estate is at a premium and must be managed
under the highest conservation principles attainable. Thus, each contribu-
tion, whether it be large or small—such as secondary waste treatment instead
of primary, is important to satisfying recreational demands in a quality
environment. It would be inimical to the development of effective pollution
abatement goals and water quality enhancement measures if the only course
of action to be taken is no action at all.
INTRODUCTION
Demands for outdoor recreation are increasing throughout the Nation
due in large measure to the population explosion, more leisure time,
greater disposable incomes, and a highly improved mobility. Thus, as never
before, people are taking to the out-of-doors in numbers that far exceed
any previous estimates. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has stated in its
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182
Outdoor Recreation trends report of April 1967 that--our steadily increas-
ing participation in outdoor activities has amazed observers for the past
25 years, and never more so than now. It further adds that--our outdoor
recreation demands have become imperative.
Unfortunately, the places to go, or the supply of recreation opportuni-
ties, are not keeping pace with the snowballing demand. It must be said
that this situation exist,-, today in Iowa as well as in other portions of
the country. But, in this context, Iowa is somewhat unique in that it
has been less favorably endowed with an abundance of natural resources.
AJSO, percentagewise, the-e is less area owned in Iowa by the State and
Federal Governments than any State in the Union. Space, then becomes a
major problem. Thus, it finds itself less able to cope with the imbalance
of supply and demand. This is especially true for the western portion of
Iowa. This are.i lacks the pristine wilderness conditions, mountains, ex-
tensive forests, clear trout streams, and the outstanding scenic attrac-
tions found elsewhere in the Nation. To be sure, this western portion of
Iowa is not, at present, especially conducive to participating in outdoor
recreation activities. Basically, it is farm country where the greatest
percentage of outdoor recreation opportunities are man-made, i.e., reser-
voirs, swimming pools, golf courses, city park facilities, etc.
Inasmuch as the supply of recreation lands and facilities are limited,
and natural resources are at a premium, it is paramount that every effort
be made to capitalize on the remaining opportunities available and to sustain
them at the highest degree of quality attainable. This includes the Missouri
River, its tributaries, and the immediate environment.
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183
In focusing on the supply of existing facilities and the recreational
potential, perhaps it would be best to do so by briefly summarizing per-
tinent conclusions and recommendations from various reports, studies, and
plans having implications on the area under review. For recreation
purposes, the "area under review" is limited to those Iowa counties which
drain into the Missouri River.
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THE OUTDOOR RECREATION RESOURCES REVIEW COMMISSION REPORT
First, the bipartisan "bible of outdoor recreation" prepared in 1962
by the Outdoor Recreetion Resources Review Commission, entitled Outdoor
Recreation for America, clearly portrayed the intimate relationship of
water and water polli tion to outdoor recreation. Following are some key
quotes which depict t conservation philosphy for managing water for recrea-
tion. A philosphy which is still considered accurate, and the underlying
factor for many of the programs taken and/or proposed in the country today--
Federal, State, local, and private.
Page 4 - Water is a focal point of outdoor recreation--"Most people
seeking outdoor recreation want water--to sit by, to swim and fish in,
to ski across, to dive under, and to run their boats over. Swimming is
now one of the most popular outdoor activities and is likely to be the
most popular of all by the turn of the century. Boating and fishing are
among the top 10 activities. Camping, picnicking, and hiking, also are
high on the list and are more attractive near water sites."
Page 87 - "Urban or rural, water is a magnet. Wherever they live,
people show a strong urge for water-oriented recreation. There are many
other reasons for water resource programs, and recreation use often is
incidental or unplanned. To say this, however, is to note how great are
the opportunities." .... In most major cities, pollution has destroyed
valuable recreation opportunities, just where they are needed most. As a
sanitation measure alone, the abatement of pollution is a necessity; inher-
ently, it is also one of the best means of increasing recreation opportunities.'
The ORRRC report also described the importance and key role of the
state governments. On Page 137 it was stated that—In a national effort
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185
" to improve outdoor recreation opportunities, state governments should play
the pivotal role. They are more advantageously situated than either local
units or the Federal Government to deal with many current recreation
problems. States have direct experience in shaping programs to meet
varying conditions and particular needs of their citizens. And, they
have the necessary legal authority. Moreover, the States occupy a key
position--the middle level in our complex system of government. They deal
with other States, work with a great variety of agencies at the national
level, and are responsible for guiding and assisting all the political
subdivisions within the State-villages, cities, towns, counties, and
metropolitan regions. Since other responsibilities that affect outdoor
recreation opportunities, such as highway construction and the management
of forest, wildlife, and water resources, are also generally focused at
this level, the State government can make sure that these programs are in
harmony with its recreation objectives.
On Page 173, the importance of water itself was discussed as well
as its relationship to recreation. The following three paragraphs state
that—Water is a prime factor in most outdoor recreation activities. The
Commission's National Recreation Survey reports that 44 percent of the
population prefer water-based recreation activities over any others. Water
also enhances recreation on land. Choice camping sites and picnic areas
are usually those adjacent to or within sight of a lake or stream, and the
touch of variety added by a pond or marsh enriches the pleasures of hiking
or nature study.
Recreation on the water is increasing. This trend is likely to continue-
as more young people acquire an interest in water sports, new reservoirs are
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186
constructed, the boating industry wins new converts, and relatively new
forms of water-based recreation, such as skindiving and water skiing,
become increasingly popular. The trend will be greatly accelerated if
pollution control programs are successful in cleaning up streams, lakes,
and seashore areas that are presently off limits for recreation, or are
now so unattractive as to preclude many activities.
As the population grows and interest in water-based recreation
increases, the already heavy recreation pressures on water resourses
will reach critical proportions. The problems stemming from this pressure
are among the most difficult in the entire outdoor recreation field.
On Page 174, the importance of water suitability for recreational
purposes was again mentioned. It stated that--Limitations upon public
access and poor quality are serious problems in many places. Public
policy at all levels of government should be directed toward eliminating
these barriers to outdoor recreation.
Page 176 states that.—Existing treatment facilities and practices
are often inadequate to maintain the quality of water for recreation
purposes Recreation should be recognized as a motivating purpose
in programs and projects for pollution control and as a necessary objective
in the allocation of funds therefore!
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18?
OUTDOOR RECREATION TRENDS.
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation updated the ORRRC's recreation demand
study and published its findings in Outdoor Recreation Trends. Basically,
it reiterated and emphasized the fact that every recreation activity
involving water will be sought in ever-increasing quantities in future
years. The following table demonstrates this point quite vividly:
THE MOST POPULAR WATER RELATED
RECREATION ACTIVITIES IN AMERICA
Major Type
Swimming
Fishing
Boating*
Water Skiing
1965
Overall
Ranking
2nd
8th
10th
14th
1965 Occasions
of Participation
(Millions)
970
322
220
56
1980
Overall
Ranking
1st
8th
9th
13th
1980 Occasions
of Participation
(Millions)
1,671
422
387
124
1980
Percent
Increase
72
31
76
121
*0ther than canoeing and sailing
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188
LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL
One of the most noteworthy events along the Missouri River is the
reconstruction of Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-06. It has been
stated that historians have since come to consider this Expedition as
one of the most important events in the development of the western United
States. Economically, it provided the first knowledge of the vast
resources and eventually led to the opening of the western lands for
development and settlement. Politically, it secured the 1803 American
purchase of the Louisiana Territory and extended American claims to the
Pacific.
On October 6, 1964, the 28-member Lewis and Clark Trail Commission
(L&CC) was established for the promotion and development in reconstructing
the Lewis and Clark Trail. Included in the membership was Iowa's Governor,
Harold E. Hughes. Congress directed the Commission to—promote public
awareness of the historic significance of the Expedition, to create an
appreciation of the resources of the regions through which the Expedition
passed, to encourage the conservation of natural resources, and to promote
the protection and development of outdoor recreation resources along the
route for public use and enjoyment.
The Act itself (PL 88-630) reads in part—that the route traversed by
Captains Meriwtther Lewis and William Clark ... be kept available for
the inspiration and enjoyment of the American people . . . and thereby to
encourage deFirable long-term conservation objectives in the public interest
of the people of that region and the Nation as well as the public use and
outdoor recreation benefits therefrom.
The following are a number of excerpts taken from the Lewis and Clark
Trail-Interim Report of October 1966:
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189
Page 1 - The Lewis and Clark Trail Commission's program for development
of the Trail proposes that many and varied resources be linked in several
ways for public use and enjoyment. Visitors may travel by boat on natural
water courses or on man-made lakes along a portion of the route on the
Missouri and its tributaries. Listed among the purposes of the Commission
were to (1) create an appreciation of the resources of the regions through
which the expedition passed; (2) encourage the conservation of natural
resource; and (3) promote the protection and development of outdoor recrea-
tion resources along the route for public use and enjoyment.
Page 5 - Among the problems confronting the L&CC were (1) growing
population is using up areas of natural beauty for living space and demanding
more areas of natural beauty for playing space; and (2) uncontrolled dump-
ing of waste products is polluting streams and making natural resources
unusable.
Page 5 - The L&CC makes a recommendation that the FWPCA and HEW should
give continuing attention to the abatement and control of air and water
pollution along the Lewis and Clark Trail.
Page 6 - The L&CC makes a recommendation that where needed State legis-
lation should be enacted and enforced to control water pollution along the
Lewis and Clark Trail.
Page 8 - Resolutions adopted by the L&CC direct the Secretaries of
Health, Education, and Welfare and HUD accelerate measures to control
pollution of the Missouri. Also, that BOR encourage States along the Lewis
and Clark Trail to include in Statewide outdoor recreation plans required
by the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 suitable outdoor
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190
recreation developments as recommended by the LC study report. Further
it recommended that States appoint Lewis and Clark Trail Committees to
carry out the purposes of the National Commission. Among other things
it encourages States to take steps to strengthen State measures to
reduce water pollution along the Missouri trail. In Iowa, a 7-raan
State committee was created by Governor Hughes on February 3, 1966. This
Committee is working with all governmental agencies involved to plan
development for the Trail. Apparently, location of the trail has been
identified and marked to date.
Page 12 - It proposed that 35 recreation sites be built by the Corps
of Engineers along the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to Rulo,
Nebraska. (The Iowa L&CC concurred in this recommendation.)
Page 13 - PLmrct: cu-vt ijp.-. nt ot c a inline facilities a-'iti ci^ht river
accesses on the Missouri to accommodate large pleasure boats.
It should be pointed out that the Commission's resolutions for recrea-
tional development of the Missouri River were adopted after the Commission
accepted a detailed plan for the protection and development of the Lewis
and Clark Trail which had been prepared by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation.
The BOR's plan is entitled 'The Lewis and Clark Trail - A Proposal for
Development." In addition, it should be pointed out that the Corps of
Engineers prepared a publication entitled Recreation Aspects of the Lower
Missouri River in conjunction with the Lewis and Clark Trail in January 1968.
This document lists the major historic, wildlife, and recreational areas,
both existing and proposed along the Missouri River in Iowa. Maps are
utilized in identifying the locations of these recreation resources.
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191
MISSOURI BASIN INTER-AGENCY COMPREHENSIVE BASIN PLANNING
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation prepared a preliminary report entitled
Outdoor Recreation in the Middle Missouri Tributaries Subregion as part of
its contribution to the Missouri River Basin Comprehensive Framework Study.
This report which centers on western Iowa provides one of the best analysis
of recreation needs and potential in the area under review. The major
conclusions and recommendations are extracted as follows:
Page 17 - Other factors expected to influence and increase future
recreation demand includes: (1) greater interest in the Missouri River
as a play area as pollution and siltation control result in clearer and
cleaner waters and (2) greater interest in and use of the Missouri River
as the Lewis and Clark Trail plans are completed.
On Page 23, it is stated that--the needs for additional water now and
in the future appear to be greatest in the area influenced by Omaha, Council
Bluffs, Lincoln, and Des Moines.
On Page 25, the problem or need of the current shortage of scenic
drives, overlooks, trails, interpretive points, and parks along the Missouri
River is discussed. It goes on to say that the problem--varies with loca-
tions and river bank topography, but a shortage of access combined with the
presence of agricultural areas, industrial developments and other competi-
tive land uses along the shores of the Missouri have tended to limit both
use and view-ability of the river. This in turn has made it difficult
for Lewis and Clark Trail buffs, for example, to follow the river and
make any kind of meaningful on-the-ground tie-in between themselves,
as modern day "adventurers," and those explorers of an earlier day.
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192
It was found and stated on Page 27 that the most pressing current
needs are for (1) development of planned boat access points on and access
to the Missouri River; and (2) improvement and development of the Missouri
River oxbow lakes.
Later on Page 29, under opportunities for additional recreation
development, it stated that--the most important and widely mentioned Type I
potential (scenic, historic, and natural areas) is the promotion and develop-
ment of recreation sites, roads, trails, signs, interpretive facilities.
and other improvements in connection with the Lewis and Clark Trail.
Page 31 contained the more outstanding State park, recreation area
in Iowa
and program plans and possibilities/(listed below). It stated--a total
of 4,800 acres or about 40 percent of the land area in State parks and
recreation areas is intensively developed. There is very little expansion
room left within existing areas, so virtually all future needs must be met
at new areas or within acquired expansion areas.
1. Possible State parks or recreation areas at the following
proposed projects = 1,000-acre lake near Sioux City, Boyer River Project,
Little Sioux Project, Nishnabota Project (all under study), and the four
oxbow lake complexes (all authorized or under construction).
2. Continued development of the 15 authorized Corps of Engineers
Missouri River access points in Iowa. (The Corps RecreationAspects of
tb« Lower Missouri proposes tfce devclopwat of 19 sites on or near the
Missouri River. See Appendix D for listing.)
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193
3. Complete development of the new Lake Anita State Park in Cass
County.
4. Continuing acquisition of stream fishing accesses; acquisition
of new and recreational development of existing fish and game areas;
development of boat marinas in the natural lakes area of northwestern
Iowa; acquisition and development of expansion lands at existing State
parks.
In addition, the bottom of Page 32, in talking of State and local
fishing and hunting areas, states that--there are good potentials both
for acquiring additional hunting and fishing areas and for developing
existing areas with recreation facilities. Less than one-half percent
of the land acreage in these areas is now intensively developed. In
addition to facilities for camping, picnicking, and water sports, there are
excellent possibilities at many areas for adding nature study-oriented
trails, signs, view points and exhibits, or visitor center-museums.
Finally, on Pages 34 and 35, in reference to the private sector, it
is stated that — the opportunities for development and improvement of recrea-
tion areas and facilities on private land are good. Hunting and fishing can
be greatly improved in both quality and quantity on privately owned lands.
There are opportunities for developing summer home sites and other facilities
on natural waterways and around natural and artificially created bodies of
water. Good opportunities exist for providing a wide variety of the
"service" type facilities that are expected to be needed. The private
sector can also provide service type facilities frequently needed in con-
nection with public developments. In addition, there are growing opportunities
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in some areas for the establishment of industrial parks and other industry-
provided recreation areas, vacation farms or ranches, sandpit lake swim-
ming beaches, scenically located lodges and resorts, restful cabin developments,
and boat cruises on the Missouri River.
In addition to the private sector, other opportunities include erne or
both of the unchannelized reaches of the Missouri River that may have the
necessary attributes to warrant classification as a National or State
scenic river or State waterway. Finally, the Mormon Trail carries suffi-
cient potential and historic value to be classified as a National scenic
trail.
Speaking at the December 5, 1964 Missouri Basin Inter-Agency Committee
Meeting in Sioux City, Iowa, Mr. Glen Powers, Planning Director, Iowa State
Conservation Commission, presented a paper on Iowa's Long Range Recreation
Plans. This was presented as Appendix D in the meetings minutes. Of
importance is this statement, '"The Missouri, on our western boundary,
probably has the greatest potential for recreational development of any
one area that we could mention. With flood control a reality, a stable
river channel, navigation and other factors of progress, we suspect a
major buildup of people along the Missouri."
In May 1968 the MBIAC produced a report entitled, Tentative Needs and
Problems -Missouri River Basin, as part of the Comprehensive Framework
Study. This report deals with the main stem of the Missouri River, including
those lands lying within a quarter mile depth on each side. This report
further emphasizes the existing use and potential of the Missouri River.
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195
In talking of the entire main stem on page 3, this statement is made:
"All of the Missouri has great historical and/or aesthetic value and most
of the main stem offers good to excellent boating, water skiing, fishing,
and sightseeing opportunities."
On page 11, it is pointed out that 33 percent of the recreation water
needs in the subarea (which includes western Iowa, parts of eastern Nebraska,
Minnesota, Missouri, and Kansas - known as subregion 6B in the MBIAC frame-
work study) might be met by the Missouri main stem by 1980. If this
thought could be followed for any individual State, then 33 percent of
western Iowa's water-oriented needs could be met by the main stem of the
Missouri in 1980.
Recreation demand in 1980 on the main stem in the 6B subarea, which
includes the Missouri in Iowa,is estimated at 10,520,000 activity-days.
This does not include fishing and hunting. Sightseeing is the most popular
activity accounting for about 40 percent of the estimated use.
In discussing specific problems and needs on page 14, this statement
is made: "Water Pollution: Primarily a problem below Sioux City; limits
recreation use and enjoyment of river.''
In addition, on page 20, "Continued elimination of municipal and
industrial pollution in the Missouri River, especially that from the Great
Falls, Sioux City, Omaha, and Kansas City areas, so as to increase the
attractiveness and usability of the river for all types of recreation.''
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OUTDOOR RECREATION IN IOWA
The Statewide comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP)
provides another basic source of information into the supply, demand
and needs for outdoor recreation in western Iowa and along the Missouri
River. It should be pointed out that Iowa's population is increasing,
there are more visitors, there is more leisure time, more disposable
income, and a highly intricate highway system which are indicative
that the deiiand for recreation is on the upswing. Although demand is
high for such activities as driving and walking for pleasure, sight-
seeing and bicycling, the need for facilities is apparently greatest
for such activities as outdoor games and sports, swimming, picnicing,
camping and boating. Multiple use recreation areas located adjacent
to or around quality water bodies are highly desirable.
The tables below were derived from data supplied in the Iowa
Recreation Survey of 1966 and depicts what the people of Iowa like to
do as well as when. (Also on p. 118 and 121-123 in Outdoor Recreation
in Iowa.)
Most Popular Outdoor Activities
(in % participating during entire yr.)
1. Driving for pleasure 78.7%
2. Picnicking 77.7%
3. Sightseeing 58.8%
4. Walking for pleasure 58.6%
5. Attend ng outdoor sports events 48.37
6. Fishin;, 40.7%
7. Games (outdoor) 38.27.,
8. Swimming 37.9%
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197
9. Boating
10. Bicycling
35.0%
21.7%
Most Popular Summertime Activities
(June-August 1966)
1. Picnicking 75.8%
2. Driving 74.1%
3. Walking 54.9%
4. Sightseeing 53.7%
5. Attending outdoor sports events 38.7%
6. Fishing 37.8%
7. Swimming 36.9%
8. Playing outdoor games 36.8%
9. Boating 33.1%
10. Bicycling 19.0%
The State, for planning purposes, divided up the land area into
geographical planning regions. Then based on supply and demand, and
recreation standards, recreation acres needed were projected to 1985.
The southwest ar; 1 northwest regions generally overlap the araa under
revLew. Thus, t'ie following table illustrates a latent demand ior
rec-cation. (Pa;,e 138 of the SCORP)
Gross-Area Recreation Needs by Region
Category
REGION IV
Municipal
County
State
Federal
REGION V -
Municipal
County
State
Federal
Existing
Acres Ac
- SOUTHWEST
770
13,063
3,749
NORTHWEST
2,612
32,774
none
Supply
./1000
2.8
47.8
13.7
7.3
92.2
none
Mi nimnm
Acres
5,361
21,445
26,806
7,928
31,712
39,640
Needed (}.98S)
Ac./lOOO
15.0
20.0
80.0
100.0
15.0
20.0
80.0
100.0
Deficiency (11>YJ
Acrv:,
4, 591
H.382
23,057
5,316
none
39,640
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198
As can be seen, a deficiency of approximately 81,000 acres will be
apparent in 1985 in the two planning regions which coincide with the area
under review.
The proposed land acquisition as expressed in the capital improvement
program (Appendix A of the report) for these two planning regions show that
28,280 acres will be acquired between 1968-1985 by the Iowa State Conserva-
tion Commission. While this does not include municipal, county, or Federal
proposed acquisitions, an outstanding deficiency of almost 58,000 acres
would remain.
The total public inventory of existing recreation resources within
the area under review can be found in the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's
MBIAC report. As noted in these tables, total recreation visitation figures
are not available for the area under review. The only figures tabulated
involve use at 18 State parks and recreation areas. The total use amounted
to 2,074,000 visitations.
The private sector inventory of recreation enterprises in the area
of review, as taken from the Iowa plan, is contained in Appendix B.
Appendix C shows the participation of lowans, 12 years and older, in
away-from-home activities for the years 1965 to 1985. The basic data for
these projections were also taken from the Iowa plan and relate speci-
fically to planning Sections 4 and 5 (northwest and southwest portions of
Iowa). A relative percentage of Iowa's total population was used in com-
parison with the population of Sections 4 and 5. The number of participants
was then reduced by this percentage and total days computed. Total days
of use in 1965 were 52,371,000, while in 1985 it increased to 54,132,000.
Note the increase of nearly 2 million total days of participation in these
two regions by 1985 and in particular note the significant rise in the
water-related activities.
-C19-
-------
199
In addition, it is important to note that the percent participating
as well as the mean days per participant were not increased for the 1985
projections. Due to more leisure time, and the ever-expanding population,
these factors would increase the overall total quite drastically. Similar-
ily, studies now show that a greater percentage of persons under 12 years
of age participate in outdoor activities more frequently than previously
thought. Also, these projections of use do not consider non-resident
use which could be as much as the resident use. (See Page 12 of the MBLAC
Report.)
Finally, the Lewis and Clark Trail development in western Iowa is
sure to expand the role now played by out-of-state tourists. By 1985,
the number of out-of-state recreationists visiting the various sites and
locations along the Missouri River will add immeasurably to the percent
participating as well as the total number participating. All of the above
factors clearly spell out a rising demand and need.
Perhaps, the best composite of existing and proposed, public and private
recreational developments on or near the Missouri River comes from the
Corps of Engineer's Report on the Recreation Aspects of the Lower Missouri
River. This listing is found in Appendix D.
It should be pointed out that the visitation projections accumulated
by the Corps with respect to their proposed developments indicates the
following recreational use. Based on available data, the Corps estimates
that some 250,000 visitor-days presently occur between Rulo, Nebraska and
Sioux City (the Iowa stretch of the Missouri River is situated within this
area). After Corps development use is expected to increase to 500,000
visitor-days annually. After 50 years the annual visitation will reach
1 million.
-------
200
In defining the roles and responsibilities of the various agencies
having an interest in recreation, the State plan outlines the following
purpose for the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
The Water Pollution Control Commission was established in 1965 by the
61st General Assembly in an attempt "to conserve the waters of the State
and to protect, maintain, and improve the quality thereof for public water
supplies, for the propagation of wildlife, fish, and aquatic life, and
for domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational, and other legitimate
(beneficial) uses; to provide that no waste be discharged into any waters
of the State without first being given the degree of treatment necessary
to protect the legitimate (beneficial) uses of such waters; to provide
for the prevention, abatement and control of new, increasing, potential,
or existing water pollution; and to cooperate with other agencies of the
State, agencies of other States and the Federal Government in carrying
out these objectives.
In addition to an earlier section on the Lewis and Clark Trail, the
following is found on p. 195 of the "Outdoor Recreation in Iowa" report.
The concept of the Lewis and Clark Trail system is to preserve and/or
develop the scenic, historic, recreational, and cultural significance of
the route and adjacent areas. The program below was recommended for the
Iowa portion:
a. Designate a Lewis and Clark Trail Highway connecting with com-
parably designated highways in Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota. This
route has been established as part of the scenic roads system in Iowa.
-------
201
b. Develop a uniform system of information and directional signs
and markers along this highway.
c. Acquire and develop additional public recreation areas, including
a system of hiking and horseback trails.
d. Take corrective action to eliminate pollution in the Missouri
River.
e. Assist and cooperate with private recreation enterprise interested
in providing food, lodging, and other facilities associated with recreation
and travel use.
f. Enhance the scenic nature of the Lewis and Clark Highway by the
use of scenic easements.
g. Develop an extensive State campaign to promote the Trail.
The State Conservation Commission is assuming a leading role in
encouraging development of the Iowa portion of the Lewis and Clark Trail.
The plans call for a long range program of preservation and development
of the area affected, and immediate efforts should be directed toward
instituting initial phases of the proposal.
Finally on page 196 - Some interest has recently been indicated in
marking and developing the Mormon Trail route across southern Iowa used
by the Mormons in their march to the Salt Lake region of Utah. The Con-
servation Commission has begun preliminary investigation of this route and
should expand its efforts to include other interested agencies and organi-
zations in marking the route and encouraging and directing the preservation
and development of significant sites and areas adjacent to the Mormon Trail.
-------
202
THE MIDDLE MISSOURI
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation's study report entitled, The Middle
Missouri proposes many actions for a 1,265-mile stretch of the Missouri
River upstream from Iowa. It is worth mentioning that one of the recom-
mendations is that "the States should enforce high standards of water
quality." The actions required include:
1. Early State action to reduce pollution threat.
2. Implementation and enforcement of 1965 Water Quality Act
(PL-89-234).
3. Expand education and control programs.
From this brief statement, it can be seen that Iowa's upstream neighbors
will be called upon to provide its downstream users with the good water
quality--the same as Iowa's downstream users have the right to expect.
It is understood that Governor Hughes requested the Lewis and Clark
Trail Commission to promote a similar "Lower Missouri" study by the BOR.
At their June 28, 1968, Meeting the L&CC resolved to petition the Senators
of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa to use their offices to secure a
study by the Department of the Interior.
-C23-
-------
203
COMCLUSIOH
In the foregoing summaries an attempt has been made to show the
relative significance of recreational benefits in a water-oriented
environment. The key role of state governments, the tremendous
recreational potential of the Lewis and Clark Trail, the detrimental
effects of any and all levels of water pollution, the surge and
importance of water related recreation activities—all of these tell
a story and it is one of an overwhelming need.
As seen in the preceding pages a general concensus exists con-
cerning the development and potential of outdoor recreation in
western Iowa. The concensus is two-fold. It is simply that (1) a
huge latent demand for water-oriented outdoor recreation opportunities
and facilities exists and that (2) full satisfaction of this demand
can manifest itself only if a massive and intensified effort be made
to capitalize on the existing available opportunities. This concensus
is shared by both the Federal and State establishments.
Inherent is the fact that secondary treatment along the main
stem of the Missouri River will ameliorate the river's present con-
dition. As we have seen, the future benefits to be gained are numerous.
In addition to the recreation activities in western Iowa, the
downstream reaches of the Missouri River adjacent to Kansas and down
into Missouri may well experience desirable effects. By enhancing
water quality in the upper portions of the Missouri River, the
recreational needs of those downstream will be better served.
-C24-
-------
204
Of tantamount importance is the value of intangible benefits
to be had through improving the land and water resources. These
benefits cannot be measured in numbers--they can only be measured
in words. All the splendor and beauty of a natural setting has
overwhelming value to many rural and city dwellers alike. The
quality of the experience is a direct reflection on the quality of
the environment. To improve the environment is to elevate the
quality of the recreational experience many times over. The experi-
ence is, for thousands of Americans, a sort of self-realization and
at its most basic level—a certain oneness with nature. The unique-
ness, the natural beauty, the quality and aesthetic values that could
be preserved and improved along the Missouri are indeed worth the
effort.
Similarly, the forces acting on the recreation demand cannot be
understated. Take the expanding mobility of today's vacationists
and travelers, the rising amounts of money available for fun as well
as the ever increasing time for leisure. Then add to these a
mushrooming population and the overall situation suddenly becomes urgent.
In conclusion, the recreational demands have been identified and
the supply has been found deficient. The resulting needs dictate
that further enhancement of the quality of the Missouri River is highly
desirable.
Yes, the outdoor recreation demands have become imperative--and so
also have the needs. It would be inimical to the development of
effective pollution abatement goals and water quality enhancement
measures if the only course of action to be taken is no action at all.
-C25-
-------
205
Enhancement of the Missouri River is necessary. It will ultimately
improve water quality, it will yield more tangible as well as intangi-
ble benefits, it will provide the groundworks for satisfying quality
recreational needs, and it will do so for generations to come.
And in the last analysis, who will benefit the most? It is sure
to be the people of this land—the Kansans, the Nebraskans, the
Missourians--and most of all, the lowans themselves.
C26-
-------
206
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-------
208
From: Outdoor Recreation in Iowa, pp. 283-305
County
Fremont
Harrison
Mills
Konona
PRIVATE SECTOR RECREATION ENTERPRISES
(on or near Mo. River)
Iowa
Enterprise
1. Kciox Basin
2. Webb Foot Haven
3. Stanley Boat Landing
4. Hamburg Boat Landing
5. American Legion
6. Shall Faru
1. Missouri Valley Boy Scouts
2. Boy of Craft
3. Western Iowa Fish and Wildlife Club
4. Hor.k and Quack Lodge
5. 1,033:1-Missouri Valley Country Club
6. Module Boy Scouts
7. Horseshoe Lake
8. Lir.n Lake
(none)
(none)
1. Willaday Farm
2. Onaua Country Club
3. Ruth'a Marina
4. Whitir-2 Gun Club
5. Koriona Councy Rural Electric Co-op
Roadside Park
Hamburg
Barclett
Thurman
Hamburg
Sidney
Riverton
Missouri Valley
Modale
Mondauiii
Whiting
Onawa
Whiting
M
Onawa
-------
209-A
?iy;r.outh
Pottawattamie
Sioux
Woodbury
6. Christian Church Camp, First Christian
Church
(nor.e)
1. Hidden Valley Shooting Preserve
2. Crc_cor.t Ski Mills
4. I'cr-^n'ii Goose Haven
5. Rair.bow Ranch
6. Cou.-._ii Bluffs Archery Range
7. -lie;; Country Club
8. S'is'.-. ar.d Gar,;2 Protective Association
9.
1C.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Ci.:-.ibcll's Eost Livery
Council Bluffs Boat Club
I-Ii-V Cauo
Chalet Club
C-.-p Waconda (Eoy Scouts)
rxcc:
-------
209-B
4. Sgt. 71oyd MoriU-vi^r.t: - Sport lend Sioux Cizy
5. T<-r2,et Rcnse Sjt. Bluffi
6. Siou:-: City Gun Club Sioux City
7. Hawkeys Gun Club "
8. South Siou:-: 1-lsrir.a "
9. Button Willows "
-------
210
APPENDIX C
PARTICIPATION OF IOWANS 12 YEARS & OLDER IN AWAY-FROM-HOME
ACTIVITIES (SEPTEMBER 1965
- SEPTEMBER
1966) FOR REGIONS 4 & 5
Activity
Bicycling
Horseback riding
Playing outdoor games
Golf, regular
Golf, miniature
Tennis
Badminton
Basketball
Baseball, softball
Archery
Horseshoes, croquet
Football, etc.
Fishing
Trout
Other
Canoeing
Sailing
Other boating
Swimming
Ocean
Lake
Stream
Pool
Water skiing
Hunting
Small game
Big game
Waterfowl
Camping
Developed (trailer)
Developed (tent)
Wilderness
Mountain-rock climbing
Hiking
Walking for pleasure
Bird watching
Wildlife photography
Nature walks
Picnics
Driving for pleasure
Sightseeing
Attend outdoor sports
I
Part.
21.7
11.9
38.2
9.4
10.0
6.5
9.6
8.2
21.7
3.6
7.9
11.6
40.7
2.0
40.4
4.6
1.6
35.0
37.9
3.0
24.5
5.4
22.4
5.9
18.5
17.2
0.7
0.9
15.1
6.6
7.4
2.2
0.7
3.2
58.6
9.8
3.3
15.3
77.7
78.7
58.8
48.3
No. Part.
120,365
66,006
211,887
52,139
55,467
36,054
53,249
45,483
120,365
19,968
43,819
64,342
225,754
11,093
224,090
25,515
8,874
194,137
210,223
16,640
135,896
29,952
124,247
32,726
102,615
95,404
3,882
4,992
83,756
36,608
41,046
12,202
3,882
17,749
325,041
54,358
18,304
84,865
430,985
436,531
326,151
267,909
Mean Days
Per Part.
27.9
9.6
15.7
19.8
4.5
7.0
5.7
9.6
12.4
4.1
6.1
7.8
10.4
3.9
10.2
4.6
2.1
6.7
13.3
3.8
6.5
4.1
13.9
5.2
8.7
7.0
4.7
7.3
7.3
9.2
5.4
3.2
3.3
4.2
15.3
7.3
4.0
5.5
7.4
17.8
7.5
9.0
Total Days
3,358,183
633,657
3,326,625
1,032,352
249,601
252,378
303,519
436,636
1,492,526
81,868
267,293
501,867
2,347,841
43,262
2,285,718
117,369
18,635
1 , 300 , 7 1 7
2,795,965
63,232
883,324
122,803
1,727,033
170,175
892,750
667,828
18,240
364,416
611,418
336,793
221,648
39,046
12,810
74,545
4,973,127
396,813
73,216
466,757
3,189,289
7,770,251
2,446,132
2,411,181
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211
Activity
Attend outdoor plays
Target-trap shooting
Motorcycling
Gardening
Ice skating
Snow skiing
Sledding
County fair
Sunbathing -re lax ing
Trampol ine
Hayrides, etc.
Marching band, etc.
Kite flying, etc.
Mushroom-berry picking
I
Part.
18.7
6.2
9.0
9.5
8.4
1.6
16.5
10.7
5.0
0.4
0.7
2.0
2.3
3.1
No. Part.
103,725
34,390
49,920
52,694
46,593
8,874
91,494
59,350
27,733
2,218
3,882
11,093
12,757
17,194
Mean Days
Per Part.
4.2
7.5
19.2
12.2
5.0
3.9
5.4
2.3
2.9
5.3
3.5
13.3
3.5
5.9
Total Days
435,645
257,925
958,464
642,866
232,965
34,608
494,067
136,505
80,425
11,755
13,587
147,536
44,649
101,^44
GRAND TOTAL
52,371,000
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212
PARTICIPATION OF IOWANS 12 YEARS & OLDER IS AWAY-FROM-HOME
ACTIVITIES (12 -MONTH
PERIOD 1985)
FOR REGIONS 4 & 5
Activity
Bicycling
Horseback riding
Playing outdoor games
Golf, regular
Golf, miniature
Tennis
Badminton
Basketball
Baseball, softball
Archery
Horseshoes, croquet
Football, etc.
Fishing
Trout
Other
Canoeing
Sailing
Other boating
Swimming
Ocean
Lake
Stream
Pool
Water skiing
Hunting
Small game
Big game
Waterfowl
Camping
Developed (trailer)
Developed (tent)
Wilderness
Mountain-rock climbing
Hiking
Walking for pleasure
Bird watching
Wildlife photography
Mature walks
Picnics
Driving for pleasure
Sightseeing
Attend outdoor sports
Attend outdoor plays
Target -trap shooting
Motorcycling
I
Part.
21.7
11.9
38.2
9.4
10.0
6.5
9.6
8.2
21.7
3.6
7.9
11.6
40.7
2.0
40.4
4.6
1.6
35.0
37.9
3.0
24.5
5.4
22.4
5.9
18.5
17.2
0.7
0.9
15.1
6.6
7.4
2.2
0.7
3.2
58.6
9.8
3.3
15.3
77.7
78.7
58.8
48.3
18.7
6.2
9.0
No. Part.
128,200
70,303
225,088
55,533
59,078
38,400
56,715
48,444
128,200
21,268
46,671
69,121
240,449
11,815
238,676
27,176
9,452
206,774
223,907
17,723
144,742
31,902
132,335
34,856
109,295
101,614
4,135
5,317
89,208
38,991
43,717
12,997
4,135
18,905
346,199
57,896
19,495
90,389
259,039
464,947
347,381
285,348
110,476
36,628
53,170
Mean Days
Per Part.
27.9
9.6
15.7
19.8
4.5
7.0
5.7
9.6
12.4
4.1
6.1
7.8
10.4
3.9
10.2
4.6
2.1
6.7
13.3
3.8
6.5
4.1
13.9
5.2
8.7
7.0
4.7
7.3
7.3
9.2
5.4
3.2
3.3
4.2
15.3
7.3
4.0
5.5
7.4
17.8
7.5
9.0
4.2
7.5
19.2
Total Days
3,576,780
674,908
3,533,881
1,099,553
265,851
268,800
323,275
465,062
1,589,680
87,198
284,693
539,143
2,500,669
46,078
2,434,495
125,009
19,849
1,385,385
2,977,963
67,347
940,823
130,798
1,839,456
181,251
950,866
711,298
194,345
38,814
651,218
358,717
236,071
41,590
13,645
79,401
5,296,844
422,640
77,980
497,139
1,916,888
8,276,056
2,605,357
2,568,132
463,999
274,710
1,020,864
-------
213
Activity
Gardening
Ice skating
Snow skiing
Sledding
County fair
Sunbathing -re lax ing
Trampoline
Hay rides, etc.
Marching band, etc.
Kite flying, etc.
Mushroom-berry picking
Z
Part.
9.5
8.4
1.6
16.5
10.7
5.0
0.4
0.7
2.0
2.3
3.1
Ho. Part.
56,124
49,625
9,452
97,479
63,213
29,539
2,363
4,135
11,815
13,588
18,314
Mean Days
Per Part.
12.2
5.0
3.9
5.4
2.3
2.9
5.3
3.5
13.3
3.5
5.9
GRAND TOTAL
Total Days
684,712
248,125
36,862
526,386
145,389
85,663
12,523
14,472
157,139
47,558
108.052
54,132,000
-------
IOWA - LEWIS AND CLARK
HISTORIC, WILDLIFE AND RECREATION AREAS
(on or near Missouri River)
Existing, (private and public)
1. Hamburg Boat and Gun Club - Ranp
2. Auldon Bar Island - State Recreation Area
3. Shencndoah Boat Club - Dock
4. Nottleman Island - State Recreation Area
5. Tri-County Boat Dock
6. Lake Manawa State Park
7. Twin City Boat Marina
8. Council Bluffs Boat Club - Dock
S. Council Bluffs Historic Sites
10. Wilson Island State Park
11. DeSoto Bend National Wildlife Refuge
12. H. A. Peterson Boat Marina
13. S. Peterson Boat Marina
14. Onawa Access Recreation Area
15. Don Ruth Marina
16. Honona County Recreation Area
17. Sergeant Floyd Monument
18. Sioux City Historic Sites
19. Gifford Wildlife Sanctuary - State
20. Saith State Wildlife Refuge
Proposed (private and public)
1. State Line Island - State Recreation Area
2. Otoe Bend Island - State Recreation Area
-------
215-A
3. Copeland Bend Island - State Recreation Area
4. Percival Area (Corps of Engineers)
5. Glenwood Area (Corps c£ Engineers)
6. Gifford Area (Corps of Engineers)
7. Narrows Area (Corps of Engineers)
o. Rand Bar - State Recreation Area
9. Wilson Island (State and Corps of Engineers River Access)
10. California Bend - State Recreation Area
11. Oxbow Lakes (Corps of Engineers and State)
12. Tyson Bend - State Recreation Area
13. Sandy Point Area (Corps of Engineers)
14. River Stone Area (Corps of Engineers)
15. River Stone State Recreation Area
16. Pickle City Area (Corps of Engineers)
17. Blackbird Area (Corps of Engineers)
IS. Oxbow Lakes (Corps of Engineers and State)
19. Rabbit Island - State Recreation Area
20. Omaha Mission Bend Area (Corps of Engineers)
21. Oxbow Lake (Corps of Engineers and State)
22. Snyder Bend Area (Corps of Engineers)
23. Dakota Bend State Wildlife Refuge
24. Floyd Bend Area (Corps of Engineers)
25. Marina (Sioux City and Corps of Engineers)
26. Hamburg Landing (Corps of Engineers)
27. Bartlett Landing (Corps of Engineers)
23. Dodge Park (Corps of Engineers and City of Council Bluffs)
-------
215-B
APPENDIX D
WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
ON INTERSTATE STREAMS
IOWA
1969
-------
216
;58;
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217-B
APPENDIX E
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TEMPERATURE STATIONS
on
INTERSTATE STREAMS OF IOWA
-------
218
APPENDIX
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TEMPERATURE STATIONS
on
INTERSTATE STREAMS OF IOWA
Maximum Recorded
Stream and Station Temperature °F
Rock River
at Rock Rapids, Iowa 79
near Rock Valley, Iowa 92
Little Sioux River
at Gillett Grove, Iowa 88
at Correctionville, Iowa 90
near Kennebec, Iowa 89
near Turin, Iowa 90
West Nishnabotna River*
at Hancock, Iowa 82
at Randolph, Iowa 91
East Nishnabotna River*
near Atlantic, Iowa 82
at Red Oak, Iowa 95
Nishnabotna River
above Hamburg, Iowa 90
Tarkio River
at Stanton, Iowa 91
Nodaway River
at Clarinda, Iowa 94
East Fork of 102 River
at Bedford, Iowa 88
Thompson River
at Davis City, Iowa 88
Weldon River
near Leon, Iowa 94
Chariton River
near Chariton, Iowa 87
near Rathbun, Iowa 87
*Intrastate
-------
219-A
APPENDIX F
GRAPHS OF SURVEILLANCE DATA FROM ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI, OMAHA,
NEBRASKA, AND YANKTON, SOUTH DAKOTA
TEMPERATURE, MAXIMUM °C F-l
MEAN FLOW, CUBIC FEET PER SECOND F-2
DISSOLVED OXYGEN, 1
MINIMUM, MG/L F-3
MEAN, MG/L F-4
B.O.D.
MAXIMUM, MG/L F-5
MEAN, MG/L F-6
COLIFORM,
MAXIMUM, MF/100 ML F-7
MEAN, MF/100 ML F-8
NOTE: GRAPH WITH S,0,Y AFTER PAGE NUMBERS REFER TO ST. JOSEPH,
OMAHA OR YANKTON DATA. STATIONS ARE ALSO NUMBERED
30-31-32 AS PART OF THE WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
IDENTIFICATION.
-------
219-B
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-------
APPENDIX G
WATER USES - RECOGNIZED BY
THE STATE OF IOWA
-------
244
G. Water Uses - Recognized By
The State of Iowa
(Missouri River--bordering Iowa)
Uses
I. Public Water Supply (Council Bluffs only)
2. Aquatic Life--warm water area (full length of River)
Criteria
General Criteria. The following criteria are applicable to all surface
waters at all places and at all times:
a. Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial or other
discharges that will settle to form putrescent or otherwise objection-
able sludge deposits;
b. Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other floating materials
attributable to municipal, industrial or other discharges in amounts
sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious;
c. Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial or other
discharges producing color, odor or other conditions in such degree
as to be detrimental to legitimate uses of water;
d. Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial or other
discharges in concentrations or combinations which are detrimental to
human, animal, industrial, agricultural, recreational, aquatic or
other legitimate uses of the water.
Public Water Supply-Specific Criteria. The following criteria for
surface water quality apply to the point at which water is withdrawn
for treatment and distribution as a potable supply (Council Bluffs
water intake):
1. Bacteria: Waters shall be considered to be of unsatisfactory
bacteriological quality as a source when:
A sanitary survey indicates the presence or probability of the
presence of sewage or other objectionable bacteria-bearing wastes or
A bacteriological survey using coLiform or other appropriate indices
indicates bacteriological concentrations significantly higher than
those normally found or expected in these waters when free from
pollution by sewage.
2. Radioactive substances; Gross beta activity (in the known absence of
strontium - 90 and alpha emitters) not to exceed 1000 micro-micro-
curies per liter.
G-l
-------
3. Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the following concentrations:
Specific Constituents (rag/1)
Arsenic 0.05 Cyanide 0.025
Barium 1.0 Fluoride 1.5
Cadmium 0.01 Lead 0.05
Chromium (hexavalent) 0.05 Phenols 0.02
All substances toxic or detrimental to humans or detrimental to
treatment processes shall be limited to nontoxic or nondetrimental
concentrations in the surface water.
Aquatic Life—Specific Criteria. The following criteria are designed
for the maintenance and propagation of a well-balanced fish population.
They are applicable to any place in surface waters but cognizance will
be given to opportunities for admixture of waste effluents with such
waters.
1. Warm water areas. Dissolved oxygen: Not less than 5.0 mg/1
during at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period and not less than
4.0 mg/1 at any time during the 24-hour period.
pH: Not less than 6.8 nor above 9.0.
Temperature: Not to exceed 93° F during the months of May
through November, and not to exceed 73° F during the months
of December through April.
Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the following concentrations:
Specific constituents (mg/1)
Ammonia Nitrogen (N) 2.0 *Copper 0.02
*Arsenic 1.0 Cyanide 0.025
*Barium 5.0 *Lead 0.10
*Cadium 0.05 Phenols 0.20
*Chromium (hexavalent) 0.05 *Zinc 1.0
*Chromium (trivalent) 1000
*A maximum of 5.0 mg/1 for the entire heavy metal group shall not be
exceeded.
All substances toxic or detrimental to aquatic life shall be limited
to nontoxic or nondetrimental concentrations in the surface water.
G-2
-------
APPENDIX H
INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY
OF THE MISSOURI RIVER IN OCTOBER 1968
-------
246
I. INTRODUCTION
The following analysis was made on the 8-day, dry weather, navigation
flow, data presented in Table A-I and Table A-4 of this report. The effort
was directed at determining the sources of bacteriological contamination
to the Missouri River and at predicting the effect of treatment on these
sources. Figure H-l shows the coliform concentrations.
II. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The coliform data on the Missouri River from Gavins Point to St.
Jospeh were evaluated in terms of a coliform mass (i.e., the data were
evaluated from a total number per day approach rather than a concentration
approach). The coliform masses were calculated for the various sources
along the reach of the Missouri River from Gavins Point to St. Joseph.
These coliform source data included measurements of the waste effluents at
the Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant, the Council Bluffs Sewage Treatment
Plant, the Monroe Street Sewer at Omaha, Nebraska, and estimates of the
densities in the remaining outfalls from Omaha and Papillion Creek. Also
included were the measurements of coliform densities from the major tributaries
A mass diagram of the data is shown in Figure H-2. The mass diagram
indicated that the major sources of coliforms in the Missouri during the
dry weather period of the October survey were contributed by major cities.
The coliform contribution to the Missouri River from the Big Sioux River,
the Soldier River, and the Boyer River was negligible during the normal
flow period of the October survey. These observations led to the next
portion of the analysis.
Based on the field observations, the major source of coliforms are
from the wastewater effluents. Consequently, an analysis was made to
H-l
-------
247
determine the effect of treatment on reducing the quantity of coliforns in
the Missouri River. This analysis was based on the work of Imhoff and
Fair (1) and Kittrell and Furfari (2). A 93 per cent reduction of coliform
was assumed with secondary treatment and a 98.5 per cent reduction of coliform
was assumed with secondary treatment and chlorination. The predicted effects
of these types of treatment on river coliform concentrations are shown in
Figure H-3 and are tabulated in Table H-I.
III. OTHER ANALYSES MADE
A mass balance was also made on the fecal coliform organisms. The
results showed that approximately SO per cent of the fecal coliforms in the
river could be accounted for in the reach from Sioux City to Omaha. This
includes only those fecal coliforms measured at the Sioux City Sewage Treat-
ment Plant. It does not include coliform organisms that may have been con-
tributed from the other waste sources in the Sioux City area. Greater than
75 per cent of the fecal coliform organisms could be accounted for in the
reach of the river from Omaha to St. Joseph.
The effect of two stage chlorination with primary treatment on coliform
densities was also calculated. Pierce (3) concluded that with two stage
chlorination, coliform densities in a plant effluent could be reduced con-
sistently to a concentration of 500 MPN/100 ml or lower. This reduction is
far in excess of the 98.5 per cent reduction assumed for secondary treatment
with chlorination. This effluent concentration would virtually eliminate
the effect of the major cities on the river coliform concentration. If this
reduction were realized, the major sources of bacterial contamination would
have been the Boyer River and the Platte River. This conclusion is based on
conditions existing in the river that were similiar to those in the October
H-2
-------
1968 survey. The maximum value of coliform concentration in the river
assuming two stage chlorination and primary treatment was estimated to be
4250 MPN/100 ml.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are based on the above analyses and apply
to the Missouri River conditions that existed during the dry weather
period of the October 1968 survey.
1. Greater than 85 per cent of the total coliforms measured in the
Missouri River were contributed by the major waste sources along
the stream.
2. Approximately 50 per cent of the fecal coliforma measured in the
Missouri River were contributed by the major waste sources that
were measured during the October 1968 survey.
3. The total and fecal coliform contribution to the Missouri River
from the Big Sioux River, the Soldier River and the Boyer River
were negligible during the dry weather period of the October
survey.
A. Secondary treatment alone would not be adequate to provide reduction
of coliforms to meet the National Technical Advisory Committee's
standard for public water supplies based on the analysis outlined
above.
5. Chlorination following secondary treatment would be adequate to
provide reduction of coliforms to meet the National Technical
Advisory Committee's standard for public water supplies based on
the analysis outlined above.
H-3
-------
6. Primary treatment with two stage chlorination would be adequate
to provide reduction of coliforms to meet the National Technical
Advisory Committee's standard for public water supplies based on
the analysis outlined above.
H-4
-------
249-B
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. Imhoff, K. and G.M. Fair, Sewage Treatment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York (1956).
2. Kittrell, F.W. and S.A. Furfari, "Observations of Coliform Bacteria
in Streams." Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, pp. 1361-1385,
(November 1963).
3. Pierce, D.M. "Two-Stage Chlorination - An Effective and Practical
Method of Sewage Disinfection." Sewage and Industrial Wastes. Vol. 24, No. 8,
pp. 929-961, (August 1952).
H-5
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-------
254
C. V. Blomgren
MR. BLOMGREN: This conference was called
by notice of March 5, 19&9, by the Secretary of the
Interior. The purpose of the conference is to resolve
those excepted portions of the Iowa Water Quality Stan-
dards. The main exceptions are as follows: (1) The
establishment of treatment requirements and an implemen-
tation plan for waste discharges to the Missouri and
Mississippi Rivers; (2) The specification of requirements
for disinfection of controllable discharges which may be
sources of bacteriological pollution; and (3) The develop
ment of water temperature criteria for the interstate
waters of the State other than the Missouri and Mississippi
Rivers. The questions on phenols, radioactivity and non-
degradation were adequately discussed in the Davenport
session on April 8 and 9, 1969.
This session of the conference is specif-
ically aimed at those interstate waters draining into the
Missouri River and the main stem of the Missouri itself.
We have demonstrated in our report .lust reasons for the
exceptions taken by the Secretary of the Interior. Clean
water is no longer a free resource in unlimited quantitie
that is readily available at our doorstep. The Water
-------
255
C. V. Blomgren
Quality Act of 1965 was based on public recognition of
this fact and clean water is the primary reason we are
here today.
The Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration is dedicated to the cooperation with the
States in protecting and enhancing the water quality for
the present and future generations.
In summarizing our report, I want to dwell
on three major topics. These are: (1) The recognized
water uses; (2) The present water quality and waste
disposal practices; and (3) The damages to or impairment
of both present and future uses due to the water quality
degradation.
The State of Iowa has identified in its
water quality standards only two beneficial uses for the
Missouri River. These uses are public water supply sourc
for Council Bluffs and support of aquatic life for the
full length of the river. The Department of the Interior
believes that from Sioux City to the Iowa-Missouri border
there are at least six principal categories of water use.
Our personnel have made water quality studies and on-site
surveys.
-------
256
C. V. Blomgren
The primary use is public water supply.
The Missouri River is the water supply source for over
3,000,000 people in 11 separate communities in the reach
between Sioux City and St. Louis. Council Bluffs, Omaha
and St. Joseph alone use over 62 million gallons of water
per day for municipal water supply.
Recreation on the Missouri is a reality.
Figures compiled from Iowa's outdoor recreation plan
indicate that 52 million days of recreation use occurred
in the western region of Iowa in 196~5. In Iowa alone,
our survey personnel identified 27 public access sites
for the Missouri River. Iowa has over 75,000 power boats
registered, many of which are used on the Missouri. There
are numerous private recreational developments on the
river bank. The potential for further water-based
recreation is emphasized by the statement presented by
Mr. Glen Powers, Planning Director of the Iowa State
Conservation Commission, in which he stated, and I quote:
"The Missouri, on our western boundary, probably has the
greatest potential for recreational development of any
one area that we could mention."
Perhaps the best way to depict the recreation
-------
257
C. V. Blomgren
potential of bhe Missouri River is to outline the more
significant actions proposed and express some of the
pertinent extracts from the reference material. Foremost
is the establishment of the Lewis and Clark Trail along
the full route of the Missouri River. Since Congress
established the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission in
the Missouri River has been recognized as a national
resource worthy of development to a far greater degree
than heretofore. The purpose of this act was to create
an appreciation of the resources, encourage their con-
servation, and to promote the protection and development
of outdoor recreation resources along the route for publi
use and enjoyment. The development plan prepared by the
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation provides for many and varied
resources linked along the entire route to satisfy the
full spectrum of recreation activities from the most
active to the most passive. Some 35 recreation sites
were identified for construction by the Corps of Engineerjs
between Sioux City and Rulo, Nebraska.
The National Commission, in association
with all of the affected States including the Iowa State
Lewis and Clark Trail Committee, is now implementing
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258
C. V. Blomgren
those actions necessary to achieve the national objective
To date, one of the principal tasks has been accomplished
that is, the marking and historical interpretation of the
route on the roads which parallel, ad.join, and otherwise
provide access to the river. Among the problems mentione
as confronting full attainment of the recognized goals is
water pollution. The Commission specifically recommended
that the FWPCA give continuing attention to the abatement
and control of water pollution and that States also take
steps to strengthen measures to reduce water pollution
along the Trail route.
Commercial fishing is another category of
use which we recognize on the river. In the State of
Iowa alone 17 commercial fishing activities were identi-
fied by interview.
The Missouri River is an integral part of
the Mississippi flyway for migrating waterfowl. As such,
it affords an intermediate resting a,nd feeding area for
the waterfowl. It is important to protect the water
quality to sustain the food supply and resting areas. In
addition, the area caters to thousands of duck and goose
hunters each year with the associated esthetic and economic
-------
259
G. V. Blomgren
benefits. Eleven refuge or hunting sites were identified
¥e believe that many more exist.
The river is used as a source of industrial
water supply, primarily cooling water, by two separate
power generation facilities in Iowa.
The navigation activities carry considerable
tonnage of agricultural and industrial materials. These
materials are transhipped each year from the five commer-
cial docking and loading facilities located in Iowa. Per-
sonnel on these craft are sub.ject to contact with potent!
disease producing agents found in the river.
We have shown in our report specific docu-
mentation to support the six categories of use that must
be recognized. This expanded scope of uses}when compared
to the two recognized in Iowa's water quality standards,
serves to emphasize the necessity for resolving the
exceptions taken by the Secretary of the Interior. The
purpose and intent of these standards are to protect and
enhance quality for all beneficial uses.
Having documented the uses, I now want to
summarize the cause-effect aspects of existing water
quality and waste disposal practices. The data contained
-------
260
C. V. Blomgren
in the report to support this analysis are from baseline
surveys of the Missouri River conducted in October 1968
and January 1969; the Construction Grants Program; and
from our three surveillance stations located at Yankton,
South Dakota, Omaha, Nebraska, and St. Joseph, Missouri.
In the Iowa portion of the Missouri drain-
age basin, there are a total of 1*1-6 municipal waste treat
ment facilities. One hundred eighteen of these plants
are located on intrastate waters, twenty-six are on inter
state waters, and two discharge directly into the Missour
River. In addition, there are 12 industrial or other
separate waste sources in the Iowa drainage area. To com
plete the waste source inventory, the 12 municipal waste
discharges and 1 industrial source located on the main st
of the Missouri River in Nebraska and South Dakota are ci
in our report. These States are committed to secondary
treatment.
A further breakdown of the municipal waste
inventory shows that of the 146 plants discharging to
interstate and intrastate streams in Iowa,112 provide
secondary treatment, 23 primary treatment, and 11 have no
treatment. The results of our survey shows the primary
m
ed
-------
261
C. V. Blomgren
plant at Sioux City discharges wastes equivalent to a
population of 250,000,while there are only 120,000 resi-
dents. Council Bluffs shows the same picture. The
population equivalent of their waste discharges after
primary treatment is 13^,000, while the population is
only 60,000. The load from Council Bluffs will increase
significantly with the addition of the new packing plant.
The impact of these waste sources on the
quality of the Missouri is clearly demonstrated by the
data contained in Appendix A, B, and F of our report.
The ma.-jority of these data were collected during our
baseline survey of the Missouri River between Gavins
Point Dam and St. Joseph, Missouri.
Three different hydrologic conditions
were encountered during this survey. The first was the
dry weather normal autumn navigation flows, the second
was wet weather autumn flows as influenced by rainfall
runoff, and the third the winter flow conditions with
extensive ice coverage. In general, the results of the
surveys demonstrated increasing water quality degradation
progressing in the downstream direction.
Starting at Gavins Point Dam, the data
-------
262
C. V. Blomgren
demonstrate a relatively high quality water suitable for
all "beneficial uses. Indices of pollution such as sus-
pended solids, nutrients, dissolved organics and bacteria!.
indicator organisms are present in extremely low concen-
trations. The biological habitat reflects essentially
nonpolluted conditions.
Downstream from the Sioux City area, the
effects of waste discharges are immediately reflected by
the water quality changes. Densities of bacterial indi-
cator organisms increase significantly. Increased con-
centrations of quality parameters indicative of recent
pollution such as nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)
and dissolved organics are found. There is also serious
destruction of the aquatic habitat in the Sioux City area
We know of no other factor affecting water quality that
is not man instigated.
Below the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan
area^ the river quality again reflects the impact of wast<;
discharges. The aquatic habitat for a distance of
miles downstream indicated a zone of water quality degrad^i
tion. Large numbers of the same pollution tolerant
organisms were observed in contrast to the clean water
-------
263
C. V. Blomgren
forms. Densities of bacterial indicator organisms
increase sharply. The concentrations of dissolved
organics as measured by BOD and the nutrient concen-
trations are significantly higher.
During the periods of high rainfall run-
off, the quality problems are heightened. The suspended
load carried by the river is increased by a factor of 20.
The bacterial indicator organisms and nutrient concen-
trations are more than doubled. This indicates a need
for extending pollution control practices beyond the
sewer and treatment plant systems.
I have briefly summarized the waste
sources and the resulting water quality. Now consider
the impact of quality degradation on water uses.
First, let us examine the public water
supply use. Large metropolitan areas are using millions
of gallons per day for human consumption. In sport or
industrial contact with raw water, effort must be made
to eliminate the possibilities of contact or ingestion
of pathogenic organisms. The Missouri River carries as
many as 1,100 fecal coliform organisms per droo, as shown
by our data. During the normal fall navigation flows,
-------
264
G. V. Blomgren
which are similar to summer flows, we have demonstrated
that municipal waste effluents are responsible for over
85 percent of the total coliform bacteria contained in
the river. These can be controlled at the source.
The presence of grease balls and other noxious
materials cause problems with physical operation of water
treatment facilities.
High ammonia concentrations in the water
prior to treatment add considerably to the cost of water
treatment by increasing the chlorine demand. Effluents
from agricultural products companies, if untreated, can
greatly increase the amount of ammonia in the water, the
need for higher amounts of chlorine and an increase in
the cost of water.
Another consideration is the nitrogen and
phosphorus in the river. These materials are necessary
to support the aquatic biota. If they are present in
excess and other conditions are proper, they can stimu-
late growths of aquatic organisms which may be toxic,
cause taste and odor problems and greatly increase the
operational costs of water treatment facilities.
The impact of quality on recreational uses
-------
265
C. V. Blomgren
involves three separate considerations, one for esthetics
and one for water contact situations, and one for physi-
cal damage. Recreational use involves esthetic apprecia-
tion of the environment, possible contact with the water
through wading, swimming or skiing, and hunting or fish-
ing. Poor water quality in the Missouri has resulted in
such things as slime and grease on the lines of sports
fishermen, the hazard of contact with disease producing
agents by boat operators, fishermen, water skiers, and
swimmers. The fouling of the river bottom with sludge
deposits and the grease and oil rings on the boat hulls
and shore appurtenances are evidence of inadequate treat-
ment .
Primary treatment will remove only the
larger lumps. Floating grease can be removed by skimming
but the emulsified forms, which are too often the case,
pass through the plant readily. The dissolved fractions,
the finely suspended materials, and organics of an ever-
increasing variation and sophistication are still present
and still persist in the effluent from the primary plants
Sioux City and Council Bluffs are prime examples.
But even more important, billions of fecal
-------
266
C. V. Blomgren
bacteria are discharged in every gallon of waste processe
These residuals, the bacteria, the suspended solids and
dissolved fractions, singly and in combination, impair
the full and safe use of the water for recreation today a
will restrict optimum development for the future. The
Lewis and Clark Trail Development for the Missouri River
could ill afford to advertise the wonders of that stream
having the knowledge of its quality hazards to the mil-
lions of people expected to enjoy it.
Recreation usage is here today and expecte
to increase tomorrow. Sioux City is proud of its annual
aquacade. The numerous marinas, park developments, and
recreation sites give promise of more extensive use^pro-
viding the water quality can support such activity.
If you were to make a boat trip on the
Missouri River, you would have the same experience as our
investigators. Putting in at Sioux City, they waded in
the water to get into the boat and received splashes in
their faces, each drop containing 14 bacteria of fecal
origin. As they progressed downstream, the fecal bacteri
become more numerous }reaching as high as 1100 per drop.
Grease balls the size of oranges bounced off their craft.
a
-------
26?
C. V. Blomgren
Animal parts were seen in the stream.
Human refuse of all types were apparent. Pleasure boat-
ing certainly is affected by these conditions.
The quality degradation has impact on the
other recognized uses, too. Commercial fishermen, Phil
Randall and Roy Auckenback, have found nets clogged with
grease and sewage solids along with a declining catch.
