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UPPER GREAT LAKES
CONNECTING CHANNELS
STUDY
 L
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              Volume I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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-------
                UPPER GREAT LAKES CONNECTING
                        CHANNELS STUDY
                           ERRATA
                 VOLUME 1 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Disclaimer:  "The contents of this report do not necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the participating agencies,
nor does mention of trade names, or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use."

- Page 3, 2nd Column, last paragragh.  "The j^987 Protocol..."

- Page 11, Footnote 2.  "Leachates have not been detected..."

- Page 38, 1. Water, 1st Column, 1st paragragh.  There is no
  guideline for PAHs.  Cadmium should be added to this
  statement.

- Page 38, 1. Water, 1st Column, 4th paragraph.  Mercury
  should be deleted from this statement.

- Page 38, 1. Water, 1st Column, 6th paragraph.  PAHs should
  be deleted from this statement.

- Page 38, 1. Water, 1st Column, 7th paragraph.  There is no
  lead data for the Ecorse River,

- Page 44, Recommendation 23.  Delete "These".
                                                             •
- Page 26, 1st Column, 4th paragraph.  "50 tons of
  perchlorethylene were released to the river" should be
  replaced with "18 tonnes of perchlorethylene were released
  to the river of which 14.5 tonnes were recovered."
  I

-------
                           I
The Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study
            Management Committee

                December

-------
                    LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Valdas A. Adamkus
Regional Administrator, Region V
U.S. Environmental protection Agency
Elizabeth Dowdeswell
Regional Director General, Ontario Region
Environment Canada
David F. Hales
Director
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
j. waiter Giles
Associate Deputy Minister
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
On behalf of the Management Committee we are pleased to submit

the final report and executive summary of the Upper Great

Lakes Connecting Channels Study.  The report is a

comprehensive and detailed review of the project studies and

their results.

Respectfully submitted, February 1989.
 ton Shim/Tzu
Co-Chain.
Envi ronmeHt^ Canada
Carol Finch
Co-Chair
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency

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                                    PEEPAC1

This report is an executive summary of the major findings and recommendations of the Upper Great
Lakes Connecting Channels Study. These findings and recommendations are based upon data collected
in 1985 and 1986. It is Volume I of a 3 volume set containing the complete output of the study. Volume
II is the main study report. Volume III        of the many principal investigator reports, work-group
reports and other key supporting documents. Copies of Volume III are on file with each of the participating
agencies and with the International Joint Commission in Windsor, Ontario.

-------
                                            Vll


                            TABLE  OF CONTENTS

Letter ofTransmittal	  Hi
Preface	   v
Table of Contents	 vii
List of Figures and Tables	,	 viii

Parti

1.  Introduction 	„„	,	..,...,»„.,.,	   3
2.  Overview	   5
3.  Purpose and Objectives of the Study	   8
4,  General Findings	   9
5.  Specific Concerns	  12
6.  Recommended Management Strategy	  13
7.  Long-term Monitoring	  14
8.  RAP Process 	  15

Part II

ST. MARYS RIVER	„	  19
    Environmental Conditions 	  19
    Specific Concerns 	  19
    Sources of Pollutants	  20
    Recommendations	  20

ST. CLAIR RIVER	  23
    Environmental Conditions	  23
    Specific Concerns	  23
    Sources of Pollutants	  25
    Recommendations .„.,„.,...,	„„.,	,	  26

LAKE ST. CLAIR	  30
    Environmental Conditions  	  30
    Specific Concerns	  30
    Sources of Pollutants	  31
    Recommendations 	  33

DETROIT RIVER	  37
    Environmental Conditions	  37
    Specific Concerns	  38
    Sources of Pollutants	  39
    Recommendations	  40

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS	  45

Appendix  1
Management Committee and Activities Integration Committee	  47

Appendix 2
Workgroup Reports	,	  49

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                                        Vlll






                  LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES




Figure 1    Map of Great Lakes Basin showing study areas 	,	   4




Figure 2    Zones of Impairment of Benthic Fauna in the St. Marys River	  18




Figure 3    Zones of Impairment of Benthic Fauna in the St. Clair River	  24




Figure 4    Zones of Impairment of Benthic Fauna in the Detroit River	  36






Table 1     Watershed Characteristics 	   5




Table 2     Water Use 	,	„	   6




Table 3     Summary of Contaminant Concerns	   7




Table 4     Summary of Major Loadings	  10




Table 5     Waste Sites	  11




Table 6     Summary of Long-term Monitoring Recommendations	  14




Table 7     Summary of Point Source Contaminant Loadings to Lake St. Clair	  32

-------
PARTI

-------
i.
Changes in environmental quality respiting
from the intensive use of the Great Lakes waters
are becoming better known.

As early as the 1940's researchers recognized
that contaminants entered the lakes from many
different sources over a wide area, Tbday it is
commonly  accepted that toxic and chemical
issues are not only scientifically and technical-
ly complex, but that interdisciplinary study and
interjurisdietional cooperation is  required in
order to understand and resolve these issues.

The Upper Great Lakes Connecting Chan-
nels Study {UGLCCS) is a landmark in advan-
cing our overall understanding  of the  en-
vironmental conditions  of the Great Lakes
Basin. UGLCCS is a unique cooperative under-
taking by  eleven institutions at  the  federal,
state, provincial and municipal levels to:

  i) assess the  environmental quality of the
   Detroit, St. Marys, St. Clair Rivers and Lake
   St. Clair;

 ii) identify and assess  the major pollution
   sources  to these waters;

iii) recommend actions to ensure the remedia-
   tion and protection of these waters.
Initiated in late  1983 by the United
Environmental Protection Agency,  UGLCCS
became a full bilateral multi-agency investiga-
tion in July 1984. The principal        involv-
ed were  the USBPA,  Environment Canada
(DOE), Ontario Ministry of the Environment
(OMOE), Michigan Department  of Natural
         (MDNR), U.S. Fish and        Ser-
vice           U.S,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion  (NOAA), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(COB), the City of Detroit, Fisheries and Oceans
Canada (DFO) and the Ontario Ministry of
Natural          (OMNR).

Despite the reduction in contaminant loadings
to the Great Lakes over the      two decades,
beneficial     of these waters continue to be im-
paired. The Detroit,  St. Clair and St. Marys
Rivers have been designated by the Interna-
tional Joint Commission as "Areas of Concern"
because pollutant levels have exceeded certain
water quality objectives of the 1978 Canada-U.S.
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

The  1978 Protocol, amending the Agreement
calls for a binational effort to develop and im-
plement Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) to restore
"Areas of Concern". The findings and recommen-
dations of this study will facilitate the develop-
ment of RAPs and measure the restoration of
these magnificent waters.

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                                              GREAT LAKES


                                                   BASIN
                                               SHOWING UPPER CONNECTING
                                                     AMNELS
                                               Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
        Illinois

-------
2.
The Upper Connecting Channels function as the
drainage system for Lakes Superior, Huron and
Michigan, funnelling large volumes of water,
sediment  and nutrients. They form a diversity
of habitat  conditions  attracting numerous
species of fish, waterfowl and plants. Tables 1,
2 and 3 summarize hydrologieal characteristics
of the channels, the current water uses and the
major contaminant concerns, respectively.

Land use in the  vicinity of the channels,
although containing concentrations of urban and
industrial areas,  is mainly rural.  The Detroit
River watershed is the most industrialized, hav-
ing the largest population and the Lake St. Glair
                          watershed is the most agricultural.

                          It is the use of the channels as receiving waters
                          that provide  the      for the UGLCC Study.
                          Wastes from the following industrial
                          discharged into the connecting channels: pulp
                               paper, electrical power  generation,
                          making and  casting,  mineral  extraction,
                          chemical  manufacturing, petrochemical and
                          refining, and automobile manufacturing. The
                          channels also receive      from municipalities,
                          agricultural  and urban runoff, waste disposal
                          sites and the atmosphere. Chemicals released in-
                          clude synthetic organics, metals and nutrients.
                                                   1

            Watershed characteristics of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels

Inlet
Outlet
Length (Area)*
Elevation Fall(m)*
St. Marys
River
L. Superior
L. Huron
101-121 km
6,76
St. Clair
River
L, Huron
L. St. Clair
84km
1.5
Lake
St. Clair
St. Clair E.
Detroit River
1115 km2
Detroit
River
Lake St. Clair
L. Erie
51 km
1.0
Flow nAsee x 1000**
  Minimum
  Average
  Maximum
Average Flow Vel, m/s*
Depth (m)*

Width (km)*
Retention. Times
Controlled Flow
Land Drainage Area***
  kma x 1000
(cumulative total)
   1.2
   2.2
   3.7
  0.6-1.5
Shallow-30

  0,3-6.4
—1 day§
    Y

   49.3
  3.0
  5.2
  6.7
 0.6-1.8
 9-21

0.25-1.1
 21 hre
  N

 146.6
O.OL0.08
 3,4 avg.
8.2 max.
   39
2-9 days
   N

  159.0
  3.1
  S.3
  7.1
0.3-0.6
  645

0,66-3.0
21hra
  N

 ieo.9
*    Limno-Tbcli, 1985. 1986 Summary of existing rtatui of the Upper Great Lakei Connecting Channel! data,
     unpublished manuscript.
**   David Cowgill, U.S. Army Corps of Ingtaeere.
***  Calculated from The Great Lakes; An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book and Limno-Tbch manuscript.

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                     TABLES




Water use of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels


Shipping
Commercial Fishing
Sport Fishing
BoatingSailing
Swimming
TO:
Drinking Water Intake
• Municipal
- Communal/Private
Industrial Intakes
- Iron &
- Pulp & Paper
- Petrochemical
- Refining
- Thermal Generating
- Hydroelectric
- Navigation (Locks)
- Mineral (Salt & Lime)
RECEIVING
Municipal STP
Industrial
- Iron &
- Pulp & Paper
- Petrochemical
- Refining
- Thermal Generating
- Mineral (Salt & Lime)
- Fabrication (Auto)
Ship Ballast
N - Negligible Use
L - Limited Use
O - Occaiional Use
F • Frequent Use
S - Significant - High Uae
X - Present
St. Marys -
River
S
L
S
F
L


X
X

X
X



X
X
X

X

X
X





X






St. Clair
River
S
N
S
S
F


X
X



X
X
X




X



X
X
X


X






Lake
St. Clair
S
F
S .
S
S


X
X










X








X






Detroit
River
S
N
S
S
O


X
X

X

X
X





X

X

X

X
X
X
X







-------
                               TABLE 3




Summary of contaminant concerns in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels





                    WATER              SEDIMENT              BIOTA


CONTAMINANTS
Phosphorus
Ammonia
Bacteria
Chlorides
Oil and Grease
Phenols
Pesticides
PCBs
PAHs
Other Organics
Heavy Metals
Mercury
Cyanide
1
s
35
X
X
X

X
X


X

X

X
* A h
> a B
! 2 2
3 03 *j
s J 1
*! ,3 P
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X

2 1
53 o
3§ rf


X

X X


X X
X X
X
X X
X X

'a
o
s
J




X

X
X
X
X
X
X

1
5
1
2
X
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
• r-i
*i
«

X


X
X


X

X
X

1
jg
Q
&



X
X


X
X
X
X
X

1
o
j>
ri




X

X
X
X

X
X

1
**-*
K
1


X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


-------
3.                                            OF
The TJGLCC Study     conceived to integrate
scientific information and data on the Upper
Connecting Channels and to develop recommen-
dations for binational efforts to
"Areas of Concern".

The study was carried out in three

1) reYiew existing environmental information.

2) conduct field,  laboratory and  modeling
   studies to fill information gaps, and

3) consolidate findings into a  single report
   which  will  provide guidelines to
   developing Remedial Action Plans.

Field studies were undertaken:

1) to identify and measure sources of con-
   taminants and their impacts on beneficial
   uses and on the ecosystem;

2) to determine the adequacy of existing control
   measures;

3) to recommend controls, and
Eight workgroups produced 25 reports developed
from 170 studies on water quality, sediments,
biota, point sources, non-point sources, modeling,
data quality and long-term monitoring.  The
workgroup reports and committee memberships
are listed in the Appendices.

The UGLCC Study pioneered the    of the
balance concept (pollutant input/output) for plan-
ning and design of a large scale environmental
study of toxic substances. The calculations iden-
tified areas in the channels that acted as sources
or sinks for a given pollutant with respect to the
remainder of the system. The        models
         provide a suite of tools that can be us-
ed to       the transport,     and exposure of
pollutants in each channel. However, time and
resources  were  insufficient  to  collect the
         data to verify the  models.
4) to recommend surveillance  programs  to
   monitor the effects of restoration efforts.

-------
4.   GENERAL FINDINGS
Each of the four study areas is unique in terms
of its physical characteristics and history of
human use. However, a number of issues com-
mon to the channels have been identified. The
following statements relate to all of the Upper
Great Lakes Connecting Channels.

*  The UGLCC Study confirms that many of the
   environmental quality problems of the region
   cut across political jurisdictions and can on-
   ly be solved through coordinated, long term
   planning efforts by the jurisdictions affected.

•  AH four water  bodies suffer  from  con-
   taminated sediments, high concentrations of
   oil and grease (except Lake St. Clair) and the
   bioaccumulation of certain toxic pollutants
   in local aquatic organisms. There is  con-
   siderable variation among channels.

•  Levels  of  organic  and  inorganic  toxic
   substances often exceed   standards  and
   guidelines, particularly in the vicinity of the
   urban and industrial dischanges.

•  Boint lources are the largest loadings of most
   contaminants even though most discharges
   are regulated (see Table 4),

*  Combined sewer overflows are major sources
   of contaminants to the channels.

»  Non-point  loadings,  particularly  from
   agricultural  and urban  runoff  and at-
   mospheric deposition, can be locally signifi-
   cant,  however, quantification   of  the
   magnitude of these inputs remains poor to
   nonexistent.

*  Several cases of  probable transboundary
   movement of pollutants in the channels were
   identified. However, whether or not trans-
   boundary mixing occurs in the channels is
   of little consequence as it always occurs in the
   downstream lakes.
There have been substantial reductions in
conventional  pollutants  since  the earlj
1970s, however, particular concerns remain
related to oil and grease, phosphorus and
heavy  metals.  The  effects of historical
discharges continue to impact the ecosystem,

Oil and grease in sediments, particularly in
the three rivers, is directly           with
impacts to benthic communities, and should
not be detectable in any form in the rivers.
The lack of numerical objectives for water
and sediment may have reduced the effec-
tiveness of remedial programs.

Fine-grained sediments  in embayments
downstream  of effluent  diicharges  are
polluted from historical and in          on-
going discharges and act as exposure
to aquatic biota.

Accidental spills of pollutants can result in
shock loadings  of almost any pollutant in
amounts  equal  to or greater than  annual
loads from ongoing regulated discharges,

Waste sites have been identified and ranked
(Table 5) however, very little is known about
the specific loadings of contaminants to the
waters of the St. Marys, St. Clair and Detroit
Rivers. More investigations are required to
determine if waste sites have an impact on
the rivers.

