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SMART GROWTH
NETWORK
International
City/County
Management
Association
icma.org
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the efforts of the writing and research team that put
this publication together: Trent Frazier, Kevin Nelson, Lisa Nisenson, Mary Kay
Santore, Lee Sobel, Eric Sprague, and Tim Torma of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), and Dan Emerine, Eric Feldman, Amy Jiron, and Jennifer
Walker of the International City/County Management Association (ICMA). Without
their efforts and teamwork, this primer would not exist. In particular, Mary Kay
Santore of EPA and Dan Emerine and Nadejda Mishkovsky of ICMA played a criti-
cal role in reviewing text, coordinating the process and bringing the document to
publication. Assistance was also provided by Laurence Aurbach, John Bailey, Charlie
Bartsch, Moreen Beatley, Kathy Blaha, Kendra Briechle, Heather Deutsch, Paul
Drake, Robert Freeman, DeLania Hardy, Maria Hollander, Stephanie Jennings, Leah
Kalinosky, Dennis Leach, Deron Lovaas, Aarin Lutzenhiser, Barbara McMillen,
Stuart Meek, Joe Molinaro, Steve Mouzon, Lisa Mueller, Nathan Morris, Lucy
Rowland, Victor Rubin, Joe Schilling, Julia Seward, Ellen Shubart, Stuart Sirota,
Benjamin Starrett, Megan Sussman, Peter Swift, Harriet Tregoning, Bill Wilkinson,
Jessica Wilkinson, and Paul Zykofsky all of whom provided excellent insight and
review of the document as it was being developed. The many photographers and
other colleagues credited throughout this primer provided valuable assistance by
allowing the use of their images. Special thanks to Geoff Anderson, Lynn Desautels,
and other staff members of EPA's Development, Community, and Environment
Division for their role in providing comments, materials, and other assistance. We
would also like to thank David Biggs, Mary Matheny, Jim McElfish, Johanna Nyden,
Kenrick Pierre, Robert Puentes, Tom Steinbach, and the many others who submitted
ideas for inclusion in this volume. Finally, Christian Kohler provided valuable assis-
tance with proofreading and editing the text. Design and layout by Carol Earnest.
a cooperative agreemenl
th the U.S. EPA's
Development, Com
Cover Credit
Dover, Kohl & Partners; James Dougherty, Illustrator. Renderings from "Connecting
Johnson City: A Master Plan for Johnson City."
About the Smart Growth Network
The Smart Growth Network is a network of private sector, public sector, and non-
governmental partner organizations seeking to create smart growth in neighbor-
hoods, communities, and regions across the United States. Partners in the network
include the American Farmland Trust, American Planning Association, Association of
Metropolitan Planning Organizations, Center for Neighborhood Technology, Congress
for the New Urbanism, Conservation Fund, Environmental Law Institute, George
Washington University Law School's Center for Sustainability and Regional Growth,
Growth Management Leadership Alliance, Institute of Transportation Engineers,
International City/County Management Association, Local Government Commission,
Local Initiatives Support Corporation, National Association of Counties/United
States Conference of Mayors Joint Center for Sustainable Communities, State of
Maryland, National Association of Counties, National Association of Local
Government Environmental Professionals, National Association of Realtors,
National Multi-Housing Council, National Neighborhood Coalition, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, National Trust for Historic Preservation, National
Wildlife Federation, Natural Resources Defense Council, Northeast-Midwest
Institute, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, Scenic America, Smart Growth America,
Surface Transportation Policy Project, Sustainable Communities Network, Trust for
Public Land, Urban Land Institute, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Join the Smart Growth Network!
The Smart Growth Network also includes hundreds of individual members from
across the United States and around the world. SGN members are planners, devel-
opers, elected and appointed officials, and community activists committed to making
smart growth a reality. Individual memberships in the Smart Growth Network are
$49 for the first year, and $29 for renewals. Membership information, along with
cations and oth
about smart growth, can be found online at
202/962-3623.
an e-mail to smartgrov
ISBN 0-87326-139-9
©International City/County Management Association
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Traditional Suburban Real Estate Products," Urbar,
(VI
February 2003.
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For details, see City of Houston, Department of PI
Development, http://www.ci.houston.tx us/plannin
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nent Department,
community.
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For details, see City of Largo, Community Develo
http-//www.largo.com/index.cfm?action=dept&dri]
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Jon Talton, "How Commercial Arteries in L.A. Sti
Arizona Republic, April 29, 2003.
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lanning and
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Eugene Arner, City of Santa Cruz, Department of
Community Development, e-mail, May 1, 2003.