Customers who find the fish flesh tainted and unpala-
table want their money back. For fishermen and others
who work on the River the potential contact with disease
producing agents is ever present. This water use needs
protecting, too.
Severe degradation of stretches of the
river was indicated by the changes in populations of the
river bottom dwelling organisms. This affects the food
chain for some types of fish and further reflects the
need to protect the aquatic habitat.
We have detailed in our report the impact
of quality on the other uses and shown quality criteria
necessary to support these uses. These all lead us to
the conclusion that we must begin now to protect and
enhance the quality to support these uses.
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268
C. V. Blomgren
The State of Iowa has exhibited concern
for the protection of the quality of the interior inter-
state streams through waste treatment requirements. In
the approved sections of the Water Quality Standards., the
State has shown an implementation plan to achieve secon-
dary treatment by July 1, 1972. However, this does not
apply to the Missouri River. Pollution from the primary
plants is not masked by dilution. The preservation of
the river front environment for the citizens of Iowa and
for the Lewis and Clark Trail will result in benefits tha|t
extend well beyond the boundaries of the State.
Mr. Chairman, at this time I would like to
introduce some of the technical people who will ellabofa.t'e
on our summary statement and bring out necessary points
concerning the establishment of water quality standards.
The first of these that I would like to
introduce is Mr. Ed Geldreich,, microbiologist, Public
Health Service, Bureau of Water Hygiene, Cincinnati, Ohio
who will discuss the bacteriological criteria and the
need for protection of uses through the control of
bacterial discharges.
MR. STEIN: While Mr. Geldreich comes up,
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269
E. E. Geldreich
let's go off the record a minute.
(Off the record.)
MR. STEIN: Mr. Geldreich.
STATEMENT BY E. E. GELDREIGH
RESEARCH MIGROBIOLOGIST
BUREAU OF WATER HYGIENE, U. S. PUBLIC
HEALTH SERVICE, CINCINNATI, OHIO
MR. GELDREICH: Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen.
My name is Edwin E. Geldreich, Research
Microbiologist, Bureau of Water Hygiene, Public Health
Service, located in Cincinnati, Ohio.
At this time I would like to discuss some
of the magnitude of our concern with pathogens in
recreational waters.
Our concern about fecal contamination
should not be limited to that portion associated with
human pollution alone. Microorganisms pathogenic to man
may also be found in the excreta of farm animals, wild
animals and animal pets. Apparently Salmonella are
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270
E. E. Geldreich
frequently found in clinically healthy farm anjmals.
Studies on large groups of cattle indicate the percentage
of such latent infections is about 13 percent in the
United States and about 14 percent in the Netherlands.
(Rothenbacker, J. H. , Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 14?.: 1211-1214,
1965.) Between 3.7 to 15 percent of clinically healthy
sheep have been reported to also be carriers. With
respect to pigs,, the percentage of symptomless carriers
has been reported to range from 15 to 20 percent in the
Netherlands; 7 percent in France; 12 percent in England;
13.4 percent in Norway and 22 percent in Belgium. (Prost,
E. and Riemann, H. Food-Borne Salmonellosis ; Ann. Rev.
Microbiol. 21; 495-528, 1967.)
The Salmonella strains most frequently
isolated from both diseased and healthy farm animals
include the following 13 serotypes: S. typhimurium, S.
derby, S. dublin, S. oranienburg, S. .lava, S. choleraesuli
S. anatum, S. newington, S. infantis, S. Stanley, S. abon;
S. Chester, and S. meleagridis.
Nottingham, P.M. and Wiselmann, A. J.,
Salmonella infection in calves and other animals. New
-------
271
E. E. Geldreich
Zealand J. Agri . Res. 4: 449-460 (1961).
Pollach, W., Investigations on Salmonella
in Slaughterhouse Waste Waters in Vienna. Wien. Tierarzt
Mschr. (Germany) 51.: 161-164 (1964).
Miner, J. R., Fina, L. R., and Piatt, C.,
Salmonella infantis in cattle feedlot runoff. Appl.
Microbiol. 15: 627-628 (1967).
Peterson, K. J. and Coon, R. E., Salmonella,
typhimurium Infection in Dairy Cows. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med
Assoc. 151: 344-350 (1967).
In man, typhoid salmonellosis is specific,
that is, it does not occur in farm animals. This disease
is produced by S_. typhi and the paratyphi strains A, B
and C. However, Salmonella species frequently found in
farm animals do cause gastrointestinal disturbances in mar
and have been observed to be the infective organism in a
number of epidemics. Of the 13 Salmonellae serotypes
reported above to be frequently found in farm animals, 4
of these serotypes were among the 10 most common Salmonell
listed in 1965 by the National Communicable Disease Centei
to be isolated from humans in the United States (Figure 1)
In recent years, a number of epidemics have been observed
-------
272
E. E. Geldreich
in the human population which were caused by 6 of these
13 Salmonella strains frequently found in farm animals.
-------
273
ISOLATIONS OF SALMONELLAE SEROTYPES FROM HUMANS
IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1965
Reference:
Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
national Cormnunicable Disease Center
Atlanta, Georgia 30333
-------
ISOLATIONS OF SALMONELLAE SEROTYPES FROM NOW-HUMAN SOURCES
IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1965
Reference;
Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
National Communicable Disease Center
Atlanta, Georgia 30333
-------
275
NUMBER AMD PERCENT OF NON-HUMAN SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS
FROM THE INDICATED SOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES
1965
Reference:
Bureau of Disease Prevention, and Environmental Control
National Communicable Disease Center
Atlanta, Georgia 30333
-------
2?6
E. E. Geldreich
Recreational waters in Iowa have been reporte<
on occasion to be contaminated with pathogenic leptospires
which gain access to the blood stream through skin
abrasions or mucus membranes to produce severe infections
involving the kidneys, liver, and the central nervous
system. The organism enters the bathing waters from the
direct urination of infected cattle, swine, and wild
animals that had access to the stream or from drainage of
adjacent livestock pastureland. Although transmission
of leptospires from infected reservoir hosts does occur
throughout the year, epidemics in the United States have
occurred almost exclusively during the summer months.
Pathogenic leptospires have been isolated on
occasions in the following Iowa streams: Shellbrock
River, Winnebago River, Mississippi River, Iowa River,
and the Cedar River. They have also been isolated from
streams in the States of Washington and Pennsylvania,
which were frequented by infected cattle.
Waterborne epidemics due to pathogenic
leptospires do occur. One outbreak of leptospirosis was
reported from Philadelphia in 19^-1 in which seven persons
contracted the disease by bathing in polluted water.
J
-------
277
E. E. Geldreich
Leptospires were isolated in the urine of two persons
and five cattle who had access to the sa'me stream and
had been used for swimming by these two individuals.
In another study, 50 cases of leotospiro-
sis were reported from persons who had become ill after
swimming in a slow-moving stream alongside a field where
cattle and swine were pastured. This pathogen has also
been the cause of various epidemics involving groups of
persons who swam in farm ponds and streams in California,
from polluted canals in Europe, especially in Holland
where the pathogenic leptospires were the source of water
borne outbreaks chiefly among the bathers in these canals
Survival of leptospires in the water environ
ment depend upon the same numerous factors that have been
established for bacterial indicator systems and for Sal-
monella. However, because of the more difficult culturinr
procedures now available for leptospires, many of the int£r-
related influences in the water environment are only
partially evaluated. Survival in natural waters at five
to six degrees Centigrade has been reported to be eight t
nine days and five to six days at twenty-five to twenty-
seven degrees Centigrade. Leptospires were reported in
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2?8
E. E. Geldreich
another study on the survival which indicated that in
lake water with low salinity survival time was more than
ten days. In lake and river water with a salinity of
from 70 to 6,350 parts per million as chloride, leptospires
survived for less than a week. During the summer months
in the East Indies pathogenic leptospires were noted to
survive in water for at least 22 days without apparent
loss of virulence. Finally, in culture infected soil,
leptospires survived for 4-3 days and in urine infected
soils for 15 days. Simulated studies using stormwater
runoff with the addition of rain water to dosed soil
indicated the recovery in the water at intervals ranged
up to 24- days after that soil had been flooded.
Other pathogens have been found in fecal
pollution from farm animals, including Shigella, bovine
tubercle bacillus and the round worm ascuris lumbricoides
which is pathogenic to man and hog. These studies on
pathogenic organisms illustrate and add support to our
concern about fecal pollution from all warm-blooded
animals, not just from man alone.
Let me now briefly talk to you a little
bit about pathogen occurrence in raw sewage and sewage
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279
E. E. Geldreich
treatment effluents.
Pathogenic organisms occur in polluted
streams and lakes as a result of contamination by fecal
discharges from warm-blooded animals. The access of
fecal pollution to water may add a variety of intestinal
pathogens at any time, and at one time or another enteric
pathogenic bacteria will be present. The most common
genera of pathogenic bacteria found in water are:
i. enteropathogenic Es_c_he_r_i_c_h_i_a coli_3
Mycobacterium.
There is sufficient evidence from the
literature to indicate pathogenic organisms can be
present in the excreta of poultry, livestock, cats, dogs
wild animals. Such microorganisms, which are equally
pathogenic to man and other animals, may be acquired from
contaminated food or water. Even fresh water fish may
become actively infected with human pathogens after
exposure to contaminated water and carry these organisms
to clean stream recreational areas somewhat removed in
time and distance.
Pathogenic Conveyance to the__S_trearn
Raw Sewage
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280
E. E. Geldreich
Municipal sewage contaj ns the major domes-
tic input of human fecal discharges plus other domestic
additions of laundry wastes and food refuse. In some
cJties, wastes from meat packing and dairy plant opera-
tions may also be mixed in the domestic sewage collection
§.§L™™?.:Li.5. an(^ §_!lLi.™dL?. nave frequently
been detected in sewage. Raw wastes frum .Institutions
treating tuberculosis patients will almost always con-
tain large numbers of tubercle bacill.i . Sewage from four
sanitoria showed from 425 "to 10,000 tubercle bacilli per
ml. Municipal sewage containing wastes from dairies and
slaughterhouses may also be expected to discharge M.
^n their wastes.
Enteric viruses \tfhich are capable of
producing diseases in humans are excreted by infected
individuals into domestic sewage in large quantities.
These viruses include those of the enterovirus group
( polioviruses, coxsackievi ruses A and B, and echoviruses)
the adenoviruses , reovi ruses, and the infectious hepa-
jtltis virus. The peak incidence of isolation of enteric
viruses in sewage occurs du'ring the warmer months of the
year and during periods of epidemic with fluctuations in
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281
E. E. Geldreich
the predominant type being related to what is orevalent
in the cornmuni ty at a gjven time. Kelly and Sanderson
found Ir5 strains of Coxsackie, ECHO and oolloviruses
present in raw sewage. Of 150 viruses Isolated "bv Bloom,
et al . , from sewage samples, 31 were identified as ECHO
viruses, 4 as polioviruses and 76 as coxsackie. Many
septic tank effluents have been found to contain entero-
viruses. In one instance, seotic tank effluent still
contained viable poliovlrus six months after a child from
that home had contracted pol iomyeli ties .
Trickling Filter Effluent
Sewage treatment by the trickling filter
process has been found to reduce S_al_mo_n_e_l_l_a s_ch _o_t_t m u TJ _e r '•
densities from 8-'l to 99 percent, tubercle bacilli
( ?i^.2.2.^.?L2^.?JlLy£L ^.lill?.L2.1i;L2.§.i_5.N' copulations by 66 o e r c e n t ,
enteric viruses in a range from UO to 60 percent, t
ova by values ranging from 18 to 70 oercent, and cysts
oercent. Total
coliform reductions were reported in various investiga-
tions to range from 82 to 97 percent.
Activated S ludge Systems
In activated sludge systems, coliform
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282
E. E. Geldreich
organisms, S_almone_ll_ae_, Sh_i_ge_l_l_ae_, and M. tu_be_:
were reduced in amounts ranging from 88 to 99 percent.
poliovirus, type I, by 90 percent, and coxsackie A9
virus by 98 percent.
Anae_ro^b_jLc__Di_g_es_t^3_g_n_
Removal or S. typhosa in anaerobic
digestion was reported to range from 2!? to 9'^ •'•*• percent
depending upon retention time. M. t_u_be_rc_u_l_o_s_i_s_ reduction
after anaerobic digestion was reported to be 69 or 90
percent, depending upon whose work you are citing.
Although this sewage treatment method was quite effective
in reducing cysts of E. h_i£.to_l_yt_i_c_a, Gram found anaerobic
digestion comparatively ineffective in the inact.5 vation o
parasitic ova.
Wast e S t ab i 1 i z^a 131g_n__P o n d s_
The treatment of sewage in waste stabili-
zation ponds will generally oroduce total coliform reduc-
tions ranging from bO to 99-9 percent. Studies on the
fate of S_al:mo_n_e_l_l_a_ in stabilization ponds indicate a
similar high order of destruction.
Chlorination of_Effluents
In a review of the literature on removal
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E. S. Geldreich
of pathogenic microorganisms by trickling filters,
activated sludge, anaerobic digestion and stabilization
ponds, Kabler concluded that these treatment orocesses
will markedly reduce the number of pathogenic organisms
present. However, the resulting effluents will contain
a portion of each kind of microorganism originally
present in the raw sewage. Those pathogenic bacteria,
virus and parasites that do remain in the treated efflu-
ents constitute potential health hazards to oersons using
the receiving waters for recreational ourooses. Where
these waters are used as a source of raw water supply,
any accidental break in treatment could quick!v br'ng
pathogens to our oublic water supoiy systems. Apolica-
tion of appropriate chlorination procedures to effluents
from secondary treatment of sewage will further reduce th
pathogenic bacterial populations to below demonstrable
densities.
Many factors are involved in sewage
chlorination, including organic residuals, effluent oH
I
and temperature, chlorine contact time, uniformity of
effluent-disinfectant mixing, among others. Primary
sewage effluents are more difficult to chlorinate to a
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284
E. E. Geldreich
specific coliform content than are secondary effluents.
Ghlorination of primary effluents should not, under any
circumstances, be considered a substitute for secondary
treatment. The primary measurement for the adequacy of
chlorine disinfection of treated sewage must be based
on the coliform count since methods for pathogens remain
too complicated for routine monitoring. Finally, addi-
tional advanced waste treatment by chemical flocculation
with sedimentation may be necessary in special problems
involving re-use water for complete removal of parasitic
ova and virus.
Finally a brief statement here about the
bacterial survivals in streams.
Survival of bacterial indicators and any
pathogens present in a pollutional discharge to the
receiving stream are going to be influenced by many
interrelated environmental factors. These factors includ
available nutrients, water temperature, water pH, turbidi ;y
and sedimentation, chemical constituents of the receiving
stream, chemical pollutants discharged, antagonistic actj
of associated bacterial species and phage types and
exposure to the ultraviolet action of sunlight.
m
-------
E. E. Geldreich
Research studies on bacterial survival
in streams indicate that bacterial nutrients in terms of
a nitrogen source and a carbon source and winter stream
temperature plus a source of fecal pollution can extend
the survival of this hazardous pollution many miles down-
stream. With summer stream temperatures and bacterial
nutrients, some multiplication of pathogens is possible.
In either case, the public health hazard has increased.
This deterioration in water quality should not be tolerat
from a public health viewpoint, either for recreation wat
quality or for a raw water source to be processed into a
public water supply.
Bacterial nutrients are derived from raw
sewage, food processing wastes, and poor quality sewage
treatment involving low BOD removal. Practical removal
figures for primary treatment range from 40-60 percent
BOD removals; secondary treatment 80-90 percent BOD
removal; and tertiary treatment 95-98$ "BOD removal. Thus
the natural stream purification rate can be greatly
modified by this type of discharge.
Frequently, chlorination of primary
effluent is attempted to further reduce the bacterial
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286
E. E. Geldreich
discharge. This creates another bacterial problem down-
stream known as aftergrowth. Aftergrowth is a product
of many interrelated factors associated with bacteria
and their environment. Because disinfection by chlorina-
tion rarely is complete, some organisms survive to become
the inoculum that utilizes the available nutrients. These
organisms include strains which are protected from contac"
with chlorination by aggregates of suspended matter. As
the aggregates disintegrate, viable cells are released
into the partially treated primary effluent. Proper
environmental conditions for this specialized type of
bacterial regrowth occur with water temperature above 15
degrees Centigrade, a source of bacterial nutrients above
a critical level, adequate flow time between entry of
chlorinated effluent into the receiving stream and some
location downstream, plus other interrelated factors
associated with the bacterial flora and its water environ-
ment. With reference to required flow time downstream,
most regrowth problems occur between a one- to two-day
flow from the entry of chlorinated effluent. This time ii
needed to permit organism recovery from chlorination
damage and subsequent multiplication of the bacterial
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28?
E. E. Geldreich
population.
With respect to chlorinat.i on of effluent
from sewage that has received secondary treatment, avail-
able research data demonstrates no evidence of after-
growth even though stream temperature was 22 degrees
Centigrade, during a study on a small stream in Californl
This result reflects the excellent nutrient reduction in
the secondary treatment of sewage by this activated sludg
process and the effect of blocking a key requirement
essential to aftergrowth development.
It has been my observation that most
aftergrowth problems occur as a result of either ooor
sewage treatment for BOD removal or as a result of
nutrient waste additions downstream from the chlorinated
effluent discharge.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Geldreich.
We will now call on General C. Craig
Cannon, Missouri River Division Engineer, Corps of
Engineers, Omaha.
Gen. Cannon.
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288
Gen, C. C. Cannon
STATEMENT BY GENERAL C. CRAIG CANNON
MISSOURI RIVER DIVISION ENGINEER
CORPS OF ENGINEERS, OMAHA, NEBRASKA
GEN. CANNON: Thank you, Mr, Chairman.
I don't know whether any of you are from
Sioux City, but the Sioux City Chamber of Commerce has a
tradition of each summer having a steak fry on a sand
bar in the upper Missouri. Part of that tradition is to
invite the Army Division Engineer up there and forcefully
throw him into the river. Of course he is expected to
put up a fight and take as many with him as possible.
After hearing the previous speaker, I can assure Sioux
City that I am going to put up more of a fight this year
than last year.
(Laughter.)
Ladies and gentlemen, while my division
of the Corps of Army Engineers is interested in all the
uses of the Missouri River and its tributaries, this
morning I will comment primarily on our work, below Sioux
City. However, we must continue to recognize that the
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289
Gen. C.
Cannon
chain of reservoirs extending from Montana across the
Dakotas exerts a profound influence upon the flow of
the Missouri. In contrast to flood and drought periods
of the past, we now have a pattern of discharge much
better suited for utilization of the river. In years
of normal runoff we are able to control the Missouri to
about 35,000 cubic feet per second at Sioux City through
the navigation season, and to about 15 to 20 thousand
cubic feet per second during the remainder of the year.
Of course in abnormally wet years, such
as the present one, or in the unhappy event of a drought
year, these manifestations will affect the degree of our
control: for example, on recent days we have been limit-
ing the releases from Gavins Point to 6,000 second feet.
Increased upstream uses of water for irri-
gation, municipal and industrial water supply, agricul-
tural and other purposes will eventually deplete the
available water supply so much that minimum releases at
Gavins Point Dam may be as low as 3,000 cubic feet per
second during the non-navigation season for extended
drought periods.
In a 1951 report of the Missouri Basin
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290
Gen. C. C. Cannon
Interagency Committee on "Adequacy of Flows in the Missouri
River" a minimum release of 3,000 cubic feet per second
was stated to be necessary to maintain a dissolved oxygen
level of 5 parts per million in the stream. And remember
that that was speaking of conditions as they existed in
the early 1950's.
Below Sioux City our basic functions are
flood control, bank stabilization and navigation. The
reservoirs play a major part in these functions, but Jn
addition we have municipal and agricultural levee systems
and numerous dikes and revetments. Our work on the river
has resulted in more intensive use of the banks for
agricultural, residential, commercial and industrial
purposes. The Corps has recognized the beneficial effecfts
of reduction in the silt load and in uniformity of flow
on water supply and sewage dilution functions of the
river. However, the Congress originally considered these
effects of the reservoirs as bonus benefits and no mone-
tary value, therefore, was credited to the projects.
Subsequent to 19&1 and the amending legis-
lation of Public Law 87-88,, the Corps has had the authority
to assume a more specific role in water quality control
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291
Gen. C. C. Cannon
and to utilize resulting benefits as orolect ourposes.
In general the Corps' function in regulatory control of
x-jater pollution is limited. However, we do have certain
responsibilities regarding the discharge of pollutants
from floating or fixed installations when the discharges
are detrimental to the operation of the pro.iect.
The past 20 years have seen a tremendous
increase in water-based recreation, boating, swimming
fishing, and general shoreline recreation. The Corns has
for many years been authorized to provide facilities for
recreation at reservoirs in cooperation with local and.
State agencies. Utilization of these facilities has been
phenomenol and continues to increase.
The general improvement of water condition
on the lower Missouri has also resulted in increasing
public use of the river. In response to this "trend, and
in the interest of public safety and convenience, the
Corps was authorized, by the Flood Control Act of 1962
to extend its recreational development to all water
resource prelects. The present oolicy is to cooperate
with local interests and the State agencies in the
development of boat ramps, parking and picnic areas and
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292
Gen. C. C. Cannon
similar facilities along the Missouri from Sioux City
to the mouth of the river near St. Louis.
Some of these facilities have been built.
Others are under construction or scheduled for early
construction and many more are planned for the future as
the need develops and as the necessary participation by
local interests is negotiated and funds become available
It does not require a sanitary specialist
to see that water pollution is inimical to recreational
use of a river. I shall leave to those specialists the
problem of determining what levels of pollution are tol-
erable and consistent with intensive recreational use.
Esthetic enjoyment of a river environment js adversely
affected by obnoxious odors, by floating matter and by
suspended or dissolved materials affecting water clarity,
Pishing success and the edibility of fish caught are
definitely related to xvater quality.
Again, emphasizing that water quality
standards are not a major function of the Corps of Engi-
neers, I can and do state that we as an agency of the
Federal Government charged with providing certain recre-
ation factilities are interested in and support the
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293
Gen. C. C. Cannon
adoption and maintenance of standards which are conducive
to and consistent with intensive and increasing public
use of the Missouri River. The Corps would certainly
dislike seeing a reduction in the recreational utiliza-
tion of the river and a resulting loss of recreation
development due to pollution. It appears that such a
reduction might come about as a result of public dis-
inclination to use a polluted river for either esthetic
or sanitary reasons or by regulation which would prohibit
or limit certain public uses in the interest of health
and safety. In either event, non-use of the river for
recreational purposes would have an adverse effect upon
plans for the construction of facilities intended for
increased recreational use.
I realize that my statement does
not provide any quantitative basis for pollution stan-
dards. That is not my intent or purpose. I hope I
have made it clear that the Corps of Engineers supports
wholeheartedly those antipollution programs and controls
which are conducive to true multi-purpose use of the
Missouri River, not only for flood control and navigation
but also for general recreational use by the people of
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294
Gen. C. C. Cannon
our Nation.
Thank you very much.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Gen. Cannon.
At this point we will take our morning
recess for 10 minutes. Please come back.
(RECESS)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene.
We will continue with the Federal presen-
tation. To give you a notion of what we are going to try
to do, we will recess for lunch at I'd o'clock for about
an hour and a half, and then we will have, presumably,
an afternoon session with, hopefully, one recess,and we
will conclude the day's session at 5 o'clock. The way
it looks, this will go into tomorrow.
Mr. Blomgren.
MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, we have with
us Mr. Ted Ferris, Water Hygiene Representative, Environ-
mental Control Administration, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Kansas City, Region VI, who will
discuss the public health aspects.
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295
T. G. Ferris
STATEMENT OF T. C. FERRIS
WATER HYGIENE REPRESENTATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND WELFARE, REGION VI, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
MR. FERRIS: Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen.
My name is T. C. Ferris. I am the Water
Hygiene Representative of the Environmental Control
Administration of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, the Region VI office in Kansas City, Missouri
The Department of Health. Education, and
Welfare, acting under the Public Health Service Act has
primary Federal responsibility for protecting the health
of the people. The Public Health Service has strong
interest in the protection and enhancement of community
water supplies, both as to adequacy and purity for water
reaching the ultimate consumer. Water as it is delivered
at the tap should be potable and should meet the recom-
mended Public Health Service drinking water standards.
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2Q6
T. C. Ferris
The discharge of pollutants and wastewaters to rivers
constitutes a threat to the health of people living in
these watersheds and utilizing these waters for domestic
supply, commercial and sports fishing, recreation, and
other purposes. The health threat associated with water
is of three types: chemical, biological and radiological.
The Public Health Service has long been
concerned about the quality of water. The discharge of
inadequately treated municipal and industrial wastes can
cause impairment of water quality in the interstate river
covered by this conference. The findings of the conferen
report indicate that untreated and/or inadequately treate
municipal and industrial wastes are being discharged to
these waters and that they could endanger the health and
welfare of persons, not only in the State of Iowa, but in
some of the adjoining States. While the conventional
water supply treatment processes are capable of removing
or destroying pathogenic organisms, the presence of patho
gens in raw water supplies constitutes a hazard potential
which is dependent upon human or mechanical failure. Also
polluted discharges constitute a direct hazard to those
using the waters for contact recreational purposes.
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297
T. C. Ferris
In 1914, the Public Health Service
established and., with periodic revisions, the last in
1962, has maintained and published drinking water stan-
dards for water supplies used on interstate carriers and
has responsibility for the certification of such water
supplies. These standards have been adopted or are used
as the guidelines for drinking water quality in nearly
all of the States. The Publjc Health Service has also
served as consultant and technical assistant to State
and local health departments in their orograms for safe-
guarding the quality of community water supplies.
There are several surface water supplies
in Iowa as well as a considerable number of surface water
supplies in other States which have their intakes below
the waste discharges from municipalities and -.industries
in Iowa. It is also interesting to note that there are
more cattle and hogs in the State of Iowa than there are
people, and this source of pollution must also be recog-
nized in control measures. The bacterial pollution from
cattle and hogs cannot be ignored.
The Iowa surface water quality criteria
were submitted to our agency for comments, and on
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298
T. C. Ferris
September 27, 19685 the following letter was transmitted
to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration:
"Under the provisions of the Interdepart-
mental Agreement of September 2, 1966, we offer for your
consideration the following comments on the oublic health
aspects of the Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria.
"These comments are limited to those
criteria considered important to protection of the public
health and are primarily concerned with the following
subjects: Discussion of Criteria and Surface Water
Quality Criteria, relating to Public Water Supply and
Recreation.
c u s
o f C r i t e r i a
"The discussion or the General Criteria
Section notes, 'Treatment less than secondary will not
be accepted unless it can be shown that the legitimate
uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment.1
Where legitimate uses of affected waters include public
water supply or whole body contact recreation, the Public
Health Service does not consider as satisfactory any
degree of treatment less than secondary.
"Although no bacteriological criteria have
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299
T. C. Ferris
been adopted in the Specific Criteria for the Designated
Water Uses Section, the discussion includes definition of
bacteriological guidelines for optional aoplication to
situations where known controllable sources of coliform
bearing wastes are affecting the suitability of a water
source for public water supply or recreational use.
While the variability of total coliform levels with
runoff is recognized, the specification of a sanitary
survey backed by a guideline to be used optionally is not
considered an adequate criterion. The fact that zoonoses
as well as human carried diseases are transmittable to
man through fecal matter should be recognized. Adoption.
of fecal coliform criteria as an acceptable indicator of
fecal pollution is appropriate where total coliform con-
centrations are known to be greatly affected by soil and
plant coliform. The Iowa criteria should provide for
such criteria as are recommended in Section I of the
Public Health Service 'Health Guidelines for Raw Water
! Quality,' previously submitted to your office for review.
The next section of the letter:
Water Qual i ty Crite r i a
"The water quality criteria in the section
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300
T. C. Ferris
on Public Water Supply should also be made applicable to
waters used in the processing of food.
"Limiting concentrations for the specific
constituents arsenic, barium,, cadmium, hexavalent chromiu^,
cyanide, fluoride, lead, and phenols are included in the
section on Public Water Supply. The concentrations speci
fled for arsenic, cyanide, and phenols exceed those speci
fied by the Public Health Service 'Health Guidelines for
Raw Water Quality1 and should be changed to conform to
the health guidelines. In addition, a number of the
chemical constituents specified by the Public Health
Service 'Health Guidelines for Raw Water Quality' have
been omitted in the specific constituents limited by the
Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria. These constituent
limits including those for Radium 226 and Strontium 90
should be included In the Iowa Criteria.
"As has been stated under Discussion of
Criteria, fecal coliform criteria for public water supply
and recreational uses should be added to the Iowa Crjterii
The minimum degree of public water supply treatment
necessary to produce potable water from water meeting such
criteria should also be stated.
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301
T. C. Ferris
"The opportunity to present this review
is appreciated."
That is the end of the letter, quoting.
You will note in this letter that we do
not consider any degree of waste treatment less than
secondary including disinfection to be adequate where the
downstream waters are to be used for public water supply
or whole body contact recreation. In our opinion, fecal
coliform criteria are appropriate; these criteria should
not be modified even on the basis of findings from a
sani.tary survey. The criteria to be used in Iowa should
be no less stringent than the limits placed in our oubli-
cation, "Health Guidelines for Raw Water Quality," These
guidelines provide standards for water to be used for
domestic and food processing uses, recreation, shellfish,
agriculture, as well as for control measures when conside
ing vectors or the disposal of solid wastes. To cite a
few of the standards, we would like to emphasize that the
total coliform density shall not exceed 20,000 oer 100
mllliliters as measured by monthly geometric mean or that
the fecal coliform density shall not exceed 4.000 per 100
milliliters as measured by monthly geometric mean for
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302
T. C. Ferris
intake water to a water treatment olant providing
coagulation, sedimentation, filtration., and disinfection.
For water contact recreational uses, the fecal coliform
density should not exceed the geometric mean of 200 per
100 milliliters with a sampling frequency of 5 samples
per 30-day period taken during peak recreational use.
Not more than 10 percent of the samples1 fecal coliform
densities during any 30-day period should exceed 400 per
100 milliliters.
I am pleased to represent the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare at this meeting. ¥e in
the Public Health Service are ready to do whatever we can
to cooperate and assist in the lob of safeguarding and
improving the quality of these waters.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, at this time
I would like to introduce Dr. Graham Walton, Chief of
Technical Services,, Bureau of Water Hygiene, Public Healt
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.
MR. STEIN: There is one thing these
conferences accomplish: I get to see people I haven't
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303
Dr. G. Walton
seen for a long time.
STATEMENT BY DR. GRAHAM WALTON
CHIEF, TECHNICAL SERVICES, BUREAU OP
WATER HYGIENE, U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
CINCINNATI, OHIO
DR. WALTON: Thank you, Carl.
I am Graham Walton, Chief, Technical
Services, Bureau of Water Hygiene, U. S. Publac Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.
In the manual "Public Drinking Water
Supply Evaluation" now in press, which will renlace the
1946 "Manual of Water Sanitation Practice," the Public
Health Service recommends permissible bacterjological
quality for surface waters receiving "Complete Conven-
tional Treatment" to produce a public water supply.
This publication defines "Complete Conventional Treatment
as consisting of chemical coagulation, sedimentation,
rapid granular bed filtration, and pre- and post-chlori-
nation. It specifies that the total coliform density
of the intake water, as measured by the monthly Geometric
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304
Dr. G. Walton
Mean, shall not exceed 20,000 per 100 millillters unless
fecal coliform examinations are made and their density
as measured by the monthly Geometric Mean does not exceed
4,000 per 100 milliliters.
The Subcommittee for Public Water Supplies
National Technical Advisory Committee on Water Quality
Criteria,, in their 1968 report, proposed permissible
criteria for intake waters receiving treatment by "the
most common processes in use in this country in their
simplest form" for production of waters for public use.
The defined conventional treatment included chemical
coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and
chlorination. This subcommittee recognized that many
small surface water treatment plants were operated
without sophisticated technical control. Starting with
these assumptions, this committee recommended that the
coliform density, as determined by the monthly arithmetic
average of an adequate number of samples, should not
exceed 10,000 per 100 milliliters. This limitation,
however, may be relaxed provided fecal coliform exami-
nations are made and their monthly average does not excee
2,000 per 100 milliliters.
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305
Dr. G. Walton
Many State water pollution control agenciejs
have adopted bacteriological standards for surface waters
for use in the production of public supplies. Such stan-
dards may specify the following:
The monthly average coliform density shall
not exceed 5>000 per 100 milliliters nor shall the coli-
form density exceed 5,000 per 100 milliliters in more thafi
20 percent, nor shall it exceed 20,000 in more than 5
percent, of all samples examined during each month.
Although we have the technical knowledge,
as demonstrated by equipment developed by the"Space
Program,"to produce drinking water from sewage, it is
neither desirable nor economically feasible. Those con-
cerned with the production of "Biologically Safe"Dublic
water supplies generally accent the desirability of
erecting multiple barriers against waterborne disease-
producing organisms. Such barriers include:
1. Effective treatment of sewage and
other wastewaters.
2. Natural purification processes which
are active in the surface waters receiving the wastes.
3. Water treatment processes, such as
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Dr. G. Walton
clarification and disinfection.
The Public Health Service recommends that
every practical effort should be made to secure intake
water from the best available source and to reduce
existing and control future pollution of those waters.
The recommended maximum acceptable colifor
density, a monthly geometric mean of 20,000 total colifor
bacteria per 100 milliliters, or of 4,000 fecal coliform
bacteria per 100 milliliters, should not be taken as
poetic license to unnecessarily permit maximum acceptable
bacterial levels in intake waters to water treatment planjfcs
In summary,, intake water bacteriological
standards have been established to permit water treatment
plants with rather mediocre facilities and unsophisti-
cated technical control to produce biologically safe
water. Moreover, improvement in the bacteriological
quality of the intake water frequently results in
improvement of other intake water characteristics that
may enhance the overall quality of the public water
supply.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Walton.
IE!
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Dr. A. A. Rosen
May we go on?
We don't often get Dr. Walton, and I say
this to the Interior people and anyone else, if you have
some questions on water supply, you may find it convenien
to take it up with him while he is here.
MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, at this time
I would like to introduce Dr. Aaron Rosen, Chief, Waste
Identification and Analysis Activities, Advanced Waste
Treatment Research Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio.
STATEMENT BY DR. A. A. ROSEN
CHIEF, WASTE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS
ACTIVITIES, ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, CINCINNATI, OHIO
DR. ROSEN: It was suggested I tip this
microphone up so I will be talking into it, but I pointed
out that for me the microphone doesn't need to be tipped
up.
At the meeting last week I made some "
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308
Dr. A. A. Rosen
comments on the subject of specific trace organics in
water and the relationship to municipal waste treatment.
I have now prepared this in the form of a written state-
ment, which I have presented to the recorder, with your
permission, Mr. Chairman, and, therefore, at this time
I would like to only very briefly summarize the contents
of that statement in order to save time, but at the same
time to put on record the gist of this point so that
subsequent people who may wish to will have the oppor-
tunity to refer to it.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, your full
statement will appear as if read. There are no substan-
tial departures in that from what you said last week?
DR. ROSEN: No, there are not. It is
essentially what I said last week.
MR. STEIN: Right.
DR. ROSEN: The essential point of that
statement is that municipal wastes include substances not
ordinarily considered as sewage materials. They are
chemicals that find their way into the wastes from house-
hold uses, such as detergents and disinfectants, from
industries and from commercial enterprises. An example
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Dr. A. A. Rosen
of the commercial enterprise would "be automobile servi ce
stations that dump large quantities of used oil into city
sewers.
The question then that comes at issue is
what does secondary treatment or its equivalent accomolis^
in removing these materials and what effect does that
have on streams? It is pointed out that many of these
chemicals have specific adverse effects. The grouo at
Washington University in St. Louis making studjes with
specific reference to the Missouri River have oointed out
that such trace organics can have effects on humans el the
consuming or making recreational use of water, on the
aquatic organisms in the river, and on industries making
use of this water.
Many of these chemicals are readily
removed in secondary treatment. Examples would be
certain phenols that affect drinking water, certain
industrial chemicals that are picked UD and accumulated
in the tissues of fish and, therefore, make them inedible
among these being things like waste oil material that
gives an oily taste to fish. Many of these are removable
because they are readily oxidized, others because they
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Dr. A. A. Rosen
combine with the activated sludge flock and are physi-
cally removed.
Certain others are not readily oxidized
but are reduced markedly. When they are reduced by this
kind of treatment, the stretch of river that they would
pollute is also then proportionately markedly reduced.
Instead of 50 miles downstream affected, perhaps 25 miles
is affected and, therefore, there is a gain of 25 miles
of river that is improved.
Now, not all harmful chemicals in sewage
are removed by secondary biological treatment. Many such
compounds are discharged directly to the streams and thes
primarily arise in industrial operations. The problems
that they cause are combatted by applying appropriate
industrial waste treatment methods that are equivalent in
effectiveness to secondary treatment of municipal wastes
but are not necessarily based on biological process. The
combination, then, of secondary treatment of municipal
wastes and the equivalent of industrial will remove a
large part of the organic material which constitutes the
trace organic content of surface waters, that these
materials have adverse effects on many uses and are
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Dr. A. A. Rosen
harmful in a number of ways, even including potential
effect on the health of users, and for this reason
secondary treatment is advantageous to the uses of
surface waters apart and completely separate from the
question of the amount of bacteria, the amount of BOD
which may, as we heard earlier, support further growth
of bacteria, and apart from the actual discharge of
pathogenic organisms themselves.
That is all I have to say now.
(Dr. Rosen's written statement is as
follows:)
SUMMARY OF STATEMENT BY DR. A. A. ROSEN AT
CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY STANDARDS,
IOWA - MISSOURI BASIN, COUNCIL BLUFFS, APRIL 15, 19^9
I am Aaron A. Rosen. My position is:
Chief, Waste Identification and Analysis Activities,
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio.
My principal research activity at this time deals with
i
\ the identification of the many organic chemical substances
in municipal waste and with how they affect and are
affected by various waste treatment processes.
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Dr. A. A. Rosen
At the outset, let us underline the
fallacy of considering municipal wastes as simply a
water dispersion of human wastes. Most sewer systems
also collect the wastes of many of the city's industries
and businesses. Auto service stations dump large quan-
tities of used oil into city sewers. Even households
discharge many chemicals of industrial origin—detergents
disinfectants, dyes, bleaches, paint solvents, etc.
These industrial or commercial chemicals
can damage the quality of a receiving stream in soecific
ways not related to their aggregate BOD values or their
effect on dissolved oxygen. These effects can be serious
at concentrations so slight that they do not appear in
the figures fpr overall dissolved matter. Some of the
adverse effects that can arise or may be suspected are:
foaming, taste in drinking water (alone or with chlorine)
tainting the flesh of fish, toxicity to aquatic life,
and even possibly toxic or mutagenic effects on humans
engaged in water sports or drinking water drawn from the
affected stream. These effects are completely apart from
BOD and similar effects of waste.
One of the desirable results of secondary
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Dr. A. A. Rosen
treatment of municipal wastes, as by the activated sludge
process or equivalent, is to destroy by oxidation many of
the chemical compounds responsible for the kinds of harm
mentioned. The compounds destroyed are biodegradable and
therefore would ultimately be destroyed in the stream
also, if discharged in primary effluents. But meanwhile,
there will be stretches of stream damaged for some valu-
able uses, that would not be damaged in this way if
secondary treatment had been carried out. Many factors,
both chemical and hydrologic, act to determine how long
the affected stretch may be.
Not all harmful chemicals in sewage are
removed by secondary biological treatment, and many such
compounds are discharged directly to streams. These
primarily arise in industrial operations. Therefore the
problems they cause must be combatted by applying aporo-
priate industrial waste treatment methods, equivalent in
effectiveness to secondary treatment of municipal wastes,
but not necessarily based on a biological process.
Some of the specific chemicals that are
known to or can reasonably be suspected of adversely
affecting the receiving stream and that are effectively
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314
Dr. A. A. Rosen
removed by secondary biological treatment are listed belov
Ox i di z ab 1 e Waste Mat er ial s that _May Cau s e Tas t e
Phenols: phenol, cresols, o-chlorophenol,
1-naphthol, p-chlorophenol
Alcohols: amyl , butyl, most aliphatic
Aldehydes: formaldehyde, furfural
Acids: formic, valeric
Ketones: most aliphatic (used in paint
solvents), acetophenone
N-compounds: pyridine, picolines
Petroleum and hydrocarbons (trapped in
sludge, not oxidized) .
^x^d^zable Waste Materials With Potential Phy s^i^o -
logical Effects
Detergents: Especially LAS, causes pro-
nounced foam, affects fish
Cyanides: NaCN, acetonitrile , benzonitrile
adiponitrile , lactonitrile
N-compounds: acrylamide, diethanolamine
Natural hormones: progesterone, estrone,
17-B-estradiol, androsterone, 17- O( -methyltestosterone, et
c.
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315
Dr. A. A. Rosen
Synthetic (contraceptive) hormones:
ethynyl estradiol, mestranol (ethynyl estradiol-3-methyl
ether) , ethynodiol diacetate, chlormadj none, etc.
Detergent builders: nitrilotriacetic acid
(NTA) (this substance chelates heavy metals and can cause
their carry over in primary effluents)
Carcinogens: Polynuclear hydrocarbons,
aromatic amines, dioxane.
The alDove lists show that
there are many specific chemical substances, occurring mo
than rarely in municipal wastes, that have serious observec
or potential effects, too serious to be tolerated, when
discharged into receiving waters in the form of primary
effluent. These substances are very greatly reduced in
abundance during secondary biological treatment. The
removal of such substances justifies secondary treatment
apart from the basic objectives of removing BOD and
eliminating microbiological pathogens .
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316
R. W. Sharp
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Rosen.
MR. BLOMGREN: Our next statement, Mr.
Chairman, will be given by Robert ¥. Sharp, Regional
Supervisor for the Division of Fishery Services, Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
STATEMENT BY ROBERT W. SHARP
REGIONAL SUPERVISOR, DIVISION OF FISHERY SERVICES
BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
MR. SHARP: Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen.
My name is Robert W. Sharp, representing
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the Depart-
ment of the Interior. To those of you unfamiliar with
our activities, we are the Federal fish and wildlife
agency, in close cooperation with the Iowa Conservation
Commission.
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
has a ma.jor interest in -the fish and wildlife resources of
Iowa
and the water quality necessary for the well being of thftaie
-------
R. W". Sharp
resources. The Bureau operates four national wildlife
refuges and three national fish hatcheries within the
State. For many years, the Bureau has worked closely
with the Iowa Conservation Commission in cooperative
ventures in fish and wildlife management. As the Federal
fish and wildlife agency, our interest in these proceed-
ings is to see that the waters of Iowa are maintained at
such quality to provide maximum fishing and hunting
opportunities for the people of the State.
To further clarify our stand on the matter
before this hearing, it is the position of the Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife that the ultimate goal of the
clean waters program of this Nation should be to maintain
or achieve such quality in every stream, lake, estuary,
bay or other water as will support the full potential of
that water for production and human use of aquatic life
and water-dependent wildlife resources. To the extent
that a State standard or classification of waters as to
use falls short of this goal, this Bureau disapproves of
that standard and that classification.
The 1,600 miles of meandered Iowa rivers
represent a ma.lor aquatic resource, the basis for much of
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R. W. Sharp
the water-based recreation of the State, fishing, hunting
boating, water skiing, swimming, as well as an important
source of domestic and industrial water.
Iowa lists 52,353 acres of surface waters
in its interior streams (National Survey of Hatchery Fish
Needs, 19&9), plus an additional 190,000 acres in Missis-
sippi River boundary waters and 13,500 acres in Missouri
River boundary waters. The 414,921 fishermen listed for
the State (1967) exerted 3,456,000 man-days of angling
pressure, 53 percent of this on the rivers of the State.
Total man-days of angling are expected to increase to
3-1/2 million in 1973 and 3-3A million in 1980.
Due to markedly different physical
characteristics, the Missouri River provides a less
varied aquatic habitat than the Mississippi River, and
it lacks the wide range of species found in the Uoper
Mississippi River. Nevertheless, it supports a rather
varied fish population of interest to sport and commercia
fishermen. The principal species are:
White crappie
Black crappie
Channel catfish
Flathead catfish
Paddlefish
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319
R. ¥. Sharp
White bass
Walleye
Sauger
Largemouth bass
Bluegill
Bullhead, several species
Yellow perch
Northern pike
Green sunfish
Freshwater drum, or sheepshead as they
are known
Gar
Carp
Buffalofish, two species
Goldeye
Redhorse
And many small species of forage minnows
that the fishermen people call the
Cyprinids.
Many of these species are found in the
interstate streams of western Iowa, tributary to the
Missouri River. The Rock River is a unique stream, some-
what atypical of western Iowa, its good quality water
supporting smallmouth bass, channel catfish, sauger, and
walleye. The Little Sioux and the Big Sioux Rivers suppo
a sport fishery for channel catfish, smallmouth bass,
sauger, northern pike, walleye, and secondary species.
Stream channelization in the lower reaches of some of
these streams has reduced the quality of the habitat.
Pollution is a limiting factor in others, particularly
in the Big Sioux and originating, I might say, in the
rt
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320
R. W. Sharp
State of South Dakota. In the better quality reaches of
these streams, the catch rate compares favorably with
that of similar warm-water fish habitats elsewhere, 0.4
to 1.8 fish per hour. The smaller streams crossing the
Iowa line, such as the Tarkio and the Nodaway, are mainly
bullhead-channel catfish waters.
Mr. Chairman, at the Davenport hearing the
Bureau presented a considerable volume of material on the
temperature requirements of fishes . In the interest of
saving time, I will attempt to paraphrase and condense
this material.
MR. STEIN: But your statement will appear
in full as if read.
MR. SHARP: Very well, sir.
In summary, temperature is the most
important but least discussed parameter in determining
water quality. A stream or lake may thrive or die because
of water temperature factors.
The rapidly expanding use of streams for
industrial and domestic purposes is artificially warming
the surface waters of the United States. As an example,
the mean annual temperature of the Mississippi River at
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321
R. ¥. Sharo
St. Paul, Minnesota, rose three degrees from 1923 to 1962
from 51 degrees in that year to 5^ degrees in 1962. This
rise in water temperature occurred -in the face of a four
degree drop in the mean air temperature over the same
period.
The water temperature is a critical factor
in the life of fish and other water organisms and conse-
quently in fish production. It affects to a considerable
degree respiration, growth, and reproduction of fish.
Each species of fish has a thermal tolerant
zone in which it behaves in a normal manner; also there
is a zone of higher temperature and one of lower tempera-
ture in which the species can survive for a certain length
of time. A gradual and regular acclimation allows certair
species to survive in temperatures that would be fatal if
they occurred suddenly. Fish adapt themselves quickly to
a rise in temperature, but less easily to a drop in tem-
perature .
A distinction must be made between tolerabl
environmental conditions determined experimentally in the
laboratory and those conditions under which fish can be
expected to occur and thrive in nature. Their ability
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R. ¥. Sharp
merely to survive under unnatural experimental conditions
requiring no sustained activity obviously is not a reli-
able indication that the quality of the medium is satis-
factory. The optimum temperature for activity of a
species does not necessarily bear any relationship to
its lethal temperature. Temperature extremes or sudden
changes are often lethal. Elevated sub-lethal tempera-
tures may induce estivation and a depressed one - hiber-
nation.
In general, the upper limits are more
quickly critical than the lower limits, despite the fact
that many organisms appear to function more efficiently
toward the upper limits of their tolerance ranges.
The preferred temperature range of some of
the common fishes of Iowa may be of interest. Preferred
temperatures, again, I repeat, of the blue gill, 90.2
degrees--all of these in Fahrenheit — the largemouth bass
86 to 89.6, the carp 89.6, the pumpkinseed sunfish 88.7,
smallmouth bass, 82.4, yellow perch, 75-6, the green
sunfish 81.2.
The preferred temperature and temperature
for optimum activity and growth in warm-water species of
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323
R. ¥. Sharp
interest are, for the most part, considerably below the
maximum allowable limit of 93°F. (33.9 C.) which is
recommended in many water quality standards. Although
probably not lethal to most warm-water species, a tem-
perature of 93 F., if maintained for a long period,
would probably reduce activity and growth and ultimately
be detrimental to many of the warm-water species.
A 93° upper temperature limit is con-
sidered unacceptably high for most of the year. This
upper limit, being above the median tolerance limit for
many aquatic organisms, does not begin to consider the
synergistic effects of temperature and other pollutant
conditions which might be present in given situations.
The fact that 90°F. may be approached and/or exceeded
under natural conditions does not .justify allowing
thermal wastes to duplicate or aggravate an unhealthy
aquatic condition.
Equally important, from the aquatic life
standpoint, is the fact that any single upper temperature
limit (even one lower than 90 ) represents a very unsatis
factory solution to the problem of establishing tempera-
ture standards. Such a single upper limit does not "take
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324
R. W. Sharo
into consideration normal,, subtle aquatic life patterns,
which involve gradual warming periods, and temperature
plateaus. In other words, an upper limit that would be
perfectly satisfactory in July or August would represent
a wide-open license for thermal pollution during the rest
of the year.
The effects of temperature on reproduction
of fishes is of interest here.
Many temperate zone fishes take their
seasonal cues for specific behavioral sequences from the
length of the daily photo period acting in conlunction
with the temperature. In addition to maximum temperature
in summer, many water quality standards also state a
limit on winter maximum or a maximum rise above ambient.
While the evidence is limited, low temperatures do appear
necessary, in some species at least, for normal developmen
of the germ cells. Available evidence suggests that winte
temperatures should not rise above 60°, while 50° is more
areferable in northern latitudes.
The winter maximum is apparently the most
critical temperature and must be sufficiently low to permi
?onad maturation. While-specific data are lacking, winter
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325
R. W. Sharp
tolerance limits for game fish species apparently do exist
The egg temperature tolerance of some warm-
water fishes in Iowa may be of interest.
For the wall eye, the optimum range
62 degrees to 67 degrees Fahrenheit. Larvae die at 75
degrees.
The northern pike, optimum hatching tem-
perature, 54 degrees to 56 degrees Fahrenheit.
The smallmouth bass, no hatch at all above
80 degrees Fahrenheit.
The largemouth bass, complete egg mortality
at 90 degrees.
For northern pike--excuse me, this is
repetition.
For white bass, normal hatch at 60 degrees
to 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Channel catfish, optimum spawning tempera-
ture 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures above 85 degrees
lethal to eggs.
It is notable that in the rivers of England
fish populations, including rough fish, were reduced when
temperatures reached 86 degrees Fahrenheit, supporting
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R. ¥. Sharp
observations in this country that this temperature is
close to the incipient lethal level for many warm-water
fish and their associated biota.
Direct thermal death of fish is not
believed to be significant ecologically. Except in
unusual cases of rapid temperature rise^ gradual increase
apparently result in avoidance of lethal temperatures
by fish. The effect of temperature on growth, develop-
ment and activity is usually more significant because if
the sub-lethal temperature is too high for the fish to
successfully reproduce, be active and grow, the ultimate
failure of the population is as decisive as a lethal
temperature.
The effects of temperature on fish food
organisms should be considered in these circumstances.
There is some evidence that plankton production, the
basis for most fish food, may be disrupted or altered
in normal cycle by higher than normal late winter, spring
or early summer water temperatures. Low winter tempera-
tures are apparently necessary to complete the resting
stage of autumn Daphnia eggs; thus species composition
of zoo plankton may change under conditions of higher
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327
R. W. Sharp
winter temperature.
Bottom fauna organisms, another ma.-jor
component of fish food, may suffer from unusually high
temperatures. Trembly's I960 work in Pennsylvania
indicated that 90 degrees Fahrenheit was a maximum
tolerance limit at which a normal population structure of rijffle
macroinvertebrates could be maintained. An extensive
loss in numbers, diversity and biomass occurred at a
temperature greater than 90 degrees F.
Insects in deeper waters cannot emerge
through heated surface waters nn most cases, and snails
and other animals that must come to the surface to
breathe are either eliminated or have their life history
interrupted.
Research results to date suggest that
species of fish food organisms in general are less
tolerant of high temperatures than most species of fish.
A brief comment on the need for secondary
treatment.
Increasing pollution loads resulting from
burgeoning human populations and expanding industrial
development will impose mounting pollution loads on Iowa
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328
R. W. Sharp
rivers. If these waters are to make their expected
contribution to the future recreational needs of the
State they should be maintained in the best possible
condition. Since there will continue to be uncontrolled
pollution sources, principally from agriculture, it is
important that full control be exercised over pollution
loadings originating from population centers. Where
secondary treatment is not provided in plants, it will
take place within the stream, with the resultant accumu-
lation of sludge beds, production of hydrogen sulfide,
and a general habitat degradation.
In summary, then, Mr. Chairman, the Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife endorses the requirement
for secondary treatment or the equivalent for all domes-
tic and industrial wastes discharged into the interstate
waters of Iowa.
The Bureau endorses the standards for the
control of added heat as set forth by the Federal Water
jPollution Control Administration.
Third, many chemical compounds cause
objectionable tastes and odors in fish flesh, resulting
in their rejection by the fishermen. Standards should be
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329
R. W. Sharp
adopted for Iowa interstate waters which will lim.1t the
concentration of these compounds to levels which will
not impart unpalatable flavors or undesirable odors to
fish.
And fourth and last, the Bureau endorses
the principle of nondegradation of streams; that is, thosje
waters higher in quality than established by the stan-
dards should not be permitted to decline in quality to
the level of the standards.
Mr. Chairman, that concludes our statement
(The following is the report submitted by
Mr. Sharp:)
PRESENTATION BY
BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
Council Bluffs, Iowa, April 15, 19^9
The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
has a major interest in the fish and wildlife resources
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330
R. ¥. Sharp
of Iowa and the water quality necessary for the well
being of these resources. The Bureau operates four
national wildlife refuges and three national fish
hatcheries within the State. For many years, the Bureau
has worked closely with the Iowa Conservation Commission
in cooperative ventures in fish and wildlife management.
As the Federal fish and wildlife agency, our interest in
these proceedings Is to see that the waters of Iowa are
maintained at such quality to provide maximum fishing and
hunting opportunities for the people of the State.
To further clarify our stand on the matters
before this hearing: It is the position of the Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife that the ultimate goal of the
clean waters program of this Nation should "be to maintain
or achieve such quality in every stream, lake, estuary,
bay or other water as will support the full potential of
that water for production and human use of aquatic life
and water-dependent wildlife resources. To the extent
that a State standard or classification of waters as to
use falls short of this goal,this Bureau disapproves of
that standard and that classification.
The 1,600 miles of meandered Iowa rivers
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331
R. V. Sharp
represent a ma.i'or aquatic resource, the basis for much
of the water-based recreation of the State, fishing,
hunting, boating, water skiing, swimming, as well as an
important source of domestic and industrial water.
Iowa lists 52,353 acres of surface waters
in its interior streams (National Survey of Hatchery
Fish Needs, 1969), plus an additional 190,000 acres in
Mississippi River boundary waters and 13,500 acres in
Missouri River boundary waters. The 414,921 fishermen
listed for the State (1967) exerted 3,456,000 man-days
of angling pressure, 53 percent of this on the rivers of
the State. A seven-mile reach of the Des Moines River,
west of Ames, has supported 10,000 to 13,000 fishermen
hours per mile per year. Total man-days of angling are
expected to increase to 3-1/2 million in 1973 and 3-3/4
million in 1980.
Due to markedly different physical
characteristics, the Missouri River provides a less
varied aquatic habitat than the Mississippi River, and
it lacks the wide range of species found in the Upper
Mississippi River. Nevertheless, it supports a rather
varied fish population of interest to sport and commerciajl
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332
R. W. Sharp
fishermen. The principal species are:
White crappie
Black crappie
Channel catfish
Flathead catfish
Paddlefish
White bass
Walleye
Sauger
Largemouth bass
Bluegill
Bullhead
Yellow perch
Northern pike
Green sunfish
Freshwater drum
Gar
Carp
Buffalofish - two species
Goldeye
Redhorse
Small Cyprinids - Minnows - Several
species
Many of these species are found in the
interstate streams of western Iowa, tributary to the
Missouri River. The Rock River is a unique stream,
somewhat atypical of western Iowa, its good quality
water supporting smallmouth bass, channel catfish,
sauger and walleye. The Little Sioux and the Big Sioux
Rivers support a sport fishery for channel catfish, small
mouth bass, sauger, northern pike, walleye, and secondary
species. Stream channelization in the lower reaches of
some of these streams has reduced the quality of the
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333
R. ¥. Sharp
habitat. Pollution is a limiting factor in others,
particularly in the Big Sioux. In the better quality
reaches of these streams, the catch rate compares
favorably with that of similar warm-water fish habitats
elsewhere, 0.4 to 1.8 fish per hour. The smaller streams
crossing the Iowa line, such as the Tarkio and the Noda-
way, are mainly bullhead-channel catfish waters.
Ternper a ture Factors
Since temperature criteria are at issue,
several factors should be considered in this connection.
Temperature is probably the most important
but least discussed parameter in determining water quaint
a stream or lake may thrive or die because of water tem-
perature factors.
The rapidly expanding use of streams for
domestic and industrial purposes is artificially warming
the surface water of the United States. The mean annual
temperature of the Mississippi River at St. Paul rose
3° from 1923 to 1962 (51° in 1923 to 54° in 1962). This
occurred in the face of a 4° drop in mean air temoerature
over this period.
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R. W. Sharp
The water temperature is a critical
factor in the life of fish and other water organisms and
consequently in fish production. It affects to a con-
siderable degree respiration, growth and reproduction of
fish.
Each species of fish has a thermal
tolerance zone in which it behaves in a normal manner;
also there is a zone of higher temperature and one of
lower temperature in which the species can survive for
a certain length of time. A gradual and regular acclima-
tion allows certain species to survive in temperatures
that would be fatal if they occurred suddenly. Pish
adapt themselves quickly to a rise in temperature, but
less easily to a drop in temperature.
A distinction must be made between tolerab
environmental conditions determined experimentally in the
laboratory and those conditions under which fish can be
expected to occur and thrjve in nature. Their ability
merely to survive under unnatural experimental conditions
requiring no sustained activity obviously is not a reli-
able indication that the quality of the medium is satis-
factory. The optimum temperature for activity of a species
e
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335
R. W. Sharp
does not necessarily bear any relation to its lethal
temperature. Temperature extremes or sudden changes are
often lethal. Elevated sub-lethal temperatures may
induce estivation and a depressed one - hibernation.
The growth rate normally increases with
temperature to a maximum and then decreases, perhaps
becoming negative at temperatures approaching the lethal
level.
In general, the upper limits are more
quickly critical than the lower limits, despite the fact
that many organisms appear to function more efficiently
toward the upper limits of their tolerance ranges.
(Ootimum temperature for activity1*
F.
C.
Bluegill
LM bass
Carp
Pumpkinseed
90.2
86-89.6
89.6
88.7
32.3
30.0-32.0
32.0
31-5
* Median tolerance limit for 50 percent of the
population.
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336
R. W. Sharo
Goldfish
Smallmouth bass
Yellow oerch
Muskellunge
Green sunfish
Fathead minnow
82.6
82.4
75.6
75-3
81.2
74.0
28.1
28.0
24.2
24.0
27-3
23.4
It is generally accepted that fish are
sensitive to temperature; can recognize a change as
little as 0.05 C. and readily select preferred tempera-
tures .
The preferred temperature and temperature
for optimum activity and growth in warm-water species of
interest are, for the most part, considerably below the
maximum allowable limit of 93°F. (33-9 C.) which is
recommended in many water quality standards. Although
probably not lethal to most warm-water species, a tempera
ture of 93°F., if maintained for a long period, would
probably reduce activity and growth and ultimately be
detrimental to many of the warm-water species.
A 93° upper temperature limit is considere
unacceptably high for most of the year. This upper limit
-------
337
R. ¥. Sharp
being above the "^PLM for many aquatic organisms, does not
begin to consider the synergistic effects of temperature
and other pollutant conditions which might be present in
given situations. The fact that 90°F. may be approached
and/or exceeded under natural conditions does not .justify
allowing thermal wastes to duplicate or aggravate an
unhealthy aquatic condition.
Equally important, from the aquatic life
standpoint, is the fact that any single upper temperature
limit (even one lower than 90°) represents a very unsatis-
factory solution to the problem of establishing tempera-
ture standards. Such a single upper limit does not take
into consideration normal, subtle aquatic life patterns.
which involve gradual warming periods, temperature plateaifs
etc. In other words, an upper limit that would be per-
fectly satisfactory in July or August would represent a
wide-open license for thermal pollution during the rest
of the year.
Effects of Temperature on Reproduction of Fishes
Many temperate zone fishes take their
seasonal cues for specific behavioral sequences from the
* Median tolerance limit for 50 percent of the
population.
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'-'38
R. W. Sharp
length of the daily photo period acting in conjunction
with the temperature. In addition to maximum temperature
in summer, many water quality standards also state a limi
on winter maximum or a maximum rise above ambient. While
the evidence is limited, low temperatures do appear neces
sary, in some species at least, for normal development of
the germ cells. Available evidence suggests that winter
temperatures should not rise above 60°, with 50° being
more preferable in northern latitudes.
The winter maximum is apparently the most
critical temperature and must be sufficiently low to
permit goriad maturation. While specific data are lacking
winter tolerance limits for game fish species apparently
do exist.
Walleye
Northern pike
Smallmouth bass
Some Ggmmgn_ Warm_-W^ate^r JF_^shes_
O /Tr^O
Optimum 62° - 67F . Larvae
die at 75°.
Optimum hatching temperature-
to 56°F.
No hatch above 80°F .
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339
R. W. Sharp
Largemouth bass
Wh1t e has s
Channel catfish
Complete mortality at 90°F.
Survival best at 6o.5°F.
Normal hatch at 60° to 70°F
Optimum s pawning temperature
80°F. Temperatures above
85°F. apparently lethal to
eggs .
Lethal Temperature Data
Species
*Upper Incipient
Lethal Tempera-
ture
F.
Channel catfish 90.0
LM bass
Bluegill
Fathead minnow
Brown bullhead
Rock bass
Common white sucker 84.7
C.