There is a lack of detailed information on
levels of toxic contaminants in waterfowl and
aquatic mammals.

Multi-agency studiei require an
quality management program to ensure a
reliable, comparable database for
decision-making.

-------
                                                                           10
                               TABLE 4
                                           Summary of Major Point, Tributary and Nonpoint Source Loadings to the St. Marys, St. Glair and Detroit Rivers
                                                                                      PARAMETER LOADINGS
OIL i TOTAL AMMONIA SUSPENDED „,„ .
MAJOR SOURCES GREASE PHOSPHORUS NITHOGEN SOLIDS """s
ST. MARYS RIVER:
rUgcma Steel 1.9SO 20.0 3.990 4.234-
9441 6.25S 8.f3Y
St. Marya Paper 231 4.7 8.0 2.829
Em End WWTP 319 898 195.5 900
W*K End WWTP 13 5.7 148 39.1
Mithras POTW . 63 - 47.3
E. Davijnon Creet - 27 17.6 1.713
Fort Creek - Oil 0.17 353
Bennett Creek - Oil 28 158
Total Point Source1 2.544 123.6 4,227- 10.274-
Loadinaa2 10.036 6.491 14.177
Total Noninint Source 91.2 17.56 35,8 MOO
Total Loading, lo 2,635- 117 21 1,253- 11,674
St. Hani Biter 10,126 6,617 15,577
ST. CLAIR RIVER;

Dow Chemical 285 •' • 695
Port Huron WWTP 24.6 -
Pt. Edward WPCP .....
Cole rTwp.1 Drain 1,300 311 -
Polyaar Sarnia 303 350 596 -
Sarnia WPCP 244 436 633 - 2,000
Marine City WWTP ....
Ethy! Ctrtadu ....
Cn. inc. 128 256 4,980
St. Ciaii Count! (Adorns WWTP) - - 181
Sunoor ....
Total Point Source 3.170 89.9 1,670 9.400 7.700
ixudinj?
ToUl Noupoint Source 129.3- 6.03- 20.0-
Loadinga3 £01.1 13.97 51.0
Total Loadinga to 3.299- 95.9- 1.890 9,400 7,700
St Ciaii Riser 3.371 103.9 1,72!
DETROIT RTVER:
Detroit WWTP 9.090, 930, 6.628-
14,042 2.023 19.790
Rouge Sue! 9,090 ....
General Chemical Worth Drain) ....
Weyue County. Wyandollc WWTP 727 245 3.230
Wayne County, Trenton WWTP ....
Weat Windsor WPCP 1,130 ISO -
McLouth Steal Trenton Plant 7,060 . .
Great Ukea Steel 80" Mill 4.260 ....
Great L*kea Steel Eos™ Plant 3,660 . .
Great Ldkea Steel Zug laland ....
Ford Canada ....
Little River WWTP ....
Pennwalt ....

TrentenwVrP .....

MoMlnto .....
TolalFoiutSottne 34.0CF7. 1,325- 9868-
LoadiDgi1 38.969 1M18 22,930
LITTLE t TURKEY HTVEHS* - 13 - 3.023
ROUGE t ECOHSE RTVE.RS* - 301 - 82,825
O1«EH NONPOUrr5 9,354 479 1,719 22,900
Total Loading K. 43,39] 2.14S 11,607 108,748
Detroit Biter 48,343 3,240 24,679
CHU3RIDE COPPER
18,885
713
2.S1!
S98
952
286
871
24,147

6.088-
10.117
29,215
34,284


283^20


11,400
19,900

29.800



356.003

3,223-
6,474
359,233-
382,174

231.005

36,480
1,050,000












1.367.100

9,1506
2SS,8CO
18,577
1,614,600

-1,1
OJ3
1.1
0.20
083

1.57
240


6.24


U2
0.93





118

i set

13.06


713-
9SO
15.1
17.2
4.95
3.43




344






51.3
138.1
049
205
3.12
76.4-
160.2
mON LEAD
1.747- 4.8!
2^75
8-6 0-17
42.6 liOi
5.2 0 19
718
122
1,22
1,889 6,175
2,417
252 4,3
2,141- 10.47
2.669


95.6 8^4


235
137 2S

19.1
299


582 29

11* 5.6

70* 348
715

592- 7,13,
1,897 137
W50 853

239
545 377
215


222 303






3.383- 19.7-
4,658 179
3
113
586 55
4,064- 184.7
5,353 234
MEECim
6.605
0.0
0,0005
0.0001
0,0056

0001!
0.0067


0,02*7





0096



0,0443

Oiooas-
0004
0.017-
0.018

0,0636-
O.S39


tlSfs

8,0027

o.oeiea


0-6103
0.60315
OJ0020J


0103
0,578
0016
805
4,53
449-
4,96
( zmc
33.7
0.09
1.91
0,56
0.78
0,13
0.06
36,99

10.0
17,03


8.2


2,8
19,7


2,4
2,6

44.9

6658

51.6


223-
283
748

32,3
137



132






599-
669
5.33
479
73,1
1,156-
1,216
MCKEL CAD«JU,i COBALT


0,595- O.006-
0.926 0,021
0-3iS- 0,006-
0.926 6.02!


8644



O.6S7
O.973 0,137





4.37 O.143

0.408 0624-
0.653 0.152
4,85- 0.169-
5,03 0,31

95.8- 1.4
197 13
0.55

6.!
6.7
8,136



0.737




9.2

111.7- 8.98-
212.9 20.6
49.2 O.009
9-7 5.8S
15,4 4,4
186- 19,5-
28" 58,9
72,9 9-O-
114
0.71
0^1
0.62
tM Ml
0.605 6,664
6.62 6,68
73.2 10,93
115.9J
6.0- 0,071 0,53
6.721
6.0 73.29 11,4-
6-721 H6.4


- ITO

169
Oil OM
8.67 0,16 1,08
«,»« - 1.32
1,8



- 8>S
8,86 3,2 12,2

0.0- 1 J 8.552-
0-S12 0.575
0-86- 5.6 12JS-
127 12.57

2.8S 59 39,0
106 45,1
6,12 17,3
5,61
5,6 3.7
1,95
6.*


1.9 '. as
2,28 16J
6.53





12.6 73, 122.8
128 129J


8.025 8.23 1.J6
1263 75,25- 124J-
120.25 1S1.S
1. Point Source Data are bued pnnunli on the 1985 and 1986 UGLCCa survey tnulti Raniet reflect the difference
between UGLCCS data and either MISA (Algoma) or nelT-mniloring data (Algolua and Dettoit WWTP),
2. Totab include additional miaor Jtoureee.
3. Eatimatea beaed oo partial databaaea.
4. Bued on Detroit River System maaa balance trtudy.
5. Detroit CSO and Windaor Stonnwater £ CSO.




























0,20
121
005
0,42
0.001
8.84
8,886
8.085
0.723-
1733
0^8-
0.90
1.057.
2.S85


51*


0,172
121,0 0.183
0.118

43,2 0.045



264 0,336

6.143-
0.263
254 8.478-
0.638



5-15

'. 6.311




041






6,9



0.24
6.14



OJXH1-
OJXB
6.66H-
6.669


0,0032
0,003








0,009

6.8638-
6.8641
0,8138-
0,019

0,200.
0-256


0.6236



0,0593
0-0392






Oi7B-
OJ34
0,001
6.151
6.24
0,87-
0,73
* B©Be - BssehesiitsI Qx?&s
PA It a * Falyiiudear fFelycye
PCBa — Pojjtfe
HCB -- H.,ad
OCS = QSKh

WtSSSltQ B}$S
brebeosese
igrsstyreae



0,00005*5-
0,000016
6.0000055
6.866016


0.03









0,03

6.862

O.OS2


0.001.
0-OU


0.60027
6.86043





8.88H2



0X10036
0-0023-
0,012


6.8000*
0,00238-
0,0121






0,0047


0-OW1
0-0001





0-««9

o.oeooi

0,00494


0,0086»7



0.000845


6.860014
8.866W1







«600W7




0,000087

ie& Areraatie Hytlrseajlxpns
eB/ls







NOTE; Dflfihea (-') indicate no data collected.

-------
                                            ii


                                                5

                  Waste      in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels1
UNITED
St. Marys River
Cannelton Industries, Inc. Site
Superior Sanitation Landfill
Union Carbide Site (Sault Ste. Marie Disposal Site)
St. Clair River

A & B Waste Disposal
Hoover Chemical Reeves Disposal
Wills       Dump Site
Winchester Landfill
Lake St. Clair

Selfridge Air National Guard Base
Sttgarbush Landfill
Detroit River

BASF-Wyandotte (North Works)
BASF-Wyandotte (South Works)
Chrysler-Trenton
Edward C. Levy, Co. (Trenton Plant)
Edward C. Levy, Co. (Plant #3)
Federal Marine Terminal Properties
Huron Valley Steel Corp.
Industrial Landfill (Firestone)
Jones Chemical
Michigan Consolidated Gas (Eiverside Park)
Monsanto Co. Site
Pennwalt Corp. Site
Petrochemical Processing Site
Point Hennepin Site
Zug Island (Great Lakes Steel)
CANADA
St. Maryi River

Algoma Steel Slag Site
Sault Ste. Marie (Cherokee) Landfill1
St. Clair River

Dow Chemical Site (Scott Road)
Polysar Ltd, Site       Road)
Detroit Hiver

Fighting Island Site
1    Sites within 19 kilometres of the connecting channels with known or potential        to the con-
     necting channels,

2    Follow-up investigation of this    indicates that leachates have been detected in the groundwater
     or surface water adjacent to this site.

Information in this table is correct as of January 1988

-------
                                            12
5.   SPECIFIC  CONCERNS

The St. Marys, St. Clair and Detroit Rivers are
subject to contaminant loadings which have
resulted  in  changes  to  the  water quality,
sediments and biota.

i)  Major Loadings

Table 4 summarizes the  loadings of 21 con-
taminants (measured in kilograms per day) to
the three rivers. These data are based primari-
ly on the 1985 and 1986 UGLCCS point source
surveys. Ranges reflect the differences between
UGLCCS and either MISA or self-monitoring
data.

The largest point sources in each channel were
sampled. Below are selected parameters and
facilities with the largest  loadings.
Oil and
Grease
Lead



Mercury


Cadmium



Cyanide


Phenols



PAHs
Detroit WWTP
Rouge Steel
Algoma Steel
McLouth Steel
Great Lakes Steel

Ford Canada
Ethyl Canada
Detroit WWTP

Detroit WWTP
Dow Chemical
9090-14 042 kg/day
8090
1950-9441
7060
4260 and 3650

30.3
19.1
7.13-137

0.064-0.54
0.029
PCBs

HCB
Wayne County-
Wyandotte WWTP  6.1
Detroit WWTP   1.4-13.0

Algoma Steel    72.9
Detroit WWTP   59-106

Ford Canada     48.2
Detroit WWTP   39.0-45.4
Algoma Steel    9-114

Rouge Steel     5.15
Sault Ste. Marie
East End WWTP 0.42
Algoma Steel    0.2-1.21

Detroit WWTP   0.20-0.26

Dow Chemical   0.03
Detroit WWTP   0.001-0.011
ii) Water Column

«  Water quality  impairment continues near
   municipal  and  industrial discharges,
   tributary mouths and in  areas  of  con-
   taminated sediment.

iii) Contaminated Sediments

*  Toxic amounts of metals, synthetic organics
   and  conventional pollutants  have  ac-
   cumulated in sediments.

•  Specific  contaminants in  sediments are
   detrimental, to the point of lethality, to ben-
   thic organisms.

«  Accumulation of oil and grease does not sup-
   port habitat needs of aquatic insects.

•  Some areas of the sediments are completely
   devoid of life as a result of contamination.

»  PAHs found in sediments may be associated
   with tumor incidence in bottom-feeding fish.

•  Sediment contaminants are not likely to
   diminish through natural processes in the
   short term.

iv) Bioaceumulation

*  Bioaceumulation  of  toxic  contaminants
   threatens  beneficial  uses  of  ecosystem
   resources such  as the commercial and sport
   fisheries and trapping  of fur-bearing
   mammals.

•  Chlorinated organic compounds found in the
   connecting  channels  have a potential to
   bioaeeumulate in  tissue  and  to affect
   reproduction  and  off-spring  of  aquatic
   wildlife and waterfowl.

»  Contaminant burdens in fish and wildlife
   have resulted in consumption advisories for
   certain species in these areas.

-------
                                             13
6. RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
The study has identified the need to relate pollu-
tion  abatement to ecosystem concerns. Water
quality, effluent quality,  sediments and biota
standards and guidelines currently are not con-
sistent, not always enforceable and do not cover
all chemicals and media,

The current regulatory programs are not
fully  effective  in  controlling  pollution
loadings within the connecting channels,

•  Specific discharge limitations vary between
   jurisdictions.

•  A number of persistent contaminants not
   covered  by regulations are discharged into
   the channels from permitted industrial and
   municipal discharges.

•  Contaminant discharges regulated by con-
   centration limits enter the channels in high
   volumes causing significant total loadings.

•  Permit  limits are developed chemical-by-
   chemical and medium-by-medium and may
   overlook potential synergistic effects unless
   whole effluent toxicity testing is utilized.

To correct the  situation the  Management
Committee recommends a comprehensive
regulatory program which would include:

•  Coordination among all regulatory agencies
   in setting both ambient and effluent stan-
   dards and undertaking remedial clean-up
   actions;

•  Consideration of ecosystem objectives in stan-
   dard setting;

•  A multimedia approach;

•  Synergistic properties between contaminants
   taken into account when setting levels for
   specific  substances;

•  Developing further controls to cover all per-
   sistent toxic chemicals currently discharged,
   with the ultimate goal of zero discharge built-
   in through the application of increasingly ef-
   fective technology;

•  Agreement among agencies to a  list  of
   chemicals to be monitored using standardized
   methodologies for sampling, analysis and
   reporting;

•  Detailed assessment of contributions of non-
   point sources including waste disposal sites,
   combined sewer  overflows,  atmospheric
   loadings and tributary loadings as well as the
   implementation of effective control measures;

•  Reduced  pollutant loads from stormwater
   sources, combined sewer overflows, sewage
   treatment  plant bypasses,  industrial
   pretreatment through technological develop-
   ment and stricter controls;

•  Improved reporting of spill incidents and im-
   proved on site spill containment facilities;

*  Completing  the identification  of con-
   taminated groundwater and undertaking
   monitoring where required;

•  A coordinated education program emphasiz-
   ing the benefits (financial and otherwise) of
   improving the current environmental reali-
   ty, targetted to dischargers and the general
   public to  encourage responsible actions.

Remedial programs should aim to:

»  Prevent further decline in ecosystem quality;

•  Achieve improvements in ecosystem quality
   as evidenced by the return of sensitive species
   including the benthic invertebrate communi-
   ty and fish-eating aquatic birds;

•  Restore beneficial uses of the channels and
   associated areas;

•  Virtually eliminate contaminant discharges
   at specific sources by regulatory or voluntary
   measures. In the interim, specific recommen-
   dations are suggested for each  geographic
   area for  industrial and municipal  point
   sources and non-point sources;

•  Remove, treat or allow burial of contaminated
   sediments, as appropriate, to reduce biotic ex-
   posure, restore water quality and beneficial
   uses;

•  Achieve the greatest possible restoration in
   each area. Restoration will depend on the ap-
   plication of the knowledge obtained from ad-
   ditional research.