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Bob Kindred, City of Ames, Iowa, Department of
Development, phone conversation, May 1, 2003.
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Washington, D.C., Department of Planning:
http://www.planning.dc.gov/documents/pdf/Trans
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See http://www.elkus-manfredi.com/sansom.html.
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/ Housing Creative
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Sheila Bacon. "Portland State University's Broadw
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p://northwest.
sp
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Financing Speeds up Process." September 2003. h
construction.com/features/archive/0309_Featurel
ttp://www.osu.edu/
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Campus Partners, The Ohio State University. See
org/osucp/index.html.
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densities and design amenities.
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receive profits from successful projects. The Bay Area Council
tion can create economies of scale, reducing production costs and
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organizations and government representatives oversees the fund
Such an approach must be balanced with other considerations.
Because the fund provides the initial investment, each project
supplies a return back to the fund and its investors. The Bay Area
Smart Growth Fund, established in 2001, is a leading example of
targeting resources for the production of affordable housing. This
fund also finances market-rate housing and commercial proper-
ties. Companies throughout the Bay Area, including Wells Fargo
and Bank of America, have contributed. The fund was created by
the Bay Area Council to leverage financial resources to invest in
smart growth projects that take advantage of existing infrastruc-
ture and amenities, such as transit. A council of community-based
An innovative way to avoid the creation of cookie-cutter subdivi-
sions is to have different builders construct homes on the same
block or, alternatively, to have different builders construct homes
on different blocks. The master developer for the massive
Stapleton project outside of Denver, Colorado, has hired 10 dif-
ferent homebuilders. Each builder is sold finished lots one block
at a time a size large enough to ensure efficient home produc-
tion. The same homebuilder is not sold contiguous blocks, and
because different companies construct different models with vary-
ing materials, styles, and colors, the result is a varied streetscape.
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The major benefit of this program is that it provides investment
for affordable housing in communities that typically see little or
no such investment. In several cases, the use of the smart growth
fund mandates that developments cannot displace neighborhood
residents. This requires that the fund manager work closely with
community residents and leaders to establish housing projects
that meet their needs.
cern among each house is the placement of a door, or the color of
the shutters, or the tone of the brick. This kind of homogeneity
occurs because builders are able to achieve economies of scale by
mass producing similar housing types and designs. In addition,
housing in many subdivisions is constructed with factory-built
components that may not allow for significant variation in design
details that can make a place unique.
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mation on priority funding areas, see Principle 7, Policy 2).
Besides specifying the location for fund usage, the program
ensures that home development will be concentrated near existing
a diversity of housing styles.
That homes appear to be indistinguishable from one another is a
common criticism of newer residential developments. When driv-
PRACfieEflP:
The Affpf&bfe Houses De
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3
consortium of private businesses can generate and manage this
fund. Each city then adopts a priority funding area, which indi-
cates the location where monies will be dispersed (for more infor-
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communities must be pleasant to walk in: street trees must pro-
vide shade and buffer auto traffic, and walkers should have inter-
esting frontages to look at (not blank walls or large expanses of
surface parking). In short, if a community is successful in making
walking an attractive option for regular activities, it's a good bet
that other parts of smart growth are in place, too.
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capture," or its effectiveness as a means
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works best when people can walk to it.
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the common visual signals at crosswalks.
signals are particularly useful for pedestrians with impaired vis:
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warn pedestrians to watch for cars and emphasize die pedestrian
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other side.19 Similarly, when microwave sensors detect pedestr:
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curb extensions. These strategies narrow street entrance and exit
points and also improve safety for pedestrians by placing them
people crossing or those who may be active on the side of
road.18 Infrared pedestrian detectors activate traffic signals
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radii to reduce vehicle speed or by allowing on-street parking or
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Use modern technology to incrpa'-e >.,(!< [f(,in :-,,:'
The primary focus of efforts aimed at making streets and s
walks safer and more accessible is on good engineering and de
practices-narrower streets, pedestrian islands, curb extensi
and wider sidewalks. Undoubtedly, these are the areas where
greatest gains are to be had. Yet, new technology can also pi
role and, in conjunction with better-designed streets and s
walks, can improve safety for pedestrians, bicyclists,
motorists. For example, crosswalks widi automated in-paven
flashing lights can be used to notify drivers when pedestrians
crossing.1' Countdown signals mounted on crosswalk signs ii
cate to pedestrians the amount of time remaining to safely c
before the light gives automobile traffic the right of way.
areas of frequent pedestrian-automobile conflicts, the state
Florida and Washington have added roving or animated eye
traffic lights. By "looking" in die direction of pedestrian acti
or at the crosswalks, the eye images remind drivers to look out
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nearby grocery more like an obstacle course than a short errand.