32.5
**Lethal
Temperature
F. C.
92.3
97.5
92.8
91.8
97.7
33.5
36.4
33.8
33-2
36.5
36.7
Western blacknose
dace
84.7
29.3
29.3
* Where a lethal effect is first noticed.
** Some of these appear high and are apparently based
on short exposure times.
-------
3^0
R. ¥. Share
*Upper Incipient
Lethal Tempera- **Lethal
tujre
F.
Northern creek chub 86.5
Bluntnose minnow 91-9
Common shiner 87.8
Lake Emerald shiner 87.3
Yellow perch 85.5
Pumpkinseed sunfish
Temperature
C.
30.3
33-3
31.0
30.7
F.
C.
29.7
102.0 38.9
The tolerance of Gentrarchid fishes
(sunfish group) is apparent; the Cyprinids (minnows)
less tolerant, with the catfish group between these two.
It is notable that in the rivers of England
fish populations including rough fish were reduced when
temperature reached 86 F., supporting observations in this
country that this temperature is close to the incipient
lethal level for many warm-water fish and their associated
biota.
There are four indices that determine the
tolerance of a fish species to raised temperatures:
1. The upper lethal temperature
for adults.
-------
R. ¥. Sharp
2. Temperatures (the range) that
will allow satisfactory growth to maturity
and spawning.
3. Temperature (range) for satis-
factory development of eggs and fry.
4. Temperatures that permit normal
development of fish food organisms.
o^H^a^lLJ^LL^ifJl!!. " Migratory species may be halted
by an unfavorable barrier in a stream, a possible factor
in walleye and sauger management.
Thermal death of fish is not believed to
be significant ecologically. Except in unusual cases of
rapid temperature rise, gradual increases apparently
result in avoidance of lethal temperatures by fish. The
effect of temperature on growth, development, and activit
is usually more significant because if the sub-lethal
temperature is too high for the fish to successfully
reproduce, be active and grow, the ultimate failure of th
population is as decisive as a lethal temperature.
i s m s
There is some evidence that olankton
-------
R. ¥. Sharp
production, the basis for most fish food, may be dis-
rupted or altered in normal cycle by higher than normal
late winter, spring, or early summer water temperatures.
Low winter temperatures are apparently necessary to com-
plete the resting stage of autumn Daphnia eggs, thus
species composition of zoo plankton may change under con-
ditions of higher winter temperature.
Bottom fauna organisms, another maior com-
ponent of fish food, may suffer from unusually high
temperatures. Trembly's I960 work in Pennsylvania indi-
cated that 90 F. was a maximum tolerance limit at which
a normal population structure of riffle macroinvertebrate
could be maintained. An extensive loss in numbers, diver
sity, and biomass occurred at temperatures greater than
90°F. (32.2 C.)
Insects in deeper water cannot emerge
through heated surface waters in most cases, and snails
and other animals that must come to the surface to
breathe are either eliminated or have their life history
interrupted.
Research results to date suggest that
species of fish-food organisms, in general, are less
-------
R. W. Sharp
tolerant of high temperatures than most species of fish
^____
Evidence would suggest that disease and
parasitism of fish may "be a greater factor at higher
temperatures, but data on the sub.lect remains scattered
and inconclusive at the present time.
Ne_e_d_f_o_r_S_e_c_ondary_Tre_atme_nt
Increasing pollution loads resulting from
burgeoning human populations and expanding industrial
development will impose mounting pollution loads in Iowa
rivers. If these waters are to make their expected con-
tribution to the future recreate onal needs of the State.
they should be maintained in the best possible condition
Since there will continue to be uncontrolled pollution
sources, principally from agriculture, it is important
that full control be exercised over pollution loadings
originating from population centers. Where secondary
treatment is not provided, it will take place within the
stream, with the resultant accumulation of sludge beds,
production of H S, and habitat degradation.
2
The effectiveness of the three phases of
-------
344
R. W. Sharp
sewage treatment are listed below:
Primary;
BOD - 20*
Suspended Solids - 60
Nitrogen - 15
Phosphorus - 15
Secondary:
BOD - 95
Suspended Solids - 95
Nitrogen - 40
Phosphorus - 40
Tertiary:
BOD - 99
Suspended Solids - 99
Nitrogen - 99
Phosphorus - 99-
In summary, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife endorses the requirement for secondary
* Percent of waste removed. Source - Walter K
Johnson, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering,
versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
-------
R. W. Sharp
treatment or the equivalent of all domestic and indus-
trial wastes discharged into the interstate waters of
Iowa.
The Bureau endorses the standards for the
control of added heat as set forth by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration.
Many chemical compounds cause objection-
able tastes and odors in fish flesh, phenolic compounds,
hydrocarbons, gas wastes, alcohols, and petroleum
refinery wastes are the worst offenders, sometimes to
the point of causing rejection of the fish by the angler.
Standards should be adopted for Iowa interstate waters
which will limit the concentration of these compounds to
levels which will not impart unpalatable flavors or
undesirable odors to fish.
The Bureau endorses the principle of non-
degradation of streams--that is, those waters higher in
quality than established by the standards should not be
permitted to declare? in quality to the level of the stan-
dards .
-------
R. W. Sharp
- Temper a ture Mat e r i al_
Brown. 1957. Physiology of Fishes.
Volumes 1 and 2 .
Lagler,^ Bardach and Miller.
Icthyology .
Odum. 196^. Fundamentals of Ecology.
Storer. 1951. General Zoology.
Tarzwell, C. M. 1962. Biological Problems
in Water Pollution. 3rd Seminar. 1962. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare. U. S. Public Health
Service .
Calhoun, Alex. 1966. Inland Fisheries
Management. California Department of Fish and Game.
UMRCC. 1967. Fisheries Compendium -
Upper Mississippi River.
Welch, E. B. and T. A. Wojtalik. 1968.
Some Effects of Increased Water Temperature on Aquatic
Life T.V.A. Division of Health and Safety - Water Qualitj
Branch. Chattanooga, Tenn.
Blakely, J. F. 1966. Temperature of
Surface Waters in Conterminous U. S. U. S. Geological
Survey.
-------
R. W. Sharp
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
1969. National Survey of Hatchery Fish Needs.
P.W.P.G.A. 1968. Industrial Waste Guide
on Thermal Pollution.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Sharp. At
this point we will recess for lunch and reconvene promptl
at 1:30.
(NOON RECESS)
-------
348
AFTERNOON SESSION
MR. STEIN: Let's reconvene.
Mr. Blomgren.
MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, at this time
I will introduce our next person presenting a statement.
Mr. Kenneth Roberts, Fishery Biologist,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Kenneth.
STATEMENT BY KENNETH ROBERTS
FISHERY BIOLOGIST, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
MR. ROBERTS: Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen.
I am Kenneth R. Roberts, representing the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. I have a prepared
statement for the record, from which I am going to read
excerpts. However, Mr. Chairman, I would like the entire
statement in the record.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, that will
be done as if read.
-------
K. R. Roberts
MR. ROBERTS: Iowa lies in the center of
the traditional Mississippi-Missouri River commercial
fishery. During the late l890's Iowa was one of the
foremost States of the interior United States in commerciajl
fish production. Both the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers
and certain tributaries were fished extensively. Records
indicate the waters in 1901 were well supplied with fish
in great variety and abundance.
On the Missouri River as it flows through
or by Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri, the outstanding
trend has been a progressive decline in annual production
from 1908 to the present. This trend is readily observable
in Table 1, which summarizes commercial catch for these
States. In 1963 total production was 12 percent that
of the 1908 catch, although showing roughly constant per-
centages of the three primary groups—carp, catfish and
buffalofish. Over the period 1954^63, Iowa landings from
the Missouri River, although somewhat fluctuating, have
averaged only 66,000 pounds, valued at roughly $9*000.
There has been extensive reduction of river
surface area as a result of channel development as well as
a progressive degradation of Missouri water quality.
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350
K. R. Roberts
Primary pollutants include: sewage discharges, rendering
plant wastes, animal wastes, accidental spills and dis-
charges of oil, gasoline, grease and other chemicals and
compounds and fertilizer runoff. Although economic and
institutional factors have played an important role in
the generally downward trend of commercial fishery pro-
duction, water quality problems have further aggravated
an already difficult situation. At various places and
times the introduction of waste materials which directly
or indirectly impart undesirable taste and odor character
istics to fish has seriously limited the marketability of
the catch. Under such circumstances, one more element of
risk is added to the commercial fishing operation as
markets are lost and fishing is temporarily halted in the
affected stream stretch. This is a serious problem for
an industry whose products are sold for human consumption
Iowa's Missouri River commercial fishing
industry has clearly been vulnerable to a progressive
trend of river habitat degradation and will continue to
be sensitive to fluctuations in water quality. The effec
of increased water temperature, overenrichment, and Indus
trial wastes which are lethal to aquatic organisms or whi
-------
_ _____„ 351
K. R. Roberts
cause undesirable taste and odor in food fishes are of
particular significance. Thus, it is important that ade-
quate standards be defined and adopted for application
to Interstate waters of Iowa.
With respect to temperature: Perhaps more
than any other environmental factor, temperature has
multiple and diverse effects on aquatic organisms. It
limits the distribution of aquatic organisms and at the
same time determines their level of activity. Sharp or
long-lasting temperature changes cause new biological
systems to appear, and old ones to vanish.
¥e need not ordinarily be concerned so
much about high (or low) temperatures that are immediatel
lethal as about the effects of chronically sublethal
temperatures whose effects are delayed but ultimately
just as dramatic. In the long run, temperature levels
that adversely affect the animals' metabolism, feeding,
growth, reproduction, and other vital functions are just
as harmful as rapid heat death.
Occasionally the question of potential
beneficial side effects on fishery resources from heated
water effluents is raised. For example, it is often
-------
352
K. R. Roberts
pointed out that heated effluents do at certain times
attract fish, and they may become more available for
angler harvest. But looking beyond this seeming benefit,
what harmful effects are at the same time imparted to the
river? The same heated water may disrupt important life
history patterns and create a net negative ecological
effect upon the river. What good is fish attraction
under these circumstances? With all due respect to the
eventual beneficial uses of heated effluents, one is hard
pressed to find one such use which is sufficiently well
developed or defined to be useful in making a midwestern
water area ecologically more desirable within the next
20 years. In other words, harnessing of benefits is year
off, while the potential damages of these effluents are
here now. As with badly needed studies of potential
dangers, constructive use of potential benefits will
require research and investigation. Thus, it is necessar
that realistic temperature standards be set at this time
which will protect aquatic life.
With respect to nutrients: The more
abundant the nutrient supply, the more dense the aquatic
vegetative growth, provided other environmental factors
-------
353
K. R. Roberts
are favorable. Substances involved are nitrogen, phos-
phorus, carbon, vitamins and other compounds and elements
In aquatic habitat, such substances stimulate growth of
bacteria, fungi, phytoplankton, filamentous algae, and
submerged, submersed, floating, and marginal water plants
Excess nutrients readily create conditions undesirable
from the fishery standpoint. Resulting growths can
interfere with commercial fishing by fouling lines and
clogging nets. Excess metabolic demands of such plants
while they are living and their decomposition after death
impose a high BOD load on the streams and are capable of
severely reducing and even depleting dissolved oxygen.
Dense growths of filamentous algae and other plants can
seriously reduce total fish production, as well as inter-
fere with harvest of fish.
Available information shows that excess
amounts of nutrients and other wastes are entering the
Missouri River and its tributaries and causing substantia
degradation of water quality. The FWPCA's 196? biologi-
cal survey of the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa,
to Herman, Missouri, showed that at least 5^ of the 286
river miles were severely degraded by pollution. Severel
-------
334
K. R. Roberts
degraded waters were also found in the Missouri River
tributaries of the Big Sioux, Floyd,, Soldier and Boyer
Rivers.
Reduction of nutrient levels in the
affected stretches and tributaries of the Missouri River
can provide considerable benefits to the commercial
fishery. Quantitatively, fish production may increase.
Qualitatively, a large measure of stability would be
added to the commercial fishery as periodic fish kills
and cases of tainting are reduced or limited. The
capability exists within reach of present technology to
greatly eliminate inputs of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic
residues and suspended solids from sewage and industrial
effluents. From the standpoint of the fishery resource
it is desirable and necessary that such elimination be
effected.
With respect to taste-and odor-inducing
substances: A large number of compounds can impart ob-
jectionable tastes and odors to fish flesh. These com-
pounds include: hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, coal
tar wastes, gas wastes, sewage containing phenols, and
petroleum refinery wastes. It has been found that
-------
K. R. Roberts
chlorophenol could produce unpleasant flavor in fish at
a water concentration of one part per "billion. Apparentl
certain algaes are also capable of imparting taste and
odor to fish flesh.
Occasional spills of chemicals and other
substances on the Missouri River and its tributaries
have rendered commercial ca.tches unsaleable due to taste
and odor problems. Certain reaches of the Missouri River
and its tributaries are from time to time unsuitable for
commercial production because fish present have been
rendered unmarketable. Taste and odor problems are
serious problems to the commercial fisherman. Since
phenols, oil and other taste-inducing compounds are
potential destructive contributors, it is desirable that
standards be adopted for Iowa interstate waters which
will limit the concentrations of these substances to
levels which will not Impart unpalatable flavors or
undesirable odors to fish.
In conclusion, on August 7, 19^7., a memo-
randum summarizing the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries '
comments on Iowa's proposed criteria were forwarded to
the Regional Director of the Missouri Basin Region,
-------
356
K. R. Roberts
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. The
subjects of criteria for temperature and undesirable
tastes in edible aquatic organisms are covered in the
memorandum. Since these aspects are of prime importance
at this hearing, we wish to emphasize that our present
views are basically the same as those advanced on
August T, 1967. We wish to emphasize further that our
views past and present are essentially identical to those
being advanced for secondary treatment, temperature, phenc
and protection of high quality waters by the FWPCA at thi
hearing. Therefore, we firmly endorse and support the
FWPCA recommendations as they will soon be presented by
Mr. Blomgren.
A great deal has yet to be learned about
adequate aquatic life criteria, and additional research
may demonstrate the need for redefinition and refinement
of the standards to meet fishery requirements. Until
careful research demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt
that degradation of existing water quality to the level
of the finally approved standards will not result in
harmful effects upon fish and aquatic life resources, it
is the position of the BCF that the goal of pollution
Is
-------
357
K. R. Roberts
abatement should be maintenance or Improvement of water
quality in the waters under consideration a.t this hearing
Therefore, BCF also endorses the Federal Water Pollution dontrol
Administration recommendation for an anti-degradation
clause in the final Iowa standards.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Roberts.
(The following is the report submitted
by Mr. Roberts:)
STATEMENT PRESENTED BY THE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,, 5
RESEARCH DRIVE, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, AT THE
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
CONFERENCE ON IOWA INTERSTATE WATERS OF THE
MISSOURI RIVER, APRIL 15, 1969, COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA
Iowa lies in the center of the traditional
Mississippi-Missouri Rdver commercial fishery. During
the late 1890's Iowa was one of the foremost States of
the interior United States in commercial fish production.
Both the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and certain
tributaries were fished extensively. Records indicate
-------
358
K. R. Roberts
the waters in 1901 were well supplied with fish in great
variety and abundance.
On the Missouri River as it flows through
or by Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri, the outstand-
ing trend has been a progressive decline in annual produc-
tion from 1908 to the present. This trend is readily
observable in Table 1, which summarizes commercial catch
for these States. In 19&3 total production was 12 percen"
that of the 1908 catch, although showing roughly constant
percentages of the three primary groups--carp, catfish anc
buffalofish. Over the period 195^—63, Iowa landings fron
the Missouri River, although somewhat fluctuating, have
averaged 66,000 pounds, valued at $9*000.
There has been extensive reduction of
river surface area as a result of channel development
as well as progressive degradation of Missouri water
quality. Primary pollutants include: sewage discharges,
rendering plant wastes, animal wastes, accidental spills
and discharges of oil, gasoline, grease, and other chemi-
cals and compounds and fertilizer runoff. Although
economic and institutional factors have played an important
role in the generally downward trend of commercial fisher?
-------
359
-2-
TABLE 1.—MISSOURI RIVER COMMERCIAL FISH PRODUCTION IN THOUSANDS OF
POUNDS FOR TH3 STATES OF IOWA, KANSAS, NEBRASKA, AND MISSOURI (1894-1965)*
YEAR
1894
1898
1908
1922
1931
1954
1955
1956
195S
1959
1960
1962
1963
1964**
1965**
IOWA
564
257
144
167
132
13
30
16
143
141
136
36
11
321
42
KANSAS
134
107
431
54
143
112
145
115
78
63
60
52
44
38
42
STATE
NEBRASKA
311
309
399
136
145
212
194
268
127
151
123
129
131
281
422
MISSOURI
570
712
1,302
314
169
163
166
138
151
152
154
98
86
105
106
TOTAL
1,579
1,385
2,276
671
589
500
535
536
499
507
473
315
272
745
612
*Taken from Fishery Statistics of the U.S., U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, 1894-1985.
**Production data for certain inland waters have been included in
these data.
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360
K. R. Roberts
production, water quality problems have further aggra-
vated an already difficult situation. At various places
and times the introduction of waste materials which
directly or indirectly impart undesirable taste and odor
characteristics to fish has seriously limited the market-
ability of the catch. Under such circumstances, one more
element of risk is added to the commercial fishing opera-
tion as markets are lost and fishing is temporarily
halted in the affected stream stretch. This is a serious
problem for an industry whose products are sold for human
consumption.
Iowa's Missouri River commercial fishing
industry has clearly been vulnerable to a progressive
trend of river habitat degradation and will continue to
be sensitive to fluctuations in water quality. . The
effects of increased water temperature, overenrichment
and industrial wastes which are lethal to aquatic organises
or which cause undesirable taste and odor in food fishes
are of particular significance. Thus, it is important
that adequate standards be defined and adopted for appli-
cation to interstate waters of Iowa.
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361
K. R. Roberts
TEMPERATURE
Temperature, perhaps more than any other
environmental factor, has multiple and diverse effects on
aquatic organisms. It limits the distribution of aquatic
organisms and at the same time determines their level of
activity. Sharp or long-lasting temperature changes
cause new biological systems to appear, and old ones to
vanish.
We need not ordinarily be concerned so
much about high (or low) temperatures that are immediately
lethal as about the effects of chronically sublethal tem-
peratures whose effects are delayed but ultimately just
as dramatic. In the long run, temperature levels that
adversely affect the animals' metabolism, feeding, growth,
reproduction, and other vital functions are just as harm-
ful as rapid heat death.
There is a lack of specific information
required to determine the total effects of heated effluentjs
on aquatic ecology. However, a good deal is knoxvn about
the effects of temperature changes on aquatic organisms.
Basically, water temperature influences the rate of all
biochemical reactions, the solubility and rate of oxygen
-------
362
K. R. Roberts
uptake, metabolism,, the heart beat, viscosity of body
fluids, permeability of membranes, and even the volume
of gas in the swim bladder of fishes. Besides acting
as a lethal factor, increased temperatures have been
demonstrated to: interfere with normal incubation periods
of fish eggs; disrupt reproductive cycles; accelerate
weight loss; inhibit maturation of fish and other organis:
aggravate parasitic infections; induce bacterial epidemic
disrupt normal activity patterns; decrease appetite,
digestion rate, and growth; induce respiratory difficul-
ties; and increase oxygen consumption. In addition, tem-
perature increases can: synergize effects of pesticides,
heavy metals, dissolved gases, detergents, sulfite waste
liquors, and other toxic or debilitating pollutants;
decrease dissolved oxygen content of water; and under
certain conditions may also accentuate development of
algal blooms, particularly bluegreen species.
Occasionally the question of potential
beneficial side effects on fishery resources from heated
water effluents is raised. For example, it is often
pointed out that heated effluents do at certain times
attract fish, and they may become more available for
is ;
-------
363
K. R. Roberts
angler harvest. But looking beyond this seeming benefit,
what harmful effects are at the same time imparted to the
river? The same heated water may disrupt important life
history patterns and create a net negative ecological
effect upon the river. What good is fish attraction
under these circumstances? With all due respect to the
eventual beneficial uses of heated effluents, one is
hard pressed to find one such use which is sufficiently
well developed to be useful in making a midwestern water
area ecologically more desirable within the next 20 years
In other words, harnessing of benefits is years off,
while the potential damages of these effluents are here
now. As with badly needed studies of potential dangers,
constructive use of potential benefits will require
research and investigation. Thus, it is necessary that
realistic temperature standards be set which will protect
aquatic life.
NUTRIENTS_
The more abundant the nutrient supply,
the more dense the aquatic vegetative growth, provided
other environmental factors are favorable. Substances
involved are nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, vitamins and
-------
364
K. R. Roberts
other compounds and elements. In aquatic habitat, such
substances stimulate growth of bacteria,, fungi, phyto-
plankton, filamentous algae, and submerged, submersed,
floating, and marginal water plants. Excess nutrients
readily create conditions undesirable from the fishery
standpoint. Resulting growths can interfere with com-
mercial fishing by fouling lines and clogging nets.
Excess metabolic demands of such plants while they are
living and their decomposition after death impose a high
BOD load on the streams and are capable of severely
reducing and even depleting dissolved oxygen. Dense
growths of filamentous algae and other plants can seriousljy
reduce total fish production, as well as interfere with
harvest of fish.
Available information shows that excess
amounts of nutrients and other wastes are entering the
Missouri River and its tributaries and causing substantial
degradation of water quality. The FWPCA 196? biological
survey of the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to
Herman, Missouri, showed that at least 54 of the 286 rive*
miles were severly degraded by pollution. Severely
degraded waters were also found in the Missouri River
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365
K. R. Roberts
tributaries of the Big Sioux, Floyd, Soldier and Boyer
Rivers. In the areas of severe biological habitat
degradation, most benthic organisms found were those
associated with polluted waters. Nutrient levels adequate
to support undesirable biological growths as well as
excessive numbers of coliform bacteria were found down-
stream from Sioux City, Iowa. Available data show the
Nebraska-Iowa-Missouri reach of the Missouri River at
times carries an organic pollution load which exceeds by
10 times the human population of the entire basin. The
balance is caused by agricultural and natural sources.
The main agricultural sources of pollution are: (1) sedi-
ments; (2) nutrients; (3) chemicals; and (4) animal waste;
Reduction of nutrient levels in the affectdd
stretches and tributaries of the Missouri River can provice
considerable benefits to the commercial fishery. Quan-
titatively, fish production may increase. Qualitatively,
a large measure of stability would be added to the com-
mercial fishery as periodic fish kills and cases of
tainting are reduced or limited. The capability exists
within reach of present technology to greatly eliminate
inputs of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic residues and
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K. R. Roberts
suspended solids from sewage and industrial effluents.
From the standpoint of the fishery resourc-e it is desirab
and necessary that such elimination be effected.
A £>TEAND 0 PRI NDUC I NG SUBS TAN C ES
A large number of compounds can impart
objectionable tastes and odors to fish flesh. These
compounds include: hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds,
coal tar wastes, gas wastes, sewage containing phenols,
and petroleum refinery wastes. It has been found that
chlorophenol could produce unpleasant flavor in fish at
a water concentration of only 0.0001. Apparently certain
algaes are also capable of imparting taste and odor to
fish flesh.
Occasional spills of chemicals and other
substances on the Missouri River and its tributaries
have rendered commercial catches unsaleable due to taste
and odor problems. Certain reaches of the Missouri River
and its tributaries are from time to time unsuitable for
commercial production because fish present have been
rendered unmarketable. Taste and odor problems are
serious problems to the commercial fisherman. Since phen
oil, and other taste-inducing compounds are destructive
le
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K. R. Roberts
contributors., it is desirable that standards be adopted
for Iowa interstate waters which will limit the concen-
trations of these substances to levels which will not
impart unpalatable flavors or undesirable odors to fish.
The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has
been involved for many years with the water quality
aspects of fishery research through its Biological Labora-
tories. We are, therefore, very concerned with the impad
of pollution on the total fishery environment.
As a result of the Water Quality Act of
1965, the Bureau and a number of other Federal water
resources agencies were called upon to review and comment
upon Iowa's proposed Water Quality Criteria and Plan of
Implementation, May 1967. On August 7, 19^7, a memorandur
summarizing BCF's comments on Iowa's proposed criteria
was forwarded to the Regional Directors of the Great
Lakes and Missouri Basin Regions, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration. A copy of that memorandum is
attached as Appendix A.
The subjects of criteria for temperature
and undesirable tastes in edible aquatic organisms are
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K. R. Roberts
overed in the memorandum. Since these aspects are of
prime importance at this hearing, we wish to emphasize
that our present views are basically the same as those
advanced on August 7> 19&7. We wish to emphasize further
that our views past and present are essentially identical
to those being advanced for Secondary Treatment,
the FWPCA at this hearing. Therefore, we firmly endorse
and support the FWPCA recommendations as they are proposed
for this conference.
A great deal has yet to be learned about
adequate aquatic life criteria, and additional research
may demonstrate the need for redefinition and refinement
of the standards to meet fishery requirements. Until
careful research demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt
that degradation of existing water quality to the level
of the finally approved standards will not result in
harmful effects upon fish and aquatic life resources, it
is the position of the BCP that the goal of pollution
abatement should be maintenance or improvement of water
quality in the waters under consideration at this hearing.
Therefore, BCF also endorses the FWPGA ~ recommendation
for an anti-degradation clause in the final Iowa standards
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. FOf'M r-'u 10
CSA CtM Fl'-G NO. 33
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
369
Appendix A. BCF Cotr.rr.ents to FWPCA on the 'Vater
Quality Criteria and Plan of Impler.'entatiou for
Iowa 1967.
TO : Regional Directors, FWPCA, Great Lakes Region, DATE: August 7, 1967
Chicago, Illinois and Missouri Basin Region,
Kansas City, Missouri
FROM : Regional Director, BCF, Ann Arbor, Michigan
(Acting)
SUBJECT: BCF Comments on The Water Quality Criteria and Plan of Implementation
for Iowa, May, 1967.
We have reviewed the subject submittal which you have forwarded with a
request for our comments. Since the standards advanced in the submittal
are common to appropriate interstate waters for both your regions, we
have combined our formal response into this one memo.
1. General Comment.--Water quality standards required to maintain
"healthy aquatic life" conditions in Iowa are far more complex than c;m
be covered on one single spaced typewritten page. This fact becomes
apparent after review of the ten page "...incomplete, tentative..."
summary of key criteria for fresh water organisms advanced in the
excellent interim report of the FWPCA's National Technological Advisory
Committee on Water Quality Requirements for Fishes (hereafter referred
to as the N.T.A.C. interim report). The treatment given to aquatic
life criteria in the present submittal is considered inadequate, and
we recommend that a more thorough aquatic life treatment be prepared
and included, at least for the areas covered by the following comments,
before final approval is made on the Iowa submittal.
2. Updating.--The Iowa submiLtal contains no formal indication that
the standards specified are susceptible to future changes, when warranted
by experience and future research findings. We recommend that a detailed
procedure for enacting such updating be prepared and included in the
submittal.
3. Definition of_JCerms.--The submittal includes a number of very
important key words and phrases which are not adequately defined.
Among these are: fish propagation (p. £); sufficient distance downstream
and adequate mixing (p. 7; also see Comment 4 of this memo); detrimental,
harmful (p. 8); permanent fish population (p. 11); unsightly, deleterious
(p. 13); aquatic ... use of the water (p. 14); and well balanced fish
population (p. 15). We recommend that these terms, as well as other
significant terms, be clearly defined and the definitions be included
in an appropriate section of the submittal.
Bay U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
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370
Reg.Dirs.,FWPCA,GLR,MBR -2- August 7, 1967
4- Zones of Admixture.--Item 2 of Section 2.1 on page 7 indicates
aquatic life criteria would apply at, "All points in the stream from
the mouth up to the designated cutoff point...". The first sentence
of page 7's last paragraph states that sampling would occur after
"adequate mixing" of effluents, thus indicating aquatic life criteria
are not intended to apply at all points as stated Item 2.1. These
two statements of the submittal conflict literally, and involve at.
least in Iowa streams designated for aquatic life the difficult subject
of effluent mixture areas.
As treated in the submittal, the designation of Iowa zones of admix-
ture are arbitrary and not well defined. The terms sufficient distance
downstream and adequate mixing are open to unreasonably broad interpre-
tation. A license exists within the present wording which would permit
legal use of Iowa streams for further indiscriminate disposal of
wastes with resultant destruction of fishery habitat and migration
patterns.
We are of the opinion that admixture., of effluents in aquatic life
zones can be regulated effectively using the approach advanced in ZONES
OF PASSAGE AND MIXING (pages 31, 32) of the N.T.A.C. interim report.
We consider this to be the most reasonable and realistic approach
available and recommend its adoption in toto into the submittal.
5. Undesirable Tastes in Edible Aquatic Organisms.--Section 2.2
presently has no reference tc regulation of substances in the water
which will impart undesirable tastes to the flesh of fish and other
edible aquatic organisms. We recommend that wording to the following
extent be worked into the first paragraph of Section 2.2:
"Taste and odor producing substances shall be limited to
concentrations in the stream that will not impart unpalat-
able flavor to fish or other edible aquatic organisms."
6. Temperature.--The proposed 93 F upper temperature limit is
considered unacceptably high for most of the year. This upper limit,
being above the TLm for many aquatic organisms, does not begin to
consider synergistic effects of temperature and other pollutant condi-
tions which might be present in given situations. The fact that 93 F
may be approached, and/or exceeded under thoroughly natural conditions
does not justify allowing thermal wastes to duplicate or aggravate
such an unhealthy aquatic life condition.
Equally important, from the aquatic life standpoint, is the fact
that any single upper temperature limit (even one lower than 93 F)
represents a very unsatisfactory solution to the problem of establishing
temperature standards. Such a single upper limit does not take into
consideration normal subtle aquatic life patterns, which involve
gradual warming periods, temperature plateaus, etc. In other words,
an upper limit that would be perfectly satisfactory in July or August
would represent a wide opan license for thermal pollution during the
rest of the year.
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371
Reg.Dirs.,FWPCA,GLR,MBR
-3-
August 7, 1967
We recommend that the water temperature criteria presented in the
N.T.A.C. interim report (pages 4-6) and utilizing a standard 5 F above
the monthly average of the natural maximum daily water temperatures be
adopted for Iowa aquatic life zones. Maximum surface water temperatures
should range between 86-90 F, depending on local stream characteristics
and biota.
7. Toxic Substances. --The existing portion of the submittal
concerning toxic substances is considered abbreviated and inadequate.
We recommend that the standards for toxic substances advanced in the
N.T.A.C. interim report (pages 11-13) be adopted in to to for the Iowa
standards.
8. Oil and Grease. --The aspect of oil and grease pollution is
not even broached in the Aquatic Life standards on page 15, although
this is an extremely significant and common source of pollution. We
recommend that the standards advanced in the N.T.A.C. interim report
on oil (p. 8) be adopted in to to for Iowa waters.
We appreciate the opportunity to review and comment on the Iowa
subraittal. If any questions should arise concerning our comments,
don't hesitate to call upon us. We would like to be advised as soon
as possible on the disposition of our comments (i.e. We would like to
know which are acceptable in your judgement).
Sincerely,
Ernest D. Premetz
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372
Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
MR. STEIN: Mr. Blomgren.
MR. BLOMGREN: One additional statement
to be made by Dr. Clarence Tarz;well, Director of National
Water Quality, Marine Laboratory, West Kingston, Rhode
Island.
Dr. Tarzwell.
STATEMENT BY DR. C. M. TARZWELL
DIRECTOR, NATIONAL MARINE WATER QUALITY
LABORATORY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION, WEST KINGSTON, RHODE ISLAND
DR. TARZWELL: Mr. Chairman, conferees,
ladies and gentlemen.
I am Clarence M. Tarzwell, Director of
the National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, which is
the laboratory of the FWPCA at West Kingston, Rhode
Island. I have a prepared statement, Mr. Chairman,
which I would like to submit for the record.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, this will
be done.
DR. TARZWELL: However, I shall not read
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Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
it. I shall summarize it and also emphasize some of the
basic considerations which have been brought out by some
of the other speakers.
Among these, I have listed eight:
No. 1. We should realize that the con-
ditions to which organisms have become adapted over geo-
logical time have now become their environmental require-
ments and any change introduced by man in comparison to
geological time is a raoid change and when these are
sudden or large, they are significantly harmful or can be
to the aquatic life.
2. I think it is basic that we must
realize that dissolved oxygen and temperature must be
considered together as they are interrelated. In other
words, when there is a high temperature you need a high
dissolved oxygen. When the dissolved oxygen is low you
must also have a low temperature if you are to provide
conditions which allow full activity for the aquatic
organisms
Carbon dioxide also has some influences on
oxygen requirements and in turn on the effects of tempera-
ture from the standpoint of the amount of oxygen required
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Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
for activity of the organisms.
No. 3- In establishing water quality
standards we must consider the most sensitive species
in the biota, that is the most sensitive important
species. If we do not do this, the whole biota can be
disrupted. In other words, the chain of life is no
stronger than its weakest link, and in establishing water
temperatures which are conducive to the survival, growth,
reproduction, general well being, and the production of
a crop, we must consider the species that are most
sensitive to temperature changes and especially high
temperatures. The criteria cannot be based upon the
most tolerant species.
No. 4. In considering water quality
requirements, we must consider the most sensitive life
stages. These must be protected if an organism is to
complete its life history. In other words, we must con-
sider the temperatures for the maturation of the sex
products, the spawning act, the develooment of the eggs,
the development of the larvae or fry or nymphisms, what-
ever it might be. And in this regard, seasonal varia-
tions to which the organisms have become accustomed are
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Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
very important. We cannot depart greatly from these and
expect to have a well balanced biota.
No. 5- Peak temperatures observed in
nature cannot be endured for long periods. Sometimes we
have natural kills of aquatic organisms due to unusual
heat. Peak temperatures which are observed in nature
occur for only short periods and very often they are very
near to lethal temperatures. Considering these peak
temperatures as favorable is a mistake that non-biolo-
gists very often make. In the setting of peak tempera-
tures, of course, you have to be realistic. You cannot
say that aquatic organisms cannot withstand temperatures
that occur naturally just because they are very close to
lethal temperatures. However, it seems that many people
do not realize that these peak temperatures cannot be
withstood for considerable periods. Further, temperatures
which can be resisted for even considerable periods by
adults may be unsuited for the young and are no measure
of temperatures which are favorable and necessary for
the survival of the species.
Also it must be realized that in nature
there are daily variations in temperature which are -now
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Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
environmental requirements. There is naturally a cool-
ing off period at night. ¥e have observed in our fishery
studies that while water temperatures may be unfavorably
high during the day, they can be endured if there is a
cooling off period during the 2^-hour cycle. Without
this cooling off period, serious harm can be caused
either directly or from weakening of a species so that
its competitors can take over and produce an undesirable
change in the fish population.
6. High temperatures in the transition
periods from winter to spring can be critical and detri-
mental. A 10-degree increase in temperature in March
and April or early May, depending on the part of the
country that you are in, will convert temperatures which
are normally in the 40's and 50's to temperatures which
are in the 50's and 6o's. This change can be very
important from the standpoint of the bass which spawn
after the temperatures reach 60 and are maintained at
that level or above for a few days. For example, when
the temperatures are in the 50"s they don't spawn and if
a cold spell comes and temperatures drop back down into
the 40's there is no direct harm because the eggs haven't
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Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
yet been laid. However, if the water temperatures are
raised 10 degrees Fahrenheit into the 60' s- and then drop
back into the 50's, due to the cold spell the spawn for
the year would be wiped out,because, as you know, the
daddy bass leaves the nest when water temperatures drop
below 60 degrees Fahrenheit. When this occurs, the eggs
either fungus up, are eaten by other organisms or they
die from lack of oxygen because the daddy bass is no
longer there to keep the water circulating so they have
an oxygen supply.
No. 7- In warm streams an increase of
10 degrees Fahrenheit with a 93 degree maximum can result
in significant harm. If all temperatures are raised 10
degrees Fahrenheit,the minimum daily temperature will
approach 90 or be in the area of 90 to 93 degrees during
considerable periods in the summer. Then if the maximum
temperature of 93 degrees Fahrenheit is met by the use
of cooling towers, temperatures may be in the vicinity of
93 around the clock for several days or .more in successio^
From the evidence that has been presented by the Fish and
Wildlife Service representatives, it is evident that thes
continued high temperatures are harmful and may be lethal
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Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
No. 8. A rise of 10 degrees above natural
temperature lengthens the hot water period and increases
stress which can change the qualitative and quantitative
makeup of the aquatic population. I would like to list
briefly some of the effects of increased temperatures.
(a) Increased temperature speeds up
metabolism and increases the need for higher dissolved
oxygen concentrations. Temperature influences growth
and if a temperature increase is not too great growth
is more rapid. After a certain point is passed, growth
is actually retarded and detrimental effects are produced
Water temperature influences the development of sex
products and the time of spawning or it can inhibit
spawning.
(b) High temperatures can limit the
ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen. At the
higher temperatures oxygen is less soluble and less
oxygen is available at the time when more oxygen is
needed.
(c) The higher temperatures generally
favor coarse or less desirable species, dogfish, gar,
shad, suckers, carp, and so forth, such as you see in
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Dr. G. M. Tarzwell
many of our southern streams.
(d) High temperatures favor dense growths
of undesirable algae, such as the "bluegreen algae. With
increase in temperatures algal growth increases up to a
certain point and then with further increases in tempera-
tures there is a succession of species, the diatoms, the
greens and the bluegreens. The bluegreens are somewhat
undesirable, sometimes very undesirable, from the stand-
point of the fishermen for the use of the water and the
fishes themselves.
(e) Increased temperatures bring about
unseasonal emergence of some of the food organisms and
can cause a decrease in food through limiting important
species.
(f) Increased temperatures increase acute
toxicity.
(g) Increased temperatures require more
stringent quality standards for the other parameters.
(h) Temperature changes may produce
temperature blocks to migration.
(1) High temperatures encourage most
parasites and disease. Parasites and disease generally
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Dr. G. M. Tarzwell
are most severe in their action when the organisms are
under stress at the higher temperatures. They disrupt
the delicate biological cycles in several ways.
(j) Temperatures above a certain level,
depending on the species, produce sub-lethal undesirable
physiological results.
(K) Temperature changes cause shifts in
species and the qualitative and quantitative makeup of
the biota.
In summary, I think that it is evident
that in our research and investigation programs and in
the setting of water quality standards for temperature
it is essential to consider not only lethal but all sub-
lethal and other effects. Because temperature has both
direct and indirect effects,it can influence in several
ways many of the other environmental requirements
required for the well being and the production of aquatic
life.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Dr. Tarzwell.
(The following is the report submitted by
Dr. Tarzwell:)
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Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
Some 17 years ago, I proposed a classi-
fication of pollutants in six groups as follows: (11
inert, inorganic and organic wastes; (2) putrescible
wastes; (3) toxic wastes; (4) wastes of a significant
heat content; (5) radioactive wastes; and (6) contami-
nants. In the first group,, silt and other materials
brought into streams and lakes by land erosion are the
most important. In fact, not many years ago, eroded
materials were the most important pollutant in our
streams. In recent years, toxic materials in industrial
wastes have increased greatly and are now very important.
However, settleable and suspended solids and turbidity
are still outstanding pollutants in our waters. These
materials influence productivity in a variety of ways.
Settleable solids blanket the bottom, rendering it much
less productive of those organisms essential as food for
the fish; shifting sand bottoms are virtual aquatic
deserts; materials which settle out on sand or gravel-
rubble bottoms cover and destroy spawning beds and greatl;
reduce productivity by filling up the spaces between the
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382
Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
rocks. Turbidity reduces light penetration and adversely
influences the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton.
Thus, increases in turbidity can constitute pollution
and a decrease in turbidity is an important means of
improving stream conditions.
Control of land erosion is a difficult
problem, the attainment of which is largely dependent
upon those agencies having to do with road building,
housing developments, placer and strip mining, agricul-
ture, grazing, forestry, fire control and coal and
gravel washing. If we are to decrease this tyoe of
pollutant in our streams, we will have to initiate a
multiple agency, multiple discipline program. There can
be little plant life and bottom fauna where turbidity is
maintained continuously above 200 Jackson Turbidity Units
The addition of putrescible wastes to a
stream may result in minor enrichment, in enrichment
which produces excessive growths and growths of undesir-
able organisms or blooms or the enrichment may be so
great that the breakdown of the organic material by
bacteria results in the depletion of oxygen and fish
kills.
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383
Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
Organic enrichment which encourages the
excessive growth of filamentous algae and rooted aquatics
can be detrimental from the standpoint of interfering
with other uses of the water such as fishing or boating,
swimming and water skiing. Algal growths may become so
dense that during the day they supersaturate the water
with oxygen due to photosynthetic action and at night
their respiration and that of the bacteria depletes the
oxygen. Wide fluctuations in oxygen levels with super-
saturation due to photosynthetic action is a mark of
organic enrichment and often an indication of pollution.
Dissolved oxygen levels are of outstand-
ing importance for aquatic life. In the determination of
water quality requirements for aquatic life, special
attention must be given to dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions and their variations. When minimum concentrations
of dissolved oxygen are listed as water quality require-
ments, these minimums represent the lowest desirable
concentrations and daily and seasonal fluctuations must b
above these concentrations. The amount of oxygen present
largely determines temperatures which may be harmful or
which may be survived by the aquatic biota. As the
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384
Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
temperatures rise, more and more oxygen is required. If
oxygen levels are low, temperature levels must be kept
low. In the setting of water quality criteria, there-
fore, temperature and oxygen levels must be interrelated.
Temperature is a very important factor
in the aquatic environment. Because the fishes and the
lower aquatic organisms are all cold-blooded, metabolism
in these organisms is largely dependent upon temperature.
Therefore, in the aquatic environment temperature and
dissolved oxygen must be considered together. As tempera-
ture rises to the upper levels of normal temperatures, th
dissolved oxygen must be near to or at saturation in ordei
to insure full activity. Temperature influences aquatic
life in a number of ways. It may be lethal, it may
initiate or prevent migration, and it triggers or retards
spawning activities. It controls to a certain extent the
metabolism, activity, feeding and growth of organisms.
It is important in the governing of productivity. It is
very important in determining the qualitative and quan-
titative makeup of the aquatic biota. Even small changes
in temperature can make the environment more favorable
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385
Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
for one species and less favorable for another with the
result one species decreases while another becomes domi-
nant. Temperature influences the digestion of food and
certain enzymatic and physiological processes.
During geological time, the organisms
present in a given region gradually adapted to the envi-
ronmental conditions in that region or perished. In time
therefore, the environmental conditions to which these
organisms have adapted have now become their environ-
mental requirements. Sudden or large changes in the
environmental conditions due to man's activities can be
very destructive to the aquatic biota. Aquatic organisms
have become adapted to seasonal temperature patterns
which are essential for their physiological activities
and those of the organisms on which they deoend as food.
Aquatic organisms have also adapted to daily fluctuations
in temperature which in some instances are quite wide.
In the setting of temperature standards, attention must
be paid to maintaining daily and seasonal patterns of
temperature fluctuation. Excessive warming of the water
during the winter, early spring or late fall months can
have disastrous effects from the standpoint of spawning,
emergence or food production. While aquatic organisms
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388
Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
Peak allowable temperatures for certain fish associations
for both summer and winter have been listed in the Nation
Technical Advisory Committee Report on Water Quality
Criteria.
As has been indicated previously, high
allowable temperatures must be of only short duration.
Temperatures which adult fish can withstand for short
periods are entirely unsatisfactory for long-term
exposures. Further, temperatures which may be resisted
by adults for considerable periods can be entirely
unsatisfactory for the survival of the species. When
fish and other aquatic organisms are subjected to the
stress of high temperatures, they require periods of
cooler water such as naturally occur at night. High
temperatures must not be maintained around the clock.
Seasonal variations are also of outstand-
ing importance. There must be a gradual acclimatization
to summer and winter temperatures, with a gradual warming
up in the spring and a gradual cooling off in the fall.
Temperatures which would be normal and favorable in the
summer would be rapidly lethal under winter conditions;
conversely, temperatures which would be entirely favorabl
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389
Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
in the winter season would be rapidly lethal after the
fish have become acclimated to the higher summer tempera-
tures. In most of the warm water fishes, spawning is
induced by a rising temperature and an increasing day
length. If temperatures are artificially raised before
the increase in day length, harmful effects can occur.
The food of many fishes, or their young, consists of
phytoplankton or those organisms that directly feed on
phytoplankton. Since the phytoplankton development is
influenced by the length of day as well as temperature,
with artificial temperature rises, it is possible to have
the young produced before their customary food is avail-
able. The same principle applies to the emergence of
aquatic insects. The higher temperatures may speed up
their life process such that they emerge into a cold and
uninviting climate.
An allowable artificial temperature increa;e
of 10°F in those streams having natural temperatures whic!
range from the mid to upper eighties during July and
August can have very harmful effects even though a maxi-
mum temperature of 93 F is imposed. This is because with
an increase of 10°F the minimum daily temoeratures become
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390
Dr. C. M. Tarzwell
93°F or more and if cooling towers are used to .just meet
the maximum allowable, temperatures at or near 93 F will
be maintained around the clock. Such prolonged high
temperatures have been demonstrated to be harmful to
many fishes.
A study of temperature records of some
Iowa streams for March, April, May and June indicates
that temperatures range in the 40's and 50's during
March and April and even into May, but the range in May
is usually in the upper 40' s and in the 50's. In June,
temperatures are more stable and in the 60's and above.
A rise of 10 F will push temperatures normally In the
40's and 50's into the 50's and 60's with resultant
damage to the black bass reoroduction. A rise of 10 F
will lengthen the summer season and may result In a
change in the biota.
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390-A
C. V. Blomgren
MR. BLOMGREN: Since our report was
prepared, Mr. Chairman, and transmitted to the Iowa
Pollution Control Commission, we have done some
additional analysis on bacterial loadings to the
Missouri River. We have a young engineer in our
office, Bob Hegg, who will paraphrase and discuss
the material in Appendix H which we transmitted to
the Commission by Air Mail Special last weekend and
we have made a distribution to the staff members of
the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
MR. STEIN: All right, we will accept
that.
MR. SAMSON: Mr. Blomgren, will that
be an Appendix to the Water Quality Standards Con-
ference for the State of Iowa?
MR. BLOMGREN: Yes, Mr. Samson, we
have a supply of the apoendix out in the hall.
MR. STEIN: They will be distributed,
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391
'B. A. Hegg
(Appendix H appears herein at pages 245-B
to 2530
STATEMENT BY BOB A. HEGG
SANITARY ENGINEER, MISSOURI BASIN REGION
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
MR. HEGG: Mr. Chairman, my name is Bob
Hegg. I am a Sanitary Engineer with the Missouri Basin
Region of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion.
An analysis was made on the eight-day dry
weather navigation flow data, which is presented in table
in this appendix. This data is taken from the October
1968 survey conducted by the FWPCA. The effort of this
analysis was directed at determining the effect of treat-
ment on removing the bacterial contamination in the
Missouri River.
The coliform data on the Missouri River
from Gavins Point to St. Joseph were evaluated in terms
of a coliform mass. For example, the data were evaluated
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392
B. A. Hegg
from a total number per day approach rather than a con-
centration approach. The coliform masses were calculated
for the various sources along the reach of the Missouri
River from Gavins Point to St. Joseph. These coliform
source data included measurements of the waste effluents
at the Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant, the Council
Bluffs Sewage Treatment Plant, the Monroe Street Sewer
at Omaha, Nebraska, and estimates of the densities in
the remaining outfalls from Omaha and Papillion Creek.
Also included were the measurements of coliform densities
from the major tributaries.
A mass diagram of this data is presented
in the appendix. The mass diagram indicated that the
major sources of coliforms in the Missouri River during
the dry weather period of the October survey were contrib-
uted by the major cities. The coliform contribution to
the Missouri River from the Big Sioux River, the Soldier
River, and the Boyer River was negligible during the
normal flow period of the October survey. These observa-
tions led to the next portion of the analysis.
The major source of coliforms are from the
wastewater effluents. Consequently, an analysis was made
-------
393
B. A. Hegg
to determine the effect of treatment on reducing the
quantity of coliforms in the Missouri River, A 93 percen
reduction of coliform was assumed with secondary treat-
ment and a 9^.5 percent reduction of coliform was assumed
with secondary treatment and chlorination. The estimated
effects of these types of treatment on river coliform
concentrations are also shown in a graph in the appendix.
Other analyses were made also. A mass
balance was also made on the fecal coliform organisms.
The results showed that approximately 50 percent of the
fecal coliforms in the river could be accounted for in
the reach from Sioux City to Omaha. This includes only
those fecal coliforms measured at the Sioux City Sewage
Treatment Plant. It does not include coliform organisms
that may have been contributed from the other waste
sources in the Sioux City area. Greater than 75 percent
of the fecal coliform organisms could be accounted for
in the reach of the river from Omaha to St. Joseph.
The effect of two stage chlorination
was also evaluated. It ivas assumed that with two stage
chlorination, a concentration of 500 MPN/100 ml could be
attained in effluent. This reduction is far in excess of
-------
39^
B. A. Hegg
the 98-5 percent reduction assumed for secondary treatment
with chlorination. This effluent concentration would
virtually eliminate the effect of the major cities on the
river coliform concentration. If this reduction were
realized, the major sources of bacterial contamination
would have been the Boyer River and the Platte River.
This conclusion is based on conditions existing in the
river that were similar to those in the October 1968
survey conducted by the FWPCA. The maximum value of
coliform concentration in the river, assuming two stage
chlorination and primary treatment, was estimated to be
4250 MPN/100 ml.
The following conclusions are based on
the above analyses and apply to the Missouri River
conditions that existed during the dry weather period
of the October 1968 survey.
1. Greater than 85 percent of the
total coliforms measured in the Missouri River
were contributed by the major waste sources
along the stream.
2. Approximately 50 percent of the
fecal coliforms measured in the Missouri River-
-------
395
B. A. Hegg
were contributed by the major waste sources
that were measured during the October 1968
survey.
3. The total and fecal coliform
contribution to the Missouri River from the
Big Sioux River, the Soldier River and the
Boyer River were negligible during the dry
weather period of the October survey.
4. Secondary treatment alone would
not be adequate to provide reduction of coli-
forms to meet the National Technical Advisory
Committee's standard for public drinking
water supplies based on the analysis outlined
above. And that standard is 10,000 MPN/100 ml,
5. Chlorination following secondary
treatment would be adequate to provide reduc-
tion of coliforms to meet the National Techni-
cal Advisory Committee's standard for public
water supplies based on this analysis.
6. Primary treatment with two stage
chlorination would be adequate to provide
reduction of coliforms to meet the National
-------
396
3. A. Hegg
Technical Advisory Committee standard for
public water supplies also based on this
analysis.
Thank you.
MR. SAMSON: Mr. Stein, I would ask you,on
this analysis made on the eight-day dry weather period,
was there any correlation by the Federal Government on
this analysis with either the authorities in Nebraska
or Iowa?
MR. STEIN: Can you answer that, Mr. Hegg?
MR. SAMSON: I am asking you that as
Chairman, was any correlation on this work as set out
here in the--
MR. STEIN: What do you mean by correla-
tion?
MR. SAMSON: Did they correlate work with
the State authorities on this investigation?
MR. STEIN: Do you mean is this a coopera-
tive study?
MR. SAMSON: Yes.
MR. STEIN: Again you are going to have to
ask the technical staff. I am not any more familiar with
-------
397
B. A. Hegg
this than you are.
Mr. Hegg or anyone?
MR. HEGG: I can't answer that.
MR. BLOMGREN: You weren't running any
concurrent studies of that nature, were you, Mr. Schlieketman?
MR. SCHLIEKELMAN: No.
MR. BLOMGREN: This was data collected by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
MR. RADEMACHER: Both States were invited to
cooperate with us on this.
MR. BLOMGREN: Certainly. They partici-
pated in the survey from the standpoint of--
MR. STEIN: Let me try to get this ques-
tion. Mr. Samson of Nebraska asked a question. As I
understand it, your answer was yes?
MR. RADEMACHER: Yes.
MR. STEIN: All right.
DR. MORRIS: Mr. Stein.
MR. STEIN: Yes.
DR. MORRIS: I am Dr. Morris from the Iowa
Water Pollution Commission.
I did visit the installation which
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398
B. A. Hegg
included the mobile laboratory for chemical work and the
bacteriological work on the upper part of the river. I
visited out here in October and again in January. So I
saw the operation, discussed what was going on, but we
had no data collection process going from the State of
Iowa, at least.
MR. SAMSON: Thank you.
Thanks, Mr. Stein.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Mr. Blomgren, do you have any more?
MR. BLOMGREN: This next statement is
addressed to the "Chairman, Water Quality Standards
Conference, State of Iowa, Convening April 15, 1969,
Council Bluffs, Iowa.
"Dear sir:
"The Missouri River Public Water Supplies
Association represents all of the major public water
utilities using the Missouri River as a source of supply,
except Kansas City, Kansas. This statement is the
collective judgment of the utilities comprising the
association.
"The Missouri River Public Water Supplies
-------
399
H. 0. Hartung
Association is concerned that the present Missouri River
raw water quality does not further deteriorate and that the
Missouri River shall remain a suitable and desired source
of drinking water for the 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 persons
supplied by the utilities of the association.
"The water treatment plants of the Asso-
ciation's members are designed and operated to produce a
quality water for drinking and other uses, from the
present normal quality Missouri River water. If the
Missouri River water quality is additionally polluted,
existing water treatment may no longer be adequate for
the production of a quality drinking water. Taste and
odor, disinfection and coagulation problems which have
already occurred at all of the water treatment plants on
the Missouri River because of ammonia, oil and fertilizer
spills into the Missouri River, and because of unusual
runoffs from agricultural lands, clearly show that there
is a definite limit to the amount of pollution which
can be removed in existing water treatment plants.
"The Missouri River Public Water Supplies
Association supports the FWPCA statement to the Water
Quality Standards Conference - State of Iowa, convening
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400
H. 0. Hartung
April 15, 1969, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in all matters
which can be demonstrated to result in Missouri River
water quality improvement."
This letter is signed "Very truly yours,
H. 0. Hartung, President, Missouri River Public Water
Supplies Association."
I ask that that be placed in the record,
Mr. Chairman.
in the record.
transcript.
MR. STEIN: It has been when you read it
MR. BLOMGREN: That is the copy in the
(Which said letter is as follows:)
-------
C t \
IVI *^ ) ST' LOU'S COUNTY WATE" CO- • 8390 Delma, Blvd. . Univers.ty City, Mo. 63124 & (3141 091-3404
Wafer
Chairman
Water Quality Standards conference
State of Iowa, Convening April 15, 1969
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Dear Sir:
The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association represents all
of the major public water utilities using the Missouri River as a
source of supply, except Kansas City, Kansas. This statement is the
collective judgment of the utilities comprising the Association.
The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association is concerned that
the present Missouri River raw water quality does not further deterio-
rate and that the Missouri River shall remain a suitable and desired
source of drinking water for the 3,000,000 to ^,000,000 persons sup-
plied by the utilities of the Association.
The water treatment plants of the Association's members are designed
and operated to produce a quality water for drinking and other uses,
from the present normal quality Missouri River water. If the Missouri
River water quality is additionally polluted, existing water treatment
may no longer be adequate for the production of a quality drinking
water. Taste and odor, disinfection and coagulation problems which
have already occurred at all of the water treatment plants on the
Missouri River because of ammonia, oil and fertilizer spills into the
Missouri River, and because of unusual run-offs from agricultural
lands, clearly show that there is a definite limit to the amount of
pollution which can be removed in existing water treatment plants.
The Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association supports the
FWPCA statement to the Water Quality Standards Conference - State of
Iowa, convening April 15, 1969, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in all matters
which can be demonstrated to result in Missouri River water quality
improvement.
Very truly yours,
H. 0. Hartung, President
Missouri River Public Water
Supplies Association
HOH:rb
-------
402
C. V. Blomgren
MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, as our con-
clusions in this matter, we again site the water uses
detailed in our report, the need for quality criteria
to support those uses, and the necessary changes in Iowa1
water quality standards to achieve conformance with the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The following
recommendations are made for addition to the Iowa water
quality standards to insure that we fulfill our legal
responsibilities. These recommendations are consistent
with those items contained in the Secretary's conference
notice and are based on the best information available at
this time. I will repeat the three major recommendations
in total for the benefit of those not present at the
Davenport session on April 8th.
The three which I mentioned in my summary
statement, radiological, phenol and non-degradation, I
believe have been resolved by your counterstatement there
at least there was some measure of agreement, and it woul
serve no purpose for me to repeat those recommendations.
Recommendation No. 1. All significant
municipal wastes discharged into the interstate waters
of Iowa shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment
-------
403
C. V. Blomgren
prior to discharge.
MR. SAMSON: What page are you on there,
Carl?
MR. BLOMGREN: Page VI-1, Mr. Samson.
MR. SAMSON: Thank you.
MR. BLOMGREN: All significant industrial
wastes shall receive an equivalent of secondary treatment
prior to discharge into any interstate stream. For the
Missouri River, a timetable of compliance shall be sub-
mitted no later than December 31* 1969. In no case shall
the compliance date be any later than December 31, 1977.
Recommendation No. 2. Control of bacterio-
logical pollution by continuous disinfection shall be
implemented. A timetable for implementation shall be
established by September 30, 1969. In no case shall the
compliance date for the installation and operation of
continuous disinfection facilities extend beyond Decem-
ber 31, 1970.
No. 3- For the production and well being
of locally occurring desirable stream fish populations,
heat additions should be limited as follows.
At no time shall the addition of heat be
-------
C. V. Blomgren
authorized which will raise the water temperature more
than 5 degrees Fahrenheit; but in any event the addition
of heat shall not raise water temperatures above a
maximum tailored for each individual lake or stream and
necessary to protect the production of locally occurring
desirable fish populations and their associated biota.
That completes the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration presentation.
MR. STEIN: Let me just ask a question
here for clarification.
You say that all significant municipal
wastes discharged into the interstate waters of Iowa
shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment prior to
discharge, all significant industrial wastes receive an
equivalent to secondary treatment prior to discharge
into any interstate stream. Then the next sentence says,
"For the Missouri River" and talks about a timetable to b
completed not later than December 31, 19&9, compliance
December 31, 1977.
The question I have is the interstate
rivers, as I read it in the call of the conference, go
beyond the Missouri River?" Do you mean this timetable
-------
C. V. Blomgren
to include those streams or just those discharging to
the Missouri River?
MR. BLOMGREN: In our summary statement,
Mr. Chairman, we recognize that Iowa has designated
secondary treatment for those interstate streams tributar
to the Missouri and established a timetable which will
secure this secondary treatment for all those wastes prio
to July 31, 1972.
Is that correct, Mr. Buckmaster?
MR. BUCKMASTER: I am Robert Buckmaster,
Chairman of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
Let me just clarify one thing. The dates
are not wrong, but you have assumed at Davenport and you
have assumed here something which is erroneous.
We have never required secondary treatment
as such on the interior streams. What we have required
is whatever treatment is necessary to maintain the water
quality standards, and there isn't an interior stream in
the State, because of the volume of flow, that doesn't
require secondary treatment in order to meet those
standards.
But you misstate our position when you
-------
C. V. Blomgren
state that we require secondary treatment. We require
whatever it takes, as we do also on the interstate stream
MR. STEIN: Yes. I think his point is
well taken. All I am doing is trying to clarify this
and make the issue.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Yes.
MR. STEIN: I don't want anything to fall
within the cracks, so to speak.
The point is, if you mean to say that we
can strike that phrase "for the Missouri River" and if
this is your recommendation that we should have a time-
table of compliance to meet these dates for all the
internal streams—for all the interstate streams, do you
mean that?
MR. RADEMACHER: No, sir, just the Missour
River.
MR. STEIN: How about those other rivers?
What do you mean for them?
MR. RADEMAGHER: It again refers, sir,
to the charge of the Secretary in terms of what was to be
considered. This is the Missouri River that we are talk-
ing about in setting this particular standard.
-------
C. V. Blomgren
MR. STEIN: No, no, no, no, no.
Let me stay with this. This is not a
question of argument. This is a question of trying to
join the issues so we know what the situation is.
Let me say in all candor, I think I under-
stand Mr. Buckmaster's position. I am not sure that the
position of the Federal people, as I find it now, joins
with it and makes the issue.
The point is you have asked for secondary
treatment on the Missouri River in this case, a time-
table of compliance to be submitted no later than
December 31* 19&9* -^n no case shall the compliance
date be any later than December 31* 1977.
I can understand your position on that,
I can understand Mr. Buckmaster's position on that.
MR. SAMSON: Mr. Chairman--
MR. STEIN: Just a moment, Mr. Samson.
Now let's come to the streams, the inter-
state streams in the notice, which have been covered by
the Secretary's call. As I understand it, Mr. Buckmaster
says his State's position is they do not require secondar
treatment or any other necessary form of treatment except
-------
408
C. V. Bloragren
what is required by the facts of the case. As I under-
stand it, in here, since we say "for the Missouri River,"
the Federal Government is not making any recommendations
for a timetable or a degree of treatment for the wastes
in those streams. Is that the way? This is the way this
reads to me.
MR. BUCKMASTER: You are referring to the
interior streams here?
MR. STEIN: Yes.
MR. BUCKMASTER: But interstate?
MR. STEIN: But which the Secretary calls
interstate.
Now, if it is your judgment that we are
supposed to have secondary treatment for those streams,
then we have an issue joined. But the difficulty is I
don't get a Federal recommendation on those streams.
The point is, to say that you agree with
what Iowa has done on these streams, I am not sure you
and I are saying the same thing. Therefore, I think we
have to really zero in on this.
Do you mean that for all the interstate
streams covered you want secondary treatment?
-------
409
C. V. Blomgren
MR. RADEMACHER: Mr. Stein, I think that
the approval of the standards for the State of Iowa, with
the exceptions cited, the three conditions that were set,
and I will repeat them: The treatment requirements and
implementation plan for waste discharges to the Missouri
and Mississippi Rivers; 2, the requirements for disin-
fection of all discharges which may "be sources of bacter-
iological pollution; and 3> the temperature criteria for
the interstate waters of the State other than the Missour
and Mississippi Rivers.
I will defer to Mr. Burd to comment about
approval of standards for the interior streams, the inter
state waters.