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                                            14
7.   LONG-TERM MONITOEING PROGRAM
The focus of the UGLCCS was to identify pro-
blems in the ecosystem and how to remedy them.
Long-term monitoring recommendations provide
a framework to focus on trends in environmen-
tal quality  and to assess the effectiveness of
remedial actions.  Monitoring should be suffi-
cient to 1) detect system-wide trends noted by the
UGLCCS,  2)  detect  changes resulting from
specific remedial actions, and 3) assess whether
beneficial uses have been restored.
The  Great Lakes International Surveillance
Plan (GLISP) will contain plans for long-term
monitoring. The GLISP for the Upper Great
Lakes Connecting Channels will be completed
by incorporating results of this study.

Besults from UGLCCS will be incorporated in-
to each RAP, and will influence state and pro-
vincial monitoring programs.  Table  6 sum-
marizes the basic recommendations for long-
term monitoring programs.
                                         TABLE 6
                     Summary of long-term monitoring recommendations.
Monitoring/Study Area
Head/Mouth Transects
Tributaries
Municipal & Industrial Source
CSO and Runoff
Groundwater Inflow
Sediment TVansport
Sediment Chemistry
Atmospheric Deposition
Biota
Sport Fish
Spottail Shiners
Clams
Habitat Survey:
Mayflies/Benthos
Wetlands
St. Marys River
R/MB
T/MB
H/MB
E/MB
mm
E/MB
T
E
RT
S/T
E/S/T
T
T
St. Glair River
R/MB
T/MB
VMS

EB/R
E/MB
T
E
R/T
m
S/T
T
T
Lake St. Clair
R/MB
T/MB
E
E/MB
8MB
E
T
E
R/T
BIT
E/ST
T
T
Detroit River
RMB
T/MB
R/MB
B/EMB
ESK
E/MB
T
E
E/R/T
SIT
T
T
Frequency
B=2/yr
MB=5yr
Seasonal/
Storm events
NS
NS
NS
Once
St. Marys/
St. Clair:
5 yr
As needed
1 or 2/yr
Annual
NS
*
*
   St. Marys: Syr others Syr
R = Regulatory Program Needs, S = Site Specific, T = Trend, E = Exploratory/Load Estimate, MB = Mass Balance Needs,
NS = Not Specified.

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                                          15


8.  REMEDIAL ACTION PLANS (RAPs)

The St. Marys, St. Glair and Detroit Rivers have       The individual RAPs will list impaired uses,
been identified by the Parties to the Great Lakes       sources of contaminants, uses to be restored,
Water Quality Agreement as Areas of Concern.       specific remedial actions,  schedules for im-
RAPs  are  being developed for each of these       plementation  and  detailed  monitoring
geographical areas as a joint effort by Ontario       requirements.
and Michigan with the support of Canadian and
U.S. federal governments. The RAPs include a
public consultation process now underway to
identify the concerns of the  community.
  I

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PART II

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                        Sault St». Marto
                            Omarto
                                                                                             tUJDR POWT SOURCE
                                                                                                OBCHARGE
                         Dwedion of Flow
ol mpairmeni relv to the relative occurrence o4 pdlution »i&rani ipee*s and to
 erf b«n!h»c upeoos m jcowal. UfiKnpairad joo« may fwvenheteas be
 for (n*rn»a ««ien al n prwem in tw phyvctl wbetraw
              Figure 2.  ZOOM of Impairment of Benthlc Fauna in the St. Marys River

-------
                                             19
                            ST.
Overall, the St. Marys Ewer is in the    con-
dition of the Upper Connecting Channels. The
water quality and biotic diversity are mostly in-
fluenced by Lake Superior. However, localized
water quality degradation has resulted from
steel and  paper mills and municipal
treatment plant discharges in Canada. On the
U.S. side, combined       overflow discharges
contribute  to impairment downstream of the
Edison  Sault Electric Company  canal. Con-
siderable progress has heen made since 1970 by
Algoma Steel Corporation Ltd, in reducing
ammonia-nitrogen, free cyanide,  and phenol
discharges; by St.  Marys Paper in reducing
suspended solids loadings; and by the municipal
sewage  treatment  plants  in improving the
removal of phosphorus and organic matter.

The results of the present study show that
significant zones of degraded water, sediment
and/or biotic quality still remain along the Cana-
dian shoreline.

•  Zones of environmental degradation occur in
   Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, particularly in
   slips and embayments at, and/or downstream
   of, Algoma Steel and St. Marys Paper.

•  Adversely impacted  benthie  communities
   generally  occur in  a band approximately
   500 m wide, extending 3 km along the Cana-
   dian shore  downstream  of  industrial
   discharges (Figure 2).

•  Some physical habitat          has occur-
   red  as a result of the construction,
   maintenance, and operation of navigation
   streetures (e,g,, dams and locks), shoreline in-
   filling for     disposal, channel maintenance
   activities, and ship passage.

»  U.S.  and Canadian waters do not mix to a
   significant extent in the upper river or main
   channel, but      cross-channel mixing
   occur in the lower river downstream of the
   Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario East Bnd Waste
   Water Treatment Plant, In particular, trans-
   boundary  ammonia pollution     observed
   along the  Sugar Island shoreline.
1.  Water

*  Zones of degraded water quality downstream
   of Sault  St.  Marie, Ontario  exceeded
   available guidelines for iron, phosphorus,
   fecal bacteria, phenolics, and benzo(a)pyrene
   (one  type of PAH),

•  Although within their respective guidelines,
   the combined effect of ammonia and cyanide
   concentrations may result in toxic conditions.

*  Spills of contaminated materials  in the St.
   Marys River result in significant short term
            in the concentrations and loadings
   of some pollutants.

2.  Sediment

»  Bottom sediments in            of the St.
   Marys  River exceeded both OMOE  and/or
   USEPA dredging guidelines for the following
   pollutants: arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel,
   zinc, iron, copper, chromium, nutrients, oil
   and grease, and benzo(a)pyrene,

»  Sediments along  the  Ontario shore near
   Algoma Steel and Sault Ste. Marie and in
   Little  Lake George were the  most  con-
   taminated. Sediments upstream  of the in-
   dustrial complexes were uncontaminated.

3,  Biota

»  Past reductions in pollutant loadings to the
   St. Marys River have not     adequate to
   reduce  lediment contamination and impacts
   to benthic          Contaminants remain-
   ing in  the sediment,  particularly oil and
   grease,  metals and PAHs,  are  a  major
   concern,

«  Mercury  levels in large specimens of
   sport  fish exceed  the Great Lakes Water
   Quality Agreement objective of 0.5 mg/kg.

-------
                                            20
SOURCES  OF  POLLUTANTS

Municipal and industrial discharges accounting
for much of the pollutant loading within the St.
Marys River can be found in Table 4, In addition
to the major contaminants quantified in Table
4, loadings of xylene, styrene, benzene, toluene,
chloroform, methylene chloride, 2,4,6-trichloro-
phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 1,4-dichlorobenzene
and  mono and dichloramine  totalling 10.7
kg/day have  also been identified,  Nonpoint
sources, particularly surface runoff from in-
dustrial sites, contribute equal amounts of some
toxic contaminants.

*  Algoma Steel had the highest loadings of oil
   and  grease,  ammonia,  suspended solids,
   chloride, cyanide, total phenols, total metals,
   PAHs and total volatiles.

*  High concentrations of suspended solids on
   the Ontario side can be traced to the Algoma
   Steel and St. Marys Paper facilities.

•  The East End Waste Water Treatment Plant
   (WWTP) in Sault  Ste. Marie, Ontario, con-
   tributes the highest loadings of total
   phosphorus, chlorinated  benzenes  and-
   chloroethers to the St. Marys River. It is the
   second greatest contributor of oil and grease,
   ammonia,  chloride, total metals, volatiles,
   PAHs, and chlorinated phenols.

*  Nonpoint sources  may contribute up to 50
   percent of PAHs, zinc and lead loadings to the
   river, although no extensive measurements
   of these sources were made.

•  Storm drains of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan,
   may be the  source of high levels of fecal
   bacteria found immediately downstream of
   the Edison Sault Electric Company canal.

*  Bennett and East Davignon Creeks which
   discharge  to the  St. Marys River receive
   significant  loadings of  heavy  metals,
   phenolics, PAHs and oil and grease, from the
   Algoma Steel and Domtar plants as a result
   of spills, contaminated groundwater, runoff
   and scouring of contaminated sediments.

*  Of twelve waste disposal sites studied, three
   present a potentially serious threat to the St.
   Marys River: the  Algoma Slag Dump, the
   Cannelton  Industries Tannery  site,  the
   Superior Stations landfill.
RECOMMENDATIONS

Ontario and Michgan should incorporate into
their respective regulatory programs, the Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement goal for the vir-
tual  elimination  of  all  persistent  toxic
substances. The following specific recommenda-
tions are provided as steps toward that goal.

A. Industrial and Municipal Point Sources

   Algoma Steel which  was  the major con-
   tributor of ammonia, phenols, oil and grease,
   cyanide and suspended solids must continue
   to  reduce loadings of these  substances to
   meet  the  requirements of the  Ontario
   Ministry of Environment Control Order, the
   compliance dates of which should be enforc-
   ed. This recommendation is subject to Recom-
   mendations 7, 8 and 9 below.

2.  The Sault  Ste. Marie, Ontario East End
   WWTP should be equipped with phosphorus
   removal in  order to  bring  the  total
   phosphorus concentration in the final  ef-
   fluent down to the required 1 mg/L (this is
   expected to be on-line in 1989).

3.  The treatment capacity of the East End
   WWTP is frequently exceeded. To reduce the
   frequency of plant overflows and by-passes,
   this plant must be upgraded to provide secon-
   dary treatment and expanded, or a portion
   of the wastewater must be rerouted to the
   West End WWTP.

4.  The municipality, with the support of the
   OMOE, take  steps to strictly enforce the
   Sault Ste. Marie Sewer By-Law and thus pre-
   vent the discharge of untreated industrial
   wastes to municipal sewers. The municipali-
   ty  and/or  OMOE should also  initiate  an
   educational program  to discourage  home
   owners from disposing of hazardous or toxic
   waste in sewers,

5.  Discharges of fecal coliform and fecal strep-
   tococci from Algoma Steel, sewage treatment
   plants and combined sewer overflows must be
   reduced to  meet  Provincial  Water Quality
   Objectives.

6.  The A.B. McLean aggregate extraction opera-
   tions is potentially a  significant source of
   suspended  solids  to the St. Marys  River.

-------
                                             21
   The current, permitted extraction must be
   closely monitored and the requirements must
   be strictly enforced. Furthermore, the pen-
   ding permit application must not be issued
   until a comprehensive environmental review
   indicates that the increased activity would
   not result in unacceptable adverse impacts.

7,  Discharge limits for point sources should be
   based on mixing zones with all water quali-
   ty objectives met at the boundary of each
   mixing zone. This zone is expected to be
   reduced (ultimately to zero) as advances in
   treatment technology are implemented.

8.  Depending on the parameter, Algoma Steel
   samples their effluent on a daily, weekly or
   monthly basis. Most  of  the  controlled
   parameters are based on 12 month averages.
   Due  to  the  variability  in  effluent
   characteristics, sampling should be more fre-
   quent. The frequency and type of sampling
   should be re-evaluated and audit sampling
   by OMOE should be increased.

9.  Additional parameters, such as PAHs, should
   be regulated and incorporated into Algoma's
   monitoring program,

B. Non-point Sources

10. Ontario and Michigan should conduct addi-
   tional studies for both urban and rural runoff
   to better identify and quantify loadings of
   trace inorganic and organic compounds.

11. Investigate the kinds of contaminants, the
   pathways of contamination (surface  water
   and groundwater), and the magnitude of the
   contaminant flux; establish monitoring net-
   works as required; and undertake necessary
   remedial clean-up activities at the following
   waste sites:

   i)  the Algoma  Slag Site;

   ii) Cannelton Industries Tannery disposal
      site (under CERCLA authority);

   iii) Union Carbide and Superior Sanitation
      landfills (under Michigan Act 307).

12. Spill containment must be improved at both
   industrial  and municipal  facilities  to
   minimize the frequency of shock loadings to
   the aquatic ecosystem. This will entail spill
   prevention, development of contingency plans
   to deal with material reaching the river and
   the following of established procedures for
   the reporting of spills,

C. Surveys, Research and Development

13. Many PAHs have been shown to be bioac-
   cumulative or to have toxic effects on aquatic
   organisms and some are proven carcinogens.
   The  absence of specific, numerical water
   quality  standards  makes  it  difficult  to
   regulate  the discharge of PAHs.  An ac-
   celerated  effort to        the  ecological
   significance of  PAHs  and  to develop
   compound-specific criteria is required.

14. There are no regulatory guidelines to permit
   assessment of the biological significance of
   sediment-associated contaminants. Develop-
   ment of such guidelines is required to aid in
   site-specific evaluations  of contaminated
   sediments,

15, Impacts to benthic macroinvertebrate com-
   munities have been related to sediment
   quality. Further site-specific work must be
   completed to prioritize sediment "hot spots"
   based on  biological impacts.  In addition,
   physical and chemical characteristics of the
   sediment should be evaluated. This informa-
   tion  will be used to determine appropriate
   remedial actions for sediments.  Suggested
   studies include acute and chronic sediment
   bioassays, as well as physical/chemical and
   bedload assessments.

16, The development of water quality based ef-
   fluent limits for specific PAH compounds re-
   quires additional monitoring of point source
   discharges (water as well as air) and deter-
   mination of PAH concentrations in resident
   aquatic indicator  species,

17, There is a paucity of data on the near-field
   atmospheric deposition of metals  and
   organics. This information should be obtain-
   ed, and evaluated relative to other sources
   (e.g. effluents, urban runoff, Lake Superior)
   to the river,

18. Suspended solids are of concern due to their
   ability to deposit contaminants locally or to
   transport them long distances, before settling

-------
                                             22
   out. An investigation of the combined effects
   of suspended solids discharges from Algoma
   Steel, St. Marys Paper, and WWTPs should
   be completed. This may involve a sediment
   transport modeling effort that considers the
   sources, transport and ultimate deposition of
   sediment  and  contaminants.  This study
   would also allow prioritization of sources for
   remedial action.

19. The NPDES Permit for the Sault Ste. Marie,
   Michigan WWTP includes effluent limits for
   BODB,  pH,   suspended   solids,   total
   phosphorus, fecal  coliform,  and  residual
   chlorine.  No  loadings were  measured for
   UGLCCS parameters during the 1986 survey
   period. Trace contaminant loadings from this
   facility should be determined to verify the
   absence  of environmentally significant
   loadings to the river.