Sometimes drivers fail to look for nonmotorists when turning, or
they sometimes stop in the middle of the crosswalk. At other
times, poorly placed landscaping elements, signs, and utility
equipment may obstruct views for passing walkers and approach-
ing drivers. Pedestrians who do not find a crosswalk handy may
unexpectedly enter traffic in order to cross a street. Pedestrians,
bicyclists, and drivers alike are often unaware of existing traffic
laws or fail to comply with them.
Many traffic authorities are testing new crosswalk markings, sign
placement, lighting, and odier transportation design elements and
methods to improve driver and pedestrian awareness. Traffic engi-
neering studies can help determine where and why problem spots
are occurring and what may be the proper remedy. Removing
impediments to lines of sight, updating and educating travelers
about traffic laws, and using well-articulated markings for pedes-
trian-automobile interaction zones can reduce die threat of acci-
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ructure. "Study Favors Denser Development Along
;e Line," Washington Post, June 29, 2003, p. C8.
i proportion of vehicle emissions results from cold si
st few minutes of an automobile trip. See
'www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/aqfactbk/factbkl 3 .
t Cervero, "Green Connectors: Off-Shore Example'
[May 2003): 25-29.
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Howe, Deborah A. Aging and Smart Growth: Bnii
Communities. Translation Paper No. 7 Funders'
Growth and Livable Communities, December 21
http://www.giaging.org/aging%20paper.pdf.
The National Center for Bicycling and Walking
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:tp://www. wsdot.wa.gov/news/nov02/SR99RovingE;
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the buildings and natural environments that make our
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of retail and office space. Shops and restaurants
evoke variety and uniqueness, featuring different
and a mix of national and local tenants. In develo
Federal Realty convinced county officials to esta
between the street and the sidewalk and to create
ronment for diners and pedestrians. A fountain,
and shops are an attractive rest stop for cyclists ;
use the popular 11. 5 -mile Capital Crescent Tn
the District's Georgetown neighborhood to Betht
Creating attractive retail is a viable business strat
ers and a boon for the residents and consumers
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For more information, consult http://www.niht.org/.
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transportation agencies to develop transportati
improve community quality of life. The progr
For more information, consult
http://www.phlf.org/services/presloanfhd.html.
For more information, consult
http://www.denvergov.org/dephome.asp?depid=1323.
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gram, 12 activities are eligible for funding. The;
ing facilities for pedestrians and bicyclists, acqui
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employment. By one estimate, for every one acre of redeveloped
as open space is replaced widi parking lots, malls, office buildings,
driveways, and other structures. When these ecosystem services In 2°°2' President GeorSe Bush noted that "one of the best ways
are sufficiently degraded, communities are often forced to spend tO arrest urban sprawl is to devel°P brownfields and make them
productive pieces of land, where people can find work and
sion to other localities. Smart growth neighborhoods are impor-
Preservation efforts are also driven by the environmental impacts tant for effective land conservation because compact, mixed-use
of losing open space and working lands. Forests, wedands, mead- developments use less land than the same number of units devel-
ows, and other natural areas provide essential ecosystem services oped in fa ^^ low-density pattern, thereby relieving growth
such as filtering runoff, storing carbon emissions, and maintain- pressures on open space.8 Reusing previously developed land has
ing wildlife habitat. These and other ecoservices can be damaged a similar impact
locally accessible open space can make a community an attractive " ' ' ' ' '"' '
location for potential employees, raise property values, and stimu- °pen SpaCe conservation is closely tied with other principles of
late tourism. Plentiful and accessible open space and working Sma" gr°Wth' SUch as PrinciPle 3' "create a range of housing
lands were factors in Hewlett Packard, Intel, and Hyundai's deci- opportunities and choices," and Principle 7, "strengthen and
sions to locate in Portland, Oregon.7 Open space and working dirCCt devel°Pment toward existing communities." It is important
lands also require fewer community services than residential or tO imPlement these principles in combination with open-space
commercial development, which allows localities to save money Preservation efforts. Without them, conservation efforts can push
for other fiscal priorities. new demand into adjacent areas by simply shifting land conver-
Local governments across the country are also realizing that
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working lands than it has developed land?5 The answer relates to ,
.11 ,_ ii-ri-r . The following policies and strategies represent a broad range of
the close nexus between open space and quality of life, economic ,
I i , , __-- tools to promote open space and the preservation of working
development, and environmental protection. The 2000 Census , ,
<- A u, ^ on TA i- ,. lands as part of a community's larger development process. Each
reported that over 80 percent of Americans live in metropolitan r J & r r
T? c , , j i i , , . , . °f these policies and strategies may not be applicable in all corn-
areas. For many of these people, undeveloped land in their area is . .
