Orwrio JJ . UPPER GREAT LAKES CONNECTING CHANNELS STUDY L Z 7 / L L / / / Volume I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ^-^ x xx x- // / -/ -f 1 j J V' ."' "" -' 3* 7^ 2 £ r f 1 f * ;* s~ -." .* * -r T< 71 r T r ~^~ ^ ~7^ *"* 7*~ ' ~T* T* r / / ' r^ 1^ i* f f f ! I i -' ** 3* S I- I" / / / ^x^^y/'/// /////ft] \ s / /" / r "'^ov. -/ / f / / /m^^f ^\ f J s / / ' /MM K / / js^Fl A y y / f y A / | S / / [" ^ K ^«a / f / s3 - ' ' / 7^ ^j^fm Z /^l / si ^^j 1 ^ ~r 1 i. i 3L 3L '^ '^ %s, V. .. _V_ 3 \ , V \ \ -*r k-^ \ ^ ^: ^ ^ ^ 1 h ^i >«r *t \ *i ^ :H ^ ^ ^ 1 \ \.^r_V-X-^ \ WNr-^V 1 I -i -i '.. . ". v s 1 \ \ \ \ \ ^ v 3 t \ ' l \ - \ NX >, 1 I 1VVY"V"VXX^ I I \ *1 \ \ \ TX % "s- ', 1 I V \ X v \ ', X 1 ', \ \ v , \ \ I "' X \ X ^ \ "'w "'"v ~"' I \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 'l \ \ 1 \ \ . \ \ X X 1 I \ \ \ \ X X > 1 1 \ '- \ \ \ X 'L ', \ \ \ \ \ 1 \ \ '' ''' \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ X \ \ \ \ N x x 1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ . \ I \ \ X X \ ------- UPPER GREAT LAKES CONNECTING CHANNELS STUDY ERRATA VOLUME 1 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Disclaimer: "The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the participating agencies, nor does mention of trade names, or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use." - Page 3, 2nd Column, last paragragh. "The j^987 Protocol..." - Page 11, Footnote 2. "Leachates have not been detected..." - Page 38, 1. Water, 1st Column, 1st paragragh. There is no guideline for PAHs. Cadmium should be added to this statement. - Page 38, 1. Water, 1st Column, 4th paragraph. Mercury should be deleted from this statement. - Page 38, 1. Water, 1st Column, 6th paragraph. PAHs should be deleted from this statement. - Page 38, 1. Water, 1st Column, 7th paragraph. There is no lead data for the Ecorse River, - Page 44, Recommendation 23. Delete "These". - Page 26, 1st Column, 4th paragraph. "50 tons of perchlorethylene were released to the river" should be replaced with "18 tonnes of perchlorethylene were released to the river of which 14.5 tonnes were recovered." I ------- I The Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study Management Committee December ------- LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Valdas A. Adamkus Regional Administrator, Region V U.S. Environmental protection Agency Elizabeth Dowdeswell Regional Director General, Ontario Region Environment Canada David F. Hales Director Michigan Department of Natural Resources j. waiter Giles Associate Deputy Minister Ontario Ministry of the Environment On behalf of the Management Committee we are pleased to submit the final report and executive summary of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study. The report is a comprehensive and detailed review of the project studies and their results. Respectfully submitted, February 1989. ton Shim/Tzu Co-Chain. Envi ronmeHt^ Canada Carol Finch Co-Chair U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ------- PEEPAC1 This report is an executive summary of the major findings and recommendations of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study. These findings and recommendations are based upon data collected in 1985 and 1986. It is Volume I of a 3 volume set containing the complete output of the study. Volume II is the main study report. Volume III of the many principal investigator reports, work-group reports and other key supporting documents. Copies of Volume III are on file with each of the participating agencies and with the International Joint Commission in Windsor, Ontario. ------- Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter ofTransmittal Hi Preface v Table of Contents vii List of Figures and Tables , viii Parti 1. Introduction , ..,...,».,., 3 2. Overview 5 3. Purpose and Objectives of the Study 8 4, General Findings 9 5. Specific Concerns 12 6. Recommended Management Strategy 13 7. Long-term Monitoring 14 8. RAP Process 15 Part II ST. MARYS RIVER 19 Environmental Conditions 19 Specific Concerns 19 Sources of Pollutants 20 Recommendations 20 ST. CLAIR RIVER 23 Environmental Conditions 23 Specific Concerns 23 Sources of Pollutants 25 Recommendations ..,.,..., ., , 26 LAKE ST. CLAIR 30 Environmental Conditions 30 Specific Concerns 30 Sources of Pollutants 31 Recommendations 33 DETROIT RIVER 37 Environmental Conditions 37 Specific Concerns 38 Sources of Pollutants 39 Recommendations 40 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 45 Appendix 1 Management Committee and Activities Integration Committee 47 Appendix 2 Workgroup Reports , 49 ------- Vlll LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1 Map of Great Lakes Basin showing study areas , 4 Figure 2 Zones of Impairment of Benthic Fauna in the St. Marys River 18 Figure 3 Zones of Impairment of Benthic Fauna in the St. Clair River 24 Figure 4 Zones of Impairment of Benthic Fauna in the Detroit River 36 Table 1 Watershed Characteristics 5 Table 2 Water Use , 6 Table 3 Summary of Contaminant Concerns 7 Table 4 Summary of Major Loadings 10 Table 5 Waste Sites 11 Table 6 Summary of Long-term Monitoring Recommendations 14 Table 7 Summary of Point Source Contaminant Loadings to Lake St. Clair 32 ------- PARTI ------- i. Changes in environmental quality respiting from the intensive use of the Great Lakes waters are becoming better known. As early as the 1940's researchers recognized that contaminants entered the lakes from many different sources over a wide area, Tbday it is commonly accepted that toxic and chemical issues are not only scientifically and technical- ly complex, but that interdisciplinary study and interjurisdietional cooperation is required in order to understand and resolve these issues. The Upper Great Lakes Connecting Chan- nels Study {UGLCCS) is a landmark in advan- cing our overall understanding of the en- vironmental conditions of the Great Lakes Basin. UGLCCS is a unique cooperative under- taking by eleven institutions at the federal, state, provincial and municipal levels to: i) assess the environmental quality of the Detroit, St. Marys, St. Clair Rivers and Lake St. Clair; ii) identify and assess the major pollution sources to these waters; iii) recommend actions to ensure the remedia- tion and protection of these waters. Initiated in late 1983 by the United Environmental Protection Agency, UGLCCS became a full bilateral multi-agency investiga- tion in July 1984. The principal involv- ed were the USBPA, Environment Canada (DOE), Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OMOE), Michigan Department of Natural (MDNR), U.S. Fish and Ser- vice U.S, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion (NOAA), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COB), the City of Detroit, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and the Ontario Ministry of Natural (OMNR). Despite the reduction in contaminant loadings to the Great Lakes over the two decades, beneficial of these waters continue to be im- paired. The Detroit, St. Clair and St. Marys Rivers have been designated by the Interna- tional Joint Commission as "Areas of Concern" because pollutant levels have exceeded certain water quality objectives of the 1978 Canada-U.S. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The 1978 Protocol, amending the Agreement calls for a binational effort to develop and im- plement Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) to restore "Areas of Concern". The findings and recommen- dations of this study will facilitate the develop- ment of RAPs and measure the restoration of these magnificent waters. ------- GREAT LAKES BASIN SHOWING UPPER CONNECTING AMNELS Pennsylvania Wisconsin Illinois ------- 2. The Upper Connecting Channels function as the drainage system for Lakes Superior, Huron and Michigan, funnelling large volumes of water, sediment and nutrients. They form a diversity of habitat conditions attracting numerous species of fish, waterfowl and plants. Tables 1, 2 and 3 summarize hydrologieal characteristics of the channels, the current water uses and the major contaminant concerns, respectively. Land use in the vicinity of the channels, although containing concentrations of urban and industrial areas, is mainly rural. The Detroit River watershed is the most industrialized, hav- ing the largest population and the Lake St. Glair watershed is the most agricultural. It is the use of the channels as receiving waters that provide the for the UGLCC Study. Wastes from the following industrial discharged into the connecting channels: pulp paper, electrical power generation, making and casting, mineral extraction, chemical manufacturing, petrochemical and refining, and automobile manufacturing. The channels also receive from municipalities, agricultural and urban runoff, waste disposal sites and the atmosphere. Chemicals released in- clude synthetic organics, metals and nutrients. 1 Watershed characteristics of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Inlet Outlet Length (Area)* Elevation Fall(m)* St. Marys River L. Superior L. Huron 101-121 km 6,76 St. Clair River L, Huron L. St. Clair 84km 1.5 Lake St. Clair St. Clair E. Detroit River 1115 km2 Detroit River Lake St. Clair L. Erie 51 km 1.0 Flow nAsee x 1000** Minimum Average Maximum Average Flow Vel, m/s* Depth (m)* Width (km)* Retention. Times Controlled Flow Land Drainage Area*** kma x 1000 (cumulative total) 1.2 2.2 3.7 0.6-1.5 Shallow-30 0,3-6.4 1 day§ Y 49.3 3.0 5.2 6.7 0.6-1.8 9-21 0.25-1.1 21 hre N 146.6 O.OL0.08 3,4 avg. 8.2 max. 39 2-9 days N 159.0 3.1 S.3 7.1 0.3-0.6 645 0,66-3.0 21hra N ieo.9 * Limno-Tbcli, 1985. 1986 Summary of existing rtatui of the Upper Great Lakei Connecting Channel! data, unpublished manuscript. ** David Cowgill, U.S. Army Corps of Ingtaeere. *** Calculated from The Great Lakes; An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book and Limno-Tbch manuscript. ------- TABLES Water use of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Shipping Commercial Fishing Sport Fishing BoatingSailing Swimming TO: Drinking Water Intake Municipal - Communal/Private Industrial Intakes - Iron & - Pulp & Paper - Petrochemical - Refining - Thermal Generating - Hydroelectric - Navigation (Locks) - Mineral (Salt & Lime) RECEIVING Municipal STP Industrial - Iron & - Pulp & Paper - Petrochemical - Refining - Thermal Generating - Mineral (Salt & Lime) - Fabrication (Auto) Ship Ballast N - Negligible Use L - Limited Use O - Occaiional Use F Frequent Use S - Significant - High Uae X - Present St. Marys - River S L S F L X X X X X X X X X X X St. Clair River S N S S F X X X X X X X X X X Lake St. Clair S F S . S S X X X X Detroit River S N S S O X X X X X X X X X X X X ------- TABLE 3 Summary of contaminant concerns in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels WATER SEDIMENT BIOTA CONTAMINANTS Phosphorus Ammonia Bacteria Chlorides Oil and Grease Phenols Pesticides PCBs PAHs Other Organics Heavy Metals Mercury Cyanide 1 s 35 X X X X X X X X * A h > a B ! 2 2 3 03 *j s J 1 *! ,3 P X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 1 53 o 3§ rf X X X X X X X X X X X X 'a o s J X X X X X X X 1 5 1 2 X X X X X X X X X X X r-i *i « X X X X X X 1 jg Q & X X X X X X X 1 o j> ri X X X X X X 1 **-* K 1 X X X X X X X X X X ------- 3. OF The TJGLCC Study conceived to integrate scientific information and data on the Upper Connecting Channels and to develop recommen- dations for binational efforts to "Areas of Concern". The study was carried out in three 1) reYiew existing environmental information. 2) conduct field, laboratory and modeling studies to fill information gaps, and 3) consolidate findings into a single report which will provide guidelines to developing Remedial Action Plans. Field studies were undertaken: 1) to identify and measure sources of con- taminants and their impacts on beneficial uses and on the ecosystem; 2) to determine the adequacy of existing control measures; 3) to recommend controls, and Eight workgroups produced 25 reports developed from 170 studies on water quality, sediments, biota, point sources, non-point sources, modeling, data quality and long-term monitoring. The workgroup reports and committee memberships are listed in the Appendices. The UGLCC Study pioneered the of the balance concept (pollutant input/output) for plan- ning and design of a large scale environmental study of toxic substances. The calculations iden- tified areas in the channels that acted as sources or sinks for a given pollutant with respect to the remainder of the system. The models provide a suite of tools that can be us- ed to the transport, and exposure of pollutants in each channel. However, time and resources were insufficient to collect the data to verify the models. 4) to recommend surveillance programs to monitor the effects of restoration efforts. ------- 4. GENERAL FINDINGS Each of the four study areas is unique in terms of its physical characteristics and history of human use. However, a number of issues com- mon to the channels have been identified. The following statements relate to all of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels. * The UGLCC Study confirms that many of the environmental quality problems of the region cut across political jurisdictions and can on- ly be solved through coordinated, long term planning efforts by the jurisdictions affected. AH four water bodies suffer from con- taminated sediments, high concentrations of oil and grease (except Lake St. Clair) and the bioaccumulation of certain toxic pollutants in local aquatic organisms. There is con- siderable variation among channels. Levels of organic and inorganic toxic substances often exceed standards and guidelines, particularly in the vicinity of the urban and industrial dischanges. Boint lources are the largest loadings of most contaminants even though most discharges are regulated (see Table 4), * Combined sewer overflows are major sources of contaminants to the channels. » Non-point loadings, particularly from agricultural and urban runoff and at- mospheric deposition, can be locally signifi- cant, however, quantification of the magnitude of these inputs remains poor to nonexistent. * Several cases of probable transboundary movement of pollutants in the channels were identified. However, whether or not trans- boundary mixing occurs in the channels is of little consequence as it always occurs in the downstream lakes. There have been substantial reductions in conventional pollutants since the earlj 1970s, however, particular concerns remain related to oil and grease, phosphorus and heavy metals. The effects of historical discharges continue to impact the ecosystem, Oil and grease in sediments, particularly in the three rivers, is directly with impacts to benthic communities, and should not be detectable in any form in the rivers. The lack of numerical objectives for water and sediment may have reduced the effec- tiveness of remedial programs. Fine-grained sediments in embayments downstream of effluent diicharges are polluted from historical and in on- going discharges and act as exposure to aquatic biota. Accidental spills of pollutants can result in shock loadings of almost any pollutant in amounts equal to or greater than annual loads from ongoing regulated discharges, Waste sites have been identified and ranked (Table 5) however, very little is known about the specific loadings of contaminants to the waters of the St. Marys, St. Clair and Detroit Rivers. More investigations are required to determine if waste sites have an impact on the rivers. There is a lack of detailed information on levels of toxic contaminants in waterfowl and aquatic mammals. Multi-agency studiei require an quality management program to ensure a reliable, comparable database for decision-making. ------- 10 TABLE 4 Summary of Major Point, Tributary and Nonpoint Source Loadings to the St. Marys, St. Glair and Detroit Rivers PARAMETER LOADINGS OIL i TOTAL AMMONIA SUSPENDED , . MAJOR SOURCES GREASE PHOSPHORUS NITHOGEN SOLIDS """s ST. MARYS RIVER: rUgcma Steel 1.9SO 20.0 3.990 4.234- 9441 6.25S 8.f3Y St. Marya Paper 231 4.7 8.0 2.829 Em End WWTP 319 898 195.5 900 W*K End WWTP 13 5.7 148 39.1 Mithras POTW . 