JAMES RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY STUDY
1973
Ernest A. Kaeufer, P.E.
Field Operation Branch
Surveillance and Annalysis Division
E.P.A. Region III
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Table of Contents
Chapter Page
I. Introduction 1
II. Description of Study Area 3
III. Study Methodology 6
IV. Analytical Data - Physical, 16
Chemical and Bacterial
V. Bioligical Data 26
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Chapter I - Introduction
A. Request
The Air and Water Programs Division has requested the Surveillance
and Analysis Division to investigate and evaluate the existing
water quality of portions of the James River Basin.
B. Objectives
1. Establish a base-line record of water quality for the
James River Basin.
2. Determination of characteristics and rates of natural
purification of the James River Basin.
3. Determination of pollution downstream from major waste
discharges.
4. Provide data to Enforcement Division for permit evaluation.
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C. Acknowledgement of Aid and Assistance
During the course of this investigation it was necessary
to obtain data and information from various sources. We are
indeed grateful for the aid given and wish to express our appre-
ciation to the Geological Survey (Department of the Interior)
and the Environmental Protection Agency's Charlottesvilie
Technical Support Laboratory for providing field sampling and
field laboratory personnel and analysis of samples necessary to
complete this investigation, especially to James LaBuy, Aquatic
Biologist who prepared the section on biological quality.
-------
Chapter II
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The James River Basin is an irregular, tapering area
extending in a southeasterly direction from the West Virginia
State line, through the central portion of Virginia, to Hampton
Roads at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. All or parts of 38
counties in Virginia, plus a portion of one county in West
Virginia, are included in the James Basin. Bounding the James
are the Potomac, Rappahannock, and York River Basins on the
north; Ohio on the West; Roanoke and Chowan Basins on the south;
and Chesapeake Bay on the east.
The James River has its source in the Allegheny Mountains
and drains an area of 10,060 square miles in West Virginia.
(Figure 1.) the James flows southeasterly past Richmond, then
into the Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads. The largest tributaries
are the Jackson and Cowpasture Rivers, which join to form the
James River; the Maury, Buffalo, and Rivanna Rivers from the north;
with Appomattox River entering from the south. Principal tributaries
are listed in Table I on page . Total stream length (confluence
Jackson-Cowpasture Rivers to Hampton Roads) is 339.7 miles, with a
fall of 988 feet. Below the Fall Zone at Richmond, the James becomes
as estuary.
Portions of four physiographic regions make up the James
Basin: Valley and Ridge Province, Blue Ridga Province, Piedmont
Plateau, and the Coastal Plain. A fifth region, the Allegheny
Plateau, adjoins the Watershed on the west. Climate within the
James Basin is mild, with yearly averages of temperature around 56°F,
and rainfall about 42 incles. More temperate weather with slightly
higher yearly precipitation occurs near the mouth of the James,
because of the moderating effects of Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic
Ocean.
-------
TABLE I
Principal Tributaries of the James River
Principal Tributaries
of the James River
James River
Chickahominy River
Appomattox River
Rivanna River
Buffalo River
Pedlar River
Maury River
Craig Creek
Jackson River
Cowpasture River
Miles from Confluence
to Mouth of James River
41.5
71.6
162. 1
213.8
264. 1
279,7
323.7
339.7
339.7
Drainage Area
Square Miles
10.O60
468
1,610
777
413
1O2
837
374
907
46O
-------
LOCATION MAP
V NANSEMOND
r
SCALE IN MILES
JAMES RIVER BASIN
CHESAPEAKE DRAINAGE AREA
WATER QUALITY
STUDY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION
REGION III PHILADELPHIA. PA.
FIGURE I
-------
(9)
Chapter III
Study Methodolgy
A. Time Period of Study
The investigation was started in May 1973. The field
work was completed in October 1973, and all laboratory analysis,
except the biological, was completed in December 1973. The
biological analysis was completed in March 1974.
B. Sampling and Analytical Methods:
All sampling and analysis were performed in accordance with
either "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater",
Thirtaenth Edition, or the Environmental Protection Agency "Methods
for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes", (1971 Edition), or
the Environmental Protection Agency "Biological Field and Laboratory
Methods", (July, 1973 Edition). The laboratory facilities facilities
were supplied by the Environmental Protection Agency Technical
Support Laboratory at Charlottesvilie, Virginia.
C. Hydrolpgical Methods:
Stream flow data was obtained from the U. S. Geological Survey.