M i- . T-U i t. j riii munities, but they can provide a starting point for communities to
their immediate concern. The relative abundance of undeveloped i
i i .. 11 £,. , £ i r -i i i , create and preserve special human and wildlife habitats.
land nationally is of little comfort to the family who drives hours to
,. .1 ., , , . r i , Furthermore, these policies are best used to create a regional
get to the countryside or natural areas. This type of public concern e
i j <;_ r . ^ rf , , , . , , open-space network that helps identify which lands should be
led Sonoma County, California, to preserve local working lands
j ,, , preserved and which lands should be developed.
and to create green community separators in order to direct
Why is there so much support for preserving open space and work- large sums of money to construct technologies, such as water
ing lands if the U.S. has 13 times more wedands, foresdand, and treatment plants, that mimic natural functions.
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protect endangered wildlife and native habitats, as well as to pre-
serve more elusive attributes, such as a sense of place.
Prioritization systems can range from the simple to the complex
but are used to best effect when connected to a regional conserva-
tion plan. Maryland has combined its land acquisition programs
and green infrastructure assessment to ensure that public funds
are being expended on the most ecologically significant lands.
Using geographic information systems and principles of land-
conservation purpose of all Green Acres lands.14
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acquire especially those communities with limited funding.
grants and loans to local governments and nonprofits.
and have reduced value in directing growth than larger parcels con-
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make long-term conservation goals clear and provide
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an effective land conservation program." State funds
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The sustainability indicators were designed to measure whether
the river corridor is being developed according to community-
approved conservation, transportation, and growth goals. Some of
the indicators were developed to address air-quality and light pol-
lution questions, such as "How many nights in summer can you
see the Milky Way?" Another indicator was based on the "number
of successfully breeding pairs of Sandhill Cranes," which con-
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habitat, spread of exotic plants and ai
use.22 To ensure that communities ar
tribute to the overall health of the corridor ecosystem. Other indi-
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practice prevents the replenishment of drinking water supplies,
which ultimately results in drinking water shortages during dry
months. The county is now embarking on a plan to acquire flood-
prone tracts to store water for later use and to open them for
public recreation.27 After the buyout and relocation of several
families are completed, the district will restore the land's natural
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needs to assess die type and die amount of ecological assets being
included in Allegheny Energy's property value. The federal
agency must also determine the legal authority of the Canaan
Valley property to act as a mitigation bank. Regardless of the
IRS's decision in diis case, other energy companies have seen die
potential in eco-asset valuations and have begun investigating die
potential of eco-asset valuation to turn ecologically significant
land from tax burdens into profitable and functioning habitats.26
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Valley's property value. In addition, prior studies of carbon
sequestration led the firm to include $15 per ton of stored carbon
into the assessment, thus adding $7 million to the property's
value.
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nies to save forestland, maintain jobs, and promote sustainable
county residents with water in dry months, and provide recre-
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tree-harvesting practices. For example, the state of Maryland,
ational opportunities.
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state's most ecologically significant areas. The acquisition will join
together 23,000 existing acres of forestland, 26 major river sys-
tems, and 89 watersheds. Eighty-seven percent of the land will
remain working forests subject to conservation easements that
extinguish development rights, ensure that sustainable forestry
practices are used, and protect water quality and important
resource features. The remaining acres are to be acquired by the
Conservation Fund and then transferred to the state of Maryland
7-
Support tree preservation fiirounli (HibHc-pnvai" partnership:,,
Trees are important components of a community's green infra-
structure. A healthy population of trees offers substantial environ-
once public funding is available. ~~
mental benefits, including cleaner air and water, quieter streets,
cheaper energy bills, cooler temperatures, and wildlife habitat.28
In addition, trees can provide numerous economic advantages,
such as increased property values and lower air and water remedi-
ation costs. As noted by American Forests, a nonprofit organiza-
tion that promotes environmental restoration through tree plant-
00
ing and urban forestry, "employing tree conservation and forest
reforestation as a tool to clean up the air could save the country
Forging partnerships with land trusts can be an excellent strategy
for government agencies to achieve strategic and efficient land
conservation." Relative to government agencies, land trusts are
often able to make land deals more cost effectively. Typically non-
profit land trusts have more flexibility and discretion in deciding
how to purchase land rights (e.g., fee simple and conservation
easement). In addition, when compared with government agen-
cies, land trusts may be better able to reduce transaction times
and costs. However, land trusts and similar groups are often not
eligible to receive conservation funds. As development pressures
increase at the fringes of metropolitan areas, so does the price tag
for acquiring critical environmental lands. Allowing land trusts to
compete for local, state, and federal funds could allow for a
billions while improving the quality of life for its citizens."29
Like many other cities across the country, Albuquerque, New
Mexico, is facing tight budget constraints and recently ceased
replacing aging trees. In response, the city and a local nonprofit,
Tree New Mexico, partnered to create the Albuquerque Tree
Initiative. The mission of the program is to raise funds to replace
trees and plant additional trees in parks and other public places.