MR. STEIN: Do you want to answer that,
Bob?
You see, I want to be sure--this is not an
argument here—but I want to be sure that the Federal
people and Iowa understand each other and you are saying
the same thing. In other words, we can't come back and
say--I guess we can come back if we want to, but I think
it would be a fruitless thing to come back and say we
haven't understood each other on the interior streams of
he
-------
C. V. Blomgren
the State, that we meant one thing and Iowa meant another
when we were together. As far as I can see, I am
not sure we mean the same thing.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I will state it again
and make sure if they have any argument about it.
Our position is basically no different on
the Mississippi and Missouri than it is on the interstate
streams that feed these streams or, for that matter, on
our interstate streams ourselves. ¥e apply the same
policy to all of them. I am just citing from memory,
but I believe this is accurate.
Out of almost 500 treatment plants, and
I am not differentiating between intra and interstate
waters, but of almost 500 plants on the interior of Iowa
there are four or five that we have determined or may
determine do not require secondary treatment to meet the
water quality standards. These are small cities, in the
area, as I recall, of two or three hundred, most of them.
But our tests and our philosophy are the same all the
way through. We require whatever treatment it takes to
meet the water quality standards, and in roughly 500
interior treatment plants there may be four or five in
-------
411
C. V. Blomgren
small cities that we would not require secondary treatmen
of because in our judgment it wasn't necessary to maintain
the water quality standards.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Does that explain our
position?
MR. STEIN: I think I understand your
position. What I want to know is if the Federal Govern-
ment wants to make a recommendation on that, are they
satisfied with that position, or whether we have an
issue.
MR. BURD: My name is Bob Burd, Deputy
Assistant Commissioner for—
PROM THE FLOOR: We can't hear him.
MR. STEIN: Come up here. I do think
this is a key question that we can zero in on now because
it might give us a lot of trouble later.
-------
412
B. Burd
STATEMENT BY ROBERT BURD
DEPUTY ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FOR
OPERATIONS, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MR. BURD: My name is Bob Burd, Deputy
Assistant Commissioner for Operations, FWPCA.
The Secretary of the Interior approved the
standards for the interior interstate streams of Iowa,
that is those streams other than the Missouri and Missis-
sippi Rivers, with the exception of the temperature cri-
teria and the bacteriological criteria. He did approve
the implementation plan which relates to waste treatment
requirements and time schedules.
The recommendation that FWPCA is making
at this time is that all significant wastes discharged
into the Missouri River shall receive a minimum of
secondary treatment prior to discharge. All significant
industrial wastes will receive an equivalent of secondary
treatment prior to discharge into the Missouri River.
So when we talk about treatment require-
ments and the recommendation, we are talking about dis-
charging to the Missouri River.
-------
413
E. Lightfoot
MR. BUCKMASTER: That is my understanding
of the posture of both of us, with one exception. I
thought we had agreed on disinfection because of the
letter you sent me and I didn't think that was any longer
an argument either.
But other than that I agree with you.
MR. STEIN: Edward Lightfoot, Missouri
Water Pollution Control Board.
Mr. Lightfoot.
STATEMENT BY EDWARD LIGHTFOOT
ON BEHALF OF JACK K. SMITH, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
MISSOURI WATER POLLUTION BOARD
MR. LIGHTFOOT: My name is Edward Lightfool
and I am presenting this statement on behalf of Mr. Jack K
Smith, Executive Secretary of the Missouri Water Pollutior
Board.
Staff members of the Missouri Water Pol-
lution Board have reviewed the "Water Quality Standards
Conference, State of Iowa," a document published by the '
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
-------
E. Lightfoot
Control Administration, Missouri Basin Region. We offer
the following comments:
The interstate waters common to Missouri
and Iowa of concern to Missouri at this hearing are the
Missouri River, Nishnabotna River, Tarkio River, Nodaway
River, Platte River, West Tarkio River, One Hundred and
Two River, Grand River, East Fork of the Grand River,
Thompson River, Little River, Weldon River, and the
Chariton River. We have attached a table of the estab-
lished water uses in Missouri for waters of these streams
The Missouri Water Pollution Board sub-
mitted a statement in letter form at the original water
quality hearing held at Council Bluffs, December 2, 1966;
at Ottumwa on December 5* 1966; and at Muscatine on
December 6, 1966. Then on December l6, 1966, the
Missouri Water Pollution Board submitted an attachment
which pointed out the minor differences between Missouri.
and Iowa criteria.
The recommendation for secondary treatment
and disinfection are effluent regulations, a part of the
plan for implementation. We are concerned that the
quality of the interstate waters from Iowa does not
-------
E. Lightfoot
interfere with the legitimate water uses established for
waters in Missouri, not the degree of treatment to be
provided.
Temperature requirements in Missouri
interstate waters is a maximum of 90 degrees Fahrenheit
with a maximum of 5 degrees Fahrenheit cross sectional
change. We now have data available indicating that the
water temperature of the shallow, flat north Missouri
streams approaches the ambient air temperature. High
temperature measured in the north Missouri streams to
date is 97 degrees Fahrenheit. On other occasions the
temperature had exceeded the 90 degrees Fahrenheit in
our standards. We have attached water quality data col-
lected to date on the Iowa-Missouri interstate streams
in the Missouri River Basin.
Recommendations for phenol concentration
in Iowa's streams is proposed at one microgram per liter
Missouri, in cooperation with Illinois, has collected
one grab sample per month from the Mississippi River at
Canton, Quincy, and other downstream water plant intakes
over the past five years. Concentrations of phenol or
phenolic like compounds have been measured at Canton
-------
E. Lightfoot
from 0 to 50 micrograms per liter. From July 1964, to
June 1968, 15 out of 46 samples measured 2 micrograms
per liter to 50 micrograms per liter with a medium value
of 7 micrograms per liter and an average value of 11.4
micrograms per liter.
No taste or odor problems have been asso-
ciated with these concentrations of phenol or phenolic-
like compounds in the Canton water supply or the downstre4m
water supplies on the Mississippi River. Furthermore, we
do not know of any taste and odor problems due to phenolic
compounds at Missouri cities using the Missouri River as
a water supply.
We have been informed by Dr. Louis HemphillL
University of Missouri, Sanitary Engineering Department,
that "The quantitative specificity of the present standard
methods 4-Aminoantipyrine is insufficient to determine the
specific nature of phenolic materials. Experimental
laboratory work has shown that this test has high quanti-
tative response for phenol and enolic materials. However,
the nature of phenol and creosol ortho, meta and para
isomers gives a confused value."
Therefore we do not believe that one
-------
417
E. Lightfoot
microgram per liter is a realistic value for the criteria
If a taste and/or odor problem occurs in- a water supply,
we will take necessary steps to identify the source and
to correct the problem regardless of the measured con-
centration of phenols.
(The following tables were submitted by
Mr. Lightfoot:)
-------
II. WATER USES
TABLE 2
MISSOURI RIVER
Name of stream
Future | Present
Irrigation
Livestock watering
Propagation of
commercial fish
Propagation of warir.
water sport fish
Propagation of cold
water sport fish
Wildlife watering
Industrial cooling
water
Industrial process
water
Drinking water
supply
Hydroelectric
power
Boating and
canoeing
MISSOURI RIVER
Missouri
River
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
P
F
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Fishing
Whole body water
contact recreation
Aesthetic value
X
X
X
X
Receive effluents
Navigation
Receive surface
runoff
X
X
X
X
X
X
Future uses not herein specified are not expressively excluded, however, such
future uses are not anticipated.
-------
II. WATER USES
TABLE 3
LOWER MISSOURI RIVER BASIN
Interstate Streams
Name of stream
4J
c
0)
01
-------
420
TABLE 5
LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
FOR
GRAND-CHARITON RIVER BASIN
Interstate Streams
GRAND
Grand River near Grant City
Grand River near Stanberry
Grand River near Darlington
Grand River near Pattonsburg
Grand River near Gallatin
Grand River at Chillicothe
Grand River near Sumner
Annual 7 day low flow, in cubic feet
per second, for indicated recurrence
interval in years.
2 5
RIVER
1.7
3.3
8.2
11
20
78
105
6
41
10 20 30
Vl
e
0-1
el-3
el-3
3.6
17
25
2.7
17
2.4
13
EAST FORK OF GRAND RIVER
East Fork Grand River at Albany
1.9
eo-i
THOMPSON RIVER
Thompson River near Mt. Moriah
Thompson River at Trenton
11
16
5.4
d
_J3,2
_
2.0
1.6
LITTLE RIVER
The U.S. Geological Survey has insufficient flow data for the Little Rive on which
to base a flow analysis.
d-Insufficient data for estimate
e-Range in discharge estimated on basis of frequency curve slopes at nearby
continuous-record stations and extension of regression curves
f-Short-time continuous-record station which was analyzed as a partial-record
station due to scant data
-------
421
TABLE 5_
LOW .FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
FOR
GRAND-CHARITON RIVER/BASIN (continued)
Interstate Streams
WELDON
Weldon River near Mercer
Weldon River at Mill Grove
Weldon River near Trenton
Annual 7 day low flow, in cubic feet
per second, for indicated recurrence
interval in years.
2
c
RIVER
0.3
2.2
6.2
0
0.3
10 20 30
0
0
(d)
0
0
0
0
CHARITON RIVER
^hariton River at Novinger
^hariton River near Prairie Hill
7.4
21
2.1
9.5
1.0
6.5
0.5
5.0
0.3
4.6
b-Discontinued continuous-record station
d-Insufficient data for estimate
-------
422
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Tarkio
LOCATION: West of Fairfax
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-------
E. Lightfoot
MR. LIGHTFOOT: Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Let me indicate what we may have on the
program for the rest of the day.
By the way, does anyone from Nebraska want
to speak or not?
If not--
MR. SAMSON: Mr. Chairman, I have indicatec
that I didn't have any remarks to make, and I am accom-
panied here by our Executive Secretary, Mr. Filipi, who
I know loves to make a speech.
But I am somewhat confused, which isn't
unusual. In your Water Quality Standards Conference,
State of Iowa, you made a requirement here or a recom-
mendation that all significant municipal wastes dischargee
into the interstate waters of Iowa shall receive a mini-
mum of secondary treatment prior to discharge, and then
you have a timetable there that compliance shall be sub-
mitted not later than December 31, 1969, and the compli-
ance date of not later than December 31, 1977.
Now, if my memory serves me correctly,
-------
435
J. Samson
and you can correct me if I am wrong, I think there is
a provision in the Federal Act that requires some con-
sistency between areas. Isn't there some provision like
that?
MR. STEIN: I don't know about it.
MR. SAMSON: I thought that there was some
generally areas that were neighbors, that there should be
some consistency.
MR. STEIN: I think we try to be consisten"
Of course we are from the east, and you know Emerson was
from the east too and he is the man who said, "Consistency
is the hobgoblin of mediocre minds."
(Laughter.)
MR. SAMSON: Well, aside from that, our
provisions in Nebraska, the water quality standards which
were approved by the Secretary of the Interior sometime
ago, in connection with the Missouri River provides that;
The date for compliance v/ith the standards
on all municipal and industrial wastes, except for those
facilities located on the main stem of the Missouri River.
shall be by 1972. A special timetable for facilities dis-
charging into the Missouri River will be developed- by
-------
436
J. Samson
December 31, 1969. A continuing program of waste treat-
ment plant construction will go forward with the assistam
of the grants.
I wonder if there isn't some inconsistency
here on the position of the Federal authorities on what
is required here in Iowa and what we have done in Nebrask^,.
And the second point I wanted to raise is
on this continuous disinfection shall be implemented as a
control of bacteriological pollution. I don't recall
as far as Nebraska was concerned that there was ever any
problem raised by you folks on the Federal level involving
the control of the bacteriological pollution and we are
going to run into this question of continuous disinfectioji.
MR. STEIN: We will throw all those ques-
tions up to our staff. I think you have a point on several
of those.
One, let me indicate that as far as I see
the standards program, and the staff can check me, dealing
with 53 jurisdictions and in dealing with Federal-State
relations, I don't think you are going to have complete
uniformity or it may depend on your definition of con-
sistency. Every State program is not going to be the
-------
-------
438
J. Samson
Missouri River, and I think what we worked out on thermal
pollution was approved by your agency.
Isn't that right, Mr. Rademacher, on the
thermal pollution, that is at Desoto--and if there is
such a thing--at Desoto and at Falls City?
MR. RADEMACHER: Again I think that the
question of thermal standards on the Missouri River is
not an issue. It is on the interior streams of Iowa that
this question arises.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I agree.
MR. STEIN: Well, this still raises a
question, you see, if you are going to look for consistent
I am not sure that there was any requirement on--is there
a thermal requirement on the interior streams in Nebraska"?
MR. SAMSON: ¥ill you restate that?
MR. STEIN: Is there a requirement on the
thermal pollution? Is it about the same as this that you
are recommending here?
MR. BURD: Yes.
MR. STEIN: All right.
MR. BUCKMASTER: What is it?
MR. STEIN: I don't know.
y<
-------
J. Samson
MR. BUCKMASTER: Let's have somebody tell
us who does know.
MR. STEIN: Does anyone remember this?
MR. BUCKMASTER: I think it is important
that we know because we have spent almost a total day
In Davenport and here by people who have been pulled in
all over the United States talking about a difference of
three degress, and if it didn't require any for Nebraska
it would be interesting to Iowa to know why, although we
don't claim that would be any defense for us, but it
would be an interesting exercise in how the Federal mind
works.
(Laughter.)
MR. STEIN: Thank you for a double compli-
ment, that we have a mind and it works.
(Laughter.)
MR. BUCKMASTER: Now show us how, Mr. Steiji
(Laughter.)
MR. STEIN: Well, I think we can produce
that, but let's not hold up the proceedings for that.
Let's move on. Can we answer that second
question that Mr. Samson raised on disinfection? Do we
-------
J. Samson
have a requirement for disinfection in Nebraska?
MR. SAMSON: No.
MR. STEIN: ¥e don't?
MR. SAMSON: None.
MR. STEIN: All right. We don't have a
requirement in the internal streams or in the Missouri?
All right.
I suggest we go on and we will give you
an opportunity later when we find the temperature, if
there is a temperature requirement, to get that informa-
tion in the record. 0. K.?
Let me indicate the people we have left
this afternoon.
MR. SAMSON: Mr. Stein, may I inquire,
what is the response from the government on that bacterio
logical disinfection, what is the position of the govern-
ment?
MR. STEIN: You heard the recommendation
here. They said they had none for Nebraska.
MR. SAMSON: I mean inasfar as Iowa is
concerned.
MR. STEIN: I think they agree. It says
-------
441
J. Samson
control—unless I am mistaken — control of bacteriological
pollution by continuous disinfection shall be implemented.
A timetable for implementation shall be established by
September 30, 19^9- In no case shall the compliance date
for the installation and operation of continuous disin-
fection facilities extend beyond December 30, 1970.
MR. SAMSON: All right. Thank you.
MR. STEIN: And that is the position as
far as I know of the people preparing this report for
Iowa. As far as I can see, and check my recollection
if this isn't correct, I think the region—this is not the
Kansas City region, but the region in Chicago made the
same recommendation in Davenport last week or essentially
the same recommendation.
What we do have is a list of three more
participants this afternoon. One is W. W. Amundson of
Sioux City, second is Mrs. Koerber of the League of Women
Voters, and the third is Dr. Morris. Is there anyone
else? Because we are going to recess -before we hear
these three.
Is there anyone else who would want to be
heard this afternoon? If you do, would you come up to me
-------
W. Amundson
during recess. We will stand recessed for 10 minutes
(RECESS)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene.
May we have Mr. Amundson, please, of
Sioux City.
STATEMENT BY WILLIAM AMUNDSON
CITY ENGINEER
SIOUX CITY, IOWA
MR. AMUNDSON: Mr. Chairman and conferees,
I am Bill Amundson, City Engineer for Sioux City. I have
no written statement. I merely want to reiterate the
position of Sioux City in this matter.
I would like, in speaking for Sioux City,
to take the position of thanking the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission for the stand that they have taken in
this matter and to indicate that the city of Sioux City
is in full agreement with it.
Sioux City, as many of you know, holds the
unfavorable and unpopular and dubious distinction of
having been one of the few cities put under Federal order
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W. Amundson
to cease and desist polluting the Missouri River prior to
the construction of our primary treatment plant. We have
constructed this primary treatment plant and we feel that
we have probably as tight a rein on our situation and the
packing industry in our city as anyone on the river. We
deplore the situation that goes on in other areas on the
Missouri River, particularly on the other side with our
adjacent State Nebraska.
We feel that we wonder whether the measure
ments that have been taken by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration were taken specifically from the
Sioux City--our name has been bandied around here today
as being a serious contributor to this pollution; we
wonder whether these measurements were taken as repre-
senting Sioux City's outfalls rather than the many, many
other outfalls that contribute to the downstream areas
Just below Sioux City.
I would repeat again that the city of
Sioux City takes the stand of supporting the position of
the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Amundson.
You know, we were up in Sioux City ma'ny
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Mrs. G. G. Koerber
years, and I will say after they got the plant in it was
very nice up there because they used to invite me to that
annual steak dinner they had in Washington.
Let's go off the record for a minute.
(Off the record.)
MR. STEIN: May we have Mrs. Koerber, of
the League of Women Voters.
STATEMENT BY MRS. GEORGE G. KOERBER
DIRECTOR AND STATE CHAIRMAN FOR WATER RESOURCES
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF IOWA
MRS. KOERBER: I am Mrs. George G. Koerber,
an elected Director of the League of Women Voters of Iowa
and State Chairman for Water Resources. The League of
Women Voters is a volunteer, non-partisan group working
to promote informed and active participation of citizens
in government. I am grateful for this opportunity to
present the views of Iowa League members regarding surface
water quality standards.
For many years, the League in Iowa and in
the United States has been concerned with water resources
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Mrs. G. G. Koerber
We have expressed our concern by supporting measures to
encourage coordinated planning and management of water
resources on a river basin or regional basis. At the
same time, we have worked for enactment and enforcement
of pollution abatement legislation as well as for State
and Federal appropriations and local bond issues to con-
struct treatment facilities. In 19&5* the League with
other interested groups supported the formation of the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
We were particularly pleased that the
statute establishing the Commission declared that the
public policy of Iowa is "to conserve the waters of the
State and to protect,maintain, and improve the quality
thereof for public water supplies, for the propagation of
wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic, agri-
cultural, industrial, recreational and other legitimate
uses of such waters; to provide that no waste be discharg
into any waters of the State without first being given th
degree of treatment necessary to protect the legitimate
uses of such waters; to provide for the prevention, abate
ment, and control of new, increasing, potential, or exist
ing water pollution." The statute, in addition, specific illy
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Mrs. G. G. Koerber
empowers the Commission "to develop comprehensive plans
and programs for the prevention, control and abatement
of new, increasing, potential, or existing pollution of
the waters of the State."
Acting under this authority, the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission has made Iowa a
leader in pollution control. Iowa has the highest
percentage of its urban population served by sewage
treatment facilities. The Commission has proposed
regulations to prevent and control water pollution by
cattle feedlots. Thus Iowa is among the first group of
States to deal constructively with this problem. For
providing this leadership, the Commission deserves wider
recognition of its achievements than it has received.
In addition, the Commission should be com-
mended for adopting a preventive policy toward water
quality standards for low flow streams. This policy is
stated on page 8 of the Water Quality Criteria and Plan
for Implementation and Enforcement as revised June 1968.
It reads "to protect legitimate uses on low flow streams,
the wastes will be given the highest practicable degree
of treatment without respect to dilution in order to
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Mrs. G. G. Koerber
prevent the development of nuisance or health problems
below discharge. Treatment less than secondary treatment
will not be accepted unless it can be shown that the
legitimate uses can be protected with a lesser degree of
treatment."
Now, if this means what I think it means,
I ask these questions: If it is possible to require
secondary treatment on low flow streams without proof by
the Commission that water quality has been affected
adversely, is it not possible to require the same degree
of treatment on high flow streams as well? Is it not
equally valid to place the burden of proof that primary
treatment is not detrimental on those discharging into
high flow streams as well as those on low flow ones?
After all, a high flow has at least one disadvantage--evei
though it provides greater dilution, it has the effect of
decreasing the distance between communities so that the
stream has less time between communities to cleanse itsel:
The League of Women Voters of Iowa believe
secondary treatment or its equivalent by municipalities
and industries along the Missouri River is necessary to
prevent and control new, increasing, or potential pollution
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448
Mrs. G. G. Koerber
if not existing pollution. We ask the Iowa Water Pollu-
tion Control Commission to continue to look ahead, to
anticipate problems and to adopt measures to prevent the
development of nuisance or health problems.
With our present population, let's assume
for a moment that primary treatment is adequate, what
happens if we wait to require secondary treatment? Even
with the best monitoring system possible, water quality
would be lowered unless we can install treatment facilities
on an overnight basis.
We urge the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission to adopt a requirement for secondary treatment
or its equivalent along the Missouri River and to initiat
plans for implementation and enforcement now. Action now
will prevent pollution from accompanying the predicted
increase in population for the urban areas along this
river, because action now means the necessary treatment
facilities will be in operation when the increase occurs- •
not five or more years later. Action now will save the
public money. It costs less to treat the wastes entering
the river than it does to treat the water to make it
potable or usable by industry. Action now will avoid
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449
Mrs. G. G. Koerber
some of the annual increase in cost of constructing
facilities.
On the remaining matters under discussion
here, the League as a lay group cannot speak on the
technical points involved. We can, however, speak to the
policy that will govern the technical decisions. The
League believes the Commission when setting quality
standards should abide by policy which gives greater
weight to protecting the public and to protecting the
environment than to other factors.
We know that other areas of the Nation
have greater pollution problems. This fact, however,
does not remove the need to prevent or control pollution
in this basin. On the contrary, the severe problems
elsewhere should be justification for preventive action
here because it demonstrates so well the result of pro-
crastination and undue reliance upon dilution as a means
of water quality control. We must learn from experience
and take this opportunity to keep history from being
repeated. As taxpayers and consumers, League members
are willing to pay their share of the cost to conserve
water quality for succeeding generations.
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C. Noren
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mrs. Koerber.
I will put this in next because it comes
from an official State agency.
"This telegram is to emphasize the concern
of the Missouri Department of Conservation regarding the
detrimental effects of pollution on the fish, wildlife,
and recreation resources of the Missouri River and its
tributaries. We believe that a high degree of waste
treatment is necessary to improve the condition of the
Missouri River and that a non-degradation policy is
essential to prevent further damage to the aquatic
resources of waste, heat or other pollutants unforeseen
at this time.
"Sincerely,
"Carl R. Noren, Director
"Missouri Department of Conservation."
Now, Mr. Bob Russell.
Mr. Russell.
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451
R. C. Russell
STATEMENT BY ROBERT C. RUSSELL
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, IOWA DIVISION
IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OP AMERICA
IOWA CITY, IOWA
ME. RUSSELL: Mr. Chairman, as Chairman
of this conference, we thank you for allowing us to
present the following. My name is Robert C. Russell,
and I am the Executive Secretary for the Iowa Division
of The Izaak Walton League of America (I.W.L.A.). As
such, and having received a copy of the March 5* 19^9,
notice by Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel
setting this conference, I brought it to the attention
of the Iowa Division I.W.L.A. State Board of Directors at
their meeting of March 15, 1969. After discussing the
content of the notice and how it related to our interest
in water pollution abatement, I was delegated to prepare
and present a statement that would contain the sentiments
of the Board's discussion and other pertinent commentary.
The following is that statement.
It has been the policy and indeed the
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452
R. C. Russell
history of the Iowa Division of the I.W.L.A. to have a
strong interest in and to support a strong water pollutioi
abatement program. Our effort and support in the estab-
lishment of the present Iowa Water Pollution Control Law;
our statements presented at the November-December, 1966.5
hearings on water quality criteria for all Iowa waters;
and our statement given at the four April,1968,public
hearings on the subject of cattle feedlot waste disposal
all bear this out.
Because of these involvements and our
knowledge of the program and actions of the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission, we would be remiss at this
time if we did not publicly thank them for the work that
they have done. It should also be noted that many of
their accomplishments have been made to date in spite of
inadequate financing, lack of departmental personnel, and
perhaps even the very Iowa laws under which they administer
and operate.
Now to grips with the purpose of this
conference, as we understand it: Namely, resolving the
differences between the water quality standards of the
State of Iowa and the Federal Water Pollution Control
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453
R. C. Russell
Administration regarding the interstate waters of Iowa,
as noted in the conference notice and determined in part
not to be consistent with the protection of the public
health and welfare, the enhancement of the quality of
the water, and the purposes of the Federal Water Pollutioji
Control Act with particular reference to:
1. The treatment requirements and
implementation plan for waste discharges to the
Mississippi and Missouri Rivers;
2. The requirements for disinfection
of controllable waste discharges which may be
sources of bacteriological pollution;
3. The temperature criteria for the
interstate waters of the State other than the
Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.
First it is important to point out that ou
views on these points are from a non-technical standpoint
and to note that we believe the following to be relevant
to this conference:
1. From the FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ACT, AS AMENDED, "DECLARATION OF POLICY,
Section 1. (a) The purpose of this Act is to
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R. C. Russell
enhance the quality and value of our water
resources and to establish a national policy
for the prevention, control and abatement of
water pollution."
2. From the IOWA WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL LAW, CHAPTER 4-55B.1, Statement of
policy, excerpt, "...it is hereby declared
to be the public policy of this State to
conserve the waters of the State and to
protect, maintain and improve the quality
thereof..."
3. From the CONSERVATION POLICIES
OF THE IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA in the
section on WATER POLLUTION, No. 6. "Since
water courses know no political boundaries,
pollution control is rightfully a Federal as
well as a local, State, and interstate re-
sponsibility. Although control measures should
be initiated at the lowest effective level,
the Federal Government should have clear
authority to strongly enforce pollution
abatement .and prevention in cases when lower
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455
R. G. Russell
authority proves ineffectual or inadequate."
If these stated Federal and State policies
of water quality enhancement and improvement are to have
any meaning, for the reasons which this conference was
called, and because this organization historically has
supported an enhancing clean waters program, we urge the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission to resolve the
issues upon which this conference was called and thereby
qualify the Iowa Water Quality Standards with a program
acceptable to the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis
tration.
Should the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission feel the need for changes or additional Iowa
legislation that affects its ability to comply with the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, it is suggested that
they immediately petition the Iowa Legislature for such
authority.
In closing we would like to note the
splendid example set by the City of Dubuque, Iowa, in its
recent move to improve its sewage treatment program.
Perhaps their action will set a pattern for other cities
on Iowa's border streams. It could hopefully be ind'icati'
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456
D. F. Beam
that cities, industries and agriculture are seeing the
"light" towards a better environment. It is also hoped
that the Federal and State water pollution control agencies
involved with this conference can show a good example of
cooperation.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Russell.
Now, before we call on Dr. Morris, is
there anyone else from other than the Iowa official
agencies who wishes to make a statement?
Yes, come on up here, please.
MR. BEAM: Did you want me to follow Docto
MR. STEIN: No. Come on up here.
STATEMENT OF D. F. BEAM
VICE CHAIRMAN, NEBRASKA COMMITTEE FOR
PURE AIR AND WATER, INC., OMAHA, NEBRASKA
MR. BEAM: I am Mr. Beam and I am from
I Nebraska, from Omaha. I am Vice Chairman of the Nebraska
Committee for Pure Air and Water, Inc. We, too, thank
the Secretary of the Interior and Mr. Stein as his
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457
D. F. Beam
representative for having this regional hearing. I do
not have a prepared statement except that I jotted down
some notes from attending the meeting this morning.
It seemed to me that the concern seems to
be on aquatic life in the streams, and my thought and my
question was because we are humans perhaps maybe I missed
the point of the whole study, but I think that part of
it was brought out when food processing was mentioned,
and so forth, when foods are prepared from this water
after it is treated. But if we are concerned about the
fish life, I think the Federal Government as well as the
Iowa Water Pollution Commission needs to be concerned
about such matters as toxicity as far as the human being
is concerned and I think that the public hearing is
threshing out some of the solutions and controls. I
think to report back to the public, the taxpayer, that is
you and I, you also, myself included, I think this needs
to be done, because we need to be made aware of how our
money is being spent and if it is being spent wisely.
And then also I am wondering about the
Commission staffs, if there is enough public represen-
tation on these councils. Nebraska, I understand, has a
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458
D. F. Beam
council, Nebraska Water Pollution Council. I am wondering
if there is enough representatives. I think there is one
representative to represent the public in Iowa, but I am
not too sure about Nebraska. That is one of the question^
that I noted down.
Now, one of the other things that I didn't
have too much time to delve into was the possibility of
the recent heavy construction of nuclear powerplants. I
think the Federal Government has adequate technical staff
to delve into this and I don't know whether the Federal
water pollution council has included this in their
studies. This would be a radioactive waste byproduct
accident, possibly, and this was just recently brought
to the attention of the public through the Des Moines
Register of this past Sunday which was summarized from
the national history publication about the increase in
numbers of nuclear powerplants throughout the country.
I think that your publicity that you have
received locally is very good. As far as a lay person,
I would like to see more publicity ahead of the conferenc
although maybe this conference was really earmarked for
the people that are concerned, such as the \vater treatmen
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459
D. F. Beam
and sanitation engineers.
Is that true, Mr. Stein?
MR. STEIN: No, no, no. Let rne
Interrupt since you have paused. Don't go away; I
don't want to cut you off.
These are always delicate issues. I
think you have raised some good questions and we
are going to let Nebraska, hopefully, answer you.
However, I will give you my philosophy on this.
In dealing with publicity before the
conference vie have certain enforcement actions under
the law. One runs the risk of using whatever the
forum is--newspapers, radio and T.V.--to try a case
or wait until you come before a forum such as this
where all sides can be represented. With the best
of intentions, when you put all this material out
in advance you don't have the traditional face-to-
face confrontation that we like in our society, which
seems to be the best way of getting at the truth.
We follow the law strictly. First
we prepare our reports. I hope they got them out
in advance so everyone could see them. We made a
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46o
D. F. Beam
distribution to the appropriate congressional members,,
to the appropriate State agencies, to everyone else we
thought would be interested in a technical report. We
sent out notices of the conferences, and I like to use
the phrase "deadpan notices." I know one mailing from
the Kansas City office alone was, what, 800 names, wasn't
it? How many names did we get from the Chicago office
on the other side? Perhaps a like number.
In other words, we sent out over 1,500
notices. Anyone who received those notices could have
come in and asked for the information. The information
is all public.
However, as you see, with issues such as
we have here—and again trying to have an even-handed
administration of the law--I believe that is about as
far as an agency can reasonably go before a conference
to distribute or disseminate the information and put out
what you might call, in quotes, "publicity." The reason
for that is apparent. We are trying to set up a forum
or a procedure where we have all the points of view and
are able to make a judgment. In other words, we wouldn't
be calling a conference of this type if we didn't have
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D. F. Beam
questions like that and we didn't recognize there might
be differing points of view that are to be aired and
adjudicated.
I know how much you are interes ted—and
I am just as much—in the widest dissemination of informa
tion. But under the American system of government, the
jurisprudence, and in the interest of fair play, every
governmental agency--! don't care whether it is State,
Federal or local—when you have a situation of this type,
has to exercise a reasonable amount of restraint in the
kind of, again, "publicity" engaged in before the con-
ference. This is the avenue by which we get all the
various views, some agreeing, some opposing, so we can
try to arrive at truth, if we can, and agreements if at
all possible. But this does not mean that we by the use
of any term have a closed society or we have any secret
information. It is just that we make the information
available through normal channels and do not try to push
this too far before we have the conference.
By the way, this is the essence of the
Federal-State relations. Where a lot of the problems come
up—again let me give you my experience--! would say that
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462
D. F. Beam
70 percent or 80 percent of the problems that I have
found in Federal and State relations, Federal-State-local
industrial relations, emanate from someone reading a stor
or an alleged quote or a release in a newspaper or in a
magazine and going back. Again, as you know, they always
come to me. I have never felt that I have ever had to telll
a magazine or a newspaper to change a story. They do the
best they can and we are dealing with very technical
matters. By and large, I would say they have been pretty
accurate and they generally get the main point of the
story across, which is all you can expect. I certainly
have never had a complaint.
But this is the kind of thing we all have
to watch. I believe we have struck a balance and ive come
to this as fast as we can. I know the conservation group
and a lot of the public groups would like to see some-
thing different, but again I really do not think there is
a substitute for face-to-face confrontation.
Feel free to comment on that, or we can
ask the Nebraska people to talk first if you want to.
Mr. Samson.
MR. SAMSON: Mr. Beam, I think it is very
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463
D. F. Beam
gratifying that you as a citizen take the time to come
over and. attend this conference.
I just want to call your attention to our
statute in Nebraska provides for a membership of 10, and
of those 10 members on the Nebraska Water Pollution
Control Council 4 of them are ex officio members of the
official bodies in the State House, that is the Director
of Fish and Game, Director of Health, Director of Soil
and Conservation. And then there are six who were
appointed by the Governor, citizens over the State, and
they are divided two representing municipalities, I mean
citizens such as you and others that the Governor picks
out who are interested in water pollution, one represents
agriculture and three represent industry. So that is the
way the Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council is
constituted.
Thank you.
MR. BEAK: Yes, that is very good. That
is what I was waiting to hear. I had not seen, you know,
a regulation or statute which shows how it is composed.
I appreciate that.
I think that is all.
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paper.
464
Dr. Morris
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Is there anyone e.ise?
If not, may we have Dr. Morris.
STATEMENT BY DR. ROBERT L. MORRIS
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, IOWA STATE HYGIENIC
LABORATORY, AMES, IOWA
DR. MORRIS: I do not have a prepared
I would like to make a few comments on som
of the things that were in the basic initial report from
the Federal Government. Some things I do not feel quite
represent the feeling of technical people and I would
like to point them out. I had planned one of them before
this last gentleman talked, but because of his comment
I doubly want to discuss it.
I want to talk for a moment about radio-
i activity. It says in the basic report in the blue cover
i
• on V-3, section E under "Radioactivity":
"Water treatment plants remove little
radioactive pollution from raw water supply."
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465
Dr. Morris
I hope this isn't true, because at reactor
sites we use rather conventional water treatment processe
to remove many kinds of radioisotopes. We precipitate
and filter them off to concentrate the waste, they are
passed through ion exchange materials and the cations,
many of them are the isotopes of interest, are taken out
in ion exchange and either eluted or taken away from
those resins and concentrated in other kinds of fluids
so that they can be disposed of in a variety of manners.
And if this statement is true, we are in
a very difficult position in handling radioactive
wastes. The division of radiological health of the
Public Health Service has for many years done very
excellent research and given us techniques and procedures
to handle these kinds of wastes. They are classical
water treatment plant procedures.
Also,the research done by the State
Hygiene Laboratory in Iowa has indicated at times follow-
ing weapon detonations, at least, and this is where our
experience has been gained because we really have no
industrial radiation industry in Iowa of any size, we
have found time and time again in our national rivers,
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___ 466
Dr. Morris
especially the Mississippi, the Iowa and the Cedar,
where we have worked primarily, that 50 to 75 percent
of the radioactivity in our streams is in suspended
material.
Well, the purpose of a water treatment
plant in the first step of surface water treatment is
to remove suspended material, and many of our plants
are highly efficient at this, either in just simple
sedimentation or chemically-produced coagulation and
then sedimentation, and it is a demonstrated fact that
this significantly reduces the concentration of radio-
isotope s .
If we go through classical lime softening,
which is quite common in surface water supplies as well
as some ground water supplies in Iowa, these are the
materials that are taken out. Strontium, for instance,
which is a well-known isotope, reacts to softening
processes just like calcium and magnesium and iron and
manganese, which are the things we are taking out. So
that this again is effective as a removal technique.
I am not going to get complicated and
talk about percentage removals and some of the variables
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467
Dr. Morris
in it, but nevertheless I think that statement shoul^
be understood.
In Iowa it is not uncommon bo zeoV be
soften municipal supplies, some of them even surface
waters. And we know for a fact that radium 226, which
is a common natural isotope in ground water supplies
in southeastern Iowa, is removed to some place around the
97 to 98 percent removal level by passage through zeo-
lite.
The Public Health Service for about three
years had what they called the midwest environmental
study based out of our laboratory in Iowa City where
hundreds of samples naturally coming from the wells and
those which had been passed through zeolite softeners
were shown to have reduced this isotope to a very sig-
nificant extent.
I think because of the comment that this
last gentleman made about bhe concern about reactors,
nuclear powerplants, someone should at least comment on
this statement.
In addition to the radioisotope idea of
removal, I would like to state that our standards^ such
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468
Dr. Morris
as existed the last time we considered it, are in
essential conformance with what the Water Pollution
Control Administration is recommending and I think they
are non-controversial and I think they are very adequate.
Our research in the Iowa environment during the time when
we were getting fallout materials indicated that we never
came anywhere near the limit of 1,000 micro-microcuries
or picocuries. This is a value that I think we can live
with and it is certainly our intent to do what we can
from a State level to see that the nuclear installations
meet these standards.
So, I don't think there is any reason
for concern in this respect. I think the Federal Govern-
ment requirements or philosophy on this is sound and
we have no argument with it.
The second item I would like to discuss
a little bit is bacteria. Mr. Buckmaster mentioned that
we had a letter from an FWPCA official talking about
bacteriological standards and essentially accepting our
attitude on this. We feel that in this environment the
highest coliform organism density, which is the parameter
that practically everyone uses, at least in part, in thei
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469
Dr. Morris
evaluation of water quality, is at an extremely high
level in the early stages of runoff which reaches or
cleanses the upper surface of our soil. Thousands of
acres, maybe hundreds of thousandsr-I have never tried
to figure it out--in a broad Statewide rain of a sig-
nificant amount, in our experience a half inch to an
inch normally is sufficient to do this, pollute our
streams with agricultural land runoff of which the
coliform organism group is a major constituent to a very
extensive degree. And after many conferences with the
Federal people we finally hammered out an agreement,which
we thought was permanent,that we would evaluate the
quality of our waters at what was termed low flow.
Now, there are many waters in the State
where we can meet the levels which the Federal Government
has established and that we have agreed with, and I will
only quote one of them for recreation, which seems to be
the guiding impetus of these conferences, 200 fecal colif
organisms per 100 milliliters. We can meet this in a
geometric mean in many of the recreational waters in
Iowa. We can't meet these levels at periods of high flow
We exceed them many, many times and I don't quite see how
rm
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Dr. Morris
we can arraign 150,000 farmers from the State of Iowa
to change their agricultural practices.
By that I do not mean to infer — and I
think the whole Commission agrees with this—that the
Iowa Water Pollution Commission is not going to exert
every possible effort we can to produce better soil
conservation conditions so that the i^ater is held on
the individual farm where it falls. What we are really
trying to do, and there is some argument against this,
but it is the best way we know how to go about it, is
to force the water into the ground water aquifer rather
than force it into the streams. We are limited to some
extent "by this because we don't want to have all the
water flowing down our streams coming from ground water
to a river watershed recharge. We wouldn't have enough
to dilute some of the products that get into the river,
including effluents from secondary or tertiary treatment.
It still needs dilution.
So we are going to try and do what we can
to hold the water where it is. Until we do this to an
adequate extent, we are only going to meet these standard^
or any conceivable bacteriological level, at the low flow
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Dr. Morris
periods in our State, and I strongly suspect many of the
States in the midwest are in exactly the same position
whether they know it or not as yet. If they look, they
will see that it is something logical and we don't know
how to reverse it except by holding water where it falls.
Actually, the Federal Government survey
that was performed, I think in October last year, at
least in part brings this out. If you look on page A-2
you can see that the geometric mean below Sioux City was
62,800 total coliforms and 26,600 fecal coliforms, and
this was by their description of the hydrology of the
period a relatively dry or low flow period.
Over on the top of the next page, A-3, the
make a statement that a two-day rain-affected period at
19 of the 21 stations showed the total coliforms at
1.44 million, and the fecal coliforms, which is an
important point,were 1.12 million. This is a vast
increase, but there is one other salient point here.
If you calculate percentages, and I didn't bring my
slide rule along and I make all kinds of mistakes with a
pencil and paper, fewer with a slide rule, it looks to me
like about 77 percent of the total coliforms were fecal
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Dr. Morris
in nature, meaning that they came from the intestinal
tract of warm-blooded animals. We are quite inadequate
to determine whether the fecal coliforms are coming from
human beings or from livestock, but we can separate
those which are of intestinal origin and, there-
fore, possible disease transmitters from those which are
of natural soil forms which normally have less important
effect as far as disease transmission.
So the data which the people fro.m the
Federal Government produced here corresponds with what
we have found in Iowa on the internal streams, what we
have found on the Mississippi, and what we have found
with some of the work we have done on the Missouri. And
as Mr. Stein so aptly stated, when we get together and
talk with each other, we reach some conclusions while we
are looking each other in the eye that you don't always
bring out in reports that are flown back and forth. This
is one of the points. I think we must recognize that we
can set any bacteriological standard we want and the
environment in this situation doesn't make it possible
to meet a number. You have to live with the environmenta
condition. I think we should understand this about
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Dr. Morris
bacteriological levels.
I think there is some question as to whether
we can meet this on the Missouri, and anybody who looks
at the data which was collected by this study in October
has to ask himself this question. To make the decision
that you can't meet it is one thing. To decide what you
should do about it is another, and there is more than
just secondary treatment involved. Disinfection of waste;
can reduce the bacteriological load. This gets, in my
opinion, to be an engineering decision and an economic
one . Which way you want to approach the problem?
The third thing I would like to discuss
is phenols. We had a discussion of this in Davenport, and
I am not going to spend the time on it here that I did
there, except to say that the commonly accepted and agreec
to level of phenols pretty much around the country is one
part per billion. Again I lean on our environment and
the monitoring data which we have and on some theory which
I think supports what we find. The State of Missouri
made the comment that they can't meet the one part per
billion. ¥e can't meet it either. The State of Illinois
has signified that they can't meet the one part per billidn
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Dr. Morris
maximum permissible concentration of phenols in the
Mississippi River and other of their internal streams,
and the question becomes why.
It is a quite well documented fact that
phenolic compounds can result from nature herself. Many
natural materials can degrade into phenolic compounds
by a variety of pathways, and if people will read the
California Water Standards in the section for phenols,
this is so stated in here with bibliographies that can
be looked up to at least show you where these materials
come from.
The best article on this I have read any
place in a single spot is an article in Air and Water
Pollution Journal, which happens to be a British journal,
but it is an extremely well done article. It is entitled,
"Recovery and Identification of Organics in Water" by
Richard D. Hoak. He was working at the Mellon Institute
in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This documents, in my
opinion, in a very well done fashion, some of the sources
of these materials naturally.
We have noticed the same phenomenon
in the phenol, problem that we have just been discussing
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Dr. Morris
in the bacteriological densities at dry periods and high
runoff periods. We find in our work on the streams in
Iowa that the phenol concentrations are higher in early
stages of runoff. This confirms the fact or at least makajs
it logical to assume that these are of natural origin,
because their increase fits with this kind of a cleansing
action on the soil.
Actually, from my own experience and from
discussions with the engineers in the State Health Depart-
ment, we have very little industrial input of phenols
into our environment. We are recording quite significant
levels in our streams. On the Mississippi we record an
average of about 10 parts per billion, we have recorded
levels as high as 18. This is the reason why our standarc
is not one part per billion. It isn't consistent with
our environment.
And the other salient point on this, and
reason why the one part per billion was chosen, is that
there is a lot of work which shows that certain phenols
at the one part per billion level can produce compounds
when chlorinatedjthat do produce measurable tastes. And
I am not here to argue with this. It has been done by
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Dr. Morris
some very competent researchers.
But I think it is reasonable to assume
that the types of phenolic compounds that are in our
natural environment are not producing the same levels
of taste and odor when they are chlorinated in our
natural water supplies. Constitutuents entering a mole-
cule can change these taste levels and I think most
people working in this field realize this. So that I
think we have to take a look at the natural input of
phenols into our environment.
There was a discussion of this by the
State of Missouri, and I don't recall having heard, and
I would like to be informed if it exists, an actual
standard for phenols in the State of Missouri. I have
heard it stated twice that they concur with our level of
20 parts per billion, but I am not in possession of what
level they have actually accepted and, unless I misunder-
stood the statements, their standards have been approved
by the Federal Government. I would like to know whether
they are higher than ours or lower than ours.
I also, in my ignorance, do not know what
the standards for Nebraska are with respect to phenols.
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Dr. Morris
If it is one part per billion, we are going to have to
sample on the other side of the river, I-guess, because
the part that we sample in Iowa is not going to meet
that one part per billion level. I have no information
to indicate that the other side of the river is really
any better than ours with respect to this type of runoff.
Fourthly, I am deeply disturbed, because
it is a responsibility which at least in part would be
directed to me and the State Hygienic Laboratory and the
Water Pollution Commission and the State Department of
Health, over a statement on IV-42 which talks about a
matter very dear to my heart, monitoring of water quality
or surveillance, and it says:
"The scheduled sampling frequencies of
existing and proposed monitoring stations operated by
the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission are on a
quarterly basis for physical, chemical and bacteriologica:
parameters."
Now, I have in front of me a cooperatively
worked out agreement or suggestion, I guess, proposal,
by the, I think it is, Region V group out of Chicago,
a Mr. Risley came to Des Moines and worked with Mr.
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Dr. Morris
Schliekelman and myself and Dr. Gakstatter from our
staff, discussing proposed sampling points in Iowa, and
we worked out, after a full day of going over our data
and what the Federal people had, what I believe to be a very
adequate surveillance program for Iowa streams. A certair
class of surveillance is done quarterly, some things
semi-annually, by the way this includes phenols, pesti-
cides, radioactivity, which happen to be monthly, and
detergents, which is on a quarterly basis. We sat down
and tried to work out with reason and judgment, as engi-
neers and chemists and liranologists, what it would take
to evaluate our environment, and we came up with a
detailed but variable type program.
The statement goes on in the Missouri Rivei
report:
"The sampling frequencies for these
parameters should be increased to at least weekly
intervals" on a group of streams. Some of these are
those on which we have worked out these sampling
frequencies.
If I may be permitted a probably pre.judicec
statement, one. which I mean to put politely, I don't know
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Dr. Morris
whether any chemists were involved in making that state-
ment, but there is a whale of a lot of work and a lot of
money and an enormous amount of leg work in the field to
collect a broad spectrum of samples like this on at least
a weekly basis. I can assure you the State Hygienic
Laboratory, plus the Health Department in Iowa,doesn't have
this kind of manpower muscle, nor do I see where we will
get it,nor do I see the necessity for it.
I would like to ask that that statement be
looked at again in a little more realistic manner. Some
of our streams deserve daily analytical control, others
of them weekly, others monthly, some quarterly, and we
have tried to work this out.
Now, I was very pleased when Mr. Risley
representing the Federal Government, came out and sat
down in what I considered to be a very fine technical
fashion and worked this program out. I would hope that
we would get the same sort of a cooperative attempt from
the Missouri Basin Region
I want to assure you that we will make
available any of the experience our laboratory has and I
am sure the Health Department staff will do exactly the
the way in which he has operated these conferences. I
Vlll'f".
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Dr. Morris
same thing, but I don't like to see someone from outside
tell us what our sampling frequency should be on an
internal stream without at least discussing the problem
482
Dr. Morris
Thank you very much.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
I have one comment. You had better
listen to this, because you may want to strike it
yourself. I direct this comment not only to the
Iowa people but to the Federal people. Over and
over again I have heard in both reports whether we
can tell whether a coliform or some kind of patho-
gen, fecal eoli, fecal strep, what-have-you, is
coming from field runoff, from a plant, from a
packing house, etc.
Now, if my recollection is correct,
and I think it is, there are still two people in the
room who started on this case on the Missouri River--
Virginia Rankin, whose name used to be Hough then,
and myself. We were much younger then. Paul Houser
is here too. At any rate, as I recall Harold Clark's
work during the 1950's, he was subjected to the most
piercing cross examination by top notch attorneys
who were hired by the packing house plants and municipali
•Hi' 00 (-HO O -f-4- ^TAV^ r^-crr. ~~ -f-U^ „ 4- „ -P-P --£« -I-1- -
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Dr. Morris
to too cross examination. As I understood Mr. Clark's
testimony in the late 1950's, it was this:
He could determine whether that bug
came from a field runoff or from a, waste discharge
ana could distinguish between them. I believe I
recognize another face in the room; I think Mr.
Samson was involved as a member of the Hearing Board.
Harold Clark could distinguish whether the bug came
from a packing house or from human wastes. He also
could distinguish by the viability in the length
of flow, if he picked it up, say, below Omaha arid
?,ouncM Bluffs, whether it came from Sioux City or
from Omaha.
I am not arguing the facts one way
or i:he other. But if we are talking in terms of what
kind of treatment exists and where the flow is coming
from, it seems to me, gentlemen--and we will check this
until tomorrow, although Mr. Geldreich is in the room
who works in the same technique—it seems to me, sir, if
> we had these techniques in the 1950's and they were em-
ployed then to give us the information and we have the
same questions today, I just wonder why we shouldn't be ajble
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Dr. Morris
to use that methodology,if it is valid,to give us the
same results now as we had then. And I just raise that
May I call Mr. Geldreich for a moment.
Is what I said substantially correct?
MR. GELDREICH: That is correct.
this--
MR. STEIN: All right. I would just ask
Go ahead.
DR. MORRIS: May I speak to that just a
minute?
MR. STEIN: Surely. By the way, it should
be clear, I have drawn no conclusions, you know, but it
just seems to me that we have a method to get the answers
DR. MORRIS: I see Mr. Geldreich back there
and I Know that Mr. Clark, Dr. Kabler, Mr. Geldreich, and
a lot of people at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center did an enormous amount of work on this. on the
surface of things I too have read and talked with Harold
Clark a number of times about this. The only hooker to
this system as you described it is that they don't use
the standard coliform test in making this differentiation.
They go into more sophisticated bacteriology, into the
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Dr. Morris
streptococci, and so forth, and these not only can
differentiate whether it came from one kind of animal,
a cow, a sheep, a pig, but the sad part of it is, unless
I read the articles wrong—and I hope Mr. Geldreich will
clarify this because I know he was in on it—also these
same kinds of organisms have origin in the soil and
plants also and this muddies the water, so to speak; so
that even with this ability to differentiate above and
beyond what the coliforms permit you to do, there have
been a lot of scientists--and I think this includes the
articles that Clark and Kabler and Geldreich have pub-
lished--are not absolutely certain in this differentiatior
There are breakouts where these organisms are not absolutely
identified with that single source.
A lot of bacteriologists have taken rather
vigorous exceptions. Now, I don't know about Mr. Geldreidh
He may believe very firmly in the differentiation cap-
ability. But a lot of people don't quite accept it 100
percent. I am not one of them. I am not as developed in
this field, but I have read the articles and there are a
lot of people that don't accept that in total.
MR. STEIN: Why don't you--
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Dr. Morri'3
I defer to Mr. Geldreich.
MR. STEIN: Why don't you come up, Ed.
Here is what I am trying to get at. If
this is a crucial issue--and as far as I know, ever since
I have been on the Missouri, certainly, and I think on
the Mississippi too, but certainly on the Missouri, this
is the crucial issue. Let me just give it in the terms
that everyone can understand.
Where do the bugs come from? Do they come
from human wastes, do they come from a packing house or
did they run off from the land? And you may have
different effects. And also once you differentiate
that, what city do they come from or what industrial
outfall do they come from so we can pinpoint the source?
Now, unless we can provide these answers,
we are going to find ourselves wallowing around through
the years, and I don't care what we do here in the dis-
position of this, just the equities of the situation are
going to require you to have these kinds of answers. I
think we will make a great advance if we can agree on
the methodology.
Not intending to preempt Ed, I used to
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487
Dr. Morris
think that Harold Clark had this down to such a fine
point that I used to ask him what the sex of the animal
was .
(Laughter.)
MR. GELDREICH: Thank you, Mr. Stein.
We have spent about 15 years working on
this particular problem, that is finding a better
indicator of fecal pollution, and we believe we have it,
in fact, I will go so far as to say I know we have it,
in the fecal coliform group.
First of all, we have looked at the
environment in every aspect, we have looked at warm-
blooded animals, be ;".hey -ian or animals other than man.
We have looked at the soil, we have looked at fish, we
have looked at water, we have looked at plants, we have
looked at insects, we have looked at everything that
would somehow or other contribute possible pollution to
our water environment that we are concerned with and
we have concluded and have published in probably about
25 papers and 1 book our findings over this period of
time. We believe that the fecal coliform test is
measuring the fecal coliforms from all of these animals,
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488
Dr. Morris
be they men or be they some other animals that is warm-
blooded. We find these organisms only in the contami-
nated environment when man or these animals are the
contaminators. They are not in soils remote from man's
habitation. In fish they are not a normal inhabitant
of the intestinal tract, and when fish do have them it
is a reflection of the food they eat, the water they
swim in.
In plants this is a reflection--and this
has been reported by others also besides ourselves--this
is a reflection of contamination from fertilizers, from
contaminated soil and from insect pollinators. Insect
polliners quite frequently spent part of their li-fe
cycle in manure piles and other areas where they do
pick up the contamination.
The fecal coliform test is in standard
methods, it is in the current edition. I am on the
methods committee for the next edition, the thirteenth
edition, and we have further refined it to put in a
fecal coliform membrane filter media in addition to the
multiple tubes procedure which is in the current edition.
We have the methodologics,they are standardized, they
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Dr. Morris
have been recognized in the hearings in Sioux City and
Kansas City in the 1950's that we spoke of before.
As far as fecal strep are concerned, this
particular indicator does have some room for an improve-
ment in methodology before it is as precise as the fecal
coliform procedure. By the way, the fecal coliform
procedure will detect 93 percent of all of the fecal
coliforms found in warm-blooded animals feces of one
sort or another.
The fecal strep in conjunction with the
fecal coliform in the development of a relationship or
a ratio has been used and we do use it in our stream
pollution investigations to pinpoint sources of pollution
We have found repeatedly that in domestic sewage there
are more fecal coliforms than there are fecal strep, in
the order of a ratio 4 to 1 or higher. In cattle feedlot
wastes, slaughterhouse wastes, we find this ratio is
reversed from this. There are more fecal streptococci,
a tremendously greater number, than t-here are fecal
coliforms and, therefore, our ratio instead of being
4 to 1 is very frequently less than 0.6 to 1. This is
the way we can quickly differentiate the two.
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Dr. Morris
Yes, sir.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I am a layman, most of
the people here are^ and I don't understand it. I think
you and Dr. Morris are having fun talking this way.
MR. GELDREICH: Talking shop.
MR. BUCKMASTER: The question is can you
distinguish between coliform out of warm-blooded animals
and man?
MR. GELDREICH: No, sir.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Well, we are dancing,
then, on the head of a pin, because--
MR. GELDREICH: No, let me —
MR. BUCKMASTER: Let me finish. It will
take you a couple of minutes. It won't take me a fractior
of that time.
MR. GELDREICH: 0. K.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Our contention is that
the runoff of animal manure from the large number of
animals we have, warm-blooded animals, cannot be dis-
tinguished from that of a human being. There is no
quarrel, I believe, with the question of that that comes
from plants and other forms. It is this differentiation
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Dr. Morris
between all warm-blooded animals, man being one of them.
MR. GELDREICH: Right.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Can you differentiate
between man and cows?
MR. STEIN: Just a moment, please.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Yes.
MR. STEIN: Save the question, because if
we go back and forth it gets confused.
I think the answer is that as far as I
can understand, although I know he answered no, the answe
as I understood they gave me was yes. In other words,
if they take the coliform and check,they will be able to
tell you if this came from a feedlot or whether this
came from a sewage treatment plant by checking the ratio
of the fecal coliform--
MR. GELDREICH: Only if we do it in con-
junction with a fecal strep test.
MR. BUCKMASTER: We are not talking about
a feedlot. We have thousands of acres with cattle and
hogs on pasture, so it doesn't come from one source, it
comes from individual animals.
MR. STEIN: Yes. Let me rephrase the
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492
Dr. Morris
question.
When you ask an expert a question, you
know, he answers with a question.
You said can you distinguish fecal coli-
form; the answer is no. What you do is to put the
question this way:
Can you take the fecal coliform plus the
fecal strep test, do a test on both, put those together
and distinguish?
MR. GELDREIGH: Very good, that is correct,
MR. STEIN: Then the answer is yes, you
see. All right.
MR. GELDREICH: What we are trying to say--
MR. BUCKMASTER: Do you get indication
or do you prove it?
MR. GELDREICH: We prove it.
MR. BUCKMASTER: All right, I understand.
MR. STEIN: I am not trying to argue.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I am not either. I was
just trying to find out what he is saying.
MR. STEIN: Yes, sir.
MR. BUCKMASTER: We lawyers can finally
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Dr. Morris
work it out, Mr. Stein.
MR. STEIN: Right.
MR. BUCKMASTER: It may be difficult, but
we finally get it.
DR. SPEERS: I am Dr. Speers from the
State Department of Health.
Let me ask another question now. Supposin
you have two sources upstream, one of which is of animal
origin and one of which is of human origin. Can you take
this ratio then and make any meaning out of it and say
from that result that we have two sources, one of human
and one of animal origin and how much of each?
MR. GELDREICH: If they are mixed, I
assume that somewhere., at this point where you are samplin
both the fecal coliforms from the domestic sewage and
the fecal coliforms from the cattle feedlot are mixed
in the stream and now we have this mixture, can we sort
this out? This becomes somewhat difficult because you
get into a ratio which is meaningless in an area between
the high one and the low one. It is in these dramatic
areas near the runoff and within 2k hours downstream that
we can use this material successfully in interpreting.
-------
Dr. Morris
Beyond that I would not want to venture an answer.
DR. SPEERS: The reason I asked this ques-
tion, because it seems to me that many of the points of
controversy on the Missouri River are exactly this kind
of situation where you have got several sources and they
are going to be mixed and it is going to be hard to sepa-
rate .
MR. STEIN: Let me try to get at that.
Just look at the record. I am not trying
to draw a conclusion. But when we went up and down the
Missouri in the late 1950's with Harold Clark,we in a
sense--and I am just talking from a legal evidentiary
sense--were lucky that we didn't have these masses of
pollution. We had separate sources. In other words, you
had a concentration. You know them as well as I do. We
had Yankton and Vermillion, then we had Sioux City, then
we had Omaha and Council Bluffs, you moved down to St.
Joseph, Atchison, Leavenworth, Kansas City, Independence,
Columbia, and so forth. And in between those it was
relatively clear.
Now, what Harold Clark did wag use a third
variable, as I recall the testimony, and I think I recall
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495
Dr. Morris
it because it made a tremendous impression on me at that
time. What he did was he took the fecal coliform, the
fecal strep, used them together' in a ratio, and he also
took the point of discharge at which he could figure what
coming out from the point of discharge and traced the
flow down the river;and he got what to him was a pretty
accurate picture of where the bugs came from at all these
points down the river.
The thing that I am saying as we are
standing here 10 years llater is: either we find defects in
the method that we can't go along with, or if someone
could do this 10 years ago,why can't they do it now?
Again,! don't know what the results are going to be if
they do it, but this is the issue.
Yes.
DR. MORRIS: I think we do that, Mr. Stein,
when we ask to do our bacteriological work, fecal coli-
forms, at low flow. We essentially are evaluting the
input of municipal and industrial wastes, and I know they
both exist, in the stream when we have cancelled out a
variable. Now, any mathematician knows that one way to
simplify the solution to an equation is to cast a variable
as
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496
Dr. Morris
and that is all we have done, cast a variable.
MR. BUCKMASTER: That is very reasonable.
MR. STEIN: That is right. Again,, and as
I understood from Mr. Hegg's statement this morning, I
understand substantially that this is what they did.
Again I have no brief with the figures because that
you are going to have to do. They found that 50 percent
of the loadings,, at least in dry flow, below the big
city centers of Ornaha and Sioux City came from the muni-
cipal waste sources, which included the industries. Now,
this is as I understood it and as I understood the thesis
MR. BUCKMASTER: You are right, you are
right, and we have agreed to disinfection of those areas.
Our only quarrel comes on the recreational areas other
than seasonal. We have no quarrel with this.
MR. STEIN: But what we should do between
State and Federal people is that if we have the
methodology—and as far as 1 can se;:se we do--we
should be able to come up with some reasonable state-
rne">t that all hands can agree on just about how much is
coming from the industrial sources; how much is coming ou|t
from the municipal sources; how much is coming off the
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497
Dr. Morris
land, and proceed from there.
The only point I am making, is--
MR. BUCKMASTER: I don't think we have any
quarrel on it.
MR. STEIN: All right, I think this will
put us ahead if we have that.
Is there anything else?
MR. GELDREICH: I would like to add one
more comment.
Dr. Morris, the fecal strep procedure will
be in the next edition of Standard Methods, the one which
we used. There are some methods currently used in the
book. The methods, as I say, in all cases are available.
DR. MORRIS: We have been using them for
years.
MR. GELDREIGH: Yes, I know. I have
evaluated your laboratory in the past. I know you do it.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Let me again make this point.
We have a lot of experts in the room here and Dr. Morris
and company are familiar with them. I have always pushed
for the notion, and I hope Iowa and the other States will
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Dr. Morris
join me in this—I think they have in the past—that
if a n y of the bright young people wherever they are
located come up with a method and it looks like it is goir
to work that we use it and we not wait until one of these
committees, which gets encrusted like any bureaucracies,
including ours, puts it in one of their books and enshrines
it in a method book. In other words, if the technique
works, we use it as fast as we can.
I think this,what Mr. Geldreich has been
talking about is a case in point. As far as I can see,
this thing on the fecal coliform has been percolating
through their committee for about 10 years now before
it has finally made it. I think 10 years is a long
time to wait in the pollution business. If you have a
method, let's use it for those 10 years and not wait
until it gets into Standard Methods.
Does anyone have anything more to say?
With that we will be recessed until 9:30
tomorrow. I think we can finish this tomorrow.
(Whereupon, an adjournment was taken
until 9:30 o'clock a.m, April 16, 1969.)
g
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499
(9:30 a.m.)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene.
I have here a letter from Roger Bachmann
of Ames, Iowa, which we will put in the record.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I didn't hear you, Mr.