-------
ANALYSIS
B.O.D. (2 day, 5 day, 1O day, 2O day, 28 day, 40 day;
Total Organic Carbon
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Dissolved Oxygen
Water Temperature
Flow (at USGS Gaging Stations)
pH
Alkalinity/Acidity
Color/Turbidity
Specific Conductance
Total Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Chloride
Sulfate
Hardness
Nitrite and Nitrate
Ammonia
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
-------
8
Organic Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Ortho Phosphorus
Heavy Metals-Iron, Chromium, Zinc, Manganese, Copper
Mercury and Nickel
Tannins and lignins
Benthic organisms
Chlorophyll a, b and c
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Streptoccocus
-------
LOCATION MAP
REVISED SEPTEMBER 1969
IUSTRIAL WASTE P E
NICIPAL WASTE P E
:TION OF STREAM EXPERIENCING
:URRENT CONDITIONS OF LOW
AND/OR EUTROPHIC CONDITIONS
11CIPAL WASTES
JPOSED RESERVOIRS
JAMES RIVER BASIN
CHESAPEAKE BAY DRAINAGE AREA
JAMES RIVER BASIN
PRINCIPLE MUNICIPAL 8 INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
POPULATION EQUIVALENTS (RE.) Dl SCHAR6ED AS OF 1967
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION
REGION III PHILADELPHIA, PA.
FIGURT i
-------
10
Sampling Stations
Station
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
10.
11.
A. Section I.
Basin River Mile
Jackson River 35.8
Jackson River
Jackson River
Dunlap Creek
(Jackson River
Jackson River
Jackson River
Jackson River
Jackson River
Jackson River
Jackson River
Jackson River
25.'
24.3
4.2
23.8)
22.6
21.O
19.1
18.6
15.8
13.7
11.9
Description
Bridge on County Route 721 near
Falling Springs, Va. (USGS Gage
02012500)
City of Covington Water Treatment
Plant Intake. Off US Route 220 @
Rivermont, Va.
West Va. Co. Corp Treatment Plant
outfall (§ Covington, Va.
Bridge on US Route 60 near
Humback Bridge Wayside, Va. (near
Intersection with County Route 600
(USGS gage 02013000)
Bridge on Jackson Street,
Covington, Va.
Bridge on South Raymon Drive near
Hercules Inc. Plant, Covington, Va.
City of Covington Municipal waste-
water treatment plant outfall.
West Park St. off South Munford
Ave., Covington, Va.
Bridge on County Route 18
(South Carpenter Street) Parrish
Court, Va.
Bridge - Chesapeake and Ohio
Railroad (§ Mallow, Va.
Bridge on 1-64 (US Routes 60 & 22O)
east of Mallow, Va.
Bridge on County Route 1101
1 mile west of low Moor Exit of 1-64
-------
11
Station
No,.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Basin River Mile
Jackson River 5.4
Jackson River 3.6
Jackson River 0.5
James River 339.7
Cowpasture River 2.5
James River
James River
Craig Creek
James River
338.9
335.9
0.5
301.2
Description
Bridge on US Routes 6O & 220 @
west edge of Clifton Forge, Va.
Clifton Forge, Va. municipal
wastewater treatment plant out-
fall
Bridge on County Route 727
south of Iron Gate. Va.
Confluence of Jackson River and
Cowpasture River (not a sampling
station)
Bridge on County Route 633 near
Iron Gate, Va. (USGS gage 020160O)
Bridge on US Route 220 @ Lick Run,
Va. (USGS Gage O201600)
Bridge on County Route 622 @
Glen Wilton, Va.
Bridge on County Route 615 (9
Bessemer, Va.
Bridge on U.S. Route 11 ©Buchanan,
Va. (USGS Gage 0201950O)
-------
12
Section II
Station
No.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Ba s i n
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
River Mile
281.9
279.5
2/4.2
271.5
269.9
269.8
269.0
267.7
266.4
266. I
264.2
263.2
Description
Bridge on County Route '/ 59
near Natural Bridge Station,
Va.
Confluence with Maury River
(not a sampling point)
Bridge on US Route 5O1 near
Snowden, Va.
Foot Bridge under Blue Ridge
Parkway @ James River visitors'
center (N.P.S.) near Major,
Va.
Owen-Illinois industrial waste-
water treatment plant outfall
@ Big Island, Va.
1OOO feet downstream from dam
at Big Island, Va.
Confluence with Reed Creek @
Big Island, Va.