The partnership is working to increase the city's funds by secur-
ing corporate and private donations and foundation grants,
encouraging community ownership of parks and public spaces,
and providing volunteer opportunities for local citizens, groups,
and businesses through tree-planting events.30 (See Principle 4,
Policy 3 for more information about trees in urban settings.)
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land trusts were excluded.
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than through traditional lot-by-lot reviews.41 This flexibility,
known as sector-based permitting, allowed Long Branch to con-
sider habitat protection and economic development together in
determining the course of future waterfront projects.
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integrity of the waterfront and spurring economic development
could both be achieved by the sector-based plan.
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common set of principles. Typically, local governments work
closely with commercial property owners to form a special district
within die community. Depending on die scope of the state and
local laws diat authorize BIDs, the local government or an inde-
existing communities.
Where state and local officials allocate public funds <
important as how they allocate those funds. Becaus
development relies on die public sector to supply infn
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Use priority funding areas to direct development towa
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Although die state and local regulations required to implement
tools to encourage revitalization and investment in targeted areas.
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Encourage the creation of a business improvement district.
Business improvement districts (BIDs) are frequently used as
smaller communities like Monterey Park, California;
Virginia; and Yonkers, New York.4
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many small towns. BIDs continue to emerge in a wide
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toward existing communities.
areas. There is already an existing familiarity with th:
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A range of options exists to begin leveling the playing field
between greenfield and infill development and to help direct new
investment dollars to strengthen existing neighborhoods. The fol-
lowing policies are designed to address some of these issues and
to provide ideas and tools to strengthen and direct development
BID in New York City2 and the Golden Triangle
Downtown DC BIDs in Washington, D.C.3 In these
industrial and commercial interests joined city officials
extensive reinvestment in dieir respective areas.
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tan edge, making greenfield development comparatively attractive
to developers. Land-use regulations, such as zoning and subdivi-
sion requirements, often make it easier to build in greenfield
areas. These areas may have litde or no land-use regulation and
few residents who may object to die new construction. The cost
of greenfield development is often subsidized by die public sector
through many avenues, including the provision of road, sewer,
and water networks and the use of average-cost pricing, which
can underestimate the true per-unit cost of expansion.
within the BID. A board of directors comprising busi
local government leaders generally governs the BID. Re
response to concerns expressed about the closed govei
some BIDs, BID charters have been drafted to ensure a
ent community involvement process. Usually, BID ;
include some form of maintenance or beautification,
improvements, and marketing of the district. Nonethi
BID's basic purpose is to enhance or revitalize die distri
foster additional business activity.
In 1996, approximately 15,000 BIDs existed throughout
Some of the better-known examples include the Time
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accommodate much of the growth that communities require
through infill development, brownfield redevelopment, and the
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businesses. The proceeds from diis levy are used to su]
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receive priority for all specified resources. Without either coordi-
nation or longevity, a PFA will be unlikely to attract significant
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other organizations interested in learning more about existing
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officials designate areas where they want state invest
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for most of the state's funding programs, includin
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transportation, water and sewer systems, and econo
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developments to fully integrate into the fabric of the neighbor-
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resources, like water and sewer or transportation
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cial and retail investment in underserved
Many communities, particularly those thai
ulation declines, have also lost commercia
leaving markets underserved. This is large
tional market analyses that conclude that i
higher concentrations of moderate- to L
lack the buying power to support stores
analyses often fail to take the population
into account, focusing instead on average
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istitution development to undeveloped fringe areas. PRACTICE TIP:
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region, for example, a research team at the Brookings
2 million _ . , . . , c , , In Minneapolis, a community mar-
Fortunately, there are innovative options that foster redevelop- ^ '
f the lack . . T->r\m«.u-.-rcTv ket analysis was inctuded;:as part of
ment and control stormwater. In 2002, the city of San Diego '. *
n is valu- , , .. <- n r-n j i u »u the 4frth 4 Hiawatha Station Area
adopted a policy of allowing infill redevelopers to share in the v , ,
tabilizing ^^ Qf stormwater abatement in lieu of onsite mitigation. Instead Master Plarv-The Ptan and *e m^
of requiring treatment of each individual project, the Standard ket analsfsis focws on lsttd HS*S'
TT1 0 n/r---ni rr ji » urban design, public infrastructure,
Urban Stormwater Mitigation Plan allows developers to con- M ' H
., . , i j and amenities located witfttn a half-
tribute to stormwater mitigation that serves the entire drainage .