Stein.
MR. STEIN: This is a letter from Roger
Bachmann, which we showed to the technical staff, and
there was no objection from either side that this be put
into the record.
(Which said letter is as follows:)
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500
April }k, 1969
Mr. Murray Stein
Assistant Commissioner for Enforcement
Federal Water Pollution Control Commission
Dear Mr. Stein,
I would like to enter the following into the proceedings of the
Iowa water quality hearings held in Dubuque, Iowa on April 8 and 9» 1969.
On page 15 of the April 1969 statement of the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission in support of the Iowa water quality standards and
plan for implementation and enforcement reference is made to my communi-
cation of November 22, 1966 with regard to temperature criteria. This
was presented to the public hearing on proposed water quality criteria
held by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission at Fort Dodge, Iowa
on November 30, 1966. Since this statement is being used as a justification
for the Iowa temperature criteria, I would like to quote that portion
of the communication that dealt with temperature criteria.
"I do not believe that the proposed water temperature criteria will
adequately protect aquatic life. While many Iowa fishes may withstand
temperatures as high as 95 F for a few days at a time during the summer,
the normal temperatures for these species are 10 to 20 degrees lower.
Furthermore, many species need periods of cold and seasonal changes in order
to complete their life cycles. For more adequate protection of aquatic
life I would recommend that water temperatures not be more than 10 F
above the normal or upstream temperatures and in no case exceed 95 F."
I would like to point out that the proposed criteria to which I
was referring in the above quotation was: "Temperature; Not to exceed
95 F at any time." as listed in the hearing notice of the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission of 28 October 1966. My main concern
at that time was that the proposed criteria allow for a seasonal temperature
cycle as well as specifying a maximum temperature. The use of a temperature
differential appears to be a practical way to meet this objective and is
commonly used in water quality criteria recommendations.
With our present state of knowledge about the complex relationships
between stream organisms and water temperature I feel that the choice
between a 5 F and a 10 F differential is arbitrary and that I cannot
presently provide objective support for either one over the other for
the Iowa standards.
Sincerel y,
Roger W. Bachmann, PhD.
R. R. #3
Ames , Iowa
RWB:rh
-------
501
Mr. Stein
MR. STEIN: I think it behooves us all
to get this record completed as soon as possible.
However, I would like anyone here to think about how
long he would like to keep the record open if he wants
to put in additional material. I would like a sug'
gestion toward the end of this. I would not like to
keep this open too long, because the longer we keen
the record open the longer the issue is going to be
pending and we are not going to be able to come to a
conclusion.
We will now continue with Iowa. Mr
Buckmaster.
-------
502
R. Buckmaster
STATEMENT BY ROBERT BUCKMASTER
CHAIRMAN, IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COMMISSION, DES MOINES, IOWA
MR. BUCKMASTER: Mr. Stein, Dr. Morris is
not able to be with us today, but he called me this
morning and wanted me to put something in the record
before we started in response to the colloquy we had at
the close yesterday between Mr. Geldreich and Dr. Morris
in connection with fecal coliforms.
I make reference now to the report of the
Committee on Water Quality Criteria, which was the officis
advisory committee established by the Department of the
Interior on water quality and was submitted to the Sec-
retary of the Interior, at that time Mr. Udall, by Mr.
-------
503
R. Buckmaster
Moore, which contained the recommendations of the Nationa
Advisory Committee.
I am going to quote from page 12 of that
report:
"Fecal streptococci in combination with
total coliforms are being used in sanitary evaluation.
Selection of techniques to be applied and the interpre-
tation of results are in a state of flux and
uncertainty. Problems include the unresolved question of
whether or not all types of fecal streptococci found in
warm-blooded animals are revealed by the tests, the fact
that appreciable numbers of streptococci from other
sources (plants and insects) yield positive test results,
and added time and manpower requirements for monitoring
agencies. Fecal streptococci should not be used as pri-
mary criteria,but are useful as a -supplement to fecal
coliforms where more precise determination of sources of
contamination is necessary."
Which, as Dr. Morris understands it,
supports the statements he made yesterday in connection
with that subject.
MR. STEIN: I see Mr. Geldreich. I don't
-------
504
R. Buckmaster
want to interrupt.
Does this substantially support your
position too?
MR. GELDREIGH: That is exactly what I am
trying to say. I want you to use fecal coliform,period.
We went off on a tangent yesterday.
MR. BUCKMASTER: At long last we got what
you were trying to say.
MR. STEIN: I think we have agreement, at
least in one area. Thank you.
Mr. Buckmaster, will you continue.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Mr. Schliekelman will be
the first one to present a matter he would like to bring
before this conference.
STATEMENT BY R. J. SCHLIEKELMAN
TECHNICAL SECRETARY, IOWA WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL COMMISSION, DES MOINES, IOWA
MR. SCHLIEKELMAN: My name is R. J.
Schliekelman. I am the Technical Secretary for the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission.
-------
305
R. J. Schliekelman
The statement which we will enter into
the record has been given to the recorder, and I will try
to summarize a portion of this for the sake of saving
time and may also add a few additional statements that
do not completely follow the statement itself.
(Which said statement is as follows:)
-------
STATEMENT
IN SUPPORT OF THE IOWA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
AND PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
APRIL 1969
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507
-------
508
A. INTRODUCTION
By notice of March 5, 1969, the Secretary of Interior called a conference
to consider water quality standards for the interstate waters of Iowa.
This is a statement of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission's
position on the matters to be considered at the April 15, 1969 Council
Bluffs, Iowa session of the conference. A similar statement, with emphasis
on Iowa waters of the Mississippi River basin, was presented at the Davenport,
Iowa session of the conference which convened on April 8, 1969. The Iowa
Standards apply to all waters of the state and much of the Mississippi
statement is repeated herein. However, this statement will discuss matters
more specifically pertaining to waters of the Missouri River basin.
The Iowa Wat^r Pollution Control Law, enacted in 1965, created the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission and charged the Commission, through the
administrative and technical staff of the State Health Department, with
the general supervision, administration, and enforcement of all laws relat-
ing to pollution of the waters of the state. Among the powers and duties
of the Commission are those of prescribing rules and regulations, adopting
reasonable water quality standards, and developing comprehensive plans
and programs for the prevention, control, and abatement of pollution.
The Water Quality Act of 1965, amending the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, provided for establishment of water quality standards for interstate
waters. The Act requires the states to adopt such standards which ultimately
become Federal standards, after approval by the Secretary of the Interior.
With that authority, the State of Iowa ahead of the schedule specified by
the Federal Act, filed a letter of intent to adopt standards, held public
hearings on the proposed criteria, and adopted the standards which include
the water quality criteria and a plan for implementation. The standards
were submitted to the Secretary, and after clofie liason between state and
Federal representatives and after numerous conferences and correspondence
attempting to agree on a mutually acceptable document, the Secretary
determined that certain of the provisions were not approvable as Federal
standards, and called a standards setting conference.
The purpose of this statement is to set out the State of Iowa's position
on tha matters of disagreement. The Federal position is outlined in a
report prepared by the Missouri Basin Region of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, for the Water Quality Standards Conference convening
April 15, 1969. The report is comprehensive and contains a wealth of detailed
background information arid technical discuesion, so no attempt will be made
to duplicate or enlarge on that aspect. However, as with the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration report on the Mississippi River basin,
there is considerable discussion of such aspects as turbidity and bacterial
and nutrient loa.ling from agricultural land runoff, and also of conditions
resulting in large part from waote discharges from Nebraska. Such aspects,
while appearing to discredit the water quality and the state's pollution
control efforts, but being actually outside the scope of Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission control, are not at all at issue in the matters being
considered by the conference. To the casual reader, such discussion tends
to create false impressions of wide spread pollution and ineffective control.
This statement therefore, is an attempt to put the issues in context, to
clarify the Iowa position on matters actually in controversy, and to present
the positive aspects of the Iowa program.
-1-
-------
509
Part B will outline the Iowa policy and review past and present pollution
control in the state. Parts C and D will comment on the background inform-
ation and summary and conclusions and recommendations presented in the
Federal report. Finally, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has
during past months of negotiation agreed on certain revisions of the standards
and implementation plan, and these are summarized in Section E.
-L-
-------
510
B- .STATEMENT OF POLICY AND THE PAST AND PRESENT IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
PROGRAM
The present authority for stream pollution control in the State of Iowa is
embodied in Chapter 455B of the state code, the "Iowa Water Pollution Control
Law". Enacted in 1965, it created the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
The conduct of the program, as intended by the legislature and as actually
being implemented by the Commission and the State Health Department, can
best be expressed by the statement of policy as written into the law;
"4553.1 Statement of Policy. Whereas the pollution of the waters of
this scate constitutes a menace to public health and welfare, creates
public nuisances, is harmful to wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and
impairs domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational and other
legitimate beneficial uses of water, and whereas the, problem of water
pollution in this state is closely related to the problem of water
pollution in adjoining states, it is hereby declared to be the public
policy of this state to conserve the waters of the state and to protect,
maintain and improve the quality thereof for public water supplies,
for the propogation of wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic
agricultural, industrial, recreational and other legitimate (beneficial)
uses; to provide that no waste be discharged into any waters of the
state without first being given the degree of treatment necessary to
protect the legitimate (beneficial) uses of such waters; to provide for
the prevention, abatement and control of new, increasing, potential,
or existing water pollution; and to co-operate with other agencies of
the state, agencies of other states and the federal government in
carrying out these objectives. (61GA, ch 375, §1)"
This policy, not in the least inconsistent with the present Federal Act, was
enacted prior to approval of the amendments in the Water Quality Act of 1965.
As present policy, it evolves from and reflects long and continued progress
of stream pollution control in Iowa. The progress can be seen in a brief
history of stream pollution control accomplishments.
The first law, passed in 1923, gave the State Department of Health regulatory
and enforcement authority. Even before that, Iowa was "ahead of the program".
The Department of Health working under legislative authority for supervision
over the installation and operation of sewerage works and control of nuisances,
and towns recognizing the public health and clean streams need for sewage
treatment, had already begun stream pollution control. At the time the 1923
law was passed, nearly 200 municipal sewage treatment plants were already
in operation. These being in the smaller towns, only 350,000 some persons
were being served by the plants, and this represented only 30T4 of the
population being served by municipal sewer systems. However, this was a
good start.
The program operated under the same authority for many years. Then in 1949,
the law was changed, among" other things, adding a sewage disposal permit
feature. By reviewing treatment plant construction plans and specifications
required to obtain a permit, the State Health Department could insure that
any proposed plant was capable of producing an effluent of sufficiently high
-3-
-------
511
quality to protect the receiving stream. Essentially no sanitary sewer
permits have been granted unless served by a treatment plant, and in
particular, a treatment plant operating satisfactorily. Although this
philosophy had been in effect as a matter of policy for many years, the
permit feature formalized the policy.
No combined sewers have been approved in Iowa for the last 40 years.
At the time of the 1949 legislation, some 230 municipal treatment plants
were in operation. Some of the new plants were constructed by the larger
municipalities, so the capacity of the 230 plants was almost three times
that of 1923, and the plants were serving approximately 70% of the sewered
population.
In recognition of the fact that treatment plant construction is effective
only if operation is efficient and competent, an operator training and
voluntary certification program was implemented in 1952. In 1965, legis-
lation was passed and implemented, and Iowa is now one of only 17 states
with a mandatory operator certification law. The operator training program
has expanded and thrived. Under the cooperative effort of the State Health
Department, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Association, and the State
Universities, laboratory courses are conducted at the Universities and
regional basic and advanced operation courses are conducted throughout the
state.
From 1949, plant construction steadily and dramatically progressed, and in
1965 some 400 plants were in operation. This represented an increase in
population served by treatment to approximately 97.57o of the sewered popula-
tion.
The 1949 law lifted a previous restriction, so that effective in 1951,
Mississippi and Missouri River cities and towns were subject to all provis-
ions of the stream pollution control law. In recognition of common interests
in water quality, Iowa in 1952 entered into a tri-state agreement with
Illinois and Wisconsin, resolving to require any such corrections of
pollution conditions needed to render Mississippi River waters suitable for
all purposes.
On the Missouri River also, loxja as a member of the Missouri Basin Health
Council, agreed to and participated in adoption of a similar "Guide for
Water Pollution Control Activities." The several states of the Council in
1952 agreed to a program for elimination of toxic substances and settleable
and floatable solids, and treatment of industrial wastes as necespary to
prevent deterioration of water quality, and to provide treatment over and
above removal of settleable and floatable solids as necessary to protect
downstream water uses. The Guide also provided for future programs for
legislation, construction of treatment plants, improvement of plant opera-
tion and maintenance and stream surveillance.
1965 was the year of enactment of the present pollution control law and
formation of the Commission. In addition to retention of the perrait feature,
the new law provided improved enforcement provisions, and authorization for
rules and regulations and water qual:?;y standards. It should be noted that
this Iowa requirecent for water quality standards, proven to be consistent
with the Federal act, was imposed prior to the water quality amendments of
the Federal act.
-4-
-------
512
Since the current law was passed, the Commission has adopted three regulations
to aid in surveillance and enforcement. The first is a regulation relating
to the General Criteria of the water quality standards, which makes
mandatory the effective removal of settleable and floatable solids from
municipal waste water discharges. The water quality criteria which apply
to all surface waters at all times and places, require that the surface
waters be free from floatable and settleable solids x^hich could form
putrescent and objectionable sludge deposits and be otherwise unsightly
and deleterious. This general criteria has been effective in demonstrat-
ing conditions of pollution and has been used as the basis for ordering
corrections. Hox;ever, removal of settleable and floatable solids in most
cases does not satisfactorily meet the standards, and the public water
supply, aquatic life and recreation criteria have necessitated secondary
treatment on Virtually all interior streams.
Rules arid regulations also require submission of monthly treatment plant
operation reports. By specifying format and content, the Department can
require reporting of sufficient flow and laboratory testing data to evaluate
plant effectiveness, and thereby obtain an indication of the plant's affect
on receiving stream water quality. To aid in more efficient and effective
use of the repofcts, a program for computer scanning of the reports is in
the final stage of development.
The Iowa "Mail Order BOD" program has also proven effective in surveillance
of treatment plants. This program, which utilizes a technique for fixing
samples in tha field in preparation for BOD determination in the State
Laboratory, eliminates the need for refrigeration and enables transportation
to the laboratory by ordinary mail. It is a unique procedure and was
developed in the State Hygienic Laboratory.
Although not yet having legislative approval, a third regulation has been
adopted by the Commission requiring control of feedlot runoff. Feedlot
pollution is being effectively controlled through the present enforcement
provisions of the Law, utilizing the water quality standards and definition
of stream pollution, but approval of the regulation x?ill hopefully reduce
staff time required and prove to be a more efficient and effective means
cf control.
Using the various regulations and enforcement provisions, the Commission
since its inception in 1965 hflo isrsued 114 order,:s for correction of pollution
conditions. The poin*: is tlmt tl.c. orders, aloug with more informal education
and per3uasi.cn. efforts c• r:>.j and lar^c ".'-.nnunities rL- have
s'•-.•\:;c treatir.jvt. This; roccrd raci • "Lth the highest in the uc.tiou.
-5-
-------
513
Of the industries, the Iowa Meat Packing Plants are the largest potential,
sources o£ pollution. Every meat packing plant in the state has a treatment
plant in operation or under construction, and this represents some 3.5
million population equivalent being treated. Some of the plants are realiz-
ing as much as 90 or 997= BCD removal, due in significant part to pioneering
and development of anaerobic/aerobic lagoon treatment in Iowa. With the
exception of those on border streams, all packing plant wastes receive at
least secondary treatment.
Other wet process industries, though not producing the magnitude of waste
produced in meat packing, are subject to and complying with treatment
requirements (or if more appropriate, some type of inplant control), to
meet Iowa water quality standards. Iowa has no provision for untreated
waste discharge permits.
It is significant that Iowa docs not have stream classification. Although
the standards do specify recreation, fishing, and public water supply uses,
and areas of applicability have been defined, minimum defined standards of
high quality apply to all waters of the state.
In summary, Iowa has through the years recognized the need for clean streams
and continued and expanded its programs to meet the need. The regulatory
agency has exercised it's authority to abate pollution and maintain and
improve water quality, and municipalities and industries have complied with
tha requirements. The accomplishments shown by the record can be compared
with the best in the nation. DGspit£ the adverse impressions created by
the Federal reports and the Secretary's decision to except certain provisions
of the Standards, Iowa has in the past and will in the future exercise it's
regulatory authority to the fullest legal extent.
-------
514
IOWA LEADS NATION IN,SEWAGE TREATMENT
No Urban Population Without Treatment
TABLE 3. URBAN POPULATION SERVED BY ADEQUATE AND LESS THAN ADEQUATE
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES AND URBAN POPULATION
NOT SERVED, BY STATE: FY 1968
(In thousands, except percent)
State
u.s I/...
Ala.....
Alaska-'.
Aril
Ark....
Calif2-'.
Colo
Del
D. C. .
Fla-. ,
Ga
Hawaiii/
Idaho.
Ill
Ind ,
Iowa U ?_/
Kan? /
Ky
La
Maine
Md.... ,
Ma»2-/.
Mich
Minn
Miss
Mo2-/
Monti/
Nebr1/2/
Nev
N.H
N.J
N. Mex
N. Y.
N.C
N. Dak1/
Ohio
Okla
Oreg
Pa
R.I
S.C
S. DakL/
Tex
Utah
Vt
Va
Wash2/
W. Va
Wis
Wyo1/2/
Total
Urban Population
....:. 145,602
2,140
121
1,411
937
17,651
1,602
2, 342
356
832
4, 860
2, 727
591
349
8, 923
3, 182
1.5261-'
1,475
1,539
2, 479
509
2, 785
4,563
6, 377
2, 370
988
3,141
379i/
846
376
414
6, 444
764
16, 003
2, 138
2541/
7, 870
1, 694
1, 320
8, 428
793
1,134
287i/
2, 214
8, 874
825
162
. . 2 756
2, 139
710
2, 804
1981-/
Population Served By (Facilities)! * of Pop. with less than
Adequate Less than Adequate None Adequate or None
81, 703
819
19
711
684
12, 766
854
312
9
832
1,741
1,081
162
160
7,410
2,286
1,590
1,267
536
818
37
2,119
1,729
1,340
769
460
2,522
123
833
366
43
1,629
671
8,017
1,447
278
4,591
1,332
552
5 325
395
540
290
750
6,819
500
9
1,092
681
149
2,049
189
31, 865
678
34
156
36
593
1,286
267
864
1,003
134
586
529
192
792
515
60
162
1,173
4,223
1,324
23
183
263
100
6
102
3, 179
5
3,733
125
15
2,071
199
SO4
2,916
190
178
39
319
130
19
121
1, 328
444
348
689
29
32, 293
643
102
666
97
4,849
155
744
80
2,255
643
429
55
927
367
I/
ir
211
1,146
412
504
1,661
814
277
505
436
V
I/
4
269
1,636
88
4,253
566
V
1,208
163
264
187
208
416
J/
1,145
1,925
306
32
336
1,014
213
66
V
44.1
61.7
84.2
49.6
27.0
27.7
46.7
86.7
97.5
64.2
60.4
72.6
54.2
17.0
28.2 Nl
14. i wi
65.2
67.0
92.7
23.9
62.1
79.0
67.6
53.4
19.7
69.4
11.8
2.7
89.6
74.7
12.2
49.9
32.3
5.9
41.7
21.4
58.2
36.8
50.2
52.4
13.6
66.1
23.2
39.4
94.4
60.4
68.2
79.0
26.9
14.6
No population
without treatment
!_/ Population served by treatment facilities exceeds total urban population of these States by 259, 000 persons.
Thus the detail adds to 259,000 more than the total U. S. urban population.
2J Water quality standards adopted call for primary waste treatment in some urban areas of this State.
Standards adopted for other States call for at least secondary waste treatment.
Source: 1962 Inventory, Municipal Waste Facilities in the United States, updated by FWPCA Construction Grants
Awards; urban population estimates based on U. S. Census of Population, 1960j Bureau of Census
Population Estimates, Series P-25.
From: THE COST OF CLEAR MATH - Volume I SuMaary Report,
0 S Departoent of Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Aoblniitration
January 10, 1969
-------
515
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-------
517
C. COMMENTS ON SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.. OF THE, FEDERAL^EjgjRT
The extensive text is summarized in Section II of the Missouri River Basin
Water Quality Standards Conference report. Several of the items deserve
comment and are discussed below. The parenthesis indicates material quoted
or paraphrased from the Federal report.
Agricultural Runoff Effects
Items E, G, and K on pages II-2 and II-3 deal generally with agricultural
runoff effects. While of interest, this particular aspect is actually
outside the scope of controllable standards, and the manner of the statements
could lead the less than totally informed ceader to unwarranted conclusions.
E. (It is estimated that at least 3,300,000 cattle and calves and 6,100,000
hogs and pigs were on farms. These animal wastes have a population equivalent
of 65,000,000 and can cause several conditions of stream degradation.',)
There is no particular problem, from animal waste until such time as rain-
fall, snox? melt or water passes through the feed lot dissolving material
from the manure and carrying it to the stream. Since the load of dissolved
and suspended material vjater carried to the stream is only a fraction of
that on the feed lot, the 65,000,000 population equivalent of animal waste
on the feed lots should not at all be interpreted as the load on the stream.
(There are approximately 46,000 feeder lots in the state - page IV-23,)
This statement is misleading in that a feeder lot could be defined as an
area from which one or more grain-fed beef was marketed during the year.
This could not be much of a pollution problem, and certainly not one over
which control could be exercised. Iowa does however, effectively control
large confinement feed lot runoff pollution.
G. (Sediment from uncontrolled runoff is a major pollutant of the Missouri
River.). The reference to low turbidity of water discharged from Gavins
Point Dam, compared to the turbid condition through Iowa is understandable.
The effect of settling of sediment in the pool above the dam is not avail-
able in the lower reaches. Again, this aspect is outside the scope of
controllable standards and is not an issue of the Standards conference.
K. (High densities of bacteria and high concentrations of nitrogen and
phosphorus are found in Iowa tributaries to the Missouri River, especially
during periods of stormwater runoff.) This statement could be expanded to
include the agricultural land and streams in all states. Furthermore,
while some control may be imposed, the bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorus
in storawater runoff can never be fully abated. Storawater runoff effects
negate at least in part, the desirable effect of continuous disinfection
of treatment plant effluents.
Recreational Uses
Items P, Q, and S deal generally with recreational uses and give emphasis
to impairment of use by grease.
P. (Recreational activities on the main stem include boating, water skiing,
swimming and wading. These activities are directly affected by presence of
floating material and grease balls, high bacterial densities, dissolved
organics and turbidity. Samples of water taken in the survey had as high
as 2000 bacteria per drop.)
-7-
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518
Q. (Esthetic values of the waters in this area are reduced due to turbidity,
floating materials, and other effects which reduce or eliminate the oppor-
tunity for development of spectator oriented activities, e.g., boat or canoe
races, etc.)
S. (Fouling of fishnets and lines with grease is common below major municipal
and industrial waste outlets. Similarly, boat hulls of recreational water-
craft are fouled with grease and scum.)
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has not designated the main
stctn of the Missouri as a recreation stream involving whole body contact
sports (swimming and water skiing). The Iowa Health Department has for
many years recommended that Iowa streams not be used for this purpose
because of the injury and drowning hazards involved. Section IV of the
Federal report contains the following statements which would appear to bear
out this position.
Second paragraph, page IV-7 (Present recreation use along the Missouri River
in Iowa has not met its potential for the amount of land and water acreage
involved. While being light, however, it appears that most recreation
activities are participated in with sightseeing, boating, picnicking and
fishing as the most popular.) Last paragraph, page IV-7(Water skiing,
surprisingly is enjoyed even though the river contains a high silt load.
Swimming is not considered a common activity due in large measure to the
dangerous water conditions and high turbidity.) Third paragraph, page
IV-ll-(It can be expected that use on the waters of the Missouri will prin-
cipally be in the form of fishing, and boating, and on the adjoining lands
in the form of sightseeing, picnicking, hiking, driving and walking for
pleasure, and in historical interpretation.)
From this, it would appear that there is general agreement that the value
of the Missouri River for whole body sports is dictated principally by
factors other than controllable water quality criteria, and that maintenance
of the general criteria and the criteria for public water supply and aquatic
life should adequately protect recreational uses.
The grease ball, grease and scum problems mentioned in items P and S have
not been shox>m to be attributable to the Sioux City or Council Bluffs
municipal sewage plant discharges. The discharges which would be most
suspected of containing large amounts of grease would be the Iowa Beef
Packers discharge at Dakota City, Nebraska, the municipal sewage treatment
plant effluent at Sioux City, Iowa, and the City of Omaha discharges. Grease
is discussed on paga A-26 of the Federal report and this discussion is
quoted in its entirety as follows:
(The concentration of grease from the daily composite from the Konroe" Street
and South Omaha sewers averaged 299 mg/1 during the October 19C8 survey.
The actual amount of grease reaching the Missouri River following a privately
operated recovery operation at the Monroe Street sewer was not determined.)
(The grease concentration in the effluent from the Sioux City, Iowa, sewage
treatment plant during the October 1968 survey averaged 17 mg/1. The amount
of grease removed through the sewage treatment plant was not determined.)
-8-
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519
(Grease results from the January 1969 survey were not available for inclusion
in this report.)
The amount of grease being discharged (in the Monroe Street sewer) to the
private recovery operation, using a total daily flow of 40 million gallons
per day as shown in Table A-l, is fifty (50) tons per day. In comparison,
the 17 mg/1 of grease found in the Sioux City effluent is not significant.
The Iowa State Department of Health has found that this amount of grease
is not visible in effluents or in the receiving stream. The 17 mg/1 of
grease amounts to a little over one (1) ton in the Sioux City effluent, as
compared to fifty (50) tons being discharged in the Omaha Monroe Street
sewer.
The Federal report speaks of grease balls as big as oranges, but does not
say x^here these were observed. Nor does it contain information concerning
the grease content of the Iowa Beef Packers effluent at Dakota City,
Nebraska. The waste being discharged from Iowa Beef Packers is not treated
in a municipal plant and can be expected to contain appreciable amounts of
grease. The waste treatment, facility consists of an air flotation grease
removal unit, the type of which past Health Department observations have
shown, present operator problems and is subject to operational outages.
The Iowa State Department of Health has information that the State of
Nebraska permitted lova Beef Packers at Dakota City to discharge wastes
which may be over 200,000 population equivalent, compared to 195,000
population equivalent listed in the Federal report for the Sioux City
sewage treatment plant effluent. Grease removals in the Sioux City plant
would be much more effective than the IBP industrial unit, so that the
grease observation should not be attributed to Sioux City.
Water Quality Effects.
Items L, 0, and R on pages H-3, and II-4, discuss certain other vater quality
effects.
L. (Survey results from the main stream of the Missouri River in Iowa identi-
fied adverse changes in water quality. Turbidity increased four-fold in the
length of reach surveyed and cyanide and phenols were found) It is true
that phenols were found in the Missouri River, however, the Federal report
failed to mention in the summary that the maximum observed phetiol concentra-
tions (Table No. A-5) did not change from station M-52, which is located
above Sioux City, to station M-38, which is located below the Omaha-Council
Bluffs area. These maximum levels, which shoued no .relation to waste dis-
charges, were 2 parts per billion (ppb), which is twice as high as the
suggested FWPCA standard of 1 PPb. These data further substantiate Iowa's
position that phenol concentrations resulting from natural degradation pro-
ducts often exceed the FWPCA standard of 1 ppb, and that this standard is
therefore unreasonable.
During the January, 1969 FWPCA survey, turbidity values were shown to decrease
from 19 units above Sioux City to 8 units below Omaha-Council Bluffs. During
this period storm water runoff was minimal and these data show that sewage
treatment plant discharges had no effect on the turbidity of the Missouri
River. High turbidity in the Missouri is caused exclusively by land drainage
and that subject is not relevant to the conference.
-9-
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520
Cyanide concentrations up to 15.2 ppb were measured in the Missouri River.
These concentrations given in Table A-5 bear no apparent relationship to
municipal or industrial discharges. 12.2 ppb of cyanide were found above
Sioux City while less than 1 ppb x
-------
521
Failure of the Omaha meat packing plants to remove paunch manure and other
solids in pre-treatnent produced such severe plant operation problems that
the packing plant wastes and the south half of the City of Omaha still
remain untreated. Four additional conference sessions ending March 1966
produced an agreement between the packers and the City of Omaha for construct-
ion of packing plant waste pre-treatment facilities, scheduled for completion
in 1969.
FWFCA Biological Study
The manner in which the biological data was presented did not deviate from
the rest of the Federal report. Conclusions were "not objective" and
pertinent facts were buried which tended to create the illusion that Iowa is
a major polluter of the Missouri River.
The FWPCA summary (part M, page II-3) regarding the biological study states
the following. (Biological investigations revealed predominately clean water
organisms and associated aquatic life above Sioux City. However a consistent
increase in pollution tolerant organisms and biota were observed in many
stretches of the river between Sioux City and St. Joseph.) This statement
leads one to believe that all is well above Sioux City, whereas the Missouri
downstream from Sioux City is polluted. If the data (Table B2-Federal Report)
is examined objectively, it is obvious that this statement is misleading.
The fact is that the study shov;ed little difference in the biological quality
between station 736 and 730 above the Sioux City sewage treatment plant
discharge, whereas every sample taken in the first 74 miles below the Sioux
City discharge definitely demonstrated a biological fauna which was superior
in quality to that observed upstream from Sioux City. Stoneflies, which are
noted for being extremely pollution intolerant, were found at three stations
downstream from Sioux City, while the data indicate that no stoneflies were
found above Sioux City. Likewise there was a greater diversity of mayflies
in the first 74 ruiles below the Sioux City discharge than there was above
Sioux City. Mayflies are also pollution intolerant organisms which require
high water quality. The FWPCA data (Table B-2) demonstrate that pollution
intolerant forms were present in greater diversity in the first 74 miles
below the Sioux City discharge than above it. This not a claim that the
treated waste discharge from Sioux City enhances biological quality in the
Missouri River, but merely points out that the biological quality was not
deteriorated at these stations by the Sioux City discharge.
It is stated in the Federal report (page B-l) that severe degradation of
the bottom associated organisms occurred for 54 miles downstream from the
Omaha-Council Bluffs area, and that floating solids (grease and chunks of
animal fat) were observed for 166 miles downstream.
It is interesting to compare the waste contribution of Omaha, Nebraska and
Council Bluffs, Iowa. This can be readily done by a few simple calculations
using the data given on page IV-24 of the Federal report. Omaha, Nebraska
discharges 1,801,640 P.E. to the river, or 46 times as much as the Council
Bluffs 39,000 P.E. discharge. Omaha's waste load to the river thus exceeds
the sum total waste load discharged by the 20 Iowa municipalities (including
industries) which are located on the Mississippi River.
-11-
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522
Eighty-eight percent of Omaha's raw waste load receives no treatment or,
in other words, is discharged directly to the Missouri River. All of the
Council Bluffs waste receivescprimary treatment.
It is therefore not all surprising that the Missouri is biologically degraded
for 54 miles below Omaha, nor is it surprising that grease balls are found
as far as 166 miles downstream. However, these conditions can hardly be
attributed to Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Water Quality Monitoring
(Pages IV-41, IV-42 and IV-43 of the Federal report contain discussion of
the need for water quality monitoring and recommendations that Iowa establish
additional monitoring stations and increase sampling frequency.)
The Iowa Uater Pollution Control Commission agrees that an adequate water
quality monitoring program is necessary and that this program should fit the
needs of all the agencies involved in water pollution control. This is
further emphasized by sections of this statement recommending additional
study of parameters at issue in the Standards Conference. However, the
extent of monitoring is directly dictated by staff manpower capability.
This, being an extremely small staff agency, priorities must be established.
Iowa has recently expanded its limnology program, which is a direct increase
in monitoring effort. Iowa has also moved forward by development of the
mandatory treatment plant operation report program. This, together with
automatic data processing, mandatory operator certification, and mail order
EOD, is a form of monitoring, but monitoring of sources of waste discharge
rather than stream water quality. However, priority must be given to
correction of poor effluent discharges rather than stream sampling, and
this effort is a more efficient utilization of staff resources. Such
sampling as is now possible is being carried out, and every effort will
be made to expand the monitoring station network and increase sampling
frequency as manpower increases permit.
-12-
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523
D. COMMENTS ON FEDERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations of the Department of the Interior are set out, starting
on page VI-1 of the Water Quality Standards Conference Report-Missouri
River Basin. The Iowa position on each of the recommendations is outlined
below, in the same order as it appears in the Federal Report.
SeconSsry Treatment
The Department of Interior blanket requirement for secondary treatment of
all municipal and biodegradable wastes cannot be justified on the basis
of Congressional intent, nor can such a requirement be adopted by the
Commission under present Iowa statutory authority. An effluent standards
provision, such as this secondary treatment requirement, was rejected during
early Congressional hearings, and the standards provision reported out of
Committee contemplated the setting of water quality standards for receiving
waters only. However, on the basis of Guideline 8, the Department of
Interior has attempted to impose a uniform requirement of secondary treat-
ment or the equivalent, in all State water quality standards.
The Commission, under Icwa law, has no direct statutory authority to establish
or enforce effluent standards. There is no authority to specify a type
of treatment, except that based on the water quality criteria of the receiving
stream. Treatment can be regul :ted only to the extent that it will produce
an effluent that will protect the stream and meet the water quality criteria.
On the basis of stream water quality requirements, secondary treatment will
be needed, and therefore has or will be required for all but 4 or 5 of the
490 municipal sewage treatment plants located on interior streams. However,
the Mississippi and Missouri rivers have very high stream flows furnishing
very high assimilative capacity, and the need for a degree of treatment
higher than primary is difficult and in most places impossible to demonstrate.
Extensive Mississippi River water quality studies during the middle 1950's
and a 1950 pollution investigation on the Missouri River, demonstrated
relatively little effect of even untreated wastes on these border streams.
But as the result of water pollution hearings and voluntary compliance, all
cities and towns, with the exception of the small Mississippi River towns
of Marquette and Lansing, completed primary or secondary treatment during
the 1950 to 1966 period.
The dissolved oxygen values presented in Figure A-2 of the Federal report
indicate no significant decrease in dissolved oxygen during the October 1968
survey period, and an actual increase progressing downstream to the Omaha
area during the January 1969 period.
The principal oxygen demanding sources now existing in the Sioux City area
are the primary treated effluent of the City of Sioux City and the relatively
untreated waste from the Iowa Beef Packers plant at Dakota City, Nebraska,
approximately 4 miles downstream from the Sioux City municipal sewage
treatment outfall. As determiaed from samples collected by FWPCA and from
composite plant operation" reports submitted to the State Department of
Health, the Sioux City plant effluent has a population equivalent waste
loading in the range of 200,000. No similar composite samples were collected
by the FWPCA from the effluent of the Iowa Beef Packers plant at Dakota
City, but information available to this Department indicates that the State
-13-
-------
of Nebraska has permitted the Iowa Beef Packers plant to discharge an organ-
ic load of over 200,000 population equivalent to the Missouri river. It
can be seen that this oxygen demanding waste load figure may be equal to
that contributed by the entire domestic population of Sioux City and its
packing plant waste load combined.
The table of municipal discharges to the Missouri river on page IV-24 of
the Federal report lists a plant discharge population of 39,000 for Council
Bluffs, Iowa and over 1,801,000 for Omaha, Nebraska. The oxygen demanding
wastes for Omaha are thus 46 times that of Council Bluffs. Some oxygen
depression was created by the discharge of primarily untreated wastes in
this area but could not be declared to have a serious detrimental effect.
These water quality studies have shown no significant reduction in dissolved
oxygen levels below sources of oxygen demanding wastes, even prior to
primary treatment. This is a fortunate condition, and fares well compared
to others of the nation's major streams where secondary treatment jl£ needed.
For instance, the 1968 report of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
Commission showed that dissolved oxygen levels of below 4 ppm occurred
33% of the time in the lower reaches of the Ohio River. Likewise, the lower
reaches of the Delaware River now have very low oxygen levels, and hundreds
of millions of dollars must be expended for secondary treatment, simply to
maintain 3.5 ppm dissolved oxygen.
It also deserves comment that most of the larger border cities proceeded
with primary treatment in the early years of the Federal construction grant
program, and did not enjoy the degree of financial assistance that will be
available to cities in other States that have delayed any plant construction
to this point.
Using cost figures compiled by Smith and published in the JWPCF, it has
been estimated that construction of secondary treatment facilities for
all waste discharges to the Mississippi and 'Missouri Rivers would cost
over $25 million. Furthermore, according to figures published in a 1969
FWPCA report, the cost of operation and maintenance of these secondary
plants would be approximately $1.7 million per year more than for primary
treatment.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has no hesitancy to require
secondary treatment of any waste discharge to either the Mississippi or
Missouri Rivers, when the need to satisfy water quality requirements is
shown. However, it is the Iowa position that a naed for uniform secondary
treatment of all waste discharges has not been shown, and there is no
scientific reason to believe that secondary treatment of every waste
discharge on the border streams will enhance the water quality.
Some degradation of water quality was evident below the Omaha-Council Bluffs
area due to the lex? percentage of wastes receiving treatment. It is
suggested additional water quality studies be conducted following completion
of meat packing plant pretreatment facilities to permit evaluation of
Missouri river water quality when receiving full primary treated effluents
from the City of Omaha.
-14-
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525
Disinfection
At a meeting on February 9, 1968 with Robert S. Burd, Director of the FWPCA
Water Quality Standards Staff, Iowa agreed to adopt definite numerical
bacteriological limits compatible with National Technical Advisory Committee
recommendations for waters used for public water supplies 'and primary contact
recreation (swimming and water skiing). Interior further agreed that the
standards would recognize these values as applying during dry weather, but
will state that all reasonable efforts will be made to reduce bacteria
concentration increases during periods of storm water runoff.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission at its April 4, 1968 meeting
approved a motion accepting these provisions, and the Iowa water quality
standards have been revised to include the following numerical bacteriologic-
al limits:
Public xvater supply
Numerical bacteriological limits of 2000 fecal coliforms
per 100 ml for public water supply raw water sources will
be applicable during low floxv periods when such bacteria
can be demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by
sewage.
Recreation
Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliforms
per 100 ml for primary contact recreational waters will
be applicable during low flow periods when such bacteria can
be demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by sewage.
The water quality criteria and plan for implementation and enforcement tor
the surface waters of Icwa, adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission in May 1967, designated the surface waters to be protected for
public water supply uss as well as the recreation use areas on lakes,
impoundments and rivers. The treatment needs in the plan have specified
colifonn reduction or effluent disinfection by the municipalities to protect
this use during the recreational season. Information provided by other
state agencies and presentations at the public water quality hearings were
used to designate interior stream recreation areas, and coliform reduction
has been specified for interior municipalities where necessary to protect
recreational uses.
The State of Iowa therefore feels that acceptable bacterial criteria have
been established for interstate streams in Iowa. These criteria are
compatible with criteria of adjoining states established for public
water supply and for recreation. Other state bacterial criteria generally
take into consideration the effect of land runoff, and are applied when
necessary to protect specified uses. Disinfection of treatment plant
effluents is required by states adjoining Iowa, generally where public
water supplies are involved and where, necessary to protect public health
for recreational waters during the recreational season. The State of Iowa
had previously gone on record in its implementation plan as requiring
effluent disinfection where necessary to protect downstream water uses.
-15-
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526
Land runoff contributes high bacterial densities and bacterial studies in
the State of Iowa and elsewhere have shown that commonly acceptable coli-
forra levels have been greatly exceeded even in the absence of wastes
attributable to human sources. The following is quoted from a long term
study (1) of total coliforms in the Iowa River at Iowa City.
"If a stream contains coliform organisms that are of domestic
sewage origin, one might expect the MPN to vary inversely with the dilution
capacity of the stream. High MPN values would be expected during the dry
seasons. On the other hand, high turbidities would be expected with high
water conditions due to increased erosion and scour.
"In the Iowa River, increases in stream flow are accompanied by
increases in both turbidity and coliform organisms. This pattern has
been apparent over the entire 1950-64 period and is true whether one
examines daily or monthly average data.
"Apparently, large numbers of coliform organisms are carried
into the river after each rainfall and snow melt. The increase in turbidity
also indicates the agricultural land adjacent to the river as the source
of many of these coliform organisms. Storm sewer overflow is not considered
a significant factor because the nearest upstream city is 30 mi. above Iowa
City, and above the impoundment.
"In view of the apparently high numbers of nonfecal coliform
organisims, and the correlation of high coliform densities with high flow,
one might question the significance of such MPN data as related to the
bacterial safety of the Iowa River Water. Does a high MPN, expecially a
high monthly average, which may be caused by runoff from a single rainfall,
mean that this water is an undesirable source? Probably not."
Among his conclusions Professor Powell states: "There are considerable
seasonal differences in water quality. The impoundment has tended to reduce
this variation, for example, by distributing the poor water from spring
runoff over a longer period of time.
"Stream flow, turbidity, and bacterial density follow the same
seasonal pattern. Increases in flow are accompanied by increases in the
other two. During high flows the extremely high coliform densities are
due to agricultural land drainage.
"Improved methods of evaluating bacterial quality and recommend-
ing treatment are greatly needed. In view of present day treatment capabilit-
ies, the worst rivers in the country can probably be purified with relative
ease."
(1) Water Quality Changes Due to Impoundment, Marcus P. Powell &
P. M. Berthouex, JAWWA July 1967
16-
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527
Figure 1 illustrates the pattern, on a monthly average basis, of the direct
relationship of increasing stream flows accompanied by increases in both
turbidity and total coliform density. Figure 2 indicates that the monthly
coliform MPN average is less than 5000 per 100 m/1 about 46% of the months
both before and after impoundment above the supply in 1958. Figure 3
illustrates coliform variations with flow and turbidity on the Raccoon
River at Des Moines,
Tables 2 and 3 contain total coliform data for the years 1964 & 1965
raw water at the University of Iowa water treatment plant intake at Iowa
City, Iowa. This data indicates that commonly accepted total coliform
criteria both for public water supply and recreation uses are exceeded
due to land runoff a high percentage of the time.
The following are estimates of the costs for continuous disinfection
(chlorinatiori) of municipal waste treatment plant effluents, including
effluents from industrial wastes which may contain pathogenic agents as
recommended by the Department of Interior.
Estimated Chlorination Costs
Iowa Cities and Towns on Interstate Streams
Construct. Annual
Raw Eff. & Equip. Chlorine
PE PE costs cost
Major Mississippi River cities 1,029,000 700,000 $ 642,000 $390,000
Major Missouri River cities 447,000 295,000 307,000 176,000
Interior Interstate Streams 1,400.OOP 291.000
Total Chlorination Costs $2,394,000 $857,000
The expenditure annually of the large sums of money required for year-
round disinfection of municipal and industrial wastes as recommended by
FWPCA, will not improve the bacterial quality of interstate waters during
periods of run-off, and these are the periods when high bacterial levels
have been found. The lona Water Pollution Control Commission has agreed
to disinfection of waste discharges where these discharges can be expected
to affect recreational or public water supply uses. Primary body contact
(swimming and water skiing) recreational uses of Iowa streams is limited
by nature to summer months. It has not been demonstrated to the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission that year round Chlorination is required to
protect secondary contact (boating and fishing) recreational uses.
The Missouri River being unsuitable for whole body contact recreational
sports (swimning and water skiing), precludes the need for disinfection
to protect this use. The one possible need for disinfection would be at
the Sioux City area to protect the downstream water supplies. However,
that naed, as demonstrated by the FWPCA water quality study, appears to be
rather borderline, and the study was relatively brief. Therefore before
definitely establishing a compliance requirement and making the large expendi-
ture that will be required, additional study should be undertaken to more
accurately determine the coliform densities and sources.
-17-
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528
w
o
-------
529
0001 X NdW
9|qoqoJd
-------
530
SJO-MC/M
TUiQOT/NdW
-------
531
TABLE 2_
IOWA RIVER
WATER PLANT INTAKE
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
TOTAL COLIFORM M.P.N. DATA
1964
Public Water Supply Recreation
Month Number Ave. % > MPN % > MPN % > KPN % > MPN
of MPN per
Samples 100 ml
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
17
19
20
22
19
22
22
21
21
21
20
21
2,780
1,335
5,890
478
10,240
22,980
2,240
1,450
3,700
4,970
206
51
5,000
per
100 ml
11
05
20
0
31
50
18
04
14
14
0
0
20,000
per
100 ml
05
0
10
0
05
22
0
0
04
09
0
0
1,000
per
100 ml
41
31
55
09
78
81
63
14
61
38
0
0
2,000
per
100 ml
41
21
45
09
78
77
45
14
52
38
05
0
2,400
per
100 ml
23
15
45
09
78
77
36
14
52
33
0
0
5,000 Mean
per Flow
100 ml cfs
11
05
20
0
31
50
18
04
14
14
0
0
187
655
467
803
1,391
1 , 040
1,355
452
637
213
294
419
*When averaging MPN values all values less than 30 were considered 30.
-------
532
TABLE _3
IOWA RIVER
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
WATER PLANT INTAKE
TOTAL COLIFOkM MPN DATA
1965
Public Water Supply Recreation
Month Number Ave. % > MPN % > MPN % > MPN % > MPN
of MPN per
Samples 100 ml
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
20
20
23
27
20
22
21
22
21
20
21
20
37
46,000
15,000
32,000
17,000
5,100
6,100
27,000
38,000
2,100
670
12,000
5,000
per
100 ml
0
30
48
52
65
18
29
41
77
5
0
15
20,000
per
100 ml
0
30
13
33
20
9
14
27
53
0
0
10
1,000
per
100 ml
0
35
96
78
85
46
62
77
90
40
14
30
2,000
per
100 ml
0
35
87
74
85
41
57
77
90
30
5
25
2,400
per
100 ml
0
30
70
59
80
32
48
59
86
15
0
20
5,000 Mean
per Flow
100 ml cfs
0
30
48
52
65
18
29
41
77
5
0
15
1,282
2,039
3,388
6,257
4,989
5,633
2,661
513
2,651
3,593
4,025
3,807
*When averaging MPN values all values less than 30 were consider-ed
30 and all values greater than 110,000 were considered 110,000
-------
533
Te-.r.perature
The temperature criteria for interior streams was excepted from approval by
Secretary of Interior. During the lengthy negotiations, the temperature
criteria has been the subject of wide variation and inconsistency in the
Department of Interior's position. In five separate expressions, for
instance, Interior has gequested different maximum temperature requirements,
ranging from 86°F to 93 F.
Agreement uas reached on the 93°F maximum on interior streams but not on
permitting a differential of 10°F above the natural background. Interior
has insisted that this follox* the pattern of the larger streams, like the
Mississippi and the Missouri, dictating a differential of 5°F above natural
background from May 1 through October 1, and then 10°F October 1 through
May 1. This issue is unx\rarranted and would seriously add to the expense of
power plane oparations where applicable.
The thermal loading in Iowa is primarily from electrical power generation.
Other industries using river water for heat exchange work are not believed
to be of such magnitude as to exceed the lower limit proposed when operating
plants on respective streams at low flow conditions. This leaves then,
only those power plants which can properly and economically use this re-
source when able to stay below the maximum stream temperature set forth
by the criteria.
The trend in this area should be noted. Older power plants are being closed
rather than expend funds for modernization of air and water pollution
control facilities and for other operational reasons. These services are
being replaced by transmission of electrical currents from other larger and
more modern plants. With the forthcoming of the atomic power plants in
this region, increases in the thermal loading at these smaller local points
on the interior streams, does not appear to be a problem for the near future.
The several guidelines issued by the National Technical Advisory Committee,
describing considerations for setting temperature limits, frequently refer
to the need for local study and for specific analysis of each habitat at
the zone in question. Iowa believes this to be a most valid consideration
and submits to the expert opinions of those professional authorities who
have conducted investigations and have knoxjledge of the aquatic life on the
streams where such concern may exist.
The temperature limits in the standards were not finally established until
after the seven hearings conducted throughout the state. The final criteria
were considered to be a fair representation of values recommended by and
acceptable to various biologists who testified at the hearings. The views
of the Superintendent of the Biology Section of the State Conservation
Commission and the Principal Limnologist of the State Hygienic Laboratory
are also firm in the contention that the temperature maximums and the 10°F
temperature rise on interior streams are acceptable standards for aquatic
life.
-18-
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534
The recommendations of the Federal Report on the Missouri Basin water are
quite vague in regard to temperature maximums, but a February 21, 1968
letter from Robert S. Burd, director of the FWPCA Water Quality Standards
Staff, definitely stated that the maximums then proposed in the Iowa Standards
were acceptable, and indicated that the 10°F rise on interior streams was
the only point at issue.
Iowa believes however, that the first hand knowledge of the problems involved
and the subsequent testimonies of the professional authorities who counseled
in preparation of the temperature standards, are logical and valid reasons
for retaining the 10° tolerance above natural temperatures on interior
streams. The 93° maximum temperature should also be retained.
Further, it should be recorded that all industry sharing this thermal
pollution problem has cooperated with the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission and adjusted its agreements to assure compliance within the
parameters desired by the Commission. Industry is seriously concerned when
reviewing the various thinking, and changes in position expressed in letters
coining from the FWPCA, each adding to and further restricting their right
for using this resource. Iowa believes the balance it has recommended to
be both reasonable and valid for water quality temperature criteria in Iowa.
-19-
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535
Protection of High Quality Waters
The October 2, 1960 minutes of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
state that the language of the non-degradation clause which was accepted
by the state of Colorado and adjacent states is acceptable to the Water
Pollution Control Commission. This action is considered firm, and the
following non-degradation statement is incorporated as a part of the water
quality standards:
Waters whose existing quality is better than the established
standards as of the date on which such standards become effect-
ive will be maintained at high quality unless it has been
affirmatively demonstrated to the State that a change is
justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social
development and will not preclude present and anticipated use
of such waters. Any industrial, public or private project or
development which would constitute a new source of pollution
or an increased source of pollution to high quality waters will
be required to provide the necessary degree of waste treatment
to maintain high water quality. In implementing this policy,
the Secretary of the Interior will be kept advised and will
be provided with such information as he will need to discharge
his responsibilities under the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended.
-20
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536
Phenols
Phenol concentrations in Iowa streams are highly variable ranging from less
than one part per billion to a maximum of 20 ppb. This variation occurs at
given sampling points at different times of the year being a function of
hydrologic flow, climatic conditions and other factors.
Experience indicates that the highest phenolic compound concentracions occur
at the early stages of high flow conditions rather than at low flows. This
phenomenon causes us to discount the significance of industrial or municipal
input as this type source would tend to produce the highest phenol levels
during low flow-low dilution conditions.
Aromatic ring compounds abound in nature and bacterial and fungal organisms
are well known producers of hydroxylated ring metabolites. The probability
is high that phenolic type compounds reactive to 4-aminaontipyrine could
have a potential metabolic pathway resulting from such natural materials as
wood tars, plant proteins, tannins, etc. Since Iowa waters at times are
loaded with natural soluble organics due to soil surface leaching, the
correlation with early stage run-off and elevated phenol concentrations is
logical.
Iowa data bears this postulation out and sotae typical data illustrating
phenol levels are delineated in tabular form attached.
The summary data (Table A-5) in the Federal report shows maximum phenol
concentrations of 2 ppb did not change from above Sioux City to below
the Omaha Council Bluffs area. These maximum levels which showed no
relation to waste discharges are twice as high as the suggested FWPCA
standard of 1 ppb and again indicate phenol concentrations resulting from
natural degredation products often exceed the suggested standard.
Iowa river cities using surface water showing phenol levels
in the 10-20 range have not experienced taste and odor episodes
attributable to phenol concentrations subsequent to normal
chlorination for disinfection purposes.
In view of the high and variable levels of phenolic compounds
found in Iowa surface waters not traceable to industrial or
municipal sources, it is the recommendation of the Iowa Water
Pollution Commission that the maximum permissible concentration
of phenolic type compounds be retained at 0.020 parts per
million in all waters.
There is no evidence or logic to suggest the pertinency of an
individual standard for aquatic use specifically as most of our
streams are multiple use including public water supply. While
aquatic life is far less affected by phenols, it is realistic
to provide the single standard at 0.020 parts per million
on the basis of the most critical potential use.
-21-
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537
TABLE 4
PHENOL CONCENTRATION IN
IOWA STREAMS
DATE
1-24/25-67
it
M
ii
ii
ii
n
ti
n
n
10/9/68
n
10/24/68
2/12/69
n
2/13/69
M
2/3/69
n
RIVER
Des Moines -Euclid
" Ipalco
11 Ottumwa
Raccoon
Missouri-Co Bluffs
Cedar- Cedar Rapids
lox^a River-Iowa City
Mississippi-Davenport
" Burlington
" Keokuk
Mississippi-Ups tream from
Des Moines River
11 Keokuk
it it
it it
DCS Moines -Keokuk
Mississippi-Lansing
" Davenport
11 tt
" Burlington
M n
" Keokuk
n n
PHENOL ppb
2
18
3
2
< 1
5
5
11
11
11
l(Iowa Side)
2 (Channel)
2 (Illinois Side)
2
1
9(481.3 channel)
8(480.1 channel)
8(404.1 channel)
12(400.3 channel)
10(363.6 channel)
QC^SQ 1 rhnnnpn
Des Moines-Keokuk
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538
Radioactivity
The original brief criteria on radioactive substances had been acceptable
to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration during earlier
discussions. There was no indication of any disagreement on this criteria
until the Federal reports x\rere prepared for the conference, and there is
no particular disagreement now. The State of Icwa has an adequate radio-
activity sampling program and will accept the more detailed radiological
limits now suggested by the FWPCA. The following limits on radioactive
substances have now been adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission:
Gross beta activity (in the known absence of 90 strontium and
alpha emitters) shall not exceed 1000 picocuries per liter.
The concentration of 226 radium and 90 strontium shall not
exceed 3 and 10 picocuries per liter respectively.
The annual average concentration of specific radionuclides,
other than 226 radium and 90 strontium, should not exceed
1/30 of the appropriate maximum permissible concentration for
the 168 hour week as set forth by the International Commission
on Radiological Protection and the National Committee on
Radiation Protection.
Because any human exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation is
undesirable, the concentrations of radioisotopes in natural
waters should be maintained at the lowest practicable level.
-22-
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539
E. SUMMARY OF ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS REVISIONS AND ADDITIONS.
The following are the various revisions or additions to the surface water
quality criteria and plan of implementation which have been adopted by the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission:
Section 1.2(455B) Surface water quality criteria
1.2(3)
a. Public Water Supply
(1) Bacteria: Numerical bacteriological limits of 2000 fecal coli-
forms per 100 ml for public water supply raw water sources will
be applicable during the low flow periods when such bacteria
can be demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by sewage.
(2) Radioactive Substances:
Gross beta activity (in the known absence of 90 strontium
and alpha emitters) shall not exceed 1000 picocuries per
liter.
The concentration of 226 radium and 90 strontium shall not
exceed 3 and 10 picocuries per liter respectively.
The annual average concentration of specific radionuclides,
other than 226 radium and 90 strontium, should not exceed
1/30 of the appropriate maximum permissible concentration
for the 168 hour week as set forth by the International
Commission on Radiological Protection and the National
Committee on Radiation Protection.
Because any human exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation
is undesirable, the concentrations of radioisotopes in
natural waters should be maintained at the lowest practic-
able level.
b. Aquatic life
(1) Warm water areas.
Temperature:
Mississippi River-Not to exceed an 89°F maximum
temperature from the Minnesota border to the Wisconsin
border and a 90°F maximum temperature from the Wisconsin
border to the Missouri border nor a 5°F change from back-
ground or natural temperature in the Mississippi River.
Missouri River-Not to exceed a 90°F maximum
daily temperature nor a 5 F change from background or natural
temperature during the months of May through October and a
10 F change during the months of November through April.
Interior streams-Not to exceed a 93 F maximum temperature
nor a maximum 10°F increase over background or natural temper-
ature.
Heat should not be added tc any water in such a manner
that the rate of change exceeds 2°F per hour.
-23-
-------
(2) Cold water areas.
Temperature:
Not to exceed a 70°F maximum temperature. The rate of change
due to added heat shall not exceed 2°F per hour with a 5°F
maximum increase from background temperature.
c< Recreation
(1) Bacteria:
Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliforms per
100 ml for primary contact recreational waters will be applic-
able during low flow periods when such bacteria can be
demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by sewage.
Non-degradation statement
Waters whose existing quality is better than the established standards
as of the date on xvhich such standards become effective will be main-
tained at high quality unless it has been affirmatively demonstrated
to the State that a change is justifiable as a result of necessary
economic or social development and will not preclude present and antici-
pated use of such waters. Any industrial, public or private project
or development which would constitute a new source of pollution or an
increased source of pollution to high quality waters will be required
to provide the necessary degree of waste treatment to maintain high
water quality. In implementing this policy, the Secretary of the
Interior will be kept advised and will be provided with such information
as he will need to discharge his responsibilities under the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
-24-
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R. J. Schliekelman
(See also Appendix A and B.)
MR. SCHLIEKELMAN: The purpose of the
statement is to set out the State of Iowa's position on
the matters of disagreement with the FWPCA. The Federal
position is outlined in the report which was presented
yesterday. We feel, however, that there has been con-
siderable discussion of some aspects, such as turbidity,
bacterial loading, nutrient loading, agricultural land
runoff and other conditions which may not be entirely
accurate. Some of these aspects do actually appear to
discredit the water quality and the State's water pol-
lution control efforts. In addition to that, some of
these items are outside, really, the scope of the Iowa
Water Pollution Commission control.
To the casual reader some of the discussion
tends to create false impressions of widespread pollution
and ineffective control. This statement, therefore, is
an attempt to put the issues in context to clarify the
Iowa position on matters actually in controversy and to
present the positive side of the Iowa program.
I might get a little bit into the history
of the Iowa water pollution control program from actually
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542
R. J. Schliekelman
a long ways back.
The first Iowa water pollution control law
was passed in 1923* and I think even at that time Iowa
was considerably ahead of a lot of the other States as
far as water pollution control program is concerned. At
the time this law was passed we had nearly 200 municipal
sewage treatment plants in operation in the State of Iowa.
In recognition of the fact that treatment
plant construction is effective only if operation is
efficient and competent, an operator training and volun-
tary certification program was implemented in 1952. In
1965 the Legislature passed and implemented a mandatory
certification law, and Iowa is now one of 17 States which
has such a mandatory certification law.
Also in 1949 the law at that time lifted
a previous restriction so that effective in 1951 the
Mississippi and Missouri River cities and towns were sub-
jected to all provisions of the stream pollution control
which was in effect at that time.
On the Missouri River, Iowa is a member of
the Missouri River Basin Health Council. They agreed in
1952 to participate in the adoption of a guide for water
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R. J. Schliekelman
pollution control activities. The several States of the
Council at that time agreed to a program for elimination
of toxic substances and settleable solids, and treatment
of industrial wastes as necessary to prevent deterioration
of water quality.
In 1965 we did have the enactment of the
present water pollution control law which did create the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission. Since this law
was passed, the Commission has adopted three regulations
to aid in surveillance and enforcement. The first is a
regulation relating to the general criteria of water
quality standards, which makes mandatory the effective
removal of settleable and floatable solids from municipal
wastewater discharges.
The second regulation requires submission
of monthly operation reports from treatment plants. By
specifying the format and content, the department can
actually evaluate the plant effectiveness and obtain an
indication of the plant's effect on the receiving stream
water quality.
Also a couple of years ago Iowa adopted
what they call an Iowa--or rather we adopted a mail order
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544
R. J. Schliekelman
BOD program, which also has proven effective in surveil-
lance of treatment plants. This program utilizes a
technique for fixing samples in the field in preparation
for a BOD determination in the State laboratory.
The third regulation, which has not yet
received legislative approval, has been adopted by the
Commission requiring control of feedlot runoff. Actually,
at the present time feedlot pollution is being effectively
controlled through the present enforcement provisions of
the law.
Under various provisions in enforcement
procedures, the Commission since its inception in 1965
has actually issued 114 consent orders for correction of
pollution conditions.
Iowa is one of the large meat packing
States in the Union, and the meat packing plants do con-
stitute one of the largest potential sources of pollution.
Every meat packing plant in the State has a treatment
plant in operation or under construction, and this
represents some three and one-half million population
equivalent. We feel that some of the plants are getting
really good removal, up to 98 and 99 percent BOD removal,
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R. J. Schliekelman
and I think a lot of this has been due in part to the
pioneering of the anaeboric/aerobic lago.on treatment proc
by the State of Iowa.
We think it is significant that Iowa does
not have stream classification. We have all streams
classified to the highest extent. Although the standards
do specify recreation, fishing, and water supply uses,
and the areas of applicability have been defined, minimum
defined standards of high quality apply to all waters of
the State.
In summary, Iowa has through the years
recognized the need for clean water and continued its
expansion of the program to meet needs. The regulatory
agency has exercised its authority to abate pollution and
to maintain and improve water quality, and municipalities
and industries have complied with the requirements. The
accomplishments shown by the record can be compared with
the best in the Nation. Despite the adverse impressions
created by the Federal report, and the Secretary's decisic
to except certain provisions of the standards, Iowa in th<
past and will in the future exercise its regulatory
authority to the fullest extent.
ss
n
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546
R. J. Schliekelman
I might make a little comparison with
some of the other States as far as the percent of treat-
ment of urban population is concerned. The State of
California at the present time has about 4.8 million of
its urban population without treatment out of a total
urban population of 17 million. The State of Florida
has 2.2 million urban population without treatment as
compared with 4.8 million total urban population. The
State of Maine has 412,000 population without treatment
out of a total population of 509,000.
Now we will try to get a little bit into
the discussion of the summary and conclusions made in the
Federal report. We feel that some of these items do
deserve comment and they will be discussed to some extent,
¥e have a section here which we have entitled "Agricul-
tural Runoff Effects."
Items E, G and K of the Federal report
deal generally with agricultural runoff effects. While
of interest, this particular aspect is actually outside
the scope of controllable standards, and the manner of
the statements as they have been presented in the report
could lead the less than totally informed reader to
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R. J. Schliekelman
unwarranted conclusions.