20. The OMOE has issued fish consumption ad-
   visories for many large game fish due to mer-
   cury contamination.  Although the  main
   source of mercury is believed to be natural,
   there are potential sources in the Sault Ste.
   Marie  urban area.  Mercury has  been
   detected, for example, in all point source ef-
   fluents and in stormwater in Sault Ste,
   Marie, Ontario. Therefore, it is recommend-
   ed that a study to determine the relative con-
   tributions of background and urban source(s)
   of mercury be completed,

21. Fecal coliform  bacteria  densities  were
   detected in river water downstream of the
   Edison Sault Power canal in Michigan. Fur-
   ther sampling must be conducted to deter-
   mine whether Michigan's fecal coliform stan-
   dard is being exceeded and, if so, to identify
   the  source(s) and  approprimate remedial
   action.

22, For chemicals where sufficient ambient data
   and standards are available, the agencies
   should develop a contaminant fate and ex-
   posure model. The model should provide in-
   sight into the fate of chemicals entering and
   leaving the river by various pathways as well
   as a systematic framework for predicting the
   relative effectiveness of proposed corrective
   actions.

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                                             23
                             ST.  CLAIR HIVER
                                                 1.  Water
Conflicting interests for resource utiliiation
among industry, wildlife and recreation     ma-
jor challenges for the management of the St.
Clair River. Most of the U.S. and Canadian
shores are undeveloped and only relatively small
urban communities exist.  However, a large
chemical manufacturing and petro chemical pro-
cessing complex is situated south of Sarnia on
the  Canadian  side  ("Chemical  Valley").
Discharges from this complex as well as other
small industries and municipalities, on hoth
sides, have contributed to environmental quali-
ty problems in the St. Clair River. Some major
improvements havew heen made     the 1970s,
including a substantial reduction in the concen-
trations of mercury and certain organic chemical
(particularly since 1985) and the shrinking of the
River's zone of highly contaminated sediment.

Loadings of a number of conventional  and
organic pollutants, primarily certain toxic in-
dustrial solvents and metals, continue to com-
promise local environmental quality.

•  Areas of degraded water quality are located
   on the Ontario    of the river in the Sarnia-
   Corunna  "Chemical Valley"  area of
   petroleum refining and chemical manufac-
   turing complexes (Figure 3).

•  Most  zones of severely contaminated sedi-
   ment  were found primarily offshore and im-
   mediately  downstream  of the  Chemical
   Valley.

*  There is virtually no cross-channel transport
   of pollutants       the international boun-
   dary. The river     like three        flow
   panels: a central panel bounded by Ontario
   and Michigan shore panels. Pollutants from
   outfalls or tributaries tend to remain
   to the shorelines, affording  little dilution
   with river flow.
The contaminants of conern  in the St,  Clair
River were found to be remarkably consistent
among water quality, sediment and biota.
*  Concentrations  of bacteria have exceeded
   guidelines resulting in the closure of swim-
   ming       on both      of the river,

»  Hexachlorobenzene and perchloroethylene
   exceed interim  guidelines near industrial
   outfalls on the Canadian side of the river.

*  Octachlorostyrene,  hexachlorobutadiene,
   hexachloroethane,  pentachlorobenzene,
   benzene  and carbon  tetrachloride  are
   chemicals contributed by Canadian sources
   in concentrations which are of concern. There
   are, however, no ecosystem or industrial
   guidelines to  which  to compare their
   concentrations.

•  Chloride concentrations in the river do not
   exceed drinking water guidelines, however,
   the extremely large point source loadings
   (356 tonnes/day) may have implications for
   downstream biota.

»  Spills and leaks from Chemical Valley con-
   tinue to be a concern as individual incidents
   can contribute loadings of toxic chemicals ap-
   proaching the annual on-going discharges.

2.  Sediments

*  Sediment contamination is highest on the
   Canadian side and particularly in the vicini-
   ty and downstream of industrial discharges,
   These sediments are contaminated to vary-
   ing         by  hexaehlorobeniene, octach-
   lorostyrene,  PCBs,  oil  and  grease,  hex-
   aehlorobutadiene,  hexachloroethane,  pen-
   tachlorobeniene,   diphenylether  and
   Mphenyl,

«  Significantly elevated concentration! of mer-
   cury remain in the sediments on the Ontario
        even though industrial sources have
   been virtually eliminated. The highest con-
   centration,, 51 nag/kg, was found adjacent to
   Dow Chemical,

»  Levels of lead were generally low,  except for
   one location  near  the  Ethyl Corporation
   Plant, were concentrations as high as 330
   mg/kg were found.

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                                              Moomomi

                                             Court right

                                                 Bowmans Creek
MOTE
ZonM of impainuM refer ID ihe retettva occurenoe d poluuon Btannl spaom and to tw
dfvoraity d boniNc ipeda* in

          Figure 3.   Zones of Impairment of Benthlc Fauna in the St. Clair River

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                                             25
*  On the Michigan side of the river, the con-
   centrations of UGLCC Study pollutants were
   generally  low. Localized areas of  oil and
   grease contamination were found above the
   Bluewater Bridge adjacent to Bort Huron,
   above the Belle Hiver adjacent to Marine Ci-
   ty and along the North Channel downstream
   of Algonae.

3.  Biota

*  The following contaminants were detected in
   caged clams and fish exposed to industrial
   discharges: hexaehlorobenzene, octachloro-
   styrene, PAHs, hexachloroethane,  hexaeh-
   lorobutadiene, pentaehlorobenzene, carbon
   tetraehloride, perehloroethylene and benzene,

*  Some large walleye, northern pike, and white
   baas contain levels of mercury in edible flesh
   that exceed the Great lakes Water  Quality
   Agreement objective (0,5 mg/kg).

«  Sediments from the Chemical Valley area
   were  found  to be lethal to  indicator
   organisms,  such  as:  mayfly nymphs,
   freshwater scud, and fathead minnows,

«  Concentrations of PCBs in the older, larger
   representatives of a number offish species ex-
   ceed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agree-
   ment objective (0,1 mg/kgX which is intend-
   ed to  protect sensitive wildlife.

»  A number of pollutants     were detected in
   biota  for which no standards, objectives or
   guidelines have been set: alkyl lead com-
   pounds were found in  game    near the
   Ethyl Corporation-Sarnia Plant, PAHs were
   found in      clams, hexachlorobenzene
   octachlorostyrene      detected in
   from all trophic levels.

*  The concentration of persistent pollutants
   (such as mercury,  hexachlorobenzene, oc-
   tachlorostyrene and PAHs) is higher in
   lampled organisms than in the environment,
   reflecting the tendency of these contaminants
   to bioaccumulato,

*  The   potential additive,  antagonistic  or
   synerglstic effects of multiple contaminant
   exposures to the river's wildlife and to fish
   and duck consumers are not well understood.
               OF

Industrial discharges, especially on the Cana-
dian    of the St. Clair River, are major sources
of many  of  the  area's  toxic  contaminants.
Tributaries, urban runoff and combined
overflows,       contribute to total pollutant
loadings.

«  The petroleum refineries and chemical plants
   located on the upper 10 km of the St. Clair
   Eiver in the Sarnia-Corunna  area are major
   sources of hexachlorobenzene,  octachloro-
   styrene,  PAHs,  lead,  ammonia-nitrogen,
   chromium and total volatiles    Table 4 in
   Part 1).

*  The Dow~Sarnia Plant is a principal source
   of a number of toxic pollutants of particular
   concern:   hexaehlorobenzene,   octachloro-
   styrene, PCBs, copper, mercury and volatiles.

•  Ethyl Corporation is  the major source of
   alkyllead in the St. Clair River System.

»  The Cole Drain is a principal source of oil and
   grease, PAHs and cyanide.

•  The Sarnia WWTP is a principal  source of
   total  phenols,  nickel,  phosphorus  and
   ammonia.

»  On the Michigan shoreline, three urban
        have storm sewers that drain directly
   or indirectly to the  St.  Clair  River, con-
   tributing PCBs, ammonia, phosphorus, oil
   and        and metals: (1) Port Huron; (2)
   Marine City; and (3) Algonac.

*  Based on studies of Sarnia runoff and com-
   bined sewer overflow (CSO) systems, overflow
   incidents are a major       of ammonia and
   phosphorus; runoff and overflow are roughly
   equal in the contributions of oil and grease}
   zinc and mercury.

»  Tributaries to the St. Clair River are major
          of phosphorus, a number of pesticide
   compounds, and other pollutants.

»  Seven  U.S. and  two Canadian  waste
   were ranked as high priority      on their
   potential to impact the river.

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                                             26
•  Historical deep-well disposal of liquid  in-
   dustrial  wastes in the  Sarnia area  has
   resulted in localized phenol contamination of
   the freshwater aquifer in the vicinity of some
   disposal  wells. Generally, this  is not con-
   sidered a significant source of contamination
   to the St. Clair River.

•  The liquid waste disposed in the deep wells
   has migrated out of the original disposal zone
   and the fate of the 8 x 106 m3 of waste is
   largely unknown. Of particular concern is
   the presence of high phenol concentrations
   in bedrock layers above the original disposal
   zone.

•  Spills and accidental discharges also are an
   important source of pollution. In 1986, a total
   of 131 surface water spills to the St. Clair
   River were reported; 10 in Michigan and 121
   in Ontario.

*  One spill of particular note during the study
   occurred at  Dow Chemical-Sarnia in 1985,
   when 50 tons of perchloroethylene  were
   released  into the river.
RECOMMENDATIONS

Ontario and Michigan should incorporate into
their respective regulatory programs, the Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement goal for the vir-
tual  elimination  of all  persistent  toxic
substances. The following specific recommenda-
tions are provided as  steps toward that goal.

A. Industrial and Municipal Point Sources

1.  Polysar  Sarnia  should  take  action  to
   significantly reduce benzene and phenols in
   the American Petroleum Institute (stereo)
   separator effluent. The operation of the Biox
   treatment system should be optimized to at-
   tain the  Ontario Industrial Effluent objec-
   tives for total phenols  and  ammonia-
   nitrogen. Effluent requirements (in both con-
   centration and mass loading form) should be
   implemented for PAHs and HCB at the most
   stringent levels attainable through the use
   of the best available technology.

2.  Dow Chemical should significantly reduce its
   discharge of organic chemicals to the river.
   The facility was a  major contributor of 5 of
   the 7 organic groups studied. It is noted that
   current self-monitoring data are being made
   publicly available to demonstrate the effect
   of recent remedial efforts  at  this facility.
   Many improvements in operation have been
   implemented at Dow Chemical since the time
   of the UGLCCS survey. Self-monitoring data
   and other sampling results should be review-
   ed to determine if additional remedial actions
   are needed.

3.  The sources of ongoing discharges of mercury
   from  Dow  Chemical  and Ethyl  Canada
   should be identified and eliminated.

4.  Ethyl Canada should improve the operation
   of its treatment  plant to reduce concentra-
   tions of tetra ethyl lead to meet the GLWQA
   specific objective and the Provincial Water
   Quality Objective of 25«g/L. In addition, en-
   forceable mass loading limitations for lead
   should be instated at this facility. Volatiles,
   especially  chloroethane,  should also  be
   significantly reduced  in the effluent.

5.  Polysar Corunna should reduce the concen-
   tration of chromium and zinc in the final ef-
   fluent. This facility should consider
   substituting less persistent additives in the
   recycle cooling water  system.

6.  Effluent concentrations for chloride  were
   generally below  drinking water objectives,
   but the total  point source loading to the
   system was very  large (356 tonnes/day). Most
   was from facilities in the Sarnia area. The
   extreme loadings may be affecting aquatic
   organisms  downstream of  these facilities.
   Chloride concentration and loading limita-
   tions should be considered for those facilities
   discharging significant amounts of chlorides.

7.  All potential sources of releases of heat ex-
   changer fluids, as evidenced by the presence
   of very high concentrations of diphenyl ether
   and biphenyl in sediments along Sarnia's in-
   dustrial waterfront, should be identified and
   controlled.

8,  The Sarnia WWTP should be expanded and
   upgraded to secondary biological treatment
   with  phosphorus  removal. In conjunction
   with  the   upgrading, the  Point  Edward
   WWTP (a  primary plant) should be con-
   sidered for use  as a  pretreatment  facility

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                                             2?
   which would discharge to the Sarnia Plant.
   The  loading of  ammonia-nitrogen, total
   phenols, heavy metals, and organics to the
   St. Clair River would be significantly reduc-
   ed by this action,

9,  American Tape  in Marysville should  be
   evaluated to ensure compliance with their
   NPDES permit,  Michigan Water Quality
   Standards and BAT requirements for toluene
   and xylene in the discharge.

10, The City of Marysville should be evaluated
   to ensure compliance with their NPDES per-
   mit and Michigan Water Quality Standards
   for toluene in the discharge.

11. The National Pollution Discharge Elimina-
   tion System permit for  the Marine  City
   WWTP should be evaluated to ensure com-
   pliance with Michigan Water Quality Stan-
   dards for cyanide. The pretreatment program
   should be reviewed to ensure that cyanide is
   adequately regulated. The facility should be
   evaluated to determine if acute and chronic
   bioassays are necessary.

12. A survey should be conducted at the St. Clair
   County-Algonac WWTP to evaluate the effi-
   ciency of the treatment system. An ammonia-
   nitrogen  effluent limitation should be con-
   sidered for the facility. Nitrogen loading to
   the river and Lake St. Clair may be reduced
   by these  actions.

13. The  City of St.  Clair WWTP should  be
   resurveyed to ensure that the expanded plant
   is operating efectively.

14. A study of industrial contributors to the Port
   Huron WWTP should be undertaken to iden-
   tify the source or sources of cyanide and PCBs
   to this facility. Pretreatment requirements
   for all  industrial contributors should be ex-
   amined, and modified if needed. Effluent re-
   quirements for cyanide and PCBs should be
   considered in the facility's NPDES permit.

15. Biomonitoring studies should be conducted to
   determine whole effluent toxicity at industrial and
   municipal point sources. This study evaluated the
   point sources only on a parameter-by-parameter
   basis, with no attempt made to determine the im-
   pact of any additive or synergistic effects the
   parameters may exhibit.
B. Non-point Sources

16, Sources of PAHs and total cyanide to the Cole
   Drain, Sarnia, should be identified.  If the
   sources are exceeding applicable effluent
   guidelines, they should be remediated,

17. The loadings via surface water runoff and
   groundwater discharge from landfills in the
   Scott Road area to the Cole Drain need to be
   determined and treated as  necessary.

18. Licensing requirements for sludge disposal
   facilities should ensure  that surface water
   and groundwater are properly monitored and
   treated.

19, A and B Waste Disposal, Hoover Chemical
   Reeves Company, and Wills St. Dump Site
   were all scored under the Superfund Hazard
   Ranking System (HRS) apparently without
   consideration of groundwater quality infor-
   mation. The State of Michigan should deter-
   mine, based upon USGS chemistry informa-
   tion, the State priority for action at each site.
   Development of more complete groundwater
   information on-site would allow the State the
   options of pursuing Federal  action  under
   Superfund by rescoring the site under the
   new HRS (when it is approved), or pursuing
   remediation under Act 307 (MERA), Further-
   more, the facilities needs for RCRA permit-
   ting need to be assessed, or reassessed.