Confluence with Skimmer Creek,
near Big Island, Va.
10O feet upstream from dam @
Coleman Falls
10O feet downstream from dam
(9 Coleman Falls, Va.
Confluence with Pedlar Creek
near Holcomb Rock, Va.
At USGS Gage Station #02025500
@ Holcomb Rock, Va.
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13
Group A
Station
No.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
39
Basin
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
Group B
37 James River
James River
James River
River Mile
263.2
256.0
252.3
251.8
250.8
250.3
249.8
245.8
242.6
237.2
Description
At USGS Gage Station #02025500
@ Holcomb Rock, Va.
Reusens Dam near Reusens, Va.
Off downstream end of Daniel
Island, upstream from dam
@ Lynchburg, Va.
Glamorgan Pipe and Foundry Co.
wastewater treatment plant
outfall
Lynchburg Foundry Co. waste-
water treatment plant outfall
The Mead Corp. wastewater treat'
ment plant outfall
Lynchburg, Va. wastewater
treatment plant outfall
Six Mile Railroad Bridge near
Kelly Va.
Nine Mile Railroad Bridge near
Joshua Falls, Va.
Confluence with Beck Creek
<§ Gait Mills, Va.
-------
14
Group C
Station
No.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Basin
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
James River
River Mile
235.6
227.9
222.9
184.6
152.4
135.2
118. 1
111.7
Description
Gonfluence with Partridge Creek
@ Stapleton, Va.
Off Riverville, Va.
Bridge on US Route 6O <§ Bent
Creek, Va. (USGS Gage #020260OO)
Bridge Va. State Highway 20 @
Scottsville, Va. (USGS Gage
#02029000)
Bridge Va. State Highway 45 @
Cartersville, Va. (USGS Gage
#2035000)
Upstream from Bridge US Route 522
@ Maidens, Va. (State Farm for
woman)
Upstream edge of Tuckahoe Island
@ Goochland & Henrico County Line.
Bridge Va. State Highway 147 near
Richmond, Va. (USGS Gage #02037500)
-------
16
Chapter IV
Analytical Data - Physical, Chemical
and Bacterial
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26
Chapter V - Biological Data
NARRATIVE
During October and November of 1972 an attempt was made to
monitor the Jackson-James Rivers between Covington and Lynchburg,
Virginia. Due to limited personnel and time, the program was
terminated after one sampling period. We had decided to use the
benthic population as the biological parameter to measure water
quality. Hester-Dendy artificial substrates were set in place for
a six-week exposure period to allow the benthic population to build
up.
Bottom organisms have been placed in three general categories
according to the severity of decomposable organic wastes which they
may tolerate.
Intolerant (pollution sensitive) organisms are those organisms
that have not been found associated with even moderate levels of
organic contaminants and are generally intolerant of even moderate
reductions in dissolve1! oxygen.
Facultative (intermdediate) organisms are those organisms having
a wide range of tolerance and frequently associated with moderate
levels of organic contamination.
Tolerant organisms are those organisms frequently associated
with gross organic contamination and generally capable of thriving
under anaerobic conditions.
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27
In unpolluted streams a wide variety of intolerant clean
water associated bottom organisms are normally found. Typical
groups are stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, and riffle beetles.
These sensitive organisms ususally are not individually abundant
because of natural predation and competition for food and space;
however, the total count or number of organisms at a given station
may be high because of the different varieties present. Sensitive
genera (kinds) tend to be eliminated by adverse environmental
conditions (e.g., chemical and/or physical) resulting from wastes
discharging into the stream.
In waters enriched by organic wastes conroaratively fewer kinds
of animals are found, though great numbers of certain genera may be
present. Organic pollution tolerant forms such as sludgeworme,
rattailed maggots, certain species of bloodworms (red midges),
certain leeches, and some species of air-breathing snails may multi-
ply and become abundant because of a favorable habilat and food
supply. These organic pollution-tolerant bottom organisms may also
exist in the natural environment, but are generally found in small
nur.V'.-i's. The 'iDumancc of "these forms In streanc ^eaviiy ooll'Jtfx;
with organ! cs is due to their physiological and morphological a".\'l'-
tios to survive environmental conditions more adverse than conditions
tol"rated by other organisms. Under conditions where inert silts or
-------
28
organic sludges blanket the stream bottom, the natural home of
bottom organisms is destroyed which also causes a reduction in
the number of kinds of organisms present.