To take up section E, this is a quote from
the report:
"it is estimated that at least 3,300,000
cattle and calves and 6,100,000 hogs and pigs are on
farms. These animal wastes have a population equivalent
of 65,000,000 and can cause several conditions of stream
degradation."
There is no particular problem from animal
waste until such time as rainfall, snow melt or water
passes through the feedlot dissolving material from the
manure and carrying it to the stream. Since the load of
dissolved and suspended matter carried by the water to
the stream is actually only a fraction of that on the
feedlot, therefore the 65,000,000 population equivalant of animal
waste on the feedlot should not be interpreted as a load
on the stream.
There is another comment quoted:
"Sediment from uncontrolled runoff is a
major pollutant of the Missouri River."
This reference to low turbidity water dis-
charged from Gavins Point compared to the turbidity
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R. J. Schliekelman
conditions through Iowa is understandable. The effect
of settling of sediment in the pool above the dam at
Gavins Point is not available in the lower reaches. Agai:i
this aspect is outside of controllable standards and is
not an issue at the present time.
Item K from the Federal report. This is
quoted as follows:
"High densities of bacteria and high
concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are found in
Iowa tributaries to the Missouri River, especially during
periods of stormwater runoff."
This statement could be expanded to includ
the agricultural land and streams in all States. Further
more, while some control can be imposed, the bacteria,
nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff can never be
fully abated.Stormvrater runoff effects negate at least in part
the desirable effect of continuous disinfection of treat
ment effluents.
We will have a few comments also on
recreational uses. This is covered in one section,
Item P of the Federal report. This is quoted as follows:
"Recreational uses on the main stream include
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R. J. Schliekelman
boating, water skiing, swimming and wading. These
activities are directly affected by the presence of
floating material and grease balls, high bacterial
densities, dissolved organics and turbidity. Samples
of water taken in the survey had as high as 2,000
bacteria per drop."
Another quote from the report states:
"Fouling of fish nets and lines with
grease is common below major municipal and industrial
waste outlets, Similarly, boat hulls of recreational
watercraft are fouled with grease and scum."
The position of the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission has been that we have not designated
the main stem of the Missouri as a recreation stream
involving whole-body contact, namely swimming and water
skiing. The Iowa Health Department also has for many
years recommended Iowa streams not be used for this
purpose because of the injury and drowning hazards
involved. Actually, section IV of the Federal report
contains the following statements which appear to bear out
this position: The second paragraph on page IV-7 of the
report is quoted as follows:
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550
R. J. Schliekelman
"Present recreation use along the Missouri
River in Iowa has not met its potential for the amount of
land and water acreage involved. While being light, how-
ever, it appears that most recreation activities are
participated in with sightseeing, boating, picnicking
and fishing as the most popular."
We have another quote that says as follows
"Water skiing, surprisingly, is enjoyed
even though the river contains a high silt load. Swim-
ming is not considered a common activity due in large
measure to the dangerous water conditions and high
turbidity."
This is quoted from the Federal report.
Another quote is as follows:
"it can be expected that use on the waters
of the Missouri will principally be in the form of fish-
ing and boating, and on the adjoining lands in the form
of sightseeing, picnicking, hiking, driving and walking
for pleasure, and in historical interpretation."
These are the end of the quotes.
From this we believe that it would appear
that there is general agreement that the value of the
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551
R. J. Schliekelman
Missouri River for whole body sports is dictated prin-
cipally by factors other than controllable water quality
criteria and that maintenance of the general criteria and
the criteria for public water supply use and aquatic life
should adequately protect recreational uses.
We also wish to comment on some of the
discussion regarding the grease balls, grease and other
problems mentioned in items P and S of the Federal report
The discharges which would be most suspected of containing
large amounts of grease would be the Iowa Beef Packers
discharge at Dakota City, Nebraska, the municipal sewage
treatment plant at Sioux City, Iowa, and the city of
Omaha, Nebraska. Grease is discussed on page A-26 of the
Federal report, and this discussion is quoted as follows:
"The concentration of grease from the
daily composite from the Monroe Street and South Omaha
sewers averaged 299 milligrams per liter during the
October 1968 survey. The actual amount of grease reach-
ing the Missouri River following a privately-operated
recovery operation at the Monroe Street sewer was not
determined.
Another quote continues as follows:
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552
R. J. Schliekelman
"The grease concentration in the effluent
from the Sioux City, Iowa, sewage treatment plant during
the October 1968 survey averaged 17 milligrams per liter.
The amount of grease removed through the sewage treatment
plant was not determined."
That is the end of the quote.
Actually, the amount of grease discharged
to the Monroe Street sewer in Omaha can be computed to
be about 50 tons per day. In comparison, the 17 milligrams
of grease found in the Sioux City effluent is not sig-
nificant. The 17 milligrams of grease amounts to a little
over 1 ton in the Sioux City effluent as compared to the
50 tons being discharged to the Omaha Monroe Street sewer.
Studies conducted by the Public Health
Service, I believe, in 19^5 at the time of reconvened
session of the Omaha conference on the Missouri River
also came up with the conclusion that there were about
100,000 pounds of grease discharged from the Omaha area.
That is, I think, really from the Omaha sewers, not the
Omaha area.
The Federal report also speaks of grease
balls as big as oranges, but does not say where these
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553
R. J. Schliekelman
were observed. Nor does it contain information concernin
the grease content of the Iowa Beef Packers' effluent at
Dakota City, Nebraska. This particular effluent is
located about four miles downstream from the effluent
of the Sioux City sewage treatment plant. We don't want
to appear to be actually putting the Iowa Beef Packers
Company in a bad light. Our relations actually in the
State of Iowa have been very good, they have had a very
good record on the two plants that they have at Denison,
Iowa, and also Port Dodge, Iowa, so actually they are doiijig
a good job as far as the Iowa side of the stream is con-
cerned. But we do not have information as to what is
being done at Dakota City.
The Iowa Department of Health has informa-
tion that the State of Nebraska has permitted Iowa Beef
Packers at Dakota City to discharge wastes which may be
over 200,000 population equivalent compared to 195,000
population equivalent listed in the Federal report for
the city of Sioux City sewage treatment plant effluent.
Grease removals in the Sioux City plant we feel would
be much more effective than the Iowa Beef Packers indus-
trial unit, so that the grease observation should probabl,
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55^
R. J. Schliekelman
not be attributed to the city of Sioux City.
¥e have a section on water quality effects
which will be discussed further by Dr. Gakstatter of the
State Hygienic Laboratory.
¥e also have a section on fish tainting
\tfhich will be discussed by Mr. Harry Harrison of the
Iowa State Conservation Commission.
We do have a comment regarding treatment
requirements in other States as described in item T of
the Federal report. This states as follows:
"Every State which borders the Missouri
River, except for Iowa, has adopted as part of its stan-
dards a minimum requirement for secondary treatment or
its equivalent for wastes discharged into the Missouri
River."
This department has been informed by the
State of Kansas that Kansas, which borders on the Missour:.
River, has not agreed to a blanket requirement for secon-
dary treatment without such need being demonstrated.
Kansas standards have not been approved by the Secretary
of the Interior.
We have a section in our statement regarding
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555
R. J. Schliekelman
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration bio-
logical study which will also "be discussed by Dr. Jack
Gakstatter of the State Hygienic Laboratory.
In our next section we wish to comment on
some of the recommendations that have been made by the
Department of the Interior for the Missouri River Basin.
The Iowa position on each of the recommendations is out-
lined in the same order as they appear in the Federal
report.
Secondary treatment.
The Department of Interior blanket require
ment for secondary treatment of all municipal and bio-
degradable wastes cannot be justified on the basis of
Congressional intent, nor can such a requirement be
adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
under present Iowa statutory authority.
The Commission, under Iowa law, has no
direct statutory authority to establish or enforce
effluent standards. There is no authority to specify
type of treatment except that based on water quality
criteria of the receiving stream. Treatment can be
regulated only to the extent that it will produce an
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556
R. J. Schliekelman
effluent that will protect the stream and meet the water
quality criteria.
On the basis of stream water quality
requirements, secondary treatment will be needed and,
therefore, has or will be required for all but four or
five of the 490 municipal sewage treatment plants
located on interior streams. However, the Mississippi
and Missouri Rivers have very high assimilative capacity,
and, therefore, we did not feel that there should be
treatment applied without a necessity being actually
demonstrated. Extensive studies made during the 1950's
on the Mississippi River and also a 1950 pollution
investigation on the Missouri River demonstrated a
relatively low effect of even untreated wastes on these
border streams. However, as a result of water pollution
investigations and voluntary compliance, all cities and
towns, with the exception of the small Mississippi River
towns of Marquette and Lansing, completed primary or
secondary treatment during the 1950 to 1966 period.
The dissolved oxygen values actually
presented in figure A-2 of the Federal report indicate
no significant decrease in dissolved oxygen during the
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557
R. J. Schliekelman
October 1968 survey period, and there was an actual
increase progressing downstream to the Omaha area during
the January 19^9 period.
The principal oxygen demanding sources
now existing in the Sioux City area are the primary
treated effluent of the city of Sioux City and the
relatively untreated waste from the Iowa Beef Packers
plant at Dakota City, Nebraska. As determined from
samples collected by FWPCA and from composite plant
operation reports submitted to the State Department of
Health, the Sioux City effluent has a population
equivalent waste loading in the range of 200,000. No
similar plant composites were collected by the FWPCA
from the effluent of the Iowa Beef Packers plant at
Dakota City, but actually the information available does
indicate that the Iowa Beef Packers plant may be dis-
charging a load of approximately 200,000 to the Missouri
River.
The oxygen demanding wastes for Omaha as
given on page IV-24 of the Federal report is 1.8 hundred
thousand, which is ^6 times that of the city of Council
Bluffs. Some oxygen depreciation was created by the
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558
R. J. Schliekelman
discharge of this primarily untreated effluent in the
Omaha area.
These water quality studies which have
been made show that there has been little significant
reduction of dissolved oxygen levels below sources of
oxygen demanding wastes, even prior to primary treatment.
This is a fortunate condition, and actually fairs well
as compared with some of the other major streams where
secondary treatment is needed. For instance, the 1968
report of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commissicjn
showed dissolved oxygen levels of below 4 parts per
million occurred a~bout 33 percent of the time in the lowei
reaches of the Ohio River. Likewise, the lower reaches
of the Delaware River have had very low oxygen levels
and hundreds of millions of dollars must be expended
by communities and industries along this stream for
secondary treatment simply to maintain three and a half
parts per million of dissolved oxygen.
Using cost figures published in the Journa]
of the Water Pollution Control Federation, it has been
estimated that construction of secondary treatment
facilities for all waste discharges to the Missouri and
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559
R. J. Schliekelman
Mississippi Rivers would cost over 25 million dollars.
Furthermore, according to figures published in the 19&9
Federal Water Pollution Control Report, the cost of
maintenance and operation of these secondary plants would
be approximately 1.7 million dollars per year more than
for the existing primary treatment.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
has had no hesitancy to require secondary treatment of an;
waste discharge to either the Mississippi or Missouri River
when the need to satisfy water quality requirements is
shown. However, it is the Iowa position that aneed far uniform
secondary treatment of all waste discharges has not been
shown and that there is no scientific reason to believe
that secondary treatment of every waste discharge on the
border streams will enhance the water quality.
Some degradation of water quality is
evident below the Omaha-Council Bluffs area due to the
low percentage of wastes actually receiving treatment
during this particular period. It is, therefore, sug-
gested that additional water quality studies be conducted
following completion of the meat packing plant pretreatmei
facilities to permit evaluation of Missouri River wat&e*
-------
56 o
R. J. Schliekelman
when receiving primary treated effluents from the city
of Omaha.
The next section is on disinfection.
At a meeting on February 9, 1968, with Robert
S. Burd, Director of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration Water Quality Standards Staff, Iowa agreed
to adopt definite numerical bacteriological .limits compatible
with the National Technical Advisory Committee recommen-
dations for waters used for public water supplies and
primary contact recreation, namely swimming and water
skiing. The Department of the Interior further agreed
that the standards would recognize these values as
applying during dry weather, but will state that all
reasonable efforts will be made to reduce bacteria con-
centration increases during periods of stormwater runoff.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commissio
at its April ^, 1968, meeting adopted a motion accepting
these provisions, and the Iowa water quality standards
have been revised to include the following numerical
["bacteriological limits:
Public water supply. Numerical bacterio-
logical limits of 2,000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml for
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56i
R. J. Schliekelman
public water supply raw water sources will "be
applicable during low flow periods when such bacteria
can be demonstrated to be attributed to pollution by
sewage.
The same terminology applies to recreation
use, except the bacteriological limit is specified as
200 fecal coliforms per 100 ml.
The water quality criteria and plan for
implementation and enforcement for the surface waters of
Iowa was adopted by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Com-
mission in May 196? and this plan did designate the
surface waters to be protected for public water supply
use as well as the recreational use areas on lakes,
impoundments and rivers. The treatment needs in the
plan specified coliform reduction or effluent disinfec-
tion by the municipalities to protect this use during
the recreational season. Information obtained from other
State agencies and information at the public water
quality hearings were used to designate these recreational
areas, and the plan does specify for interior municipalit:
chlorination where necessary to protect these uses.
The State of Iowa therefore feels that
es
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562
R. J. Schliekelman
acceptable bacteriological criteria have been established
for interstate waters in Iowa. These criteria are com-
patible with criteria from adjoining States which have
been established for public water supply and recreation.
These other States also generally specify or take into
consideration the effective land runoff and are also
applied when necessary to protect specific water uses.
Land runoff does contribute high bacterio-
logical densities, and bacterial studies in the State of
Iowa and elsewhere have shown that commonly acceptable
coliform levels have been greatly exceeded even in the
absence of wastes attributable to human sources. The
following is quoted from a long term study of total
coliforms in the Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa:
"if a stream contains coliform organisms
that are of domestic sewage origin, one might expect
the MPN to vary inversely with the dilution capacity of
the stream. High MPN values would be expected during
the dry seasons."
Quoting further:
"in the Iowa River, increases in stream
flow are accompanied by increases in both turbidity and
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563
R. J. Schliekelman
coliform organisms. This pattern has been apparent over
the entire 1950-1964 period and is true whether one
examines daily or monthly average data.
"Apparently, large numbers of coliform
organisms are carried into the river after each rainfull
and snow melt. The increase in turbidity also indicates
the agricultural land adjacent to the river as the source
of many of these coliform organisms. Storm sewer overflow
is not considered a significant factor, because the
nearest upstream city is 30 miles above Iowa City and
above the impoundment.
"in view of the apparently high numbers
of nonfecal coliform organisms and the correlation of
high coliform densities with high flow, one might questior
the significance of such MPN data as related to the
bacterial safety of the Iowa River water. Does a high
MPN, especially a high monthly average which may be
caused by runoff from a single rainfall, mean that this
water is an undesirable source? Probably not."
We have made some estimates on the cost of
continuous disinfection or chlorination of municipal
treatment plant effluents of 77 municipalities which are
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564
R. J. Schliekelman
located on interstate streams in Iowa. It is estimated
that the construction and equipment costs for these 77
municipalities,which are located on both the Missouri and
Mississippi Rivers as well as interstate streams, would
cost approximately 2.4 million dollars and the annual
chlorine cost would be in the neighborhood of about
$850,000.
The expenditure annually of these large
sums of money required for year-round disinfection of
municipal and industrial wastes as recommended by FWPCA
will not improve the bacteriological quality of inter-
state waters during periods of runoff, and these are the
periods when high bacterial levels have been found. The
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission has agreed to
disinfection of these waste discharges,ones that can be
expected to affect recreational or public water supply
uses .
The Missouri River is considered as being
unsuitable for whole body contact recreation, and this
precludes the need for disinfection to protect this
particular use. The one possible need for disinfection
would be in the Sioux City area to protect downstream
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565
R. J. Schliekelman
water supplies. However, that need, as demonstrated by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration water
quality report, appears to be rather borderline and the
study covered a relatively brief period of time. There-
fore, before definitely establishing a compliance require
ment and making the large expenditures that will be
required, additional study should be undertaken to more
accurately determine the coliform densities and sources.
Temperature requirements will be covered
rather briefly by Mr. Harrison of the State Conservation
Commission.
We apparently are in agreement on the non-
degradation clause and this will not be covered this
morning.
Phenols were also discussed yesterday by
Dr. Morris. I don't know if Dr. Gakstatter will comment
a little bit more fully on this or not this morning.
Radioactivity was also described yesterday
and I think our position is that we are acceptable to the
Federal requirements on this particular phase of the
recommendations.
I believe that is our summary, then, of
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566
Dr. J. Gakstatter
the position.
MR. STEIN: Do you want to introduce your
next speaker?
MR. SCHLIEKELMAN: Dr. Gakstatter, would
you want to present your portion of the statement?
STATEMENT BY JACK GAKSTATTER
PRINCIPAL LIMNOLOGIST, STATE HYGIENIC
LABORATORY, DES MOINES, IOWA
DR. GAKSTATTER: Mr. Chairman, ladies and
gentlemen.
My name is Jack Gakstatter and I am Prin-
cipal Limnologist for the Des Moines Branch of the State
Hygienic Laboratory. I would like to begin with some
comments of the FWPCA biological study.
The manner in which the biological data
was presented did not deviate from the rest of the Federa
report. Conclusions were not objective and pertinent
facts were buried which tended to create the illusion
that Iowa is a major polluter of the Missouri River.
The FWPCA summary, and this in part M
-------
567
Dr. J. Gakstatter
on page II-3, regarding the biological study states the
following, and I quote:
"Biological investigations revealed pre-
dominately clean water organisms and associated aquatic
life above Sioux City. However a consistent increase in
pollution tolerant organisms and biota were observed in
many stretches of the river between Sioux City and St.
Joseph. "
This statement leads one to believe that
all is well above Sioux City, whereas the Missouri down-
stream from Sioux City is polluted. If the data, and
this is on Table B-2 of the Federal report, is examined
objectively, it is obvious that this statement is mis-
leading.
The fact is that the study showed little
difference in the biological quality between station 736
and 730--these are river mileages, station numbers are
M-52 and M-50--above the Sioux City sewage 'treatment
plant discharge, whereas every sample taken in the first
74 miles below the Sioux City discharge definitely
demonstrated a biological fauna which was superior in
quality to that observed upstream from Sioux City.
-------
568
Dr. J. Gakstatter
stoneflies, which are noted for being extremely pollution
Intolerant, were found at three stations downstream from
Sioux City, while data indicate that no stoneflles were
found above Sioux City. Likewise there was a greater diversity
of mayflies in the first 7^ miles below the Sioux City di
charge than there was above Sioux City. Mayflies are als
pollution intolerant organisms which require high water
quality. The FWPCA data, also on Table B-2, demonstrate
that pollution intolerant forms were present in greater
diversity in the first 7^ miles below the Sioux City dis-
charge than above it. This is not a claim that the treated
waste discharge from Sioux City enhances biological quality
in the Missouri River,, but merely points out that the bio
logical quality was not deteriorated at these stations
by the Sioux City discharge.
It is stated in the Federal report, page
B-l, that severe degradation of the bottom associated
organisms occurred for 5^ miles downstream from the Omaha
Council Bluffs area, and that floating solids, this refer
to grease and chunks of animal fat, were observed for
166 miles downstream.
It is interesting to compare the waste
contribution of Omaha, Nebraska, and Council Bluffs, Iowa
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569
Dr. J. Gakstatter
This can be readily done by a few simple calculations
using the data given on page IV-24 of the Federal report.
Omaha, Nebraska, discharges 1,801,6^0 population equiva-
lents to the river, or 46 times as much as the Council
Bluffs 39,000 population equivalent discharge. Omaha's
waste load to the river thus exceeds the sum total waste
load discharged by the 20 Iowa municipalities (including
industries) which are located on the Mississippi River.
Eighty-eight percent of Omaha's raw waste
load receives no treatment or, in other words, is discharged
directly to the Missouri River. All of the Council Bluff
waste receives primary treatment.
It is therefore not at all surprising that
the Missouri is biologically degraded for 5^ miles below
Omaha, nor is it surprising that grease balls are found a
far as l66 miles downstream. However, these conditions
can hardly be attributed to Council Bulffs.
Now I have some comments regarding parts
L and 0 in the Federal summary, which are found on page
II-3. Part L states, and I quote:
"Survey results from the main stream of th>
Missouri River in Iowa identified adverse changes in wate:
-------
570
Dr. J. Gakstatter
quality. Turbidity increased fourfold in the length of
reach surveyed and cyanide and phenols were found."
It is true that phenols were found in the
Missouri River. However, the Federal report failed to
mention in the summary that the maximum observed phenol
concentrations in table number A-5 did not change from
station M-52, which is located above Sioux City, and
station M-38, which is located below the Omaha-Council
Bluffs area. These maximum levels, which showed no
relation to waste discharges, were two parts per billion,
which is twice as high as the suggested FWPCA standard
one part per billion. These data further substantiate
Iowa's position that the phenol concentrations resulting fr
natural degradation products often exceeded the FWPCA
standard of one part per billion, and that this standard
is therefore unreasonable.
During the January 1969 FWPCA survey,
turbidity values were shown to decrease from 19 units
above Sioux City to 8 units below the Omaha-Council
Bluffs area. During this period stormwater runoff was
minimal and these data show that the sewage treatment
plant discharges had no effect on the turbidity of the
-------
571
Dr. J. Gakstatter
Missouri River. High turbidity in the Missouri is caused
exclusively by land drainage and that subject is not
relevant to this conference.
Cyanide concentrations up to 15.2 parts
per billion were measured in the Missouri River. These
concentrations given in Table A-5 of the Federal report
bear no apparent relationship to municipal or industrial
discharges. 12.2 parts per billion of cyanide were found
above Sioux City while less than one part per billion was
found below the Omaha-Council Bluffs area. In no case
was the Iowa aquatic life standard of 25 parts per billion
of cyanide violated.
Part 0 of the report states, and I quote:
"Public water uses relying on the Missouri
River as a source of supply report problems associated
with turbidity, ammonia, coagulation, taste and odors."
These are common problems of most surface
water treatment plants, whether or not being affected by
upstream waste discharges. We have already established
that turbidity problems in the Missouri are not caused
by waste discharges but by land runoff over which we have
no control.
-------
572
Dr. J. Gakstatter
Sewage treatment plants are designed to
eliminate settleable materials and organic carbon, not
ammonia. Waste effluents from secondary treatment plants
contain concentrations of ammonia which are many times
greater than concentrations in the average receiving
waters. Nevertheless, increased ammonia concentrations
in the Missouri and in other Iowa streams are generally
the result of agricultural land drainage and not sewage
treatment plant discharges. This is substantiated by the
fact that 85 percent of the Missouri River stations had
greater ammonia concentrations during the runoff period
than during the period of normal flow, and this could be
verified in Table A-3 of the FWPCA report.
Finally, in conclusion, it has been widely
recognized by Iowa that taste and odor problems frequentlj
are encountered during periods of surface runoff, particu-
larly in late winter and spring. However, again this is
something which isn't related to sewage treatment plant
discharges.
That is the end of my statement.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Who is next from Iowa?
-------
573
H. M. Harrison
MR. BUCKMASTER: Mr. Harrison
STATEMENT BY HARRY M. HARRISON
IOWA STATE CONSERVATION COMMISSION
DES MOINES, IOWA .
MR. HARRISON: My name is Harry M. Harri-
son. I work for the Iowa State Conservation Commission.
I have been employed by that agency for 23 years. Seven-
teen years of that time was spent in the field as a field
biologist.
I would like to say to begin with, ladies
and gentlemen, that I am very, very happy to be here this
morning. My interest in wildlife and fisheries goes way
back to my youth, and in this time I have spent a lot of
time in the rivers of this State, much of it without the
protection of a bathing suit. After -listening to Mr.
Geldreich's report yesterday, and considering the exposur*
that I have had to pathogens, added to the good will that
I heaped on myself over at Davenport last week, I should
say that I am happy to be any place today.
(Laughter.)
-------
H. M. Harrison
I heard a talk Monday of this week by a
reputable sanitarian, and he mentioned that the big prob-
lems in this day are really caused by very little things,
and then he went on to mention the ovum, the atom, a
little bit of skin pigment, and to that list I would
like to add one more thing, pathogenic organisms in flow-
ing water.
Over at Davenport I began my remarks with
words to the effect that I was accusing FWPCA of practic-
ing legerdemain with biological facts and statistics to
create some illusions that were misleading, confusing,
had very little basis in fact, and not germane to the
conference. This about sums up my impression of the
present conference.
With that, I would like to wade in--excuse
me, discuss with youj I don't want to wade into anything
any more (laughter)--discuss with you some of the dis-
cussion here that we had with temperature.
I am not sure that the people that dis-
cussed temperature were familiar with the facts as they
are in this day« We have no dispute with FWPCA on tem-
peratures in the Missouri River. This was settled before
-------
575
H. M. Harrison
the time of the conference. ¥e have no dispute with the
maximum temperature. This was decided before the con-
ference. The dispute that we have involves whether or
not we should permit or whether or not a difference or
an increase in 5 degrees or 10 degrees will protect
aquatic life in Iowa.
It is my considered opinion that 10 degree^
will protect aquatic life. I would, therefore, point out
again that the other discussions are really not germane,
but there is one thing that I would like to call atten-
tion to. The data was cited that the preferred tempera-
ture of smallmouth bass was 82.^, for the yellow perch
it was 75.6 and for the green sunfish it was 8l.2. I
guess I kind of favor the green sunfish. My preferred
temperature is 8l.3« How about that?
(Laughter.)
MR. STEIN: Mine is 96.8.
(Laughter.)
MR. HARRISON: Now there have been some
other illusions that our fisheries populations in Iowa
are suffering from pollution and probably in jeopardy,
and I would like to clarify some of my remarks or some
-------
576
H. M. Harrison
of the things that I think were misinterpreted over at
Davenport by citing a little history.
Back in 1886 to 188? a gentleman by the
name of Seth Meek traveled through Iowa and collected
fishes at various places in the State of Iowa. I have
his publication and have looked at it many, many times.
In 19^-0 Dr. Reeve Bailey, a fishery scientist of great
renown, retraced Mr. Meek's steps and collected in the
same area. I followed Dr. Bailey with my collections
in 1950, and I have people assigned to me today that
will do this work again in 1969 and 1970. So we have
some idea of what the fisheries picture is in the whole
State of Iowa.
I might point out that my own collections
in the 1950's, 1951 and 1952, amounted to about 1,000
collections in various places in the State of Iowa.
We know pretty well what the distribution
by species is, and some of the facts that were stated
here yesterday were facts, but they were not complete.
We know, for instance, that in the Missouri side of the
State of Iowa that there are probably in the order of
75 different kinds of fish. In the whole State there are
-------
S77
H. M. Harrison
140. It depends upon the taxonomist how they want to
split them up. It may be l4l or 1^2, but to come to
some of the differences you have to count the number of
scales that go around the body and if it is 13 it is
one fish and if it is 14 it is another. I could never
figure out myself what difference that made to anything
except another fish of the same kind.
But I did point out over at Davenport
that this was a channel catfish and carp State. I assume
that the people In the audience knew that I was referring
to the species of fish that are of importance to the Iowa
angler. The Iowa angler doesn't care anything about a
brassy minnow or a golden shiner. These are of interest
only to me and a few other people.
Dr. Tarzwell yesterday made a statement,
and I don't think that we can really argue with it too
much, that evolution has set the stage for the present
fish populations. To a degree this is true. However,
the fish populations that were in Iowa at the turn of
the century must have received a shock when the white
man started plowing the ground, straightening the rivers,
and so forth, and although evolution may have set the
-------
578
H. M. Harrison
scene, the fish populations that exist in Iowa today are
here because of habitat and habitat alone.
The habitat in western Iowa has been
destroyed, particularly in the Missouri River, by
channeling, straightening, and so forth. ¥e do not have
a species, to my knowledge, in our State that is adapted
to life in the Missouri River. Now, that does not say
that some fish don't get by and that some fish do not
reach fair numbers there. But the Missouri River in
this day is a millrace. Now, there may be a fish some
place in the world, a species, that we could import and
put into the Missouri River that would make a good
species for that river. I don't know what it is. If
anybody does, why, we would be glad to know about it.
The streams in southwestern Iowa, starting
with the lower reaches of the Little Sioux, the Maple
River, the Boyer, Nishnabotna, the Nodaway, the Tarkio,
and other streams that were named, have all been straighte
between—well, before 1920. Fish populations in those
areas are really not too good.
Now, we do have good fish populations in
some of our artificial impoundsments and some of the othe
ed
-------
579
H. M. Harrison
streams in the slope that drains to the Missouri River.
I would call your attention to some of the work that is
carried on by my department on the Little Sioux River.
This is considered one of the better catfish streams in
the United States. We have done life history studies out
there on the channel catfish, population estimates, and
so forth, and in some of our tagging experiments one of
our biologists was able to capture about 5,000 channel
catfish one summer, tag those fish and release them to
study their movements.
Our fish hatchery that specializes in the
production of channel catfish goes to the Missouri River
or did for three years in a row to get the brood fish for
the hatchery. They take about 1,000 brood fish per year
from the river—they took these out of about a three-mile
stretch of the river--to our hatchery to propagate channe]
catfish. I think this indicates something of the quality
of the fish there that they could go in and take brood fi
numbering nearly a thousand out of perhaps three miles of
stream.
In another study that we conducted over
there with respect to movement, we transported channel
-------
580
H. M. Harrison
catfish from one area to another to see what would happen
to them. In this project we were able to capture below
a little stabilizer, which is another way of saying a
low head dam, I guess, 10,000 channel catfish in less
than a month's time. We moved those fish upstream in the
Maple River to a little town of Ida Grove and released
them to see what would happen. It might be of interest
to you to know that the returns that we got were right
back to where we picked them up in the first place, and
it points out the fact that habitat is very important in
fish life. They just didn't have the habitat up there
where we stocked them, so they turned on their tails and
returned to where they could find habitat.
There has "been some thought, I think, or
some illusions that secondary treatment might enhance
fishery populations in western Iowa. I doubt very
seriously that secondary treatment would do anything for
the fish populations out there. Again you have the prob-
lem of habitat and it just won't get the job done.
I scribbled these notes down this morning
and I want to make sure that I get everything.
I would like now to go to the discussion
-------
581
H. M. Harrison
on commercial fisheries. Some mention was made about the
catches of 1901 as compared with 1969. .1 don't believe
this can be a valid comparison for a couple of reasons.
We have had lots of changes since 1901 to 19^9«
I would also point out to you that the
catch statistics reported upon are collected by people
that work for me, and the reason that we collect these
statistics is because the code of Iowa requires us to.
We have absolutely no confidence in the data that we get,
and the reason is that commercial fishermen just do not
report their catches. They operate out of their hind
pocket, and if they can pick up $10 here and $10 there
and do not have to report it as an income, why, that is
just a little more for them.
To offer a simple answer to a complex
question, I discussed this last week and I don't think
there is such a thing as a simple answer to a complex
question. It has been suggested that pollution is the
reason for the drop in the catch of commercial fish. I
submit another simple answer now. I think that the
reduction in commercial fisheries catch in the Missouri
River is inversely proportional to the income tax schedule's.
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582
H. M. Harrison
Taste and odors. I am not aware that we
have a real significant problem with taste and odors in
fish populations in the Missouri River, and I do not
wish to discount the testimony that was offered here
yesterday. Some gentleman named two fishermen, I believe
that had to throw away fish because of taste and odor
problems. I can understand and believe this, and I am
sure that it does happen from time to time. However, if
taste and odors was a very, very significant problem in
the fish flesh, I am sure that I would be aware of this.
This sort of thing comes directly to my desk, and in the
time that I have been in the Des Moines office, five and
a half years, I don't believe that I have ever had a
complaint, at least a written complaint, of the problem
of taste and odors in fishes from the Missouri River.
Our department is also concerned somewhat
with water-based recreation, not my department in particu
lar, but our Commission, and I would like to call your
attention to one other thing that has been touched on by
Mr. Schliekelman. I don't believe that if you had dis-
tilled water running down the Missouri River it would be
much of a place for outdoor recreation. The Missouri Riv
-------
583
H. M. Harrison
is a hazardous body of water, and most certainly I
wouldn't put my small children out there with a pair of
water wings and tell them to go swimming. It just doesn'
lend itself to this type of recreation. We will hope tha
some things that the Corps of Army Engineers have in
mind will become a reality some day and we will have
some impounded waters beside the Missouri River,, and this
is where we will send our people to water ski and swim,
and so forth.
In closing, I would like to repeat pretty
much something that I said over at Davenport and point
out to those of you who were not over there last week
that I am not a member of the Iowa Water Pollution Contro
Commission. I have had the privilege to keep a watchful
eye on them to see what they are doing, and I have come t|D
some conclusions about them that I think everybody ought
to be aware of.
This is not a troop of boy scouts nor is
it a fraternity of do-gooders. These are dedicated men,
they come from a broad spectrum of our society, they are
competent and they are aggressive. I have seen them take
on many, many problems of pollution in the State of Iowa
-------
584
H. M. Harrison
and work them out and correct the situation.
I would like to mention something about
the competence and dedication of these men. You heard
Dr. Morris yesterday. He is a very, very fine scientist.
The State of Iowa employs him to head up their State
Hygienic Laboratory.
This is no small responsible job.
Mr. Buckmaster is a successful businessman
an attorney, and he has taken a lot of his time to serve
on this board. And for those of you that are concerned
about conservation, I don't think that Mr. Buckmaster
really got into pollution first and foremost because of
pollution but because he was a smallmouth bass fisherman
and he thought maybe something is happening to the waters
of Iowa that he could correct.
These other gentlemen represent State
agencies. They head up State agencies. They are success-
ful farmers and businessmen. They represent cities and
towns, and so this organization is taking care of pollu-
tion in Iowa.
Now, if the Great White Father in Washing-
ton isn't resting easy because he thinks the people in lo
a
-------
585
H. M. Harrison
are wallowing in some squalor out here, you people when
you go back tell them it isn't so, that these people take
care of pollution in Iowa and I am sure we will all get
along fine.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Is there anyone else from Iowa?
MR. BUCKMASTER: I might make a few remark
MR. STEIN: This is off the record.
(Off the record.)
STATEMENT BY ROBERT BUCKMASTER
CHAIRMAN, IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COMMISSION, DES MOINES, IOWA
MR. BUCKMASTER: Mr. Stein, ladies and
gentlemen.
I will jump around and cover some things
and try to sum up Iowa's position. I always talk extem-
poraneously and sometimes worse, and I will probably do
that on this occasion.
As I indicated in Davenport, Mr. Stein, I
-------
586
R. Buckmaster
am deeply appreciative of the many courtesies that you
as hearing examiner have extended to us in Iowa in pre-
senting our views.
I am, as indicated there, deeply concerned
about the public's reaction as a result of press stories-
I am not critical of the press for this--of what it has
done to Iowa's position nationally and in the State of
Iowa. Some of us who worked most of our lives fighting
pollution are now being attacked by former friends who ar
quoting from the New York Times, other periodicals and
Iowa periodicals, saying that Iowa has the worst pollu-
tion situation in the United States. You know and I know
it isn't true.
What this conference is about is a differe
of opinion on the matter of attacking the problem, but it
has resulted in putting us in the position of being the
fellows with the black hats and you are the great white
knights in Washington who are saving Iowa for posterity.
I think the people of Iowa should know, an
I think some of them do, that we need no experts from any
place to come out and lecture or instruct us on the value
of the Mississippi and the Missouri River to this State.
ce
-------
58?
R. Buckmaster
Nor do we need any instruction on the values of wildlife
or the necessity of maintaining our environment. Nor do
we need any instruction on the fact that pollution
destroys these values. We have no difference of opinion
on this.
I think our record in Iowa, going "back
for a good many years, indicates that lowans are deeply
concerned about this and have expressed their concern in
having adequate treatment of industrial and municipal
wastes, and as your own figures show, Iowa leads all the
States in the United States in the percentage of people
having treatment of municipal wastes.
As a matter of fact, just so we get the
record straight, your figures, in which you use the term
urban population, show that there are approximately
1,500,000 people in Iowa who live in urban areas with
sewage treatment. Now, I don't recall presently whether
you use the figure 2,000 or 2,500 in defining an urban
area. Your figures show that in every one of those we
have treatment. We are the only State that has 100 per-
cent treatment of urban sewage,
Let me add to that some other figures.
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588
R. Buckmaster
¥e have a number of small towns in the State of Iowa
that are under 2,000 or under 2,500, a large number.
As a matter of fact, another 400,000 people in Iowa live
in towns that are not called urban in your figures. Of
those 400,000 people that live in cities and towns with
sewers, and these go down to even a couple of hundred
people, all but 13,000 have at the present time sewage
treatment, and that other 13,000 that live in small town;
are now under orders from our Commission to have treat-
ment and are either in the planning process or the con-
struction process.
So you can say that every town, every city
whatever population, in the State of Iowa, with the
exception of the total of 13,000, now has treatment and
they are now under construction, which gives us 100 per-
cent. There is no other State that I know of that can
boast this kind of a record.
Let me give you something else about that.
Iowa has no State aid to cities, towns and municipalities
for the construction of treatment plants. The only aid
that they have received is the 30 percent from the Federa
Government, and I know of small towns in Iowa who have
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R. Buckmaster
voted bonded indebtedness in the area of $2,000 per home
in order to have treatment, and many of them run in the
area of $900 to $1,200 per home.
Yes, I am a little emotional that we are
selected, Iowa, as the culprits and when we have been
given national and local publicity so the people think
we are not doing the job in Iowa.
I don't want to give the impression that
we don't have problems. Some plants are not properly
operated, some need additions, some need new plants.
But we understand this. It will be taken care of. And
I don't mean to imply that we don't have problems on
both the Mississippi and on the Missouri River, although
I think the Missouri is minor compared to our others. Bu
if we are talking about the main thrust, I feel very
proud of the job that Iowa has done and is doing.
Let me jump around to a couple of other
things. One thing I want to mention. Mrs. Koerber
yesterday from the League of Women Voters, I am sorry
she is not here today, asked a very penetrating question,
and she is entitled to an answer. As a matter of fact,
I thought she asked a more penetrating question and made
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R. Buckmaster
a more penetrating point than all the staffs of Chicago
and Kansas City and Washington with the engineers, the
sanitation people, the scientists and the lawyers. In
fact she, I think, deserves an answer.
Her point was, in looking at our total pro
gram for water quality criteria and its implementation,wh
is the provision under General Criteria. Now, we said:
"in general, those small intermittent
streams experiencing low or zero flows or which cannot
under natural conditions support a permanent fish popu-
lation, will have their quality governed by the General
Criteria. It is the intent of the General Criteria to
protect the water quality in these areas for the legiti-
mate uses to which they are presently being used."
I don't believe in her statement she gave
the first sentence that starts out what streams we are
talking about.
"Legitimate uses in this category are
those such as: irrigation, livestock watering, wildlife
propagation, etc. To protect these uses on low flow
streams, the wastes will be given the highest prac-
ticable degree of treatment without respect to dilution
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R. Buckmaster
in order to prevent the development of nuisance or
health problems below the discharge. The requirements
are such that the effluent will be suitable for limited
downstream use. Treatment less than secondary will not
be accepted unless it can be shown that the legitimate
uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment."
Her point was if you can require in that
case secondary treatment, and the proof has to be on the
other people (it isn't required), why can't you do the same
thing generally. And on the face of it this is a legiti-
mate thrust.
But what we were covering there and which
is clear, I think, to anybody that has gone into this,
we were talking about streams, and there are about--!
think out of 510 treatment plants in the State of Iowa
there are about 160 treatment plants on areas that can
support warm-water aquatic life. These are the larger
streams.
Now, the balance of these are on inter-
mittent streams, and at low flow there may not be any
water in them at all. In fact, the only flow may be the
sewage effluent. And, therefore, it was our judgment
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R. Buckmaster
that on the basis of nuisance conditions, as a matter of
public health, on that type of stream we could require
secondary treatment to meet the criteria of nuisance and
health requirements, not to support -because they couldn'-
meet the water quality standards no matter what they did.
It doesn't change our basic jurisdictional requirement
that treatment has to be such as to protect the water
quality criteria.
Again, just to summarize, as I understand
the Secretary of the Interior's order of January which
approved our standards, which was 99-99/100'th of what we
did and accepted certain areas, I just want to go back
again and get it focused what we are talking about here a
I understand it. I won't get into radioactive, phenols,
and so on. We all understand that.
There are two areas in addition to the
secondary treatment matter. One is the area of disin-
fection. We stated our position in Davenport, state it
again. On those interior streams that we are talking
about in this hearing, and regardless of interstate or
intrastate, we will require disinfection by chlorine the
year round where it is used for public water supply.
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R. Buckmaster
In those areas defined as recreational area we will do
it seasonal.
Again because there are some people here
locally that didn't hear the presentation at Davenport,
it is the judgment of the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission that in the months other than May through
October there is no water contact sport in Iowa. Again
as I stated in Davenport, if you will check with the
Federal meteorologist you will find that in those months
in Iowa we do very little swimming, water skiing or
anything else that has to do with body contact in water.
This is not Florida, and as you indicated,
consistency is the hobgoblin of mediocre minds. The way
I heard it was it is the hobgoblin of little minds, but
I guess we are talking about the same thing. Consistency
in this, it seems to me, is a hobgoblin and the condition
are different. We do not propose to protect for recrea-
tional uses while the streams are frozen.
Now, on the Missouri River on disinfection
we have a different position. We are not convinced that
disinfection is required on the Missouri River. We don't
think that your studies show it, because they are
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R. Buckmaster
non-selective. I don't want to get into this whole thick
other than I think that if there are means, as your exper
indicate, to differentiate and determine the source of
these, then why in the hell don't we do it. Base the
judgment on what that study shows, and on that you will
have no problem with us. We will meet the water quality
standards if the area in which we control is what is
causing them. ¥e do not believe from an examination of
the preliminary data collected by your people this
establishes that. This in general is our position on
disinfection.
Let's go back to temperature. ¥e have
no quarrel--! believe it has been adopted in Missouri,
I think we have the same question involved here as we
did in Davenport--of the interior streams. Our standard
provides for 90 degrees and a 10 degree range. As
indicated by Missouri, and we have got the same area,
the same type of streams, their experience shows that
these extreme temperatures are pretty much the ambient
air temperature.
Again a cursory check with any meteorolo-
gist will indicate that we have temperatures consistently
t,
s
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R. Buckmaster
above 95 degrees up to 100 degrees over this area all
during the summer months. Therefore,, it seems to us that
90 degrees as a maximum is unrealistic, and for these
reasons, our own studies show the same thing in the
water temperature, that perhaps 93 is even too low, but
we go along.
All right, so much now, as far as I am
concerned that covers our position on the areas having
to do strictly with water quality criteria. Now we talk
about secondary treatment, and this is our difference
of opinion and I think it is our really only major area
of disagreement.
I saw some statement from somebody, from
the Federal pollution people back along before these
hearings, about he gave the impression that the States
surrounding us adopted something different and were
pretty irritated with Iowa because we were fouling up
the whole mess. But I have noticed, and I am sure you
have, that the people who have given formal statements
from other States haven't taken that position in regard
to secondary treatment. I recall for your con-sidera-
tion the statement from the State of Illinois, with whom
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R. Buckmaster
we share a good many miles of stream, the Mississippi
River. And they indicated, just as we have indicated,
that they didn't have any interest in what the type of
treatment was. They were interested, as we were, in
maintaining the water quality standards.
I think it is interesting to note the
statement given by the gentleman from Missouri yesterday
on those streams which are interstate in that they
originate in Iowa and are shown on the map and go into
Missouri, that again Missouri did not care about what
theoretical requirement was made on treatment, but they
were interested that the quality of the water be main-
tained. So the States that have testified in both of
these hearings that are our neighbors we find have taken
the same position that we have.
Because there are some people at this
hearing that weren't at the other. That is the reason
I am covering some of these things even though they are
in the record, and I guess your people have done the
same thing--we have plowed some of the same ground in
both hearings, Our position on secondary treatment is
this :
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R. Buckmaster
No. 1. It is our judgment that the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act does not give the
Federal Government power to require secondary treatment.
In other words., our position there is that their juris-
dictional basis is in fact no different than ours, both
by the language and by the intent of Congress and by, in
my judgment, the historical common law basis for it.
Let's touch on that for just a minute because I didn't
talk about it at the other hearing.
Any lawyer who has made any research
into the history of water pollution control knows that
the common lav; base of riparian rights to water was based
on--and 1 am putting it generally--the right to reasonabl
use of water so long as he did not adversely affect other
riparian owners. And I think this was adopted in most
States and in our State as the basic Jurisdiction for
control of pollution. The reasonable use doctrine could
be maintained in private action in a case at common
lav;. In the case where you have adopted pollution contro
that the State could enforce, where the action is not a
private controversy between two individuals, the statutes
hold that any user of a stream had a right to reason-
able use of that stream so long as he did not adversely
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R. Buckmaster
affect other users.
Now, this is what the whole basis of water
quality standards is based on. You scientifically
establish what pollution is. As far as I am concerned,
when you have established the standards you have said on
the basis of valid research that these values do not
adversely affect any of the other uses — recreation,
aquatic life, public water supply, industrial, agricul-
tural. I think that about covers the gamut of it. And
you are required to do whatever is necessary so that
what you introduce into a stream does not exceed these
water quality standards which have been determined to
protect these uses.
Now, it has never been the philosophy of
the law so far as I Know in this country — it hasn't been
in Iowa as far as I know—where we take the other standar
or at least one other test philosophically and say, we
are going to require everyone to give any waste the
highest possible degree of treatment regardless of
whether we can show it is required to protect other users
and regardless of the economic cost. It seems to me that
the water pollution control people have somewhat adopted
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599
R. Buckmaster
this philosophy, that regardless of whether or not we
can show an adverse effect on users and irregardless of
the economic balance of interests, this is going to be
our test. And I think this is where we are in conflict
on these two basic philosophies.
There is no question about the Iowa law,
in ray judgment, as I stated before, I drew the Iowa law.
I was on the Governor's committee that studied what Iowa
needed in the way of pollution laws and it came out of
our study. Our Commission has submitted this matter to
the Attorney General of Iowa. He has stated to us in
writing that in his judgment our jurisdictional base is o|n
preventing pollution, which means maintaining water
quality standards and that we have no power to require
any specific type of treatment other than our ability to
show that that is required to maintain those standards.
This is the legal base for our Judgment.
Now, the basis for our judgment on the
merits is that neither our studies, which admittedly are
sketchy, nor your studies, which on the Mississippi
River are no better--in some cases not as good because
we have some d&ta in 1950 better on the Missouri Riverr-
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R. Buckmaster
but neither established a case for secondary treatment
on its merits that that would enhance the water quality,
or that it is required to mean the Iowa water quality
standards which you accept.
You have put people on the stand here who
have stated, and I will summarize them — this is what I
think they stated—secondary treatment is better than
primary. Well, there wasn't any reason to come all the
way from Washington to say that. I think we would have
accepted that. It takes out more things than primary
treatment does. Tertiary takes out more than secondary.
And if you don't have any effluent at all, it takes it
all out. I think you can start with that as a premise
and we won't quarrel with that.
You have also brought people in to say
that certain things can cause taste and odors in drinking
water and fish. Well, this didn't come as any great news
to us either. We are familiar with that.
What we have talked about is general
things as "could" or "might" or "possibly1 or "have" but very
little has been said about 'wili' or "do."
As I indicated at Davenport and I indicate
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601
R. Buckmaster
today, we will join with you in studies, we will do it
any way it can be done. We don't have the people; you
have got a lot of them. They tell me you have got 75 in
the Kansas City office and I don't know how many in
Chicago, and I have been falling all over them at both
of these hearings. Actually,if we had spent just about
a third as much t:!me surveying the Missouri and Mississipp
Rivers as we have running around having conferences and
writing letters and doing all the folderol that has kept
us really from the pollution jobs for the last two years,
we might have some facts on which we could--
Would you pardon me while I take this phone
call?
MR. STEIN: Do you want to recess now?
MR. BUCKMASTER: Yes, five minutes and ther
I will go another ten minutes.
MR. STEIN: Yes. We will have to recess
anyway, because we have to have rebuttal and then we will
run through it without a recess after that.
MR. BUCKMASTER: All right.
MR. STEIN: May we recess now for ten
minutes. When we come back, Mr. Buckmaster will complete
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R. Buckmaster
his statement, then we will have rebuttal and comments.,
and we will try to go right through with it.
(RECESS)
MR. STEIN: May we reconvene.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Mr. Stein, I omitted one
thing in connection with disinfection on the interior str
¥e are at a loss to understand--! indicated this at
Davenport and I indicate it here—that the standard which
we adopted for year-round treatment of public water
supplies and seasonal treatment of recreational areas
was accepted, we thought, by the Federal Government,
because 1 had a letter, I referred to today, from L'r.
Burd in September of 1968 where he said that this criteri
was acceptable. Yet we have spent, both here and at
Davenport, a good many manhours talking about something
which we thought was all over with.
It seems to me that the Federal people
here have overlooked one requirement entirely of the
Federal Act. I refer to the portion on what happens
after the standards improve and we get to enforcement,
The, act itself provides what the Secretary has to
show in order to enforce either water quality or the
ams
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R. Buckmaster
implementation of the program. And again I want to
quote from the Act itself.
"in any suit brought under the provisions
of this subsection the court shall receive in evidence
a transscript of the proceedings of the conference and
hearing provided for in this subsection, together with
the recommendations of the conference and Hearing Board
and the recommendations and standards promulgated by the
Secretary,and such additional evidence, including that
relating to the alleged violation of the standards, as
it deems necessary to a complete review of the standards
and to a determination of allotherissues relating to the
alleged violation. The court, giving due consideration
to the practicability and to the physical and economic
feasibility of complying with such standards,shall have
jurisdiction to enter such judgment and orders enforcing
such judgment as the public interest and the equities
of the case may require."
So ultimately when the Federal Government
gets all through, both in meetings and confrontations,
and the gold stars are put behind the States that said,
"Yes, I will sometime in the future," not one bit of wate
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R. Buckmaster
has been improved at that point. Now comes the question
of improving it, and when we come to improve it, the
Act sets out what the standard has to be.
It would seem to me, it doesn't make any
difference what standards you adopt or what plan of
implementation, you are ultimately going to face the
fact that it has got to be proven in court, with the
Act g.1ving what the criteria are for the court to take
into consideration. Where in this hearing, either at
Davenport or Council Bluffs, has the Federal Government
introduced one lota of evidence about the economic feas-
ibility or the practicability of what it proposes? It
seems to me that is a part of your burden of proof. I
knew very well it is going to be when you attempt to
enforce it. It seems to me it is a part of your burden
and you haven't introduced any evidence on it.
It is a great thing to sit in an ivory
tower and dream up water quality standards without any
consideration to other matters that have to be taken
into consideration by a responsible public official
charged with the responsibility of making orders that
people have to reach down in their pockets and pay for.
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R. Buckraaster
And if we forget .just a minute and concede
which I don't, that we legally could require secondary
treatment, and, number two, that we should, right across
the board, as a responsible public official let me tell
you what I would be facing as a. matter of judgment. Cur
projections show that on the interior streams of the
State of Iowa in the next four years expenditures will
be required in a magnitude that will require a Federal suf)
sidization, based on the 30 percent, of about $13
million. In other words, the program on the interior
streams, which we consider in many areas will present us
with a problem in the next four years and a real problem,
and I am talking about a problem of meeting our water
quality standards, the Federal contribution of 30 percent
will be all eaten up for the next four years because we
get $3.4 million a year.
If you take the figures, which are $25
million--and my experience with these type of figures
in an inflationary era is before you.have got the figures
put down they have increased--and if we say $25 miHi°n
today, which is the educated guess is the cost of going
to secondary treatment on the Missouri and Mississippi
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6o6
R. Buckmaster
Rivers, we are probably talking something more in the
area of $30 million, this would take all of the Federal
contribution for the next 4 years and we would do nothing
on the interior streams.
As a public official in the State of Iowa
charged with the responsibility of doing the most with
the dollars available to us to protect water quality
standards, I couldn't justify spending one dime on the
basis of the record that you have shown or what we know
to be on either the Missouri or the Mississippi River if
it meant depleting or cutting out the work that we think
is necessary to protect water quality on the interior
streams.
Let me point out again that Iowa does not
have any State participation in the construction of these
facilities. The 70 percent comes from the city or town
itself .
I would consider it to be irresponsible
action on the part of our Commission to give a priority
to secondary treatment on the Mississippi or Missouri ove
the demonstrated need on the interior streams, and this
is entirely independent of the question of either our
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R. Buckmaster
legal right to do it or the merits of whether or not it
should be done.
So I say in conclusion that in our judgmen
the testimony and evidence that you have adduced here
does not, or even approach showing a requirement of
general across-the-board secondary treatment. I am also
going to concede that very well if such proper evidence
were adduced that we may have some areas on both streams
that might require it.
So there isn't any question again about
our position. I now state that the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission is ready and willing to engage with
your Cepartment on definitive studies of both streams.
We are willing to jointly agree on setting up the
parameters and agree to be bound and require whatever
treatment is required to protect the water quality in
both these streams, but we do not intend to require
secondary treatment without such scientific basis, and
I think I have to say in all fairness that we intend to
pursue that position just as far as it is required.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
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608
R. Buckmaster
Does that conclude the Iowa presentation?
MR. BUCKMASTER: I believe it does. You
and I will now get into nits and lice, and scientists
will come up and say this and that, and so forth, and
we will go through that, but as far as I know, except
for answering some of that, we are through.
MR. STEIN: All right. ThanK you very
much, Mr. Buckmaster.
As you know, the regulations require that
we have an opportunity for comment and rebuttal, and we
intend to follow the conference requirements and regu-
lations, of course, to the letter.
Is there anyone here now that wishes to
make a comment, have rebuttal or make a recommendation as
to standards in water quality? I just ask you to do one
thing. I think we aired this quite a bit in Davenport
and in here. I would hope that this would really be a
rebuttal statement and we do not bring in new material
at this stage unless you really feel compelled to do so.
Yes. Mr. Blomgren.
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609
C. V. Blomgren
REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF
CARL V. BLOMGREN
MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, we have
listened with interest to the comments presented by the
State representatives. ¥e respect their dedication,
professional integrity and technical competency. ¥e
feel there are several statements in their report that
need clarification.
We have presented documentation which
shows a greatly expanded scope of water uses when com-
pared to the two shown in Iowa's standards for the
Missouri River. These uses must be recognized and
protected. Nonrecognition does not reduce the hazard
to the user nor can the assumption be made that it makes
it an illegal activity.
Recreational use of the Missouri River
is a reality. The State of Nebraska recognizes this
use. The Corps of Engineers projects more intensified
recreational use of the river and is planning consider-
able expenditures in the development of recreational
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6io
C. V. Blomgren
access sites. This fact was highlighted by the statement
of Gen. Cannon of the Corps of Engineers. The Lewis and
Clark Trail development will intensify the recreational
use by focusing national attention on the Missouri River,
emphasizing the historical significance of the river
system. And we cannot overlook that today the States
of Iowa and Nebraska have 66 developed access sites for
recreation.
Iowa recognizes water supply use only at
the water intake for Council Bluffs. Yet Omaha, Nebraska
on the opposite bank from Council Bluffs uses the river
as a water supply source, and St. Joseph, Missouri, 160
miles downstream also depends on the river for water
supply. Full consideration must be given to these other
water users through full protection of the river quality.
Over 85 percent of the coliform bacteria
in the river during dry weather flow studies were con-
tributed by municipal waste discharges.
The material presented by Mr. Geldreich
establishes the high degree of control of the bacterial
densities that can be obtained from properly operated
secondary treatment with disinfection. Dr. Walton
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C. V. Blomgren
emphasized the importance of this control in his
description of the multiple barrier concept for the
protection of the water users. The waste treatment
plant is the first line of defense between the wastes
of a community or industry and the downstream water
users. This concept is further supported by the state-
ments submitted by the Missouri River Public Water
Supplies Association. The protection of the health and
well being of their consumers is dependent on the pro-
duction of high quality drinking water. With only men
and machines standing between the river and the consumer,
the river must be of the highest possible quality.
Disinfection is required on a year-round
basis. During the warmer seasons, disinfection is
necessary to reduce the hazard of contact with disease-
producing agents by recreational and other users and to
provide a more acceptable source for domestic supplies.
During the cold weather periods, disinfection is equally
important. Mr. Geldreich discussed the bacterial per-
sistence at lower temperatures fully supporting the need
to provide all possible protection for the downstreajn
user.
Wet weather flows do not negate the
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612
C. V. Blomgren
effect of disinfection of waste effluents. Elimination
of potential sources of pathogenic organisms before they
reach the river is common sense. The control of bypassin
because of storm flows or mechanical failure is an
objective of all water pollution control agencies.
The State of Nebraska has adopted criteria
for coliform organisms. These criteria were set to pro-
tect the river for domestic water supply and for partial
body contact, fishery propagation, agricultural, indus-
trial uses and others. Basically, the coliform group
shall not exceed a geometric mean of 10,000 total or
2,000 fecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml, based on at
least 5 samples per 30-day period. These stream criteria
can be achieved only through disinfection of waste
I believe this question arose yesterday, Mr. Chairman.
You will recall that specific treatment requirements
calling for disinfection on the Missouri River were not
spelled out in the Nebraska standards for the Missouri.
However, the stream quality criteria dictate that dis-
infection is essential.
Agriculture runoff effects on the quality
of the Missouri River are now outside the scope of
effluents
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0. V. Blomgren
controllable standards. The farm animal population with
an estimated 65 million population equivalent of waste
products presents a real threat, at least in part if not
in total, to the water quality of the basin. Mr. Geld-
reich's statement concerning the pathogenic organisms
present in the excreta of animals emphasizes the disease
potential. There are about 46,000 feedlots within the
State of Iowa, but only the larger control facilities are
State regulated. If the larger ones can be controlled,
the smaller ones can too.
Yesterday at the close of the FWPCA
summary statement, a question arose about the Department
of Interior'^ interpretation of the requirements for
secondary treatment on the interior interstate streams
of Iowa, and at this time I would like to again bring
Bob Burd forward for a clarification of that point, Mr.
Chairman.
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6l 4
R. Burd
REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF
ROBERT BURD
MR. BURD: Mr. Chairman.
I would like to make a brief statement
to clarify a point raised yesterday concerning the Federal
approval of water quality standards for Iowa's interior
interstate streams.
It was the Secretary of the Interior's
understanding that the standards he approved as Federal
standards, standards applicable to the interior streams
of Iowa, included a general requirement of secondary
treatment for municipal and industrial wastes discharged
to these streams. Why did he reach this conclusion?
The Iowa standards include the following statements:
"All municipalities on interior streams
will generally need secondary treatment and some already
have two stage filtration or other tertiary treatment
furnishing up to 96 percent BOD removal.
"All industries will be required to
provide the same degree of treatment or control that
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615
R. Burd
is required of municipalities on the same reach of
stream. This degree of treatment will generally be the
equivalent of secondary treatment" as a quote from the
Iowa standards.
Furthermore, the Iowa implementation
plan, what we consider to be the action part of the
standards, supports these two statements. It shows
that secondary waste treatment has been installed or
will be installed by all but a very few dischargers. I
would like to quote Iowa's statement prepared for this
conference:
"Secondary treatment will be needed, and
therefore has or will be required for all but four or
five of the 490 municipal sewage treatment plants located
on interior streams."
We were impressed with this record; 99.2
percent of the municipal facilities discharging to
interior streams to provide a minimum of secondary
treatment.
On the basis of this admirable record and
the general policy statements on secondary waste treat-
ment, the Secretary approved the standards of the
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6i6
R. Burd
interior streams, with exceptions for temperature and
the approach to disinfection.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
MR. BUCKMASTER: Gould I answer one state-
ment he made before we get on this other subject?
MR. STEIN: Yes, go right ahead, sir.
MR. BUCKMASTER: I don't think I need to
come up there. I think you can hear me.
I am disturbed by the statement about agri'
cultural and animal wastes that you mentioned. Now, we
all recognize that a great deal of the coliform bacteria
come from animal wastes. But it seems to me you indi-
cate a real lack of knowledge about the agricultural
industry in the State.
You keep talking about feedlots and you
give the assumption to somebody that doesn't know about
it that a great part or all of animals in the State are
in feedlots. Well, this is absolutely not true. The
vast majority of the swine and cattle in the State of
Iowa are on open pasture and in fields, are not confined,
and the coliform come not from feedlot sources but from
animals all over our terrain.
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617
R. Burd
And you make the statement if we could
control large feedlots we can control small ones.
Explain to me how over the whole State of Iowa, which
is all agriculture and which has cattle and swine on
pretty nearly every acre of it, the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission is going to control runoff from those
fields .
MR. STEIN: Do you want to address your-
self to that or does someone else want to answer that or
do you want to continue?
MR. BLOMGREN: I want to continue.
ME. STEIN: All right.
MR. BLOMGREN: Now, Dr. Morris, although
we have requested that the phenol question on criteria
will not be discussed because we felt we had some agree-
ment, there was a question from Dr. Morris and I would
like to call on our technical consultant, Dr. Aaron
Rosen, at this time to speak to some of the points that
Dr. Morris brought up.
-------
6l8
Dr. A. Rosen
REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF
DR. AARON ROSEN
DR. ROSEN: I understand that yesterday
it was stated that the question of a standard on phenols
is not an issue and, therefore, I am not going to say
anything as to what modification of the original pro-
posed standard has been arrived at, but rather I am
under the understanding that it includes a terminology
relating to phenols of municipal and industrial origin
as opposed to the natural ones that Dr. Morris spoke
about. Let me point out that Dr. Morris and I are on
a number of committees in this field of organic material
in water, including especially those relating to taste
and odors, and we have no conflict at all on a scientific
basis.
¥e can distinguish between those materials
of natural origin of the type that he mentioned, and I
agree that what he said was a proper statement of the
source of many such materials and their occurrence in
streams. We can distinguish between these which, as he
-------
619
Dr. A. Rosen
said, have, at least so far, not been reported to be
causes of taste and odor from those which he agrees are
causes of taste and odor, that is those materials of
;vaste origin. Analytical means are available and they
are sensitive enough for the purpose of determining and
identifying quantities as low as one microgram per liter,
or in the engineers' terms, which are the ones most of
us use, one part per billion.