,.T^. i j- j i j i mile of a light rail station, and a
basin. Engineers estimate that individual development projects y , '
,. . r ir/in nnn u » * u j consultant was hired to evaluate the
can achieve savings of up to $40,000 bv participating in a shared
:er a proj- stormwater control program.16 The Low Impact Development markei suW°rt for vartws land
effects of Center, a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting water uses within a half-mi)e rad!u? of the
nd debris resources through site-design techniques, is sponsoring research planned 46th Street Lishi Rail
nfalls. As on low-impact development techniques that require less space.17 T^-* analysis identifies mar-
s into the One technique is the use of soil amendments that allow compact ket 0PPortu«it!es ** various la"rf
,j. Lujiu -u uses over time. Market conclusions
makes its landscaping to absorb and hold stormwater without causing
r,,. j j. u-ij- is and implementation considerations
flooding or damage to adjacent buildings.
are summarized and addressed1.
od
demonstrated that local residents generated nearly $9
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in grocery purchases outside the community because
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of available grocery retailers.14 This kind of informati
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able in attracting additional grocery stores, a strong
presence for communities everywhere.
7-
Eric:uragt; infill by adopting innovative stormwater
regulations and practices.
<43
Development activities, both during construction and a
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swhomeequity.org/residents.htm.
See Liz Hersh, Report on Home Equity Assi
Force of 10,000 Friends of Pennsylvania (Fal
http://www. 1 OOOOfriends.org/Web_Pages
HomeEquityAssuranceReportlO-01.doc.
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vacant property efforts, "The Revita
Diego Case Study" by Joseph Schilh
others on vacant property issues can
vacantproperties.
an ICMA case study on San
lization of Vacant Properties:
ng of ICMA. The case study
be found at http://icma.org/
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Liz Hersh, Report on Home Equity Asstiran>
10,000 Friends of Pennsylvania (Fall 2001),
http://www. 1 OOOOfriends.org/Web_Pages
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American Public Transportation Ass
http://www.apta.eom/research/info/l
NOMA, "Mt. Vernon Square-Conve
ortmg this statement, see the
ociatlon's Transit Resource Gil
Briefings/briefing^ 1 .cfm.
;ntion Center Metro Station,
&
-^
http://www.yonkersecondev.com/business
http://www.downtownnorfolk.org/busine:
For more information on the Smart Grov
see http://www.mdp.state.md.us/fundinga
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Maupm, Miranda, and Theresa Wag
Development Regulations: Increasing Fl
Development Regulation bnplementatio
http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/natls
ner, Regional Facility vs. On-si
'exibihty and Effectiveness m
n (Seattle, Wash.: EPA, 2003
tormwater03/22Maupm.pdf.
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For more information on BID programs,
re
rt
areas, see http://www.hd-stormwatei
http://www.gtbid.com/.
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see Coastal Sprawl: The Effects of'Urbi,
United States, by Dana Beach of the S
League for the Pew Oceans Commis
http://www.pewoceans.Org/reports/v
velopment practices on watei
m Design on Aquatic Ecosystem
>outh Carolina Coastal Cons
;sion:
rater_pollution_sprawl.pdf.
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Ibid.
See Robert Weissbourd, The Market
Filling the Information Gap (Washing'
March 1, 1999).
995.
Potential of Inner-City Neighb
ton, D.C.: The Brookings In:
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and abandoned buildings, see the Na
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s.html.
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A^ever, must balance the need for better trans-
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maximize both transportation and economic
is where smart growth policies can provide an
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adopt special planning and zoning districts for
irder to increase ridership and raise revenue.
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tied to the modeling and what it measures, such as carpooling or
vehicle fleet mixes, and often do not consider development pat-
terns that encourage walking or biking. Because the transporta-
tion performance of smart growth decisions cannot be credited
under conventional models, local governments have fewer incen-
tives to adopt smart growth policies.