63 - 47.3 E. Davijnon Creet - 27 17.6 1.713 Fort Creek - Oil 0.17 353 Bennett Creek - Oil 28 158 Total Point Source1 2.544 123.6 4,227- 10.274- Loadinaa2 10.036 6.491 14.177 Total Noninint Source 91.2 17.56 35,8 MOO Total Loading, lo 2,635- 117 21 1,253- 11,674 St. Hani Biter 10,126 6,617 15,577 ST. CLAIR RIVER; Dow Chemical 285 ' 695 Port Huron WWTP 24.6 - Pt. Edward WPCP ..... Cole rTwp.1 Drain 1,300 311 - Polyaar Sarnia 303 350 596 - Sarnia WPCP 244 436 633 - 2,000 Marine City WWTP .... Ethy! Ctrtadu .... Cn. inc. 128 256 4,980 St. Ciaii Count! (Adorns WWTP) - - 181 Sunoor .... Total Point Source 3.170 89.9 1,670 9.400 7.700 ixudinj? ToUl Noupoint Source 129.3- 6.03- 20.0- Loadinga3 £01.1 13.97 51.0 Total Loadinga to 3.299- 95.9- 1.890 9,400 7,700 St Ciaii Riser 3.371 103.9 1,72! DETROIT RTVER: Detroit WWTP 9.090, 930, 6.628- 14,042 2.023 19.790 Rouge Sue! 9,090 .... General Chemical Worth Drain) .... Weyue County. Wyandollc WWTP 727 245 3.230 Wayne County, Trenton WWTP .... Weat Windsor WPCP 1,130 ISO - McLouth Steal Trenton Plant 7,060 . . Great Ukea Steel 80" Mill 4.260 .... Great L*kea Steel Eos Plant 3,660 . . Great Ldkea Steel Zug laland .... Ford Canada .... Little River WWTP .... Pennwalt .... TrentenwVrP ..... MoMlnto ..... TolalFoiutSottne 34.0CF7. 1,325- 9868- LoadiDgi1 38.969 1M18 22,930 LITTLE t TURKEY HTVEHS* - 13 - 3.023 ROUGE t ECOHSE RTVE.RS* - 301 - 82,825 O1«EH NONPOUrr5 9,354 479 1,719 22,900 Total Loading K. 43,39] 2.14S 11,607 108,748 Detroit Biter 48,343 3,240 24,679 CHU3RIDE COPPER 18,885 713 2.S1! S98 952 286 871 24,147 6.088- 10.117 29,215 34,284 283^20 11,400 19,900 29.800 356.003 3,223- 6,474 359,233- 382,174 231.005 36,480 1,050,000 1.367.100 9,1506 2SS,8CO 18,577 1,614,600 -1,1 OJ3 1.1 0.20 083 1.57 240 6.24 U2 0.93 118 i set 13.06 713- 9SO 15.1 17.2 4.95 3.43 344 51.3 138.1 049 205 3.12 76.4- 160.2 mON LEAD 1.747- 4.8! 2^75 8-6 0-17 42.6 liOi 5.2 0 19 718 122 1,22 1,889 6,175 2,417 252 4,3 2,141- 10.47 2.669 95.6 8^4 235 137 2S 19.1 299 582 29 11* 5.6 70* 348 715 592- 7,13, 1,897 137 W50 853 239 545 377 215 222 303 3.383- 19.7- 4,658 179 3 113 586 55 4,064- 184.7 5,353 234 MEECim 6.605 0.0 0,0005 0.0001 0,0056 0001! 0.0067 0,02*7 0096 0,0443 Oiooas- 0004 0.017- 0.018 0,0636- O.S39 tlSfs 8,0027 o.oeiea 0-6103 0.60315 OJ0020J 0103 0,578 0016 805 4,53 449- 4,96 ( zmc 33.7 0.09 1.91 0,56 0.78 0,13 0.06 36,99 10.0 17,03 8.2 2,8 19,7 2,4 2,6 44.9 6658 51.6 223- 283 748 32,3 137 132 599- 669 5.33 479 73,1 1,156- 1,216 MCKEL CAD«JU,i COBALT 0,595- O.006- 0.926 0,021 0-3iS- 0,006- 0.926 6.02! 8644 O.6S7 O.973 0,137 4.37 O.143 0.408 0624- 0.653 0.152 4,85- 0.169- 5,03 0,31 95.8- 1.4 197 13 0.55 6.! 6.7 8,136 0.737 9.2 111.7- 8.98- 212.9 20.6 49.2 O.009 9-7 5.8S 15,4 4,4 186- 19,5- 28" 58,9 72,9 9-O- 114 0.71 0^1 0.62 tM Ml 0.605 6,664 6.62 6,68 73.2 10,93 115.9J 6.0- 0,071 0,53 6.721 6.0 73.29 11,4- 6-721 H6.4 - ITO 169 Oil OM 8.67 0,16 1,08 «,»« - 1.32 1,8 - 8>S 8,86 3,2 12,2 0.0- 1 J 8.552- 0-S12 0.575 0-86- 5.6 12JS- 127 12.57 2.8S 59 39,0 106 45,1 6,12 17,3 5,61 5,6 3.7 1,95 6.* 1.9 '. as 2,28 16J 6.53 12.6 73, 122.8 128 129J 8.025 8.23 1.J6 1263 75,25- 124J- 120.25 1S1.S 1. Point Source Data are bued pnnunli on the 1985 and 1986 UGLCCa survey tnulti Raniet reflect the difference between UGLCCS data and either MISA (Algoma) or nelT-mniloring data (Algolua and Dettoit WWTP), 2. Totab include additional miaor Jtoureee. 3. Eatimatea beaed oo partial databaaea. 4. Bued on Detroit River System maaa balance trtudy. 5. Detroit CSO and Windaor Stonnwater £ CSO. 0,20 121 005 0,42 0.001 8.84 8,886 8.085 0.723- 1733 0^8- 0.90 1.057. 2.S85 51* 0,172 121,0 0.183 0.118 43,2 0.045 264 0,336 6.143- 0.263 254 8.478- 0.638 5-15 '. 6.311 041 6,9 0.24 6.14 OJXH1- OJXB 6.66H- 6.669 0,0032 0,003 0,009 6.8638- 6.8641 0,8138- 0,019 0,200. 0-256 0.6236 0,0593 0-0392 Oi7B- OJ34 0,001 6.151 6.24 0,87- 0,73 * B©Be - BssehesiitsI Qx?&s PA It a * Falyiiudear fFelycye PCBa Pojjtfe HCB -- H.,ad OCS = QSKh WtSSSltQ B}$S brebeosese igrsstyreae 0,00005*5- 0,000016 6.0000055 6.866016 0.03 0,03 6.862 O.OS2 0.001. 0-OU 0.60027 6.86043 8.88H2 0X10036 0-0023- 0,012 6.8000* 0,00238- 0,0121 0,0047 0-OW1 0-0001 0-««9 o.oeooi 0,00494 0,0086»7 0.000845 6.860014 8.866W1 «600W7 0,000087 ie& Areraatie Hytlrseajlxpns eB/ls NOTE; Dflfihea (-') indicate no data collected. ------- ii 5 Waste in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels1 UNITED St. Marys River Cannelton Industries, Inc. Site Superior Sanitation Landfill Union Carbide Site (Sault Ste. Marie Disposal Site) St. Clair River A & B Waste Disposal Hoover Chemical Reeves Disposal Wills Dump Site Winchester Landfill Lake St. Clair Selfridge Air National Guard Base Sttgarbush Landfill Detroit River BASF-Wyandotte (North Works) BASF-Wyandotte (South Works) Chrysler-Trenton Edward C. Levy, Co. (Trenton Plant) Edward C. Levy, Co. (Plant #3) Federal Marine Terminal Properties Huron Valley Steel Corp. Industrial Landfill (Firestone) Jones Chemical Michigan Consolidated Gas (Eiverside Park) Monsanto Co. Site Pennwalt Corp. Site Petrochemical Processing Site Point Hennepin Site Zug Island (Great Lakes Steel) CANADA St. Maryi River Algoma Steel Slag Site Sault Ste. Marie (Cherokee) Landfill1 St. Clair River Dow Chemical Site (Scott Road) Polysar Ltd, Site Road) Detroit Hiver Fighting Island Site 1 Sites within 19 kilometres of the connecting channels with known or potential to the con- necting channels, 2 Follow-up investigation of this indicates that leachates have been detected in the groundwater or surface water adjacent to this site. Information in this table is correct as of January 1988 ------- 12 5. SPECIFIC CONCERNS The St. Marys, St. Clair and Detroit Rivers are subject to contaminant loadings which have resulted in changes to the water quality, sediments and biota. i) Major Loadings Table 4 summarizes the loadings of 21 con- taminants (measured in kilograms per day) to the three rivers. These data are based primari- ly on the 1985 and 1986 UGLCCS point source surveys. Ranges reflect the differences between UGLCCS and either MISA or self-monitoring data. The largest point sources in each channel were sampled. Below are selected parameters and facilities with the largest loadings. Oil and Grease Lead Mercury Cadmium Cyanide Phenols PAHs Detroit WWTP Rouge Steel Algoma Steel McLouth Steel Great Lakes Steel Ford Canada Ethyl Canada Detroit WWTP Detroit WWTP Dow Chemical 9090-14 042 kg/day 8090 1950-9441 7060 4260 and 3650 30.3 19.1 7.13-137 0.064-0.54 0.029 PCBs HCB Wayne County- Wyandotte WWTP 6.1 Detroit WWTP 1.4-13.0 Algoma Steel 72.9 Detroit WWTP 59-106 Ford Canada 48.2 Detroit WWTP 39.0-45.4 Algoma Steel 9-114 Rouge Steel 5.15 Sault Ste. Marie East End WWTP 0.42 Algoma Steel 0.2-1.21 Detroit WWTP 0.20-0.26 Dow Chemical 0.03 Detroit WWTP 0.001-0.011 ii) Water Column « Water quality impairment continues near municipal and industrial discharges, tributary mouths and in areas of con- taminated sediment. iii) Contaminated Sediments * Toxic amounts of metals, synthetic organics and conventional pollutants have ac- cumulated in sediments. Specific contaminants in sediments are detrimental, to the point of lethality, to ben- thic organisms. « Accumulation of oil and grease does not sup- port habitat needs of aquatic insects. Some areas of the sediments are completely devoid of life as a result of contamination. » PAHs found in sediments may be associated with tumor incidence in bottom-feeding fish. Sediment contaminants are not likely to diminish through natural processes in the short term. iv) Bioaceumulation * Bioaceumulation of toxic contaminants threatens beneficial uses of ecosystem resources such as the commercial and sport fisheries and trapping of fur-bearing mammals. Chlorinated organic compounds found in the connecting channels have a potential to bioaeeumulate in tissue and to affect reproduction and off-spring of aquatic wildlife and waterfowl. » Contaminant burdens in fish and wildlife have resulted in consumption advisories for certain species in these areas. ------- 13 6. RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT STRATEGY The study has identified the need to relate pollu- tion abatement to ecosystem concerns. Water quality, effluent quality, sediments and biota standards and guidelines currently are not con- sistent, not always enforceable and do not cover all chemicals and media, The current regulatory programs are not fully effective in controlling pollution loadings within the connecting channels, Specific discharge limitations vary between jurisdictions. A number of persistent contaminants not covered by regulations are discharged into the channels from permitted industrial and municipal discharges. Contaminant discharges regulated by con- centration limits enter the channels in high volumes causing significant total loadings. Permit limits are developed chemical-by- chemical and medium-by-medium and may overlook potential synergistic effects unless whole effluent toxicity testing is utilized. To correct the situation the Management Committee recommends a comprehensive regulatory program which would include: Coordination among all regulatory agencies in setting both ambient and effluent stan- dards and undertaking remedial clean-up actions; Consideration of ecosystem objectives in stan- dard setting; A multimedia approach; Synergistic properties between contaminants taken into account when setting levels for specific substances; Developing further controls to cover all per- sistent toxic chemicals currently discharged, with the ultimate goal of zero discharge built- in through the application of increasingly ef- fective technology; Agreement among agencies to a list of chemicals to be monitored using standardized methodologies for sampling, analysis and reporting; Detailed assessment of contributions of non- point sources including waste disposal sites, combined sewer overflows, atmospheric loadings and tributary loadings as well as the implementation of effective control measures; Reduced pollutant loads from stormwater sources, combined sewer overflows, sewage treatment plant bypasses, industrial pretreatment through technological develop- ment and stricter controls; Improved reporting of spill incidents and im- proved on site spill containment facilities; * Completing the identification of con- taminated groundwater and undertaking monitoring where required; A coordinated education program emphasiz- ing the benefits (financial and otherwise) of improving the current environmental reali- ty, targetted to dischargers and the general public to encourage responsible actions. Remedial programs should aim to: » Prevent further decline in ecosystem quality; Achieve improvements in ecosystem quality as evidenced by the return of sensitive species including the benthic invertebrate communi- ty and fish-eating aquatic birds; Restore beneficial uses of the channels and associated areas; Virtually eliminate contaminant discharges at specific sources by regulatory or voluntary measures. In the interim, specific recommen- dations are suggested for each geographic area for industrial and municipal point sources and non-point sources; Remove, treat or allow burial of contaminated sediments, as appropriate, to reduce biotic ex- posure, restore water quality and beneficial uses; Achieve the greatest possible restoration in each area. Restoration will depend on the ap- plication of the knowledge obtained from ad- ditional research. ------- 14 7. LONG-TERM MONITOEING PROGRAM The focus of the UGLCCS was to identify pro- blems in the ecosystem and how to remedy them. Long-term monitoring recommendations provide a framework to focus on trends in environmen- tal quality and to assess the effectiveness of remedial actions. Monitoring should be suffi- cient to 1) detect system-wide trends noted by the UGLCCS, 2) detect changes resulting from specific remedial actions, and 3) assess whether beneficial uses have been restored. The Great Lakes International Surveillance Plan (GLISP) will contain plans for long-term monitoring. The GLISP for the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels will be completed by incorporating results of this study. Besults from UGLCCS will be incorporated in- to each RAP, and will influence state and pro- vincial monitoring programs. Table 6 sum- marizes the basic recommendations for long- term monitoring programs. TABLE 6 Summary of long-term monitoring recommendations. Monitoring/Study Area Head/Mouth Transects Tributaries Municipal & Industrial Source CSO and Runoff Groundwater Inflow Sediment TVansport Sediment Chemistry Atmospheric Deposition Biota Sport Fish Spottail Shiners Clams Habitat Survey: Mayflies/Benthos Wetlands St. Marys River R/MB T/MB H/MB E/MB mm E/MB T E RT S/T E/S/T T T St. Glair River R/MB T/MB VMS EB/R E/MB T E R/T m S/T T T Lake St. Clair R/MB T/MB E E/MB 8MB E T E R/T BIT E/ST T T Detroit River RMB T/MB R/MB B/EMB ESK E/MB T E E/R/T SIT T T Frequency B=2/yr MB=5yr Seasonal/ Storm events NS NS NS Once St. Marys/ St. Clair: 5 yr As needed 1 or 2/yr Annual NS * * St. Marys: Syr others Syr R = Regulatory Program Needs, S = Site Specific, T = Trend, E = Exploratory/Load Estimate, MB = Mass Balance Needs, NS = Not Specified. ------- 15 8. REMEDIAL ACTION PLANS (RAPs) The St. Marys, St. Glair and Detroit Rivers have The individual RAPs will list impaired uses, been identified by the Parties to the Great Lakes sources of contaminants, uses to be restored, Water Quality Agreement as Areas of