Streams grossly polluted with toxic wastes such as mine
drainage, etc., will support little, if any, aquatic life and will
reduce the population of both sensitive and pollution-tolerance
organisms.
In addition to intolerant (sensitive) and pollution-tolerant
forms, some bottom organisms are termed facultative (intermediate)
in that they are capable of living in moderately polluted areas as
well as in limited numbers and, therefore, cannot serve as effective
indicators of water quality.
For purposes of this report, the community of bottom macro-
invertebrates was selected as the main indicator of the biological
conditions in the stream since they serve as the preferred food
source for higher aquatic forms and exhibit similar reactions to
adverse stream conditions. Macrobottom organisms are animals that
live in direct association with the stream bottom and are visible
with the unaided eye. They are further distinguished, fron; micro-
organisms by the fact they are retained in a 30 mesh sieve (apnrox.
0.3 mm aperture). The combination of limited locomotion and life-
cycle:: of one year or .More for most benthic species provide a long-
m indicator of stream water quality.
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29
The diversity index 3 and equitability "e" which are additional
diagnostic tools for measuring water quality and the effect of in-
duced stress on the structure of the macroinvertebrate community
were not used because the samples contained less than 100 specimens
in the quantitative sample. Under 100 it is recommended that the
samples should be evaluated with caution, if at all.
Station #1,which also served as a control, was located at the
Virginia Route 687 Bridge across the Jackson River at Clearwater Park
upstream from Govington, Virginia. High quality water was indicated
by the 17 kinds (genera) of bottom organisms and the fact that 62%
of the square foot sample consisted of clean water associated forms.
Facultative (intermediate) organisms made up 35% of the quantitative
sample and only 3% were forms tolerant of decomposable organic wastes.
Clean water associated mayflies and caddisflies were the dominant
bottom organisms sampled. Only 37 bottom organisms were collected
in the square foot sample but this can be attributed to the high flow
conditions which prevailed during the exposure -period.
In the summer of 1966 the author sampled 1+8 different kinds
(genera) oT organisms and 2BQ bottom organisms in the square foot
sample. C; oan water forms made up 7B% of the quantitative sample at
that time. The difference in productivity and the high diversity of
hoi,torn organisms can be attributed to the sampling at low-flow
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30
Conditions in 1966 and the different technique in sampling. in
1966 we made a transect across the Jackson River and sampled all
the various micro-habitats qualitatively and this accounted for
the large number of genera (kinds) found. The quantitative sample
was taken using the Surber Square Foot Sampler while in 1972 the
quantitative sample was taken using two Hester-Dendy Artificial
Substrate Samplers (2 sq. ft.).
Station #2 was located on the Jackson River approximately 100
feet downstream from the U. S. 60 West Bridge in Covington, Virginia.
This station was also sampled by using two .I^st -.-r -Dendy artificial
substrates (2sq. feet). The water at this location was a tea color
from the Westvaco Corporation's pulp and paper operation located a
short distance upstream from the bridge. The right bank is con-
siderably clearer due to Dunlap Creek which enters from the right
bank immediately upstream from the U. S. Route 60 West Bridge.
Poor water quality is suggested by the drop in number of genera
to 11 versus 17 at the upstream station and the fact that the forms
tolerant of decomposable organic wastes made up 82% of the square
foot sample. Facultative forms made up 15% and clean water associated
forms only 3%. These clean water forms were primarily sampled off the
right bank and are undoubtedly drift organisms from Dunlap Creek. It
is doubtful they would be found once the water has thoroughly mixed
downstream.
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31
Station #3 was located at the bridge on the Jackson River
at Virginia County Route 18 (South Carpenter Street), Parrish
Court, Virginia.
Both Hester-Dendy artificial substrates were washed away at
high flows. Due to continuing high flows at the time the station
was revisited, only a qualitative sample was taken. Only a few
tolerant bristleworms and Physa sp. snails, plus a few facultative
Gyraulus sp. snails, were found.
This station was located only 0.5 mile downstream from the
Covington Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant and this could be largely
responsible for the noor benthic population either through low dis-
solved oxyg;en or chlorination of the final effluent or both.
Station f"4 was located at the Interstate 64 Bridge on the
Jacl\son River east of Mallow, Virginia.
