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-------
                                                                      26
                       Chapter V - Biological Data




                            NARRATIVE






     During October and November of  1972 an attempt was made to




monitor the Jackson-James Rivers between Covington and Lynchburg,




Virginia.  Due to limited personnel  and time, the program was




terminated after one sampling period.  We had decided to use the




benthic population as the biological parameter to measure water




quality.  Hester-Dendy artificial substrates were set in place for




a six-week exposure period to allow  the benthic population to build




up.




     Bottom organisms have been placed in three general categories




according to the severity of decomposable organic wastes which they




may tolerate.




     Intolerant (pollution sensitive) organisms are those organisms




that have not been found associated with even moderate levels of




organic contaminants and are generally intolerant of even moderate




reductions in dissolve1! oxygen.




     Facultative (intermdediate) organisms are those organisms having




a wide range of tolerance and frequently associated with moderate




levels of organic contamination.




     Tolerant organisms are those organisms frequently associated




with gross organic contamination and generally capable of thriving




under anaerobic conditions.
-------
                                                                       27
     In unpolluted streams a wide variety of intolerant clean




water associated bottom organisms are normally found.  Typical




groups are stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, and riffle beetles.




These sensitive organisms ususally are not individually abundant




because of natural predation and competition for food and space;




however, the total count or number of organisms at a given station




may be high because of the different varieties present.  Sensitive




genera (kinds) tend to be eliminated by adverse environmental




conditions (e.g., chemical and/or physical) resulting from wastes




discharging into the stream.




     In waters enriched by organic wastes conroaratively fewer kinds




of animals are found, though great numbers of certain genera may be




present.  Organic pollution tolerant forms such as sludgeworme,




rattailed maggots, certain species of bloodworms (red midges),




certain leeches, and some species of air-breathing snails may multi-




ply and become abundant because of a favorable habilat and food




supply.  These organic pollution-tolerant bottom organisms may also




exist in the natural environment, but are generally found in small




nur.V'.-i's.  The 'iDumancc of "these forms In streanc ^eaviiy ooll'Jtfx;




with organ! cs is due to their physiological and morphological a".\'l'-




tios to survive environmental conditions more adverse than conditions




tol"rated by other organisms.  Under conditions where inert silts or
-------
                                                                       28
organic sludges blanket the stream bottom, the natural home of




bottom organisms is destroyed which also causes a reduction in




the number of kinds of organisms present.




     Streams grossly polluted with toxic wastes such as mine




drainage, etc., will support little, if any, aquatic life and will




reduce the population of both sensitive and pollution-tolerance




organisms.




     In addition to intolerant (sensitive) and pollution-tolerant




forms, some bottom organisms are termed facultative (intermediate)




in that they are capable of living in moderately polluted areas as




well as in limited numbers and, therefore, cannot serve as effective




indicators of water quality.




     For purposes of this report, the community of bottom macro-




invertebrates was selected as the main indicator of the biological




conditions in the stream since they serve as the preferred food




source for higher aquatic forms and exhibit similar reactions to




adverse stream conditions.  Macrobottom organisms are animals that




live in direct association with the stream bottom and are visible




with the unaided eye.  They are further distinguished, fron; micro-




organisms by the fact they are retained in a 30 mesh sieve (apnrox.




0.3 mm aperture).  The combination of limited locomotion and life-




cycle:: of one year or .More for most benthic species provide a long-



   m indicator of stream water quality.
-------
                                                                      29
     The diversity index 3 and equitability "e" which are additional



diagnostic tools for measuring water quality and the effect of in-



duced stress on the structure of the macroinvertebrate community



were not used because the samples contained less than 100 specimens



in the quantitative sample.  Under 100 it is recommended that the



samples should be evaluated with caution, if at all.



     Station #1,which also served as a control, was located at the



Virginia Route 687 Bridge across the Jackson River at Clearwater Park



upstream from Govington, Virginia.  High quality water was indicated



by the 17 kinds (genera) of bottom organisms and the fact that 62%



of the square foot sample consisted of clean water associated forms.