Concern. specific remedial actions, schedules for im- RAPs are being developed for each of these plementation and detailed monitoring geographical areas as a joint effort by Ontario requirements. and Michigan with the support of Canadian and U.S. federal governments. The RAPs include a public consultation process now underway to identify the concerns of the community. I ------- PART II ------- Sault St». Marto Omarto tUJDR POWT SOURCE OBCHARGE Dwedion of Flow ol mpairmeni relv to the relative occurrence o4 pdlution »i&rani ipee*s and to erf b«n!h»c upeoos m jcowal. UfiKnpairad joo« may fwvenheteas be for (n*rn»a ««ien al n prwem in tw phyvctl wbetraw Figure 2. ZOOM of Impairment of Benthlc Fauna in the St. Marys River ------- 19 ST. Overall, the St. Marys Ewer is in the con- dition of the Upper Connecting Channels. The water quality and biotic diversity are mostly in- fluenced by Lake Superior. However, localized water quality degradation has resulted from steel and paper mills and municipal treatment plant discharges in Canada. On the U.S. side, combined overflow discharges contribute to impairment downstream of the Edison Sault Electric Company canal. Con- siderable progress has heen made since 1970 by Algoma Steel Corporation Ltd, in reducing ammonia-nitrogen, free cyanide, and phenol discharges; by St. Marys Paper in reducing suspended solids loadings; and by the municipal sewage treatment plants in improving the removal of phosphorus and organic matter. The results of the present study show that significant zones of degraded water, sediment and/or biotic quality still remain along the Cana- dian shoreline. Zones of environmental degradation occur in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, particularly in slips and embayments at, and/or downstream of, Algoma Steel and St. Marys Paper. Adversely impacted benthie communities generally occur in a band approximately 500 m wide, extending 3 km along the Cana- dian shore downstream of industrial discharges (Figure 2). Some physical habitat has occur- red as a result of the construction, maintenance, and operation of navigation streetures (e,g,, dams and locks), shoreline in- filling for disposal, channel maintenance activities, and ship passage. » U.S. and Canadian waters do not mix to a significant extent in the upper river or main channel, but cross-channel mixing occur in the lower river downstream of the Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario East Bnd Waste Water Treatment Plant, In particular, trans- boundary ammonia pollution observed along the Sugar Island shoreline. 1. Water * Zones of degraded water quality downstream of Sault St. Marie, Ontario exceeded available guidelines for iron, phosphorus, fecal bacteria, phenolics, and benzo(a)pyrene (one type of PAH), Although within their respective guidelines, the combined effect of ammonia and cyanide concentrations may result in toxic conditions. * Spills of contaminated materials in the St. Marys River result in significant short term in the concentrations and loadings of some pollutants. 2. Sediment » Bottom sediments in of the St. Marys River exceeded both OMOE and/or USEPA dredging guidelines for the following pollutants: arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, iron, copper, chromium, nutrients, oil and grease, and benzo(a)pyrene, » Sediments along the Ontario shore near Algoma Steel and Sault Ste. Marie and in Little Lake George were the most con- taminated. Sediments upstream of the in- dustrial complexes were uncontaminated. 3, Biota » Past reductions in pollutant loadings to the St. Marys River have not adequate to reduce lediment contamination and impacts to benthic Contaminants remain- ing in the sediment, particularly oil and grease, metals and PAHs, are a major concern, « Mercury levels in large specimens of sport fish exceed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement objective of 0.5 mg/kg. ------- 20 SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS Municipal and industrial discharges accounting for much of the pollutant loading within the St. Marys River can be found in Table 4, In addition to the major contaminants quantified in Table 4, loadings of xylene, styrene, benzene, toluene, chloroform, methylene chloride, 2,4,6-trichloro- phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and mono and dichloramine totalling 10.7 kg/day have also been identified, Nonpoint sources, particularly surface runoff from in- dustrial sites, contribute equal amounts of some toxic contaminants. * Algoma Steel had the highest loadings of oil and grease, ammonia, suspended solids, chloride, cyanide, total phenols, total metals, PAHs and total volatiles. * High concentrations of suspended solids on the Ontario side can be traced to the Algoma Steel and St. Marys Paper facilities. The East End Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, con- tributes the highest loadings of total phosphorus, chlorinated benzenes and- chloroethers to the St. Marys River. It is the second greatest contributor of oil and grease, ammonia, chloride, total metals, volatiles, PAHs, and chlorinated phenols. * Nonpoint sources may contribute up to 50 percent of PAHs, zinc and lead loadings to the river, although no extensive measurements of these sources were made. Storm drains of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, may be the source of high levels of fecal bacteria found immediately downstream of the Edison Sault Electric Company canal. * Bennett and East Davignon Creeks which discharge to the St. Marys River receive significant loadings of heavy metals, phenolics, PAHs and oil and grease, from the Algoma Steel and Domtar plants as a result of spills, contaminated groundwater, runoff and scouring of contaminated sediments. * Of twelve waste disposal sites studied, three present a potentially serious threat to the St. Marys River: the Algoma Slag Dump, the Cannelton Industries Tannery site, the Superior Stations landfill. RECOMMENDATIONS Ontario and Michgan should incorporate into their respective regulatory programs, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement goal for the vir- tual elimination of all persistent toxic substances. The following specific recommenda- tions are provided as steps toward that goal. A. Industrial and Municipal Point Sources Algoma Steel which was the major con- tributor of ammonia, phenols, oil and grease, cyanide and suspended solids must continue to reduce loadings of these substances to meet the requirements of the Ontario Ministry of Environment Control Order, the compliance dates of which should be enforc- ed. This recommendation is subject to Recom- mendations 7, 8 and 9 below. 2. The Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario East End WWTP should be equipped with phosphorus removal in order to bring the total phosphorus concentration in the final ef- fluent down to the required 1 mg/L (this is expected to be on-line in 1989). 3. The treatment capacity of the East End WWTP is frequently exceeded. To reduce the frequency of plant overflows and by-passes, this plant must be upgraded to provide secon- dary treatment and expanded, or a portion of the wastewater must be rerouted to the West End WWTP. 4. The municipality, with the support of the OMOE, take steps to strictly enforce the Sault Ste. Marie Sewer By-Law and thus pre- vent the discharge of untreated industrial wastes to municipal sewers. The municipali- ty and/or OMOE should also initiate an educational program to discourage home owners from disposing of hazardous or toxic waste in sewers, 5. Discharges of fecal coliform and fecal strep- tococci from Algoma Steel, sewage treatment plants and combined sewer overflows must be reduced to meet Provincial Water Quality Objectives. 6. The A.B. McLean aggregate extraction opera- tions is potentially a significant source of suspended solids to the St. Marys River. ------- 21 The current, permitted extraction must be closely monitored and the requirements must be strictly enforced. Furthermore, the pen- ding permit application must not be issued until a comprehensive environmental review indicates that the increased activity would not result in unacceptable adverse impacts. 7, Discharge limits for point sources should be based on mixing zones with all water quali- ty objectives met at the boundary of each mixing zone. This zone is expected to be reduced (ultimately to zero) as advances in treatment technology are implemented. 8. Depending on the parameter, Algoma Steel samples their effluent on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Most of the controlled parameters are based on 12 month averages. Due to the variability in effluent characteristics, sampling should be more fre- quent. The frequency and type of sampling should be re-evaluated and audit sampling by OMOE should be increased. 9. Additional parameters, such as PAHs, should be regulated and incorporated into Algoma's monitoring program, B. Non-point Sources 10. Ontario and Michigan should conduct addi- tional studies for both urban and rural runoff to better identify and quantify loadings of trace inorganic and organic compounds. 11. Investigate the kinds of contaminants, the pathways of contamination (surface water and groundwater), and the magnitude of the contaminant flux; establish monitoring net- works as required; and undertake necessary remedial clean-up activities at the following waste sites: i) the Algoma Slag Site; ii) Cannelton Industries Tannery disposal site (under CERCLA authority); iii) Union Carbide and Superior Sanitation landfills (under Michigan Act 307). 12. Spill containment must be improved at both industrial and municipal facilities to minimize the frequency of shock loadings to the aquatic ecosystem. This will entail spill prevention, development of contingency plans to deal with material reaching the river and the following of established procedures for the reporting of spills, C. Surveys, Research and Development 13. Many PAHs have been shown to be bioac- cumulative or to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms and some are proven carcinogens. The absence of specific, numerical water quality standards makes it difficult to regulate the discharge of PAHs. An ac- celerated effort to the ecological significance of PAHs and to develop compound-specific criteria is required. 14. There are no regulatory guidelines to permit assessment of the biological significance of sediment-associated contaminants. Develop- ment of such guidelines is required to aid in site-specific evaluations of contaminated sediments, 15, Impacts to benthic macroinvertebrate com- munities have been related to sediment quality. Further site-specific work must be completed to prioritize sediment "hot spots" based on biological impacts. In addition, physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment should be evaluated. This informa- tion will be used to determine appropriate remedial actions for sediments. Suggested studies include acute and chronic sediment bioassays, as well as physical/chemical and bedload assessments. 16, The development of water quality based ef- fluent limits for specific PAH compounds re- quires additional monitoring of point source discharges (water as well as air) and deter- mination of PAH concentrations in resident aquatic indicator species, 17, There is a paucity of data on the near-field atmospheric deposition of metals and organics. This information should be obtain- ed, and evaluated relative to other sources (e.g. effluents, urban runoff, Lake Superior) to the river, 18. Suspended solids are of concern due to their ability to deposit contaminants locally or to transport them long distances, before settling ------- 22 out. An investigation of the combined effects of suspended solids discharges from Algoma Steel, St. Marys Paper, and WWTPs should be completed. This may involve a sediment transport modeling effort that considers the sources, transport and ultimate deposition of sediment and contaminants. This study would also allow prioritization of sources for remedial action. 19. The NPDES Permit for the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan WWTP includes effluent limits for BODB, pH, suspended solids, total phosphorus, fecal coliform, and residual chlorine. No loadings were measured for UGLCCS parameters during the 1986 survey period. Trace contaminant loadings from this facility should be determined to verify the absence of environmentally significant loadings to the river. 20. The OMOE has issued fish consumption ad- visories for many large game fish due to mer- cury contamination. Although the main source of mercury is believed to be natural, there are potential sources in the Sault Ste. Marie urban area. Mercury has been detected, for example, in all point source ef- fluents and in stormwater in Sault Ste, Marie, Ontario. Therefore, it is recommend- ed that a study to determine the relative con- tributions of background and urban source(s) of mercury be completed, 21. Fecal coliform bacteria densities were detected in river water downstream of the Edison Sault Power canal in Michigan. Fur- ther sampling must be conducted to deter- mine whether Michigan's fecal coliform stan- dard is being exceeded and, if so, to identify the source(s) and approprimate remedial action. 