Both Hester-Dendy artificial substrates were washed out at high.
f lov;s. Due to continuing high flows at the time the station was re-
visited, only a qualitative sample was taken. Only a few clean water
caddisflies (2 genera) and a few tolerant Physa snails and bristle-
'.vorriF vi-:.: ecu l°c Led . based on this limited sampling, it i"-: vni," o~
lif;: cult ;,o :..aU: concrete statements as to the water quality, ji: : it
is rat'ior do'.iVlful that conditions have charged much since 1966. In
l-Jb1--' ..:in "i.oca.-O;i '..'as ncanpled at lov/-flo\" conditions and tbf only
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32
bottom organisms collected were organic pollution tolerant
sludgeworms and Physa snails plus an intermediate midge larva.
Heavy biological degradation was indicated at that time.
Station #5 was located on the James River at the Blue Ridge
Parkway Bridge.
Fish were readily observed at this station and the water
appeared much clearer than the upstream stations on the Jackson
River downstream from the Westvaco Corporation.
Ten different genera of bottom organisms were found at this
station, though only 20 organisms were collected in the square
foot sample. Clean water assciated forms made up 55% of the
quantitative sample. Facultative made up 30% and pollution tolerant
forms 15%. Clean water associated caddisflies and mayflies dominated
the square foot sample.
This station showed remarkable improvement over the upstream
station .Jhere only four (4) genera of bottom organisms were found
versus ten (10) at this station. A great deal of this improved water
quality can be attributed to the Cowpasture River which joins the
Jackson River downstream from Iron Gate, Virginia, to form the James
River.
Station #6 was located on the James River at the upstream edge
of Treasure Island at Lynchburg, Virginia.
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33
Two (2) artificial substrates were put out at this station
and both were recovered. Only nine (9) genera (kinds) of bottom
organisms were found at this station versus ten (10) upstream.
Degraded \vater quality can be noted in the composition change from
the upstream station.
Though only 32 organisms were collected in the square foot
ssn, ole, %}+% of them were tolerant of decomposable organic wastes.
Facultative organisms made up 13% and intolerant forms only 3%.
During this survey we also put out artificial substrates approxi-
mately 200 yards upstream from Pedlar Creek, but these were washed
away during high flows.
This station was located downstream from Big Island, Virgin'.!,
and upstream from i.he Holcomb Roc'k Dam,
During 1973 the author of this report sample1'; by boat in the
Big Island Tool downstream from the Owens-Illinois Plant at Big Island,
Virginia. Sludge deposi'is were found in the lower half of the pool
.vblcn were devoid of benthic organisms. Since this particular survey
vac for water chemistry samples, it is oossible that some benthics
^n;,r l>r fnuvv r^u, it is hel'eved they rill be sparse and forms -'ole^n!.
cf Oecompoco^l'-; organic rastep. It v.'ould appear That tV.e poor vaber
qual: L.Y u-ostrcam from Treasure Island can be attributed to the situation
ui :;lg Inland, Virginia.
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34
The artificial substrates which were put out at Gaits Mill
downstream from Lynchburg, Virginia were washed out at high flows
so it is impossible to comment on them. However, in 1966 when
this station was sampled it supported 15 genera (kinds) of bottom
organisms and the rivfr appeared to be recovering from the Lynchburp
discharges though mild pollution was still indicated.
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35
TABLE I - Legal Descriptions of Biological Stations, Jackson-
James River Survey, October - November 1972
Station #1 - Jackson River approximately 100 yards
d ov;ns tream from the Virginia County Route 637 Bridge
in from Covington, Virginia.
Station /'? - Jackcon River downstream from tho 'I. S.
.ic'.no ou West Bridge in Covington, Virginia.
citation #3 - Jaclcson River at the Virginia Route 13
i-r'dgi'i downstream from Covington, Virginia.
Stniion //<4 - Jcickson River at the II. S. Interstate (^
).'. >ifTo east of Covington, Virginia, and UDstr^am from
Clifton Forge, Virginia.
St.'jt-ion //5 - Janes River at the Blue R:!d;-o farkv/ay
ouitlcn /,''(. - Jame^ Rivei1 at LJu- upstroke:, p/ife of Treasure
I;:lnui :n Lynt>:l)urg, Virginia.
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36
TABLE II -
Breakdown of Benthic Organisms by percentage into
Tolerant, Facultative (Intermediate) and Intolerant
(Sensitive) categories based on the tolerance of
various macro-invertebrate taxa to decomposable
organic wastes .
Station
#1
#2
Intolerant
62%
3%
Facultative
3556
#4
#5
#6
50/o
55$
3%
33%
30%
Tolerant
3%
82 %
67%
50%
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