20. The proximity of Eltra Corp. Prestolite waste
   site to the St. Clair River, and the nature of
   wastes on-site call for careful evaluation of
   impacts on groundwater and on the St. Clair
   River prior to facility closure under RCRA
   authorities. In the event that a satisfactory
   evaluation of groundwater contamination
   and runoff impacts upon the St. Clair River
   are not secured,  a Site Investigation (SI)
   under Superfund  authorities  should  be
   undertaken. The  SI should include  assess-
   ment of both groundwater and surface runoff
   impacts upon the St. Clair River.

21. The State of Michigan needs to restrict ac-
   cess of dumpers to Winchester Landfill. The
   State's development  of groundwater informa-
   tion for this site would assist in scoring by
   the HRS.

22. Michigan and Ontario municipal combined

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                                             28
   sewer  overflows should be  intensively
   surveyed to determine their contribution of
   pollutant loadings to the river. In the long
   terra (due to the enormous cost), combined
   sewers  in  all  municipalities  should be
   eliminated.   In   the   interim,   the
   municipalities should  institute  in-system
   controls  to  minimize  the frequency and
   volume of overflows.

23. The Michigan Pollution Emergency Alerting
   System and spill reports from the Ontario
   Spills Action Centre should be improved so
   that all information on recovery, volume (if
   known), and final resolution are fed back to
   the central reporting system to complete each
   report for inventory purposes.

24. Spill management programs at all facilities
   should be reviewed and enhanced to reduce
   the frequency and magnitude of spills  to the
   St. Clair River with the goal of eventually
   eliminating all spills.

25. Aggressive educational programs on the use
   of conservation  tillage  techniques and
   pesticide, fertilizer, and manure application
   techniques should be provided to farmers to
   reduce rural runoff contaminant contribu-
   tions. Stricter legislation to control such ap-
   plication should  be developed and enforce.

C. Surveys,  Research and Development

26. Water quality  guidelines  need to be
   developed binationally for OCS, individual or
   total PAHs, hexachloroethane and chlorides.
   In addition, Canada  needs to develop
   guidelines for hexachlorobutadiene, and the
   U.S. needs water quality guidelines for hex-
   achlorobenzene, phosphorus  and   pen-
   tachlorobenzene. The Great Lakes  Water
   Quality Agreement needs to develop specific
   objectives for all of these parameters. Fish
   consumption and sediment criteria are need-
   ed for HCB, OCS, PAHs, alkyl lead, and other
   chemicals found to be of concern in this  study.

27. More data are needed to assess the impact
   of PAHs  on the  St. Clair River. Ambient
   water concentrations, and point and non-
   point source loadings should be measured.
   Monitoring should be  detailed enough  to
   allow for the fingerprinting of sources.
28. The importance of contaminant loadings dur-
   ing rainfall events needs to be evaluated.

29. The  loadings  of all chemicals with high
   bioconcentration and bioaccumulation poten-
   tial should be reduced to minimize contami-
   nant body burdens in resident and spawning
   fish.

30, Assess the  significance of mercury  con-
   tamination to biota from sediments relative
   to ongoing discharges and develop remedial
   actions as necessary.

31. Industrial and municipal facilities discharg-
   ing to St.  Clair River tributaries should be
   surveyed to determine their contribution of
   contaminants to the St. Clair River. In par-
   ticular, contaminant loadings from Talfourd
   Creek in  Ontario and the  Black River in
   Michigan  should be determined.

32. The potential PCB source in the vicinity of
   the Lambton Generating Station should be
   investigated and quantified.

33. The loadings and sources of PCBs, PAHs, oil
   and grease, lead, ammonia, and phosphorus
   from the unnamed creek in Michigan across
   from the Lambton Generating Station should
   be determined and controlled to ensure com-
   pliance  with  Michigan  Water  Quality
   Standards.

34. The  lead  source  to the Black River in
   Michigan  should be located and controlled.

35. Sources of bacterial contamination to  the
   river should be traced and eliminated,

36. A waterfowl consumption advisory should be
   considered by Ontario and Michigan for the
   St. Clair River.

37. A study on the magnitude of contaminant in-
   put to the  St. Clair River from Michigan ur-
   ban runoff should be undertaken, and an ad-
   ditional, more refined study on Canadian ur-
   ban  runoff should also  be performed.
   Management control options for urban runoff
   should be  developed.

38. Contamination from waste disposal  sites,
   identified  as high priority by the Nonpoint
   Source Workgroup,  needs  to be further

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                                             29
   investigated with  regard to contaminant
   pathways, including surface water runoff and
   groundwater  seepage,  and environmental
   impacts,

39. Continued monitoring  of water levels and
   water quality in the freshwater aquifer in the
   Sarnia     is required.

40. The potential for transboundary migration
   and contamination of the St. Clair River
   and/or the freshwater aquifer in the Sarnia
   area from industrial      in the 74 m and
   123 m depth limestone layers should be in-
   vestigated. Of particular concern, is the 74
   m depth horizon which  likely flows into the
   fresh water aquifer in the deeper sections of
   the bedrock valley.

41. To understand the fate of the industrial waste
   injected into the Detroit River Geological
   Group, additional  deep  boreholes  to the
   disposal formation  are required to quantify
   the current directions and rates of  ground-
   water movement.

42. U.S.  and Canadian agencies  should  co-
   operate in undertaking deep-well studies. A
   number of deep wells are needed in St. Clair
   County to supplement the information from
   the Ontario studies. If evidence of impacts
   upon Michigan groundwater is developed, a
   variety of authorities, including Superfund,
   may he  applicable for remediation of iden-
   tified problems.

43. The potential hiological consequences of in-
           chloride concentrations in the St.
   Clair  River  and  downstream  should be
   assessed.

44. Better methods for analysis of PCBs in the
   St.  Clair Eiver need to be undertaken.

45, Studies should  be  conducted on the
   bioavailability  of particle-bound  con-
   taminants, and contaminant desorption from
   suspended  and bottom sediments are re-
   quired to make a better           of the im-
   pact of in-place pollutants.

46. Studies  on the       of multi-contaminant
   exposure to aquatic life are required.

47. Studies  to  better understand the fate and
   transport of sediment-borne contaminants
   are needed. These studies should include pro-
   filing  the  age  and  contamination  of
   sediments in St. Clair River and delta deposi-
   tional areas.

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                                            30
                              LAKE  ST,

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Four Michigan and three Ontario urban centers
are located in the immediate watershed of Lake
St. Clair. Only Mt. Clemens, Michigan obtains
its drinking water from the lake. Lake St. Clair
is also a popular recreational area, with more
than 10,000 moorings for sail and power boats
and a multitude of sport fishing and duck hun-
ting  opportunities,

Unlike the other UGLCCS geographic areas,
Lake St. Clair is not an IJC Area  of Concern,
However, it does receive the direct outflow from
two upstream Areas of Concern: the  Clinton and
St. Clair Rivers.

•  The St. Clair River contributes 98% of the
   flow and the majority of pollutants to the
   lake. This, along with the short residence
   time of water in the lake (5 to 7 days), means
   that water quality in the lake is dominated
   by the  outflow of the St. Clair River.

•  Storms result in the intermittent resuspen-
   sion of Lake St.  Clair bottom sediments
   which become entrained in the water col-
   umn, eventually exiting the lake via the
   Detroit River. Hence, an average  of only 7 cm
   of sediment has accumulated in the lake bot-
   tom since the last ice age.

•  With little removal of pollutants due to sedi-
   ment deposition or degradation, environmen-
   tal quality does not change significantly from
   the mouth of the St. Clair River to the head
   waters of the Detroit River,

*  Overall, water, sediment, and biota quality
   have improved over the last  decade, but ad-
   ditional improvement is necessary to fully
   restore all of Lake St. Glair's beneficial uses.

SPECIFIC CONCERNS

A. OPEN LAKE

1. Water

•  No  exceedences  of water  quality  based
   guidelines were  found  in Lake St.  Clair.
   Overall, the water quality of the lake is not
   a concern.
CLAIR
»  At the head of the Detroit River, the concen-
   tration of PCBs was greater on the U.S. side
   than on the Canadian side, suggesting that
   a source of PCBs may exist on the western
   shore of Lake St. Clair.

*  Phosphorus levels increase from the mouth
   of the St. Clair River to the headwaters of the
   Detroit River with potential adverse impacts
   on Lake Erie water quality.

2.  Sediments

«  Exceedence of Great  Lakes Water Quality
   Board and OMOE dredging guidelines is con-
   fined primarily to the central lake, where up
   to 1.2 ppm of mercury was found in the sedi-
   ment. However, only  2 of 45 stations  were
   heavily polluted with mercury.

*  Overall, Lake St.  Clair sediments are
   classified as lightly polluted; sediments in 4
   to 20 percent of the stations sampled contain-
   ed nickel, chromium, copper, and zinc at
   moderately polluted levels.

»  Sediments collected in the vicinity of the
   Clinton River, Thames River, and the south
   central portion of the lake exceed "moderate-
   ly polluted"  (420-650 mg/kg) and "heavily
   polluted"  { >650  mg/kg)  levels  for
   phosphorus.

3.  Biota

»  PCBs in some fish and duck flesh samples ex-
   ceed GLWQA objectives.

•  Hexachlorobenzene and  octachlorostyrene
   are present in fish and duck flesh in poten-
   tially significant concentrations.

*  Tissue samples of the larger sizes of certain
   sport fish species still exceed the Great Lakes
   Water Quality Agreement Objective for mer-
   cury of 0.5  mg/kg. As a result, a Public
   Health Pish Consumption Advisory exists for
   both Michigan and Ontario waters. For 1988,
   Ontario has  eliminated the "No Consump-
   tion" category for the general population, but
   the advice for sensitive populations remain-
   ed in effect. Michigan's advisory  remains
   unchanged.

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                                             31
B.

*  Sediment collected at the mouth of the Clin-
   ton and Milk Rivers are  sufficiently con-
   taminated with some heavy metals to exceed
   both        and OMOB         pollution
   guidelines.

*  Elevated levels  of  PAHs were found  in
   sediments from Cottrel Drain (13,800 jUg/kg),
   Clinton River (12,100       and Prog Creek
   (10,700 jug/kg).

»  DDT and metabolites, gamma-chlordane and
   PCBs were detected in 9 of 12 tributary
   sediments, with the highest levels in the
   Milk River             and Cottrel Drain
   (196 ugfkg and 1,974 /ug/kg,  respectively),

»  PCBs  in        larger  members of
   species of Clinton River fish, especially bot-
   tom feeders, exceed the Great Lakes Water
   quality Agreement Specific Objectives and
   the Michigan sport fish advisory.
               OF

»  Major        of pollutants to Lake St. Glair
   are the St Clair River and six municipal
        water treatment plants CJtoble ?). There
   are no direct industrial discharges to the
   lake.

•  The water, sediment and biota quality of the
   Clinton River is impacted by steadily increas-
   ing development in its watershed.

»  Agricultural runoff to Lake St. Clair tribu-
   taries  provides excessive  nutrient  and
   pesticide loads.

»  Urban runoff and CSOs      contribute some
   conventional and toxic pollutants. Three On-
   tario municipalities have combined sewers.
   Michigan municipalities discharging to the
   lake do not have combined sewers.

«  Because of the large surface area of the lake,
   atmospheric processes may be relatively im-
   portant with regard to the deposition of cer-
   tain contaminants. However, this has yet to
   be quantified.

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                                            32
                                                 7

                Summary of point source contaminant loadings to Lake St. Clair
                                      (kilograms/day)




CONTAMINANTS
Tbtal PCBs
Hexaehlorofoenzene
Hectachlorostyrene
Tbtal Phenols
PAHs
Total Cyanide
Tbtal Mercury
Tbtal Copper
Tbtal Nickel
Ibtal Cobalt
Tbtal Cadmium
Ibtal Lead
Tbtal Zinc
Ibtal Iron
Oil & Grease
Ammonia as N
Chloride
Phosphorus as P
|
8
1
6
-*J

0.002
0.00005
0.00000045
1.03

0.11
0.009
0.40

0.0041
0.0093
0.27
1.12
13.7
48.0
133
1470
32.0

fe
%
G
OS
^
0.0073
0.00059



0.76
0.0023
0.62
3.09
0.20
0.065
0.16
5.65
6.52


8260
40.2
fr,
a F
E ^
J i
•a *s
£3
o £

0.00020

0.45


0.0013
0.15 0.40
0.42


0.44
1.79
9.01
82.2
225
4400 5630
12,9 21.6
• 1
1 «
s £"*
5 J
efl si
(Q o
S *"3
1 1



0.14 0.13
0.0036
0.036
0.0002
2.45
2.44

0.020

0.63
4.29 11.2
23.6
101
1320

PH
EH
|
N
'-,'
at
1
1





0.044






0.26
2.34
20.9
54
4000
5.9
NN
2
^
1
m ^-M
5 -S
™ JD
pQ F^
.009
.0008
4.5xlO'7
1.65
.0036
0.95
0.013
4.02
5.95
0.204
0.094
0.97
9.85
1.73 48,8
21.1 195.8
513
26080
7.9
Data are based on the UGLCCS point source mrveys of 1985 and 1986,

-------
                                             33
RECOMMENDATIONS

Ontario and Michigan should incorporate into
their respective regulatory programs, the Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement goal for the vir-
tual  elimination  of all  persistent  toxic
substances. The following specific recommenda-
tions are provided as steps toward that goal.

A. Industrial and Municipal Point Sources

1.  The City of Mt. Clemens should determine
   the source of PCBs, total phenols and mer-
   cury in the WWTP effluent and,  through
   pretreatment or in-plant controls, reduce the
   concentrations of these pollutants to accep-
   table  levels. Effluent  limitations for these
   parameters   should   be   considered.
   Phosphorus concentrations in  the  effluent
   should be lowered to meet the 1 mg/L Great
   Lakes Water Quality Agreement Objective,

2.  Site specific effluent limitations for total cad-
   mium, total copper, total chromium and total
   nickel to protect the water quality for the
   Sydenham River and Lake St.  Clair should
   be developed for the Wallaceburg WWTP. The
   operation of the plant should be optimized to
   meet the Ontario industrial effluent objective
   of 10  mg/L for ammonia.

3.  The Warren WWTP should determine the
   source of PCBs in its effluent and take the
   necessary steps to reduce the concentration
   to acceptable levels,

B, Non-point Sources

4.  Soil management practices in  agricultural
   areas with  high rates of wind erosion need
   to be reviewed due to the ability of fine grain-
   ed  soils to  transport nutrients and
   agrichemicals. In  particular, conservation
   tillage should be considered. The  primary
   reasons for this  are  the effectiveness of
   residue cover in reducing wind erosion and
   the low cost of implementing the practice.

5.  Rural landowners need to implement with
   the assistance of federal, state and provincial
   governments, a comprehensive soil and water
   management system in order to control, at
   source, the contribution of conventional and
   organic pollutants including manure and
   pesticides to surface and groundwater.
   Agricultural and conservation agencies need
   to accelerate the implementation of control
   technologies through technical, financial and
   information/education programs.