22, For chemicals where sufficient ambient data and standards are available, the agencies should develop a contaminant fate and ex- posure model. The model should provide in- sight into the fate of chemicals entering and leaving the river by various pathways as well as a systematic framework for predicting the relative effectiveness of proposed corrective actions. ------- 23 ST. CLAIR HIVER 1. Water Conflicting interests for resource utiliiation among industry, wildlife and recreation ma- jor challenges for the management of the St. Clair River. Most of the U.S. and Canadian shores are undeveloped and only relatively small urban communities exist. However, a large chemical manufacturing and petro chemical pro- cessing complex is situated south of Sarnia on the Canadian side ("Chemical Valley"). Discharges from this complex as well as other small industries and municipalities, on hoth sides, have contributed to environmental quali- ty problems in the St. Clair River. Some major improvements havew heen made the 1970s, including a substantial reduction in the concen- trations of mercury and certain organic chemical (particularly since 1985) and the shrinking of the River's zone of highly contaminated sediment. Loadings of a number of conventional and organic pollutants, primarily certain toxic in- dustrial solvents and metals, continue to com- promise local environmental quality. Areas of degraded water quality are located on the Ontario of the river in the Sarnia- Corunna "Chemical Valley" area of petroleum refining and chemical manufac- turing complexes (Figure 3). Most zones of severely contaminated sedi- ment were found primarily offshore and im- mediately downstream of the Chemical Valley. * There is virtually no cross-channel transport of pollutants the international boun- dary. The river like three flow panels: a central panel bounded by Ontario and Michigan shore panels. Pollutants from outfalls or tributaries tend to remain to the shorelines, affording little dilution with river flow. The contaminants of conern in the St, Clair River were found to be remarkably consistent among water quality, sediment and biota. * Concentrations of bacteria have exceeded guidelines resulting in the closure of swim- ming on both of the river, » Hexachlorobenzene and perchloroethylene exceed interim guidelines near industrial outfalls on the Canadian side of the river. * Octachlorostyrene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachloroethane, pentachlorobenzene, benzene and carbon tetrachloride are chemicals contributed by Canadian sources in concentrations which are of concern. There are, however, no ecosystem or industrial guidelines to which to compare their concentrations. Chloride concentrations in the river do not exceed drinking water guidelines, however, the extremely large point source loadings (356 tonnes/day) may have implications for downstream biota. » Spills and leaks from Chemical Valley con- tinue to be a concern as individual incidents can contribute loadings of toxic chemicals ap- proaching the annual on-going discharges. 2. Sediments * Sediment contamination is highest on the Canadian side and particularly in the vicini- ty and downstream of industrial discharges, These sediments are contaminated to vary- ing by hexaehlorobeniene, octach- lorostyrene, PCBs, oil and grease, hex- aehlorobutadiene, hexachloroethane, pen- tachlorobeniene, diphenylether and Mphenyl, « Significantly elevated concentration! of mer- cury remain in the sediments on the Ontario even though industrial sources have been virtually eliminated. The highest con- centration,, 51 nag/kg, was found adjacent to Dow Chemical, » Levels of lead were generally low, except for one location near the Ethyl Corporation Plant, were concentrations as high as 330 mg/kg were found. ------- Moomomi Court right Bowmans Creek MOTE ZonM of impainuM refer ID ihe retettva occurenoe d poluuon Btannl spaom and to tw dfvoraity d boniNc ipeda* in Figure 3. Zones of Impairment of Benthlc Fauna in the St. Clair River ------- 25 * On the Michigan side of the river, the con- centrations of UGLCC Study pollutants were generally low. Localized areas of oil and grease contamination were found above the Bluewater Bridge adjacent to Bort Huron, above the Belle Hiver adjacent to Marine Ci- ty and along the North Channel downstream of Algonae. 3. Biota * The following contaminants were detected in caged clams and fish exposed to industrial discharges: hexaehlorobenzene, octachloro- styrene, PAHs, hexachloroethane, hexaeh- lorobutadiene, pentaehlorobenzene, carbon tetraehloride, perehloroethylene and benzene, * Some large walleye, northern pike, and white baas contain levels of mercury in edible flesh that exceed the Great lakes Water Quality Agreement objective (0,5 mg/kg). « Sediments from the Chemical Valley area were found to be lethal to indicator organisms, such as: mayfly nymphs, freshwater scud, and fathead minnows, « Concentrations of PCBs in the older, larger representatives of a number offish species ex- ceed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agree- ment objective (0,1 mg/kgX which is intend- ed to protect sensitive wildlife. » A number of pollutants were detected in biota for which no standards, objectives or guidelines have been set: alkyl lead com- pounds were found in game near the Ethyl Corporation-Sarnia Plant, PAHs were found in clams, hexachlorobenzene octachlorostyrene detected in from all trophic levels. * The concentration of persistent pollutants (such as mercury, hexachlorobenzene, oc- tachlorostyrene and PAHs) is higher in lampled organisms than in the environment, reflecting the tendency of these contaminants to bioaccumulato, * The potential additive, antagonistic or synerglstic effects of multiple contaminant exposures to the river's wildlife and to fish and duck consumers are not well understood. OF Industrial discharges, especially on the Cana- dian of the St. Clair River, are major sources of many of the area's toxic contaminants. Tributaries, urban runoff and combined overflows, contribute to total pollutant loadings. « The petroleum refineries and chemical plants located on the upper 10 km of the St. Clair Eiver in the Sarnia-Corunna area are major sources of hexachlorobenzene, octachloro- styrene, PAHs, lead, ammonia-nitrogen, chromium and total volatiles Table 4 in Part 1). * The Dow~Sarnia Plant is a principal source of a number of toxic pollutants of particular concern: hexaehlorobenzene, octachloro- styrene, PCBs, copper, mercury and volatiles. Ethyl Corporation is the major source of alkyllead in the St. Clair River System. » The Cole Drain is a principal source of oil and grease, PAHs and cyanide. The Sarnia WWTP is a principal source of total phenols, nickel, phosphorus and ammonia. » On the Michigan shoreline, three urban have storm sewers that drain directly or indirectly to the St. Clair River, con- tributing PCBs, ammonia, phosphorus, oil and and metals: (1) Port Huron; (2) Marine City; and (3) Algonac. * Based on studies of Sarnia runoff and com- bined sewer overflow (CSO) systems, overflow incidents are a major of ammonia and phosphorus; runoff and overflow are roughly equal in the contributions of oil and grease} zinc and mercury. » Tributaries to the St. Clair River are major of phosphorus, a number of pesticide compounds, and other pollutants. » Seven U.S. and two Canadian waste were ranked as high priority on their potential to impact the river. ------- 26 Historical deep-well disposal of liquid in- dustrial wastes in the Sarnia area has resulted in localized phenol contamination of the freshwater aquifer in the vicinity of some disposal wells. Generally, this is not con- sidered a significant source of contamination to the St. Clair River. The liquid waste disposed in the deep wells has migrated out of the original disposal zone and the fate of the 8 x 106 m3 of waste is largely unknown. Of particular concern is the presence of high phenol concentrations in bedrock layers above the original disposal zone. Spills and accidental discharges also are an important source of pollution. In 1986, a total of 131 surface water spills to the St. Clair River were reported; 10 in Michigan and 121 in Ontario. * One spill of particular note during the study occurred at Dow Chemical-Sarnia in 1985, when 50 tons of perchloroethylene were released into the river. RECOMMENDATIONS Ontario and Michigan should incorporate into their respective regulatory programs, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement goal for the vir- tual elimination of all persistent toxic substances. The following specific recommenda- tions are provided as steps toward that goal. A. Industrial and Municipal Point Sources 1. Polysar Sarnia should take action to significantly reduce benzene and phenols in the American Petroleum Institute (stereo) separator effluent. The operation of the Biox treatment system should be optimized to at- tain the Ontario Industrial Effluent objec- tives for total phenols and ammonia- nitrogen. Effluent requirements (in both con- centration and mass loading form) should be implemented for PAHs and HCB at the most stringent levels attainable through the use of the best available technology. 2. Dow Chemical should significantly reduce its discharge of organic chemicals to the river. The facility was a major contributor of 5 of the 7 organic groups studied. It is noted that current self-monitoring data are being made publicly available to demonstrate the effect of recent remedial efforts at this facility. Many improvements in operation have been implemented at Dow Chemical since the time of the UGLCCS survey. Self-monitoring data and other sampling results should be review- ed to determine if additional remedial actions are needed. 3. The sources of ongoing discharges of mercury from Dow Chemical and Ethyl Canada should be identified and eliminated. 4. Ethyl Canada should improve the operation of its treatment plant to reduce concentra- tions of tetra ethyl lead to meet the GLWQA specific objective and the Provincial Water Quality Objective of 25«g/L. In addition, en- forceable mass loading limitations for lead should be instated at this facility. Volatiles, especially chloroethane, should also be significantly reduced in the effluent. 5. Polysar Corunna should reduce the concen- tration of chromium and zinc in the final ef- fluent. This facility should consider substituting less persistent additives in the recycle cooling water system. 6. Effluent concentrations for chloride were generally below drinking water objectives, but the total point source loading to the system was very large (356 tonnes/day). Most was from facilities in the Sarnia area. The extreme loadings may be affecting aquatic organisms downstream of these facilities. Chloride concentration and loading limita- tions should be considered for those facilities discharging significant amounts of chlorides. 7. All potential sources of releases of heat ex- changer fluids, as evidenced by the presence of very high concentrations of diphenyl ether and biphenyl in sediments along Sarnia's in- dustrial waterfront, should be identified and controlled. 8, The Sarnia WWTP should be expanded and upgraded to secondary biological treatment with phosphorus removal. In conjunction with the upgrading, the Point Edward WWTP (a primary plant) should be con- sidered for use as a pretreatment facility ------- 2? which would discharge to the Sarnia Plant. The loading of ammonia-nitrogen, total phenols, heavy metals, and organics to the St. Clair River would be significantly reduc- ed by this action, 9, American Tape in Marysville should be evaluated to ensure compliance with their NPDES permit, Michigan Water Quality Standards and BAT requirements for toluene and xylene in the discharge. 10, The City of Marysville should be evaluated to ensure compliance with their NPDES per- mit and Michigan Water Quality Standards for toluene in the discharge. 11. The National Pollution Discharge Elimina- tion System permit for the Marine City WWTP should be evaluated to ensure com- pliance with Michigan Water Quality Stan- dards for cyanide. The pretreatment program should be reviewed to ensure that cyanide is adequately regulated. The facility should be evaluated to determine if acute and chronic bioassays are necessary. 12. A survey should be conducted at the St. Clair County-Algonac WWTP to evaluate the effi- ciency of the treatment system. An ammonia- nitrogen effluent limitation should be con- sidered for the facility. Nitrogen loading to the river and Lake St. Clair may be reduced by these actions. 13. The City of St. Clair WWTP should be resurveyed to ensure that the expanded plant is operating efectively. 14. A study of industrial contributors to the Port Huron WWTP should be undertaken to iden- tify the source or sources of cyanide and PCBs to this facility. Pretreatment requirements for all industrial contributors should be ex- amined, and modified if needed. Effluent re- quirements for cyanide and PCBs should be considered in the facility's NPDES permit. 15. Biomonitoring studies should be conducted to determine whole effluent toxicity at industrial and municipal point sources. This study evaluated the point sources only on a parameter-by-parameter basis, with no attempt made to determine the im- pact of any additive or synergistic effects the parameters may exhibit. B. Non-point Sources 16, Sources of PAHs and total cyanide to the Cole Drain, Sarnia, should be identified. If the sources are exceeding applicable effluent guidelines, they should be remediated, 17. The loadings via surface water runoff and groundwater discharge from landfills in the Scott Road area to the Cole Drain need to be determined and treated as necessary. 18. Licensing requirements for sludge disposal facilities should ensure that surface water and groundwater are properly monitored and treated. 19, A and B Waste Disposal, Hoover Chemical Reeves Company, and Wills St. Dump Site were all scored under the Superfund Hazard Ranking System (HRS) apparently without consideration of groundwater quality infor- mation. The State of Michigan should deter- mine, based upon USGS chemistry informa- tion, the State priority for action at each site. Development of more complete groundwater information on-site would allow the State the options of pursuing Federal action under Superfund by rescoring the site under the new HRS (when it is approved), or pursuing remediation under Act 307 (MERA), Further- more, the facilities needs for RCRA permit- ting need to be assessed, or reassessed. 20. The proximity of Eltra Corp. Prestolite waste site to the St. Clair River, and the nature of wastes on-site call for careful evaluation of impacts on groundwater and on the St. Clair River prior to facility closure under RCRA authorities. In the event that a satisfactory evaluation of groundwater contamination and runoff impacts upon the St. Clair River are not secured, a Site Investigation (SI) under Superfund authorities should be undertaken. The SI should include assess- ment of both groundwater and surface runoff impacts upon the St. Clair River. 21. The State of Michigan needs to restrict ac- cess of dumpers to Winchester Landfill. The State's development of groundwater informa- tion for this site would assist in scoring by the HRS. 22. Michigan and Ontario municipal combined ------- 28 sewer overflows should be intensively surveyed to determine their contribution of pollutant loadings to the river. In the long terra (due to the enormous cost), combined sewers in all municipalities should be eliminated. In the interim, the municipalities should institute in-system controls to minimize the frequency and volume of overflows. 23. The Michigan Pollution Emergency Alerting System and spill reports from the Ontario Spills Action Centre should be improved so that all information on recovery, volume (if known), and final resolution are fed back to the central reporting system to complete each report for inventory purposes. 24. Spill management programs at all facilities should be reviewed and enhanced to reduce the frequency and magnitude of spills to the St. Clair River with the goal of eventually eliminating all spills. 