Car-sharing companies note that they measure success not by the
number of members, but by how frequently the cars are used.
The most successful programs, as found in Boston, Seattle, and
Washington, D.C., are those that have robust residential, busi-
ness, and local government use. Since these users tend to need the
cars at different times of the day, the cars are in constant use.
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of transit-oriented development, community design, and support-
ing policies. Many localities would appreciate a system that gives
regulatory credit for the air quality benefits of smart growth, but
are unsure of how to account for the cumulative performance of
numerous small projects over rime. The Clean Air Counts project
in Chicago (http://www.cleanaircounts.org) provides a good
example of how to account for the air-quality benefits of numer-
ous small actions. In an effort to lower ozone levels, the city spon-
sors a web site that allows commercial painters and homeowners
to enter how many gallons of low- VOC (volatile organic com-
pounds) paints they have used. The city then tabulates the reduc-
tion in VOC levels compared with estimated levels of using con-
ventional, higher- VOC paints. In the same manner, regions could
account for the environmental performance of transit-oriented
Smart growth planning relies on forging good connections
between development projects and transportation networks.
Good planning relies on good predictions, and for predictions,
planners turn to survey data, trend analysis, and computer mod-
els. Unfortunately, the methods used in trend analysis and com-
puter models often only estimate automobile-related outcomes
and design strategies. Thus, trips made on foot or by bicycle are
underestimated or discounted. As a result, conventional modeling
results tend to overestimate traffic and parking requirements for
smart growth projects. They also tend to underestimate the bene-
fits that can accrue from improvements to the pedestrian, bicycle,
and transit system.
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impede effective access.
To achieve safer street networks, local governments should con-
sult emergency responders during the design phase of a road
improvement project instead of at the end of the process. By
working together ahead of time, local governments and emer-
gency responders can create designs that result in safer, more liv-
able communities. For instance, by consulting with emergency
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broader community-safety perspective, the wider streets and turns
actually produce more safety problems than they solve, since they
promote higher speeds and consequently more dangerous traffic
accidents. Others note that residential street designs, such as cul-
de-sacs and limited access points for private communities, also
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e-Freight: Metropolitan Implications (http://www.intermodal.org/
FIRE/e-freight_brochure.html) describes policies that can be
managers to identify improvements in existing delivery systems.
In many cases, freight improvements can be found in redevelop-
he Alameda Corridor, a 20-mii
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implemented to facilitate freight and deliveries.
ment plans and by making better use of existing infrastructure
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secure locations, such as libraries and hotels, and at major events
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and festivals. Interactive kiosks would also be valuable for coin-
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<* § ers and investors, multiplanning outlines
owth areas are for an entire region and
ndaries begin. It saves the developer and
individual development battles in each
grams for adherence to smart growth principles, and resolve con-
flicts among agencies and departments in the implementation
process. Many of these states have adopted smart growth princi-
ples for guidance. It is common to find these cabinets focusing on
comprehensive state development programs in addition to the spe-
cific interests of the state, such as brownfields redevelopment, the
strengthening of existing centers, economic development, trans-
portation and mobility, pollution, and open space conservation.
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Additionally, multiplanning can provide
easier than, and more competitive with, conventional development,
to conserve land while st
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another for commercial
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can also preserve agricultural land and
tradictory messages to the development market. This can be espe-
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and their "Smart Growth" investment strategy.
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Regulatoty Certainty" (working paper; Louisville, KY: Center
Environmental Policy and Management, University of Louisvi
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Value of Financial Incentives, Relaxed Mitigation Standards ar
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tions that have supported, or can be
used to support, smart growth.
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Angela E. Vitulll, Charlotte Dougherty, and Dan Hutch, "Urb
Competitive Advantage and Brownfields Redevelopment," Bro
2002 Conference Proceedings (Charlotte, NC, November 13-15,
http://www.brownfields2002.org/proceedings2000/5-07v.pdf.
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http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth.
ties when conventional funding
sources cannot be relied upon. See
Appendix B for a comprehensive
Engine and Environmental Opportunity. An electronic version of
and information for ordering a hardcopy can be found at
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capital to developers and communi-
York (September-October, 2002).
valued at $100 million dollars aimed at Southern California. Both
FINANCE TIP: programs apply smart growth investment strategies that focus on
A number of lending sources have new and rehabilitative construction."