Facultative (intermediate) organisms made up 35% of the quantitative



sample and only 3% were forms tolerant of decomposable organic wastes.



Clean water associated mayflies and caddisflies were the dominant



bottom organisms sampled.  Only 37 bottom organisms were collected



in the square foot sample but this can be attributed to the high flow



conditions which prevailed during the exposure -period.



     In the summer of 1966 the author sampled 1+8 different kinds



(genera) oT organisms and 2BQ bottom organisms in the square foot



sample.  C; oan water forms made up 7B% of the quantitative sample at



that time.  The difference in productivity and the high diversity of



hoi,torn organisms can be attributed to the sampling at low-flow
-------
                                                                      30
Conditions in  1966 and the different technique in sampling.  in




1966 we made a transect across the Jackson River and sampled all




the various micro-habitats qualitatively and this accounted for




the large number of genera (kinds) found.  The quantitative sample




was taken using the Surber Square Foot Sampler while in  1972 the




quantitative sample was taken using two Hester-Dendy Artificial




Substrate Samplers (2 sq. ft.).




     Station #2 was located on the Jackson River approximately 100




feet downstream from the U. S. 60 West Bridge in Covington, Virginia.




This station was also sampled by using two .I^st -.-r -Dendy  artificial




substrates (2sq. feet).  The water at this location was  a tea color




from the Westvaco Corporation's pulp and paper operation located a




short distance upstream from the bridge.  The right bank is con-




siderably clearer due to Dunlap Creek which enters from  the right




bank immediately upstream from the U. S. Route 60 West Bridge.




     Poor water quality is suggested by the drop in number of genera




to 11 versus 17 at the upstream station and the fact that the forms




tolerant of decomposable organic wastes made up 82% of the square




foot sample.   Facultative forms made up 15% and clean water associated




forms only 3%.   These clean water forms were primarily sampled off the




right bank and are undoubtedly drift organisms from Dunlap Creek.  It




is doubtful they would be found once the water has thoroughly mixed




downstream.
-------
                                                                       31
     Station #3 was located  at the  bridge  on the  Jackson River




at Virginia County Route 18  (South  Carpenter Street),  Parrish




Court, Virginia.




     Both Hester-Dendy artificial substrates were washed away at




high flows.  Due to continuing high flows  at the  time  the station




was revisited, only a qualitative sample  was  taken.  Only a few




tolerant bristleworms and  Physa sp. snails,  plus  a few facultative




Gyraulus sp. snails, were  found.




     This station was located only  0.5 mile  downstream from the




Covington Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant and this could be largely




responsible for the noor benthic population  either through low dis-




solved oxyg;en or chlorination of the final effluent or both.




     Station f"4 was located  at the  Interstate 64  Bridge on the




Jacl\son River east of Mallow, Virginia.




     Both Hester-Dendy artificial substrates were washed out at high.




f lov;s.  Due to continuing  high flows at  the  time  the station was re-




visited, only a qualitative  sample  was taken.  Only a few clean water




caddisflies (2 genera) and a few tolerant  Physa snails and bristle-




'.vorriF vi-:.: ecu l°c Led .  based on this limited sampling, it i"-: vni," o~




•lif;: cult  ;,o :..aU: concrete statements as to  the water quality, ji: : it




is rat'ior do'.iVlful that conditions  have  charged much since 1966.  In




l-Jb1--'  ..:in "i.oca.-O;i '..'as ncanpled at lov/-flo\" conditions  and tbf only
-------
                                                                      32
bottom organisms collected were organic pollution tolerant




sludgeworms and Physa snails plus an intermediate midge larva.




Heavy biological degradation was indicated at that time.




     Station #5 was located on the James River at the Blue Ridge




Parkway Bridge.




     Fish were readily observed at this station and the water




appeared much clearer than the upstream stations on the Jackson




River downstream from the Westvaco Corporation.