25. Aggressive educational programs on the use of conservation tillage techniques and pesticide, fertilizer, and manure application techniques should be provided to farmers to reduce rural runoff contaminant contribu- tions. Stricter legislation to control such ap- plication should be developed and enforce. C. Surveys, Research and Development 26. Water quality guidelines need to be developed binationally for OCS, individual or total PAHs, hexachloroethane and chlorides. In addition, Canada needs to develop guidelines for hexachlorobutadiene, and the U.S. needs water quality guidelines for hex- achlorobenzene, phosphorus and pen- tachlorobenzene. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement needs to develop specific objectives for all of these parameters. Fish consumption and sediment criteria are need- ed for HCB, OCS, PAHs, alkyl lead, and other chemicals found to be of concern in this study. 27. More data are needed to assess the impact of PAHs on the St. Clair River. Ambient water concentrations, and point and non- point source loadings should be measured. Monitoring should be detailed enough to allow for the fingerprinting of sources. 28. The importance of contaminant loadings dur- ing rainfall events needs to be evaluated. 29. The loadings of all chemicals with high bioconcentration and bioaccumulation poten- tial should be reduced to minimize contami- nant body burdens in resident and spawning fish. 30, Assess the significance of mercury con- tamination to biota from sediments relative to ongoing discharges and develop remedial actions as necessary. 31. Industrial and municipal facilities discharg- ing to St. Clair River tributaries should be surveyed to determine their contribution of contaminants to the St. Clair River. In par- ticular, contaminant loadings from Talfourd Creek in Ontario and the Black River in Michigan should be determined. 32. The potential PCB source in the vicinity of the Lambton Generating Station should be investigated and quantified. 33. The loadings and sources of PCBs, PAHs, oil and grease, lead, ammonia, and phosphorus from the unnamed creek in Michigan across from the Lambton Generating Station should be determined and controlled to ensure com- pliance with Michigan Water Quality Standards. 34. The lead source to the Black River in Michigan should be located and controlled. 35. Sources of bacterial contamination to the river should be traced and eliminated, 36. A waterfowl consumption advisory should be considered by Ontario and Michigan for the St. Clair River. 37. A study on the magnitude of contaminant in- put to the St. Clair River from Michigan ur- ban runoff should be undertaken, and an ad- ditional, more refined study on Canadian ur- ban runoff should also be performed. Management control options for urban runoff should be developed. 38. Contamination from waste disposal sites, identified as high priority by the Nonpoint Source Workgroup, needs to be further ------- 29 investigated with regard to contaminant pathways, including surface water runoff and groundwater seepage, and environmental impacts, 39. Continued monitoring of water levels and water quality in the freshwater aquifer in the Sarnia is required. 40. The potential for transboundary migration and contamination of the St. Clair River and/or the freshwater aquifer in the Sarnia area from industrial in the 74 m and 123 m depth limestone layers should be in- vestigated. Of particular concern, is the 74 m depth horizon which likely flows into the fresh water aquifer in the deeper sections of the bedrock valley. 41. To understand the fate of the industrial waste injected into the Detroit River Geological Group, additional deep boreholes to the disposal formation are required to quantify the current directions and rates of ground- water movement. 42. U.S. and Canadian agencies should co- operate in undertaking deep-well studies. A number of deep wells are needed in St. Clair County to supplement the information from the Ontario studies. If evidence of impacts upon Michigan groundwater is developed, a variety of authorities, including Superfund, may he applicable for remediation of iden- tified problems. 43. The potential hiological consequences of in- chloride concentrations in the St. Clair River and downstream should be assessed. 44. Better methods for analysis of PCBs in the St. Clair Eiver need to be undertaken. 45, Studies should be conducted on the bioavailability of particle-bound con- taminants, and contaminant desorption from suspended and bottom sediments are re- quired to make a better of the im- pact of in-place pollutants. 46. Studies on the of multi-contaminant exposure to aquatic life are required. 47. Studies to better understand the fate and transport of sediment-borne contaminants are needed. These studies should include pro- filing the age and contamination of sediments in St. Clair River and delta deposi- tional areas. ------- 30 LAKE ST, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Four Michigan and three Ontario urban centers are located in the immediate watershed of Lake St. Clair. Only Mt. Clemens, Michigan obtains its drinking water from the lake. Lake St. Clair is also a popular recreational area, with more than 10,000 moorings for sail and power boats and a multitude of sport fishing and duck hun- ting opportunities, Unlike the other UGLCCS geographic areas, Lake St. Clair is not an IJC Area of Concern, However, it does receive the direct outflow from two upstream Areas of Concern: the Clinton and St. Clair Rivers. The St. Clair River contributes 98% of the flow and the majority of pollutants to the lake. This, along with the short residence time of water in the lake (5 to 7 days), means that water quality in the lake is dominated by the outflow of the St. Clair River. Storms result in the intermittent resuspen- sion of Lake St. Clair bottom sediments which become entrained in the water col- umn, eventually exiting the lake via the Detroit River. Hence, an average of only 7 cm of sediment has accumulated in the lake bot- tom since the last ice age. With little removal of pollutants due to sedi- ment deposition or degradation, environmen- tal quality does not change significantly from the mouth of the St. Clair River to the head waters of the Detroit River, * Overall, water, sediment, and biota quality have improved over the last decade, but ad- ditional improvement is necessary to fully restore all of Lake St. Glair's beneficial uses. SPECIFIC CONCERNS A. OPEN LAKE 1. Water No exceedences of water quality based guidelines were found in Lake St. Clair. Overall, the water quality of the lake is not a concern. CLAIR » At the head of the Detroit River, the concen- tration of PCBs was greater on the U.S. side than on the Canadian side, suggesting that a source of PCBs may exist on the western shore of Lake St. Clair. * Phosphorus levels increase from the mouth of the St. Clair River to the headwaters of the Detroit River with potential adverse impacts on Lake Erie water quality. 2. Sediments « Exceedence of Great Lakes Water Quality Board and OMOE dredging guidelines is con- fined primarily to the central lake, where up to 1.2 ppm of mercury was found in the sedi- ment. However, only 2 of 45 stations were heavily polluted with mercury. * Overall, Lake St. Clair sediments are classified as lightly polluted; sediments in 4 to 20 percent of the stations sampled contain- ed nickel, chromium, copper, and zinc at moderately polluted levels. » Sediments collected in the vicinity of the Clinton River, Thames River, and the south central portion of the lake exceed "moderate- ly polluted" (420-650 mg/kg) and "heavily polluted" { >650 mg/kg) levels for phosphorus. 3. Biota » PCBs in some fish and duck flesh samples ex- ceed GLWQA objectives. Hexachlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene are present in fish and duck flesh in poten- tially significant concentrations. * Tissue samples of the larger sizes of certain sport fish species still exceed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Objective for mer- cury of 0.5 mg/kg. As a result, a Public Health Pish Consumption Advisory exists for both Michigan and Ontario waters. For 1988, Ontario has eliminated the "No Consump- tion" category for the general population, but the advice for sensitive populations remain- ed in effect. Michigan's advisory remains unchanged. ------- 31 B. * Sediment collected at the mouth of the Clin- ton and Milk Rivers are sufficiently con- taminated with some heavy metals to exceed both and OMOB pollution guidelines. * Elevated levels of PAHs were found in sediments from Cottrel Drain (13,800 jUg/kg), Clinton River (12,100 and Prog Creek (10,700 jug/kg). » DDT and metabolites, gamma-chlordane and PCBs were detected in 9 of 12 tributary sediments, with the highest levels in the Milk River and Cottrel Drain (196 ugfkg and 1,974 /ug/kg, respectively), » PCBs in larger members of species of Clinton River fish, especially bot- tom feeders, exceed the Great Lakes Water quality Agreement Specific Objectives and the Michigan sport fish advisory. OF » Major of pollutants to Lake St. Glair are the St Clair River and six municipal water treatment plants CJtoble ?). There are no direct industrial discharges to the lake. The water, sediment and biota quality of the Clinton River is impacted by steadily increas- ing development in its watershed. » Agricultural runoff to Lake St. Clair tribu- taries provides excessive nutrient and pesticide loads. » Urban runoff and CSOs contribute some conventional and toxic pollutants. Three On- tario municipalities have combined sewers. Michigan municipalities discharging to the lake do not have combined sewers. « Because of the large surface area of the lake, atmospheric processes may be relatively im- portant with regard to the deposition of cer- tain contaminants. However, this has yet to be quantified. ------- 32 7 Summary of point source contaminant loadings to Lake St. Clair (kilograms/day) CONTAMINANTS Tbtal PCBs Hexaehlorofoenzene Hectachlorostyrene Tbtal Phenols PAHs Total Cyanide Tbtal Mercury Tbtal Copper Tbtal Nickel Ibtal Cobalt Tbtal Cadmium Ibtal Lead Tbtal Zinc Ibtal Iron Oil & Grease Ammonia as N Chloride Phosphorus as P | 8 1 6 -*J 0.002 0.00005 0.00000045 1.03 0.11 0.009 0.40 0.0041 0.0093 0.27 1.12 13.7 48.0 133 1470 32.0 fe % G OS ^ 0.0073 0.00059 0.76 0.0023 0.62 3.09 0.20 0.065 0.16 5.65 6.52 8260 40.2 fr, a F E ^ J i a *s £3 o £ 0.00020 0.45 0.0013 0.15 0.40 0.42 0.44 1.79 9.01 82.2 225 4400 5630 12,9 21.6 1 1 « s £"* 5 J efl si (Q o S *"3 1 1 0.14 0.13 0.0036 0.036 0.0002 2.45 2.44 0.020 0.63 4.29 11.2 23.6 101 1320 PH EH | N '-,' at 1 1 0.044 0.26 2.34 20.9 54 4000 5.9 NN 2 ^ 1 m ^-M 5 -S JD pQ F^ .009 .0008 4.5xlO'7 1.65 .0036 0.95 0.013 4.02 5.95 0.204 0.094 0.97 9.85 1.73 48,8 21.1 195.8 513 26080 7.9 Data are based on the UGLCCS point source mrveys of 1985 and 1986, ------- 33 RECOMMENDATIONS Ontario and Michigan should incorporate into their respective regulatory programs, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement goal for the vir- tual elimination of all persistent toxic substances. The following specific recommenda- tions are provided as steps toward that goal. A. Industrial and Municipal Point Sources 1. The City of Mt. Clemens should determine the source of PCBs, total phenols and mer- cury in the WWTP effluent and, through pretreatment or in-plant controls, reduce the concentrations of these pollutants to accep- table levels. Effluent limitations for these parameters should be considered. Phosphorus concentrations in the effluent should be lowered to meet the 1 mg/L Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Objective, 2. Site specific effluent limitations for total cad- mium, total copper, total chromium and total nickel to protect the water quality for the Sydenham River and Lake St. Clair should be developed for the Wallaceburg WWTP. The operation of the plant should be optimized to meet the Ontario industrial effluent objective of 10 mg/L for ammonia. 3. The Warren WWTP should determine the source of PCBs in its effluent and take the necessary steps to reduce the concentration to acceptable levels, B, Non-point Sources 4. Soil management practices in agricultural areas with high rates of wind erosion need to be reviewed due to the ability of fine grain- ed soils to transport nutrients and agrichemicals. In particular, conservation tillage should be considered. The primary reasons for this are the effectiveness of residue cover in reducing wind erosion and the low cost of implementing the practice. 5. Rural landowners need to implement with the assistance of federal, state and provincial governments, a comprehensive soil and water management system in order to control, at source, the contribution of conventional and organic pollutants including manure and pesticides to surface and groundwater. Agricultural and conservation agencies need to accelerate the implementation of control technologies through technical, financial and information/education programs. Environmental and agricultural agencies should assess the adequacy of existing con- trols, regulations and permits for the use of fertilizer and pesticide products. Specific programs, especially in Macomb County, Michigan, should be developed and directed toward pesticide users with respect to the handling, application and storage of pesticide products. 6. Future assessment and control of agricultural non-point sources of pollution would be facilitated by compatible federal, state and provincial monitoring data and more frequent flow-weighted tributary monitoring data. The small water quality monitoring data set available for tributaries indicated the need for increased sampling for all parameters, especially for high flow con- ditions and for understanding seasonal patterns. 7. Macomb and St. Clair Counties, Michigan, should be targeted for fertilizer management directed at reducing excessive levels of phosphorus. USEPA Region V has requested the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Con- servation Service Michigan State Office to develop standards and specifications for a nutrient, best management practice that would protect ground and surface waters as well as sustain crop production. The Michigan Departments of Agriculture and Natural Resources are developing a joint ac- tion plan to manage livestock waste pro- blems. These programs should be developed quickly and may require a system of permits for concentrated feeding operations, 8, The CSOs from municipal wastewater treat- ment plants should be intensively surveyed to determine their contribution of pollutant loadings to the surface waters. In the long term (due to enormous cost) combined sewers in all municipalities should be eliminated. In the interim, the municipalities should in- stitute in-system controls to minimize the ------- 34 frequency and volume of overflows. 