funding initiatives for smart growth j^^n Ventures, a Coral Gables, Florida-based investment firm,
projects that help create livable has recently iaunched mo reai estate investment funds targeting
communities, support transporta- urban neighbornoods in Miami and Albuquerque, N.M. Fund
Won options, and foster sustainable managers wm have $50 million to $100 million to invest for each
patterns of land use. Other funders dty_ The ftinds wijl target mixed.use projects within the central
support affordable housing and business districts. Albuquerque and Miami were selected because of
community development, specialize the pro.deveiopment attitude Of elected officials and the desire of
in programs that support low- each tQ improve neglected communities. The initiative is expected
income and minority communities, to attract investment from private foundations committed to a mis-
or fund the protection of open sion of revitaiizing depressed communities. The funds will work
space. These funders help make wkh gtate pension and permanent funds and federal banks and
development decisions more pre- §&Ls subject tQ ^ Community Reinvestment Act.
dictabte by providing a stream of
http://www.cardi.cornell.edu/cd_toolbox_2/tools/dev_fnendly.
Reprinted from "Towns & Topics," Association of Towns of St
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Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code, Act 247 of 1968; i
"Growing Smarter" Amendments, Acts 67 & 68, 2000; and Ne
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Local Government Cominission, 2003).
w,
Steve Tracy, Smart Groivth Zoning Codes: A Resource Guide (Saci
as
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forthcoming).
Ibid.
(Washington, D.C.: International City/County Management -d
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Proceedings of "Reforming Codes, Revitalizing Communities:
Regional Forum on Revising Codes to Achieve Smart Growth
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Urban Design Associates, "Pattern Books and Design Guidelir
14, 2003), 1: httpy/www.urbandesignassociates.com/servicespa
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Robert Steutiville, "New Urban Projects on a Neighborhood 5
United States," New Urban News 7, no. 8 (2002).
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process. When community members are brought in late, th
process and development plans are not likely to be inclusive anc
subsequently, are viewed by the community with distrust. In addi
don, die plans may be so far along in die design process diat con
structive suggestions cannot be easily integrated at a later stage.
Second, new tools to envision a project's impact and to tap int
stakeholders' creativity are constantly being developed. State-oi
the-art tools and technologies, such as a visual-preference surve
or a computer tool to illustrate a proposed project in its setting
have enabled developers to create interactive, virtual models o
proposed plans for development. Such tools help developers ere
ate design details that are beneficial to both die community an
the project.
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negative impacts can shape a better vision for die final projec
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state of Delaware tapped the University of Delaware
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Establish context-sensitive design training courses that focus
on community-involvement strategies for traffic engineers.
Context-sensitive design (CSD) is defined as a collaborative,
interdisciplinary approach that involves all stakeholders in devel-
oping transportation facilities that support a range of community
needs. In addition to promoting safety and mobility, this approach
considers a community's scenic, aesthetic, historic, and environ-
mental resources. CSD arose from the recognition that trans-
portation systems and their facilities affect a wider area than a
road or rail line's immediate surroundings. Transportation offi-
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Use quick-response teams to gain approvals for smart growth
developments.
Newspapers from around the country are filled with stories on how
cities are coming back, boosted by housing, retail, and entertain-
ment districts. However, proposing an infill or redevelopment proj-
ect can be challenging. Outdated regulations, poor maps, design
challenges, and overlapping zoning codes are some of the barriers
faced by developers who may ultimately consider greenfield devel-
opment an easier alternative. To level the development playing
field, localities and states have instituted multidisciplinary quick-
response teams to help guide proposals through the application
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recreational space, housing, and safety.
zoning-code audits focus specifically on
place audit focuses on how community a
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ment organization may want to sponsor :
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more involved in the planning process.
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If you do not have access to local filmmakers, you can also make
compelling case for your planning goals by purchasing videos tha
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6 The City of Austin Texas, "Developing a Community Plan,"
http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/test/zoning/dev_np.htm.
hoods and streets or to conduct resident interviews as part of
class project. Local smart growth groups may also be willing t<
custom-design a video to address local smart growth issues.
See http://www.walkinginfo.org/insight/features_articles/sili
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While not every locality has the resources or expertise to creat
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means of illustrating smart growth plans. One cost-effective way c
creating such a tool is to enlist filmmaking students at a local hig]
school, community college, or university to document neighbor
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The Kalamazoo, Michigan, Experience. (Washington, D.C.: 1C
September 2 001).
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Create and distribute free videos to illustrate local planning
goals.
Technology and computer-assisted tools to communicate plan
ning options and decisions are expanding. For example, the city c
San Jose, located in California's Silicon Valley, has developed
sophisticated computer-assisted design system that allows archi
tects, planners, and local government officials to change drawing;
add landscaping, and modify building types on a computer scree:
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based zoning code, a developer may think he or she is bound b
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