   Environmental and  agricultural  agencies
   should assess the adequacy of existing con-
   trols, regulations and permits for the use of
   fertilizer and pesticide products.

   Specific programs, especially  in  Macomb
   County, Michigan, should be developed and
   directed toward pesticide users with respect
   to the handling, application and storage of
   pesticide products.

6.  Future  assessment   and control   of
   agricultural non-point  sources of pollution
   would be facilitated by compatible federal,
   state and provincial monitoring data and
   more  frequent flow-weighted  tributary
   monitoring data.  The small water quality
   monitoring data set available for tributaries
   indicated the need for increased sampling for
   all parameters, especially for high flow con-
   ditions  and  for  understanding  seasonal
   patterns.

7.  Macomb and St. Clair Counties, Michigan,
   should be targeted for fertilizer management
   directed  at reducing  excessive levels  of
   phosphorus. USEPA Region V has requested
   the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Con-
   servation Service Michigan  State Office to
   develop standards and specifications for  a
   nutrient, best  management practice  that
   would protect ground and surface waters as
   well as sustain  crop production.  The
   Michigan Departments of Agriculture and
   Natural Resources are developing a joint ac-
   tion plan to manage livestock waste pro-
   blems. These programs should be developed
   quickly and may require a system of permits
   for concentrated feeding operations,

8,  The CSOs from municipal wastewater treat-
   ment plants should be intensively surveyed
   to determine their contribution of pollutant
   loadings to the surface waters.  In the long
   term (due to enormous cost) combined sewers
   in all municipalities should be eliminated. In
   the interim, the municipalities should in-
   stitute in-system  controls  to minimize the

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                                             34
   frequency and volume of overflows.

9,  The Michigan Pollution Emergency Alerting
   System and the Ontario Spills Action Cen-
   tre spills reports should be improved so that
   all  information on  recovery, volume  (if
   known) and final resolution are fed back to
   the central reporting system to complete each
   report for inventory purposes.

10, The  Superfund Site Investigations to  be
   undertaken at Selfridge ANGB should focus
   on groundwater and surface water runoff im-
   pacts upon Lake St. Clair and the Clinton
   River. In the event that this site is not includ-
   ed on the  U.S. National Priorities List, the
   State of Michigan should place high priority
   upon cleanup on this site.

11. Michigan  should require groundwater
   monitoring as a permit  condition for the
   Sugarhush solid waste landfill.

12. Michigan  should include groundwater
   monitoring as part  of the  permit  for
   G and L Industries under the Federal Solid
   Waste Disposal Act.

C. Surveys, Research and Development

13. Data interpretation would be facilitated  by
   the development of more complete water
   quality objectives for the organic pollutants
   and pesticides that are used extensively  by
   the agricultural industry.

14. The presence of organic contaminants (PCBs,
   HCBs and OCS) in the Canadian tributaries
   illustrates the need to locate the contaminant
   sources.

15. The cadmium content of the phosphate fer-
   tilizer that is being used on  agricultural
   lands should be determined,

16, A study of atmospheric deposition of organic
   contaminants, particularly PCBs, to Lake St.
   Clair and to the tributary watersheds would
   provide quantitative information on loading
   of these contaminants  to  the lake.  The
   loading  estimates are important  for mass
   balance calculations and the identification of
   unknown  sources of the contaminants.

17. Urban runoff was identified as being a poten-
   tially  major non-point  source  of many
   parameters, including PCBs, oil and grease,
   zinc,  mercury, copper  and  nickel.  The
   loadings from urban runoff, however, were
   based on contaminant concentrations from
   Canadian urban areas outside of the Lake St.
   Clair basin. Therefore, the loading informa-
   tion provides only a general potential for ur-
   ban  runoff to contribute contaminants  to
   Lake St. Clair. A study should be performed
   to determine the contribution actually made
   by urban runoff on the Michigan shore where
   the shoreline is more urbanized than is that
   of Ontario,

18, The sediments near the mouth of the Clin-
   ton, Sydenham and Thames Rivers contain
   contaminants that may be impairing benthic
   communities. Studies are needed to docu-
   ment possible impairment of benthic com-
   munities of these sites. Appropriate actions
   to remedy any observed problems will need
   to be defined. Techniques and technologies
   for remediating in-place polluted sediments
   should be  developed.

19. Recognizing that the biological effects of a
   substance are dependent in  part on the
   chemical species of that substance, studies
   should be conducted to identify the chemical
   species and valances of the heavy metals in
   Lake St. Clair and its tributaries. For those
   forms which are present but for which tox-
   icity information is lacking in the literature,
   toxicity and bioaccumulation  experiments
   should be conducted on appropriate target
   organisms.

20. The evaluation of the point source data has
   been conducted on a parameter by parameter
   basis. In order to assess the quality of whole
   effluents, it is recommended that biomonitor-
   ing studies, both acute and chronic, be con-
   ducted at  the major facilities (Wallaceburg
   WWTP, Chatham WWTP, Warren WWTP,
   and Mt, Clemens WWTP),

21. An inventory of all point sources.hazardous
   waste sites, urban and rural runoff, and spills
   discharging or potentially discharging to the
   Clinton River should  be  made.  These
   facilities, sites or incidents should then be ex-
   amined for their potential  to contribute
   chemicals to the Clinton  River.

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                                             35
22. A more complete analysis of sediment, water       23. The Thames and the Sydenham Rivers were
   and biota quality along the entire stretch of          found to be major contributors of phosphorus,
   the Clinton River is needed. Such informa-          ammonia, lead and cadmium. An inventory
   tion would establish the locations of sources          of all point sources, hazardous waste sites, ur-
   of contaminants.                                   ban and rural runoff and spills discharging
                                                     to thse rivers should  be collected.  These
                                                     facilities, sites or incidences should then be
                                                     examined for their potential to contribute
                                                     chemicals to the rivers.

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 NOTi
 Zone* of Mparmeot mfer to to mtaitvo oocirenc* o* potfuoon totofint spectM wd » the
 dv»rsity (rf bpnthc spoons in ponora


Figure 4.  Zones of Impairment of Benthic Fauna In the Detroit River

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                                            37
                             DETROIT RIVER
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
The  Detroit River has  the  most severe en-
vironmental quality problems of the Upper Con-
necting Channels. It is  the most intensively
developed of the upper channels with extensive
urban, commercial and  industrial complexes,
particularly on the U.S. side. However, over the
past two decades, improvements have been made
in controlling  conventional pollutant  point
sources in the  Detroit River especially
discharges of oil and grease, and nutrients. Con-
centrations of other conventional water quality
parameters, including chloride, ammonia and
phenols have declined substantially.

The results of the UGLCC Study indicate that
severe problems remain with regard to certain
conventional pollutants as well as toxic organics
and metals.

»  The Detroit River is the furthest downstream
   of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Chan-
   nels. Hence, environmental conditions are
   impacted by upstream pollutant loadings as
   well as those contributed directly to the river
   and via tributaries to the river.

*  The Rouge River is a major tributary to the
   Detroit  River. It drains an intensively in-
   dustrialized  and urbanized basin and has
   also  been designated an Area of Concern
   (PAHs,  heavy metals).

•  Water and sediment entering the head of the
   Detroit River are subject to contamination
   from two Areas of Concern:  the  St. Clair
   River  (organic  hydrocarbons,  volatile
   organics, mercury) and the Clinton River
   (PCBs,  heavy metals and phosphorus),

•  Cross channel mixing occurs  in the lower
   river where islands and shipping structures
   result in complex currents and eddies. Trans-
   boundary movement of pollutants upstream
   of Lake Erie thus likely occurs from the U.S.
   to Canadian shore under certain wind/flow
   conditions.

•  Trend data from 1970 to 1980 indicate levels
   of mercury in sediments have decreased, in
   part a result of improvements in industrial
   treament facilities. Results of two studies in-
   dicated  that mercury contamination is
   higher  in surficial sediments  than in  the
   deeper layers, suggesting that there may be
   active sources.

•  Overall, aquatic biota, especially bottom
   dwelling organisms  show  detrimental
   responses to contamination of Detroit River
   sediments  with  organic  and  inorganic
   substances, particularly in the lower river on
   the Michigan side and  in  the  Trenton
   Channel.

*  Normal maerobenthie communities were
   found upstream of Zug Island and along the
   entire Canadian shoreline. Severely impacted
   communities occur along and immediately
   downstream  of  Zug Island. Communities
   displaying intermediate impacts are found
   along the remainder of the U.S. shore (Figure
   4).  In the Trenton Channel, the benthos is
   dominated by pollution tolerant oligochaetes,

•  Data on contaminant levels in fish from the
   Detroit River are insufficient to determine
   trends; however, limited research indicates
   continuing high levels of PCBs and chlordane
   residues and gradual reductions in  levels of
   DDT residues,

•  Increased incidence of fish tumors have been
   detected in the lower river.

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                                             38
1.  Water

»  The concentrations of the following UGLCCS
   parameters exceed one or more of Michigan
   Rule 57 criteria, OMOE guidelines or Great
   Lakes Water Quality Agreement Objectives
   at one or more locations in the Detroit Bi₯er:
   PCBs, hexachlorobenzene,  PAHs, lead and
   mercury,

*  Although not measured during
   fecal coliform bacteria are of concern in the
   Detroit River because fecal coliform bacteria
   standards and criteria are routinely violated
   on both      of the river.        have been
   closed or not developed because of this conti-
   nuing problem.

•  While phosphorus concentrations in the river
   are  below  relevant guidelines, the  total
   loading of phosphorus         50 to 80 per-
   cent along  the length of the Detroit River
   resulting in a significant loading to Lake
   Erie,

«  Mean concentrations of cadmium, copper,
   mercury,  nickel and zinc were significantly
   higher in the lower river, indicative of inputs
   from sources along the  river,

»  PCBs  clearly  ihow  an  increase  in
   downstream concentrations with increases
   greatest on the U.S. shore. Highest concen-
   trations occur juit downstream of the Rouge
   Eiver  and in  the Trenton  Channel.

*  At the       Eiver mouth, Michigan Rule 57
   guidelines were violated for eadmiym, zinc,
   mercury,  PAHs and     organochlorines.

*  Levels of cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc and
   phosphorus in Eeorse,  Canard  and Little
   Riven, and Turkey Creek violated    or
   more of the applicable criteria, guidelines or
   objectives.

*  Organochlorine (OC) pesticides Ce.g., ehlor-
   dane, DOT, and dieldrin,) were found in the
   upper river, however, significantly higher OC
   levels were observed at many downstream
   stations on the Michigan side, with highest
   value at the mouth of the Rouge River,
2,  Sediments

•  USEPA and OMOE         guidelines
   exceeded in sediment samples collected at
   one or all locations along the Michigan and
   Ontario       of the Detroit River for mer-
   cury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, chromium,
   nickel,             iron, cyanide, oil and
              phosphorus, total ammonia and
   PCBs.

•  Contaminants for which no guidelines  are
   available but which were found to have high
   concentrations include: hexaehlorohenzene,
   PAHs,  phenols,  DDT  and  metabolites,
   phthalate       and volatile organics,

*  Generally, sediment contamination  in  the
   Detroit River  is a concern along the full
   length of the Michigan shore and immediate-
   ly adjacent to Windsor and Amherstburg on
   the Canadian shore. Highest sediment con-
   tamination in  the  river tends  to  be
   downstream of the Rouge River and in  the
   Trenton Channel.

•  Certain Detroit River  depositional zone
   sediments have demonstrated a range of tox-
   icity to various forms of aquatic life and
   sediments have been classified as hazardous
   waste,

•  Sediments from Detroit River  tributaries
   were also found to contain levels of con-
   taminants that         one or more USEPA
   and OMOE guidelines. The highest
   concentrations found during the study occur-
   red in certain tributaries (e.g., PCB and PAH
   concentrations in Monguagon Creek      the
   highest levels in    system). Tributaries of
   concern include  Monguagon, Connors and
   Turkey Creeks, and the Rouge and Little
   Rivers.

3,  Biota

»           using bottom water,          and
   sediment porewater display a range of toxiei-
   ty and/or mutmgenieity to certain kinds of
   aquatic biota.

-------
                                             39
   PCB concentrations exceed Michigan and
   OMOE consumption guideline levels in the
   edible  portion of the Detroit  River carp.
   Several Detroit River fish species also exceed
   the GLWQA  objective  of  0.1  mg/kg  {wet
   weight) total PCB in whole fish tissue.

   Concentrations of mercury in the edible por-
   tion of several species offish (rock bass, fresh-
   water drum and walleye)  exceed both the
   GLWQA specific objective and  the Ontario
   fish consumption advisory level (0.5 ppm).

   Other  highly  persistent, highly  bioac-
   cumulative pollutants are present in fish
   tissue   (e.g.,   hexachlorobeiizene,  oc-
   tachlorostyrene,  chlordane  and  DDT
   metabolites).

   Serious impacts to waterfowl, wildlife and
   fish, and their habitats, have occurred in the
   Detroit River. Waterfowl  and some  tern
   species, and their eggs, contain high concen-
   trations of persistent compounds {PCBs, DDT
   and  other  organochlorine compounds).
   Oral/dermal tumors and liver tumors are pre-
   sent in brown  bullhead, walleye, white
   suckers and other species in the lower Detroit
   River.

   Native and caged Detroit River  clams show-
   ed increased levels of several metals, especial-
   ly lead, cadmium, PCBs, PAHs and several
   organochlorine pesticides. Some PAHs found
   in Detroit  River sediments are probable
   human carcinogens, and are thought to be
   responsible for some liver, lip  and dermal
   tumors in fish.

   Excessive concentrations of oil and grease are
   present in many Detroit River depositional
   zone   sediments,  and  have  degraded
   macro in vertebrate communities.
SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS

There were a total of 75 known point sources
discharging  9,233 x 103m3/day to the Detroit
River basin in 1986. Nine municipal treatment
plants and 20 industrial facilities in the Detroit
River Study Area were sampled during 1985 and
1986.

•  Detroit  area WWTPs  discharge a  daily
   volume of treated wastewater equal to the
   combined flows of all the tributaries drain-
   ing into the  Detroit River.  The  Detroit
   WWTP alone discharges nearly 95  percent
   of that treated flow (2,900 x 103 m-Vd) from
   outfalls near the mouth of the Rouge River.

«  Major industrial facilities discharging direct-
   ly to the Michigan side include Great Lakes
   Steel Mill and Zug Island facilities, McLouth
   Steel and Bannwalt, while major facilities in-
   directly discharging to the Detroit River are
   dominated by Rouge Steel (formerly the Ford
   Motor Rouge Complex), which discharges to
   the Rouge River.

•  On the Ontario side, major dischargers in-
   clude the West Windsor WWTP (124 x 103
   rnVdX the Windsor Little River WWTP (52.5
   x 103 m3/d), Wickes Industries, Ford  Canada
   and General Chemical.

»  The Detroit WWTP is a major point source
   for loadings  ( >10%) of  PCBs,  hex-
   aehlorobenzene,  mercury,  nickel,  zinc,
   chromium, cyanide, ammonia-nitrogen, oil
   and grease, total phosphorus and suspended
   solids to the Detroit River (Table 4). This
   source contributed over 67%  of the PCBs
   measured  from point sources during the
   study.