9, The Michigan Pollution Emergency Alerting System and the Ontario Spills Action Cen- tre spills reports should be improved so that all information on recovery, volume (if known) and final resolution are fed back to the central reporting system to complete each report for inventory purposes. 10, The Superfund Site Investigations to be undertaken at Selfridge ANGB should focus on groundwater and surface water runoff im- pacts upon Lake St. Clair and the Clinton River. In the event that this site is not includ- ed on the U.S. National Priorities List, the State of Michigan should place high priority upon cleanup on this site. 11. Michigan should require groundwater monitoring as a permit condition for the Sugarhush solid waste landfill. 12. Michigan should include groundwater monitoring as part of the permit for G and L Industries under the Federal Solid Waste Disposal Act. C. Surveys, Research and Development 13. Data interpretation would be facilitated by the development of more complete water quality objectives for the organic pollutants and pesticides that are used extensively by the agricultural industry. 14. The presence of organic contaminants (PCBs, HCBs and OCS) in the Canadian tributaries illustrates the need to locate the contaminant sources. 15. The cadmium content of the phosphate fer- tilizer that is being used on agricultural lands should be determined, 16, A study of atmospheric deposition of organic contaminants, particularly PCBs, to Lake St. Clair and to the tributary watersheds would provide quantitative information on loading of these contaminants to the lake. The loading estimates are important for mass balance calculations and the identification of unknown sources of the contaminants. 17. Urban runoff was identified as being a poten- tially major non-point source of many parameters, including PCBs, oil and grease, zinc, mercury, copper and nickel. The loadings from urban runoff, however, were based on contaminant concentrations from Canadian urban areas outside of the Lake St. Clair basin. Therefore, the loading informa- tion provides only a general potential for ur- ban runoff to contribute contaminants to Lake St. Clair. A study should be performed to determine the contribution actually made by urban runoff on the Michigan shore where the shoreline is more urbanized than is that of Ontario, 18, The sediments near the mouth of the Clin- ton, Sydenham and Thames Rivers contain contaminants that may be impairing benthic communities. Studies are needed to docu- ment possible impairment of benthic com- munities of these sites. Appropriate actions to remedy any observed problems will need to be defined. Techniques and technologies for remediating in-place polluted sediments should be developed. 19. Recognizing that the biological effects of a substance are dependent in part on the chemical species of that substance, studies should be conducted to identify the chemical species and valances of the heavy metals in Lake St. Clair and its tributaries. For those forms which are present but for which tox- icity information is lacking in the literature, toxicity and bioaccumulation experiments should be conducted on appropriate target organisms. 20. The evaluation of the point source data has been conducted on a parameter by parameter basis. In order to assess the quality of whole effluents, it is recommended that biomonitor- ing studies, both acute and chronic, be con- ducted at the major facilities (Wallaceburg WWTP, Chatham WWTP, Warren WWTP, and Mt, Clemens WWTP), 21. An inventory of all point sources.hazardous waste sites, urban and rural runoff, and spills discharging or potentially discharging to the Clinton River should be made. These facilities, sites or incidents should then be ex- amined for their potential to contribute chemicals to the Clinton River. ------- 35 22. A more complete analysis of sediment, water 23. The Thames and the Sydenham Rivers were and biota quality along the entire stretch of found to be major contributors of phosphorus, the Clinton River is needed. Such informa- ammonia, lead and cadmium. An inventory tion would establish the locations of sources of all point sources, hazardous waste sites, ur- of contaminants. ban and rural runoff and spills discharging to thse rivers should be collected. These facilities, sites or incidences should then be examined for their potential to contribute chemicals to the rivers. ------- NOTi Zone* of Mparmeot mfer to to mtaitvo oocirenc* o* potfuoon totofint spectM wd » the dv»rsity (rf bpnthc spoons in ponora Figure 4. Zones of Impairment of Benthic Fauna In the Detroit River ------- 37 DETROIT RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS The Detroit River has the most severe en- vironmental quality problems of the Upper Con- necting Channels. It is the most intensively developed of the upper channels with extensive urban, commercial and industrial complexes, particularly on the U.S. side. However, over the past two decades, improvements have been made in controlling conventional pollutant point sources in the Detroit River especially discharges of oil and grease, and nutrients. Con- centrations of other conventional water quality parameters, including chloride, ammonia and phenols have declined substantially. The results of the UGLCC Study indicate that severe problems remain with regard to certain conventional pollutants as well as toxic organics and metals. » The Detroit River is the furthest downstream of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Chan- nels. Hence, environmental conditions are impacted by upstream pollutant loadings as well as those contributed directly to the river and via tributaries to the river. * The Rouge River is a major tributary to the Detroit River. It drains an intensively in- dustrialized and urbanized basin and has also been designated an Area of Concern (PAHs, heavy metals). Water and sediment entering the head of the Detroit River are subject to contamination from two Areas of Concern: the St. Clair River (organic hydrocarbons, volatile organics, mercury) and the Clinton River (PCBs, heavy metals and phosphorus), Cross channel mixing occurs in the lower river where islands and shipping structures result in complex currents and eddies. Trans- boundary movement of pollutants upstream of Lake Erie thus likely occurs from the U.S. to Canadian shore under certain wind/flow conditions. Trend data from 1970 to 1980 indicate levels of mercury in sediments have decreased, in part a result of improvements in industrial treament facilities. Results of two studies in- dicated that mercury contamination is higher in surficial sediments than in the deeper layers, suggesting that there may be active sources. Overall, aquatic biota, especially bottom dwelling organisms show detrimental responses to contamination of Detroit River sediments with organic and inorganic substances, particularly in the lower river on the Michigan side and in the Trenton Channel. * Normal maerobenthie communities were found upstream of Zug Island and along the entire Canadian shoreline. Severely impacted communities occur along and immediately downstream of Zug Island. Communities displaying intermediate impacts are found along the remainder of the U.S. shore (Figure 4). In the Trenton Channel, the benthos is dominated by pollution tolerant oligochaetes, Data on contaminant levels in fish from the Detroit River are insufficient to determine trends; however, limited research indicates continuing high levels of PCBs and chlordane residues and gradual reductions in levels of DDT residues, Increased incidence of fish tumors have been detected in the lower river. ------- 38 1. Water » The concentrations of the following UGLCCS parameters exceed one or more of Michigan Rule 57 criteria, OMOE guidelines or Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Objectives at one or more locations in the Detroit Bi₯er: PCBs, hexachlorobenzene, PAHs, lead and mercury, * Although not measured during fecal coliform bacteria are of concern in the Detroit River because fecal coliform bacteria standards and criteria are routinely violated on both of the river. have been closed or not developed because of this conti- nuing problem. While phosphorus concentrations in the river are below relevant guidelines, the total loading of phosphorus 50 to 80 per- cent along the length of the Detroit River resulting in a significant loading to Lake Erie, « Mean concentrations of cadmium, copper, mercury, nickel and zinc were significantly higher in the lower river, indicative of inputs from sources along the river, » PCBs clearly ihow an increase in downstream concentrations with increases greatest on the U.S. shore. Highest concen- trations occur juit downstream of the Rouge Eiver and in the Trenton Channel. * At the Eiver mouth, Michigan Rule 57 guidelines were violated for eadmiym, zinc, mercury, PAHs and organochlorines. * Levels of cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc and phosphorus in Eeorse, Canard and Little Riven, and Turkey Creek violated or more of the applicable criteria, guidelines or objectives. * Organochlorine (OC) pesticides Ce.g., ehlor- dane, DOT, and dieldrin,) were found in the upper river, however, significantly higher OC levels were observed at many downstream stations on the Michigan side, with highest value at the mouth of the Rouge River, 2, Sediments USEPA and OMOE guidelines exceeded in sediment samples collected at one or all locations along the Michigan and Ontario of the Detroit River for mer- cury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel, iron, cyanide, oil and phosphorus, total ammonia and PCBs. Contaminants for which no guidelines are available but which were found to have high concentrations include: hexaehlorohenzene, PAHs, phenols, DDT and metabolites, phthalate and volatile organics, * Generally, sediment contamination in the Detroit River is a concern along the full length of the Michigan shore and immediate- ly adjacent to Windsor and Amherstburg on the Canadian shore. Highest sediment con- tamination in the river tends to be downstream of the Rouge River and in the Trenton Channel. Certain Detroit River depositional zone sediments have demonstrated a range of tox- icity to various forms of aquatic life and sediments have been classified as hazardous waste, Sediments from Detroit River tributaries were also found to contain levels of con- taminants that one or more USEPA and OMOE guidelines. The highest concentrations found during the study occur- red in certain tributaries (e.g., PCB and PAH concentrations in Monguagon Creek the highest levels in system). Tributaries of concern include Monguagon, Connors and Turkey Creeks, and the Rouge and Little Rivers. 3, Biota » using bottom water, and sediment porewater display a range of toxiei- ty and/or mutmgenieity to certain kinds of aquatic biota. ------- 39 PCB concentrations exceed Michigan and OMOE consumption guideline levels in the edible portion of the Detroit River carp. Several Detroit River fish species also exceed the GLWQA objective of 0.1 mg/kg {wet weight) total PCB in whole fish tissue. Concentrations of mercury in the edible por- tion of several species offish (rock bass, fresh- water drum and walleye) exceed both the GLWQA specific objective and the Ontario fish consumption advisory level (0.5 ppm). Other highly persistent, highly bioac- cumulative pollutants are present in fish tissue (e.g., hexachlorobeiizene, oc- tachlorostyrene, chlordane and DDT metabolites). Serious impacts to waterfowl, wildlife and fish, and their habitats, have occurred in the Detroit River. Waterfowl and some tern species, and their eggs, contain high concen- trations of persistent compounds {PCBs, DDT and other organochlorine compounds). Oral/dermal tumors and liver tumors are pre- sent in brown bullhead, walleye, white suckers and other species in the lower Detroit River. Native and caged Detroit River clams show- ed increased levels of several metals, especial- ly lead, cadmium, PCBs, PAHs and several organochlorine pesticides. Some PAHs found in Detroit River sediments are probable human carcinogens, and are thought to be responsible for some liver, lip and dermal tumors in fish. Excessive concentrations of oil and grease are present in many Detroit River depositional zone sediments, and have degraded macro in vertebrate communities. SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS There were a total of 75 known point sources discharging 9,233 x 103m3/day to the Detroit River basin in 1986. Nine municipal treatment plants and 20 industrial facilities in the Detroit River Study Area were sampled during 1985 and 1986. Detroit area WWTPs discharge a daily volume of treated wastewater equal to the combined flows of all the tributaries drain- ing into the Detroit River. The Detroit WWTP alone discharges nearly 95 percent of that treated flow (2,900 x 103 m-Vd) from outfalls near the mouth of the Rouge River. « Major industrial facilities discharging direct- ly to the Michigan side include Great Lakes Steel Mill and Zug Island facilities, McLouth Steel and Bannwalt, while major facilities in- directly discharging to the Detroit River are dominated by Rouge Steel (formerly the Ford Motor Rouge Complex), which discharges to the Rouge River. On the Ontario side, major dischargers in- clude the West Windsor WWTP (124 x 103 rnVdX the Windsor Little River WWTP (52.5 x 103 m3/d), Wickes Industries, Ford Canada and General Chemical. » The Detroit WWTP is a major point source for loadings ( >10%) of PCBs, hex- aehlorobenzene, mercury, nickel, zinc, chromium, cyanide, ammonia-nitrogen, oil and grease, total phosphorus and suspended solids to the Detroit River (Table 4). This source contributed over 67% of the PCBs measured from point sources during the study. « Other major contributors of contaminants in- clude: Wayne County-Wyandotte WWTP (OCS, cadmium, volatiles); Rouge Steel (iron, PAHs); Ford Canada (total phenols, lead); and General Chemical (copper, chlorides). Combined sewer overflows from the Detroit sewage collection system account for between 10 and 90% of total loadings of phosphorus, suspended solids, oil and grease, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury and PCBs to the Detroit River (based on pre-UGLCCS data). » Sources on the St. Clair River likely account for the majority of the hexachlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene in the Detroit River. » Numerous spills of chemicals, oil and raw sewage to the Detroit River or its tributaries were reported during 1986, which is presumably representative of present-day spill incidents. ------- 40 » Runoff from agricultural areas, particularly from the Canadian portion of the Detroit River watershed, may be an important source of phosphorus and nitrogen (fertilizers) as well as pesticides (atrazine, alaehlor, cyanazine and metolachlor). Fertilizer ap- plication