There are several approaches to these, to
doing this. I don't want to enumerate all the different
analytical methods. I just want to mention that there
was a recent publication specifically directed to this
and specifically stating that sensitivities for the
identification and determination of phenols, by this we
mean the kind of phenols that do chlorinate and do produc
a problem, that these sensitivities range as low as one-
tenth part per billion. So that from the viewpoint of
the chemist,a viewpoint which says we apply these criteri
to the kind of phenols that produce the specific adverse
effect, that such a criteria can be implemented in terms
of the analytical capability.
MR. BLOMGREN: Mr. Chairman, in response
-------
620
C. V. Blomgren
to Dr. Morris's question about monitoring, I will ask
that this be placed in the record in response to Dr.
Morris and offers cooperation in setting up a joint
monitoring system and program.
MR. STEIN: That will be done.
(Which said document is as follows:)
MONITORING
Although monitoring is not an issue at
this hearing, we believe the record should show FWPCA's
position on this matter. We feel that it is unfortunate
that Section IV-D of the FWPCA report, dealing with
monitoring, was interpreted by Dr. Morris as a criticism
of Iowa's monitoring program.
The monitoring section of the report was
intended to support current and future monitoring efforts
of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission. The
cal
recommended increases in sampling frequencies for chemi
physical and bacteriological parameters at stations locat
on the ten streams cited in the report represent our
current thinking on optimum surveillance needs on streams
receiving significant ampunts of wastes.
ed
-------
621
C. V. Blomgren
The FWPCA Missouri Basin Region is
actively engaged in coordinating the development of a
cooperative Federal-State-local monitoring plan. One of
the principal benefits of such a cooperative approach
would be the elimination of duplication of monitoring
efforts and would permit greater numbers of sampling
stations to be operated as well as increased sampling
frequency. ¥e have discussed monitoring with all of the
Missouri Basin States except Iowa. Hopefully, we can
meet with the technical staff of the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission in the near future to discuss monitor-
ing needs and determine the technical and financial
resources required to carry out an effective monitoring
program. _ _ _
MR. BLOMGREN: Relative to Kansas water
quality standards, which was brought up yesterday and oar
o f this morning by reference, we do have a commitment
from the State of Kansas, and I will quote from their
treatment requirements, a commitment for secondary treat-
ment. I can't inform you of the status of the approval
or disapproval of those standards, but based on a letter
from the Governor of January 16, 19o93 we have a commitment
-------
622
C. V. Bloragren
for secondary treatment from the State of Kansas.
Under treatment requirements in their
standards, the objective of treatment or control will
be to reduce the organic levels, oil, grease, solids,
alkali, acids, toxic materials, color and turbidity,
taste and odor products, and other deleterious materials
to the lowest practicable level.
Mr. Schliekelman's reference to the cost
of clean waters, a sheet taken from our publication, was,
we believe, adequately covered by Mr. Prank Hall's state-
ment which went into the Davenport record.
There were some questions that arose
yesterday with reference to bacteriological pollution,
differentiation, and Mr. Buckmaster brought them up again
this morning. Ed Geldreich, our last technical consultan
would like to make just a few brief remarks on that and
that will be our closing.
REBUTTAL STATEMENT OP
E. GELDREICH
MR. GELDREICH: Mr. Chairman, as I did in
-------
623
E. Geldreich
Davenport, I would like for the record to comment on the
Iowa statement, on page 15 under Public water supply and
recreation,the suggested numerical bacteriological limits
They state that their "bacteriological limits are com-
patible with the National Technical Advisory Committee's
recommendation, and the values, as I said at that time,
now are compatible, but there was one phrase in there
that I would like to comment on: "when such bacteria
can be demonstrated to be attributable to pollution by
sewage.
There is nowhere in the recommendations of
the water quality criteria book that was put out by the
committee that so specifies or selectively narrows in on
the fecal coliform population that we are concerned with.
Just as an illustration, I would like to quote that
particular recommendation as it is on page 12 of the
water quality- criteria book:
"Fecal conforms should be used as the
indicator organism for evaluating the microbiological
suitability of recreational waters."
There is no mention here in any of the
phraseology that it is to be specific for pollution,
-------
624
E. Geldreich
fecal pollution, from sewage only, and I would like to
make that comment.
And as we have said yesterday morning
and this morning again it was reiterated, we are con-
cerned with all fecal pollution. There is no need to
go into the differentiation of the types of fecal
pollution, because we are concerned with a hazard from
all. The fecal coliform test is all we need to do.
You don't need all the supplemental tools that we have
available for this particular problem.
Thank you.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any other comments?
MR. BLOMGREN: Yes, I would like to speak
to Mr. Buckmaster's question concerning feedlots and
particularly his expression of some doubt about the size
of the number of feedlots we had in our statement.
This is certainly a problem and I won't
pretend to set up a criteria for the control of all
feedlots regardless of size at this time, but it will
take a lot of cooperative effort, undoubtedly some re-
search and demonstration grants could be used to achieve
-------
625
R. J. Schliekelraan
this purpose. Certainly we stand ready to assist the
State of Iowa in this.
or statements?
MR. STEIN: Are there any other comments
Mr. Schliekelman.
REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF
R. J. SGHLIEKELMAN
MR. SCHLIEKELMAN: I might add, sir, Mr.
Geldreich's comment on this public water supply and
recreational use limits that was set up here, this
actually should follow the portion of the criteria
which we have dealing with bacteria, which is as follows
"Water shall be considered to be of
unsatisfactory bacteriological quality as a source when:
"A sanitary survey indicates the presence
or probability of the presence of sewage or other
objectional bacteria-bearing wastes or
"A bacteriological survey using coliform
or other appropriate indices indicates bacteriological
concentrations significantly higher than those normally
-------
626
R. J. Schliekelman
found or suspected in these waters when free from pol-
lution by sewage."
Actually this phrase that we have at the
end of this addition does not particularly apply or is
not intended to actually demonstrate in our testing
sewage bacteria. We are talking about sources where
these bacteria might be coming from. I think you have
got to read everything together.
MR. STEIN: Thank you.
Are there any other comments?
Mr. Buckmaster.
MR. BUGKMASTER: Since there has been
some controversy about what Kansas has done and since
a representative of Kansas is here, I would like to
have him state what their position is at this time.
MR. STEIN: We will be delighted.
MR. GRAY: Would you like to hear from me
with a few comments?
MR. STEIN: Yes, sure.
-------
627
M. W. Gray
STATEMENT BY MELVILLE W. GRAY
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH SERVICES, KANSAS STATE DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH, TOPEKA, KANSAS
MR. GRAY: I am Melville W. Gray,
Assistant Director of Environmental Health Services,
Kansas State Department of Health.
As a result of passage of the Water
Quality Act of 1965, Kansas submitted proposed water
quality standards to the Department of the Interior.
At that time Kansas had 3^- primary treatment plants
throughout the entire State. The remainder were secondarfy
treatment plants. Since that time, through routine
programming, these have been reduced to 28 primary
treatment plants.
The Department of the Interior requested
the State of Kansas to require secondary treatment from
all facilities and later amended this to include sig-
nificant sources and listed 16 municipalities which should
be providing the secondary treatment. The Governor of
-------
628
M. W. Gray
Kansas submitted a letter to the Secretary of the
Interior indicating that with considerable reluctance
and against the advice of his technical staff he would
agree to a date of 1985 as a goal for the provision of
secondary treatment from these 16 plants.
The Kansas State Board of Health, which
is by law the official water quality regulatory agency,
accepted the Governor's letter and attached it as an
appendage to the plan of implementation with no further
action.
MR. STEIN: Are there any further comments
or questions?
Mr. Rademacher.
REBUTTAL STATEMENT OF
JOHN M. RADEMACHER
MR. RADEMACHER: I am John M. Rademacher,
Regional Director for the Missouri Basin Region, FWPCA.
I believe that there is one significant
point that has to be made in response to Mr. Gray's
comment that the date of 1985 was a goal. I believe as
-------
629
J. M. Rademacher
submitted by the Governor and also accepted by the
Department of Health or the Board of Health in Kansas
on February 7th, and I quote the submission—now, I
don't know what the status of approval or disapproval is,
but our understanding as we read this is a commitment
to secondary treatment:
"This policy shall be applicable to all
interstate waters in the State with the provision that
an abatement timetable will be submitted to the Depart-
ment of the Interior by or before December 31* 19^9*
for the significant municipal and industrial waste
sources and further that all facilities shall be in
operation prior to completion of equivalent Missouri
River downstream facilities but in no case later than
1985."
And, of course, the comment that Mr.
Blomgren made earlier about "The objective of treatment
or control will be to reduce the organic levels, oil,
grease, solids, alkali, acids, toxic materials, color
and turbidity, taste and odor products, and other
deleterious materials to the lowest practicable level."
In our view, this is a commitment to
-------
630
J. M. Rademacher
secondary treatment and a time schedule to it.
MR. STEIN: Are there any further comments
or questions?
Maybe we had better cover this. There is
one advantage to this comment period. What we eventually
do is get Gray and Rademacher up to the stand and I am
glad to see you both.
Are there any others? Mr. Carlson, did
you have something?
STATEMENT BY PRANK L. CARLSON
ENGINEER, GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
DRAIN COMMISSION POLLUTION CONTROL
FLINT, MICHIGAN
MR. CARLSON: I am Carlson and I am from
Genesee County in Michigan.
I am one of the Indians that has to do
the work of producing these pollution control sewage
disposal plants, etc* like that. We are the Genesee
County Drainage Commission. We put in the sewer pipes,
we build the disposal plants, and we think we could make
-------
631
F. L. Carlson
some recommendations to you chiefs on how maybe this
could be done a little bit better and we could suggest
that you integrate a little bit with your air pollution
and land pollution and water pollution. If this was
integrated in one big program, perhaps it would work
for the betterment of the whole solution, the whole
problem.
I would like to make a couple of drawings
on your board here for just a suggestion on how to contro]
pollution, water, air, and so forth.
MR. STEIN: You know, what we are intereste
in, really, is the record. Now, I have no objection to
you drawing it on the board, but we have no way of intro-
ducing that in the record. 0. K.?
MR. CARLSON: I don't want to take too
much of your time. I know this is probably not relative
to your particular problem here, but I was just passing
through and I felt obliged to make a comment on it. Add
anything that you might--
MR. STEIN: Did you want this material
in the record?
MR. CARLSON: No, I have nothing to put
d
-------
632
F. L. Carlson
in the record.
MR. STEIN: 0. K. Thank you.
Are there any other comments or statements
any at all?
(No response.)
I think we are about to the point where
we are going to close.
Let me make one observation from sitting
up here for a couple of days. You know, when you look
at things carefully you see things that possibly you
don't expect in a situation.
For example, when I got into this hotel
I thought that I was in a traditional hotel public room
that is repeated over and over again through the United
States. For example, if you look at the decorations
on the wall, they all seem to be derived architecturally
from the late Roman period. I think the one there over
the door, they seem to have replaced the medallion in
the middle with the seal of Iowa. But if you look very,
very carefully at this and look at that place where they
have the seal of Iowa, you see those two figures, and
what do we have? The legs on the two figures and the
-------
633
M. Stein
feet extend outside the frame and outside the panel, and
this is something that obviously you would never get jn
the pure Roman form.
So I think if you look hard enough, you
may find things that ordinarily are not apparent and
maybe we can do that here too.
I would like to thank "both the represen-
tatives from the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration in Iowa and all the other people who have
participated in Davenport and in Council Bluffs in these
conferences.
I think the conferences have been
characterized by a clear statement of the problem. Some
of you who have sat through both may not think it is so
clear, but I think everybody has to use Mis own mode
of expression in getting his point of view across.
Obviously, a representative of a women's organization or
citizens' group is going to put its view forward in one
way, a State or Federal administrative official is going
to say it in another way, the biologists and the chemists
and the microbiologists all have their way of putting
what they think their views are on the record. What this
-------
634
M. Stein
has done is provide a forum where we have been able to
get these views.
At least I have a clear understanding
of where we are going, not necessarily where we are
going but what everyone wants to say. There may be
certain points on which the technical people in a
particular specialty may not have resolved every last
little issue. However^ I am not overstating this when
I say Iowa and we probably can arrive at a .judgment
without resolving all these minutia. We have enough
of the views from all the parties concerned and they
are really set forward on the record.
I know both we and Iowa have a formidable
task ahead. I would like to give a personal opinion on
one. It is abundantly clear that the officials in Iowa
and the officials in the Federal Government both want
to get an equitable and an expeditious program going
forward to assure that we will control and prevent water
pollution and have clean' waters in the Missouri and
Mississippi Basin. I don't think there is any question
about that.
There is another point that we
-------
635
M. Stein
should recognize before this gets out of perspective.
Setting the standards, like any other one of the aspects
of the program we have, is just a tool toward achieving
these objectives. One thing about the setting of stan-
dards, and I think this is clear, no matter how much you
refine them or how much you set the standards, by Iowa,
by the Federal Government, by any other instrumentality
of government or jurisdiction, I don't think just the
setting of standards is going to clean up water one bit.
This is a method whereby we get to the
real problem of cleaning up water. If we are going to
clean up water, what is necessary, and I say where it
is appropriate, is for the wastewater sources to be
gathered together in a place where they can be treated
or diverted and the water be kept clean. What I would
hope is that the governmental agencies do not spend all
their time in this preliminary area when we have the hard
job of going out and controlling pollution. ¥e don't
want to get the methodology to exceed the aims of the
program. And I think it behooves us all not to get
caught up in a proceeding, however entertaining you
might think this is, without keeping the idea that the
-------
636
M. Stein
real objective that we have is the preservation of the
water quality in the Mississippi and Missouri Basin in
this area. This is the job on which we have to move
forward.
I would hope that wo would be able to not
only come to a full agreement with Iowa, but with all the
States in the basin so that the Federal Government and
the various States can move on in concert to get the job
done. In addition to that, as we well realize, unless we
have the real cooperation of the municipalities, counties
and the cities, the job is going to be that much harder.
Let us not get on a sidetrack or a siding, let's not, I
hope, get into a cul-de-sac where we can't find our way
out, but let's get on with the job of providing the
cleanest possible water for the maximum number of water
uses in an equitable way so that the municipalities, the
industries, the States, and the Federal Government can
all live with that.
With that, we will stand adjourned and
I would hope that a resolution of this problem which is
satisfactory to all parties can be forthcoming.
'Thank you all for your participation.
(ADJOURNMENT)
-------
637
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
MISSOURI BASIN REGION
911 Walnut Street, Room 702
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
IN REPLY REFER TO:
April 28, 1969
TO:
Commissioner, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Attn: Assistant Commissioner, Office of Enforcement
FROM: Regional Director, FWPCA
SUBJECT: Water Quality Standards Conference, State of Iowa
Attached are additional statements which we desire to have
included in the official record of the Water Quality Standards
Conference, State of Iowa, Council Bluffs session.
Copies are being provided to the conference recorder and the
Iowa State Water Pollution Control Commission.
Attachment
Iowa Beef Packers' Report
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation^ Statement
Nebraska Water Quality Criteria
-------
638
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
MISSOURI BASIN REGION
91 1 Walnut Street, Room 702
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
IN REPLY REFER TO:
April 28, 1969
TO : Record
FROM: Regional Director, FWPCA
SUBJECT: Nebraska Water Quality Criteria
The following is a verbatim extract from the "Water Quality Standards
Applicable to Nebraska Waters," adopted by Water Pollution Control
Council, State Department of Health, Lincoln, Nebraska, and dated
January 1969.
Waste water shall not degrade the receiving waters below the follow-
ing criteria. These criteria ....
5. Temperature
For Class "A" Use -
And Class "B" Use -
(Domestic Water Supply)
(Full Body Contact Sports)
The temperature of the receiving water shall not be increased by
a total of more than 5° F from May through October and not more
than a total of 10° F from November through April. Maximum rate
of change limited to 2° F per hour.
For Class
"C" Use - (Agricultural uses including irrigation and
Partial body contact sports.
livestock watering. Partial body contact sports. Growth and
propagation of fish, waterfowl, fur bearers and other aquatic and
semi-aquatic life and wildlife. Industrial.)
Trout Streams
Allowable change 5° F - Maximum limit 65 F.
Warm Water Streams
Allowable change 5° F May through October; 10° F November through
April. Maximum limit 90 F - maximum rate of change - limited to
2° per hour. For Missouri River from Gavins Point Dam to Sioux
City, Iowa - maximum temperature 85° F, allowable change 4° F.
The classification of waters of the State is covered in detail
in Appendix XI of the Nebraska Standards.
rf j
r
JOHN M. RADEMACHER
-------
TO
OPTIONAL FORM NO. Iff
MAY Wl EDITION
OSA FPMR <4t CFR) toi-it.i
639
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
C. V. Blomgren
Director, Technical Support
DATE: April 24, 1969
FROM
Sanitary Engineer
SUBJECT: Report on Iowa Beef Packers - Sampling and Plant Inspection Trip,
March 26-28, 1969
During the three day trip, the following persons were contacted at the
Iowa Beef Packers' Dakota City, Nebraska, installation:
Henry Blumm, Nebraska Department of Health
James Chittenden, Technical Director, Iowa Beef Packers
David Osborn, Chemist, Iowa Beef Packers
Pertinent details of plant facilities and operations are listed below:
1. Kill period - 16 hours - 2-8 hour shifts
2. Cleanup - 8 hours
3. Kill - 2000 to 2500 head
4. Total employees - 1100
5. Average water usage - 1650 gpm from a well system through pressure
sand filters
6. Waste treatment
Domestic Treatment - Pacific Industrial Engineering
This plant at the time of inspection has suspended solids of 10 mg/1
in the contact tank. There was no recirculation, no skimming on the
final tanks and no indication that the plant was receiving any maintenance
at all.
Process Wastes
All process wastes go through an air flotation tank for grease and
grit removal. At the time of the visit, no air was being supplied
and no suction on the grease removal trough. A four-inch layer of
grease covered the flotation tank.
Stockyard Wastes
Wastes from the stockyard area are washed into two settling basins
designed to remove settleable solids with a 30 minute minimum detention.
At the time of the visit, both tanks were full of wastes and short-
circuiting directly to the outlet.
Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan
-------
640
- 2 -
Mr. Blomgren-—-4/24/69
There are no BOD data available for the combined wastes from this
plant. A year ago, the Nebraska Department of Health ran one set
of samples and lost all BOD's because of insufficient dilution.
At that time, the effluent's suspended solids ranged from 800 mg/1
during cleanup to 1500 mg/1 during kill periods and grease concen-
trations were approximately 550 mg/1.
At the Dakota City plant, all wastes are combined into one main
sewer. Analytical values for comparable wastes at the company's
West Point Nebraska plant are:
Operation Period Kill Cleanup $1 Cleanup #2
Grease ppm 364 370 161
Susp. Solids ppm 404 506
Total Solids 7. 0.261 0.298
Volume of Water (gal) 476,200 132,000 95,000
BOD5 1175 1375 900
Total kill for the West Point plant is 1050 to 1100 head.
At the Dakota City plant, 11 samples were collected at two-hour
intervals during the operational period on March 27, 1969, and pictures
were taken of the outfall and plant waste treatment devices.
Plant Operation
During the survey period, the plant was operating on a 13 hour kill.
On March 27 and 28, a perfect kill (no stoppages during kill period)
was obtained and with a chain speed of 163 animals per hour, this
amounts to 2,119 head per day. Water use during the two days varied
from 2.5 to 2.75 million gallons per day based on pumping records on
the company-owned water supply. Operations during the sampling period
were as follows:
Start Kill 05:25
15 Minute Break & Cleanup 08:30 to 08:45
30 Minute Lunch & Cleanup 10:30 to 11:00
15 Minute Shift Change & Cleanup 14:15 to 14:30
15 Minute Break & Cleanup 17:30 to 17:45
30 Minute Shift Change & Cleanup 19:30 to 20:00
Peak Cleanup Flow, Approximately 22:30
Sampling Operations
During the period from 5:00 a.m., March 27 to 1:00 a.m., March 28,
samples were collected from the combined waste line from the Iowa
Beef Packers plant. These samples were air lifted to the interim
laboratory of FWPCA in Kansas City and analysed for BOD and solids
-------
641
- 3 -
Mr. Blomgren—-4/24/69
according to the standard methods. Data for the samples listed as
3:00 a.m., March 28, were estimated to provide a complete 24-hour
sequence.
Date
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/27
3/28
3/28
Total
Avg.
Time
0500
0700
0900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
0100
0300
Estimated .
Flow (me)-'
0.154
0.228
0.247
0.247
0.228
0.214
0.247
0.228
0.214
0.228
0.294
0.214
2.75 mgd
Temp.
25
26.5
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
26.0
26.5
25.5
26.0
25.5
26.0
BOD5
mg/1
386
812
1500
1285
1489
1895
1676
1616
2481
1399
1636
950
1427
Calculated
Ibs.of BODt
495
1544
3089
2647
2831
3382
3452
3072
4428
2660
4071
1693
33363
TSS
mg/1
165
530
1180
1400
1300
1760
1160
860
1080
740
1240
1038
SS
mjt/1
2.5
3.0
8.0
7.0
4.0
7.5
5.0
7.0
6.0
8.5
3.5
Grease
ppm
188
297
305
I/ Flows were estimated for each two-hour period from invert elevations on
discharge line at the sampling location. Total flow of 2.75 mgd agrees with
the figure furnished by IBP officials. The 0300 sample is extrapolated data.
Settleable solids were also run in the field using an Imhoff Cone.
Results of these tests are:
0800 3/27/69 Combined Wastes 14 ml
1000 3/27/69 Domestic Waste Effluent 10 ml
1200 3/27/69 Combined Wastes 9 ml
At several times during the day's sampling, excessive floating
solids (meat scraps and grease) were observed in the samples
collected at the combined waste sampling point.
Remarks
We can assume that a representative raw domestic sewage would
contain approximately 0.167 pounds 5-day BOD/P.E./day. On this
basis, the IBP effluent represents an organic load as listed
below:
1. Equivalent to 200,000 population community raw discharge.
2. Assuming 35 percent BOD removal equivalent to 300,000 population
primary discharge.
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642
- 4 -
Mr. Blomgren 2/24/69
3. Assuming 85 percent BOD removal equivalent to 1,250,000
population secondary discharge.
WILLIAM J. KEFFER
-------
643
IN REPLY REFER TO«
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
MID-CONTINENT REGION
BUILDING 41. DENVER FEDERAL CENTER
DENVER. COLORADO 8O225
D 6431
APR 11 1969
Memorandum
To: Regional Director, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Kansas City, Missouri
From: Regional Director, Mid-Continent Region
Subject: Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Statement - Water Quality Setting
Conference - Iowa Interstate Waters of Missouri River Basin
Council Bluffs, Iowa - April 15, 1969
Enclosed are five copies of the subject statement. Since we do not
propose to have a representative at the Council Bluffs Conference it
is requested that the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation statement be read
and entered into the record of the hearing. We would appreciate
receiving a copy of the hearing minutes or summary when complete.
Maurice D. Arnold
Enclosures
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644
Water Quality Standards Conference
Iowa Interstate Waters of the Missouri River Basin
Council Bluffs, Iowa
April 15, 1969
Statement
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Mid-Continent Region
Denver, Colorado
During the last decade, the people of this country have become increasingly
conscious of the current and potential values of outdoor recreation, and much
of this interest has been centered around the use and enjoyment of our water
resources. All indications point toward a future need to provide not only
more but a wider variety of outdoor recreation opportunities.
Recent trends indicate a rapidly increasing interest and participation in
water-based recreation activities, especially in swimming, boating, water-
skiing, and skin diving. There is also a growing interest in nature photog-
raphy and study, often involving the aquatic environment.
We estimate that the number of occasions in which people will engage in water-
oriented recreation activities will increase about 160 percent during the
next 40 years. In the Missouri River Basin, a portion of which is the sub-
ject of this conference, our studies indicate that there is a large demand
for outdoor recreation opportunities which remains unsatisfied. Obviously,
any factor which tends to endanger or reduce the amount or number of clean
water areas, and aesthetically attractive streams, lakes, or shore areas
suitable for recreation purposes should be of great concern to everyone
involved in managing our natural resources for public benefit.
Water serves three basic needs of recreationists: consumptive, i.e. drinking
and cooking supplies; surface and volume for water contact activities, fishing,
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645
and boating; and for aesthetic enjoyment. Water areas also are vital to
the preservation of fish and wildlife, unique biotic communities and, in
combination with adjacent lands, the highly valued scenic natural character
of certain areas.
The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation is interested in seeing quality recreational
opportunities provided. Polluted water is not compatible with this goal.
It is not only undesirable for boating, water-skiing, and swimming, but is
unattractive for camping, picnicking and may be a health hazard in connection
with these and other water contact uses. The polluting of recreational
waters results in decreased use and can render areas totally unsuitable for
such use. Although progress in the abatement of pollution is considerable,
large amounts of pollutants still are being discharged into our water courses.
We are vitally concerned about the maintenance of good water quality in all
streams in the State of Iowa, and we have specific concerns about the water
quality of the Missouri River Basin and especially in the Floyd, Nishnabotna,
Big Sioux and Little Sioux River.
Surveys have revealed that the Missouri River Basin, including a portion of
Iowa, is endowed with a wide variety of recreation, scenic, historic, and
natural values. Many of these values depend upon the quality of water avail-
able. Interest has been shown for development of state parks and recreation
areas including a 1,000 surface acre lake near Sioux City, Iowa. Corps of
Engineers' projects involving approximately 18 reservoirs in the Boyer, Big
Sioux, Nishnabotna and Little Sioux River Basins are presently under study.
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646
Also being considered is the development of Oxbow Lake projects which will
provide approximately 2,400 acres of water valuable for recreation and fish
and wildlife uses.
It is clear then that national goals as well as local and State interests
in outdoor recreation and environmental quality are effected by the
availability of clean water.
In regard to the water quality standards in the State of Iowa, the Bureau
of Outdoor Recreation recommends that all interstate waters be designated
for outdoor recreation use and be maintained at a quality which will support
primary or secondary contact recreation use. Specific water quality for
these uses are set forth in the April 1, 1968 Water Quality Criteria, Report
of the National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior.
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647
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
MISSOURI BASIN REGION
911 Walnut Street, Room 702
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
IN REPLY REFER TO:
April 30, 1969
TO:
Commissioner, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Attn: Assistant Commissioner, Office of Enforcement
FROM: Regional Director, FWPCA
SUBJECT: Water Quality Standards Conference, State of Iowa
Attached is an additional statement which we desire to have included
in the official record of the Water Quality Standards Conference,
State of Iowa, Council Bluffs session.
Copies are being provided to the conference recorder and the Iowa
State Water Pollution Control Commission.
Attachment
,/£j
r'^*
JOHN M. yRADEMACHER
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648
CONTINUATION OF MISSOURI BASIN REGION, FWPCA,
REBUTTAL STATEMENT
In deference to the statement (Iowa Water Pollution Control
Coranission's statement, 1969, page 11, paragraph 3, line 4), that the
first 74 miles downstream from Sioux City discharges reflect water
quality conditions "superior" to those upstream from Sioux City is
not entirely correct. The basis for this statement results from the
comparison of types of bottom assoicated organisms and their relative
numbers. It must be remembered that the majority of collections were
of a qualitative nature and can, therefore, be misleading in terms of
relative numbers and the presence or absence of a particular species
of benthos. In many instances, a qualitative collection may miss
certain individuals because of habitat restrictions, etc. When this
happens, the total evaluation of an area may be biased in terms of
the numbers of different kinds found. Benthic sampling of large
streams or rivers is difficult due, in part, to the variety of natural
substrates encountered. It is impossible to obtain representative
fauna, even within a limited area, beceuse of shifting substrates,
variable or high streanflows and a host of other physical factors.
A number of artificial substrate samplers have been built by
investigators to facilitate or improve benthic sampling, Scott—;
2/
Hester and Dandy—. During the Missouri River Survey (October 1968),
the biology unit utilized artificial substrate samplers described by
3/
Mason, et. al.— , to monitor water quality in the Sioux City area.
The samplers were installed on the Iowa side of the river and remained
submerged for a period of 40 days (10/11-11/19/68).
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649
- 2 -
Results and Discussion
Station 737, approximately 3 miles upstream from the Big Sioux
River confluence, reflected a diverse and clean water assemblage of
benthos. The total number of organisms numbered 396. Of this number,
97 percent was pollution sensitive, 3 percent intermediate forms,
and no pollution tolerant forms recorded.
Station 730, approximately 1 mile downstream from the Floyd
River confluence exhibited a considerable reduction in total numbers
and pollution sensitive forms, while there was an increase in inter-
mediate and pollution tolerant forms. Of the 131 organisms collected,
only 59 percent of the benthos was pollution sensitive, while 40
percent was intermediate forms and 1 percent was pollution tolerant.
Station 723, approximately 6 miles downstream from the Sioux
City STP reflected severe degradation of water quality. From
the 133 organisms collected, 45 percent was pollution tolerant,
29 percent intermediate forms and 26 percent was of the pollution
sensitive type.
The artificial substrate sampling in the Sioux City area clearly
defines an abrupt change in water quality affecting the benthic
community. It is interesting to note that the stonefly which Iowa
based much of their rebuttal on was absent from all of the samples,
and the diversity of mayflies in this case was restricted to one
genera. However, the number of mayflies encountered at each station
is significant. Iowa states that "mayflies are also pollution
intolerant organisms which require high water quality." The number
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650
- 3 -
of mayflies was reduced from 65 (Station 737) to only 1 individual
(Station 723). Caddisflies not mentioned by Iowa, but which are in
the pollution sensitive group, were reduced in numbers from 320
(Station 737) to 33 individuals (Station 723).
Also of considerable importance is the occurrence of tubificidae
in large numbers (60) at Station 723. The tubificidae commonly
termed "sludgewonns" prefer and thrive in a highly organic environment.
The sampler at Station 723 was suspended off the bottom but nevertheless
collected large amounts of drift organic material creating a favorable
environment for the sludgewonns.
The results from the artificial substrate program reflect water
quality degradation of a high degree downstream from the Sioux City
area. This is contradictory to Iowa's statement (page 11, paragraph 4,
line 15) that the biological quality was not "deteriorated" by the
Sioux City discharge.
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651
REFERENCES
1. Scott, D.C., 1958. Biological Balance In Streams. Sewage and
Industrial Wastes, 30(9):1169-1173.
2. Hester, F.E. and J.S. Dendy, 1962. A Multiple-Plate Sampler
for Aquatic Macroinvertebratea, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.,
91(4):420-421.
3. Mason, Wm.T., Jr., J.B. Anderson, and George E. Morrison, 1967.
A Limestone-Filled Artificial Substrate Sampler for the Collection
of Macroinvertebrates from Large Streams. Prog. Fish Cult.
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652
STATION 737
POLLUTION SENSITIVE
Hydropsyche
Cheumatopsyche 75
Neureclipis 96
Stenonema 65
385
INTERMEDIATE
Hyella 2
Asellus 5
Erioptera 1
Polypedilum 1
Conchapelopia _2
11
POLLUTION TOLERANT
STATION 730
POLLUTION SENSITIVE
Hydropsyche 5
Cheumatopsyche 4
Neureclipis 67
Stenonema __2
78
INTERMEDIATE
Hyella 46
Orthocladiua 4
Cricotopus 1
Polypedilua _J.
52
POLLUTION TOLERANT
Tubificidae 1
STATION 723
POLLUTION SENSITIVE
Hydropsyche 6
Cheumatopsyche 17
Neureclipio 10
Stenonema _1
34
INTERMEDIATE
Cricotopus
Polypedilum
Orthocladius
Glyptotendipes
Conchapelopia
Asellus
2
1
1
1
1
11
39
POLLUTION TOLERAOT
Tubificidae 60
60
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653
Sotoa
&tate Department of
LUCAS STATE OFFICE BUILDING
DES MOINES. IOWA 5O319
JAMES F. SPEERS, M.D., M.p.H. Environmental Engineering Service
P. J. Houser, M.S., P.E., Chief
15 May 1969
David D. Dominick
Commissioner, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration
Washington, D.C. 20242
Attention: Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner,
Office of Enforcement
RE: WATER QUALITY STANDARDS CONFERENCE, COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA
SESSION
Enclosed is an answer to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration rebuttal of the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission Statement, page 11 (Missouri Basin) which we wish
to have included in the official record of the Water Quality
Standards Conference, State of Iowa, Council Bluffs Session.
The FWPCA biological data referred to had been collected in
October and November 1968 but was not included in the Standards
Conference Report.
Copies have been provided to the Regional Director, FWPCA,
Missouri Basin Region.
Schliekelman, Director
Pollution Division
RJS/ab
Enclosure
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654
ANSWER TO CONTINUATION OF FWPCA REBUTTAL OF IOWA WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION'S STATEMENT, 1969, page 11.
(Missouri Basin)
Iowa's initial statement regarding the biological quality of the
Missouri River was based exclusively on the biological data which
was presented in Appendix B of the FWPCA's Missouri River Basin
Report.
Since the data presented in the FWPCA rebuttal statement of
April 30 was not included in the original report, it is obvious
that the remarks in the initial Iowa statement were not directed
toward the newly presented data and should not be interpreted as
such.
It is recognized that quantitative biological sampling in a large
river is difficult because of the habitat variety and that the
shifting substrate which is typical of a large portion of the
Missouri River, is unproductive biologically. The value of an
artificial substrate sampler is also recognized as providing a
quantitative estimate of numbers and kinds of biota.
Assuming that the numbers of organisms found at each of the three
stations in the Sioux City area were obtained from equal numbers
of substrate samplers, we would be in agreement that there is some
evidence of biological degradation below the Sioux City discharge.
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655
-2-
Whether this degradation at Station 723 is "severe" as stated by
the FWPCA is debatable because species diversity in addition to
total numbers of organisms is important as an indicator of biologi-
cal quality. Although the number of pollution sensitive organisms
was considerably decreased at station 723, the diversity or kinds
of pollution sensitive organisms had not changed.
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APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX A
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
AND
PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT
FOR THE
SURFACE WATERS OF IOWA
ADOPTED BY
THE
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
DES MOINES
MAY 1967
(Revised June 1, 1968)
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FOREWORD
The Water Quality Criteria and Plan for Implemen-
tation and Enforcement for the Surface Waters of
Iowa was originally prepared for and submitted to
the Department of the Interior in May, 1967.
Since that time, the numerous requests received
from consulting engineers, educators and the
general public have necessitated the publication
of this revised edition.
The Criteria and Plan have been left unchanged.
However, Table 11 has been updated to June 1, 1968.
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The Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, signed into
law on October 2, 1965, required all states to de-
velop water quality standards for the interstate
streams within their state boundaries.
Revisions to the Iowa Water Pollution Control Law
effective July 1965 established the Iowa Water
Pollution Control Commission and the authority for
adoption of water quality standards. The law pro-
vided the Commission with the authority to adopt,
"such reasonable quality standards for any waters
of the state ," and to "develop comprehensive
plans and programs for the prevention, control and
abatement of new, increasing, potential or existing
pollution of the waters of the state."
After conducting seven public hearings throughout
the state, the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
adopted the Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria Rules
and Regulations on February 28, 1967. The Rules and
Regulations were approved by the Attorney General
of the State of Iowa on March 6, 1967 and by the
Legislative Departmental Rules Review Committee on
March 17, 1967. They were filed with the Secretary
of State on March 20, 1967, and as provided by law,
became effective 30 days thereafter.
The Implementation and Enforcement Plan for the
Surface Water Quality Criteria was adopted by the
Commission on May 26, 1967. The Surface Water
Quality Criteria and the Implementation and
Enforcement Plan have been combined and are called
the Iowa Surface Water Quality Standards. The
Standards as presented are the result of a joint
effort of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
and the Iowa State Department of Health to abate
pollution of the waters of the State of Iowa
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Section I-General 1
A. Topography 1
B. Hydrology 1
C. Flow Regulation & Augmentation 2
D. Present & Future Uses - Iowa Waters 4
E. Population 5
Section II - Surface Water Criteria 7
A. Discussion of Criteria 7
1. General Policy Considerations 7
2. General Criteria 8
3. Specific Criteria 9
a. Public Water Supply 9
b. Aquatic Life 11
c. Recreation 11
B. Surface Water Quality Criteria 13
C. CSmpatability with adjoining states 17
Section III Implementation & Enforcement Plans .... 19
A. Statutory Autority 19
1. Statutes 19
2. Rules & Regulations 21
B. Enforcement Procedures 22
C. Surveillance Program 23
1. Operation reports 23
2. Plant & operation surviellance 25
3. Stream Surviellance 27
a. Existing program 27
b. Proposed program 28
4. Existing water quality 29
D. Pollution Control Programs 30
1. Municipal & Industrial Waste Treatment ... 30
a. Significant pollution sources 30
b. Compliance with water quality 30
c. Construction schedules 32
2. Combined Sewer Overflow 33
3. Agricultural waste waters 33
4. Waste from boats and marinas 36
Section IV Public Hearings 37
Tables
1. Low-Flow-10 year Recurrence 39
2. Public Water Supplies 41
3. Streams-Aquatic Life..Warm Water Areas 43
4. Natural Lakes-Aquatic Life Warm Water Area ... 45
5. Artifical Lakes-Aquatic Life Warm Water Area . . 47
6. Aquatic Life - Cold Water Areas 49
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
Tables...continued..
7. Recreation Areas-Streams Impoundments & Lakes ..51
8. Surface Water Sampling Stations-ABS-Pesticides-
Radioactivity 53
9. Surface Water Sampling Stations-Public Water
Supplies-Major Cities 55
10. Chemical Quality - Iowa Streams 57
11. Status Waste Treatment Facilities 59
Mississippi River Basin
Missouri River Basin
12. Municipal Sewerage Systems 83
Figures
1. Monthly Coliform Average - Iowa River 85
2. MPN Frequency Distribution - Iowa River 87
3. Raccoon River Coliform Study 89
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SECTION I
GENERAL
A. TOPOGRAPHY OF IOWA
Iowa is situated in the Upper Mississippi River drainage
basin, bounded on the east by the Mississippi River and on
the west by the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers. In general
the surface shows but slight relief with the highest point
in the northwest corner (1,675 feet) and the lowest point
in the southeast corner (480 feet).
The entire state is drained by either the Mississippi
River or its tributary, the Missouri River. The drainage
areas are 38,860 and 17,379 square miles respectively.
Iowa streams entering the Mississippi River flow in a
general course from northwest to southeast. The major
drainage basins are long and narrow and have fairly regular
outlines with the lateral boundaries tending to be parallel.
The stream drainage basins which drain into the Missouri
River are also relatively long and narrow and extend from
the northeast to the southwest. They lie nearly perpendicular
to those streams tributary to the Mississippi River.
B. HYDROLOGY
A seven-day, ten-year low flow has been selected to
recognize the variability of Iowa stream flows in the
aoplication of water quality criteria and in the economic
analysis and evaluation of treatment requirements. There
also exists a tremendous variability in Iowa streams with
reasonably well sustained low flows, from ground water,
in northeast Iowa and decreasing progressively to the
south and west portions of Iowa. A review of Table 1,
taken from Low Flow Characteristics of Iowa Streams,
Bulletin No. 9, Iowa Natural Resources Council 1958, shows
this variation quite clearly.
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HYDROLOGY continued
With the exception of upland portions and minor trib-
utaries the northeast Iowa basins including the Iowa-
Cedar basins have seven-day, ten-year low flow values
in the range of 0.04 to 0.08 cubic feet per second (cfs)
per square mile. The remainder of the streams in the
state, south and west of the Iowa-Cedar basins, have
very poor low flow characteristics. No stream in this
area of the state has a flow above 0.01 cfs per square
mile, for the seven-day, ten-year low flow magnitude.
Many streams have less than one-half this value.
For a specific example, the seven-day, ten-year low
flow for the Cedar River at Cedar Rapids is compared
in the following table, to the Des Moines River at
Boone which has a comparable drainage area.
Drainage
Area
Sq. Miles
Yield
cf s/sq.
mile
10 year-
7-day
Flow-cfs
Cedar River at Cedar Rapids 6510 0.047 306
Des Moines River at Boone 5511 0.0065 36
For an equivalent drainage of 6510 square miles, the
Des Moines River basin would yield 42 cfs as compared
to 306 cfs for the Cedar River or only one-seventh of
the comparable flow of the Cedar River. A similar
comparison indicates that the Upper Iowa River has a
seven-day ten-year low flow approximately 200 times
that of the Skunk River at Ames, with somewhat compar-
able drainage areas.
C. FLOW REGULATION AND AUGMENTATION
The Surface Water Quality Criteria for the waters of
the State of Iowa are related to and affected by the
existing flows in the streams. It is, therefore,
important that governmental controls be exercised
where applicable to maintain adequate flows in these
streams.
The Iowa Natural Resources Council, the state agency
responsible for administering the water use permit
system, has adopted a policy that water use permits
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FLOW REGULATION AND AUGMENTATION...continued
will not be granted for the withdrawal of water for
consumptive use which will reduce the flow in the stream
below a given amount. The cut-off point below which no
consumptive withdrawals can be made is generally much
higher than the seven-day, ten-year low flow used as a
basis for the Water Quality Criteria application.
The principal consumptive uses from streams that are
being regulated are withdrawals for supplemental irri-
gation and for filling of off-stream reservoirs.
When deemed necessary to protect downstream uses, storage
permits require the release of that portion of the natural
flow into the reservoir that is required to prevent material
damage to downstream uses. In special circumstances,
installation of facilities for the release of certain
minimum flow is included in the storage permit.
Soil conservation and soil management programs controlling
farmland runoff tend to increase ground water reserves,
thereby augmenting low flow when the main source of flow
is ground water. With increasing soil management programs
this effect might be further realized in the future.
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission endorses the
flow regulation policies of the Natural Resources Council
and all other programs designed to prevent soil erosion
and retain farmland runoff and therefore maintain a greater
flow in the state streams. Maintenance of higher flows
in streams will provide for additional beneficial uses
to be supplied by these streams.
A number of multiple purpose reservoirs have been construct-
ed or authorized in Iowa. These will generally provide
benefits for flood control, water quality control, water
supply, recreation, and fish and wild life. Reservoirs
presently constructed or planned with storage for water
quality control will benefit only four major cities.
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D. PRESENT AND FUTURE USES OF IOWA WATERS
The surface waters of the state are currently being used
in the following ways: municipal water supply, indust-
rial water supply, livestock watering, fish propogation,
recreation, wildlife habitat and..irrigation.
These uses are relatively uniform throughout the state.
The use of these stream resources -for their full poten-
tial is hampered mainly because of the great variability
of flow and high turbidities occuring in these streams
during certain times of the year.
Currently there are 39 municipalities using surface
water sources for public water supply use. It is not
anticipated that new surface water supplies will be
developed in the near future although it is expected
that eventually seme municipalities may need to change
from underground soirecee to more adequate surface
supplies.
The demand for increasing the fishery resources through-
out the state will be constantly enlarged due to the
emphasis put on outdoor recreation and also the increas-
ing amount of leisure time available. Fisheries in Iowa
have been considerably restricted due to heavy siltation
and variable flows in the majority of Iowa streams.
Enhancement of the fishery resources by stream and land
management will, in itself, increase the demand for this
resource.
Activities enhanced by water are camping, hiking and
picnicking. The principal water based recreational
activities are fishing and boating. Water skiing and
swimming is generally limited to natural lakes and
impoundments created by dams, including tha Mississippi
River and swimming is generally limited to the artificial
lakes. The demand for recreational use of surface
water is increasing and it is anticipated that the
demand will be met by construction of artificial impound-
ments.
All surface waters of the state are used at least to a
limited extent for livestock watering and wildlife pro-
pogation. Presently agricultural use is basically live-
stock watering with limited supplemental irrigation
practiced.
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E. POPULATION
Iowa's population has been increasing at a substantially
slower tate than the national population since 1900.
Because of farm consolidation and mechanization, many
rural trade centers have lost population and trade
volume, and the larger urban centers have experienced
growth in population and in service and manufacturing
employment. Population and employment projections
indicate eastern Iowa will experience the greatest
growth in these areas.
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SECTiON II
IOWA SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
A. DISCUSSION OF CRITERIA
The Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission, pursuant
to authority granted in Section 455B.9 and 455B.13, Code
of Iowa 1966, has adopted Rules and Regulations govern-
ing Surface Water Quality Criteria for the State of Iowa.
These criteria of water quality are intended as guides
for determining the suitability of surface waters in
the State of Iowa for various uses, and to aid decision
making in the establishment of waste control measures.
Following is a discussion of the Water Quality Criteria
which is presented in paragraph B of this Section. The
discussion is divided into sections corresponding to
those of the Rules and Regulations.
1-Sec. 2^.1 General Policy Considerations
The surface waters of Iowa have been classified as to
designated legitimate uses by the Water Pollution Control
Commission. The classifications of Iowa Waters are found
in tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 listing the public surface
water supplies, streams and lakes, designated as fishing
areas, and lakes and impoundments designated as recreation
areas. Table 11 in Section III enumerates the water use
criteria at the municipal and industrial waste discharge
points.
The water quality for the designated uses will comply with
the criteria at:
1. The raw water intake for Public Water Supply Use.
2. All points in the stream from the mouth up to
the designated cutoff point as well as all
artificial and natural lakes for Aquatic Life Use.
3. All points in the recreation pool for Recreation
Use.
Sampling to determine conformance to these criteria shall
be done at sufficient distances downstream from waste dis-
charge points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents
with the surface waters. In the performance of tests or
analytical determinations to determine compliance with the
established surface water criteria, samples will be collected
at such locations, times, frequencies, and in such a manner
as approved by the Commission.
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l-Sec.2,1 General Policy Considerations..continued
The collection, preservation, and testing of samples
will be made in conformance with the methods given in
the latest edition of "Standard Methods of the Examin-
ation of Water and Sewage." Where more than one method
is prescribed, that method designated by the Commission
shall be used. Any methods deviating from those pre-
scribed must be approved by the Commission.
2._, Sec. 2.^2 General Criteria
The General Criteria shall apply to all water courses
and lakes at all times. For designated water use areas,
the General Criteria will be supportive to the specific
criteria applicable to these areas. Where a surface
water has not been designated for a specific water use,
these criteria will govern. The General Criteria shall
be interpreted to mean that no raw or treated wastes,
attributable to municipal, industrial or other sources,
shall be discharged into any waters of the state which
will produce putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge
deposits, floating debris, oil slicks, scum, odors, color,
chemical concentrations or combinations to such a degree
as to be detrimental or harmful to legitimate downstream
water uses.
In general, those small intermittent streams experienc-
ing low or zero flows or which cannot under natural
conditions support a permanent fish population, will
have their quality governed by the General Criteria.
It is the intent of the General Criteria to protect the
water quality in these areas for the letitimate uses
to which they are presently being used. Legitimate uses
in this category are those such as« irrigation, live-
stock watering, wildlife propogation, etc. To protect
these uses on low flow streams, the wastes will be
given the highest practicable degree of treatment with-
out respect to dilution in order to prevent the develop-
ment of nuisance or health problems below the discharge.
The requirements are such that the effluent will be
suitable for limited downstream use. Treatment less
than secondary will not be accepted unless it can be
shown that the legitimate uses can be protected with
a lesser degree of treatment.
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3. Sec. 2.3 Specific Criteria for Designated Water Uses
The criteria in this subsection apply to the water use
areas designated by the Water Pollution Control Commission.
The designation has been made by the Commission with the
advice and assistance of the Iowa Natural Resources Council,
State Conservation Commission, State Department of Health,
public hearing testimony, the faculties of the three state
universities and other interested parties. The designation
does not limit beneficial uses or prohibit beneficial uses
other than those listed.
The minimum weekly flow which occurs once in ten years
shall be used as the design parameter to determine the
degree of treatment necessary to protect the specific
water use. Flow will be based on a statistical analysis
of existing flow data, if such data are available. This
specific surface water criteria shall be met at all times
when the flow exceeds the ten year low flow. When the
flow is less, the municipality or industry shall not be
held responsible for lower stream quality when their
waste effluent is receiving the necessary degree of treat-
ment or control to comply with criteria at the ten-year
low flow.
The extreme variability of low flow at the seven-day
ten-year magnitudes in Iowa streams has been given
consideration in the application of the criteria to
designated water areas. The natural water quality may
be degraded naturally by the aquatic environment at these
low flows. It must be recognized that at the selected
low flow probability, many municipalities in central,
southern and western Iowa will be discharging treated
municipal waste water into essentially dry streams.
a. Public Water Supply
This criteria has been developed to protect the quality of
the influent raw water for the 39 existing surface water
supplies and will be applied to any future supplies. The
designated surface waters where the Public Water Supply
Criteria apply are listed in Table 2.
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a. Public Water Supply...continued....
Numerical bacterial limits have not been specified
because of the following reasons:
1. The Standard Coliform organisms found in streams
are not specific for human sources but members of this
group are found in enteric discharges of warm-blooded
animals, and in the guts of cold-blooded animals, in
soils and in many plants.
2. Bacterial studies have shown that commonly accept-
able coliform levels have been greatly exceeded in
the absence of wastes attributable to human sources.
If a stream contains coliforms that are of a domestic
sewage origin one might expect the most probable number
(MPN) to vary inversely with the dilution capacity of
the stream and that high MPN values would be expected
during the dry seasons. A long term coliform study on
the Iowa River at Iowa City, beginning in 1950, indi-
cates high bacterial densities are associated with
high stream flows and turbidity. Due to intense farm-
ing in the drainage basin, each snow melt or rainfall
carries into the river large quantities of silt and
apparently large number of coliform organisms from the
agricultural land. Sanitary sewage is not considered
a significant factor since the nearest town is approx-
imately 30 miles upstream.
Figure 1 illustrates the pattern, on a monthly average
basis, of the direct relationship of increasing stream
flows accompanied by increases in both turbidity and
coliform density. Figure 2 indicates that the monthly
coliform MPN average is less than 5000 per 100 m/1 about
46% of the months samples, both before and after impound-
ment above the supply in 1958.
Much data are available from other studies and sources
to substantiate the influence of land runoff on coliform
densities. Figure 3 includes additional data.
For the above reasons, the Commission has specified that
a sanitary survey be conducted with the results being"
evaluated according to the particular situation investi-
gated.
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a. Public Water Supply...continued
When a source of coliform bearing waste which can be
feasibly controlled is affecting the suitability of a
water supply the Commission may use the following values
as a guide: Coliform organisms are not to exceed a MPN
or MF of 5000/100 ml as a monthly average value, nor to
exceed this value in more than 20% of the samples examined
during any one month nor to exceed 20,000/100 ml in more
than 5% of the samples examined in any one month. This
value may be used as a guide until suitable indices can
be developed.
b. Aquatic Life
In the classification of surface waters, all lakes and
perennial streams capable of supporting a permanent fish
population have Seen designated for Aquatic Life Use.
These areas have been designated by the Water Pollution
Control Commission with the advice and assistance of the
Iowa State Conservation Commission and others. The warm
water areas are those streams and stream reaches delineated
in Table 3 and the natural and artificial lakes listed
in Tables 4 and 5.
The cold water areas are those waters designated by the
Commission as trout streams and are those which are annual-
ly stocked with trout on a "put and take" basis, by the
State Conservation Commission. These areas are listed in
Table 6 which is a summary of the current "Guide to Iowa
Trout Waters" published by the State Conservation Commission.
The criteria list only those factors which appear to be of
utmost importance to the preservation of a well-balanced
fish population. However, all other waste constituents
that are determined harmful to the stream aquatic life
will also be subject to control by the Commission.
c. Recreation
The recreational use criteria are designed to reasonably
protect surface waters where the whole body contact sports
of swimming and water skiing are concentrated during the
recreational season.
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c. Recreation...continued
Use of lakes and streams constitute a much greater
drowning hazard to the swimmer than the supervised
swimming pool due to the lack of water clarity,
presence of hidden obstructions or strong currents,
but it is the intent to provide a reasonable bacterial
water quality for the natural bathing areas.
Information provided from other state agencies, present-
ations at the public hearings, etc., was used by the
Commission to designate the Recreation Use areas on
lakes and Federal impoundments. These areas are listed
in Table 7. The Recreational Use areas have also been
classified for Aquatic Life Use since these two uses
are closely related to each other and require a high
quality of water.
No numerical values have been specified for bacterial
limits since studies have shown high bacterial concentra-
tions associated with land runoff, and public health
studies to date have shown little direct correlation
between coliform concentrations and water-borne diseases.
Supportive data collected from Iowa streams showing high
background coliform counts are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Where a controllable waste discharge is the proven source
of increased bacterial concentrations, the Commission may
use the following as a guide: The arithmetical mean
coliform density is not to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml as
a monthly average nor exceed this value in more than 20%
of the samples in any one month nor exceed 2,400/100 ml
in any one sample. This value will be used as a guide
until suitable indices can be developed.
Where a significant coliforn or other bacterial increase
in a designated Recreation Use Area can be identified
with a controllable waste discharge, chlorination or
other control procedures to reduce the bacterial concen-
tration below the guide limits may be required.
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B. SURFACE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
The following rule and regulation was adopted by the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission on February 28, 1967.
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
RULES AND REGULATIONS
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Pursuant to the authority of sections 455B.9 and 455B.13,
Code of Iowa, 1966, the water quality standards found in
the July, 1966, Supplement, Iowa Departmental Rules, page
70, are hereby amended by adding the following to Chapter 1.
Section 1.2. (455B) Surface water quality criteria.
1.2(1) General policy considerations. Surface waters
are to be evaluated according to their ability to support
the legitimate (beneficial) uses to which they can feasibly
be adapted, and this specific designation of quality areas
shall be done by the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
Sampling to determine conformance to these criteria
shall be done at sufficient distances downstream from waste
discharge points to permit adequate mixing of waste effluents
with the surface waters.
1.2(2) General criteria. The following criteria are
applicable to all surface waters at all places and at all
times:
a. Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges that will settle to form
putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits;
b. Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other
floating materials attributable to municipal, industrial
or other discharges in amounts sufficient to be unsightly
or deleterious;
c. Free from materials attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges producing color, odor or
other conditions in such degree as to be detrimental to
legitimate uses of water;
d. Free from substances attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges in concentrations or
combinations which are detrimental to human, animal.
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B. Surface Water Quality Criteria....continued
industrial, agricultural, recreational, aquatic or other
legitimate uses of the water.
1.2(3) Specific Criteria for designated water uses.
The following criteria are applicable at flows greater
than the lowest flow for seven consecutive days which
can be expected to occur at a frequency of once every
ten years.
a. Public water supply. The following criteria
for surface water quality apply to the point at which
water is withdrawn for treatment and distribution as
a potable supply:
(1) Bacteria: Waters shall be considered to
be of unsatisfactory bacteriological quality as a source
when:
A sanitary survey indicates the presence or
probability of the presence of sewage or other object-
ionable bacteria-bearing wastes or
A bacteriological survey using coliform or other
appropriate indices indicates bacteriological concentra-
tions significantly higher than those normally found or
expected in these waters when free from pollution
by. sewage,
(2) Radioactive substances: Gross beta activity
(in the known absence of strontium - 90 and alpha emitters)
not to exceed 1000 micro-micro-curies per liter.
(3) Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the
following concentrations:
Specific Constituents (mg/1)
Arsenic 0.05 Cyanide 0.025
Barium 1.0 Fluoride 1.5
Cadmium 0.01 Lead 0.05
Chromium(hexavalent) 0.05 Phenols 0.02
All substances toxic or detrimental to humans or
detrimental to treatment processes shall be limited to
nontoxic or nondetritnental concentrations in the surface
water.
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b. Aquatic life. The following criteria are
designed for the maintenance and propagation of a well-
balanced fish population. They are applicable to any
place in surface waters but cognizance will be given to
opportunities for admixture of waste effluents with
such waters.
(1) Warm water areas. Dissolved oxygen: Not
less than 5.0 tng/1 during at least 16 hours of any 24-
hour period and not less than 4.0 mg/1 at any time during
the 24-hour period.
pH: Not less than 6.8 nor above 9.0.
Temperature: Not to exceed 93°F during the months
of May through November, and not to exceed 73°F during the
months of December through April.
Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the follow-
ing concentrations:
Specific constituents (mg/1)
Ammonia Nitrogen (N) 2.0 *Copper 0.02
*Arsenic 1.0 Cyanide 0.025
*Barium 5.0 *Lead 0.10
*Cadium 0.05 Phenols 0.20
*Chromium(hexavalent) 0.05 *Zinc 1.0
*Chromium(trivalent) 1.00
*A maximum of 5.0 mg/1 for the entire heavy metal
group shall not be exceeded.
All substances toxic or detrimental to aquatic life
shall be limited to nontoxic or non-detrimental concen-
trations in the surface water.
(2) Cold water areas. All criteria stated for
warm water areas apply to cold water areas except as
follows:
Dissolved oxygen: Not less than 7.0 mg/1 during
at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period nor less than 5.0
mg/1 at any time during the 24-hour period.
Temperature: No greater than 70°P.
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c. Recreation. The following criteria are appli-
cable to any waters used for recreational activities
involving whole body contact such as swimming and water
skiing:
(1) Bacteria: Waters shall be considered to be
of unsatisfactory bacteriological quality for the above
recreational use when:
A sanitary survey indicates the presence or
probability of the presence of sewage or other objection-
able bacteria-bearing wastes or
A bacteriological survey using coliform or other
appropriate indices indicates bacteriological concentra-
tions significantly higher than those normally found or
expected in these waters when free from pollution by
sewage.
These rules are intended to implement sections 455B.9 and
455B.13, Code of Iowa, 1966.
These rules shall become effective as provided in Chapter
17A of the Code after filing in the office of the Secretary
of State after review by the Departmental Rules Review
Committee.
EXAMINED AND APPROVED
DATE
/s/ '
March 6, 1967
JFred Henderickson
ATTORNEY GENERAL
DATE ADOPTED February.23, 1967
/s/ Robert Buckmaster
DEPARTMENT HEAD
REVIEWED AND APPROVED
DATE
March 17.1967
/s/ Adolph W,_Elver.3_
CHAIRMAN, DEPARTMENTAL RULES
REVIEW COMMITTEE
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C. COMPATABILITV WITH ADJOINING STATES
Notices of public hearings and proposed water quality
data for Iowa streams were submitted to the adjoining
states of Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Illinois arid Missouri. Representatives from Minnesota
attended one hearing, Illinois - two hearings, and
Missouri - two hearings. Oral and written statements
were presented at the hearings.
The content and general requirements of the standards
were discussed at specific meetings with the states
of Illinois and Missouri as early as December 1965.
Correspondence and discussion have been carried on with
all adjoining states.
Iowa representatives attended one hearing in Wisconsin,
two in Illinois and two in Missouri and oral and written
statements regarding general consistency and compatability
of the criteria were submitted. The water quality criteria
and uses for the common waters between Illinois and Iowa
are identical. The entire Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission attended one hearing in Illinois.
Reasonable agreement has also been reached with all
states as to the water uses to be made of common inter-
state waters.
Following study of the testimony submitted at the public
hearing the Commission ammended a number of the water
quality criteria parameters. The phenol concentration
was increased to a more attainable and realistic figure
and the cyanide concentration for the public water
supply used was reduced to correspond to the aquatic
life concentration. The temperature limit for the
warm water areas was reduced slightly to 93° as a more
generally accepted figure and provision was made to
prevent extreme temperature changes.
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SECTION III
IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT PLAN
Ob.iectj.ye
The purpose of the plan is to provide a means by which
the water quality criteria can be enforced and the quality
of surface waters protected and enhanced for beneficial
uses. The plan has been developed to protect all surface
waters and not only interstate waters as required by the
Federal Water Quality Act of 1965.
A. STATUTORY AUTHORITY
The Water Pollution Control Cornnsission and the State
Department of Health make use of the following authority
to control or abate pollution of the surface waters of
the state.
1. STATUTES
.Iowa.. Wa ter
Specific statutory authority for the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission for adoption and enforcement of water
quality criteria is found in Chapter 455B/ Code of Iowa,
1966. Exerpts of the law pertaining to the authority
follow:
4jL5j3._3. There is hereby created and established the Iowa
Water Pollution Control Commission. The Commission is
established as an agency of the state government to
prevent, abate, or control the pollution of the waters
of the state.
45 5B j& The Commission is hereby given and charged with
the following powers and duties:
1. The Commission through the State Department of
Health shall have general supervision over administration
and enforcement of all laws relating to the pollution of
any water of the state, except as provided in Section 135.11
of the Code.
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1. Statutes...continued
2. To develop a comprehensive plan and program
for the prevention, control and abatement of new,
increasing, potential or existing pollution of the
waters of the state.
3. The Commission may cause the State Department
of Health to conduct investigations....
4. To adopt, modify, or repeal such reasonable
quality standards for any waters of the state in re-
lation to the public uee to which they are or may be
put as it shall deem necessary for the purposes of
this Act.
6. To direct the State Department of Health to
issue, revoke or modify permits .for the discharge
of sewage, .... or for the installation or operation
of disposal systems....
8. To prescribe rules and regulations....
9. The Commission shall cooperate with other
state or interstate water pollution control agencies
in establishing standards, objectives, or criteria
for quality of interstate waters. . . .
45SB.10. The State Department of Health shall conduct
such investigations as may be necessary to carry out
the provisions of the Act.
455B.11 The State Department of Health in accordance
with the direction and policies of the Commission may
issue, modify, or revoke such orders as may be required
for the prevention or discontinuance of the discharge
of sewage,industrial waste or other waste in any waters
of the state resulting in pollution in excess of the
applicable quality standard....
Iowa State Department of Health
Section 135.11, paragraph 7, Code of Iowa, requires that
the State Department of Health shall "make inspections
of ...., sewer systems, sewage treatment plants,....
and direct the method of installation and operation
of the same."
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Mandatorv Certification
Chapter 136A, Code of Iowa, 1966, is an act to certify all
public Water Supply Systems and Waste Water Treatment
Systems and require the examination of operators and cert-
ification of their competency to supervise the operation
of these facilities.
Miscellaneous Statutory Provisions
Section 732.3 declares that it is unlawful to throw any
dead animal, night soil, or garbage into any river, well,
spring, cistern, reservoir, stream or pond or in or upon
any land adjoining which is subject to overflow.