«  Other major contributors of contaminants in-
   clude: Wayne County-Wyandotte  WWTP
   (OCS, cadmium, volatiles); Rouge Steel (iron,
   PAHs); Ford Canada (total phenols, lead); and
   General Chemical (copper, chlorides).

•  Combined sewer overflows from the Detroit
   sewage collection system account for between
   10 and 90% of total loadings of phosphorus,
   suspended solids, oil and grease, cadmium,
   chromium, copper, lead, mercury and PCBs
   to the Detroit River (based on pre-UGLCCS
   data).

»  Sources on the St. Clair River likely  account
   for  the majority of the hexachlorobenzene
   and octachlorostyrene in the Detroit River.

»  Numerous spills of chemicals, oil and raw
   sewage to the Detroit River or its tributaries
   were  reported  during  1986,  which is
   presumably  representative of present-day
   spill incidents.

-------
                                             40
»  Runoff from agricultural areas, particularly
   from the Canadian portion of the Detroit
   River watershed, may be an important source
   of phosphorus and nitrogen (fertilizers) as
   well  as pesticides (atrazine, alaehlor,
   cyanazine and  metolachlor). Fertilizer ap-
   plication rates are generally more than twice
   the required amount.

«  There are 17 waste sites (16 U.S. and 1 Cana-
   dian) ranked as high priority with regard to
   potential  impacts on  the Detroit River,
   Groundwater monitoring at U.S. sites in-
   dicate that some locations may be  con-
   tributing important loadings of heavy metals
   and organic contaminants to the river.

*  In addition to  shoreline waste sites, two
   waste disposal sites are located on islands in
   the Detroit River: Fighting Island (Ontario)
   and Point Hennepin, Grosse He (Michigan).
   Contaminant concentrations in groundwater
   at Fighting Island are low and the volume
   of leachate is small, but all the leachate and
   groundwater  will  eventually  reach  the
   Detroit River. The Point Hennepin site was
   an industrial waste lagoon/disposal site by
   BASF Wyandotte (South Works). Little is
   known about the type and quantity of wastes
   disposed here, but other waste sites operated
   by this corporation contain  metals  and
   volatile compounds at concentrations of con-
   cern.  Also, large sinkholes exist on this
   peninsula which may provide a connection
   between the surface water and groundwater
   aquifers. A surface leachate sample taken on
   the eastern side of the peninsula in 1983 was
   highly toxic in the Microtox toxicity bioassay.

*  There are 234 injection wells on the U.S. side
   of the river. Six of these are industrial liquid
   waste wells which discharge below any poten-
   tial underground drinking water sources. On-
   ly 3 are still active, receiving wastes con-
   taminated with chloride, ammonia, phenols,
   cyanide  and sulfide.


RECOMMENDATIONS

Ontario and Michigan should incorporate into
their respective regulatory programs, the Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement goal for the vir-
tual  elimination  of all persistent  toxic
substances. The following recommendations are
provided as steps toward that goal.
A, Industrial and Municipal Point Sources

1. Although the facility was generally in com-
   pliance with its NPDES permit, the Detroit
   WWTP was a major discharger of numerous
   compounds which  impact water, sediment
   and biotic quality in the Detroit River. Con-
   taminant loadings  from this facility should
   be evaluated to ensure  compliance with
   Michigan Water Quality Standards,

a) In general, contaminant concerntrations in
   the effluent  of the  Detroit WWTP are low;
   major loadings result from the large volume
   and rate of effluent discharged. Control of
   contaminants may  be obtained through the
   Industrial Pretreatment Program (IPP). The
   IPP of the City  of Detroit should be review-
   ed, and compliance  of contributors  of in-
   dustrial waste water should be determined.
   The  adequacy of  the pretreatment  re-
   quirements should  be assessed to determine
   if parameters of concern in the Detroit River
   are adequately  regulated. A notice of viola-
   tion  was issued (September  1988) to the
   Detroit WWTP for problems found in its IPP
   program. These problems were subsequent-
   ly resolved by the City of Detroit.

b) The  Detroit WWTP currently  performs
   secondary treatment on a large portion of its
   effluent. During wet weather flow, some ef-
   fluent receives only primary treatment prior
   to being mixed with secondary treated ef-
   fluent  and  discharged after  disinfection.
   Metals and organics which may he contain-
   ed on suspended  solids not  removed  in
   primary treatment are of concern. The City
   of Detroit should upgrade its treatment pro-
   cess to provide secondary treatment for all of
   its effluent discharged, based on results of the
   studies on plant capacity  initiated in  1985,

c) The  effluent limitations  contained in the
   Detroit WWTP NPDES permit should be re-
   examined in light of the findings of this study
   to ensure compliance with Michigan Water
   Quality Standards. Consideration should be
   given to increasing the number of parameters
   monitored by the permit. All effluent limita-
   tions should be the lowest technically feasi-
   ble. Bioassays of the effluent  to determine
   both acute and chronic impacts to  aquatic
   organisms should be considered for inclusion
   as a condition  of the permit.  The  Detroit

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                                             41
   WWTP NPDES permit should be reissued as
   soon as possible.

2.  The Wayne County-Wyandotte WWTP was a
   major discharger of numerous compounds
   which impact water,  sediment and biota
   quality in the Detroit River, Although the
   facility was generally in compliance with its
   effluent limitations, the  NPDES permit
   monitors very few parameters found to be of
   concern in the Detroit River.

   In general, contaminant concentrations in
   the effluent of the Wayne County-Wyandotte
   WWTP are low; major loadings result from
   the  large volume  and  rate  of effluent
   discharged. Control of contaminants may be
   obtained through the Industrial Pretreat-
   ment Program (IPP). The IPP of the  Wayne
   County-Wyandotte WWTP should be review-
   ed. The compliance of industrial contributors
   should be determined and the adequacy of
   the pretreatment requirements should be
   assessed. Pretreatment requirements should
   be considered for all parameters of concern
   in the Detroit River system which are being
   discharged by the industrial dischargers.
   Contaminant  loadings from this  facility
   should be evaluated to ensure compliance
   with Michigan Water Quality Standards and
   BAT requirements.

3.  The City of Trenton WWTP exceeded its per-
   mit limitations for  regulated parameters.
   The  treatment provided by this  facility
   should be examined and upgraded, to ensure
   compliance with effluent requirements.

4.  Several industrial facilities were identified
   as major dischargers of parameters that im-
   pact media  quality in the  Detroit River.
   These facilities are presented below, and the
   important facility-specific issues discussed,

a)  Rouge Steel was a major contributor of total
   iron, total copper, total lead, total zinc, and
   oil and grease to the Detroit River, chemicals
   which were present in the sediments at con-
   centrations exceeding dredging  guidelines.
   Rouge Steel was  the major  contributor  of
   total PAHs and a source of total phenols
   which were found in sediments, but have no
   sediment  dredging  or  quality  guidelines.
   Rouge  Steel's  NPDES  permit  does not
   regulate total PAHs nor monitor iron or
   Copper.  The  discharge  of  these three
   parameters should be evaluated to ensure
   compliance with Michigan Water Quality
   Standards and BAT requirements.  Rouge
   Steel  was in compliance  with its permit
   limitations for total lead (applicable at 3 of
   11 outfalls), total zinc (applicable at 3 out-
   falls), total phenols (applicable at one outfall)
   and oil and grease (applicable at two outfalls).
   Considerable  amounts  of phenol  were
   discharged from outfalls not monitored for
   phenol,  and  oil and grease  were  also
   discharged from  nonregulated  outfalls.
   Discharge of total phenols and oil and grease
   from all outfalls should be evaluated to en-
   sure compliance with Michigan Water Quali-
   ty Standards and BAT requirements.

b) Ford Canada was a major contributor of total
   lead, total zinc, PCBs and total phenols,
   chemicals which impact the Detroit River
   system. The stretch of river downstream of
   Ford Canada had the highest average sedi-
   ment concentration of PCBs. Sources other
   than Ford Canada were suggested, but Ford
   Canada cannot be ruled out as a source. All
   sources of PCBs should be identified and
   eliminated. High total phenol, total lead and
   total zinc concentrations in sediments were
   also found. This facility met the Ontario In-
   dustrial Effluent Objective for lead and zinc
   of 1 mg/L, but  exceeded  the  Ontario In-
   dustrial Effluent Objective of 20 jUg/L for total
   phenols by a substantial amount during the
   survey (almost two orders of  magnitude).
   Discharge of total phenols should be reduc-
   ed to ensure compliance with the Ontario In-
   dustrial  Effluent Objective. Discharges of
   PCBs  should be reduced to the lowest level
   technologically achievable.

c) Wickes Manufacturing  was a  major  con-
   tributor of chromium  to the Detroit River,
   and discharged nickel, as well. High bottom
   and suspended sediment concentrations of
   chromium were found in Little River, to
   which  Wickes  Manufacturing  discharges.
   Wickes Manufacturing did not meet the On-
   tario  Industrial Effluent Objective  for
   chromium during  the survey.  Nickel  im-
   pacted Detroit River sediments in the upper
   (as well as lower) Detroit River. High water
   concentrations of nickel were also found in
   the Little River. Wickes Manufacturing did
   not achieve the effluent objective for nickel

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                                            42
   eight times during 1985 and 1986, in addi-
   tion  to exceeding it during the  survey,
   Discharges of chromium and nickel should be
   reduced to ensure consistent attainment of
   the Ontario Industrial Effluent Objective. An
   effluent requirement should be developed for
   Wickes Manufacturing at the lowest level
   technologically feasible.

d) McLouth Steel-Trenton  was a major con-
   tributor of zinc, iron, HCB and oil and
   chemicals which impact the Detroit River
   system. Of these, McLouth Steel-Trenton
   an effluent limitation for oil and       with
   which it was in compliance. This facility has
   no effluent monitoring requirements for zinc,
   iron or HCB, Such effluent monitoring should
   be considered for McLouth Steel-Trenton.

e) General Chemical, Amherstburg was a ma-
   jor discharger of copper to the Detroit River.
   High copper sediment concentrations were
   found adjacent to Amherstburg. Since the
   time of the point source survey, General
   Chemical has split into two distinct com-
   panies, Allied  Chemical and General
   Chemical. The two new companies should be
   surveyed to determine the extent of present
   day copper discharge, and contingent upon
   the results, remedial action taken. General
   Chemical     also a major source of chlorides
   to the Detroit  River; however,  the lower
   Detroit River transect  measuring water
   quality was upstream of General Chemical
   and did not  reflect the facility's impact on
   water quality. Although no impacts due to
   elevated  concentrations  of chlorides  were
   noted during this study, the potential for an
   Increase in halophilic organisms exists. Ad-
   ditional surveys downstream of the General
   Chemical complex outfalls should  be per-
   formed to determine if such a shift in
   organiims has occurred.

f)  Great Lakes Steel-Ecoroe and Great Lakes
   Steel-80" Mill  both contributed large
   loadings of oil and       to the Detroit River,
   pollutants found to be impacting
   in the Detroit River, Both facilities have ef-
   fluent limitations for  oil and        both
   were in compliance with these limits in 1986.
   Consideration should be given to instituting
   more stringent effluent limitations for oil and
   grease at these facilities.
B, Non-point Sources

5. The  extent  of contaminant input to the
   Detroit River       resulting from Detroit
   combined  sewer  overflows  is  largely
   unknown, although       estimates have
   been made. Information available
   that contaminant inputs may be substantial.
   The study on the Detroit CSOs, which was
   initiated in October 1987, should be ex-
   pedited and an area-wide remediation plan
   should  be  developed.  Upgrading  of the
   Detroit sewer system by increasing treatment
   capacities of the facility  and eventually
   separating storm and  sanitary        to
   eliminate CSOs should be  undertaken.

6. Due to the significance of the Rouge River as
   a source of loadings of organic and inorganic
   substances to the Detroit River, the Rouge
   River Remedial Action  Plan should  be
   developed and implemented as expeditious-
   ly as possible. The implementation of the
   recommendations for the  Clinton and St.
   Clair River's EAPS will also      remedia-
   tion efforts for the Detroit River.

7. Confirmed  or possible groundwater con-
   tamination      within the Detroit River
   discharge area were identified for this study.
   Extensive recommendations were made for
   these  sites  by the  Nonpoint   Source
   Workgroup.  The   main   focus   of  the
   Workgroup's recommendations are:

a) Zug Island      Lakes       MDNB should
   perform a    visit to clarify the facilities*
   proper RCRA status, to perform sampling of
   monitoring wells, to determine the contami-
   nant release to groundwater and to provide
   information for rescoring of the     for the
   National Priorities List (NFL) using the new
   Haiard Banking System (HRS).

b) Federal Marine Terminal Properties; USEPA
   should monitor     closure to       closure
   impacts and to study groundwater discharge
   to surface water,

c) Industrial Landfill  (Firestone): This
   should be rescored for the  NPL using data
   generated by the UGLCC Study and other
   current  studies.

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                                             43
d) Michigan Consolidated Gas-Riverside Park:
   Remedial action proposed by the company
   should be reviewed to assess its adequacy in
   controlling groundwater discharge to surface
   water.

e) BASF Wyandotte South Works and Chrysler-
   Trenton: Prompt assessment of site waste
   operations should be performed by MDNR.
   Determination of any contaminant releases
   to groundwater and/or surface water should
   be made

f)  BASF Wyandotte North Works, Monsanto
   Company, Huron Valley Steel Corp and Jones
   Chemical: Prompt performance of a RCRA
   Facility Assessment should be undertaken by
   the USEPA, utilizing data generated by the
   UGLCC Study and other current studies.

g) Edward C. Levy Co, Trenton Plant and Plant
   #3: The USEPA should monitor the Consent
   Agreement and Final Order signed by the
   facility to ensure compliance. Data generated
   for the UGLCC Study should be used in the
   evaluation  of the  recently  performed
   Resource Conservation and Reclamation Act
   Facility Assessment.

h) Pennwalt and  Petrochemical  Processing:
   Data generated for the UGLCC Study should
   be used in the evaluation of the recently per-
   formed RCRA Facility Assessment.

8. The integrity of the abandoned underground
   injection wells at Pennwalt and BASF Wyan-
   dotte should be evaluated through a USEPA
   inspection  to determine if injection of spent
   waste into caverns under Grosse He has led
   to releases.

9. Michigan and Ontario should develop a five
   year strategy aimed at reducing spill occur-
   rences and improving spill responses within
   their jurisdictions. Spill  reports from the
   Michigan Pollution  Emergency Alerting
   System (PEAS), the  Ontario Spills Action
   Centre (SAC) and other agencies should be
   enhanced to provide accurate information on
   spill volume and composition, recovery and
   resolution.  Facilities which experience fre-
   quent spills should  be required to develop
   stricter spill management plans. Michigan
   and Ontario should prepare a yearly  spill
   report for public release and for submission
   to the IJC, to stimulate  interaction and
   follow-up, and to ensure appropriate enforce-
   ment and preventative measures.