rates are generally more than twice the required amount. « There are 17 waste sites (16 U.S. and 1 Cana- dian) ranked as high priority with regard to potential impacts on the Detroit River, Groundwater monitoring at U.S. sites in- dicate that some locations may be con- tributing important loadings of heavy metals and organic contaminants to the river. * In addition to shoreline waste sites, two waste disposal sites are located on islands in the Detroit River: Fighting Island (Ontario) and Point Hennepin, Grosse He (Michigan). Contaminant concentrations in groundwater at Fighting Island are low and the volume of leachate is small, but all the leachate and groundwater will eventually reach the Detroit River. The Point Hennepin site was an industrial waste lagoon/disposal site by BASF Wyandotte (South Works). Little is known about the type and quantity of wastes disposed here, but other waste sites operated by this corporation contain metals and volatile compounds at concentrations of con- cern. Also, large sinkholes exist on this peninsula which may provide a connection between the surface water and groundwater aquifers. A surface leachate sample taken on the eastern side of the peninsula in 1983 was highly toxic in the Microtox toxicity bioassay. * There are 234 injection wells on the U.S. side of the river. Six of these are industrial liquid waste wells which discharge below any poten- tial underground drinking water sources. On- ly 3 are still active, receiving wastes con- taminated with chloride, ammonia, phenols, cyanide and sulfide. RECOMMENDATIONS Ontario and Michigan should incorporate into their respective regulatory programs, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement goal for the vir- tual elimination of all persistent toxic substances. The following recommendations are provided as steps toward that goal. A, Industrial and Municipal Point Sources 1. Although the facility was generally in com- pliance with its NPDES permit, the Detroit WWTP was a major discharger of numerous compounds which impact water, sediment and biotic quality in the Detroit River. Con- taminant loadings from this facility should be evaluated to ensure compliance with Michigan Water Quality Standards, a) In general, contaminant concerntrations in the effluent of the Detroit WWTP are low; major loadings result from the large volume and rate of effluent discharged. Control of contaminants may be obtained through the Industrial Pretreatment Program (IPP). The IPP of the City of Detroit should be review- ed, and compliance of contributors of in- dustrial waste water should be determined. The adequacy of the pretreatment re- quirements should be assessed to determine if parameters of concern in the Detroit River are adequately regulated. A notice of viola- tion was issued (September 1988) to the Detroit WWTP for problems found in its IPP program. These problems were subsequent- ly resolved by the City of Detroit. b) The Detroit WWTP currently performs secondary treatment on a large portion of its effluent. During wet weather flow, some ef- fluent receives only primary treatment prior to being mixed with secondary treated ef- fluent and discharged after disinfection. Metals and organics which may he contain- ed on suspended solids not removed in primary treatment are of concern. The City of Detroit should upgrade its treatment pro- cess to provide secondary treatment for all of its effluent discharged, based on results of the studies on plant capacity initiated in 1985, c) The effluent limitations contained in the Detroit WWTP NPDES permit should be re- examined in light of the findings of this study to ensure compliance with Michigan Water Quality Standards. Consideration should be given to increasing the number of parameters monitored by the permit. All effluent limita- tions should be the lowest technically feasi- ble. Bioassays of the effluent to determine both acute and chronic impacts to aquatic organisms should be considered for inclusion as a condition of the permit. The Detroit ------- 41 WWTP NPDES permit should be reissued as soon as possible. 2. The Wayne County-Wyandotte WWTP was a major discharger of numerous compounds which impact water, sediment and biota quality in the Detroit River, Although the facility was generally in compliance with its effluent limitations, the NPDES permit monitors very few parameters found to be of concern in the Detroit River. In general, contaminant concentrations in the effluent of the Wayne County-Wyandotte WWTP are low; major loadings result from the large volume and rate of effluent discharged. Control of contaminants may be obtained through the Industrial Pretreat- ment Program (IPP). The IPP of the Wayne County-Wyandotte WWTP should be review- ed. The compliance of industrial contributors should be determined and the adequacy of the pretreatment requirements should be assessed. Pretreatment requirements should be considered for all parameters of concern in the Detroit River system which are being discharged by the industrial dischargers. Contaminant loadings from this facility should be evaluated to ensure compliance with Michigan Water Quality Standards and BAT requirements. 3. The City of Trenton WWTP exceeded its per- mit limitations for regulated parameters. The treatment provided by this facility should be examined and upgraded, to ensure compliance with effluent requirements. 4. Several industrial facilities were identified as major dischargers of parameters that im- pact media quality in the Detroit River. These facilities are presented below, and the important facility-specific issues discussed, a) Rouge Steel was a major contributor of total iron, total copper, total lead, total zinc, and oil and grease to the Detroit River, chemicals which were present in the sediments at con- centrations exceeding dredging guidelines. Rouge Steel was the major contributor of total PAHs and a source of total phenols which were found in sediments, but have no sediment dredging or quality guidelines. Rouge Steel's NPDES permit does not regulate total PAHs nor monitor iron or Copper. The discharge of these three parameters should be evaluated to ensure compliance with Michigan Water Quality Standards and BAT requirements. Rouge Steel was in compliance with its permit limitations for total lead (applicable at 3 of 11 outfalls), total zinc (applicable at 3 out- falls), total phenols (applicable at one outfall) and oil and grease (applicable at two outfalls). Considerable amounts of phenol were discharged from outfalls not monitored for phenol, and oil and grease were also discharged from nonregulated outfalls. Discharge of total phenols and oil and grease from all outfalls should be evaluated to en- sure compliance with Michigan Water Quali- ty Standards and BAT requirements. b) Ford Canada was a major contributor of total lead, total zinc, PCBs and total phenols, chemicals which impact the Detroit River system. The stretch of river downstream of Ford Canada had the highest average sedi- ment concentration of PCBs. Sources other than Ford Canada were suggested, but Ford Canada cannot be ruled out as a source. All sources of PCBs should be identified and eliminated. High total phenol, total lead and total zinc concentrations in sediments were also found. This facility met the Ontario In- dustrial Effluent Objective for lead and zinc of 1 mg/L, but exceeded the Ontario In- dustrial Effluent Objective of 20 jUg/L for total phenols by a substantial amount during the survey (almost two orders of magnitude). Discharge of total phenols should be reduc- ed to ensure compliance with the Ontario In- dustrial Effluent Objective. Discharges of PCBs should be reduced to the lowest level technologically achievable. c) Wickes Manufacturing was a major con- tributor of chromium to the Detroit River, and discharged nickel, as well. High bottom and suspended sediment concentrations of chromium were found in Little River, to which Wickes Manufacturing discharges. Wickes Manufacturing did not meet the On- tario Industrial Effluent Objective for chromium during the survey. Nickel im- pacted Detroit River sediments in the upper (as well as lower) Detroit River. High water concentrations of nickel were also found in the Little River. Wickes Manufacturing did not achieve the effluent objective for nickel ------- 42 eight times during 1985 and 1986, in addi- tion to exceeding it during the survey, Discharges of chromium and nickel should be reduced to ensure consistent attainment of the Ontario Industrial Effluent Objective. An effluent requirement should be developed for Wickes Manufacturing at the lowest level technologically feasible. d) McLouth Steel-Trenton was a major con- tributor of zinc, iron, HCB and oil and chemicals which impact the Detroit River system. Of these, McLouth Steel-Trenton an effluent limitation for oil and with which it was in compliance. This facility has no effluent monitoring requirements for zinc, iron or HCB, Such effluent monitoring should be considered for McLouth Steel-Trenton. e) General Chemical, Amherstburg was a ma- jor discharger of copper to the Detroit River. High copper sediment concentrations were found adjacent to Amherstburg. Since the time of the point source survey, General Chemical has split into two distinct com- panies, Allied Chemical and General Chemical. The two new companies should be surveyed to determine the extent of present day copper discharge, and contingent upon the results, remedial action taken. General Chemical also a major source of chlorides to the Detroit River; however, the lower Detroit River transect measuring water quality was upstream of General Chemical and did not reflect the facility's impact on water quality. Although no impacts due to elevated concentrations of chlorides were noted during this study, the potential for an Increase in halophilic organisms exists. Ad- ditional surveys downstream of the General Chemical complex outfalls should be per- formed to determine if such a shift in organiims has occurred. f) Great Lakes Steel-Ecoroe and Great Lakes Steel-80" Mill both contributed large loadings of oil and to the Detroit River, pollutants found to be impacting in the Detroit River, Both facilities have ef- fluent limitations for oil and both were in compliance with these limits in 1986. Consideration should be given to instituting more stringent effluent limitations for oil and grease at these facilities. B, Non-point Sources 5. The extent of contaminant input to the Detroit River resulting from Detroit combined sewer overflows is largely unknown, although estimates have been made. Information available that contaminant inputs may be substantial. The study on the Detroit CSOs, which was initiated in October 1987, should be ex- pedited and an area-wide remediation plan should be developed. Upgrading of the Detroit sewer system by increasing treatment capacities of the facility and eventually separating storm and sanitary to eliminate CSOs should be undertaken. 6. Due to the significance of the Rouge River as a source of loadings of organic and inorganic substances to the Detroit River, the Rouge River Remedial Action Plan should be developed and implemented as expeditious- ly as possible. The implementation of the recommendations for the Clinton and St. Clair River's EAPS will also remedia- tion efforts for the Detroit River. 7. Confirmed or possible groundwater con- tamination within the Detroit River discharge area were identified for this study. Extensive recommendations were made for these sites by the Nonpoint Source Workgroup. The main focus of the Workgroup's recommendations are: a) Zug Island Lakes MDNB should perform a visit to clarify the facilities* proper RCRA status, to perform sampling of monitoring wells, to determine the contami- nant release to groundwater and to provide information for rescoring of the for the National Priorities List (NFL) using the new Haiard Banking System (HRS). b) Federal Marine Terminal Properties; USEPA should monitor closure to closure impacts and to study groundwater discharge to surface water, c) Industrial Landfill (Firestone): This should be rescored for the NPL using data generated by the UGLCC Study and other current studies. ------- 43 d) Michigan Consolidated Gas-Riverside Park: Remedial action proposed by the company should be reviewed to assess its adequacy in controlling groundwater discharge to surface water. e) BASF Wyandotte South Works and Chrysler- Trenton: Prompt assessment of site waste operations should be performed by MDNR. Determination of any contaminant releases to groundwater and/or surface water should be made f) BASF Wyandotte North Works, Monsanto Company, Huron Valley Steel Corp and Jones Chemical: Prompt performance of a RCRA Facility Assessment should be undertaken by the USEPA, utilizing data generated by the UGLCC Study and other current studies. g) Edward C. Levy Co, Trenton Plant and Plant #3: The USEPA should monitor the Consent Agreement and Final Order signed by the facility to ensure compliance. Data generated for the UGLCC Study should be used in the evaluation of the recently performed Resource Conservation and Reclamation Act Facility Assessment. h) Pennwalt and Petrochemical Processing: Data generated for the UGLCC Study should be used in the evaluation of the recently per- formed RCRA Facility Assessment. 8. The integrity of the abandoned underground injection wells at Pennwalt and BASF Wyan- dotte should be evaluated through a USEPA inspection to determine if injection of spent waste into caverns under Grosse He has led to releases. 9. Michigan and Ontario should develop a five year strategy aimed at reducing spill occur- rences and improving spill responses within their jurisdictions. Spill reports from the Michigan Pollution Emergency Alerting System (PEAS), the Ontario Spills Action Centre (SAC) and other agencies should be enhanced to provide accurate information on spill volume and composition, recovery and resolution. Facilities which experience fre- quent spills should be required to develop stricter spill management plans. Michigan and Ontario should prepare a yearly spill report for public release and for submission to the IJC, to stimulate interaction and follow-up, and to ensure appropriate enforce- ment and preventative measures. 10, Use of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on agricultural lands and handling of livestock manure in both Ontario and Michigan need to be conservatively managed. Federal, state and provincial environmental and agricultural agencies need to collaborate to develop a comprehensive soil and water management system to reduce impacts on ecosystem quality for these activities. Educa- tion on the proper use and application of fer- tilizers should be provided to farmers, and measures, such as conservation tillage and proper livestock waste management, should be encouraged to ensure minimal loss of phosphorus, nitrogen and other associated chemicals from agricultural lands. 