Section 657.2(4) declares it is a nuisance to corrupt or
render unwholesome or impure the water of any stream,
river or pond.
2. RULES AND REGULATIONS
Rules and Regulations have been approved as authorized by
the statutes and have the full effect of law.
Municipal.Effluent Standard
This rule requires that no municipality shall discharge
any sewage to the waters of the state without effective
removal of floatable and settleable solids as the minimum
degree of treatment.
Surface Water Quality Criteria
This rule and regulation is discussed and given in
Section II, Paragraphs A and B.
Records of Operation of Waste Disposal Systems
This joint rule of the Water Pollution Control Commission
and State Department of Health requires all owners of
waste disposal systems to submit monthly operation reports
to the State Department of Health.
Certification of Water Supply System and Waste Water
Treatment Plant Operators
This rule of the State Department of Health classifies waste
water treatment plants and establishes operator education and
experience qualifications.
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B. ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
To accomplish pollution abatement four different methods
of action can be instigated by the Iowa Water Pollution
Control Commission to abate pollutional conditions:
1. The Commission may direct the State Department of
Health to conduct an investigation of alleged pollution.
If the Commission finds that pollution exists, a
negotiation meeting is arranged between the Commission
and the alleged polluter. If agreeable to both parties,
a time schedule of pollution abatement is arranged and
a consent order is drawn by the Commission and signed
by both parties.
If a satisfactory agreement as to a construction time
schedule cannot be reached between the Commission and
the alleged pollutor, a hearing is ordered by the
Commission as provided by law. If the evidence presented
indicates that pollution does exist, the Commission
issues an order to abate the pollution within a reason-
able period of time.
2. If a municipality is discharging raw or inadequately
treated wastes to a state water, the Commission notifies
the municipality that they are in violation of the state
effluent standard requiring a minimum removal of settle-
able and floatable solids. A negotiation proceeding or
hearing follows as in the first method except that an
investigation is not required.
3. If a municipality or industry is operating a waste
treatment plant which is in violation of a permit issued
by the Health Department for its installation, the State
Department of Health initiates legal action through the
Attorney General's Office. The Attorney General notifies
the municipality or industry to take appropriate action
to comply with the stipulations of the permit.
4. The permit provision of the law provides that permits
for extensions to existing sewer systems can also be
denied where a condition of pollution already exists
below the outlet, unless active planning is underway
for the installation of treatment facilities.
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C. SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
Routine monitoring of waste discharges will be accomp-
lished in three ways: (1) operation reports, (2) plant
and operation surveillance, (3) stream surveillance.
1. Operation Reports; Rules and Regulations have been
adopted which require monthly submittal of operation
reports by all owners of waste disposal systems which
discharge sewage or wastes into any waters of the state.
where practicable the Commission will require the larger
treatment facilities to initiate a downstream sampling
program.
Five different operation report forms are now being used.
These are differentiated according to the type of waste
disposal system:
WWTR I Waste Stabilization Lagoon
WWTR II Imhoff and Trickling Filter
WWTR III Trickling Filter..Separate
Sludge Digestion
WWTR IV Extended Aeration
WWTR V Industrial Lagoon
Checking the data and actual monitoring of the waste
disposal plant will be done by data processing equip-
ment. The equipment to be used is the state's IBM 360-40
computer, which is to be replaced by a 360-65 in the
future. On order, but not yet received, is an IBM 360-20
computer which will be used more directly by the Health
Department.
A description of the computer monitoring process follows:
Each incorporated city or town has been given a code
number according to alphabetical listing. All waste
producers in the locale of a municipality have been
given the town number. The waste producers are further
classified as to type:
1. Municipality 5. Recreational
2. Industry 6. Commercial
3. Mobile Home 7. Sanitary District
4. School
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1. Operation Reports...continued
The discharge of the waste is further classified as to:
1. Treated to City Sewer 5. Raw to Another
2. Untreated to City Sewer Municipality
3. Treated to State Waters 6. Raw to a Sanitary
4. Untreated to State Waters District
7. No recognized
Sewer System
Explanation of Card Information:
Card 1. Plant location information and design data.
Card 2. Operator in direct responsibility number,
type of treatment and construction and
improvement data.
Card 3. Status of the plant according to Commission
actions with orders and time schedule for
pollution abatement.
Card 4. Permits for sewer extensions with sizes and
lengths.
Card 5. Operational data required and limits set
on parameters.
The computer will check on each plant according to:
1. Receipt of operation report.
2. Compliance of submitting required data.
3. Data complying with loading or effluent limits
established.
Eeery treatment plant requiring operation reports will
receive a monthly statement acknowledging receipt of
the report and compliance or ommission of required data.
It is felt that monthly communication with the operator
is of prime importance to insure adequate report sub-
mittal. The statement will also indicate if any of the
parameters have exceeded the limits established.
Periodically, the computer will check on the plants to
determine if the design parameters are being exceeded.
Action will be initiated to update the waste treatment
plant with overloaded facilities. The computer system
will, therefore, be able to determine current pollution
conditions and future pollution due to overloading of
the plant facilities. The waste treatment plant owners
will be notified that plant improvements are needed and
encouraged to take appropriate corrective action.
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The base files in the storage system will be continually
updated to provide more adequate information on which
to judge operation and facility adequacy.
2. Plant and Operation Surveillance;
The plant and operator surveillance programs of the
state are aimed to check the operation, maintenance and
efficiency of the treatment plants and to increase the
competency of the operators in charge of these plants.
To achieve these goals the State Department of Health
has in effect the following programs:
a. Treatment Plant Inspection
The State Health Department field engineers located in
seven regional offices situated throughout the state
periodically inspect all the waste treatment plants in
the state. Reports stating the condition of the receiving
stream, plant operation, performance and recommendations
for improvements are transmitted to the responsible muni-
cipal or industry officials. Pertinent data from this
report will also be used to update the computer records
on each treatment plant. The regional engineers also
offer advice and assistance to the treatment plant operators
on plant operation procedures, report completion, laboratory
procedures or other problems concerning their plant.
b. BOP Mai1ing Program
In May of 1967 the State Hygienic Laboratory, in conjunction
with the State Department of Health, began the BOD Mailing
Program. This program enables BOD samples to be collected
in the field and mailed to the State Hygienic Laboratory
without refrigeration. To facilitate this procedure
samples are acid fixed directly upon collection and then
neutralized and seeded following return shipment to the
laboratory. Laboratory studies showed that results were
reproducible with sufficient accuracy to use the field
BOD samples as a check on the plant effluent strength.
Initally, the BOD samples will be collected by the treat-
ment plant operators upon receipt of request from the
State Hygienic Laboratory. Each plant effluent will be
sampled at least four times yearly. As the program
develops, the regional engineers will also be equipped to
collect additional samples during their plant surveys to
gain additional data concerning the treatment facilities
and final plant effluent. A future possibility of the
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BOD Mailing Program if additional personnel and equip-
ment are available, might be to permit treatment plants
to submit BOD samples for analysis on a fee basis.
The laboratory BOD results will be tabulated on a computer
coded card and then stored in the data storage record for
each plant. The results will be analyzed by the computer
and results compared to previous samples and any limits
placed on the effluent. The BOD results will be included
in the tnonthly operation report analysis sent to the
plant operator. The BOD Mailing program will thus facil-
tate the continual monitoring of the waste treatment
plant effluents and check the operational report data
submitted.
c. Operator Competence
Hand a to r y Ce r t i f i c a t i on - To support the plant operation
surveillance the General Assembly enacted a Mandatory
Certification Law, effective in July 1965. Operators
in direct responsibility of public waste water treat-
ment plants must be certified. Education and operation-
al experience and a comprehensive examination are graded
according to the classifiication of the certificate.
Certificates are classified as to complexity, type and
size of plant. All municipalities have complied.
Operator Basic JTraininct Courses - Basic training courses
have been conducted since 1952 when a Voluntary Certifi-
cation Program was initiated. With the enactment of
the Mandatory Certification Law six courses for approxi-
mately 30 persons each, (3 hours per week for 9 weeks)
have been held annually with instruction furnished prim-
arily by the two Universities. Plans are being developed
for an advanced course for the larger and more complex
plants.
Laboratory Course - Currently a laboratory course for
treatment plant operators is being conducted yearly at
Iowa State University in Ames. This program will need
expansion and plans are being made to arrange funds
and facilities to meet this need. Advanced laboratory
control courses and seminar are being planned at the
University of Iowa and the State Hygienic Laboratory.
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Laboratory Course..continued
It is felt that through the mandatory certification
program and the operator training couses, the overall
competence of the operators throughout the state will
be greatly increased. Increased operational efficiency,
accomplished by operator training will greatly benefit
the State surface waters.
3. STREAM SURVEILLANCE
a. Existina program
The State of Iowa is currently carrying on the following
surface water surveillance programs:
Municipal Water Supplies - Currently 29 surface water
sources of municipal water supplies are being surveyed
of which 15 are located on interstate streams. Samples
are being collected send-annually by local officials
and the following analyses are made by the State Hygienic
Laboratory.
COD NA Cl
Hitrogen cycle K SO^
Solids CA HCO--CO
pH Mg Silica
Hardness Pe Specific conduct-
PC^ (Soluble) Mn ance
PO (Total) F
Six stream locations are under surveillance for ABS.
Pesticides Pesticide surveillance began in 1965 and is
presently being expanded to include smaller streams in
the state. Currently chlorinated hydrocarbons are being
analyzed at six stream locations.
Radioactivity Alpha and beta-gamma activity are being
determined on the total, dissolved and suspended solids
of the surface waters at 15 stream locations, 2 lake
locations and 3 impoundments. These samples are collected
on a monthly schedule.
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W.JP.C. Surveillance Network River stations are being
sampled generally on a monthly basis for the Water
Quality Surveillance System at Dubuque, Burlington
and Omaha. Sample Analyses include: plankton, radio-
activity, delayed incubation membrane coliform tests,
and extensive elemental and compound determinations.
Taste and Odor The Missouri River Public Water Supply
Association has furnished data on extensive taste and
odor studies relative to the Missouri River. Studies
were conducted on the Boyer, Soldier, Maple and Missouri
Rivers.
Cedar River research studies on biological precursors of
oderiferous compounds have been in progress since 1961.
The Des Moinss River is also receiving similar surveill-
ance because of "fish taints". The State Hygienic
Laboratory is conducting the research in conjunction with
the State Conservation Commission, the Iowa State Depart-
ment of Health and the Water Pollution Control Commission.
b. Proposed program
In addition to the current surveillance programs, the
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission plans the addition
of 66 new surface water sampling stations. The initiation
of these new stations and the frequency of sampling de-
pends upon financing and facilities being made available.
These proposed stations will survey additional reaches
of streams and the downstream conditions below waste water
treatment plant outlets. Initially it is proposed that
samples be collected semi-annually with the following
analyses being made:
BOD Turbidity Heavy metals* *Analysis at
COD Temp F* less frequent
NH^cycle PH Phenols* intervals
D. O. PO (Total) Cyanide*
Solids PO*(Soluble)
The designated recreational and water supply areas which
are downstream from a significant bacterial waste discharge
will be sampled with the Belp of local participation.
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b. Proposed program.... continued
Coordination of the Stream Surveillance Program will be
accomplished with other agencies also concerned with
stream quality. Those agencies are:
1. U. S. Geological Survey
2. Corps of Engineers
3. State Conservation Commission
4. State Universities
5. Bordering states
6. Public water supplies
By law the State Hygienic Laboratory provides laboratory
services for the Commission and the Health Department.
The Laboratory has the facilities and qualified personnel
to perform the necessary analyses required by the state
in its current surface water surveillance program. How-
ever, expansion of the Laboratory staff and facilities
will most likely be necessary when the proposed surveill-
ance program is initiated.
The locations of the existing and proposed sampling
stations for the various parameters involved in the
surveillance of waters of the state are tabulated in
Tables 8 and 9.
4. Existing Water Quality
The existing quality of a major portionof Iowa surface
waters is considered satisfactory for the present and
future water uses. It is the opinion of the Water
Pollution Control Commission that as a minimum effect
the Surface Water Quality Criteria will maintain the
quality of those waters currently in satisfactory condi-
tion and upgrade those waters of lower quality to support
the designated legitimate beneficial uses.
Table 10 is a tabulation of the data from one of the exist-
ing water quality surveillance programs collected over
the past five (5) years.
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4. Existing Water Quality....continued
In addition to the regular sampling stations, there has
been extensive miscellaneous sampling in routine pollution
investigations below municipalities and also entire
stream reaches. These samplings have generally included
pH, DO, BOD and Coliform MPN. These data are not pre-
sented since they are not easily retrievable and because the
pollutional conditions have since been or are in the process
of being corrected.
D. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
The following is a summary of the Water Pollution Control
Commission policies and programs to control and abate
pollution:
1. Municipal and Industrial Waste Treatment
a. Significant Pollution Sources
A listing of the significant pollution sources to surface
waters is shown in Table 11. This table divided into
the Mississippi and Missouri River Basins lists the
municipalities and major industries, the type of treatment
provided, the treatment needs and a time schedule for
construction of needed facilities. These listings will
change as new facilities are provided and existing facili-
ties depreciate or become overloaded.
This table also lists the downstream water uses which have
been categorized in the water quality criteria. Any
reach of stream not designated for a specific water use
will have its water quality governed by the general
criteria. The numerical listings represent the follow-
ing specific water use criteria:
1. Public water supply (point of withdrawal)
2. Aquatic life - Warm water area
2a. Aquatic life - Cold water area
3. Recreation
4. General Criteria
b. Compliance with Water Quality Criteria
Table 11 also presents the best estimate of treatment needs.
All municipalities on interior streams will generally need
secondary treatment and some already have two stage filt-
ration or other tertiary treatment furnishing up to
96% BOD removal.
-------
-31-
b. Compliance with Water Quality Criteria...continued...
At the present time the Missouri River is in compliance
with the criteria since the water quality is not degraded
by the discharge of wastes receiving primary treatment
due to dilution presently afforded. A greater variety
of beneficial water uses on the Mississippi river neces-
sitates coliform reduction in addition to primary treatment.
Generally a lesser degree of treatment than secondary on
these two large streams will not effect the water quality
criteria due to the great dilution available.
The characteristics of a receiving stream, including its
seven-day ten-year probable low flow, will continue to
be used in determining the type of treatment needed.
Treatment less than secondary will not be accepted on
low flow streams unless it can be shown that legitimate
uses can be protected with a lesser degree of treatment.
All industries will be required to provide the same
degree of treatment or control that is required of
municipalities on the same reach of the stream. This
degree of treatment will generally be the equivalent
of secondary treatment. A more complete inventory of
industrial plants and their pollution producing potential
is underway.
Table 12, showing the Municipal Sewerage Systems in Iowa
as of December 31, 1966 presents some of the treatment
needs. 97.6% of the sewered population is provided with
treatment facilities and the majority of the remaining
39 communities with a combined population of 42,427 are
under orders to provide treatment. It will be noted 466
communities out of the total of 944 do not have community
sewer systems. The majority of these communities are
under 500 population (average 280 pop.) and do not
present serious pollution problems. Federal financing
programs have stimulated great interest in sewer systems
and treatment facilities among these small communities.
Knowledge regarding the extent of pollution caused by
nutrients from sewage treatment plants is limited and
may be relatively insignificant compared with nutrients
from land wash. Further research in both areas is
necessary before considering a time schedule for nutrient
removal.
-------
-32-
b. Compliance with Water Quality Criteria..continued..
Thermal pollution has not constituted a problem but may
grow important with growing power production and a trend
to very large plants.
Supplemental irrigation is very limited and return flows
create no solids buildup problem.
c. Construction Schedules
Table 11 indicates the time schedule for the municipality
or industry that has been established by the Water Pollu-
tion Control Commission to bring about compliance with
.the standards. Contract award dates have been given for
projects where the Commission has given an order to pro-
ceed with pollution abatement. Project completion dates
have not been set by the Commission due to the great
variability and uncertainty of construction projects.
Projects listed with the July 1, 1972 date will be ex-
pected to have construction underway by that date. More
specific and earlier time schedules will be established
by the Commission in most instances. If it appears that
there will not be compliance with the construction time
schedules, the Commission will hold a hearing and issue
orders setting up the construction schedule.
As time progresses, additional schedules will be set
according to the available data on stream quality surveys
and monitoring which will be expanded to cover all the
streams of the state where pollution can occur.
A project completion schedule typical of those which have
been negotiated or ordered by the Water Pollution Control
Commission is as follows:
Orders for pollution abatement
Preliminary report due in 6 months
Final design due in 6 months
Contract award due in 4 months
Construction completed in 6-24 months
Since nearly all present and future municipal treatment
plant construction will be partially financed by Federal
grant funds, certain time allowances have been incorpor-
ated to allow 'for Federal processing of grant applications
and a review of design plans and specifications.
-------
-33-
c. Construction Schedules..continued...
Ample Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
construction grant funds will be available for all
projects on a "first come-first served" basis if
Congressional appropriations are made at authorized
levels.
2. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
It has been the policy of the State Department of Health
since 1930 not to approve combined sewer systems and
has recommended a program of complete separation of
sanitary and storm sewers. Under the Iowa Water Pollution
Law, the overflow from the combined sewers is pollution
and the Water Pollution Control Commission has taken
the position of recommending the separation of the systems.
It is recognized that separation is a long and costly
project since the combined systems are located in the older
and larger cities where development has increased their
replacement costs. A majority of the cities have accepted
recommendations to initiate a sewer separation program on
a schedule spaced over a period of time.
3. AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERS
Agricultural pollution in the State of Iowa occurs basically
in three forms:
1. Turbidity from soil erosion
2. Toxicity from agricultural chemicals
3. Wastes from feedlots
The Commission has appointed an Agricultural Advisory
Committee comprised of faculty members from two of the
State Universities to assist the Commission in matters
relating to agricultural wastes. This committee is
subject to call by the Commission to study specific
agricultural problems and to make recommendations for
corrective action. The lack of practicable methods for
corrective action precludes the setting of a timetable
without further research and technology.
Soil Erosion
Currently there is no legislation requiring farmland
owners and operators to practice soil and water conser-
vation measures which control farmland runoff. Soil
-------
-34-
Soil Erosion...continued...
erosion and consequent turbidity in the receiving streams
is an increasing problem throughout the State of Iowa.
Several factors contribute to the problem of erosion.
Agriculturalists expect at least 18 million acres of
corn and soybeans will be grown in Iowa by 1970, an
increase of 4 million acres over 1964. To get this
increased acreage, farmers on rolling farm land are
farming their steeper land much more instensively to row
crops than in the past and erosion is accelerated great-
ly. Less pasture and hay land is needed as dairying
decreases in Iowa, therefore, much of the land formerly
in rotation meadow and pasture is now in row crops.
This reduces the use of strip cropping tremendously. As
farms get larger, farmers are reluctant to use any con-
servation practices that slow down planting and caring
for row crops. Thus the use of contouring, older style
terracing and waterways have been difficult to maintain
and expand.
The State Soil Conservation Committee is carrying on an
active program through its Soil Conservation Districts
to assist landowners and operators in developing soil
conservation plans. Currently over 60,000 farmers have
developed soil conservation plans for over 12,500,000
farmland acres using the advice and aid of the Soil
Conservation District offices.
The Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture is active in planning and financing water-
shed programs under Public Law 566 to reduce soil erosion.
Currently 635,000 acres of watershed have been developed
or are under construction and an additional 800,000 acres
are in the planning stages.
Marked results in soil loss reduction have been effected
on lands under soil management programs; however, these
programs cover less than half the farmland acreage. In
addition, changing farming practices and the trend to-
ward larger farms and machinery as described previously
tend to increase the erosion problem.
The Water Pollution Control Commission endorses the action
of the State Soil Conservation Committee, the Soil Conser-
vation Service and others, and plans to continue to work
with them to further reduce agricultural wastes resulting
from erosion.
-------
-35-
Aqricultural Chemicals
With the increasing demand for higher yields, farmers
are increasing the amount of herbicides, pesticides and
fertilizer applications to their lands. Invariably,
considerable amounts of these chemicals find their way
to the waters of the state. In sufficient concentration
many of these chemicals can exert a toxic effect upon
the aquatic life present in the receiving water.
Fertilizers of nitrate and phosphate base supply nutrients
which can support undesirable algal populations capable
of producing taste and odors or possible toxic wastes.
The control of these wastes must be in the application
methods and the prevention of farmland runoff.
The state has been monitoring the surface waters since
1965 for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide levels. Plans
are being made for the expansion of the monitoring
program.
Feedlot Wastes
An increasing potential source of stream pollution is the
waste from sizeable farm feedlots. Currently there are
100 farms feeding over 1,000 head of cattle, 10 farms
feeding over 2,500 hogs and 2 farms raising over 50,000
chickens. Although there are few records available re-
garding feedlot waste problems in the state, a few
individual cases indicate that some problems of pollution
do exist. The increasing concentration of livestock on
fewer farms and the resulting larger operations will
present additional waste disposal problems.
A study committee comprised of three Commission members,
two agricultural engineers and a veterinarian from Iowa
State University was formed in November of 1966 to study
the feedlot waste problem and recommend corrective measures
toward waste control. The committee advised the Commission
that:
1. Feedlots can be a source of considerable stream
pollution when improperly designed.
2. A permit system for large operations may be a
control measure.
3. Education of the feedlot owners may produce
effective results to control feedlot runoff.
4. The control of feedlot wastes could be insti-
gated through Rules and Regulations of the
Commission.
-------
-36-
Feedlot Wastes...continuedi.*.
As additional information and experience becomes
available providing an effective means of control-
ling feedlot wastes, the Commission will consider and
adopt those measures which are best suited to control
the pollution problem.
4. WASTE FROM BOATS AND MARINAS
Wastes from marinas and boats in the opinion of the
Water Pollution Control Commission and the State Con-
servation Commission do not currently present a serious
pollutional problem to the state waters. Representatives
of the State Conservation Commission and State Depart-
ment of Health attended a joint meeting with western
bordering states, concerning marina and boat wastes, to
discuss methods for the prevention of pollution from
these sources.
It is the plan of the Water Pollution Control Commission
and the State Conservation Commission to initiate legis-
lation in the next General Assembly that would control
marina and boat wastes. It is anticipated that the
legislation will require holding tanks which store wastes
from marine toilets for subsequent shore disposal. Suf-
ficient time will be incorporated in the legislation to
allow existing facilities to comply with the requirements.
-------
-37-
SECTION IV
PUBLIC HEARINGS
The Iowa Surface Water Quality Criteria are designed
to protect the waters of the state for those present
and future uses which are most beneficial to the people.
To accomplish this goal, the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission developed tentative standards and presented
these to the public at seven public hearings throughout
the state.
The procedures which the Commission followed to conduct
the public hearings are outlined and discussed below:
1. Hearing Notice
The Commission distributed 6500 hearing notices
to all parties interested and affected by the criteria.
Those maim groups which received hearing notices were:
Agriculture, Conservation, Government, Industry, and
Municipalities. The distribution list is shown in
Appendix A-l. The hearing notice contained the follow-
ing information:
a. Hearing locations, times, etc.
b. Explanation of hearing
c. Streams and water sheds pertaining to each
hearing location(map)
d. Tentative criteria
A copy of the hearing notice is presented in Appendix A-2.
2. Hearing Advertisement
The Commission advertised the hearing times and
locations in the newspapers of the seven municipalities
where the hearings were scheduled in three publications
at weekly intervals. The newspapers and publication
dates and copies of the advertisement of the hearings
are shown in Appendix A-3 and 4 respectively.
3. Hearing Proceedings
At the opening of each hearing a Commission member
acting as chairman read the opening statement which is
presented in Appendix A-5. The statement presented the
history of the proposed criteria, application of the
criteria, purpose of the public hearing and the means by
which the criteria will be enforced.
-------
-38-
3. Hearing Proceedings ... continued...
All seven public hearings were well attended by a
broad representation of the public interested and affect-
ed by the proposed criteria. A listing of all those
attending and those who presented oral or written state-
ments is shown in Appendix A-6. Attendance averaged
over 100 persons per hearing.
4. Statements
Oral and written statements presented at each hearing
expressed the interests of all major groups, organizations
and individuals. Tape recordings were made at all hear-
ing locations and a summary of statements presented was
compiled and is presented in Appendix A-7.
Upon completion of the seven hearings the Commission re-
viewed the opinions expressed towards all aspects of the
proposed criteria. It was felt that much was gained
towards knowledge of public opinion concerning the criteria
and changes that were proposed.
A majority of statements presented were in total agree-
ment with the proposed criteria. The remaining state-
ments were again in agreement with the criteria with some
exceptions regarding parameters, water uses or classi-
fications .
Upon review of the hearing record and data available
the Commission revised the proposed criteria and adopted
them as the Iowa Surface Water Criteria on February 28,
1967.
*Appendices A-l through A-7 referred to in Section IV
have been omitted from this copy.
-------
TABLES
FIGURES
-------
-39-
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-41-
TABLE 2
Public Surface Water Supplies
Lake or Stream Supply
Municipality
Adel
Arnolds Park
Bedford
Burlington
Cedar Rapids
Clarinda
Clear Lake
Council Bluffs
Davenport
Des Moines
Fort Madison
Glenwood
Iowa City
Keokuk
Lake Park
Milford
Okoboji
Ottumwa
Panora
Spirit Lake
Source
Raccoon River
W. Okoboji Lake
*102 River
*Mississippi River
*Cedar River
*Nodaway River
Clear Lake
*Missouri River
*Mississippi River
Raccoon River
*Mississippi River
Keg Creek
Iowa River
*Mississippi River
Silver Lake
W. Okoboji Lake
W. Okoboji Lake
*Des Moines River
Raccoon River
Spirit Lake
Consumption
MOD
0.2 mgd
0.2
0.15
5.0
Standby
0.5
0.5
6.0
14.0
30.0
1.2
0.1
4.0
3.0
0.1
0.15
0.1
5.0
0.1
0.5
Treatment
Provided
F S D
n
(i it
ft n n
« n n
«» ii
11 11
ii ti it
it ii
ii ii ii
ii n
ii ii ii
it ii ii
ii it n
ii it ii
ii
it
ii ii ii
ft n !•
II II II
* Denotes Interstate Stream
F - Filtration S - Softening
D - Disinfection
Impoundments
Afton
Albia
Allerton
Blcornfield
Centerville
Chariton
Corning
Corydon
Creston
Fairfield
Greenfield
Humeston
Lamoni
Lenox
Montezuma
Mount Ayr
Osceola
Seymour
Tabor
-------
TABLE 3
AQUATIC LIFE - WARM WATER AREAS
-43-
Streams
Missouri River Basin
* Chariton River
* Thompson River
* Nodaway River
E. Nodaway River
W. Nodaway River
Mid. Nodaway River
* Nishnabotna River
E. Nishnabotna River
W. Nishnabotna River
* Missouri River
Boyer River
* Little Sioux River
*0cheyedan River
W. Fk. Little Sioux
Maple River
* Big Sioux River
*Rock River
Mississippi River Basin
* Des Moines River
*E. Fk. Des Moines River
*W. Fk. Des Moines River
Middle River
Raccoon River
S. Raccoon River
N. Raccoon River
M. Raccoon River
Boone River
Skunk River
N. Skunk River
S. Skunk River
Reach of Stream
Missouri State Line to Bridge on Highway
#65
Missouri State Line to Union County Line
Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nodaway
Nodaway to Highway #148
Nodaway to Morton Hills
Nodaway to Adair County Line
Missouri State Line to confluence of East
and West Nishnabotna
Nishnabotna to Atlantic
Nishnabotna to Avoca
Western Iowa border from Missouri State
Line to Sioux City
Missouri River to Denison
Missouri River to Milford
Little Sioux River to Highway #9
Little Sioux River to Climbing Hill
Little Sioux River to Ida Grove
Missouri River to Minnesota State Line
Big Sioux River to Minnesota State Line
Mississippi River to confluence of East
and West Forks of Des Moines River
Des Moines River to Burt
Des Moines River to Minnesota State Line
Des Moines River to Town of Middle River
Des Moines River to confluence of North
and South Raccoon
Raccoon River to Guthrie Center
Raccoon River to Buena Vista County
Line
Raccoon River to Coon Rapids
Des Moines River to Goldfield
Mississippi River to confluence of North
and South Skunk
Skunk River to Highway #92
Skunk River to Colfax
-------
-44-
TABLE 3 CONTINUED
*Mississippi River
Iowa River
*Cedar River
W. Fk. Cedar River
*Shell Rock River
*Winnebago River
*Little Cedar
English River
*Wapsinicon River
Buffalo Creek
Little Wapsipinicon River
Maquoketa River
N. Fk. Maquoketa River
Turkey River
Little Turkey River
Crane Creek
Volga River
Yellow River
*Upper Iowa River
Eastern Iowa border from Missouri
State Line to Minnesota State Line
Mississippi River to Belmond
Iowa River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Cerro Gordo County Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Shell Rock River to Minnesota State Line
Cedar River to Minnesota State Line
Iowa River to Kinross
Mississippi River to Minnesota State Line
Wapsipinicon River to Stanley
Wapsipinicon River to Sumner
Mississippi River to Backbone State Park
Maquoketa River to Dyersville
Mississippi River to Vernon Springs
Turkey River to Highway #24
Little Turkey River to Saratoga
Turkey River to Maynard
Mississippi River to Highway #51
Mississippi River to Chester
* Denotes Interstate Stream
-------
-45-
TABLE 4
NATURAL LAKES
County
Allamakee
Buena Vista
Calhoun
Cerro Gordo
Clay
Delaware
Dickinson
Emmet
Hamilton
Hancock
Harrison
Johnson
Kossuth
Lee
Louisa
Monona
Muscatine
Os ceo la
Palo Alto
Pocahontas
Pottavattamie
Sac
Winnebago
Woodbury
Worth
Wright
Lakes
Kains Lake
Lansing Big
Storm Lake
North Twin
Clear
Dan Greene Slough
Elk
Silver
Center
Diamond
East Okoboji
Lower Gar
Upper Gar
Minnewashta
Hottes
Jenmerson Slough
Little Spirit
Cheevers
Four Mile
High
Iowa
Little Wall
Crystal
Eagle
Nobles (Pott. Co,)
Babcocks
Goose
Green Bay
Wapello (Klum)
Blue
Keokuk
Rush
Five Island (Medium)
Lost Island
Rush
Clear
Manawa
Black Hawk (Wall)
Duck (Harmon)
Browns
Brights
Cornelia
Acres
200
679
3,060
569
3,643
285
261
45
264
166
1,875
_.-
«•«»••
<•••••
312
100
214
341
219
467
308
273
283
906
160
58
103
272
212
918
511
359
945
1,260
460
187
660
957
72
840
122
385
Lakes
Mud
New Albin Big
Pickeral (Clay Co.)
South Twin
Round
Trumbull
Marble
Pleasant
Prairie
Silver
Spirit
Swan
Welch
West Okoboji
Ingham
Tut tie
Twelve Mile
West Swan
East Twin
West Twin
Swan
Swag
Muscatine Slough
Iowa
Silver
Virgin
Lizzard
Rice (Worth Co.)
Silver
Elm
Acres
164
200
176
600
450
1,190
175
82
136
1,068
5,684
371
75
3,939
421
981
290
1,038
193
109
44
46
237
116
638
200
268
612
318
463
-------
-47-
TABLE 5
Artificial Lakes
County
Ad air
Carroll
Cass
Davis
Decatur
Des Moines and Henry
Franklin
Greene
Guthrie
Hancock
Hardin
Hardin
Jasper
Johnson
Lucas
Mahaska
Monroe
Montgomery
0'Brien
Shelby
Tama
*Taylor
Union
Van Buren
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Lake
Meadow Lake
Swan Lake
Cold Springs
Lake Wapello
Nine Eagles
Geode
Beeds Lake
Spring Lake
Springbrook
Pilot Knob
Pine Lake
Upper Pine Lake
Rock Creek Lake
Lake MacBride
Red Haw Hill
Lake Keomah
Miami
Viking Lake
Mill Creek
Prairie Rose
Union Grove
Lake of Three Fires
Green Valley Lake
Lacey-Keosauqua
Lake Ahquabi
Lake Darling
Allerton
Acres
42
130
16
287
56
205
130
49
27
15
63
101
640
950
72
82
143
150
25
218
110
125
390
30
130
302
115
On lakes of over 100 acres no motor in excess of 6 H.P. allowed.
-------
-49-
TABLE 6
AQUATIC LIFE USE - COLD WATER AREAS
COUNTY
ALLAMAKEE
STREAM MILES
CLAYTON
DELAWARE
DUBUQUE
FAYETTE
HOWARD
Bear Creek 1
Clear Creek 1
French Creek 4
Hickory Creek 4
Little Paint Creek 2.5
Livingood Springs and
Yellow River Confluence area 1
Paint Creek 7
Teeple Creek 2.5
Village Creek 6
Waterloo Creek 6.5
Wexford Creek 1.5
Bloody Run Creek 9
Buck Creek 6
Ensign Hollow 2
Joy Springs & Maquoketa Riv. 2
Klienlein Creek 3
North Cedar Creek 2
Plum Creek 1.5
South Cedar Creek 3
Turkey River Adjacent to Big
Springs Hatchery .75
Elk Creek 1
Maquoketa River 2
Richmond Springs 1
Spring Branch 2
Turkey Creek 1
Plum Creek .5
Swiss Valley Creek 1.5
Glovers Creek 1
Grannis Creek 1
Mink Creek 2
Otter Creek 4
Bigalk Creek
-------
Table 6 cont.
-50-
COUNTY
JACKSON
MITCHELL
STREAM
Big Mill greek
Brush Creek
Dalton Lake
Little Mill Creek
Spring Creek
Turtle Creek
Wapsie River
MILES
WINNESHIEK
Bohemian Creek
Coldwater Creek
North Bear Creek
South Bear Creek
Trout River
Trout Run
Twin Springs
West Canoe Creek
1.5 acres
5
2
2
2.5
3
2.5
5
5
2.5
2
0.5
-------
-51-
TABLE 7
DESIGNATED RECREATION AREAS ON IOWA STREAMS
River or Stream Areas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
NEAREST TOWN
Minnesota-Missouri
A Id en
Anamosa
Bonaparte
Cedar Falls
Cedar Rapids
Central City
Charles City
Clarksville
Coralville Reservoir
Decorah
Delhi
Des Moines
Elkader
Fort Dodge
Greene
Hopkinton
Humboldt
Independence
Iowa City
Iowa Falls
Lime Springs
Manchester
Maquoketa
Mitchell
Monticello
Nashua
Oakland Mills
Ottumwa
Palisade State Park
Quasqueton
Red Rock Reservoir
Saylorville Reservoir
Steamboat Rock
Waterloo
Waver ly
STREAM
Mississippi River
Iowa River
Wapsipinicon River
Des Moines River
Cedar River
Cedar River
Wapsipinicon River
Cedar River
Shell Rock River
Iowa River
Upper Iowa River
Maquoketa River
Des Moines River
Turkey River
Des Moines River
Shell Rock River
Maquoketa River
Des Moines River
Wapsipinicon River
Iowa River
Iowa River
Upper Iowa River
Maquoketa River
Maquoketa River
Cedar River
Maquoketa River
Cedar River
Skunk River
Des Moines River
Cedar River
Wapsipinicon River
Des Moines River
Des Moines River
Iowa River
Cedar River
Cedar River
RECREATION ZONE
Iowa Border
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Recreation Pool
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
Recreation Pool
(Under construction)
Recreation Pool
(Under construction)
Above Dam
Above Dam
Above Dam
-------
-52-
Table 7 cont.
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LAKES
All natural and artificial lakes listed in TABLES 4 and 5 Aquatic Life
Warm Water Areas shall be also classified for Recreational Use.
FUTURE POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS FOR RECREATIONAL USE;
When the following reservoirs are built their impounded waters will be
classified for Recreational Use.
NAME
Ames Reservoir
Central City Reservoir
Davids Creek Reservoir
Jefferson Reservoir
Rathbun Reservoir
Rochester Reservoir
Squaw Creek Reservoir
STREAM
Skunk River
Wapsipinicon
Davids Creek
Raccoon River
Chariton River
Cedar River
Squaw Creek
STATUS
Authorized
Authorized
Needs Authorization
Study Conducted
Authorized
Authorized
Planning Stage
-------
-53-
TABLE 8
SURFACE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
ABS, PESTICIDES AND RADIOACTIVITY
ABS
PESTICIDES
RADIOACTIVITY
STREAMS
Cedar River
Des Moines River
Des Moines River
Iowa River
Raccoon River
Cedar River
Iowa River
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Missouri River
Raccoon River
Big Sioux River
Cedar River
Des Moines River
Iowa River
Mississippi River
Missouri River
Raccoon River
Skunk River
Lakes
Clear Lake
Okoboji
Impoundments
Corning
Fairfield
Greenfield
LOCATION
Cedar Rapids
Des Moines upstream
Des Moines downstream
Iowa City
Des Moines (IPALCO)
Cedar Rapids
Iowa City
Dubuque
Davenport
Council Bluffs
Des Moines
Hawarden
Osage
Cedar Rapids
Des Moines upstream
Des Moines downstream
Estherville
Ottumwa
Iowa City
Lansing
Dubuque
Davenport
Ft, Madison
Sioux City
Council Bluffs
Des Moines
Ames
-------
-55-
TABLE 9
SURFACE WATER SAMPLING STATIONS
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES AND MAJOR CITIES
Stream
Big Sioux River
Cedar River
Charitem River
Des Moines River
East Fork Des Moines River
Fox River
Little Sioux
Mido Fork Medicine Creek
Mississippi River
Missouri River
Nishnabotna River
Nodaway River
102 River
Rock River
Location
Hawarden
Sioux City
St. Ansgar
Charles City
Waterloo
Cedar Rapids
Columbus Jet,
Chariton
Centerville
Fort Dodge
Des Moines
Ottumwa
Keokuk
Do1liver
Dakota City
Bloomfield
Spencer
Cherokee
Jet. with Mo,
Allerton
Dubuque
Clinton
Davenport
Burlington
Fort Madison
Keokuk
Sioux City
Council Bluffs
Hamburg
Clarinda
Bedford
Rock Rapids
Jet. with Big Sioux
A, B
A*
A
A, B
A, B
A*, B
A, B
B
A, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A
A
A
A, B
A, B
A, B
A
B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A*, B
A, B
A*, B
A*, B
A, B
A
-------
TABLE 9 CONTINUED
-56-
Streata
Shell Roclc River
Upper Iowa River
VJapsipinicon River
West Fork Des Moines River
Winnebago River
Location
Northwood A
Decorah A, B
New Albin B
Independence A, B
Anamosa A, B
Jet. with Mississippi A
Estherville A, B
Emmetsburg A, B
Humboldt A
Lake Mills A
Mason City A, B
A - Location above water supply inlet or waste outlet
B - Location below waste outlet after adequate mixing
* - Locations presently sampled
-------
-57-
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APPENDIX B
-------
APPENDIX B
Iowa
Water Pollution
Control Law
CODE OF IOWA
1966
IOWA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COMMISSION
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
ROBERT LUCAS BUILDING
DES MOINES, IOWA 50319
-------
APPENDIX B
Address Communications To:
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
Iowa State Department of Health
Robert Lucas Building
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
Telephone 281-5345
-------
APPENDIX B
CHAPTER 455B
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Referred to in J455.22
Pesticides, §206.3, subsection 2(d)
455B.1 Statement of policy.
455B.2 Definitions.
455B.3 Commission created.
455B.4 Membership.
455B.5 Terms.
455B.6 Vacancies—removal of member.
455B.7 Compensation.
455B.8 Organization.
455B.9 Powers and duties.
455B.10 Investigations.
455B.11 Orders.
455B.12 Scope of investigation.
455B.13 Quality standards.
455B.14 Permission to enter lands or waters.
455B.15 Hearings.
455B.16 Subpoena.
455B.17 Notice of hearing—orders—records.
455B.18 Appeal.
455B.19 Transcript on appeal.
455B.20 Stay order.
455B.21 Conclusiveness of action.
455B.22 Trial term.
455B.23 Injunction.
455B.24 Contempt—penalty.
455B.25 Unlawful acts.
455B.26 Plans of every disposal system to be
filed.
455B.27 Assistance by governmental agencies.
455B.28 Discharge of waste into lakes.
455B.1 Statement of policy. Whereas the
pollution of the waters of this state constitutes
a menace to public health and welfare, creates
public nuisances, is harmful to wildlife, fish
and aquatic life, and impairs domestic, agri-
cultural, industrial, recreational and other
legitimate beneficial uses of water, and
whereas the problem of water pollution in this
state is closely related to the problem of water
pollution in adjoining states, it is hereby de-
clared to be the public policy of this state to
conserve the waters of the state and to protect,
maintain and improve the quality thereof for
public water supplies, for the propagation of
wildlife, fish and aquatic life, and for domestic,
agricultural, industrial, recreational and other
legitimate (beneficial) uses; to provide that
no waste be discharged into any waters of the
state without first being given the degree of
treatment necessary to protect the legitimate
(beneficial) uses of such waters; to provide for
-3-
-------
APPENDIX B
the prevention, abatement and control of new,
increasing, potential, or existing water pollu-
tion; and to co-operate with other agencies of
the state, agencies of other states and the fed-
eral government in carrying out these ob-
jectives. [61GA, ch 375,§1]
455B.2 Definitions. When used in this chap-
ter:
1. "Sewage" means the water-carried waste
products from residences, public buildings, in-
stitutions, or other buildings, including the
bodily discharges from human beings or ani-
mals together with such ground water infil-
tration and surface water as may be present.
2. "Industrial waste" means any liquid,
gaseous or solid waste substance resulting
from any process of industry, manufacturing,
trade or business or from the development of
any natural resource.
3. "Other waste" means garbage, municipal
refuse, lime, sand, ashes, offal, oil, tar, chem-
icals and all other substances which are not
sewage or industrial waste which may pollute
the waters of the state.
4. "Pollution" means the contamination of
any waters of the state so as to create a nui-
sance or render such waters unclean, noxious
or impure so as to be actually harmful, detri-
mental or injurious to public health, safety
or welfare, to domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural or recreational use or to livestock,
wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic life.
5. "Sewer system" means pipe lines or con-
duits, pumping stations, force mains and all
other constructions, devices and appliances
appurtenant thereto used for conducting sew-
age or industrial waste or other wastes to a
point of ultimate disposal.
6. "Treatment works" means any plant, dis-
posal field, lagoon, holding or flow regulating
basin, pumping station, or other works in-
stalled for the purpose of treating, stabilizing
or disposing of sewage, industrial waste or
other wastes.
7. "Disposal system" means a system for
disposing of sewage, industrial waste and
other wastes and includes sewer systems,
treatment works, and dispersal systems.
8. "Waters of the state" means all streams,
lakes, ponds, marshes, watercourses, water-
ways, wells, springs, reservoirs, aquifers, irri-
gation systems, drainage systems, and all other
bodies or accumulations of water, surface or
underground, natural or artificial, public or
private, which are contained within, flow
through or border upon the state or any por-
tion thereof.
-4-
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APPENDIX B
9. "Person" means the state or any agency
or institution thereof, any municipality, gov-
ernmental subdivision, public or private cor-
poration, individual, partnership, or other
entity and includes any officer or governing or
managing body of any municipality, govern-
mental subdivision or public or private corpo-
ration.
10. "Commission" means the Iowa water
pollution control commission. [61GA, ch
375,§2]
Referred to in {4S6B.2S
455B.3 Commission created. There is here-
by created and established the Iowa water
pollution control commission. The commis-
sion is established as an agency of the state
government to prevent, abate, or control the
pollution of the waters of the state. [61GA,
ch 375,§3]
455B.4 Membership. The commission shall
consist of nine members as follows:
1. The commissioner of public health.
2. The director of the state conservation
commission.
3. The director of the Iowa natural resources
council.
4. A member from the staff of one of the
universities or colleges of the state who has
technical background, training and knowledge
in the field of water pollution.
5. The secretary of agriculture.
6. Four electors of the state who shall be
selected from the state at large solely with
regard to their qualifications and fitness to
discharge the duties of office without regard
to their political affiliation. Of these four, one
shall represent industry, one shall represent
municipal government, one shall be an owner-
operator farmer, and one shall represent the
public at large. [61GA, ch 375,§4]
455B.5 Terms. The members of the com-
mission not holding public office shall be ap-
pointed by the governor for overlapping terms
of six years. The members of the first com-
mission not holding public office shall be ap-
pointed for the following terms: two electors
for a term to expire July 1, 1967; two electors
for a term to expire July 1, 1969; and a mem-
ber of one of the state universities for a term
to expire July 1, 1971. Said terms shall begin
immediately upon the appointment. Thereafter
the term of each member of the commission
shall be six years. [61GA, ch 375,§5]
455B.6 Vacancies—removal of member. Any
vacancy or vacancies on the commission which
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APPENDIX B
may occur shall be filled by appointment by
the governor for the unexpired portion of the
regular term.
The governor may remove any member of
the commission for malfeasance in office or
for any cause that renders him ineligible for
membership or incapable or unfit to discharge
the duties of his office and his removal when
so made shall be final. [61GA, ch 375,§6]
455B.7 Compensation. Each member of the
commission, not otherwise in the full-time em-
ployment of any public body, shall receive the
sum of twenty-five dollars for each day actually
and necessarily employed in the discharge of
official duties and each member of the com-
mission shall be entitled to receive the amount
of his traveling and other necessary expenses
actually incurred while engaged in the per-
formance of any official duties when so author-
ized by the commission. No member of the
commission shall have any direct financial in-
terest in any of the operations of the commis-
sion, nor may any member participate in mak-
ing any decision in which he may have a per-
sonal interest. [61GA, ch 375,§71
455B.8 Organization. The commission shall
organize by the election of a chairman and
other officers deemed necessary and the state
department of health shall provide the services
of a technical secretary to the commission and
shall hold quarterly regular meetings each
calendar year on the last Monday of each quar-
ter and at such other times and places as it
may deem necessary. The chairman and other
officers shall be elected annually. Meetings
may be called by the chairman at any time and
shall be called as soon as possible by the chair-
man on the written request of four members
of the commission. The majority of the com-
mission shall constitute a quorum and the
concurrence of a majority of the commission
in any matter within its duties shall be re-
quired for its determination. [61GA, ch 375,§8]
455R.9 Powers and duties. The commission
is hereby given and. charged with the follow-
ing powers and duties:
1. The commission through the state depart-
ment of health shall have general supervision
over administration and enforcement of all
laws relating to the pollution of any water of
the state, except as provided in section 135.11.
2. To develop comprehensive plans and pro-
grams for the prevention, control and abate-
ment of new, increasing, potential, or existing
pollution of the waters of the state.
3. The commission may cause the state de-
partment of health to conduct investigations
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APPENDIX B
upon the written petition of:
a. The governing body of any city or town.
b. The local board of health.
c. The supervisors of any county.
d. Twenty-five residents of the state.
e. Any state agency or agencies.
4. To adopt, modify, or repeal such reason-
able quality standards for any waters of the
state in relation to the public use to which
they are or may be put as it shall deem neces-
sary for the purposes of this chapter.
Provided that where the quality of water is
inter-related to the quantity of water the con-
currence of the Iowa natural resources council
shall be secured for the adoption, modification
or repeal of such standards, prior to the effec-
tive date thereof.
5. To require plans and specifications for
disposal systems or any part thereof to be sub-
mitted to them for approval or disapproval by
the state department of health.
6. To direct the state department of health
to issue, revoke, modify, or deny permits,
under such conditions as it may prescribe for
the prevention or abatement of pollution, for
the discharge of sewage, industrial waste or
other wastes or for the installation or opera-
tion of disposal systems or parts thereof.
7. Existing permits shall be recognized by
the commission for the continuance of every
disposal system now operating under legal
authority. However, the commission may
modify or revoke such permit in the same
manner as other permits.
8. To prescribe rules and regulations for the
conduct of the commission and other matters
within the scope of the powers granted to and
imposed upon it.
9. The commission 'shall co-operate with
other state or interstate water pollution con-
trol agencies in establishing standards, ob-
jectives or criteria for quality of interstate
waters originating or flowing through this
state.
10. To hold such hearings as it may deem
advisable and necessary for the discharge of
its duties and to authorize any member, em-
ployee or agent to hold such hearings. [61GA,
ch 375,§9]
See SS456A.25. subsection 3, 469.6 to 469.8 inc.
455B.10 Investigations. The state depart-
ment of health shall conduct such investiga-
tions as may be necessary to carry out the
provisions of this chapter. [61GA, ch 375,§10]
455B.11 Orders. The state department of
health in accordance with the direction and
policies of the commission may issue, modify,
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APPENDIX B
or revoke such orders as may be required for
the prevention or discontinuance of the dis-
charge of sewage, industrial waste or other
wastes in any waters of the state resulting in
pollution in excess of the applicable quality
standard established by the commission.
[61GA, ch 375,111]
455B.12 Scope of investigation. Whenever
an investigation is made, it shall be full and
complete and may include such engineering
studies, bacteriological, biological, and chemi-
cal analyses of the water and location and
character of the source or sources of contami-
nation as may be necessary. If pollution is
found to exist, taking into consideration the
criteria set forth in section 455B.13, the com-
mission shall first notify the alleged offender
and by informal negotiation attempt to resolve
the problem and failing to do so within four-
teen days, up to and during which time nei-
ther the commission, nor any member of the
commission, nor its staff or employees shall
make any public statement regarding the firm
or individual as an alleged offender, shall then
make an order fixing the time and place of
hearing which shall be not later than twenty
days thereafter. Such hearing shall be public
and shall be conducted so far as possible in
the same manner as a court hearing and every
alleged offender shall have the right to ap-
pear, be represented by counsel, present testi-
mony and examine witnesses. [GIGA, ch 375,
§12]
Examinations made by bacteriological laboratory, J263.8
455B.13 Quality standards. In adopting,
modifying, or repealing quality standards for
any waters of the state, the commission shall
give consideration to:
1. The protection of the public health;
2. The size, depth, surface area covered,
volume, direction and rate of flow, stream
gradient, and temperature of the water;
3. The character and uses of the land area
bordering said waters;
4. The uses which have been made, are
being made, or may be made of said waters
for public, private, or domestic water sup-
plies, irrigation; livestock watering; propaga-
tion of wildlife, fish, and other aquatic life;
bathing, swimming, boating, or other recrea-
tional activity; transportation; and disposal of
sewage and wastes;
5. The extent of contamination resulting
from natural causes including the mineral and
chemical characteristics;
6. The extent to which floatable or settleable
solids may be permitted;
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APPENDIX B
7. The extent to which suspended solids.
colloids, or a combination of solids with other
suspended substances may be permitted;
8. The extent to which bacteria and other
biological organisms may be permitted;
9. The amount of dissolved oxygen that is to
be present and the extent of the oxygen de-
manding substances which may be permitted;
10. The extent to which toxic substances,
chemicals or deleterious conditions may be
permitted;
11. The need for standards for effluents from
disposal systems. [C1GA, ch 375,§13]
Referred to in J455E.12
455B.14 Permission to enter iands or waters.
The commission, its agents, and employees of
the state department of health may enter upon
any lands or waters in the state and bordering
on the state, for the purpose of making any in-
ves'.igaaon, examination, survey, or study con-
cerning the quality or pollution of surh waters.
[61GA, ch 375,§14]
-I55B.13 Hearings. When the commission
or state department of health conduct? any
hearing or investigation, any member of the
commission or any employee or agent au-
thorized in writing by the commission or em-
ployee of the state department of health may
administer oaths, examine witnesses and issue,
in the name of the commission, subpoenas re-
quiring the attendance and testimony of wit-
nesses and the production of evidence relevant
to any matter invch ed in such hearing or in-
vestigation. Witnesses shall receive the siine
fees and mileage as in civil actions. [61GA,
ch 375,§15]
455B.1C Subpoena. If any person refuses
to obey a subpoena issued under this chapter,
the district court of the county where the pro-
ceeding is pending shall have jurisdiction,
upon application of the commission or its au-
thorized member, employee, or agent, to issue
to such person an order requiring him to ap-
pear and testify or produce evidence and any
failure to obey such order of the court may be
punished by said court as a contempt thereof.
[61GA, ch 375,§16]
455B.17 Notice of hearing—orders—records.
1. Notice of the time and place of hearing
shall be served upon each alleged offender at
least ten days before said her ring. Such notice
shall be in tne manner required for the service
of notice of the commencement of an ordinary
action in a court of record.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsec-
tion 1 the commission or state department of
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APPENDIX B
health, when it has first been determined that
an emergency exists respecting any matter
affecting or likely to affect the public health,
may make a temporary order without notice
and without hearing. A copy of such tempo-
rary order shall be served as provided in sub-
section 1. Any such temporary order entered
by the commission or the state department of
health, shall be binding and effective immedi-
ately until such order is reviewed by a hear-
ing or is modified or reversed by the court.
3. After such hearing the commission may,
if it finds the alleged offender is guilty of the
charges, enter an order directing such person
to desist in the practice found to be the cause
of such pollution, taking into account the use
to which the water is being or may be put or
the commission upon the recommendation of
the state department of health may order a
change in the method of discharging sewage,
industrial wastes and other wastes into the
water so that the same will not result in pollu-
tion and the method shall be in compliance
with the effluent or water quality standards
adopted by the commission.
4. If any such change is ordered, unless such
practice is rendering such water dangerous to
the public health, a reasonable time shall be
granted to the offender in which to put in use
the method ordered.
5. The commission shall keep a complete
record of such proceedings, including all the
evidence taken, and such record shall be open
to public inspection. However, it shall be un-
lawful for any person in connection with his
duties or employment by the commission, to
make public or give any information relating
to secret processes or methods of manufacture
or production at any public hearing or other-
wise, and all such information shall be kept
strictly confidential. [61GA, ch 375,§17]
455B.18 Appeal. An appeal may be taken
by any aggrieved party from any order en-
tered in such proceedings to the district court
of the county in which the alleged offense was
committed or such final order was entered.
Such appeal shall be perfected by serving a
written notice on the chairman of the commis-
sion within thirty days of the entry of such
order. The hearing on appeal shall be tried as
a suit in equity and shall be de novo. The
court may receive additional testimony and
may affirm, modify or reverse the order of the
commission. The setting aside of such order
by the court shall not preclude the commission
from again instituting proceedings against the
same person if the commission feels that the
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APPENDIX B
public health is endangered.
§18]
[61GA, ch 375,
455B.19 Transcript on appeal. Within thirty
days after an application for an appeal is filed
with the commission, it shall make, certify and
file in the office of the clerk of the court to
which an appeal is taken a full and complete
transcript of all documents and papers relat-
ing to the case including a copy of the order,
rule, regulation or decision appealed from and
a copy of any findings of fact, rulings or con-
clusions of law made by the commission in
the matter. [61GA, ch 375,§19]
455B.20 Stay order. Action of the commis-
sion shall not be stayed by an appeal except
by order of the court for good cause shown by
the appellant. The granting of a stay may be
conditioned upon the furnishing by the appel-
lant of such reasonable security as the court
may direct. A stay may be vacated on appli-
cation of the commission or any other party
after hearing by the court. [61GA, ch 375,§20]
455B.21 Conclusiveness of action. If no ap-
peal is taken from an order, rule, regulation,
or other decision of the commission as pro-
vided by this chapter, or if the action of the
commission is affirmed on appeal, the action
of the commission in the matter involved shall
be deemed conclusive and the validity and rea-
sonableness thereof shall not be raised in any
other action or proceeding, but this shall not
preclude the commission from modifying or
rescinding its action. [61GA, ch 375,§21]
455B.22 Trial term. The first term after
appeal is taken shall be the trial term. [61GA,
ch 375,§22]
45515.23 Injunction. Any person, firm, cor-
poration, municipality, or any officer or agent
thereof causing pollution as defined in section
455B.2 of any waters of the state or placing or
causing to be placed any sewage, industrial
waste, or other wastes in a location where they
will probably cause pollution of any waters of
the state may be enjoined from continuing
such action.
It shall be the duty of the attorney general,
only upon the request of the commission, to
bring an action for an injunction against any
person, firm, corporation, municipality, or
agent thereof violating the provisions of this
section. In any such action, any previous
findings of the commission after due notice and
hearing shall be prima-facie evidence of the
fact or facts found therein. [GIGA, ch 375,§23]
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APPENDIX B
455B.24 Contempt—penalty. Failure to obey
any order issued under the provisions of this
chapter made by the commission with refer-
ence to matters pertaining to the pollution of
waters of the state shall constitute prima-facie
evidence of contempt. In such event the com-
mission may certify to the district court of the
county in which such alleged disobedience
occurred the fact of such failure. The district
court after notice, as prescribed by the court,
to the parties in interest shall then proceed to
hear the matter and if it finds that the order
was lawful and reasonable it shall order the
party to comply with the order. If the person
fails to comply with the court order, he shall
be punished for contempt.
Any person, firm, corporation, or any officer
or agent thereof found guilty of contempt
under this section shall be fined in a sum not
to exceed one hundred dollars for each offense.
The penalties provided in this section shall be
considered as additional to any penalty which
may be imposed under the law relative to
nuisances or any other statute relating to the
pollution of waters of the state and a convic-
tion under this section shall not be a bar to
prosecution under any other penal statute.
[61GA, ch 375J24]
455B.25 Unlawful acts.
1. It shall be unlawful to carry on any of the
following activities without first securing a
written permit from the state department of
health as may be required by the commission
for the disposal of all sewage, industrial waste,
or other wastes which are or may be dis-
charged into the waters of the state.
a. The construction, installation or mod.ifica-
tion of any disposal system or part thereof or
any extension or addition thereto.
b. The construction or use of any new outlet
for the discharge of any sewage or wastes di-
rectly into the waters of the state. However,
no permit shall be required for any new dis-
posal system or extension or addition to any
existing disposal system that receives only
domestic or sanitary sewage from a building,
housing or occupied by fifteen persons or less.
2. Plans and specifications for any waste
disposal system covered by subsection 1 of this
section shall be submitted to the commission
before a written permit may be issued and the
construction of any such waste disposal sys-
tem shall be in accordance with plans and
specifications as approved by the state depart-
ment of public health. If it is necessary or
desirable to make material changes in such
plans or specifications, revised plans or specifi-
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APPENDIX B
cations together with reasons for the proposed
changes must be submitted to the commission
for a supplemental written permit.
Any person convicted of violating this sec-
tion shall be fined in a sum not to exceed one
thousand dollars. [61GA, ch 375,§25]
455B.26 Plans of every disposal system to
be filed. The commission may require the
owner of a waste disposal system, discharging
sewage or wastes into any of the waters of the
state to file with it complete plans of the whole
or any part of such system and any other in-
formation and records concerning the installa-
tion and operation of such system. [61GA, ch
375,§26]
455B.27 Assistance by governmental agen-
cies. The commission and the state depart-
ment of health may request and receive from
any department, division, board, bureau, com-
mission, public body, or agency of the state,
or of any political subdivision thereof, or from
any organization, incorporated or unincor-
porated, which' has for its object the control or
use of any of the water resources of the state,
such assistance and data as will enable the
commission or department to properly carry
out its activities and effectuate its purposes
under the provisions of this chapter. The com-
mission or department shall reimburse such
agencies for special expense resulting from
expenditures not normally a part of the oper-
ating expenses of any such agency. [61GA,
ch 375,§27]
455B.28 Discharge of waste into lakes. No
sewage, industrial waste or other wastes
whether treated or untreated shall be dis-
charged directly into any state-owned natural
or artificial lake but this section shall not be
construed to prohibit the discharge of ade-
quately treated sewage or industrial wastes
into a stream tributary to a lake upon the
written permission of the commission. [GIGA,
ch 375,§28]
Appropriation, 61GA, ch 375,§35
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
135.11 Powers and duties. The commis-
sioner of public health shall be the head of the
"State Department of Health", which shall:
7. Make inspections of the public water sup-
plies, sewer systems, sewage treatment plants,
and garbage and refuse disposal plants
throughout the state, and direct the method of
installation and operation of the same.
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APPENDIX B
455A.25 When permit required. For the
purpose of administering sections 455A.19 to
455A.32, inclusive, a permit as herein provided
shall be required for the following:
3. Any person who diverts water or any
material from the surface directly into any
underground watercourse or basin. Provided,
however, that any diversion of water or mate-
rial from the surface directly into any under-
ground watercourse or basin existing upon
May 16, 1957 shall not require a permit if said
diversion does not create waste or pollution.
No permit shall be issued under this subsec-
tion until the approval of the Iowa water pol-
lution control commission has been obtained.
469.6 Certificate of approval. No permit
shall be granted for the construction or oper-
ation of a dam where the water is to be used
for manufacturing purposes, except to develop
power, until a certificate of the Iowa water
pollution control commission has been filed
with the council showing its approval of the
use of the water for the purposes specified in
the application. [C24, 27, 31, 35, 39,§7772; C46,
50, 54, 58, 62,§469.6; 61GA, ch 375,§30]
Iowa water pollution control commission, ch 455B
469.7 Application for certificate. When it
is proposed to use the water for manufactur-
ing purposes, except to develop power, or for
condensation purposes, application must be
made to the Iowa water pollution control com-
mission, accompanied by a description of the
proposed use of the water and what, if any,
substances are to be deposited in such water
and chemical changes made in the same, and
such other information as the department of
health may require to enable it to determine
the advisability of the issuance of such certifi-
cate. [C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, §7773; C46, 50, 54, 58,
62,§469.7; 61GA, ch 375,§31]
40ExGA, SF 186J4, editorially divided
Iowa water pollution control commission, ch 466B
469.8 Granting or refusing. If the Iowa
water pollution control commission is satisfied
that the use of the water in any such project
will not cause pollution of the same or render
it materially unwholesome or impure, or
deleterious to fish life, it may issue a certifi-
cate, and if it is not so satisfied, it shall refuse
to issue same. [C24, 27, 31, 35, 39,§7774; C46, 50,
54, 58, 62,§469.8; 61GA, ch 375,§32]
Iowa water pollution control commission, ch 465B
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APPENDIX B
ADDRESS COMMUNICATIONS TO:
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
Iowa State Department of Health
Robert Lucas Building
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
Telephone 281-5345
CP50043 11/67
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ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PKINTING OFFICE : 1969 O - 362-980
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