     Ten different genera of bottom organisms were found at this




station, though only 20 organisms were collected in the square




foot sample.  Clean water assciated forms made up 55% of the




quantitative sample.  Facultative made up 30% and pollution tolerant




forms 15%.  Clean water associated caddisflies and mayflies dominated




the square foot sample.




     This station showed remarkable improvement over the upstream




station .Jhere only four (4) genera of bottom organisms were found




versus ten (10) at this station.   A great deal of this improved water




quality can be attributed to the Cowpasture River which joins the




Jackson River downstream from Iron Gate,  Virginia, to form the James




River.




     Station #6 was located on the James  River at the upstream edge




of Treasure Island at Lynchburg,  Virginia.
-------
                                                                       33
     Two (2) artificial substrates were put out at this station




and both were recovered.  Only nine  (9) genera (kinds) of bottom




organisms were found at this station versus ten (10) upstream.




Degraded \vater quality can be noted  in the composition change from




the upstream station.




     Though only 32 organisms were collected in the square  foot




ssn, ole, %}+% of them were tolerant of decomposable organic wastes.




Facultative organisms made up 13% and intolerant forms only 3%.




     During this survey we also  put  out artificial substrates approxi-




mately 200 yards upstream from Pedlar Creek, but these were washed




away during high flows.




     This station was located downstream from Big Island, Virgin'.!,




and upstream from  i.he Holcomb Roc'k Dam,




     During 1973 the author of this  report sample1'; by boat  in the




Big Island Tool downstream from  the  Owens-Illinois Plant at Big Island,




Virginia.  Sludge deposi'is were  found in the lower half of  the pool




•.vblcn were devoid of benthic organisms.  Since this particular survey




vac for water chemistry samples, it  is oossible that some benthics




^n;,r l>r fnuvv  r^u, it is hel'eved  they rill be sparse and forms -'ole^n!.




cf Oecompoco^l'-; organic rastep.  It  v.'ould appear That tV.e poor vaber




qual: L.Y u-ostrcam from Treasure Island can be attributed to  the situation




ui :;lg Inland, Virginia.
-------
                                                                      34
     The artificial substrates which were put out at Gaits Mill




downstream from Lynchburg, Virginia were washed out at high flows




so it is impossible to comment on them.  However, in 1966 when




this station was sampled it supported 15 genera (kinds) of bottom




organisms and the rivfr appeared to be recovering from the Lynchburp




discharges though mild pollution was still indicated.
-------
                                                                        35
TABLE I  -  Legal Descriptions of Biological Stations,  Jackson-
            James River Survey, October - November 1972
            Station #1  -  Jackson River approximately 100  yards
            d ov;ns tream from the Virginia County Route  637  Bridge
                    in from Covington, Virginia.
            Station /•'?   -  Jackcon River downstream from  tho  'I. S.
            .ic'.no  ou West Bridge in Covington, Virginia.

            citation #3   -  Jaclcson River at the Virginia  Route 13
            i-r'dgi'i downstream from Covington, Virginia.

            Stniion //<4   -  Jcickson River at the II. S.  Interstate (^
            •)••.'. >ifTo east of Covington, Virginia, and UDstr^am  from
            Clifton Forge, Virginia.

            St.'jt-ion //5   -  Janes River at the Blue R:!d;-o  farkv/ay


            ouitlcn /,'•'(.   -  Jame^ Rivei1 at  LJu- upstroke:, p/ife of Treasure
            I;:lnui :n Lynt>:l)urg, Virginia.
-------
                                                         36
TABLE II  -
Breakdown of Benthic Organisms by percentage into
Tolerant, Facultative (Intermediate) and Intolerant
(Sensitive) categories based on the tolerance of
various macro-invertebrate taxa to decomposable
organic wastes .
Station
#1
#2
Intolerant
62%
3%
Facultative
3556
  #4

  #5

  #6
50/o

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        3%
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                           30%
Tolerant

    3%

   82 %

   67%

   50%
-------
                                                                                                                                      37
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