11. The extent of required dredging and remedia- tion of sediments in the Detroit River and its tributaries should be planned and prioritiz- ed. To do this, estimations of the volume of sediments required to be removed should be made, and an overall plan for handling these materials should be developed. Financial re- quirements for such plans should be analyz- ed, and incorporated into future agency commitmenta C. Surveys, Research and Development 12. Tributaries to the Detroit River were found to provide major loadings of several con- taminants, particularly metals and total phosphorus (not all UGLCC Study parameters were analyzed). A thorough in- vestigation of the Rouge, Little, Canard and Ecorse Rivers, Turkey and Monguagon Creeks, and the Frank and Poet Drain, if not presently being performed, should be under- taken. An inventory of all point source dischargers to the tributaries, and an assess- ment of all non-point contaminant inputs (ur- ban and rural runoff, waste sites/con- taminated groundwater, spills, CSOs) should be performed. Water, sediment and biota quality in these tributaries should be deter- mined for the full stretch of the tributary. For tributaries where extensive investigation is presently being undertaken, information pro- vided by this study should be used to supple- ment ongoing work. ------- 44 13. A study of the significance of atmospheric deposition of contaminants as a contaminant input mechanism should be undertaken, in conjunction with a survey and evaluation of point sources of atmospheric emissions to the Great Lakes basin. 14. Ambient water quality guidelines for total PAHs need to be developed and adopted, along with guidelines for specific PAH com- pounds (e.g., benzo(a)pyrene) known to be of importance. Further research on the effects of individual and total PAHs in water on a variety of aquatic species is needed for guideline development. 15. The importance of clams as a food source for wildlife and waterfowl, and the effect of clam flesh contaminants on such wildlife should be studied. 16. Consumption advisories for waterfowl and wildlife should be considered by federal, state and provincial agencies, for the protection of human consumers of these animals, 17. Contaminant concentrations in biota, which are consumed by native populations, should be determined, and the need for consumption advisories considered. 18. Studies to determine the cause/effect linkages of Detroit River contaminants to waterfowl and fish need to be performed. 19. Fish and wildlife habitats along the Detroit River should be protected to the greatest extent possible. The extent of filling or bulkheading of wetlands should be reduced. Remedial plans should be developed for those habitats which are severely impacted, and/or alternative habitats developed to accom- modate displaced wildlife. 20. Sediment bioassays should be used to make site-specific determinations of sediment quality. Dischargers responsible for con- taminated sediments should be required to conduct bioassays of these contaminated sediments to determine possible impacts. The need for acute and chronic bioassays on the effluent should be considered for all point source discharges to the Detroit River. 21. Development of sediment criteria for organic contaminants found in Detroit River sediments, specifically total phenols and total PAHs, is needed to assess the level of sedi- ment contamination. The USEPA is inten- ding to develop such criteria; such develop- ment should be expedited. 22. A study of the significance and impact of ur- ban runoff from Michigan municipalities should be performed. The study should be performed in a manner similar to that of the Ontario study, for comparability purposes. Contingent on the results, remedial and management action may be necessary. 23. The role played by sinkholes and carbonate solution channels on Point Hennepin in the transport of contaminants from these disposal sites should be investigated. ------- 45 OF AOC(s) Areas of Concern are geographic locations recognized by the International Joint Commis- sion where water, sediment or fish quality are degraded, and the objectives of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement are not being achieved locally. BAT Best Available IteehnologyfTreatment. BATEA Best Available Technology/Treatment Economically Achievable. BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand: The amount of dissolved consumed during the decom- posites of organic material in water. COA Canada-Ontario Agreement Great Lakes Water Quality. CSO ' Combined Sewer Overflow; combined storm and sanitary sewer GLWQA Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. HCB Hexaehlorobenzene IJC International Joint Commission: A binational organization established in 1909 through which Canada and the United cooperatively resolve water and air pollution, lake levels, power generation and other issues of mutual concern. MDNR Michigan Department of Natural Resources. MISA Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement: The principal goal of this program is the virtual elimination of toxics discharged from point sources to surface waters in Ontario. NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System; a permit system limiting municipal and industrial discharges, administered by USEPA and the states. OCS Octachlorostyrene OMNE Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, OMOE Ontario Ministry of the Environment/Environment Ontario. PAHs Folynuelear Aromatic Hydrocarbons; aromatic hydrocarbons composed of at 2 fused benzene rings, many of which are potential of suspected carcinogens. PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyis; a of persistent organic chemicals with a potential to bioaeeumulate. POTW Publicly Owned Treatment RAFs Remedial Action Plans are to be developed with citiien involvement to restore and protect water quality at of the 42 Areai of Concern in the Great Lakei Bsiin, RCRA Resource Conservation and Reclamation Act. SPDES State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System; a administered permit limiting municipal and industrial discharges, USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. WPCP Water Pollution Control Plant, WTP Water Treatment Plant (for drinking water). WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant. ------- 47 APPENDIX I MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE UNITED STATES CANADA Mrs. Carol Finch, Co-Chair* Great Lakes National Program Office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Dr. Alfred M. Beeton** NOAA-Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Mr. David Cowgill North Central Division U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mr. Richard Powers*** Surface Water Division Michigan Department of Natural Resources Dr. Khalil Z. Atasi**** Detroit Water and Sewerage Department Mr. Larry Sisk Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Region 3, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Mr. Bon Shimizu, Co-Chair Great Lakes Environment Office Environment Canada Mr. Tony Wagner Inland Waters, Ontario Region Environment Canada Mr. Fred Fleischer* Water Resources Branch Ontario Ministry of the Environment Mr. Douglas A. McTavish London Regional Office Ontario Ministry of the Environment Mr. Ken Richards** Inter-governmental Relations Office Ontario Ministry of the Environment Mr. Kim Shikaze Environmental Protection Ontario Region Environment Canada Mr. Dave Egar National Water Research Institute Environment Canada George Ziegenhorn Great Lakes National Program Office - USEPA Technical Secretary to the Management and Activities Integration Committees International Joint Commission (IJC) (Observer) Frank J. Horvath Michigan Department of Natural Resources * Replaced Mr. Peter L. Wise ** Replaced Dr. Eugene J. Aubert/ Dr. Brian J. Eadie *** Replaced Mr. William D. Marks **** Replaced Mr. Darrell G. Suhre/ James W. Ridgeway * Replaced Mr. Carl F. Schenk ** Replaced Mr. John Moore ------- 48 ACTIVITIES INTEGRATION COMMITTEE UNITED STATES Mr. Vacys J. Saulys, Co-Chair Great Lakes National Program Office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mr. Tom Edsall Chairperson-Biota Workgroup Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory Dr. Thomas Fontaine Chairperson-Mode ling Workgroup NOAA-Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Mr. Paul Horvatin Chairperson-Point Sources Workgroup Great Lakes National Program Office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mr. Richard Lundgren Michigan Representative Michigan Department of Natural Resources CANADA Mr. Daryl Cowell, Co-chair* Great Lakes Environment Office Environment Canada Dr. Alfred S.Y. Chau Chairperson-Data Quality Management Workgroup National Water Research Institute Environment Canada Mr. Ifousry Hamdy Chairperson-Sediment Workgroup Water Resources Branch Ontario Ministry of the Environment Mr. Wayne Wager** Detroit/St. Clair/St. Marys Rivers Project Ontario Ministry of the Environment Mr. Griff Sherbin Chairperson-Nonpoint Source Workgroup Environmental Protection (Ontario Region) Environment Canada Mr. Donald J. Williams Chairperson-Water Quality Workgroup Inland Waters (Ontario Region) Environment Canada Scientific and Technical Co-ordinators Mr. William Richardson Large Lakes Research Station U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Dr. G. Keith Rodgers National Water Research Institute Environment Canada * Replaced Mr. Gregory Woodsworth ** Replaced Mr. John Moore ------- 49 APPENDIX II LEVEL n WORKGROUP REPORTS 1, Water Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. St. Glair and Detroit Rivers, Prepared by Water Workgroup. D.J. Williams, Chair. Unpublished report, 89 pp. 2. Biota Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. Detroit River Biota and Their Habitats: A Geographic Area Report. Prepared by Edsall, T.A., P.B. Kauss, D. Kenaga, J. Leach, M. Munawar, T. Nalepa and S Thornley. Unpublished report, 90 pp. 3. Biota Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988, St. Glair River Biota and Their Habitats: A Geographic Area Report. Prepared by Edsall, T.A., P.B. Kauss, D. Kenaga, J. Leach, M. Munawar, T. Nalepa and S. Thornley. Unpublished report, 90 pp. 4. Biota Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. Lake St. Clair Biota and Their Habitats: A Geographic Area Report. Prepared by Edsall, T.A., P.B. Kauss, D. Kenaga, J, Leach, M. Munawar, T, Nalepa, G. Sprules and S. Thornley. Unpublished report, 80 pp. 5. Biota Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. St. Marys River Biota and Their Habitats: A Geographic Area Report. Prepared by Edsall, T.A., P.B. Kauss, D. Kenaga, T.Kubiak, J. Leach, M. Munawar, T. Nalepa and S. Thornley, Unpublished report, 80 pp. 6. Modeling Workgroup, UGLCCS, 1988. Modeling Workgroup Geographic Area Synthesis Report. Prepared by Modeling Workgroup, T,D. Fontaine, Chair, Unpublished report, 193 pp. 7. Point Source Workgroup. UGLCCS. 1988. Geographic Area Report: Detroit River. Prepared by Point Source Workgroup, P. Horvatin, Chair, Unpublished report, 160 pp. 8. Point Source Workgroup. UGLCC, 1983, Geographic Area Report: St. Marys River. Prepared by Point Source Workgroup, P. Horvatin, Chair, Unpublished report, 65 pp. 9. Point Source Workgroup. UGLCCS. 1988. Geographic Area Report: St. Clair River. Prepared by Point Source Workgroup, P. Horvatin, Chair. Unpublished report, 125 pp. 10. Point Source Work Group, UGLCC, 1988. Georgraphie Area Report: Lake St. Clair. Prepared by Point Source Workgroup, P, Horvatin, Chair, Unpublished report, 95 pp. 11. Quality Management Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987, revised. Report of the Quality Management Work Group. Prepared by the Quality Management Workgroup, A.S.Y. Chau, Chair. Unpublished report, 182 pp. 12. Sediments Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987. Sediments of the Detroit River. Prepared by A.G. Kizlauskas and P.E. Pranckevicius. Unpublished report, 224 pp. 13, Sediments Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987, Current and Historical Contamination of Sediment in the St. Marys River. Prepared by R.J. Hesselberg and Y. Hamdy. Unpublished report, 42 pp. 14. Sediments Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987. St. Clair River Sediments. Prepared by B.G. Oliver. Un- published report, 54 pp. 15. Sediments Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988, Lake St. Clair Bottom Sediments, Prepared by Sediments Workgroup, Y. Hamdy, Chair. Unpublished report, 80 pp. 16 Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987. Contaminants in Urban Runoff in the Great Lakes Connecting Channels Area. Prepared by J. Marsalek and H.Y.F. Ng, Unpublished report, 71 pp. ------- 50 17. Nonpomt Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987, Agricultural Sources of Pollution: Detroit River. Prepared by Wall, G.J., E.A. Pringle and T. Dickinson. Unpublished report, 11 pp. 18. Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1987. Agricultural Sources of Pollution: Lake St. Clair. Prepared by Wall, G.J., E.A. Pringle and T, Dickinson. Unpublished report, 224 pp. 19. Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCC& 1987. Agricultural of Pollution: St. Clair Eiver. Prepared by Wall, G.J., E.A. Pringle and T, Dickinson. Unpublished report, 12 pp. 10, Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. Waste Disposal and Potential Ground Water Contamination: St. Clair River. Prepared by Nonpoint Source Workgroup, G, Sherbin, Chair. Un- published report, 77 pp. 21. Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. Waste Disposal Potential Ground Water Contamination: St. Marys Biver. Prepared by Nonpoint Source Workgroup, G. Sherbin, Chair. Un- published report, 39 pp. 22. Nonpoint Source Workgroup, UGLCCS. 1988. and Potential Ground Water Contamination; Detroit Elver. Prepared by Nonpomt Source Workgroup, G. Sherbin, Chair. Un- published report, 75 pp. 23. Nonpoint Source Workgroup. UGLCCS. Disposal and Potential Ground Water Contamination: Lake St. Clair. Prepared by Nonpoint Source Workgroup, G. Sherbin, Chair. Un~ published report, 46 pp. 24. Quality Management Workgroup. UGLCCS. 1988. Interlaboratory performance evaluation study report Part II: Trace Prepared by WC. Li, A.S.Y. Chau and E. Kokotich, NWRI, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ont: 11 pp + Tkbles and Figures. 25. Quality Management Workgroup. UGLCCS. 1988. Interlaboratory performance evaluation study integrated report Part I: Organic Parameters. Prepared by W.C. Li, A.S.Y. Chau and E. Kokotich, NWRI, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ont: 19 pp + Tables and Figures. ------- |