10, Use of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on
   agricultural lands and handling of livestock
   manure in both Ontario and Michigan need
   to be conservatively managed. Federal, state
   and  provincial   environmental   and
   agricultural agencies need to collaborate to
   develop a comprehensive  soil and water
   management  system to reduce impacts on
   ecosystem quality for these activities. Educa-
   tion on the proper use and application of fer-
   tilizers should be provided to farmers, and
   measures, such as conservation tillage and
   proper livestock waste management, should
   be encouraged to ensure  minimal loss of
   phosphorus, nitrogen and other associated
   chemicals from agricultural lands.

11. The extent of required dredging and remedia-
   tion of sediments in the Detroit River and its
   tributaries should be planned and prioritiz-
   ed. To do this,  estimations  of the  volume of
   sediments required to be removed should be
   made, and an overall plan for handling these
   materials should be developed. Financial re-
   quirements for such plans should be analyz-
   ed,  and  incorporated  into future  agency
   commitmenta

C. Surveys, Research and Development

12. Tributaries to  the Detroit River were found
   to provide  major loadings of several  con-
   taminants, particularly metals  and total
   phosphorus   (not  all UGLCC   Study
   parameters were analyzed). A thorough in-
   vestigation of the Rouge, Little, Canard and
   Ecorse Rivers,  Turkey and  Monguagon
   Creeks, and the Frank and Poet Drain, if not
   presently being performed, should be under-
   taken. An inventory of  all  point  source
   dischargers to the tributaries, and an assess-
   ment of all non-point contaminant inputs (ur-
   ban  and  rural runoff,  waste  sites/con-
   taminated groundwater, spills, CSOs) should
   be performed. Water, sediment and biota
   quality in these tributaries should be deter-
   mined for the full stretch of the tributary. For
   tributaries where extensive investigation is
   presently being undertaken, information pro-
   vided by this study should be used to supple-
   ment ongoing  work.

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                                             44
13. A study of the significance of atmospheric
   deposition of contaminants as a contaminant
   input mechanism should be undertaken, in
   conjunction with a survey and evaluation of
   point sources of atmospheric emissions to the
   Great Lakes basin.

14. Ambient water  quality guidelines for total
   PAHs need to be developed  and adopted,
   along with guidelines for specific PAH com-
   pounds (e.g., benzo(a)pyrene) known to be of
   importance. Further research on the effects
   of individual and total PAHs in water on a
   variety  of aquatic  species  is  needed  for
   guideline development.

15. The importance of clams as a food source for
   wildlife and waterfowl, and the effect of clam
   flesh contaminants on such wildlife should
   be studied.

16. Consumption advisories for  waterfowl and
   wildlife should be considered by federal, state
   and provincial agencies, for the protection of
   human consumers of these animals,

17. Contaminant concentrations in biota, which
   are consumed by native populations, should
   be determined, and the need for consumption
   advisories considered.

18. Studies  to  determine  the cause/effect
   linkages of Detroit River  contaminants to
   waterfowl and fish need to be performed.

19. Fish and wildlife habitats along the Detroit
   River should be protected to the greatest
   extent possible.  The  extent of filling  or
   bulkheading of wetlands should be reduced.
   Remedial plans should be developed for those
   habitats which are severely impacted, and/or
   alternative habitats  developed  to accom-
   modate displaced wildlife.

20. Sediment bioassays should be used to make
   site-specific determinations  of sediment
   quality. Dischargers  responsible for con-
   taminated sediments should be required to
   conduct bioassays  of these contaminated
   sediments to determine possible impacts. The
   need for acute and  chronic bioassays on the
   effluent should be  considered  for all point
   source discharges to the Detroit River.

21. Development of sediment criteria for organic
   contaminants  found in  Detroit  River
   sediments, specifically total phenols and total
   PAHs, is needed to assess the  level of sedi-
   ment contamination. The USEPA is inten-
   ding to develop such criteria; such develop-
   ment should be expedited.

22. A study of the significance and impact of ur-
   ban  runoff from Michigan  municipalities
   should be performed.  The study should  be
   performed in a manner similar to that of the
   Ontario study, for  comparability purposes.
   Contingent on the results, remedial and
   management action may be necessary.

23. The role played by  sinkholes and carbonate
   solution channels on Point Hennepin in the
   transport  of  contaminants  from  these
   disposal sites should be investigated.

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                                            45
                                          OF

AOC(s)     Areas of Concern are geographic locations recognized by the International Joint Commis-
           sion where water, sediment or fish quality are degraded, and the objectives of the Great
           Lakes Water Quality Agreement are not being achieved locally.

BAT       Best Available IteehnologyfTreatment.

BATEA    Best Available Technology/Treatment Economically Achievable.

BOD       Biochemical Oxygen Demand: The amount of dissolved       consumed during the decom-
           posites of organic material in water.

COA       Canada-Ontario Agreement           Great Lakes Water Quality.

CSO   '    Combined Sewer Overflow; combined storm and sanitary sewer

GLWQA    Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

HCB       Hexaehlorobenzene

IJC        International Joint Commission: A binational organization established in  1909 through
           which Canada and the United       cooperatively resolve water and air pollution, lake
           levels, power generation and other issues of mutual concern.

MDNR     Michigan Department of Natural Resources.

MISA      Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement: The principal goal of this program is the
           virtual elimination of toxics discharged from point sources to surface waters in Ontario.

NPDES    National Pollutant Discharge  Elimination System; a permit system limiting municipal
           and industrial discharges, administered by USEPA and the states.

OCS       Octachlorostyrene

OMNE     Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources,

OMOE     Ontario Ministry of the Environment/Environment Ontario.

PAHs      Folynuelear Aromatic Hydrocarbons; aromatic hydrocarbons composed of at     2 fused
           benzene rings, many of which are potential of suspected carcinogens.

PCBs      Polychlorinated biphenyis; a      of persistent organic chemicals with a potential  to
           bioaeeumulate.

POTW     Publicly Owned Treatment

RAFs      Remedial Action Plans are to be developed with citiien involvement to restore and protect
           water quality at     of the 42 Areai of Concern in the Great Lakei Bsiin,

RCRA     Resource Conservation  and Reclamation Act.

SPDES    State Pollutant Discharge Elimination  System; a       administered  permit limiting
           municipal and industrial discharges,

USEPA    United States Environmental  Protection Agency.

WPCP     Water Pollution Control Plant,

WTP       Water Treatment Plant (for drinking water).

WWTP     Waste Water Treatment Plant.

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                                           47
                                    APPENDIX I
                              MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
            UNITED STATES
                CANADA
Mrs. Carol Finch, Co-Chair*
Great Lakes National Program Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Dr. Alfred M. Beeton**
NOAA-Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory

Mr. David Cowgill
North Central Division
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Mr. Richard Powers***
Surface Water Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources

Dr. Khalil Z. Atasi****
Detroit Water and Sewerage Department
Mr. Larry Sisk
Fish and Wildlife Enhancement
Region 3,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Mr. Bon Shimizu, Co-Chair
Great Lakes Environment Office
Environment Canada

Mr. Tony Wagner
Inland Waters, Ontario Region
Environment Canada

Mr. Fred Fleischer*
Water Resources Branch
Ontario Ministry of the Environment

Mr. Douglas A. McTavish
London Regional Office
Ontario Ministry of the Environment

Mr. Ken Richards**
Inter-governmental Relations Office
Ontario Ministry of the Environment

Mr. Kim Shikaze
Environmental Protection
Ontario Region
Environment Canada
                                               Mr. Dave Egar
                                               National Water Research Institute
                                               Environment Canada

                                    George Ziegenhorn
                       Great Lakes National Program Office - USEPA
                                  Technical Secretary to
                   the Management and Activities Integration Committees

                           International Joint Commission (IJC)
                                        (Observer)
                                    Frank J. Horvath
                         Michigan Department of Natural Resources
   * Replaced Mr. Peter L. Wise
  ** Replaced Dr. Eugene J. Aubert/
     Dr. Brian J. Eadie
 *** Replaced Mr. William D. Marks
**** Replaced Mr. Darrell G. Suhre/
     James W. Ridgeway
 * Replaced Mr. Carl F. Schenk
** Replaced Mr. John Moore

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                                           48
                        ACTIVITIES INTEGRATION COMMITTEE
            UNITED STATES

Mr. Vacys J. Saulys, Co-Chair
Great Lakes National Program Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Mr. Tom Edsall
Chairperson-Biota Workgroup
Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory
Dr. Thomas Fontaine
Chairperson-Mode ling Workgroup
NOAA-Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory

Mr. Paul Horvatin
Chairperson-Point Sources Workgroup
Great Lakes National Program Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Mr. Richard Lundgren
Michigan Representative
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
                CANADA

Mr. Daryl Cowell, Co-chair*
Great Lakes Environment Office
Environment Canada

Dr. Alfred S.Y. Chau
Chairperson-Data Quality
Management Workgroup
National Water Research Institute
Environment Canada

Mr. Ifousry Hamdy
Chairperson-Sediment Workgroup
Water Resources Branch
Ontario Ministry of the Environment

Mr. Wayne Wager**
Detroit/St. Clair/St. Marys Rivers Project
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Mr. Griff Sherbin
Chairperson-Nonpoint Source Workgroup
Environmental Protection (Ontario Region)
Environment Canada
                                               Mr. Donald J. Williams
                                               Chairperson-Water Quality Workgroup
                                               Inland Waters (Ontario Region)
                                               Environment Canada
                           Scientific and Technical Co-ordinators
Mr. William Richardson
Large Lakes Research Station
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Dr. G. Keith Rodgers
National Water Research Institute
Environment Canada

 * Replaced Mr. Gregory Woodsworth
** Replaced Mr. John Moore

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                                            49


                                    APPENDIX II

                            LEVEL n WORKGROUP REPORTS

1,    Water Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. St. Glair and Detroit Rivers, Prepared by Water Workgroup.
     D.J. Williams, Chair. Unpublished report, 89 pp.

2.    Biota Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. Detroit River Biota and Their Habitats: A Geographic Area
     Report. Prepared by Edsall, T.A., P.B. Kauss, D. Kenaga, J. Leach, M. Munawar, T. Nalepa and
     S Thornley. Unpublished report, 90 pp.

3.    Biota Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988, St. Glair River Biota and Their Habitats: A Geographic Area
     Report. Prepared by Edsall, T.A., P.B. Kauss, D. Kenaga, J. Leach, M. Munawar, T. Nalepa and
     S. Thornley. Unpublished report, 90 pp.

4.    Biota Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. Lake St. Clair Biota and Their Habitats: A Geographic Area
     Report. Prepared by Edsall, T.A., P.B. Kauss, D. Kenaga, J, Leach, M. Munawar, T, Nalepa, G. Sprules
     and S. Thornley. Unpublished report, 80 pp.

5.    Biota Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. St. Marys River Biota and Their Habitats: A Geographic Area
     Report. Prepared by Edsall, T.A., P.B. Kauss, D. Kenaga, T.Kubiak, J. Leach, M. Munawar, T. Nalepa
     and S. Thornley, Unpublished report, 80 pp.

6.    Modeling Workgroup, UGLCCS,  1988. Modeling Workgroup Geographic Area Synthesis Report.
     Prepared by Modeling Workgroup, T,D. Fontaine, Chair, Unpublished report, 193 pp.

7.    Point Source Workgroup. UGLCCS. 1988. Geographic Area Report: Detroit River. Prepared by Point
     Source Workgroup, P. Horvatin,  Chair, Unpublished report, 160 pp.

8.    Point Source Workgroup. UGLCC, 1983, Geographic Area Report: St. Marys River. Prepared by
     Point Source Workgroup, P. Horvatin, Chair, Unpublished report, 65 pp.

9.    Point Source Workgroup. UGLCCS. 1988. Geographic Area Report: St. Clair River. Prepared by
     Point Source Workgroup, P. Horvatin, Chair. Unpublished report, 125 pp.

10.  Point Source Work Group, UGLCC, 1988. Georgraphie Area Report: Lake St. Clair. Prepared by
     Point Source Workgroup, P, Horvatin, Chair, Unpublished report, 95 pp.

11.  Quality Management Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987, revised. Report of the Quality Management Work
     Group. Prepared by the Quality Management Workgroup, A.S.Y. Chau, Chair. Unpublished report,
     182 pp.

12.  Sediments Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987. Sediments of the Detroit River. Prepared by A.G. Kizlauskas
     and P.E. Pranckevicius. Unpublished report, 224 pp.

13,  Sediments Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987, Current and Historical Contamination of Sediment in the
     St. Marys River. Prepared by R.J. Hesselberg and Y.  Hamdy. Unpublished report, 42 pp.

14.  Sediments  Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987. St. Clair River Sediments. Prepared by B.G.  Oliver. Un-
     published report, 54  pp.

15.  Sediments Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988, Lake St. Clair Bottom Sediments, Prepared by Sediments
     Workgroup, Y. Hamdy, Chair. Unpublished report, 80 pp.

16   Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987. Contaminants in Urban Runoff in the Great Lakes
     Connecting Channels Area. Prepared by J. Marsalek  and H.Y.F. Ng, Unpublished report, 71 pp.

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                                            50
17.  Nonpomt Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987, Agricultural Sources of Pollution: Detroit River.
     Prepared by Wall, G.J., E.A. Pringle and T. Dickinson. Unpublished report, 11 pp.

18.  Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987. Agricultural Sources of Pollution: Lake St. Clair.
     Prepared by Wall, G.J., E.A. Pringle and T, Dickinson. Unpublished report, 224 pp.

19.  Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCC& 1987. Agricultural        of Pollution: St. Clair Eiver.
     Prepared by Wall, G.J., E.A. Pringle and T, Dickinson. Unpublished report, 12 pp.

10,  Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. Waste Disposal      and Potential Ground Water
     Contamination: St. Clair River. Prepared by Nonpoint Source Workgroup, G, Sherbin, Chair. Un-
     published report, 77 pp.

21.  Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. Waste Disposal          Potential Ground Water
     Contamination: St. Marys Biver. Prepared by Nonpoint Source Workgroup, G. Sherbin, Chair. Un-
     published report, 39 pp.

22.  Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988.                   and Potential Ground Water
     Contamination; Detroit Elver.  Prepared by Nonpomt Source Workgroup, G. Sherbin, Chair. Un-
     published report, 75 pp.

23.  Nonpoint Source Workgroup. UGLCCS.            Disposal      and Potential Ground Water
     Contamination: Lake St. Clair. Prepared by Nonpoint Source Workgroup, G. Sherbin, Chair. Un~
     published report, 46 pp.

24.  Quality Management Workgroup. UGLCCS. 1988. Interlaboratory performance evaluation study
              report Part II: Trace       Prepared by WC. Li, A.S.Y. Chau and E. Kokotich, NWRI,
     Environment Canada, Burlington, Ont: 11 pp + Tkbles and Figures.

25.  Quality Management Workgroup. UGLCCS. 1988. Interlaboratory performance evaluation study
     integrated report Part I: Organic Parameters. Prepared by W.C. Li, A.S.Y. Chau and E. Kokotich,
     NWRI, Environment Canada,  Burlington, Ont: 19 pp + Tables  and Figures.

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